SW1210602_Soils/Geotechnical Report_20210630

N ❑ VA
March 12, 2021
SUNCAP PROPERTYGRouP
6101 Carnegie Boulevard, Suite 180
Charlotte, North Carolina 28209
Attention: Mr. Van Boyett
Development Associate
Subject: Seasonal High Water Table Determination
FernclifF Property
Fletcher, North Carolina
NOVA Project Number 10705-2021005
Dear Mr. Boyett:
We have completed the requested Seasonal High Groundwater Table (SHWT) Determinations for the
above referenced project. For this determination we have teamed with Three Oaks Engineering.
The field investigation for this study was completed on March 7, 2021 and consisted of five (5) hand
auger borings for SHWT determinations within four (4) stormwater control measures (SCMs). The
SHWT borings were advanced to a target depth of approximately five (5) feet below the existing grades;
however, some borings were advanced deeper. Readings SHWT-1 and SHWT-4 did not reach the
proposed target depth (5') due to auger refusal (rock) at 59" and 51" below ground surface,
respectively.
The attached report, prepared by Three Oaks Engineering, contains the results of the field exploration.
To summarize, soil characteristics indicative of a SHWT (Hayesville Soil Series) were not observed in
any of the five (5) borings performed within the four (4) SCMs during the investigation. The attached
report should be reviewed for additional details and information regarding testing procedures,
locations, and results.
We appreciate the opportunity to continue to be of service on this project. Please contact us if you
have any questions or if we may be of further assistance.
Sincerely,
NOVA Engineering and Environmental, Inc.
k"--- A—�
Kyle Russell avid E. Perialva, P.E.
Staff Professional Senior Project Manager
P R 0 F E S S 1 0 N A L I P R A C T I C A L I P R O V E N
417 Minuet Lane, Suite D, Charlotte, North Carolina 28217
NOVA North Carolina License No: C-2807
t. 980.321.4100 / f. 980.321.4099 / usanova.com

SEASONAL HIGH WATER TABLE DETERMINATION
Ferncliff
Henderson County, North Carolina
Three Oaks Job 921-741
Prepared For:
NOVA
417 Minuet Lane, Suite D
Charlotte, NC 28217
Prepared By:
324 Blackwell Street, Suite 1200
Durham, NC 27701
[phone]
March 11, 2021
solk
f F �
Evan T. Morgan o�

INTRODUCTION
NOVA is investigating the construction of four (4) stormwater control measures (SCMs) within the
Ferncliff project site located at the end of Ferncliff Park Drive in Fletcher, Henderson County, NC.
The SCMs are being considered to collect and treat runoff from impervious surfaces. As part of the
application process, a soils investigation detailing soil type and depth to the seasonal high water table
(SHWT) at five (5) locations is required. Three Oaks Engineering (Three Oaks) has been retained to
perform the soil investigation.
INVESTIGATION METHODOLOGY
The Web Soil Survey was referenced prior to the field investigation to get an overview of the
possible soil series located at the SCM location. The Hayesville soil series is mapped at the proposed
SCM locations (Figure 1). Information for these series is listed in Table 1.
Table 1. Map Unit Symbol, Soil Series and Taxonomic Classification
Map Unit Symbol Soil Series Taxonomic Class
H C
Hayesville
Fine, kaolinitic, mesic Typic Kanhapludults
H E
The field investigation was performed on March 7, 2021, by Evan T. Morgan, LSS utilizing a hand -
turned auger. The boring locations were staked with a target depth of 5-feet. The site was wooded.
Observations of the landscape (slope, drainage patterns, etc.) as well as soil properties (depth,
texture, structure, color, seasonal wetness, restrictive horizons, etc.) were recorded. Soil profiles were
described per the USDA-NRCS, Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils, version 3.0. Soil
color was determined with a Munsell Soil Color Chart.
RESULTS
A soil series determination was made by comparing the soil boring profile description to the NRCS
Official Series Description (OSD) and the results listed in Table 2.
A SHWT was not observed at any of the boring locations. The target depth was not achieved at
boring SHWT-1 (59") and SHWT-4 (51") due to auger refusal from subsurface rock. All soil borings
were representative of the Hayesville soil series. Full soil profile descriptions and a key to profile
abbreviations are attached. The NRCS OSD for the Hayesville soil series is appended.
Table 2. Soil Series Determination and SHWT Depth
Soil Boring
Soil Series Determination
SHWT
in. below surface)
SHWT-1
Hayesville
>59
SHWT-2
Hayesville
>90
SHWT-3
Hayesville
>98
SHWT-4
Hayesville
>51
SHWT-5
Hayesville
>92
Ferncliff SHWT March 11, 2021
Three Oaks Job #21-741 1

CONCLUSIONS
The findings presented herein represent Three Oaks' professional opinion based on our soil
investigation. A SHWT was not observed at any of the borings. The target depth of 5-feet was not
achieved at SHWT-1 and SHWT-4 due to shallower auger refusal.
Due to the inherent variability of soils to change over short distances, the soil profile description
presented in this report may not be representative of the entire soil system of the SCM footprint. This
report is provided to assist in the application for the SCMs by providing the soil information. The
permitting agency must issue the final permit. Any concurrence with the findings in this report would
be made at that time.
Ferncliff SHWT March 11, 2021
Three Oaks Job #21-741 2

SHWT Determination
Ferncliff
Henderson County, North Carolina
Date: March 2021
Scale: 0 80 160 Feet
I I I
,lob No.: 21-741
Drawn By:
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Checked By:
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Key to Abbreviations for Soil Profile Descriptions

HORIZON AND LAYER DESIGNATIONS
Use capital letters to identify master horizons; e.g., A, B.
Use suffixes (lowercase letters) to denote additional horizon
characteristics or features; e.g., Ap, 6tA. (For more detailed criteria
see the "Soil Taxonomy" section [p. 4-1]; for complete definitions,
see Keys to Soil Taxonomy [Soil Survey Staff, 2010].) Label a
horizon (assign horizon designation) only after all morphology is
recorded,
MASTER AND TRANSITIONAL HORIZONS AND LAYERS' -
Identify the master horizons of the soil profile.
Horizon
Criteria
(expanded details listed in "Soil Taxonomy" section)
O
Organic sail materials (not limnic).
A
Mineral; organic matter (humus) accumulation, loss
of Fe, AI, clay.
AB
or AE
Dominantly A horizon characteristics but also
or AC
Contains some B, E, or C horizon attributes.
A/B
or A/E
Discrete, intermingled bodies ofA and B, E, or C
or A/C
material; majority is A material.
E
Mineral; some loss of Fe, Al, clay, or organic matter.
EA
Dominantly E horizon characteristics but also
or EB
Contains some A, B, or C horizon attributes.
or EC
E/A
Discrete, intermingled bodies of E and A or B horizon
or E/B
material; majority of horizon is E material.
E and Bt
Thin, heavier textured lamellae (Bt) within a
B and E
dominantly E horizon (or thin E within dominantly B
horizon).
BA
or BE
Dominantly B characteristics but contains A, E, or C
or BC
horizon attributes.
B/A
or B/E
Discrete, intermingled bodies of B and A, E, or C
Or B/C
material; majority of horizon is B material.
Subsurface accumulation of clay, Fe, Al, Si, humus,
B
CaCO, CaSO,; or loss of CaCO,; or accumulation of
sesquioxides; or subsurface soil structure.
CB
Dominantly C horizon characteristics but also
or CA
Contains attributes of the B or A horizon.
C/B
Discrete, intermingled bodies of C and B or A
or C/A
material; majority of horizon is C material.
C
Little or no pedogenic alteration, unconsolidated
earthy material, soft bedrock.
L
Limnic soil materials.
A layer of liquid water (W) or permanently frozen
W
water (Wf) within or beneath the soil (excludes
water/ice above soil,
M
Root -limiting subsoil layers of human -manufactured
materials.
R
Bedrock, strongly cemented to indurated.
HORIZON SUFFIXES -Historically referred to as "Horizon
Subscripts,' "Subordinate Distinctions,- "Horizon -Designation_
Suffix" in NASIS, and as "Suffix Symbols" in soil taxonomy 1.
(Historical designations and conversions are shown in the "Soil
Taxonomy" section.)
Horizon
suffix
Criteria I
(expanded details listed in "Soil Taxonomy" section)
is
Highly decomposed organic matter (used only with O)
a
) (proposed) Accumulation of anhydrite (CaSO
b
Buried genetic horizon (not used with C horizons)
c
Concretions or nodules
co
Coprogenous earth (used only with Q
d
Densic layer (physically root restrictive)
di
Diatomaceous earth (used only with L)
is
Moderately decomposed organic matter (used only
with O)
f
Permanently frozen soil or ice (permafrost);
continuous subsurface ice; not seasonal ice
ff
Permanently frozen soil ("Dry" permafrost); no
continuous ice; not seasonal ice
g
Strong gley
h
I Illuvial organic matter accumulation
Slightly decomposed organic matter (used only with O)
j
larosite accumulation
jj
Evidence of cryoturbation
k
Pedogenic CaCO, accumulation (<50%by vol.)
kk
Major pedogenic CaCO, accumulation (>50%by vol.)
m
Continuous cementation(pedogenic)
me
Marl (used only with L)
in
Pedogenic, exchangeable sodium accumulation
o
Residual sesquioxide accumulation (pedogenic)
p
Plow layer or other artificial disturbance
q
Secondary (pedogenic) silica accumulation
Weathered or soft bedrock
Illuvial sesquioxide and organic matter accumulation
se
Presence of sulfides (in mineral or organic horizons)
ss
Slickensides
t
Illuvial accumulation of silicate clay
u
Presence of human -manufactured materials (artifacts)
v
Plinthite
Weak color or structure within B (used only with B)
x
Fragipan characteristics
y
Accumulation of gypsum
yy
Dominance ofgypsum(o>50%by vol.)
z
Pedogenic accumulation of salt more soluble than
gypsum
SOIL TEXTURE
Soil texture is the numerical proportion (weight percentage)
of the sand, silt, and clay separates in the fine -earth fraction
(52 mm). Sall texture is field estimated by hand or lab measureal.
by hydrometer or pipette and placed within the textural triangle to
obtain Texture Class.
Re—c! the Texture Class; e.g., bam; or Subclass; e.g., fine
sandy loam; or choose a Term in Lieu of Texture; e.g., gravel. If
appropriate, use a Texture Class Modifier; e.g „gravelly loam,
NOTE. Soil Texture includes only thefine-earth fraction (52 mni
"Whole -mil Particle-Slze Distribution" includes the fine -earth
Fraction (52 mm, wt %) and manse fragments (>2 mm). (NOTE:
For fragments >76 mm in diameter, visually estimate the volume
percent, which is then converted to a weight basis using the
estimated particle density [pit] and bulk density [BJ.)
TEXTURE CLASS —
Texture Class or
Subclass
Code
Con,
NASIS
Coarse Sand
s
COS
Sand
s
S
Fine Sand
fs
FS
Very Fine Sand
vfs
VFS
Loamy Coarse Sand
Icos
LOOS
Loamy Sand
Is
LS
Loamy Fine Sand
Ifs
LFS
Loamy Very Fine Sand
Ivfs
LVFS
Coarse Sandy Loam
cosl
COST
Sandy Loam
sl
SL
Fine Sandy Loam
fsl
FSL
Very Fine Sandy Loam
vfsl
VFSL
Loam
I
L
Silt Loam
sil
SIL
Silt
si
SI
Sandy Clay Loam
scl
SCL
Clay Loam
cl
CL
Silty Clay Loam
slcl
SICL
Sandy Clay
sc
SC
Silty Clay
sic
SIC
Clay
c
C
(Soil) Textural Triangle:
Flne Earth Textu'e Classes (
d s
60 A
i ay day
J day o
/ dayloam silty
ay loam
'0 sandy clay loam
L0 loam W
sift loam
aaa„asanevs.
loam
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
�— Sand Separate, %o —
TEXTURE MODIFIERS —Conventions for using "Rock Fragment
Texture Modifiers" and for using textural adjectives that convey the
'-A volume' ranges for Rock Fragment - Quantity and Size.
Frog,
Rock Fragment Modifier Usage
Content
Vol. a/o
<15
No texture class modifier (noun only; e, g., loam).
15 to <35
Use fragment -size adjective with texture class;
e.g., gravelly loam.
35 to <60
Use "very' with fragment -size adjective with
texture class; e.g., very gravelly loam.
60 to <90
Use "extremely" with fragment -size adjective with
texture class; e.g., extremely gravelly loam.
>_90
No adjective or modifier. If <10% fine earth, use
the appropriate fragment -size class name for the
dominant size class; e.g., gravel. Use Terms Used
in Lieu of Texture (see table on P. 2-43).

CONSISTENCE
Consistence is the degree and kind of cohesion and adhesion that
soil exhibits and/or the resistance of soil to deformation or rupture
under an applied stress. Soil -water state strongly influences
consistence. Field evaluations of consistence include: Rupture
Resistance (Blocks, Peds, and Clods; or Surface Crusts and
Plates), Manner of Failure (Brittleness, Fluidity, Smeariness),
Stickiness, Plasticity, and Penetration Resistance. Historically,
consistence applied to dry, moist, or wet soil as observed in the
field. Wet consistence evaluated stickiness and plasticity. Rupture
Resistance now applies to dry soils and to soils in a water state
from moist through wet. Stickiness and Plasticity of soil are
independent evaluations.
RUPTURE RESISTANCE —A measure of the strength of soil to
withstand an applied stress. Separate estimates of Rupture
Resistance are made for Blocks/Peds/Clods and for Surface
Crusts and Plates of soil. Block -shaped specimens should be
approximately 2.8 cm across. If 2.8-cm cubes (e.g., = 2.5-3.1 cm,
or I inch) are not obtainable, use the following equation and the
table below to calculate the stress at failure: [(2.8 cm/cube length
Chl X estimated stress (N) at failure)]; e.g., for a 5.6-cm cube
[(2.8/5.6)2 X 20 NJ = 5 N - Soft Class. Plate -shaped specimens
(surface crusts or platy structure) should be approximately
1.0-1.5 cm long by 0.5 cm thick (or the thickness of occurrence, if
<0.5 cm thick).
RUPTURE RESISTANCE FOR:
Blocks, Peds, and Clods —Estimate the class by the force required
to rupture (break) a soil unit. Select the column for the appropriate
soil water state (dry vs. moist) and/or the Cementation column, if
applicable.
Dry'
Moist
Cementation
Specimen
class
Code
class
Code=
class
Code =
Fails Under
Loose
L
Loose
L
[Not Applicable]
[Intact specimen
d(lo)
m(lo)
not obtainable]
Soft
S
Very
VFR
Non-
NC
Very slight force
Friable
cemented
between fingers.
d(so)
m(vfr)
<8 N
Slightly
SH
Friable
FR
Extremely
EW
Hard
Weakly
Slight force
Cemented
between fingers.
8 to <20 N
d(sh)
m(fr)
Mod.
MH
Firm
FI
Very
VW
Hard
Weakly
Moderate force
Cemented
between fingers.
20 to <40 N
d(h)
m(f)
Hard
HA
Very
VFI
Weakly
W
Strong force
Firm
Cemented
between fingers.
d(vh)
m(vfi)
c(w)
40 to <80 N
Very
VH
Extr.
EF
Moderately
M
Moderate force
Hard
Firm
Cemented
between hands.
d(vh)
m(efi)
80 to <160 N
Extr.
EH
Slightly
SR
Strongly
ST
Foot pressure by
Hard
Rigid
Cemented
full body weight.
d(eh)
m(efi)
c(s)
160 to <600 N
Rigid
R
Rigid
R
Very
VS
Strongly
Blow of <3I but
Cemented
not body weight.
800 N to <3 I
d(eh)
m(efi)
Very
VR
Very
VR
Indurated
I
Blow of >_3 ]
Rigid
Rigid
(3 I = 2 kg
weightdropped
d(eh)
m(efi)
c(I)
Is cm)
STICKINESS —The capacity of soil to adhere to other objects.
Stickiness is estimated at the moisture content that displays the
greatest adherence when pressed between thumb and forefinger.
Stickiness
Code
Criteria: work moistened soil
Conv.
NASIS
Class
between thumb and forefinger
Nonsticky
(w) so
SO
Little or no soil adheres to fingers
after release of pressure.
Slightly
Soil adheres to both fingers after
Sticky
(w) ss
SS
release of pressure. Soil stretches
little on separation of fingers.
Moderately
Soil adheres to both fingers after
Sticky
(w) s
MS
release of pressure. Soil stretches
some on separation of fingers.
Soil adheres firmly to both fingers
Very Sticky
(w) vs
VS
after release of pressure. Soil
stretches greatly upon separation
of fingers.
' Historically, the Moderately Sticky class was simply called Sticky.
PLASTICITY The degree to which "puddled" or reworked soil
can be permanently deformed without rupturing. The evaluation is
made by forming a roll (wire) of soil at a water content where the
maximum plasticity is expressed.
Plasticity
Code
Criteria: make a roll of soil
Cori
NASIS
Class
4 cm long
Will not form a roll 6 mm in
Nonplastic
(w) po
PO
diameter, or if a roll is formed, it
can't support itself if held on end.
Slightly
(w) ps
SP
6 mm diameter roll supports itself;
Plastic
4 mm diameter roll does not.
Moderately
(w) p
MP
4 mm diameter roll supports itself;
Plastics
2 mm diameter roll does not.
Very
(w} vp
VP
2 mm diameter roll supports its
Plastic
weight.
• • •
__N NF Nil Nil
2 mm 4 mm 6 mm 4 cm
SOIL COLOR
DECISION FLOWCHART FOR DESCRIBING
SOIL COLORS —Use
the following chart to decide how and with
which data elements the
color patterns of a soil or soil feature should
be described.
Matrix Color
list in sequence,
dominant first
Color
Yes
Is the color
or
a matrix color?
Mixed/
Intermingled
No
i.e., discrete, mixed,
or transitional horizons,
such as BIA
Other
Colors
Mottle
onmatrix colors)
No
color associated withlithochromic
<1s
color;
coat/stain, film,
e.g., 10YR 811
nnranrrannn nr
gibbsite; gray shales
Yes
� Is the feature --
formed by oxidation
and reduction
processes?
Ye4
Redoximorphic Feature
(RMF)
Concentration, depletion, or
reduced matrix color
Non-
redoximorphic
Feature
No
Concentration or Ped
and Void Surface
Feature; e.g.,
carbonate mass,
clay film, and organic
NOTE., Reduced matrix color is described as a matrix color and in
the associated "(Soil Color) - Location or Condition Described Table."
(SOIL) MATRIX COLOR —Record the Color(s), Moisture State,
and Location or Condition.
(Soil) Matrix Color - (Soil) Color —Identify the soil matrix
color(s) with Munsell* notation (Hue, Value, Chrome); e.g.,
10YR 3/2. For neutral colors, chroma is zero but not shown;
e.g., N 4/. For other gley colors, use appropriate notation (see
Munsell(A) gley pages; e.g., 5GY6/1). For narrative descriptions
(soil survey reports, Official Soil Series Descriptions), both the
verbal name and the Munsell* notation are given; e.g., dark
brown, 10YR 3/3.

Reference:
Schoeneberger, P.J., D.A. Wysocki, E.C. Benham, and Soil Survey Staff. 2012. Field book for
describing and sampling soils, Version 3.0. Natural Resources Conservation Service,
National Soil Survey Center, Lincoln, NE.

LOCATION HAYESVILLE NC+GA SC TN VA
Established Series
Rev. RM-AG-DHK
04/2001
HAYESVILLE SERIES
The Hayesville series consists of very deep, well drained soils on gently sloping to very steep ridges and side
slopes of the Southern Appalachian Mountains. They most commonly formed in residuum weathered from
igneous and high-grade metamorphic rocks such as granite, granodiorite, mica gneiss and schist; but in some
places formed from thickly -bedded metagraywacke and metasandstone. On steeper slopes the upper part of some
pedons may have some colluvial influence. Mean annual air temperature is 55 degrees F., and average annual
precipitation is about 56 inches near the type location. Slopes range from 2 to 60 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, kaolinitic, mesic Typic Kanhapludults
TYPICAL PEDON: Hayesville loam --wooded. (Colors are for moist conditions unless otherwise stated.)
Al­0to 1 inch; brown (IOYR 4/3) loam; moderate fine and medium granular structure; very friable; many fine
and medium roots; moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary. (1 to 5 inches thick)
A2--1 to 5 inches; brown (IOYR 513) loam; weak medium granular structure; very friable; many fine and
medium roots; moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary. (0 to 7 inches thick)
BA--5 to 9 inches; yellowish red (5YR 518) clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable;
common medium and fine roots; few fine flakes of mica; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. (0 to 6 inches
thick)
BtI--9 to 26 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) clay; moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; friable to
firm; common distinct clay films on faces of peds; few to common soft fragments of rock; few fine flakes of
mica; strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary.
Bt2--26 to 38 inches; red (2.5YR 5/6) clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few faint
clay films on faces of peds; common coarse fragments of rock; soft and hard; few partially weathered feldspar
and dark minerals; few flakes of mica; strongly acid; gradual irregular boundary. (Combined thickness of the Bt
horizon is 11 to 45 inches)
BC--38 to 48 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/6) and red (2.5YR 4/6) sandy clay loam; massive; friable; many
grayish and whitish streaks of soft gneiss; gray and white colors increase in abundance with depth; common
flakes of mica; few hard fragments of gneiss; strongly acid. (6 to 29 inches thick)
C--48 to 60 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) saprolite that is fine sandy loam; massive (rock structure); very
friable; common fine flakes of mica; strongly acid.
TYPE LOCATION: Clay County, North Carolina; 2.5 miles southeast of Hayesville, on Swain Road in road
cut on north side of road.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Solum thickness is 30 to 60 inches. Depth to bedrock is greater than 60
inches and ranges to more than 10 feet. Content of rock fragments ranges from 0 to 40 percent by volume in the
A and E horizons and 0 to 15 percent in the B and C horizons. Rock fragments are commonly pebbles, cobbles,
or stones, but may include charmers or flagstones. Reaction is extremely acid to moderately acid unless limed.
Limed soils are typically slightly acid to neutral in the upper part. Flakes of mica range from none to common in

the A and B horizons above a depth of 40 inches, and from none to many in the B and C horizons below 40
inches.
The A or Ap horizon has hue of 5YR to 1 OYR, value of 3 to 6, and chroma of 2 to 6. Where the value is less
than 3, it is less than 7 inches thick. The A horizon is loam, fine sandy loam, sandy loam, or very fine sandy
loam in the fine -earth fraction, or eroded pedons are sandy clay loam or clay loam.
The E horizon, where present, has hue of 7.5YR or IOYR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 3 to 8. It is loam, fine
sandy loam, sandy loam, or very fine sandy loam in the fine -earth fraction.
The BA horizon, where present, has hue of 2.5YR to 1 OYR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. Texture is
loam, clay loam, or sandy clay loam.
The Bt horizon has hue of 1 OR to 5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 6 or 8. Mottles, if they occur, are in
shades of red, yellow, or brown. Texture is clay or clay loam.
The BC or CB horizon, where present, has hue of 1 OR to 7.5YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 6 or 8. Mottles,
if they occur, are in shades of red, yellow, or brown. Texture is sandy clay loam, clay loam, or loam.
The C horizon is saprolite that is sandy clay loam, loam, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam. It is variable in color.
COMPETING SERIES: This is the only other known series in this family. Bradson, Brevard, Braddock,
Clifton, Evard, Fannin, and Nantahala (tentative) soils are in closely related families. Bradson and Braddock
soils have water worn coarse fragments. In addition, the Braddock soils have mixed mineralogy. Brevard, Evard,
and Fannin soils have less than 35 percent clay in the control section. Nantahala (tentative) and Clifton soils
have mixed mineralogy.
Note: Competing series have not been updated since most of these will also require reclassification using the 7th
Edition of Keys to Soil Taxonomy (1996).
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: The Hayesville soils are on gently sloping to very steep ridges and side slopes in
the intermountain plateaus, low rolling hills, and valleys of the southern Appalachian Mountains. Slopes range
from 2 to 60 percent. Elevation ranges from 1400 to 4000 feet. The soils most commonly formed in residuum
from igneous and high-grade metamorphic rocks such as granite, granodiorite, mica gneiss and schist; but in
some places formed from thickly -bedded metagraywacke and metasandstone. There may be some colluvial
influence on steep slopes. Mean annual air temperature is ranges from 46 to 57 degrees F., and average annual
precipitation ranges from about 40 to 60 inches.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: In addition to the similar Braddock, Clifton, Evard, and
Fannin soils these include the Brevard, Cullasaja, Saunook, Tate, Tuckasegee, and Tusquitee soils. All except
Braddock and Clifton soils have less than 35 percent clay in the control section. Braddock soils are on high
terraces. Clifton, Evard, and Fannin soils are on ridges and side slopes. Brevard, Cullasaja, Saunook, Tate,
Tuckasegee, and Tusquitee soils are on colluvial fans and toe slopes.
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Well drained; moderate permeability in the subsoil and moderately
rapid permeability in the underlying material; medium internal drainage. Runoff class low on gentle slopes,
medium on strong and moderately steep slopes, and high on steeper slopes. Runoff is much lower where forest
litter has little or no disturbance.
USE AND VEGETATION: About one-half of the acres of this soil is in cultivation. Common trees in wooded
areas are yellow- poplar, eastern white pine, northern red oak, pitch pine, shortleaf pine and Virginia pine. The
understory includes flowering dogwood, rhododendron, mountain laurel and sourwood. Cleared areas are used
for cultivated crops such as corn, small grain, pasture, hayland, burley tobacco, vegetable crops and Christmas
trees.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Mountain areas of North Carolina, Virginia, South Carolina, Georgia, and
Tennessee. The series is of large extent.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Morgantown, West Virginia
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Clay County, North Carolina; 1935.
REMARKS: The classification of the Hayesville series was changed in April 1989 to clayey, kaolinitic, mesic
Typic Kanhapludults. This is change is based on lab data from South Carolina, North Carolina, and Virginia that
indicates presence of a kandic horizon. The May 1995 revision added thickly -bedded metagraywacke and
metasandstone as allowable parent materials for Hayesville soils. Laboratory data from North Carolina State
University provided support for Hayesville soils being formed from these materials in Cherokee County, NC.
The 12/97 revision changes the particle size class from clayey to fine per the 7th Edition of Keys to Soil
Taxonomy (1996).
Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Ochric epipedon: The zone from 0 to 5 inches (Al and A2 horizons).
Kandic horizon: The zone from 5 to 48 inches (BA, Bt, and BC horizons).
Argillic horizon: The zone from 5 to 48 inches (BA, Bt, and BC horizons).
MLRA: 130 SIR(s): NC0013, NCO151 (STONY)
ADDITIONAL DATA: A Southern Cooperative Series Bulletin No. 157, April 1971, "Soils of the Hayesville,
Cecil, and Pacolet series in the Southern Appalachian and Piedmont Regions of the United States."
Characterization data is available from the National Soil Survey Laboratory, Lincoln, NE; pedon numbers S60-
NC-043-001 and -002; S60-NC-089-002; S78-NC-021-001; S88-NC-115-001; S91-NC-021-001, -001A, and
-012.
Revised: 9/95-RM-AG; 1/98-DHK
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.