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HomeMy WebLinkAboutNCS000247_Winston Salem WQ Assessment Monitoring Plan_20201005 Page 1 of 108 City of Winston-Salem NPDES Stormwater Permit Program Water Quality Assessment and Monitoring Plan Permit Number NCS000247 Last Revision: October 5, 2020 Page 2 of 108 Contents Section 1: Purpose .............................................................................................................. 3 1.1 General Description ……………………………………………………………………………………………...3 1.2 Location ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..3 1.3 Revisal Schedule ……………………………………………………………………………………………………3 1.4 Last Revised Date ………………………………………………………………………………………………….3 Section 2: Sampling Parameters, Equipment, and Procedures .............................................. 3 2.1 Selected Pollutant Parameters ………………………………………………………………………………3 2.2 Pollutant Parameter Information……………………………………………………………………..……4 2.3 Sampling Collection Procedures ………………………………………………………………………….13 2.4 Sampling Equipment ………………………………………………………………………………………..…14 2.5 Sampling Weather Conditions……………………………………………………………………………..20 Section 3: Sampling Monitoring Programs ......................................................................... 21 3.1 Fixed Interval Sampling ……………………………………………………………………………………….21 3.2 Water Quality Monitoring/SSO Program……………………………………………………………..43 3.3 TMDL Sampling …………………………………………………………………………………………………..67 Section 4: Quality Assurance & Quality Control (QA/QC) ................................................... 100 4.1 Quality Control (QC) ………………………………………………………………………………………….100 4.2 Quality Assurance (QA)………………………………………………………………………………………102 Section 5: Assessment of Water Quality Data …………………………………………………………………102 5.1 Categorization of Available Instantaneous Meter and Laboratory Data …………….102 5.2 Calculation of Arithmetic or Geometric Mean for Graphing Pollutant Concentration Trends …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….102 5.3 Predicting Future Pollutant Concentrations …………………………………………………….…103 5.4 Calculation of Stream Annual Pollutant Loadings ………………………………………………103 5.5 Determing Stream 'Health' ………………………………………………………………………………..104 5.6 Prioritization of Impaired Stream Segments for Pollutant Recovery Measures ….106 Section 6: WQ Assessment and Monitoring Plan Sustainability ......................................... 106 6.1 Annual Update ………………………………………………………………………………………………….106 6.2 Impaired Waterbodies……………………………………………………………………………………….107 6.3 Staff Training …………………………………………………………………………………………………….107 Section 7: Appendixes and Cited Sources/Scientific Literature ........................................... 108 Page 3 of 108 Section 1: Purpose 1.1 General Description The objective of the water quality assessment and monitoring plan is to evaluate the impacts on local streams within the City of Winston- Salem’s jurisdiction. Without stream monitoring, the Stormwater Division would not have an understanding of pollutant constituents at ambient conditions that are present in waterways. Because of sampling, stream walking, customer complaints, and industrial inspections we are able to remove/cease illicit connections/discharges, determine pollutant loadings, observe the effect of seasonality on pollutant concentrations, evaluate structural best management practices removal efficiencies, and examine long-term data trends. Permit Number: NCS000247 (G:\Techn_Projects_Files\NCS000247_Permit) 1.2 Location The Water Quality Assessment and Monitoring Plan and NPDES permit will reside in the printer room (Office 50) accessible to everyone. 1.3 Revisal Schedule We evaluate and update our Water Quality Assessment and Monitoring Plan annually or as needed. 1.4 Last Revised Date September 14, 2020 Section 2: Sampling Parameters, Equipment, and Procedures 2.1 Selected Pollutant Parameters The city of Winston-Salem’s Stormwater Division has chosen the following target pollutant parameters to monitor at strategic locations around the city. Parameter Collection Method Sampling Frequency Total Suspended Solids Grab Quarterly Fecal Coliform Grab Quarterly Biological Oxygen Demand Composite Quarterly Total Cadmium Composite Quarterly Total Chromium Composite Quarterly Soluble Copper Composite Quarterly Total Copper Composite Quarterly Dissolved Solids Composite Quarterly Total Lead Composite Quarterly Total Nickel Composite Quarterly Nitrate Composite Quarterly Page 4 of 108 Nitrite Composite Quarterly Soluble Phosphorus Composite Quarterly Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen Composite Quarterly Total Phosphorus Composite Quarterly Turbidity Composite Quarterly Soluble Zinc Composite Quarterly Total Zinc Composite Quarterly pH Grab – YSI Multi-parameter Meter Quarterly Dissolved Oxygen - mg/L - Percent Saturation Grab – YSI Multi-parameter Meter Quarterly Temperature Grab – YSI Multi-parameter Meter Quarterly Total Dissolved Solids Grab – YSI Multi-parameter Meter Quarterly Conductivity Grab – YSI Multi-parameter Meter Quarterly Ammonia Grab – YSI Multi-parameter Meter/Certified Laboratory Quarterly Nitrate Grab – Hach Pocket Meter/Certified Laboratory Quarterly 2.2 Pollutant Parameter Information Each of the listed parameters has different sampling, testing, and laboratory requirements. The different parameters have indicators and origins as described in the following section. Total Suspended Solids (TSS) Also described as non-filterable residue, TSS is a measurement of all non-soluble free-floating particles carried in stormwater or surface water. TSS typically originates from rock and soil breakdown as microscopic fragments that can reach waterways from any impervious surface. TSS can cause potential health hazards to living organisms by providing substrate for the transmittal of viruses and bacteria in the waterways. TSS can be indicated by what appears as murky water and reduced visibility in the water (EPA). TSS is positively correlated with turbidity. Acceptable range for TSS in stormwater is <100 mg/L. Container Type Aliquot Quantity Preservative Storage Requirements Holding Time Units Interferences Polyethylene, fluoropolymer, or glass 1 Liter None <6°celsius 7 days mg/L Some clays/colloids will pass through filter. Page 5 of 108 Fecal Coliform Fecal Coliform is a subset of coliform bacteria including multiple different strains that share common characteristics such as shape, habitat, or behavior. Fecal coliform tends to contain strains that are more fecal in origin then general bacteria. Escherichia coli (E.coli) is considered a strain of fecal coliform that can be tested for on its own. Fecal Coliform typically finds its origin in fecal material, whether human or otherwise; however, some strains of fecal coliform can originate in the pulp and paper mill processes. Non-laboratory indicators of fecal coliform are cloudy water, unpleasant odors, and increased oxygen demand. Fecal Coliform is negative correlated with dissolved oxygen (EPA). Container Type Aliquot Quantity Preservative Storage Requirements Holding Time Units Interferences Sterilized Plastic or Glass 100 ml None; unless sampled from chlorinated water 1-4°celsius 6 Hours Colonies per 100 ml Some non-fecal coliform colonies may be observed. Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD5) BOD5 is a measurement of the amount of dissolved oxygen depleted by biological process in the waterways. If BOD5 gets too high, the amount of oxygen in the stream can be depleted leading to the death of oxygen sensitive organisms in the waterways. Wastewater treatment plants, farmland, or improperly cleaned urban streets can be sources of high BOD. High BOD5 is difficult to indicate without proper sampling; however, a waterway with high BOD5 and therefore low dissolved oxygen can lead to large algal blooms. BOD5 is negatively correlated with dissolved oxygen (EPA). Acceptable range for BOD5 in stormwater is <30 mg/L. Container Type Aliquot Quantity Preservative Storage Requirements Holding Time Units Interferences Polyethylene, fluoropolymer, or glass Varies None 1-4°celsius 24 Hours mg/L Oxidation of metals collected or lack of mixing may affect measurements. Total Cadmium (Cd) Cadmium is a soft metal that is used in multiple different industrial process but is typically seen as a byproduct in zinc production and nickel-cadmium batteries. Cadmium was previously used as a corrosion- Page 6 of 108 resistant plating on steel; however, its future industrial use appears to be based on its use in cadmium telluride solar panels. Cadmium can cause flu-like symptoms due to acute exposure and can cause serious kidney, liver, and bone disease in chronic exposure (OSHA). Cadmium is found in industrial areas is transported by stormwater runoff to receiving waterways. Similar to most metals cadmium would lack indicators outside of laboratory testing, however high cadmium levels can lead to yellow-to-red tinted water (EPA). Container Type Aliquot Quantity Preservative Storage Requirements Holding Time Units Interferences Polyethylene, fluoropolymer, or glass 1 Liter Nitric Acid pH <2 6 months mg/L High dissolved solids or high acid concentrations. Total Chromium (Cr) Chromium is a metal used in multiple applications as a shiny, non- corrosive applicant to other metals. Chromium is most commonly used in electroplating, giving other metals and even plastics their chrome appearance. Chromium is also used in pigments, wood preservation, and glassmaking. Chromium, especially hexavalent chromium, can be extremely toxic and has been labeled a carcinogenic compound (OSHA). Chromium is most commonly found in industrial areas and would be transported by industrial runoff to waterways; however, residential runoff can also lead to chromium impacts as certain materials breakdown (EPA). Similar to most metals chromium lacks indicators outside of laboratory testing. Container Type Aliquot Quantity Preservative Storage Requirements Holding Time Units Interferences Polyethylene, fluoropolymer, or glass 1 Liter Nitric Acid pH <2 6 months mg/L High dissolved solids or high acid concentrations. Copper (Cu) Total & Soluble Copper is a naturally occurring metal that is used in many different ways by the general population. Copper can be found naturally in most soils; however, it is used in the creation of pipes, wiring, pennies, and multiple different alloys. Copper can also be used in the treatment of agriculture along with the preserving of wood and fabrics. While copper is necessary for human growth over exposure can lead to sickness and ingesting water with high amounts of copper can lead to liver and kidney Page 7 of 108 damage (OSHA). Copper would enter the waterways through industrial facilities, farmland, and residential pathways from the breakdown of copper containing products. Some copper can enter waterways via the natural compounds in the soil (EPA). Similar to most metals copper would lack indicators outside of laboratory testing, however high copper levels can lead to tinted water along with a metallic odor. Acceptable range for copper in stormwater is <0.0636 mg/L. Container Type Aliquot Quantity Preservative Storage Requirements Holding Time Units Interferences Polyethylene, fluoropolymer, or glass 1 Liter Nitric Acid pH <2 6 months mg/L High dissolved solids or high acid concentrations. Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) TDS is any dissolved particulate that is being carried by the waterways. Typically, TDS is measured by a handheld meter but can be measured in lab as well. The handheld meter uses the dissolved particulates elemental charges to detect and measure. TDS can reach the waterways from any urban runoff. TDS typically comes from non-point sources although TDS can be raised from other stormwater point sources as well. TDS can be many different things so any indicators of raised TDS would depend on the origin of the changes. TDS is positively correlated with Specific Conductivity and TSS. Container Type Aliquot Quantity Preservative Storage Requirements Holding Time Units Interferences Polyethylene, fluoropolymer, or glass 1 Liter None <6° Celsius 7 days mg/L Water high in minerals Total Lead (Pb) Lead is an organic trace element that has been used in many different capacities throughout history. Lead was added to gasoline, paint, plumbing, and batteries. Although removed in most capacities now lead can still be present in industrial areas where it was once used and given that trace amounts still exist in gasoline, it can also be present on highways and parking lots. Lead is a neurotoxic compound and can lead to brain damage and behavioral problems if ingested by young children (OSHA). Lead can reach the waterways from urban runoff due to being present in road particulate and can be present in higher concentrations around industrial areas (EPA). Similar to most metals lead lacks Page 8 of 108 indicators outside of laboratory testing. Acceptable range for lead in stormwater is <0.0816 mg/L. Container Type Aliquot Quantity Preservative Storage Requirements Holding Time Units Interferences Polyethylene, fluoropolymer, or glass 1 Liter Nitric Acid pH <2 6 months mg/L High dissolved solids or high acid concentrations. Total Nickel (Ni) Nickel is a silver-white metal that is primarily used in alloy composition but has been used in many different industrial productions over time. Nickel is used in stainless steel, nickel plating, and different alloy production. Nickel’s health effects can vary greatly from person to person. Certain individuals can be sensitive to nickel and this can lead to damage to the lungs, chronic bronchitis, and lung cancer. Other individuals can ingest nickel and only have stomachaches and lack of protein absorption in the kidneys (OSHA). Nickel can reach the waterways from industrial facilities that perform metalwork or metal recycling (EPA). Similar to most metals nickel lacks indicators outside of laboratory testing. Container Type Aliquot Quantity Preservative Storage Requirements Holding Time Units Interferences Polyethylene, fluoropolymer, or glass 1 Liter Nitric Acid pH <2 6 months mg/L High dissolved solids or high acid concentrations. Nitrate (NO3) Nitrate is an organic compound found in many different places in nature. Different types of nitrates are used in fertilizer, explosives, and can be found in biological waste. High nitrate levels can lead to impacted hemoglobin in small children; however, the risk is reduced as the person ages (OSHA). Nitrate can also lead to increased chances for fish kills. Nitrate can reach the waterways from farmland runoff, fertilizer runoff, and illegal waste connections (EPA). Nitrate alone does not have any indicators outside of laboratory sampling. Waste odor or a chemical odor can sometimes indicate high nitrates in the water due to the origin of the nitrate. Page 9 of 108 Container Type Aliquot Quantity Preservative Storage Requirements Holding Time Units Interferences Polyethylene, fluoropolymer, or glass 100 mL Sulfuric Acid 1-4°celsius 48 Hours mg/L Suspended matter, high amount of metals, and oil. Nitrite (NO2) Nitrite holds many of the same characteristics as nitrates in the sense of stormwater contamination. This is due to the compounds being part of the nitrogen cycle and nitrite being one of the steps to create nitrate. Nitrite can be found in many of the same sources as nitrate due to it being a product of ammonium that can exist in the waterways (EPA). As with nitrate, high amounts of nitrite can affect hemoglobin in small children however, the impacts are reduced as people age (OSHA). Nitrite by itself does not have any indicators but similar to nitrates waste odor or a chemical odor can indicate nitrite based on the origin of the impact. Container Type Aliquot Quantity Preservative Storage Requirements Holding Time Units Interferences Polyethylene, fluoropolymer, or glass 1 L None 1-4°celsius 48 Hours mg/L Free ions and chlorinated water. Phosphorus (P) Total & Soluble Phosphorus is an essential mineral found in nature that is necessary to biological life. Phosphorus is found in soil and in the breakdown of plant material. Phosphorus is used in fertilizer, match making, flame retardants, and was used in military explosives. Ingesting water with high phosphorus is not typically seen as a human health hazard but high phosphorus can lead to eutrophication of the waterways, which in turn can lead to fish kills (OSHA). Phosphorus typically reaches the waterway from sediment erosion and plant material breakdown. It can also reach the waterways via fertilizer run-off. Phosphorus can exist in natural, aerobic environment as red phosphorus, but is typically observed as a phosphate with other elements (EPA). Phosphorus typically has very little indicators outside of laboratory testing. If the runoff contains pure red phosphorus, then a red tint may be present, but if dealing with phosphates, the indicator would depend on the source. Due to phosphorus, being present in top soil and plant debris phosphorus is typically positively correlated with TSS. Page 10 of 108 Container Type Aliquot Quantity Preservative Storage Requirements Holding Time Units Interferences Polyethylene, fluoropolymer, or glass 1 L None (Sulfuric if only measuring total Phosphorus) 1-4°celsius 48 Hours mg/L Arsenates, hexavalent chromium, and NO2 Turbidity Turbidity is the measure of water clarity by determining the amount of light that is scattered by suspended particles in the sample. Turbidity is typically impacted by general urban runoff along with erosion from construction or stream banks. Turbidity typically reaches the waterways from nonpoint sources; the main point sources would be active construction and some industrial activities (EPA). High turbidity is indicated by murky or dirty appearance in the water. Turbidity is positively correlated with TSS, TDS, and temperature and is negatively correlated with dissolved oxygen. Acceptable ranges for turbidity can vary based on weather conditions. Container Type Aliquot Quantity Preservative Storage Requirements Holding Time Units Interferences Polyethylene, fluoropolymer, or glass 1 L None 1-4°celsius 48 Hours Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU) Floating materials and colored dissolved solids Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN) TKN is the measurement of organic nitrogen, nitrogen in ammonia, and nitrogen in ammonium present in the waterways. TKN has similar impacts and effects on the natural waterways as Nitrites and Nitrates due to the potential to be converted into nitrates during natural processes. As discussed with Nitrates high nitrogen levels can lead to impacted hemoglobin in small children, however the risk is reduced as the person ages (OSHA). TKN can reach the waterways from natural organic breakdown along with other point sources such as wastewater connections or fertilizer manufacturers. Acceptable range for TKN is from two to six mg/L. Container Type Aliquot Quantity Preservative Storage Requirements Holding Time Units Interferences Polyethylene, fluoropolymer, or glass 100 mL Sulfuric Acid 1-4°celsius 28 days mg/L High Nitrates or Nitrites Page 11 of 108 Zinc (Zn) Total & Soluble Zinc is a metal that is found in the earth’s crust and measurable amounts are found in soil. Zinc and zinc oxide are used in multiple different industrial capacities, for example: galvanizing processes, battery manufacturing, rubber manufacturing, and zinc can be found in different types of paint. Zinc typically reaches waterways from industrial activities, but can from areas with large amounts of galvanized roofing (EPA). Zinc can cause stomach problems and anemia in humans, while small amounts can also affect the growth of aquatic species (OSHA). Similar to most metals zinc lacks indicators outside of laboratory testing. Acceptable range for zinc in stormwater is <0.117 mg/L. Container Type Aliquot Quantity Preservative Storage Requirements Holding Time Units Interferences Polyethylene, fluoropolymer, or glass 1 Liter Nitric Acid pH <2 6 months mg/L High dissolved solids or acid concentrations. pH pH is a very important measure for water quality. pH is the measurement of how acidic or alkaline a waterway is at the time of sampling. Technically pH is the measure of free hydrogen and hydroxyl ions, which results in the waterway being read as acidic, with increased free hydrogen ions, and alkaline, with increase free hydroxyl ions. A high or low pH can have a very adverse effect on the environment, as aquatic species are sensitive to the pH in the waterways. pH can be impacted by all types of pollution and the origin of the pollutant will dictate how the pH changes. Origins such as concrete plants, dry cleaners, or household chemicals will raise the pH making it more alkaline; however, origins such as soda distribution centers, mining operations, or battery manufacturers will lower the pH making it more acidic (EPA). pH itself does not have any indicators outside of field- testing, some indicators may lend themselves to the fact that pH may be affected based on the origin of the indicator. pH measurements are collected in the field by handheld YSI multi-parameter meter and are measure in standard units (SU). Acceptable range for pH in stormwater is 6 to 9. Dissolved Oxygen (DO) DO is a measure of the amount of oxygen being carried by the waterways. DO is essential to the sustainability of aquatic life in Page 12 of 108 waterways. DO is measured two different ways, total amount which is an actual measured amount of oxygen in the water and percent saturation which is how much out of a max 100% of the water is saturated with oxygen. A low DO reading could be caused by increased respiration by aquatic species or increased decomposition. DO can also vary throughout a single day as it has a negatively correlated relationship with temperature, warmer water can carry less DO than colder water. While many different pollutants can cause interactions, which lower DO, one of the most common is wastewater. Wastewater in the waterways leads to increased bacterial metabolism, which lowers the DO in the waterways. While a DO does not have a set indicator, a very low DO can sometimes trigger algal blooms, which can lead to fish kills. DO is negatively correlated with BOD5. DO measurements are collected in the field by handheld YSI multi-parameter meter and are measured either in percent saturated or in mg/L. DO benchmarks will vary based on temperature. Temperature Temperature in the waterways can affect aquatic species in many different ways, either directly or indirectly. An increase in temperature correlates with many other parameters sampled and can cause fish kills or a reduction in required nutrients. Temperature measurements are collected in the field by handheld YSI multi-parameter meter and are measured in degrees Celsius. Temperature ranges in stormwater will vary based on the season. Conductivity Conductivity is the measure of the ability of water to pass an electrical current. The conductivity in a waterway can be affected by the presence of inorganic solids, anions, or cations. Multiple different types of illicit discharges can affect conductivity by the introduction of these inorganic solids or ions. High conductivity can lead to fish kills and inhospitable waters. (EPA). Acceptable range for conductivity is 150 to 500 µS/L. Ammonia Ammonia is a naturally occurring form of nitrogen that is formed in the breakdown of organic waste, natural atmospheric gas exchange, and waste from living organisms. Ammonia, unlike other nitrogen compounds, has a direct toxic effect on aquatic life. Ammonia can Page 13 of 108 become toxic by building up in cellular tissue and blood of aquatic organisms. Point source for high ammonia would be a sewer overflow of wastewater plant (EPA). High ammonia can be detected by a chemical like odor. Acceptable range for ammonia in stormwater is <19 mg/L. 2.3 Sampling Collection Procedures Staff will follow all sampling collection protocols during all sampling events. When collecting composite samples, the sampler strainer is thrown into the waterbody in an area known as the run. The sample will not be collected from the rapids or the pools as these areas could influence data collected. The run is the area downstream from the rapids that provides moving water without pooling or rapids at the surface. The strainer being used to collect the sample needs to be completely submerged in water while running to increase efficiency (CLP Sampling Guidance). Where grab samples are collected, the bottle will be filled from the run of the waterbody, not in the rapids or pool. When collecting grab samples, the bottle will be filled from the middle of the vertical column of the waterbody. This area of the waterway reduces the amount of potential discrepancies that could affect the sample. When collecting any samples, the stormwater staff will be wearing gloves and preventing any contact with the inside of the sample containers. The sample containers remain closed with the lid on until the very moment of the sample collection. If the sample requires the liquid to be transferred from one container to a sample container, as in the composite samples, the stormwater staff will pour in a way that prevents overfilling the sample container. If the sample container contains any preservative, while pouring, the stormwater staff should try to prevent inhalation of the particles that may leave the container while pouring the sample. For the full Standard Operating Procedures for sample collection, please see section 3. Quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) are very important for process of sampling, as they assure that there is limited outside interference with the samples. The first type of QA/QC sample is called a trip blank; a trip blank is a full sample kit filled up with deionized (DI) water in an office that is carried in the cooler during the sampling event. The purpose of the DI water is to ensure that no volatile compounds are entering the samples during the sampling event from outside air or other outside sources. Trip blanks are required for Volatile Organic Page 14 of 108 Compounds (VOCs) sampling, which during a normal sampling schedule will not be required. The next QA/QC sample is called a field blank. Similar to a trip blank, a field blank is a full sample kit filled up with DI water, however this is filled up in the field with the same DI water being used to decontaminate the sample equipment in between sites. The purpose of the field blank is to ensure that there is no contaminate in the DI water, that the sample kits did not have any contaminates in them prior to sampling, and as a quality check for the lab running the samples. The final type of QA/QC sample is the field duplicate. Quite simply the field duplicate is collecting two full sample kits at one of the sample locations. This process acts as a quality check on the analyzation method, as well as ensuring stormwater staff is collecting samples in a manner that can be replicated for each sample collection. These QA/QC samples will remain anonymous to the lab and labeled in a manner to allow the lab to run the samples as they would any others. QA/QC samples may be taken during sampling activities – Stormwater staff will evaluate field operations and determine QA/QC frequency, as needed. 2.4 Sampling Equipment Field sampling by the City of Winston-Salem consists of the usage of varied equipment in the sampling of city waterways. 2.4.1 Teledyne Isco™ 6712 Portable Sampler When performing fixed interval sampling a composite Distribution Method is used to collect samples at a fixed interval over 24 hours. The average flow characteristics are taken during a single sampling period. The composite sampler used by the city of Winston-Salem is a Teledyne Isco™ 6712 portable sampler. The sampler comes with a standard program that can be modified to the user’s preferences or requirements. We use standard programming for fixed interval sampling. In this case, the Page 15 of 108 stormwater staff sets up the sampler at the identified fixed- interval sampling locations. For every 15 minutes over a 24-hour period, 100 mL is collected in the 10 L carboy located inside the Teledyne Isco™ 6712 portable sampler. The samples are then collected in a 10L carboy that is placed in the bottom of the sampler, surrounded by ice to ensure samples are kept cool. Once the 24 hours is up, stormwater staff returns to the sampler, collects the carboy, and pours the composite sample from the carboy into a full sample kit. For full SOP on the Fixed Interval sampling event see Section 3.a. The Model 934 Nickel- Cadmium battery provided by Teledyne Isco™ powers the 6712. This battery is charged for ~16 hours prior to being put on the Teledyne Isco™ 6712 portable sampler and can provide up to 4.0 ampules per hour. Typically, a full sample event of fixed interval is collection of six or seven sites in the same day. Collected samples are kept cold in a cooler with ice. Each cooler is labeled and has five sample bottles. Every site has one cooler designated to it. Throughout the sampling day, the coolers are kept inside of one of the sampling vehicles and regularly checked to ensure the ice is not melting. At each location a high flow strainer is attached to a previously cut length of tubing and is thrown into the waterway in the run area as mentioned in the previous section. Using a liquid detector, the Teledyne Isco™ 6712 portable sampler pulls in a specified programmed amount of water measured in milliliters and the samples are collected over a set period measured in either hours or minutes. When setting up the samplers the very first pull from the waterways is discharged into a graduated cylinder. This is done to ensure the amount being pulled is the correct 100mL amount. If the amount exceeds 100mL or is less than 100mL than the Teledyne Isco™ 6712 portable samplers can be recalibrated on the spot using the calibrate volume option in the manual functions screen (G:\Techn_Projects_Files\Water Sampling\Water Quality Assessment and Monitoring\Portable Sampler User Manual). Once the sampling has been completed, the carboys are taken back to a storage room for decontamination. The carboys are washed out with water and a 1% concentration of Liquinox®, then scrubbed to ensure any sediment or remaining water is removed from the carboy. Liquinox® is a concentrated, anionic, biodegradable detergent used in cleaning of environmental and healthcare instruments (https://alconox.com/liquinox/). The tubing is then washed out by pumping clean water through the tubing followed by water and Liquinox® then clean water again. Page 16 of 108 Once the clean water has removed, all of the Liquinox® from the tubing the pump is ran in reverse to help remove all liquid from the tubing and help prevent any bacterial growth. The tubing is then rolled up in such fashion to assist in the removal of liquid and is then tied and placed in the storage room. The Teledyne Isco™ 6712 portable samplers are placed in a storage room without any external tubing or carboys inside. The 10 L carboys, once decontaminated, are placed upside down on a clean towel to facilitate drying. Once the tubing is decontaminated and tied back together with bungee cords, it is organized by the route and placed in boxes accordingly. 2.4.2 Xylem YSI™ Professional Plus Multi-Parameter Instrument For collection of instantaneous water quality parameters, the City of Winston-Salem uses a Xylem YSI™ Professional Plus Multi-Parameter Instrument. This handheld unit allows the stormwater staff to collect multiple specific parameters in real time at the sample locations. The parameters sampled via this handheld unit are temperature, DO, specific conductivity, total dissolved solids, pH, and ammonium. Temperature is measured in degrees Celsius and has a range of -5 to 70°. DO is measured in percent saturation and mg/L, the ranges are 0-500% and 0-50mg/L respectively. Specific conductivity is measured in micro Siemens per centimeter (µs/cm) and has a range of 0-2000 µs/cm. TDS is measured in mg/L and has a range of 0-100,000 mg/L. pH is measure in standard units (SU) and has a range of 0-14. Ammonia is measured in mg/L-N and has a range of 0-200 mg/L-N. More information on the sample parameters can be found in Section 2.b. Each parameter, except for temperature, must be calibrated prior to use and is calibrated once a month at a minimum. Each parameter has different calibration techniques and different calibration liquids to be used. The handheld unit allows for calibration via the calibration key and then picking the parameter Page 17 of 108 to be calibrated. pH is calibrated using a three-point calibration and using 4.0, 7.0, and 10.0 calibration liquids. Ammonia is calibrated using a two-point calibration and using 1 and 100 mg/L-N calibration liquids. Specific conductivity is calibrated using a single point calibration and a 1,000 µs/cm calibration liquid. The reading of TDS is linked to the same probe that is involved in specific conductivity, therefore the calibration of one parameter results in the calibration of the other parameter. DO is calibrated using a small amount of DI water in the transport calibration cup and closing the cup on the probes, this allows for the calibration of DO by percent saturation. When performing calibration, the DO membrane for the probe will be replaced. The DO probe has a special membrane that keeps the galvanized probe moist and allows for adequate readings, once every month at a minimum this membrane will be replaced. Other probes are to be replaced per the recommended replacement schedule given by YSI™. DO probes, the entire probe not just the membrane, will be replaced annually. Ammonia probes are to be replaced every three to six months. pH probes will be replaced every one to two years. (G:\Techn_Projects_Files\Water Sampling\Water Quality Assessment and Monitoring\YSI User Manual RevD) Once sampling with the YSI™ is completed, it is decontaminated using DI water. All probes may be changed out at a more frequent schedule depending on usage and amount of exposure. Once in the office, some probes can be cleaned with a cleaning solution and appropriate cleaning device. The probes are rubbed down and then stored in a moist environment, however they are not stored submerged as this can lead to damage to the probes and corrosion over time. Page 18 of 108 2.4.3 SonTek Flow Tracker 2 For collecting flow from the designated waterways, the following procedure is followed per the requirements of the City of Winston- Salem. The SonTek Flow Tracker 2 is used to record and calculate stream discharge data. (G:\Techn_Projects_Files\Water Sampling\Water Quality Assessment and Monitoring\FlowTracker2 User’s Manual v1.6 Rev H) The unit requires eight – “AA” batteries that are changed prior to every quarterly flow tracking event. The handheld unit, cord, and wading rod are to be wiped off with a rag and DI water after each use. The sensors are rinsed off with DI water after each use. A good representative waterbody cross section consists of a run or riffle that is a straight across the waterbody with a good flow, at least 3 inches deep. The cross section is a good representation of the waterbody as a whole. Low flow, stagnant and extremely shallow sections should be avoided. Areas between riffles and pools are ideal. Ideally, the chosen section would be at least 6 feet across for dividing the stream channel into equal increments to gather flow data. Increments can range in width from 6 inches to 3 feet depending on entire stream width. A minimum of 10 increments is used for data recording when possible. Unit calibration and discharge data collection are performed during each sampling event, i.e. for each waterbody measured. The following steps are to be performed at each waterbody: 1. Assemble Flow Tracker 2 unit, connecting the wading rod and attaching the handheld and sensors to it. 2. Locate a proper waterbody location at the predetermined fixed interval sample sites. Page 19 of 108 3. Power unit on, select ‘Measurement’, and then select ‘Discharge’. 4. For New File Template, select ‘(default)’ and enter: Site Number, the numerical order of waterbodies sampled, Site Name, the name of the waterbody being sampled, operator initials and finally choose the discharge equation labeled ‘Mid-Section’. 5. Calibrate the device by starting the Automated Beam Check. 6. Select ‘Add Station’, the first location (ft.) is the section increment you start with, i.e. 0.5, 1, or 2 ft increments. This will automatically update as you proceed. 7. For Depth (ft.) enter the depth of the water as read on the wading rod and then you will select station type which will always start at ‘Left Bank’, facing upstream, read ‘Open Water’ while taking flow, and end at ‘Right Bank’. 8. The correction factor will be ‘1’ and then you may select ‘Done’. 9. Set the wading rod at the appropriate depth according to what it reads then hold the wading rod steady, align the circles as close to 0 and the green arrow as vertical as you can get it and select ‘Measure’ and wait 40 seconds for stable reading. 10. If the reading has no errors displayed, select ‘Accept’ to finish the first station. 11. Select ‘Add Station’ to begin the process over again, changing depth parameters as you proceed. 12. Once completed select ’Menu’, then ‘Save Measurements’ and wait for the unit to update before powering off. Once in the office, connect the Flow Tracker handheld unit to the desktop to download the collected data in the SonTek software. The data is exported into PDF format. Then the discharge data can be calculated and graphed or manipulated as needed. The velocity is obtained by conducting readings in a crossover section of stream, and approximates the mean velocity of the entire vertical cross-section, making it possible to gather relatively accurate data by taking only one measurement in a particular vertical cross-section. The total discharge is the sum of the products of vertical cross-sections and their respective average Page 20 of 108 velocities. The total discharge of a waterbody can be calculated by the following formula: Q = ∑ A x V Where, Q = total discharge A = cross-sectional area (width x depth) of the stream segment V = corresponding mean velocity of the stream segment (G:\Techn_Projects_Files\Water Sampling\Water Quality Assessment and Monitoring\FlowTracker2 User’s Manual v1.6 Rev H) 2.5 Sampling Weather Conditions The type and frequency of the sampling performed by stormwater staff is dependent on the current and past weather in the area. The first type of sampling is dry weather sampling. Dry weather sampling requires that the samples be collected after a minimum of 72 hours of dry weather. As of August 1, 2019, dry weather is defined as any no measurable rain event (0.10”) within a single hour. Wet weather sampling occurs when sampling is performed during a rain event or within 72 hours of the last measurable (0.10”) rainfall. When sampling during the rain event this is defined as during storm event. There are two different types of during storm sampling, either first flush where the sampling occurs within 24 hours of the first measurable rainfall. The mid event sampling is any wet weather sampling that occurs after the first 24 hours of measurable rainfall but during the rainstorm event. The last type of wet weather sampling is the post-storm event where you sample the waterways after it has stopped raining but still within the 72-hour window of the wet weather event. (EPA) All weather information is collected from the North Carolina Climate Office using the KINT station. (https://climate.ncsu.edu/cronos/?station=KINT&temporal=daily) The KINT station is located at Smith Reynolds Airport (3801 North Liberty Street) just east of downtown Winston-Salem. All sample data is collected and scanned into the city’s database. Once scanned in, the actual hard data is input into an excel database for all future and historical referencing. Page 21 of 108 The hydrograph shows the flow impacts following a rain event, in terms of stormflow, on the baseflow of a waterbody over time. (EPA) Section 3: Sampling Monitoring Programs 3.1 Fixed Interval Sampling Fixed Interval sampling is performed quarterly, in all weather conditions, at 13 sites across the Winston-Salem municipal boundaries. 3.1.1 Sampling Locations 3.1.1.1 Site List Site Name Receiving Stream Exact Coordinate Location Bath Branch at City Yard Salem Creek 36.089444, -80.233056 Decimal Degrees (DD) Tar/Tanners Branch at Old Salem Salem Creek 36.071062, -80.259607 (DD) Salem Creek at Ebert Road Salem Creek 36.005859, -80.301991 (DD) Peters Creek at Antique Dealership Salem Creek 36.071062, -80.259607 (DD) Salem Creek at Fraternity Church Road Muddy Creek 36.008263, -80.335018 (DD Salem Creek at Elledge WWTP Salem Creek 36.038763, -80.304053 (DD) Page 22 of 108 Mill Creek at Shattalon Drive Muddy Creek 36.008263, -80.335018 (DD) Muddy Creek at Reynolda Road Muddy Creek 36.171638, -80.343078 (DD) Silas Creek at McGregor Muddy Creek 36.045764, -80.354119 (DD) Muddy Creek at Frye Bridge Road Muddy Creek 35.976536, -80.339002 (DD) Little Creek at Jonestown Road Muddy Creek 36°02'15.0"N 80°20'51.0"W (DD) Brushy Fork Creek at Reynolds Park Road Salem Creek 36.088815, -80.219540 (DD) Fiddlers Creek at Thomasville Road Muddy Creek 36.046250, -80.196637 (DD) Page 23 of 108 3.1.1.2 Site Maps Page 24 of 108 (ThPis page has been switched to landscape. Please center the wording and the photo) Page 25 of 108 3.1.1.3 Site Photographs Bath Branch at City Yard-Fixed Interval The sampling site is located behind the vegetation management building (Building 25) at City Yard. The sampling site is accessed from the mower parking area behind the building. The sampling site is on the backside of the covered shed seen in the top photo. Sample Site Coordinates: 36°05'22.0"N 80°13'59.0"W Degree, Minutes, Decimal Seconds (DMS) 36.089444, -80.233056 (DD) Page 26 of 108 Brushy Fork at Reynolds Park Road-Fixed Interval The sample site is across the road from Norfolk Southern Thoroughbred Bulk Transfer Terminal. It is adjacent to the bridge and is on the right (facing away from Winston- Salem State University). In order to access sample location, you have to go around the guardrail on Reynolds Park Road. The sample location is approximately 70’ from the end of the guardrail. Sample Site Coordinates: 36°05'19.7"N 80°13'10.3"W (DMS) 36.088815, -80.219540 (DD) Page 27 of 108 Fiddlers Creek at Thomasville Road/Highway 109-Fixed Interval This sampling site is located at 3830 Thomasville Road at the culvert for Fiddlers Creek that passes under Thomasville Road/Highway 109. The sampling site is accessed from the driveway for the residence at 3830 Thomasville Road. Sample location is approximately 70’ from the beginning of the driveway. Sample Site Coordinates: 36°02'46.5"N 80°11'47.9"W (DMS) 36.046250, -80.196637 (DD) Page 28 of 108 Mill Creek at Shattalon Drive-Fixed Interval The sampling location is beside a bridge on a residential driveway. The address is 4040 Shattalon Drive. The exact spot is on the lower concrete platform on the right of the bridge (facing Shattalon Drive). Sample Site Coordinates: 36°07'43.2"N 80°20'22.9"W (DMS) 36.128679, -80.339681 (DD) Page 29 of 108 Little Creek at Jonestown Road-Fixed Interval This sampling site is located off Jonestown Road behind the residences at 1606 Jonestown Road and 1600 Jonestown Road. The site is accessed off Jonestown Road via the driveway for 1600 Jonestown Road. The Teledyne Isco™ 6712 portable sampler is placed next to the large tree observed in the top photo. Sample Site Location: 36°02'15.0"N 80°20'51.0"W (DD) 36.037508, -80.347487 (DMS) Page 30 of 108 Muddy Creek at Frye Bridge-Fixed Interval This sampling site is located at Frye Bridge Road at the bridge crossing Muddy Creek. The sampling site is accessed from the City of Winston-Salem pump station. In order to get to the sample location, turn off the roundabout and drive down towards Muddy Creek. Once at the end of the pavement there will be a utilities access where the wooden platform can be observed. In the bottom photo, the Teledyne Isco™ 6712 portable sampler can be seen placed on the wooden platform where sampling occurs. This wooden platform is located approximately 100’ from the end of the pavement. Sample Site Location 35°58'35.5"N 80°20'20.4"W (DMS) 35.976536, -80.339002 (DD) Page 31 of 108 Lower South Fork at Ebert Road-Fixed Interval The sampling site is located on Ebert Road at the bridge crossing Lower South Fork Creek, just south of the Kimmel Farm and Flat Rock Middle School Campus. The Sampling Site is on the South West Side of the Bridge. The Teledyne Isco™ 6712 portable sampler is placed on the flat surface next to bridge seen in the photo on the right. The sample location is approximately 50’ up from the middle of Lower South Fork. Sample Site Location: 36°00'21.1"N 80°18'07.2"W (DMS) 36.005859, -80.301991 (DD) Page 32 of 108 Muddy Creek at Reynolda Road-Fixed Interval This sampling site is located off Reynolda Road. It is located just south of Reynolda Landscaping and Nursery Supplies Garden Center at 5353 Reynolda Road. The sampling site is on the North East Side of the Bridge. The Teledyne Isco™ 6712 portable sampler is placed on the wooden structure with the metal container when sampling. The sample location is approximately 130’ from the gravel driveway. Sample Site Location: 36°10'17.9"N 80°20'35.1"W (DMS) 36.171638, -80.343078 (DD) Page 33 of 108 Peters Creek at Antique Dealership-Fixed Interval The sampling site is located behind the Antique Dealership and Dynasty Furniture Building at 1590 Peters Creek Parkway. The site is accessed from the loading dock area behind the building and the sample location is approximately 70’ across from the loading dock. Sample Site Location: 36°04'15.8"N 80°15'34.6"W (DMS) 36.071062, -80.259607 (DD) Page 34 of 108 Salem Creek at Elledge WWTP-Fixed Interval Sampling Site is located at Elledge Waste Water Treatment Plant (2801 Griffith Road) in the Northeast Corner of the plant near the sludge ponds. The sampling site is at the northeast corner of the bridge connecting the sludge pond area with the rest of the treatment plant. Sample Site Location: 36°02'19.6"N 80°18'14.6"W (DMS) 36.038763, -80.304053 (DD) Page 35 of 108 Muddy Creek at Fraternity Church-Fixed Interval The sampling location is under the bridge that crosses Muddy Creek just east of 3399 Fraternity Church Road. When driving southward on Fraternity Church Road, the house is slightly past the sampling site. When sampling, a gravel drive is used to access the area underneath the bridge. The sample site is approximately 130’ down the gravel drive. Sample Site Location: 36°00'29.8"N 80°20'06.1"W (DMS) 36.008263, -80.335018 (DD) Page 36 of 108 Silas Creek at McGregor Road-Fixed Interval The sample site is located beneath the McGregor Road Bridge that crosses Silas Creek. The nearest address is 821 McGregor Road. The Teledyne Isco™ 6712 portable sampler is placed on a flat surface located on the northeast corner of the bridge. The sample location is approximately 80’ from the end of the guardrail. Sample Site Location: 36°02'44.8"N 80°21'14.8"W (DMS) 36.045764, -80.354119 (DD) Page 37 of 108 Tar Tanners at Old Salem-Fixed Interval The sample site is located directly off Old Salem Road’s stroll way, just north of Old Salem Visitor Center. The sample location is approximately 25’ from the stroll way. Sample Site Location: 36°04'15.8"N 80°15'34.6"W (DMS) 36.071062, -80.259607 (DD) Page 38 of 108 3.1.1.4 Reason for Sites Selected. Muddy and Salem Creeks are denoted as ‘303d’-listed streams by the NC Division of Water Quality (NCDWQ) for biological impairment. The Muddy Creek Watershed pollutant of concern (POC) is Total Suspended Solids (TSS). Fecal Coliform is the POC for the Salem Creek Watershed. Sampling locations are situated near the confluence of major tributaries that feed Muddy Creek and Salem Creek. Each sampling site location is approved to ensure that it is relatively safe for stormwater staff. This provides a way to (1) observe the cumulative effects of stormwater inputs or dry weather flows throughout the entire watershed. (2) Determine pollutant loadings from the major tributary to the impaired stream. (3) Access the stream with equipment. (4) Possibly determine what tributary a pollutant originated. (5) To achieve compliance with Section J: Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDL) of our NCS permit. 3.1.2 Fixed Interval Sampling Standard Operating Procedures Fixed-Interval Sampling is performed quarterly regardless of weather conditions at 13 sites across the city’s watersheds. (G:\Techn_Projects_Files\Water Sampling\Report of Analysis\Fixed Interval\FY2020-2021) Samples are taken in a composite method, with a single sample being taken every 15 minutes over a 24-hour timeline. The samples are collected at a volume of 100ml and discharged into a 10L carboy inside of the ISCO Teledyne Isco™ 6712 portable sampler. Samples taken at each of the above-mentioned fixed interval sites (Section 3.1.1) are tested for the following pollutant parameters: BOD5, TSS, TDS, Turbidity, Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, Total and Dissolved Cu, Total and Dissolved Zn, and Total and Dissolved P, Nitrate, Nitrite, TKN, and fecal coliforms. Stormwater staff will fill five bottles per site— two of which (metals and nitrates) will have powder preservative in them. The fecal coliform samples have a maximum holding time of six hours. Preparation: 1. Ensure that the ISCO Samplers have been prepared and regular maintenance items have been taken care of (correct fixed interval hoses, clean fixed interval hoses, Page 39 of 108 fixed interval hoses labeled by their routes, ISCO memory functions are known, strainers are attached, etc.) 2. Charge the nickel-cadmium batteries for at least 16 hours. 3. Cut the length of tubing needed for each site. (i.e. 48 feet for Ebert). Also, double-check to make sure that you are bringing the right tubing for the locations on the planned route for that day. 4. Plan the route that you will take in a way that will limit waste of time and fuel. 5. The week prior to conducting the sampling events, the sample sites are visited to ensure that access is still maintained for the sampler. If the access at the sample sites needs to be cut, it should be done prior to the day of the sampling. What to bring: - ISCO Sampler: Identify which ones have a “factory reset” defect. These will not retain long-term memory. - A clean 10.0 L container: To place inside of ISCO Sampler - Bags of ice: two bags per 6712 ISCO Sampler - Nickel-Cadmium Batteries: bring extra and check to see that the batteries are warm. Warm batteries indicate a fully charged battery. - Bring a hose for each site: make sure the site name on each grey duct tape label corresponds to the sites you are visiting that day. - 100 mL carboy/graduated cylinder: To capture each pre- sample throughout the day. Drop off: 1. Place Teledyne Isco™ 6712 portable sampler on a flat, stable surface and then disassemble the top cover from the sampler and the motor section from the base. 2. Place the 10.0 L container in the middle of the base. Hold it in place to prepare for step 3. 3. Pour ice evenly around the 10.0 L container. 4. Reconnect the center section with controller of the ISCO Sampler to the base. Keep in mind that this part can be tricky because the inlet hole at the bottom of the motor section MUST fit completely inside the mouth of the 10.0 Page 40 of 108 L container. Get a partner to look from the bottom to ensure proper placement. 5. Seat the battery onto a battery slot adjacent to the motor. Attach the rubber straps on the battery. Next, connect the battery cable to its proper connection on the Teledyne Isco™ 6712 portable sampler. There are several different connector ports, so make sure you are plugging it into the one with the battery symbol. 6. Connect the hose that corresponds to that site to the ISCO Sampler. Remember to twist and push simultaneously until the hose is on securely. 7. Untangle the hose, if necessary; grab the end with the high-pass filter on it. Throw it into the fastest flowing portion of stream. Make sure the filter does not flow downstream and caught in an undesirable location. 8. To program the ISCO Sampler: Power ON > Menu (Red inverted triangle) > Program > Site Description > No. of bottles: 1 > Bottle vol.: 10.0 L > Suction Line: Footage > Time Paced: 0 hr., 15 min > Sample vol.: 100 mL > No Delay to Start. 9. Before starting, go back to the menu by pressing the Menu button and going through each prompt as you did in Step 8. Double-check each setting to make certain that the desired settings are selected. Once you reach the end this time you can start the program. 10. The ISCO sampler will begin purging the line to prepare a test sample. Disconnect the pump tube on the ISCO Sampler that leads to the inside, so that the 100 mL test sample can be measured. The test sample should be +/- 100 mL. 11. REMEMBER to reconnect the pump tube before moving any further. 12. Cover the ISCO Sampler with its top cover and make sure the rubber straps are securely fitted. Pick up: 1. Prepare the lab sample bottles received from Research & Analytical Laboratories (R & A Labs) into separate coolers with labels inside. The labels are to be placed in small bags (sealable) to keep them from getting wet. Page 41 of 108 2. Print out two copies of the Chain of Custody from G:\Techn_Projects_Files\Water Sampling\Chain of Custody Forms\Fixed Interval 3. Bring enough ice to use in each cooler. In order for samples to remain cool, two bags per cooler is a minimum; the amount of ice needed may vary depending on external temperature. Ice can be found at City Yard or can be purchased from an approved store, such as Sunnyside Ice. 4. Bring extra Nickel-Cadmium ISCO Sampler batteries in case of battery failure from the previous day. If there is a battery failure, you will need to restart from Step 5 under the “Drop off” section. 5. Email R & A Labs at randalabs@outlook.com to make sure the lab representative is aware that samples will be dropped off later in the day. 6. Start route to each Fixed Interval site location to retrieve 24-hour composite sample. 7. Open ISCO Sampler. Before removing the 10.0 L sample carboy, check to see how many pumps the ISCO was able to complete over the 24-hour period. An unusually low number of pumps may indicate a failing or bad battery. The ISCO Sampler will also tell you the time that the sampling started and ended. 8. Before returning to the truck, put gloves on and collect a grab sample using the fecal coliform bottle. Use the pole grabber, if necessary. 9. Remove the sample carboy and immediately twist the lid on. Be sure not to contaminate the underside of the lid. To help prevent contamination of the lid ensure that gloves are worn during this process. 10. Remove the strainer from the stream, neatly roll it, and put it under the ISCO Sampler lid before reassembling it. 11. Dump the ice out. 12. Reassemble the ISCO Sampler so that it can be safely carried back to the truck. 13. Designate a pourer and a holder for the carboy and empty sample bottles. The holder is to have gloves on to prevent contamination. It should be noted that red topped sample bottles contain preservative and are to be treated carefully to ensure they are not overfilled. 14. Ensure stormwater staff record the time of retrieval on the Chain of Custody (CoC) data sheet. The data recorder Page 42 of 108 will also put their name/signature of the CoC before relinquishing it. 15. Fill the two bottles with preservative in them first. Then continue filling the other three 1.0 L bottles. Each bottle is to be filled just above the neckline – AT LEAST. 16. Store the bottles into their corresponding cooler and continue to the next site. 17. After the route is finished, the samples and CoC need to be taken to R & A Labs, located at 106 Short St, Kernersville, NC 27284. 18. Ask a representative to provide two copies of the relinquished CoC for our records. 19. Scan in the Chain of Custodies to G:\Techn_Projects_Files\Water Sampling\Relinquished Chain Of Custodies\Fixed Intervals and make sure you have chosen the correct fiscal year and quarter folder. 20. Once data returns from R & A labs electronically, ensure the reports are saved into the G:\Techn_Projects_Files\Water Sampling\Report of Analysis\Fixed Interval folder in the correct fiscal year and quarter folder. 21. Data is stored for a period of five years per the requirement of the City of Winston-Salem’s NCS permit. Page 43 of 108 3.2 Water Quality Monitoring/SSO Program 3.2.1 Sampling Locations 3.2.1.1 List of Sites Site Name Watershed Exact Coordinate Location Lower South Fork at Peters Creek Lower South Fork Muddy Creek 36°00'59.0"N 80°15'35.7"W (DMS) 36.016380, -80.259925 (DD) Lower South Fork at Old Lexington Road Lower South Fork Muddy Creek 36°01'59.1"N 80°13'00.5"W (DMS) 36.033737, -80.215217 (DD) Fiddlers Creek at Teague Road South Fork Muddy Creek 36°02'01.5"N 80°12'54.8"W (DMS) 36.037018, -80.212750 (DD) Fiddlers Creek at Willard Road South Fork Muddy Creek 36°03'10.3"N 80°11'17.8"W (DMS) 36.052852, -80.188280 (DD) Mill Creek at Patterson Avenue Middle Mill Creek 36°10'49.3"N 80°16'19.0"W (DMS) 36.180360, -80.271937 (DD) Mill Creek at Shattalon Drive Middle Mill Creek 36°10'11.0"N 80°17'16.8"W (DMS) 36.169728, -80.287985 (DD) Leak Fork at Hine Park Soccer Fields Middle Mill Creek 36°09'51.1"N 80°17'25.4"W (DMS) 36.164186, -80.290396 (DD) Leak Fork at Motor Road Middle Mill Creek 36°09'24.6"N 80°15'07.2"W (DMS) 36.156822, -80.252000 (DD) Monarcas Creek at Linn Station Road Lower Mill Creek 36°08'57.0"N 80°16'34.0"W (DMS) 36.149161, -80.276103 (DD) Mill Creek at Reynolda Road Lower Mill Creek 36°09'12.4"N 80°18'42.8"W (DMS) 36.153438, -80.311901 (DD) Muddy Creek at Reynolda Road Upper Muddy Creek 36°10'17.9"N 80°20'35.1"W (DMS) 36.171641, -80.343080 (DD) Peters Creek at Hanes Park Peters Creek 36°06'03.7"N 80°15'41.3"W (DMS) 36.101017, -80.261468 (DD) Silas Creek at Royall Drive Silas Creek 36°07'38.9"N 80°16'42.6"W (DMS) 36.127477, -80.278493 (DD) Silas Creek at Reynolda Village Silas Creek 36°07'42.5"N 80°17'11.6"W (DMS) 36.128477, -80.286551 (DD) Silas Creek at Yorkshire Road Silas Creek 36°06'15.3"N 80°18'25.8"W (DMS) 36.104252, -80.307160 (DD) Little Creek at Old Vineyard Road Silas Creek 36°04'38.1"N 80°19'20.9"W (DMS) 36.077246, -80.322475 (DD) Silas Creek at Country Club Silas Creek 36°04'54.3"N 80°20'30.1"W (DMS) 36.081736, -80.341701 (DD) Muddy Creek at Country Club Lower Muddy Creek 36°05'28.2"N 80°21'53.2"W (DMS) 36.091154, -80.364783 (DD) Page 44 of 108 3.2.1.2 Site Maps Page 45 of 108 Page 46 of 108 Page 47 of 108 3.2.1.3 Site Photographs Lower South Fork at Peters Creek Parkway -WQM/SSO The sampling site is located at Wilshire Golf Club (1570 Bridgton Road). As of 2020, stormwater staff is able to notify the course manager on site and use a golf cart to drive to the bridge. Follow the asphalt path to the orange bridge (pictured above) and test approximately 10’ to the left of it. Sample Site Coordinates: 36°00'59.0"N 80°15'35.7"W (DMS) 36.016380, -80.259925 (DD) Page 48 of 108 Lower South Fork at Old Lexington Road-WQM/SSO The sampling site is located on the side of a bridge on Old Lexington Road. The closest address is 3960 Old Lexington Road. There is a gravel driveway across the street that stormwater staff generally park. On the Northeast side of the bridge, walk down the easement toward the bank of the creek. Sample site is approximately 125’ past the guardrail. Sample Site Coordinates: 36°02'01.5"N 80°12'54.8"W (DMS) 36.033737, -80.215217 (DD) Page 49 of 108 Fiddlers Creek at Teague Road-WQM/SSO The sampling site is located closest to 660 Teague Road. It is under a bridge that has a pathway leading down to it. The access point to the creek is on the northwest corner of the bridge at a gravel driveway with a metal gate. The sample site is approximately 130’ from that gravel driveway. Sample Site Coordinates: 36°02'13.3"N 80°12'45.9"W (DMS) 36.037018, -80.212750 (DD) Page 50 of 108 Fiddlers Creek at Willard Road-WQM/SSO The sample site is located on Willard Road directly adjacent to 2670 Willard Road. Walk down to the bank of the stream (same side a 2670 Willard) to get closer, if needed. The sample site is approximately 10’ away from the road. Sample Site Coordinates: 36°03'10.3"N 80°11'17.8"W (DMS) 36.052852, -80.188280 (DD) Page 51 of 108 Leak Fork at Hine Park Soccer Fields-WQM/SSO This sampling location is located in the northeast corner of the soccer fields, to the right of the main dirt road between the fields. The sample site is downstream from an old culvert pipe that is still located in the waterway. The access point is located approximately 300’ northeast of the end of the access road. Sampling Site Coordinates: 36°09'51.1"N 80°17'25.4"W (DMS) 36.164186, -80.290396 (DD) Page 52 of 108 Mill Creek at Patterson Avenue-WQM/SSO Sample site location is right off of Patterson Avenue. The stream runs under the road and is sampled from directly above. The closest address is 4678 Patterson Avenue. The sample site is approximately 150’ north of the entrance to the aforementioned address. Sample Site Coordinates: 36°10'49.3"N 80°16'19.0"W (DMS) 36.180360, -80.271937 (DD) Page 53 of 108 Mill Creek at Shattalon Drive-WQM/SSO The sampling site is across the street from Steve Venable Wrecker Services (5640 Shattalon Dr.) inside of Sara Lee Soccer Complex (5656 Shattalon Dr.). The sampling site is located approximately 120’ southwest from the end of the first parking lot, close to the riprap drainage feature. Sampling Site Coordinates: 36°10'11.0"N 80°17'16.8"W (DMS) 36.169728, -80.287985 (DD) Page 54 of 108 Leak Fork at Motor Road-WQM/SSO The sample site is behind the Stanleyville CITGO (3990 Patterson Ave). Sample site is on the Motor Road bridge, on the gas station side. The sample site is approximately 50’ from the start of the guardrail. Sample Site Coordinates: 36°09'24.6"N 80°15'07.2"W (DMS) 36.156822, -80.252000 (DD) Page 55 of 108 Monarcas Creek at Linn Station Road-WQM/SSO This sampling location may be slightly more difficult to locate. To reach it, you have to use the utility easement behind 4655 Brownsboro Road. Walk down the easement, approximately 275’ from the access gate off Brownsboro, until you reach access to the waterbody. Sampling Site Coordinates: 36°08'57.0"N 80°16'34.0"W (DMS) 36.149161, -80.276103 (DD) Page 56 of 108 Mill Creek at Reynolda Road-WQM/SSO To reach this sample site drive to Reynolda Commons Shopping Center. Upon entering, immediately turn right and continue until you are adjacent the last building next to Coppola’s Pizzeria (3512 Yadkinville Rd.). From the side of the building walk approximately 140’ toward the bridge. The sample site is under the bridge. Sample Site Coordinates: 36°09'12.6"N 80°18'42.5"W (DMS) 36.153495, -80.311814 (DD) Page 57 of 108 Muddy Creek at Reynolda Road-WQM/SSO This sampling site is located off Reynolda Road. It is located just adjacent (south) of Reynolda Landscaping and Nursery Supplies Garden Center at 5353 Reynolda Road. Take the first right (northward), after crossing Muddy Creek, onto the gravel driveway. The sample site is approximately 120’ from the entrance to the gravel driveway. There is a metal box container located where sample site is. Sample Site Coordinates: 36°10'17.9"N 80°20'35.1"W (DMS) 36.171641, -80.343080 (DD) Page 58 of 108 Silas Creek at Royall Drive- WQM/SSO This sampling site is inside of Wake Forest University’s campus. The access to the sample point is down a stormwater easement located at the cul-de-sac on Poteat Court off Royall Drive. The sample point is behind private residences at 3380 Poteat Ct. The sample site is approximately 175’ south from the end of the driveway at 3380 Poteat Ct. Sample Site Coordinates: 36°07'38.9"N 80°16'42.6"W (DMS) 36.127477, -80.278493 (DD) Page 59 of 108 Silas Creek at Reynolda Village- WQM/SSO The site is located within Reynolda Village, past Barbizon Lighting (118 Reynolda Village). We sample directly from the bridge. Sample Site Coordinates: 36°07'42.5"N 80°17'11.6"W (DMS) 36.128477, -80.286551 (DD) Page 60 of 108 Silas Creek at Yorkshire Road- WQM/SSO The sample site is adjacent (east) to the Shaffner Park (900 Yorkshire Rd.) parking lot. You will see a trail that has a blue “No Mow Zone” sign that you can follow to the stream. The sample site is approximately 50’ east from the entrance to the parking lot. Sample Site Coordinates: 36°06'15.3"N 80°18'25.8"W (DMS) 36.104252, -80.307160 (DD) Page 61 of 108 Little Creek at Old Vineyard Road- WQM/SSO The sampling location is next to the bridge that crosses Old Vineyard Road. It is directly adjacent to FPTC ChildCare (3904 Old Vineyard Rd). The sample site is approximately 175’ east from the entrance to FPTC ChildCare. Sampling Site Coordinates: 36°04'38.1"N 80°19'20.9"W (DMS) 36.077250, -80.322472 (DD) Page 62 of 108 Silas Creek at Country Club- WQM/SSO The sampling site is between Salem Gymnastics (4870 Country Club Rd.) and LynDione Hair Salon (4856 County Club Rd.). The sample point can be accessed from behind LynDione Hair Salon. The sample site is approximately 40’ away from the road. Sampling Site Coordinates: 36°04'54.3"N 80°20'30.1"W (DMS) 36.081736, -80.341701 (DD) Page 63 of 108 Muddy Creek at Country Club-WQM/SSO This sampling site is located at the end of the Muddy Creek Greenway. The access for this sampling site is located at Brookberry Park Apartments via a small gravel trail that leads to the Muddy Creek Greenway. The actual sample location is beneath the Country Club Road bridge, seen in left photo. The sample site is approximately 90’ from the corner of the greenway to the Country Club Road Bridge. Sample Site Coordinates: 36°05'28.2"N 80°21'53.2"W (DMS) 36.091154, -80.364783 (DD) Page 64 of 108 3.2.1.4 Reasons for Site Selected Salem Creek is denoted as ‘303d’-listed streams by the NC Division of Water Resources (NCDWR) for biological impairment. Fecal Coliform is the POC for the Salem Creek Watershed. Sampling locations are situated near the confluence of major tributaries that feed Muddy Creek and Salem Creek. Each sampling site location is approved to ensure that it is relatively safe for stormwater staff. These sites were chosen in order to allow stormwater staff to have locations to be regularly sampled and monitored for SSOs and general water quality. These sample locations are regularly inspected to ensure there are no illicit discharges occurring during dry weather. 3.2.2 Water Quality Monitoring/SSO Standard Operation Procedures Steps to take prior to Leaving 1. Prior to leaving, ensure the following prep work has been completed. a. Know which route is being sampled. b. Ensure that you have had less than 0.10” of rain over the past 72 hours. WQM/SSO Sampling is only done during dry weather events. c. Ensure the YSI has been recently calibrated and is prepared and ready to be used. d. Ensure you have printed off the Field Data Collection Sheet that matches the route you are to sample. These sheets are located in G:\Techn_Projects_Files\Water Sampling\Water Quality\Data Collection Sheets and WQI Database e. If you feel as though you need a copy of the route maps, print off a copy and bring it with you. The maps are located in G:\Techn_Projects_Files\Water Sampling\Map Routes f. If you need pictures of the site locations, print off the photos, or review the photos prior to leaving the office. The photos can be printed or sent to your email so you may review them on your work phone in the field. Photos are found in G:\Techn_Projects_Files\Water Page 65 of 108 Sampling\Water Quality\Sampling Sites Pictures g. Ensure that your YSI bag has all proper cleaning equipment (Squirt bottle and DI water). h. Ensure your YSI bag has the metal cages required to go over the probes in order to protect the YSI during sampling. 2. Once you are ready to leave review your route, know the order you plan to visit the sites, make sure that you are visiting the sites in an order that makes sense and does not waste time driving. Attempt to reduce the amount of overlap driving you do. 3. Once you are ready grab your YSI bag and clipboard and take off. 4. A week prior to sampling, sites are to be visited in order to maintain the vegetation by weed eating. This is to be completed during sampling events done in the growing season (late spring through early fall). Steps to take once you arrive at a sampling location 1. Gather your YSI bag and field data collection sheets. If needed review your photos to ensure that you are going to the correct sampling location. 2. Once at the sampling location, place the metal cage on the probes, turn on the YSI and toss the probes into the waterway. a. The probe is to be tossed into a section of the waterbody that has moving water and is not so deep that it may sink into an area of stagnant water. If possible, aim for some “rapids” or just an area with consistent flow. This may be easier at some sites than others. 3. Once the probe is properly in the waterway, allow the readings to stabilize or wait for 5 minutes. If the readings stabilize prior to the 5-minute timeline you may collect the readings when stable, otherwise allow the probe to remain in the waterway until the proper time has passed. 4. While the probe is in the waterway, collect the nitrate sample. You can save time by overlapping the five-minute wait time. a. If you are able to collect water directly from the creek, then collect your reading that way. Page 66 of 108 b. If you are unable to collect directly from the creek you will have to collect water in a bucket and then collect your reading from the bucket. The bucket is to be rinsed thrice prior to collecting your reading from the bucket. In order to properly rinse the bucket, fill it with water from the sample location and dump it out. This process is to be completed thrice in order to properly remove any contamination from previous bucket collections. c. Collect 10 mL of sample water in clean, triple rinsed S vial (to bottom of triangle). d. Mix in pillow packet of cadmium reagent. e. Shake vigorously for 1 minute. f. Allow sample vial to sit for 5 minutes for reaction. g. Using microfiber cloth to ensure all vials are completely dry prior to reading the results. h. Collect 10 mL of sample water in clean, triple rinsed zero sample vial (to bottom of triangle) i. Turn meter on, insert zero vial into meter (triangle tips aligning), and press the blue ‘0’ button to zero the meter. j. Within 1 minute of expired 5-minute reaction time, insert sample vial with cadmium reagent into meter (triangles aligning) and press green read button. k. Multiply results by 4.4 to read in units of NO3-N. l. If the water sample is turbid (e.g. wet weather sampling), Stormwater staff will collect samples and analyzed in a certified laboratory for nitrates. m. For reliable and accurate results, ammonia may be collected and analyzed in a certified laboratory. 5. Once the proper time has passed or the readings have stabilized write down the readings that are on the Xylem YSI™ Professional Plus Multi-Parameter Instrument. Ensure that you are writing the parameters in the correct section of the field data sheets. G:\Techn_Projects_Files\Water Sampling\Water Quality\Data Collection Sheets and WQI Database 6. Once all parameters are collected, you may pull the YSI probe out of the waterway. It is recommended to try to avoid dragging the probe along the banks of the waterway to try to prevent sediment from getting into the probes. Page 67 of 108 7. Once the probe is removed from the waterway, using the spray bottle and DI water wash off the probes. This is done by rotating the probes as you spray them off and ensuring that you get all parts of the probe washed off. Stormwater staff will also wash off the metal cage and make sure that any sediment or debris that may have been stuck in the cage is removed. 8. Once completed, place the Xylem YSI™ Professional Plus Multi- Parameter Instrument back in the bag, double check that all parameters were collected and written down on the field data sheet, and then you are ready to move onto your next sampling site. 9. Once the route is completed drop off any equipment at 932 Brookstown Ave. and return to the office. Once at the office scan in the field data and if time allows input the field data into the database. 3.3 TMDL Sampling The Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) is a federal program authorized by the Clean Water Act. A TMDL is a calculation of the maximum amount of a pollutant that a waterbody can receive and still meet established standards (EPA). The City of Winston-Salem has, at the time of this report, two TMDL waterbodies. The TMDL information can be found on North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality’s (NCDEQ) website (https://deq.nc.gov/about/divisions/water- resources/planning/modeling-assessment/tmdls/draft-and-approved- tmdls). 3.3.1 Sampling Locations 3.3.1.1 List of Sites Site Name Watershed Exact Coordinate Location Salem Creek at MLK Upper Salem Creek 36°05'14.7"N 80°13'17.0"W 36.087411, -80.221377 Tailwaters of Salem Creek Upper Salem Creek 36°05'48.7"N 80°11'35.4"W 36.096852, -80.193171 Bath Branch at City Yard Upper Salem Creek 36°05'22.4"N 80°13'58.5"W 36.089550, -80.232902 Tar/Tanners at Old Salem Upper Salem Creek 36°05'05.4"N 80°14'35.2"W 36.084828, -80.243116 Peters Creek at Antique Dealership Peters Creek 36°04'16.4"N 80°15'34.7"W 36.071224, -80.259644 Salem creek at Marketplace Mall Upper Salem Creek 36°04'20.8"N 80°15'14.2"W 36.072455, -80.253954 Salem Creek at Main Street Upper Salem Creek 36°04'54.8"N 80°14'22.6"W 36.081879, -80.239602 Peters Creek at Hanes Park Peters Creek 36°06'04.2"N 80°15'41.5"W 36.101158, -80.261515 Page 68 of 108 Bottom Branch at London Lane Middle Salem Creek 36°03'20.6"N 80°17'11.5"W 36.055718, -80.286535 Burke Creek at Northbridge Road Middle Salem Creek 36°03'09.9"N 80°17'40.3"W 36.052756, -80.294540 Northwest School Branch at Abbatoir Peters Creek 36°06'38.4"N 80°14'55.9"W 36.110660, -80.248853 Peters Creek at Underwood Avenue Peters Creek 36°06'39.2"N 80°14'57.4"W 36.110896, -80.249287 Peters Creek at Glenn Avenue Peters Creek 36°06'57.7"N 80°14'47.3"W 36.116036, -80.246460 Salem Creek at Fraternity Church road Lower Salem Creek 36°00'31.0"N 80°20'07.3"W 36.008599, -80.335373 Salem Creek at Elledge WWTP Lower Salem Creek 36°02'16.9"N 80°18'17.5"W 36.038028, -80.304868 Brushy Fork at Bowen Blvd Brushy Fork 36°07'06.5"N 80°12'42.4"W 36.118475, -80.211767 Bowen Branch at Confluence Brushy Fork 36°07'04.8"N 80°12'43.4"W 36.117989, -80.212048 Bowen Branch at 25th Brushy Fork 36°07'19.1"N 80°13'22.5"W 36.121973, -80.222927 Brushy Fork at Airport Road Brushy Fork 36°08'09.3"N 80°13'04.3"W 36.135917, -80.217871 Brushy Fork at Old Greensboro Road Brushy Fork 36°06'00.2"N 80°13'03.4"W 36.100064, -80.217609 Bowen Branch at Liberty Street Brushy Fork 36°07'51.6"N 80°13'54.9"W 36.130998, -80.231928 Brushy Fork at Reynolds Park Road Brushy Fork 36°05'20.5"N 80°13'10.1"W 36.089027, -80.219483 Page 69 of 108 3.3.1.2 Site Maps Page 70 of 108 R Page 71 of 108 Page 72 of 108 3.3.1.3 Site Photographs Salem Creek at MLK-TMDL The sample site can be accessed via Salem Creek Greenway. The entrance path to the greenway is directly across from RA Thomas Water Treatment Plant (1201 S Martin Luther King Jr Dr.). It is approximately 450’ from the greenway entrance to the underside of the Martin Luther King Jr. Drive Bridge. Sample Site Coordinates: 36°05'14.7"N 80°13'17.0"W (DMS) 36.087411, -80.221377 (DD) Page 73 of 108 Tailwaters of Salem Lake-TMDL The sample site can be accessed via the Salem Lake Greenway section, below the Salem Lake Dam. Turn left onto the greenway from Salem Lake Road. You can drive on the greenway, but be aware of pedestrians and cyclists. Try to sample during non-peak hours. The sample site is underneath the north side of the bridge. Sample Site Coordinates: 36°05'48.7"N 80°11'35.4"W (DMS) 36.096852, -80.193171 (DD) Page 74 of 108 Bath Branch at City Yard-TMDL This Sampling Site is located behind the Vegetation Management Building (Building 25) at City Yard. The sampling site is accessed from the mower parking area behind the building. Walk through the wooden shelter (bottom photograph) and down the hill to the bank of the waterbody (approximately 30’). Sampling Site Coordinates: 36°05'22.0"N 80°13'59.0"W (DMS) 36.089444, -80.233056 (DD) Page 75 of 108 Tar Tanners at Old Salem-TMDL The sample site is located directly off Old Salem Road’s stroll way, just north of Old Salem Visitor Center. The sample site can be reached by walking down the bank to Tar Branch (approximately 30’). Sample Site Location: 36°05'06.7"N 80°14'36.2"W (DMS) 36.085205, -80.243384 (DD) Page 76 of 108 Peters Creek at Antique Dealership-TMDL The sampling site is located behind the Antique Dealership and Dynasty Furniture Building at 1590 Peters Creek Parkway. The site is accessed from the loading dock area behind the building. The sample site is approximately 70’ across from the loading dock. Sample Site Coordinates: 36°04'15.8"N 80°15'34.6"W (DMS) 36.071062, -80.259607 (DD) Page 77 of 108 Salem Creek at Marketplace Mall-TMDL Sample site is located in the rear of Hamrick’s, at Marketplace Mall parking lot at the entrance to the Salem Creek Greenway. Access to the waterway is to the left, approximately 15’ from the greenway information sign. Marketplace Mall address is 2101 Peters Creek Parkway. Sample Site Coordinates: 36°04'20.0"N 80°15'14.5"W (DMS) 36.072223, -80.254013 (DD) Page 78 of 108 Salem Creek at Main Street-TMDL Sample site is located on Salem Creek Greenway underneath Main Street Bridge over Salem Creek. Site is accessed from tennis courts on East Salem Avenue. Site is across Main Street from 1111 Marshall St. SW. The sample site is underneath the bridge, approximately 450’ down the greenway. Sample Site Coordinates: 36°04'51.1"N 80°14'26.6"W (DMS) 36.080855, -80.240723 (DD) Page 79 of 108 Peters Creek at Hanes Park-TMDL The sample site is located off Reynolda Road, across from Audio Video Solutions (823 Reynolda Road NW). The site is approximately 30’ from the sidewalk. Sample Site Coordinates: 36°06'04.2"N 80°15'41.5"W (DMS) 36.101158, -80.261515 (DD) Page 80 of 108 Bottom Branch at London Lane-TMDL The sampling site is located on the left (driving into the community), behind the tree line. Once you turn onto Sunderland Road, drive about 100’. The sample site is approximately 140’ east of Sunderland Road. The closest residence to the sampling point is 2648 London Lane. Sampling Site Coordinates: 36°03'20.6"N 80°17'11.5"W (DMS) 36.055718, -80.28653 (DD) Page 81 of 108 Burke Creek at Northbridge Road-TMDL The sampling location is behind 2800 Northbridge Road (residence). You will have to walk between 2810 and 2800 Northbridge Rd, to the rear of the 2800 to reach the creek. Depending on the water level, there may be a bedrock bench spanning across part of the stream that will allow you to easily sample. From the cul-de-sac to the sample site it is approximately 200’. Sample Site Coordinates: 36°03'09.2"N 80°17'40.7"W (DMS) 36.052564, -80.294647 (DD) Page 82 of 108 Peters Creek at Underwood Avenue-TMDL The sample site is located in Gateway Commons Park. The sample site is approximately 80’ from the west corner of parking lot and is accessed from the paved walkway. Sample Site Coordinates: 36°06'38.4"N 80°14'55.9"W (DMS) 36.110660, -80.248853 (DD) Page 83 of 108 Northwest School Branch at Abbatoir-TMDL The sample site is on the other side of the playground from the Underwood site. Sample from the bridge that connects the greenway to Northwest Boulevard (white arch). The bridge is approximately 40’ from the playground. Sample Site Coordinates: 36°06'39.2"N 80°14'57.4"W (DMS) 36.110896, -80.249287 (DD) Page 84 of 108 Peters Creek at Glenn Avenue-TMDL The sample site is to the west of the bridge at the intersection of Trade Street and Glenn Ave. You may have to walk around the tree line to find easy access. The sample site is approximately 20’ west from the intersection. Sample Site Coordinates: 36°06'57.7"N 80°14'47.3"W (DMS) 36.116036, -80.246460 (DD) Page 85 of 108 Muddy Creek at Fraternity Church-TMDL The sampling location is under the bridge that crosses Muddy Creek just east of 3399 Fraternity Church Road. When driving southward on Fraternity Church Road, the house is slightly past the sampling site. When sampling, a gravel drive is used to access the area underneath the bridge. The sample site is approximately 130’ down the gravel drive. Sample Site Coordinates: 36°00'29.8"N 80°20'06.1"W (DMS) 36.008263, -80.335018 (DD) Page 86 of 108 Salem Creek at Elledge WWTP-TMDL The sampling location is near the paved area located next to the old drying pits. The access point is located at a clearing in the vegetation at the #20 sign placed along the bank. From the east corner of the paved lot, the sample site is located approximately 70’ north. Sample Site Coordinates: 36°02'16.7"N 80°18'17.6"W (DMS) 36.037957, -80.304887 (DD) Page 87 of 108 Brushy Fork at Bowen Blvd-TMDL The sampling site is located on Bowen Boulevard at the bridge that crosses over Brushy Fork. Walk down the slope that leads down to the waterway. The sample site is located approximately 75’ from the entrance to the sewer easement. Sample Site Coordinates: 36°07'06.5"N 80°12'42.4"W (DMS) 36.118475, -80.211767 (DD) Page 88 of 108 Bowen Branch at the confluence-TMDL The sample site is off Bowen Boulevard on the sewer easement. The site is on the right side of the easement and is taken from Bowen Branch prior to the confluence with Brushy Fork. To access the sample site, walk approximately 190’ down the sewer easement. Sample Site Coordinates: 36°07'04.8"N 80°12'43.4"W (DMS) 36.117989, -80.212048 (DD) Page 89 of 108 Bowen Branch at 25th Street-TMDL The sample site is in Hansel B. Thomas Park at the 25th Street bridge over Bowen Branch. At the bank of the waterway, there is a manhole cover. The closest residence is 1771 NE 25th Street. The sample point is downslope of 25th Street, approximately 40’. Sampling Site Coordinates: 36°07'19.1"N 80°13'22.5"W (DMS) 36.121973, -80.222927 (DD) Page 90 of 108 Brushy Fork at Airport Rd-TMDL The sample site is at the end of Airport Road behind the residence at 2975 Airport Road. The sample point is approximately 100’ from the road. Sampling Site Coordinates: 36°08'09.3"N 80°13'04.3"W (DMS) 36.135917, -80.217871 (DD) Page 91 of 108 Brushy Fork at Old Greensboro Road-TMDL The sample site is located next to the Old Greensboro Road bridge that crosses Brushy Fork. The access is off the greenway next to the bridge. The sample site is approximately 40’ from the green greenway sign. Sampling Site Coordinates: 36°06'00.2"N 80°13'03.4"W (DMS) 36.100064, -80.217609 (DD) Page 92 of 108 Bowen Branch at Liberty Street-TMDL The sample site at the Liberty Street bridge that crosses Bowen Branch. It is directly across from the concrete plant and adjacent to the commercial building at CEMEX (3300 N Liberty Street). The sampling site is approximately 30’ from the south corner of the CEMEX parking lot. Sample Site Coordinates: 36°07'51.6"N 80°13'54.9"W (DMS) 36.130998, -80.231928 (DD) Page 93 of 108 Brushy Fork at Reynolds Park Road - TMDL The sampling site is located off Reynolds Park Road at the entrance to Norfolk Southern Thoroughbred Terminal. Sample is taken beneath Reynolds Park Road bridge that crosses Brushy Fork. The sample point is located underneath the Reynolds Park Road bridge, approximately 100’ from the entrance of Railway Lane. Sample Site Coordinates: 36°05'20.5"N 80°13'10.1"W (DMS) 36.089027, -80.219483 (DD) Page 94 of 108 3.3.1.4 Reasons for Sites Selected Muddy and Salem Creeks are denoted as ‘303d’-listed streams by the NC Division of Water Quality (NCDWQ) for biological impairment. The Muddy Creek Watershed pollutant of concern (POC) is Total Suspended Solids (TSS). Fecal Coliform is the POC for the Salem Creek Watershed. Sampling locations are situated near the confluence of major tributaries that feed Muddy Creek and Salem Creek. Each sampling site location is approved to ensure that it is relatively safe for stormwater staff. This provides a way to (1) observe the cumulative effects of stormwater inputs or dry weather flows throughout the entire watershed. (2) Determine pollutant loadings from the major tributary to the impaired stream. (3) Access the stream with equipment. (4) Possibly determine what tributary a pollutant originated. 3.3.2 TMDL Standard Operating Procedures Steps to take in advance of the sampling day 1. Ensure that you have the correct sample containers, labels, and coolers for the planned route. 2. When the correct sample containers are needed, contact R&A labs in Kernersville (106 Short Street, 336-996- 2841) to request the containers you need. You will be sampling for TSS and Fecal Coliform, the TSS sample requires a 1L plastic bottle (blue cap), while the Fecal requires a smaller sterile plastic bottle (clear cap). When you order these sample containers from R&A Labs they should already know what type of containers are needed. 3. You may prep your bottles and labels, time permitting, prior to the sampling day to make it easier when your sampling day comes. a. Place sample containers into a large one-gallon zip lock bag. b. Place your label (whether it is a printed label on paper or a written label) into a small sandwich sized Ziploc (to prevent damage by water). Ensure these labels match what is written on the chain of custodies. Page 95 of 108 c. Place all bottles needed (plus and extra set or two) into a cooler along with the labels needed for the route planned on being sampled. This allows stormwater staff to start the route immediately the next day. Steps to take prior to Leaving 1. Prior to leaving, ensure the following prep work has been completed. a. Check your last 72-hour weather period. If there has been over 0.10” of rain over the past 72 hours know that this is a wet weather event, if there has not been over 0.10” of rain then you are sampling during a dry weather event. b. Ensure the YSI has been recently calibrated (reported in calibration log) and ready to be used. c. Ensure you have printed off the Field Data Collection Sheet that matches the route(s) you are to preparing to sample. These sheets are located in G:\Techn_Projects_Files\Water Sampling\Water Quality\Data Collection Sheets and WQI Database d. Print off a copy of the route maps and bring it with you. The maps are located in G:\Techn_Projects_Files\Water Sampling\Map Routes e. Site photos can be printed or sent to your email so you may review them on your work phone in the field. Photos are found in G:\Techn_Projects_Files\Water Sampling\Water Quality\Sampling Sites Pictures f. Ensure that you have printed off the correct CoC for the route you will be sampling. Please note there are two different CoCs forms for each route, a dry weather sampling CoC and a wet weather sampling CoC. Print off an extra just in case of a mistake while in the field. The CoCs are located in G:\Techn_Projects_Files\Water Sampling\Chain of Custody Forms\TMDL\Current TMDL Forms Page 96 of 108 g. Ensure that your YSI bag has all proper cleaning equipment (Squirt bottle, rags, screwdrivers, batteries, and DI water). h. Ensure your YSI bag has the correct weighted probe guard required for going over the probes in order to protect the YSI during sampling. i. Just prior to departing, send an e-mail to R&A labs at randalabs@outlook.com to inform them that you will be bringing samples by today. Due to the short hold time of fecal (6 hours), it is beneficial to inform them that samples will be coming. 2. Once you are ready to leave; review your route, know the order you plan to visit the sites, make sure that you are visiting the sites in an order that makes sense and does not waste time driving. Attempt to reduce the amount of overlap driving you do. Stormwater staff will need to leave time at the end of the day to drive to Kernersville (106 Short Street, Kernersville, NC) (336-996-2841) and drop off samples. Per the request of R&A Labs try to have samples to the lab prior to 2pm if possible. 3. Once you are ready, grab your YSI bag and clipboard and head to 932 Brookstown Ave. to pick up your sampling equipment and bottles. Steps to take at 932 Brookstown Ave. and City Yard 1. Once you get to 932 Brookstown Ave., ensure that you have all the proper equipment for collecting the samples. The things you will need are: a. Pole grabber (long extendable yellow poles) b. Bottle holder that connects to the end of the pole grabber so you may attach you sample containers. These are beige holders that screw onto the end of the pole grabbers. Some pole grabbers may already have one attached. Others are located on the table near the weed eaters. c. Cooler (with sample bottles if you have already prepped your sample bottles.) d. Sample Bottles e. Ziploc bags, if you have not prepped your sample bottles (extras are always a good idea) f. Zip ties (zip ties may be located in the trucks as well) Page 97 of 108 g. Pens (also may be located in the trucks) h. Gloves (should be in truck, grab extras if needed) i. Weed eater. If it has been a while since the sites have been visited and you feel as though you may need to cut a path to the sample location, you can grab a weed eater. If you get one, make sure you bring extra string and fuel if necessary. 2. Once finished at 932 Brookstown Ave. you will need to head to city yard (510 Paul Howell Drive) to get bags of ice in order to preserve the samples. Get as many bags as you need to last the day, make sure to get more than you will use just in case of melting or loss of ice. 3. Place a single bag (or 1 ½ bags) of ice into the cooler at the beginning of the day while you keep your empty samples off to the side of in the back seat ready to be grabbed at each site. As your day progresses you may want to put more ice on the samples, but always make sure, you have room for more samples and to close the cooler. 4. You are now ready to begin sampling. Steps to take once you arrive at a sampling location 1. Gather your YSI bag and field data collection sheets. If needed review your photos to ensure that you are going to the correct sampling location. Gather your pole grabber and sample bottles; attach the first bottle (larger TSS bottle) to the pole grabber while you are at the truck. To attach the bottle, zip tie the bottle to the pole grabber, once at the indented spot designed for the attachment, and once at the bottom to prevent the bottle from moving too much. 2. Once at the sampling location, place the weighted probe guard on the probes, turn on the YSI and toss the probes into the waterway. This can be done in conjunction with step 4, one person can do the YSI while another collects the samples. a. The probe is tossed into a section of the waterway that has moving water and is not so deep that it may sink into an area of stagnant water. If possible, aim for the ‘run’ of the river. The run is the section of the river just between rapids and a pool. This may be easier at some sites than others. Page 98 of 108 3. Once the probe is completely submerged in the waterbody, allow the readings to stabilize or wait for 5 minutes. If the readings stabilize prior to the 5-minute timeline you may collect the readings when stable, otherwise allow the probe to remain in the waterway until the proper time has passed. 4. Using gloved hands remove the cap from the sample container. Gloves are changed after each sample collection in order to prevent cross contamination during collection of the samples. Using the pole grabber place the sample container in the middle of the vertical water column, and slowly move the container up stream (against the current) until it is filled up as much as possible. At a minimum, the water should be up to the neck of the bottle according to R & A Labs. 5. Once the first bottle is filled. With gloved hands, cap the bottle and remove it from the pole grabber. Do not break the zip ties, as since the second bottle is smaller you can reuse the zip ties. Place the first bottle into the gallon zip lock along with the sandwich bag with your label for the sampling location. 6. With the second bottle on the pole grabber, using the same against the current motion fill up the bottle as much as possible. Once the second bottle (fecal) is collected, document your time of sampling on the CoC. Since this is a short hold, you want to be as accurate as possible with the sample time for the fecal. Close the bottle (with gloved hands) and place in the same gallon sized bag as your TSS sample and your label. Immediately go place the samples in your cooler with ice. 7. While the probe is in the waterbody, the nitrate sample can be collected in order to prevent down time during the sampling. a. If you are able to collect water directly from the creek, then collect your reading that way. b. If you are unable to collect directly from the creek you will have to collect water in a bucket and then collect your reading from the bucket. The bucket should be rinsed thrice prior to collecting your reading from the bucket. To properly rinse the bucket, fill it with water from the sample location and dump it out. This process should be Page 99 of 108 completed thrice in order to properly remove any contamination from previous bucket collections. c. Collect 10 mL of sample water in clean, triple rinsed S vial (to bottom of triangle). d. Mix in pillow packet of cadmium reagent. e. Shake vigorously for 1 minute. f. Allow sample vial to sit for 5 minutes for reaction. g. Using microfiber cloth to ensure all vials are completely dry prior to reading the results. h. Collect 10 mL of sample water in clean, triple rinsed zero sample vial (to bottom of triangle) i. Turn meter on, insert zero vial into meter (triangle tips aligning), and press the blue 0 button to zero the meter. j. Within 1 minute of expired 5-minute reaction time, insert sample vial with cadmium reagent into meter (triangles aligning) and press green read button. k. Multiply results by 4.4 to read in units of NO3. l. If the water sample is turbid (e.g. wet weather sampling), Stormwater staff will collect samples and analyzed in a certified laboratory for nitrates. m. For reliable and accurate results, ammonia may be collected and analyzed in a certified laboratory. 8. Once the proper time has passed or the readings have stabilized write down the readings that are on the YSI. Ensure that you are writing the parameters in the correct section of the field data sheets. 9. Once all parameters are documented, you may pull the YSI probe out of the waterway. It is recommended to try to avoid dragging the probe along the banks of the waterway to try to prevent sediment from getting into the probes. 10. Once the probe is removed from the waterway, using the spray bottle with DI water to wash off the probes. This should be done by rotating the probes as you spray them off and ensuring that you get all parts of the probe washed off. You should also wash off the metal cage and make sure that any sediment or debris that may have been stuck in the cage is removed. 11. Once completed, place the YSI back in the bag, double check that all parameters were documented and written down on the field data sheet. You also want to double Page 100 of 108 check that a time was written on your CoC and that you labeled the samples correctly. At this point, you are ready to move on to your next sample site. 12. Once you have completed your route, double check the CoC and make sure it is filled out correctly. Ensure a sampler has filled out the top part of the section including the printed name and signature. Drive to R&A labs to drop off the samples. Once at R&A labs and in the presence of the lab (in the drop off area) sign at the bottom of the CoC where it says relinquished by. Once the lab has signed in the received by line, ensure you get at least one copy of the signed CoC and bring it back to the office. 13. Once you get back to the office scan in the CoC and the field data sheet. If time allows you may also input the field data into the database. Section 4: Quality Assurance & Quality Control (QA/QC) 4.1 Quality Control (QC) The Stormwater Division collects and relinquishes water samples (except for instantaneous field parameters) to R & A Laboratories, which is a NC certified laboratory. As a result, quality control/assurance measures will be specific for internal operations of the Division. Trip blanks, field blanks, and field duplicate samples (EPA) will be acquired in conjunction with normal sampling activities in order to authenticate proper quality control measures: 1. Trip blanks can be acquired from the lab and carried into the field to ensure no contamination is introduced during transport during a sampling event. 2. Field blanks of DI water can be poured in the field to measure sampling process contamination. Samples that require preservative, such as metals, will need field blanks with preservative. 3. Duplicate samples can be taken at stream sites to validate analysis of results. Page 101 of 108 Ten (10) percent of total collected samples will be QC samples. The sample sites for the QC blanks should be chosen at random. (Standards book). An example of this is to assign values to sites and randomly pick one with a random number table, etc. These samples can be taken daily during sampling events to attain a higher than 10% QC sample collection. As a result, data validation can be verified by the laboratory. An important QC factor is to verify calibration of all field instruments (standards book) for instantaneous parameters. All YSI meters (calibrated for each parameter), and nitrate and chlorine meters will be kept calibrated in accordance with their respective user manuals. 4.2 Quality Assurance (QA) The Stormwater Division has implemented a comprehensive QA program for its water-quality monitoring plan. Protocols and procedures are documented in written form with attached copies of finished examples. Program planning has been conducted by Stormwater Administrative staff and reviewed by professional colleagues. Certified data is incorporated into a (soon to be) Microsoft Excel spreadsheet (currently Microsoft Access) by a designated stormwater technician and then reviewed by the Stormwater Operations Supervisor. Elevated pollutant concentrations and loads will be evaluated and compared to the current NCDEQ Water Quality Standards. Stormwater technicians will perform quality control/quality assurance of recorded laboratory concentrations within database to ensure data integrity: 1. A designated technician enters data and reviews for completeness and signs off on a record log sheet or the hard copy data sheet for both data entry and QA checks. 2. The data entry and subsequent QA checks will incorporate the appropriate database, including WQM/SSO, TMDL, fixed interval, and resulting R & A lab data. 3. While one technician enters data, the other compares the electronic data to the certified laboratory analyses and hard copy data sheets. An example method of completing this is to have a technician check the database entries while another reads and calls out the results on the data sheets and analyses. Page 102 of 108 4. QA/QC protocols are followed for every sampling event. At least 10% of the data must be quality checked, more if possible. If any QA/QC checks result in errors, 100% of the data must be examined for the entire population. 5. Technicians have 3 days to enter data from the date of R & A delivery. Section 5: Assessment of Historical and Current Water Quality Data 5.1 Categorization of Available Instantaneous Meter and Laboratory Data 5.1.1 Ambient Weather Conditions during Sampling Events Collected data is categorized by three distinct weather conditions for staff’s analyzation purposes, based upon the specified sampling program. Dry weather sampling is needed for detecting illicit discharge sources, pollutant plume exfiltration into streams, or determining cumulative pollutant loading for the entire watershed. In order to evaluate the influx of pollutants being flushed into local streams during storm events, staff documents the hourly cumulative rainfall amount at sampling times, when collecting water quality samples. This methodology allows professional staff to evaluate the effect of stormwater discharge (via the corresponding hydrograph) of tested/laboratory-analyzed pollutant concentrations. If ambient conditions are conducive, staff will collect post-storm storm event samples (within 72 hours of last rainfall, which resulted in more than 0.1 inches of total rainfall) for observing pollutant concentrations that may have been ‘diluted’ by the previous storm event. Staff will determine pollutant loadings, once staff calculates stream discharge via FlowTracker2 equipment. 5.2 Calculation of Arithmetic or Geometric Mean for Graphing Pollutant Concentration Trends 5.2.1 Data Statistical Analysis Due to the large population of collected data, the Stormwater Division decided to use pollutant concentration arithmetic (or geometric) mean to evaluate water quality trends over a specified period. By graphing (e.g. line graph) the average parameter concentration by each permit year, staff should be able to observe an increasing, decreasing, or constant pollutant levels at a Page 103 of 108 sampling location. The Stormwater Division performs basic statistical analysis for calculating arithmetic mean (or geometric mean for fecal coliforms due to wide data variability) with corresponding standard deviation and a cumulative average for each sampling site, pollutant parameter, and ambient weather condition, per a permit year. This statistical data is calculated by an Excel spreadsheet database, which has formulas embedded to derive pollutant means (for each permit year and cumulative) and sample standard deviations. 5.2.2 Graphing Pollutant Concentration Trends Staff plots pollutant arithmetic or geometric means for the desired permit years on a line or bar graph for observable trends (e.g. upward, downward, or constant) using the Chart function within Microsoft Excel. Annual graphs for each sampling site and pollutant parameter are archived for historical reference. In order to validate staff’s observed general trend line on the graph, Excel’s ‘trend line’ function may be used to produce a calculated correlation (e.g. linear, polynomial, etc.) and R squared value. 5.3 Predicting Future Pollutant Concentrations 5.3.1 Forecasting the upcoming Permit Year Pollutant Concentration Microsoft Excel possesses a trend analysis function that uses existing time-series data to predict the future pollutant concentration for the next permit year. Staff highlights the desired span of permit years with corresponding pollutant concentrations, then type the ‘TREND’ equation into the chosen cell of the future pollutant concentration. Data integrity becomes unstable for continued trend analysis of future permit years, since predicted concentrations possess inherent error, which amplifies throughout the data set. Thus, staff is limited to using trend analysis for predicting the immediate, upcoming permit year. These future pollutant concentrations are italicized within the database, for staff’s ease of reference. As a task of the annual program effectiveness review, staff will compare the forecasted concentration against the actual average concentration at the end of the current permit year. 5.4 Calculation of Stream Annual Pollutant Loadings 5.4.1 Methodology of Annual Pollutant Loading Due to permit requirements and watershed master planning, it is important for Stormwater Division to calculate pollutant loadings during annual ambient weather conditions (for the fixed-interval Page 104 of 108 sampling program only). The Stormwater Division uses the below equation to determine annual pollutant loadings in each stream: Total pounds/year = (Concentration of pollutant* x MGD$ x 8.34 pounds/gallon) x 365 days/year where, * = Concentration is expressed in mg/L, averaged for the permit year, in question $ = MGD, units of million gallons per a day of stream flow Quarterly stream flow will need the averaged to obtain an annual stream flow for entering into the pollutant load equation – refer to Section 2.4.3 for the flow determination methodology using FlowTracker2 equipment. To convert stream discharge, in units of cubic feet per a second to MGD, take the discharge rate times 0.646. To calculate pollutant loading for fecal coliforms, use the geometric mean (concentration) of the permit year, in question, and multiple by the annual, averaged stream discharge, in units of MGD. Next, multiple the product by the constant of 1.38x1010 to calculate the annual pollutant loading, in units of cfu per a year. 5.5 Determining Stream ‘Health’ 5.5.1 National Sanitation Foundation Water Quality Index (WQI) Using the technical manual Field Manual for Water Quality Monitoring, the National Sanitation Foundation (NSF) surveyed 142 water quality scientists from local, state, and national programs. Thirty-five water quality parameters were proposed for the creation of a water quality index (BASIN). Nine water quality parameters were selected and ranked, in order of importance to stream biotic health. Thus, the parameters with greater importance were assigned higher weighted values for the water quality index. These selected nine water quality parameters and their corresponding weighted values include:  Dissolved Oxygen (DO) Percent Saturation, 0.17  Fecal Coliform, 0.15  pH, 0.12 Page 105 of 108  Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5), 0.10  Temperature, 0.10  Total Phosphate, 0.10  Nitrate, 0.10  Turbidity, 0.08  Total Dissolved Solids, 0.08 Water parameter concentrations need to be converted to an index value, so water quality scientists used their best professional judgment to graph the level of water quality, on a scale of 0 to 100. The resulting weighted curve charts were averaged to create ‘Q values’. Once staff obtains a water quality concentration, a technician will intercept the graph curve and locate the corresponding Q value from the y-axis. The Q value is multiplied by the weighed percentage; all weighted Q values from all nine water quality parameters are summed to obtain a total score. The total Water Quality Index (WQI) is compared against a standardized table of water quality ranges, which is listed below. Rating Score Range Excellent 90 - 100 Good 70 - 90 Fair 50 - 70 Poor 25 - 50 Extremely Poor 0 - 25 5.5.2 Water Quality Index (WQI) for Fixed Interval Sampling Locations The Stormwater Division has adopted the National Sanitation Foundation’s Water Quality Index in order to evaluate the ‘health’ of local streams. Since laboratory and instantaneous pollutant data is required to determine the stream health, staff will calculate the WQI score for all 13 fixed-interval sampling locations. As a result, four sampling events will be used to determine a WQI score. To evaluate the overall trending of stream health for a specified time, staff will be able to graph each permit year’s WQI and observe an increasing, decreasing, or constant water quality within the aquatic system. If the technological capacities exist, WQI scores can be posted on a GIS layer on Stormwater’s website for increasing public awareness at a watershed level. Page 106 of 108 5.6 Prioritization of Impaired Stream Segments for Pollutant Recovery Measures 5.6.1 Using Sampling Site Arithmetic or Geometric Means to create a Prioritization Plan The Stormwater Division utilizes an Excel database that houses all water quality data (certified laboratory and instantaneous meter) for every sampling site within the city of Winston-Salem. 44 sampling sites have been strategically selected throughout the municipal boundaries to evaluate pollutant loadings. Long-term data will be needed for statistical analysis to prioritize the ranking of impaired stream segments within sub-watersheds. Arithmetic or geometric means, along with corresponding standard deviations, will be used to evaluate and rank stream segments, from highest (most polluted) to lowest (least polluted) pollutant concentration. Due to the dynamic nature of biological ecosystems as well as the large percentage of pollutant reduction required, the Stormwater Division will need a substantial data population to establish a reliable, priority ranking. This evaluation process will be performed every permit year. After several permit years of priority ranking, the Stormwater Division will assess the most polluted sub-watersheds for opportunities to design and/or implement stormwater control measure (SCM)/best management practices (BMP) for reducing pollutant loadings. As SCMs/BMPs are implemented, Stormwater staff will continue to collect and analyze water quality samples at the same designated sampling locations, with the anticipation of observing decreased pollutant trend lines. Section 6: WQ Assessment and Monitoring Plan Sustainability 6.1 Annual Update 6.1.1 Responsible Party A responsible party is the designated party, or parties, that are responsible for ensuring the plan is regularly updated and matches the active conditions of the stormwater department. The responsible party is any individual in a supervisory role that is in a position that oversees this plan. Page 107 of 108 6.1.2 Programmatic Changes Should major changes to the program be necessary, the changes will be approved by the Field Operations Director, Keith Huff, 336-747-6962, keithh1@cityofws.org and submitted to North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality – Division of Energy, Mineral, and Land Resources for approval. 6.2 Impaired Waterbodies 6.2.1 Impairment Locations Stormwater staff will perform regular water quality monitoring at the locations listed in 3.2.1 in order to gather data regarding the impaired waterbodies. This data will be used to improve efforts to locate sources of impairments. 6.2.2 Stormwater Control Measures/Best Management Practices Stormwater Control Measures (SCMs) are permanent physical measures installed to assist in the removal of pollutants from stormwater runoff. Best Management Practices (BMPs) are any sort of program or measure implemented to assist in the prevention of stormwater pollution. The City of Winston-Salem uses North Carolina State University’s SCM guide created by Dr. William Hunt as guidelines for SCMs and BMPs. Stormwater staff will coordinate with the Stormwater Engineer, Joe Fogarty P.E., 336-747-6961, joesphf@cityofws.org in order to implement strategies to reduce pollutant loadings. 6.3 Staff Training 6.3.1 Biannual Update Stormwater Staff will be trained on the Water Quality Assessment and Monitoring Plan on a biannual basis. Records of the training will be located in the appendixes of this plan. 6.3.2 Other Training All other pertinent trainings will be documented and records will be kept with the Water Quality Assessment and Monitoring Plan. All training documentation will include, at a minimum, the following details: Date & Time Who Attended Brief Description of Subject Matter Instructor’s Name and Title Example of Course Material Credits Earned (if applicable) G:\Techn_Projects_Files\Water Sampling\Water Quality Assessment and Monitoring\Training Document Page 108 of 108 Section 7: Appendixes and Cited Sources/Scientific Literature Citations: Baird, Rodger B., et al. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. American Public Health Association, 2017. BASIN: The National Sanitation Foundation Water Quality Index, bcn.boulder.co.us/basin/watershed/wqi_nsf.html. “NPDES Stormwater Program.” EPA, Environmental Protection Agency, 6 Aug. 2020, www.epa.gov/npdes/npdes-stormwater-program. Office of Superfund Remediation. United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2014, pp. 1–110, Sampler's Guide: Contract Laboratory Program Guidance for Field Samplers. “UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR.” Safety and Health Topics | Chemical Hazards and Toxic Substances | Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2020, www.osha.gov/SLTC/hazardoustoxicsubstances/.