20191281 Ver 1_NRCS Soil Survey_20190924

O ,� L SURV EY
Wake Count
Nort roli'n
Issued November 1910
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Soil Conservation Service
In cooperation With
NORTH CAROLINA AGRICULTURAL EXP02aNT STATIJ

IMajor fur this WE .% Jcyne ira. lu'U1,texlod 15217-15, numos =d
�, itatm
�Ve�4,� -1 ill I G6. Unless ludkat(,�-J, �- ments in the
puhficmtio,�� reff-ez wZo Cou4it,;'m;� ill, th<� idy at �h,,�� t`mp the mirw-,,y was, in, progre.
A cri,
1 -1
Tills suv,��y w�wsi-u, Could'y aas lu.aJo cooperalively by th"', SIA 'Serdee
tion, It is gi pal�t of th�� technical
and the N��fth Cia"roh7la A'gdcaliun�_A 'Exper,tacm a
, t,
a"48ika51.w fumi�,_hed ',u ike Soil and Water Cau,,,tuvaiiknn Distriel. by the Sall
Cuw,em.Aiou
1!Ar11(-3` ao- mduced. uipie� UF tho printed amp ia 1116i pmKlcal"imn call be nmde
by
or t-IR11 purch-,Ued. m in&vleual o-dcr. fro ra the Cartu-
1, �eevnflojj Servjc��, USI)A, D�C 20250.
�raphw IT Ater, soft Cans
F10V V T 0 USE THIS SSOIL SUR EY
TIIIS SOIL SUFLIVEff of Wftke Coulf-
ty"INI.C, couUilns inforumdioll ulmt Can
be applied in rmnaging fftrnii; tind, wood.-
larldsg in Rele" ctinfr
_qi for
s roads, Mortals,
and imiitiings or otlier stril G, �
ures, an(l in
esthwufing suitability of traot"S of hind Tor
ag"ricultu-'re, hldustry,reerzAmlon, and., other
uses.
Elm
All the soils of Wake, Countly are `l:how i i
on the det-'ailed map at. the &ick of this
survey This map com,,ists of many sheets,
ma,de iroin "Lerlef photogra-)h% Each shNt
is --numbered to com,-sponcl Willi T11n1l1)o-tn
shown on the Lidbx- to Alap
On each shat o-� the dehtiled uuq), :aril
areas aro outlim'O amd are identified by
1. All ;a spas xi.iarked with tho same
BVIIII)o1 4tre the samci kindof soil. The soil
sruix)l is inside the area i` there is emough
room; othexwise, it 9s out%ide and a jjoin` er
shows bere the symbol belongs.
FmdIng cmd
An kdormaffian
Tha, "Gnide to 17m
bo,
usail to fird inifornuitiou in dais
This gruidelists aill of 1 -he soils 01
in alphlibefle"al ordor 1)�, uiag) R�'nlbole H,
s1lows the page whore; L�,'w7d kilid- of soil
is degoribed aL al w, tho p, -e for fliic.,., pa­
bility, ruu't, woodhind gp.�oUp,,
grou') ill Wliieli flio waif hall' bei Ft errIvidual. cxflorod Inapq �sh'ml'img tho,
rektive suitability or dleggrk,�,'of lluutut-o-n
of soils for wally spoci,fie- C'U,71 be
developed. by using the soil mals and tho
infOrmation7in the text. Translucent ma-
teria.1 can lam; us(xl as lu), ove.flay over the
Boil Y.11'ap aIud colored to show soils that
have the sturio limitabi.01"Is or Suitability.
For munple, walls t. mat havo a slight Ift.111-
t�atlon for a givcrj- use (mu be color green,
t1lose with ai'l Moderate limitatiou =1 1*
oolored. ye-111mv, and those with. a severe
11mitaLlon can be colored red.
ry amurs and those w7to work wit7t fam-
e,r8 oi n lem rn 11bout use. ctnd management of
the said from the it descriptions and
from tine dismiKs-ion. of the utpability uultx,.;.
Foresters and otAera cext refer to the sec-
tion of tlie Soils as"Toodland," vvbero
tLe soils ofthe e.otmty are Me al a,ceord_
ing to tlleh', ,suitability for trcvB.
Game v,,unagcrs. aports7imn, a othem
Concenar!"I'a,ildi 'It"ildlife, Will find b1forinft-
tion nbout soils and wildlife in tho sadion
"L.so of the, Soils for Wildlifo."
Aln ',nfwrs a,
" p I -qi tarred (mildopx will find, under
IM(1311k�erfllg U-sts of the Soils t,
n - abie's
that I , deatriptions of the engineerk
propi-SILVzol's of the soils in the county an
thiitauia(, ,(Al- that aftect engj_
111.(,.�'IiAlllg, practices and �.Axucf,.Ures,
Sriomlists and others car: re�id about.- how
1"he � ils Formed anA hoTv they aro class&
fied in the, section "Fornmfioli and Cim-
s, Viou 0-1` soils."
NewooTmrs to 'I'Vake County may be
es , v , )ecially i.uteresk,,d in the seoLoi-,
eral Soil. MAP," idle l.,e bruad patterns of
,4oih; carr o described. They may 0, so 1)8 jxj_
ter(�B'Wxd ill the sectio -,,i ",. ddltional rftet.w
A -bout tile,
U-. PRMNS,".
Vor LAu by Uhn, 1' m Doca menf,i TY -3. GF", I ruwat Prlflt-zOlz Offlef,
W�L�I,Jmj"Ion P',C��4�02,

Issued November 1970
Page
Page
How this survey was made___ -- _-- __
1.
Descriptions of the soils—Continued
General soil map___._.____._.____ __,-__.____.___
2
Rains series --------- .-------------------------
51
1. Creedmoor-•White Store association_ _. _ _ _. _ ....
2
Roanoke series_ _ _ _ _----- ------------------ ._ ._
52
a. 'Itlyodan-GI'a,iiiillc'..Creedmoor association_
3
Swamp - -- -- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .- - - -. _ ._
52
3. Herndon--Georgovilleassocia,tion__.---._.__._.-
3
Troup series__..-.__.__.. ___-------------..
53
4. Applins Durham association......._-_.-____-_-
4
Vance, series---------------._--------___--_ _.._._..._.._
53
5. Cecil-Appling association ----- _------ ._---
4
Wa rale series---------------
55
6. Cecil association __.___.._-__-----------------
4
Walleeseries.-_---.--------------- -------------
56
7. Cecil-Madison assooiatlon_ _._..__._..---.-------
5
Wake series--------- ------------.---
5
S. Appling association --- ______-----_---------
5
Wedowee series------------------------------
57
9. Wagriam-Norf olk association- _--------____--
6
Wehadkeeseries __.__.-------------------------
59
10. Alaplii g-.Louisburg-i�Vedoireo association---
6
White Store series.--.. --------------------------
60
Descriptions of the soils..__. _ _ ... _ - - - - - _ ._ ._ _ _ -_ _ ._ . __ ... ,.
6
IV, ilkes series _ _ m _. _.... _ _. -_ _ _ _ ._ _ _ _ _ - - - - - - - - ._ - -_ - ._ ....
03
Altavista, series_______..,......--.------..____.__.__._._. _
8
Worsham series ____...._.....__...._..._..--.----_----___-.
64
9
Use and management of the soils -----------
65
Augusta series- _ ._ _ _........_ ..... _ - _ _ - _ -- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .- _-
13
Use of the soils for crops and pasture-... _. _ - - - - - -
65
Bibb series__.---------_--__________________.___ _
14
Capability groups of soils- __------------------
65
14:
Estirnatedtiields_____._-_______....._____._._____
73
Buncombe series-.- ---------------------
14
Use of the soils as woodland- _...______-.-___._
76
Cecil series-_---------__._.--------------- ----
15
Woodland suitability groups-__.._------ __--
77
Chowaaclaa, series.-_-_---_ -----------------------
18
Use of the soils for Nvildllfe.___ _.
84
Colfax series_..___..._.----------_______. __.-_-__._
19
Wildlife suitability groups____.__._.._.__.-----..-_.
85
Congaree series__.__.___._.__.-------------------
19
Engineering uses of the soils...___.._--.----_ -_
87
Creedlnoor series --------- _---------- ------------
20
Engineering classification of soils_..___
87
Durham series_......_.._.__------------------------
23
Soil test data -------.----...._.__.__--___.__------.
94
Enon series_------------- -------------.-.---__---
24
Engineering properties of the soils-.______ _.___
95
Faceville. sones__._.__.._.----------------------
26
Engineering iatarpretations_-_.._.._.---.-------- .
108
Georgeville series__.. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ - _
27
Formation and classification of soils-_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
109
Goldsboro series -----------------------------
29
Formation of
110
Gran =illeseries ________-- - _.__--
------------
30
Parent material....----------- .----------------
110
Gulliedland _..___._._...._..-----------------------
32
Climate ---------------------------------------
110
_-__-------_----.----- .._-
32
Plant and animal life ----------- .---------_
111
Herndon series-.- ---------------------------
34
Relief_----------_------------_-------_-___-
111
Lloyd -------------------------
36
Time-
Louisburg aeI°ies_ -- _ _ ._ . _ - _ _ _ _ .- - _ _.
37
Classification of soils
1..ynobburg series _ _ - _ - - _ _ - _ - _ - _
39
Additional facts about the county, _ -.
7.12
40
Physiography, relief, and drainage- __ _ _ _
113
Madison series-- -_ _______ - _ __
40
Water supply._._.._ __ __. _-._-_-----_-_--_
113
Van t,aolde series-, -------------------------
41
Cllimate.------------.---------.-,
113
XIayodan series_--....__._-.-------__-___._...-- ---___
42
History and development_ ---------------------
116
NoI°folk series____---------------------- _
46
Commerce and industry-.------.--- ----------.___--
116
Orimgeburg series.... -----------------
48
Literature cited_-------_-----_---
117
Pinkston series_.._-___--_--------------------._
50
Glossary -------------- _.---__-_
117
Plummer series -------------------------------
50
Guide to mapping units------.--.----__.-- Following
11.8
Issued November 1970

SOIL SURVEY OF WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA
BY JOEL W. CAWTHORN, SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE
SOILS SURVEYED BY JOEL W. CAWTHORN, VAN S. JENKINS, RONALD B. STEPHENS, WILLIAM I. SHOPE, R. CLYDE
PLEASANTS, DANIEL G. SPANGLER, GORDON H. ROBERSON, CARL F. EBY, O WEN R. DEMO, JAMES R. WOODRUFF, AND
JOHN H. LANE, SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE, ANIS BY JOHN P. BRYANT, ROBERT M. CRAIG, CHARLES D. SOPHER,
AND DON W. GOSS, NORTH CAROLINA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE, IN COOPERATION WITH THE
NORTH CAROLINA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
AKE COUNTY, in the east -central part of North
Carolina (fig. 1), has a land area of 864 square
miles. Raleigh is the county seat and is the capital
of the State. The county had a population of 169,082 in
1965. The population of Raleigh was 93,931 in that year.
The county is mostly in the Piedmont physiographic
province, but a small area in the southern part is in the
Coastal Plain province. The parts of the county that lie
north and west of Raleigh are rolling to hilly and con-
tain major drainageways that are bordered by steep
slopes. The areas east and south of Raleigh are gently
sloping to rolling and contain drainageways that are
bordered by moderately steep slopes.
Farming is a leading enterprise in the county. The
comparatively short, mild winters and the long, hot sum-
mers permit a wide range in types of farming and in
choice of crops. Tobacco is the chief cash crop, and
contributes a major part of the farm income. The rest of
the farm income is derived mostly from sales of cotton,
soybeans, corn, small grains, and vegetables, and from
poultry and eggs, dairy products, hogs, and beef cattle.
Well -diversified industries, government, educational in-
stitutions, and wholesale and retail outlets also contribute
substantially to the economy of the county.
In 1964 approximately 100,478 acres was in field crops
and 31,162 acres was in pasture.' The rest of the acreage
was largely in trees, though some areas were in cities or
community developments and about 5,100 acres was in
State parks. The parks are used for camping, picnick-
ing,, boating, swimming, hiking, fishing, and nature study.
The soils of Wake county are mostly strongly acid and
strongly leached; only the Enon soils have a, base satura-
tion of more than 35 percent. The. soils are generally low
in natural fertility and in content of organic matter.
Except in areas where suitable applications of lime and
fertilizer have been made, the content of calcium, phos-
phorus, and potassium is low. About 63 percent of the
acreage consists of well drained soils; about 13 percent,
of moderately well drained soils; about 6. percent, of
somewhat poorly drained soils; 8 percent, of poorly
drained or very poorly drained soils; and ' 10 percent, of
somewhat excessively drained, droughty soils.
' Statistics from records of the U.S. Bureau of. alio Census.
How This Survey Was Made
Soil scientists made this survey to learn what kinds
of soils are in Wake County, where they are located,
and how they can be used. They went into the county
knowing they likely would find many soils they had
already seen, and perhaps some they had not. As they
traveled over the county, they observed steepness, length,
and shape of slopes; size of streams; kinds of native
plants or crops; kinds of rock; and many facts about the
soils. They dug or bored many holes to expose soil pro-
files. A profile is the sequence of natural layers, or hor-
izons, in a soil; it extends from the surface down into the
parent material that has not been changed much by
leaching or by roots of plants.
The soil scientists made comparisons among the pro-
files they studied, and they compared these profiles with
those in counties nearby and in places more distant. They
classified and named the soils according to nationwide,
uniform procedures. To use this survey efficiently, it is
necessary to know the kinds of groupings most used in
a local soil classification.
Soils that have profiles almost alike make up a soil
series. Except for different texture in the surface layer,
all the soils in one series have major horizons that are
similar in thickness, arrangement, and other important
characteristics. Each soil series is named for a town or
other geographic feature near the place where a soil of
that series was first observed and mapped. Appling and
Norfolk, for example, are the names of two soil series.
Figure 1 Location of Wake -County.in North Carolina.

X
so7L SURVEY
All the soils in the United. States baving the, sane, series
name are essentially alike in those characteristics that
affect, their behavior in. the natural landscape. Soils of
one series can differ somewhat, in texture of the surface
soil and. in slope* or some other characteristic that affects
use of the, soils by man.
Many soil series contain soils that differ in texture of
their surface layer. According to such differences in tex-
ture, separations called soil types are made. Within a.
series, all the soils having a surface layer of the same tex-
ture belong to one soil type. Cecil sandy loam and Cecil
clay loam are two soil types in the Cecil series. The dif-
fereitce in texture of their surface layers is apparent
from their names.
Some soil types vary so inuch in slope, degree of ero-
sion, or some other feature, affecting their use, that practi-
cal suggestions about their management could not. be
made if they were shown on the soil reap as one unit.
Such soil types acre divided into phases. The name of a
soil phase indicates a feature that affects management.
For example, Cecilsandy loam, q to G percent slopes, is
one of several pliases of Cecil sandy loam, a soil type
that ranges from gently sloping to steep.
After a guide for classifying and naming the soils
had been worked out, the soil scientists drew the,
of the individual soils on aerial photographs.
These photographs show woodlands, buildings, field bor-
ders, trees, and other details that greatly help in drawing
boundaries accurately. The soil map in. the back of this
survey was prepared from aerial photographs.
The areas sho-Nvn on a soil map are called mapping
units. On most maps detailed enough to be useful in
planning, management of farms and fields, a mapping
unit is nearly equivalent to a soil type or a phase of a
soil type. It is not exactly equivalent, because it is not
practical to show on such a. map all the small, scattered
bits of soil of some other kind that have been seen within
an area that is dominantly of a recognized soil type or
soil phase.
In preparing some detailed inaps, the soil. scientists
havea problem of delineating areas where different kinds
of soils are so intricately mixed., and so small in. size that
it is not practical to show them separately on the map.
Therefore, they show this mixture of soils ,is one mapping
unit and call it a, soil complex. Ordinarily, a soil complex
is named for the major kinds of soil in it, for example,
Louisburg -Wedowee complex,, (3 to 10 percent. slopes. Also,
in some places two or more soils are snapped in a, single
unit, called an undifferentiated soil group or undifferen-
tiated unit, if the differences between the soils are too
small to justify separation, though these soils occur sepa-
rately. An example of such a, unit is Weliadkee and Bibb
soils. Furthermore, on most soi.l maps areas are shown
where the soil material is so Nvet, rocky, shallow, fre-
quently worked by wind and water, or altered by man
that it cannot be classified by soil series. These areas are
shown on the map like other mapping units but are given
descriptive names, such as Gullied land, Made land, or
Swamp, and. are called land types.
While a soil survey is in progress, samples of soils are
taken, as needed, for laboratory measurements and for
engineering tests. Laboratory data from the, same kinds
of soils in other places are assembled. Data on ,yields of
crops under defined practices tare assembled from farm
records and from. field or plot experiments on the same
kinds of soils. Yields udder defined management are esti-
mated for all the soils.
But only part of a. soil survey is clone when the soils
have been named, described, and delineated on the reap,
the laboratory data assembled, and yield estimates made.
The mass of detailed information then needs to be organ-
ized in such a way that it is readily useful to different
groups of readers, among these farmers, managers of
woodland, engineers, and homeo`vners. Grouping soils
that, are similar in surta,bihty for each specified use is the
rriethod of organization commonly used in the soil sirs
veys. On the basis of yield and. practice tables zinc[ other
data, the soil scientists set up trial groups. They test
these groups by further study and. by consultation with
f<ai°niers, agronomists, engineers,, and others, and then
adjust them according to the results of their studies and
consultations. Thus, the groups that are finally evolved
reflect; up-to-date knowledge of the soils and. their behav-
ior under present methods of mise anal. management.
AMMIMMOMFUM
The general soil mals at the back of this soil survey
shows, in color, the; soil associations in Wake Courity. k
soil association is a lanclsea,pe that has a distinctive pro-
portional pattern of soils. It normally consists of one or
more major coils and at least one minor soil, and it is
named for the major soils. The soils in one association
may occur in another, but in a_ different pattern.
map showing soil associations is useful to people
who want a general idea: of the soils in a county, who
want to compare differe:tit parts of a county, or who wain
to know the location of large tracts that are suitable for
a certain kind of farming or other land use. Such a map
is not, suitable for planning the rnana-gement of a farm or
field, because the soils in any one association ordinarily-
differ in slope, depth, stc)ni.siess, drainage, and other elfin
acteristics that affect iria.nagenieirt.
Ten associations are In Wake County. These erre dis-
cussed iii the :following page&
06,n,tly sloping to N ly, deeps arra moder°atcZy decp, 'n,od-
e;ratedy ugcil crani,;d soils that have a v enj firm, clay-ey
8uebsoil; derived from sandstone, Orale, anis anmdstane
This association consists of gently sloping soils on
broad ridges and of hilly soils near drainage -ways in the
uplands. The areas are dissected by unI .T streams that
form a dendritic; drainage pattern. The associati.ori occu-
pies about 15 percent of the county and is in the western
part.
The major soils in tl-xe association are the Creedrnoor
and White Store, whi.el- formed in material that weath-
ered frorn sandstone, shale, and mudstone of Triassic
age. The Cr eedrnoor se)ils, which are moderately well
drained and deep, make up about 50 percent; of the asso-
ciation. They have a sandy loa.sn or silt loam surface

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA
layer, a friable silty clay loam to sandy clay loam upper
subsoil, and a very firm, very plastic clay lower subsoil.
Moderately well drained, moderately deep White Store
soils make up about 30 percent of the association. They
have a sandy loam, silt loam, or clay loam surface layer
over a subsoil of very firm and very plastic clay.
Minor soils are the Mayodan, Granville, Pinkston,
Chewacla, Wehadkee, Altavista, Wahee, and Augusta.
Except in the steep areas, most of the soils have been
cultivated. Now, about 70 percent of the association is in
forest and the rest is still cultivated or in pasture. The
farms are generally less than 100 acres in size, and most
are operated by the owner on a full-time basis. The grow-
ing of tobacco and, to a lesser extent, the raising of live-
stock are the main farm enterprises. Some commercial
companies own woodlots within the association, and
these forestry farms are much larger than the farms
where field crops are grown.
The soils of this association are suited to tobacco, corn,
cotton, and small grains. In many places they have a
high content of exchangeable aluminum, however, and if
they are not properly limed, some crops grown on them
show signs of aluminum toxicity. In areas that are not
severely eroded, the soils are fairly easily tilled and
crops grown on them respond favorably to good manage-
ment. The soils are subject to erosion. The Creedmoor,
Mayodan, and Granville soils are the ones most used for
tobacco.
The major soils of this association have severe limita-
tions if used as absorption fields for septic tanks. Also,
their very firm or very plastic subsoil makes them poorly
suited to road construction or as support for foundation
footings of large buildings.
Wells in this association generally yield about 3 to 5
gallons of water per minute, which is not enough for
industrial use. The amount of surface water available
varies considerably, according to the season.
2. Mayodan-Granville-Creedmoor Association
Gently sloping to moderately steep, deep or moderately
deep, well drained and moderately well drained soils that
have a subsoil of friable sandy clay loam to very firm
clay; derived from sandstone, shale, and mudstone
This association is dissected by many streams that
form a dendritic drainage pattern. It is on uplands and
consists of gently sloping soils on broad ridges, and of
moderately steep soils near the major drainageways. The
association is in the western part of the county, near the
towns of Apex and Friendship and west of Holly
Springs. It occupies about 4 percent of the county.
The major soils are the Mayodan, Granville, and
Creedmoor. These soils have formed in material that
weathered from sandstone, shale, and mudstone of Tri-
assic age.
Well -drained, moderately deep or deep Mayodan soils
make up about 55 percent of the association. They have a
surface layer of sandy loam or gravelly sandy loam to
silt loam over a subsoil of firm silty clay loam to clay.
Well -drained, deep Granville soils make up about 15
percent of the association. They have a surface layer of
sandy loam and a subsoil of friable sandy clay loam to
clay loam.
Moderately well drained, deep Creedmoor soils make
up another 15 percent. They have a surface layer of sandy
loam to silt loam, an upper subsoil of friable silty clay
loam to sandy clay loam, and a lower subsoil of clay that
is very firm when moist and very plastic when wet.
The rest of the association consists mainly of minor
areas of White Store, Altavista, Augusta, Wahee, Chewa-
cla, and Wehadkee soils.
Most of the soils that are less than moderately steep
have been cultivated. Now, about half of this association
is in cultivated crops or pasture and the rest is in forest.
The farms are generally less than 100 acres in size, and
most are operated by the owner on a full-time basis.
Growing tobacco, raising cattle, and growing trees are
the chief farming enterprises.
The soils are suited to tobacco, corn, cotton, alfalfa,
lespedeza, and small grains. They contain a large amount
of exchangeable aluminum, however, and some crops
grown on them show signs of aluminum toxicity, unless
the soils have been properly limed. The soils are easily
tilled, and the crops respond well to good management.
Erosion is a hazard.
In some places in this association, the soils have se-
vere limitations if used as absorption fields for septic
tanks. Also, the soils that have a very firm or very plas-
tic subsoil are of limited use for road construction or as
support for foundation footings of large buildings.
Wells in this association generally yield about 3 to 5
gallons of water per minute, which is not enough for
industrial use. The amount of surface water varies a
great deal, according to the season.
3. Herndon-Georgeville Association
Gently sloping to moderately steep, deep, well -drained
soils that have a subsoil of friable silty clay loam to clay;
derived from phyllite (Carolina slates)
This association is in the uplands. It is made up of
gently sloping soils on ridges, of gently sloping to
strongly sloping soils on side slopes near small drain-
ageways, and of moderately steep soils on side slopes
near large drainageways and streams. The association is
dissected by many streams that form a dendritic pattern.
In the western part of the county, it consists of a long,
narrow area, extending from the town of Holly Springs
to Cary. In the eastern part, it occupies a small area east
of the town of Zebulon and extends to the Johnston and
Nash County lines. This association occupies about 2
percent of the county.
Well -drained, deep Herndon soils occupy about 45 per-
cent of the association. They have a surface layer of silt
loam and a subsoil of friable silty clay loam to silty clay.
Well -drained, deep Georgeville soils make up about
40 percent of the association. They also have a surface
layer of silt loam, but their subsoil is firm silty clay loam
to clay.
The rest of the association consists mainly of minor
areas of Appling, Cecil, Wilkes, Enon, Chewacla, We-
hadkee, and Bibb soils.
Except for the moderately steep areas, all of the soils
of this association have been cultivated within the past
100 years. Now, about 80 percent of the association is in
forest, and the rest is used for cultivated crops or pasture.

SOIL Sa RITY
The fauns are generally about 200 acres in size and are
operated by the owner. GrossMg tobacco and raising cat-
tle are the chief farming enterprises.
The, soils of this a sociation are satited to tobacco, corn,
cotton, alfalfa, lespedeza, and snia.11 grains. They are
fairly easy to till„ and crops growls ova them respond well
to applications of lime and fertilizer. Erosion is a
hazard.
The Herndon amend Georgeville soils have niodointe
limitations if used for absorption fields for septic talalrs.
They have no speciiil limitations if used for road con-
st muhon or as support. for foundation footing; of large
bu i 1 d iiigs.
Wells adequa.to for indu: -,trial Ilse cast be located withiia
this association. Yields of 10 to 1CS gallons of water per
minatte are common from private wells. The quantity of
surface water is good, ,asci the supply is generally' coil-
stant, except sharing periods of extreme drought.
4. Appling-Durham Association
Ocntly s7,opzny to 37opainc(/, deeps, urll-dr(drrd soils that
Aare a strb'SOW of trur.hlr stfyuly elms/ 7o,7-nb to clay;
derived mostly from granite, gneiss, and schist
This association consists of gently sloping and slop-
ing soils on ridges and side slopes in the uplands. It
occazpies tsvo long, narrow areas in the eastern part of
the. county. The areas are dissected by luny small sta•eanis,
that. form a dendritic drainage pattern. The association
occupies about 2 percent of the county-.
A major part of the association consists of Appling
and Durham soils, which formed in material that weath-
ered from granite and gneiss. Appling soils make up
about- 50 percent of the association. They are deep aind
well drained and have a surface, layer of sandy loam,
gravelly ranch' loam, or fine sandy loam. Their- subsoil is
firm clay loam. to clay.
Deep, well -drained hurham soils malae up about 40
percent. Thur lum,e a. surface. layer of loamy sand and a
Subsoil of friable sanely clay loam to clay.
The rest of the association consists mainly of minor
areas of Vance, Colfax, Worsham, Mantaclaie, Congaree,
Chewa.cla, Wehadkee, and Bibb soils.
:Most of the aa,reas, except those thatt are wet, have" been
cultivated Nxith,in the past 1.00 years. I`lo , about 85 per-
cent of this association is cultivated and the rest is in
forest. The fauns are generally more than 100 acres in
size and are operated by the owner. Tobacco, cotton, (101,11,
soybeans, and small grains. are the chief sources of farm
income.
The soils are suited to corn, cotton„ soy leans, lespe-
dem, small grain,, and pastaare, a.nd they are especially
smell suited to tobacco. They acre easily tilled, and crops
grown on them respond well if suitable applications of
lime and fertilizer are made.
The Appling and Durham soils have .moderate limi-
tations if used as absorption fields for septic tanks. They
have, no special limitations if wised for road constructioli
or as the support of foundation footings for large build-
ings.
Wells adequate for industrial use can be located within
this association. Fields of 10 to 15 gallons of water per
minute are common froin private wells. Thi, quantify of
surface water is good, and the supply is fairly coimsiant,
except during periods of extreme drought.
.5. Cecil-Appling Association
G'cra.t7y s7opaing to stcep, dcop, ?e,(11-draineel soils that lz.av
a subsoil of f arta c7.cx.y loam to clay; dcrit,rid mostly fro'In
granite, f/vclss, and selb'14
This association occupies several large areas on the
uplands of the county. It; consists of gently sloping soils
on. ridges and of sloping to steep soils near draimtgesvaays
and strearns. The areas are. dissected by many streaarrts
that form a dendritic, drainage pattern. The association
occupies about 16 percent of the county.
Deep, well -drained Cecil and Appling soils make up a
major part of the tassociation. They have. formed it).
material that weathered from gneiss azmad scla'ist. Some
,areas of Cecil soils are moderately steep or steep, but, the
Appling soils are, less sloping.
The Cecil soils make up about 35 percentof the also.
ciation. They have a surface layer of saud'v loam, gra-
velly sandy loam, or clay loain and a subsoilof red, firm
clati.
Appling soils make up about 30 percent of the associa-
tion. They have, a surface layer of sandy loam, gravelly
sandy loam, or fine sandy loam and a subsoil of firm clay
loam to clay.
Alinor soils make up the rest of the association. They
are the Wedowee, Louisburg, Colfax, Worsham, Cheiva,-
cla, Congaree, lVehadkee, Bibb, and Altavista.
Most of the farms in this association are at least. 200
acres in size. The soils in tIie. northern part of the asso-
ciation are mainly idle or in forest,. In those areas the
chief farming enterprises are, the ni sing of beef cattle
and proyidirmg pasture for the cattle. of the acreage
in the southern part is in pastureor in cultivated crops,
mainly tobacco, coria, and soybeans.
The soils of this association are well suited to tobacco,
corn, cotton, soybeans, lespedeza, small grains, and pas-
ture. They are easily tilled, and crops grown on theism
respond swell if suitable applications of lime rind fert.i...
liter are made. Erosion is a hazard.
Ther Cecil and Appling soils have moderate limitations
if used as absorption fields for septic taa.rdis. They have no
special limitations- if ttsed for road construction or as
support for foundation footings of larg=e lmildings.
117'ells adequate for industrial use can be located ss°ithin
this association. Yields of 10 to M gallons of water per
minute are conanion from private wells. The quantity of
surface, water is good, and the. supply is faiArty consta-nt,
except durilag periods of extreme, drought.
Gently sloping to 3tc(,,pr, deep, well-dr°a-incd .eoib, tlutt
hawc a subsoal of f°rnz rod clay; dert'r.+<W 7nostly from
gnc,ss and schist
This association consists of gently sloping soils on
ridges and of sloping; to steep soils ova the sides of ridges.
It is in the uplands, mainly in the central and north -
central parts of the counter. The areas are dissected by

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA
many streams that form a dendritic drainage pattern.
This association occupies about 18 percent of the county.
Deep, well -drained Cecil soils, which formed in
material that weathered from gneiss and schist, occupy
about 65 percent of the association. They have a surface
layer of sandy loam or gravelly sandy loam to clay loam
and a subsoil of firm, red clay.
Soils that make up the rest of the association are
mainly the Appling, Madison, Wedowee, Enon, Wilkes,
Chewacla, Congaree, Wehadkee, and Bibb.
Except for the steep areas, the soils in most of this
association have been cultivated within the past 100
years. Now, about 80 percent of the association is in for-
est and the rest is cultivated or in pasture. The farms are
generally about 150 acres in size, and most of them are
operated by the owner. Growing tobacco and raising cat-
tle are the chief farming enterprises.
The soils are suited to tobacco, corn, cotton, soybeans,
lespedeza, small grains, and pasture. They are easily
tilled but are susceptible to erosion. Crops grown on
them respond well if suitable applications of lime and
fertilizer are made.
The Cecil soils of this association have moderate limi-
tations if used as absorption fields for septic tanks. They
have no special limitations if used for road construction
or as support for foundation footings of large buildings.
Wells adequate for industrial use can be located within
the association. Yields of 10 to 15 gallons of water per
minute are common from private wells. The quantity of
surface water is good, and the supply is fairly constant,
except during periods of extreme drought.
7. Cecil -Madison Association
Gently sloping to steep, deep, well -drained soils that
have a subsoil of red, friable to firm clay loam to clay;
derived -mostly from gneiss and schist
This association occupies an area about 2 miles wide
on uplands in the northern part of the county. It consists
of gently sloping soils on narrow ridges and of sloping
to steep soils on the sides of ridges near drainageways
and streams. The area is dissected by many streams that
form it dendritic drainage pattern. The association occu-
pies about 1 percent of the county.
Well -drained Cecil and Madison soils make up a
major part of the association. They have formed in
material that weathered from gneiss and schist.
Cecil soils occupy about 40 percent of the association.
They are deep soils that have a surface layer of sandy
loam, gravelly sandy loam, or clay loam and a subsoil
of red, firm clay.
Madison soils occupy about 37 percent of the associa-
tion. They are deep and have a surface layer of sandy
loam and a subsoil of red to dark -red, friable clay loam
to clay.
Soils that occupy the rest, of the association are mainly
those of the Appling, Wilkes, Chewacla, and Congaree
series. Herndon, Enon, and Lloyd soils, however, occur in
the southeastern part of the association, where a large
area contains many outcroppings of soapstone high in
content of talc. Many veins of highly basic minerals
are mixed within the soapstone.
5
About 75 percent of this association is in forest, and
the rest is cultivated or in pasture. The farms are gen-
erally less than 150 acres in size. The chief farming oper-
ation is the raising of beef cattle.
The soils are suited to tobacco, corn, cotton, soybeans,
lespedeza, small grains, and pasture. They are suscepti-
ble to erosion but are easily tilled. Crops grown on them
respond well to applications of lime and fertilizer.
The Cecil and Madison soils of this association have
moderate limitations if used as absorption fields for sep-
tic tanks. They have no special limitations if used for
road construction or as support for foundation footings
of large buildings.
Wells adequate for industrial use can be located within
the association. Yields of 10 to 15 gallons of water per
minute are common from private wells. The quantity of
surface water is good, and the supply is fairly constant,
except during periods of extreme drought.
8. Appling Association
Gently sloping to moderately steep, deep, well -drained
soils that have a subsoil of firm clay loam to clay; der-
ived mostly from granite, gneiss, and schist
This association occupies three large areas of irregular
shape in the eastern, central, and western parts of the
county. It consists of gently sloping soils on ridges and
of sloping to steep soils on the sides of ridges. The areas
are in the uplands and are dissected by many streams
that form a dendritic drainage pattern. This association
occupies about 23 percent of the county.
Well -drained, deep Appling soils make up about 70
percent of the association. They have formed mainly in
material that weathered from granite and gneiss but
partly in material derived from schist. These soils have
a surface layer of sandy loam, gravelly sandy loam, or
fine sandy loam and a subsoil of firm clay loam to clay.
Soils that occupy the rest of the association are mainly
those of the Durham, Wedowee, Vance, Louisburg, Col-
fax, Worsham, Mantachie, Congaree, Chewacla, Wehad-
kee, and Bibb series.
Except for wet areas, the soils in nearly all of this
association have been cultivated in the past 100 years.
Now, about 85 percent of the association is cultivated or
in pasture and the rest is in forest. The farms are gen-
erally 100 to 200 acres in size and are mostly operated by
the owner. The growing of tobacco, cotton, corn, and
soybeans is the chief farming enterprise.
The soils of this association are suited to corn, cotton,
soybeans, lespedeza, small grains, and pasture, and they
are especially well suited to tobacco. They are easily
tilled, but they are susceptible to erosion. Crops grown
on them respond well if suitable applications of lime and
fertilizer are made.
The Appling soils of this association have moderate
limitations to use as absorption fields for septic tanks.
They have no special limitations if used for road con-
struction or as support for foundation footings of large
buildings.
Wells adequate for industrial use can be located within
the association. Yields of 10 to 15 gallons of water per
minute are common from private wells. The quantity of

T
SOM SURVEY
surface+ water is good, and the supply is fairly constant,
except during periods of extreme drought.
Xearhy lov(,7 to sloping, very deep, somcivhat exr,��ssar.�rlr�
drained and wdl, drained soils that have a subsoil of fri-
able sandy loam to sandy clay loam., form,(;d fag Coastal
Plain sediments
This association is ori uplands in the southern part, of
the county. ft, consists of nearly level or gently sloping
soils on ridges, and of sloping soils on the, sides of ridges.
`l,'he area, Is dissected by many streams that form a. den-
dritic drainage pa.t.teni. This association occupies about
9 percent of the county.
Wagrain and Norfolk soils, which make up a major
part of the association, have formed in Coastal Plain
sediments. These soils are eery deep.
Wagram soils, which are somewhat excessively drained,
make up about 30 percent of the associ0ion. They ha.�re
a surface layer of loamy sand about 20 to 40 inches
thick. Their subsoil is friable sandy loam to sandy clay
loam.
Well -drained Norfolk soils make up about 25 percent
of the association. They have a surface laver of loamy
sand and a subsoil of friable sandy loam to sandy clay
loam,
The rest of the association consists mainly of soils of
the Faceville, Orangeburg, Troup, Goldsboro, Lynch-
burg, Rains, Plummer, Appling, and Herndon series.
About 85 percent of this association is cultivated,
and the rest is in forest. The farms are generally snore
than 200 acres in size and are operated by the owner. The
growing of tobacco, cotton, corn, and. soybeans is the
chief farming enterprise.
The soils of this association are suited to tobacco, corn,
cotton, soybeans, small grains, and pasture. They are
eal.sily tilled but are susceptible to erosion. Crops grown
on them respond ar-ell. if suitable applications of lime
and., fertilizer are made.
The lVagra.m and l0.'orfolk soils of this association, have.
only slight limitations to use as absorption fields for sep
tic tanks. T'bey have no special lilrlitations if used for
road construction or as support for foundation footings
of large buildings.
Wells adequate :For industrial use can be located within
the association. Yields of 10 to 15 gallons of water per
minute are common froin private, swells. The. quantity of
surface water is good, and the supply is fairly constant,
except during periods of extreme drought.
U�:mtly sloping to stc;ep, deep and 2 odcrafelp deep, �racll
dralncd and somcer hat cxccssiwcly draiv.cc l soz.7s that have.
a subsoil of fria.Vr, coarse sand.71 loan?. to Aria clay;
derhoed, °mostly frog, gra�nito, gneiss, and 8ehist
This association consists of gently sloping soils on.
broad ridges in the uplands, and of sloping to steep soils
on the sides of ridges near draina.geways and streams.
The area is dissected by many streams that form a den-
dritic drainage pattern. It is in the eastern part of the
county and extends from the Franklin County line to
a point near the Johnston County line. The association
occupies about 10 percent of the county.
The major soils of this association have formed in.
material. that ii ea hexed fromgran'bte, and gneiss. Deep,
Well -drained Appling soils make up about 20 percent of
the association. They have a surface layer of sandy loam,
fine sandy loam, or gravelly sandy login and a. subsoil of
clay loam to clay.
Moderately deep, somewhat excessively drained Lou-
isburg soils snake up about 20 percent.. They have, al: sur-
face layer of loamy sand that is underlain by very :fria.
ole. sandy loam.
Deep, well -drained Wedowee soils naahe up about IS
percent of the association. They have % surface Iayer of
sandy loaan and a subsoil of firm sandy clay loam to cla-y
Loam.
The rest of ,the association consists rrrainly of 11'.-1ke,
-Durham, Nance, Colfax, 'iVorsham, C7hewacla, Wehad-
kee, and Bibb soils.
About half of this association is cultivated, and the,
rest is in forest. The farms are generally about 200 acres
or less in size.. The chief crops are t-obacco, cotton, soy. -
beans,, and corn.
The soils of this association are suited to tobacco, corn,
cotton, soybeans, lespedeza., small grains, and pasture, but
they are droughty in many places. The soils are easily
tilled but are susceptible to erosion. Crops grown on them
respond well if suitable applications of lime and ferti-
lizer are made.
The major soils of this association have moderate to
severe limitations to use is absorption fields for septic
tanks. They have no special limitations if they are used.
to support foundation footings for large buildings. Bed-
rock near the surface is the main Iirnitat.ion to use for
road construction.
Wells adequate for industrial use can be locarted within
this association. Yields of 10 to 15 gallons of water per
minute are, common from private swells. The quantity of
surface wat.er is good, and alae, supply is fairly constant,
except- during periods of extreme drought.
This section describes the: soil series and mapping
units of Wake County. The approximate. acreage and �arc7-
portionate extent of each mapping unit are given in. table
1. Their location iii the county is shovm on the soil gnarl
at, the back: of this soil survey.
The procedure is first to describe the soil series, and
then the mapping units in that series. 'Thus, to get full
information oil any snapping rinit, It Is ri"assar'- to read
the description of that unit, and also the. description of
the soil series to which it, belongs. - s mentioned in the,
section "How This Surrey Was Made," not all wrapping
units are members of a soil series. Csui l ied land and :lade
land„ for example, are miscellaneous land types that do
not lselong• to a soil series. They, are listed, nevertheless,
in alphabetic order along with the. soil series. The colors
shown are. those of a moist soil.
In comparing a mapping unit. with a soil series, many
will prefer to read the short description of the profile in

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA
TABLE L.—Approximate acreage and propor°t7onate. extent of tda,e, series
Soil
Altavista fine sandy loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes__-.
A,ppliarg gravelly sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes..
Appling gravelly sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes,
Appling gravelly sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent
Slopes- _ _.-_ -
Appling gravelly sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent
slopes,
llppling sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes.-
Appling sandy loans, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded_
Appling sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes
Appling sandy loam, 6 to 1.0 percent slopes,
eroded_.___.____-. _--____._ _,_-W_-_-.__.____---_
Appling sandy loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes_
Appling fine sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes__-_
Appling fine sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes,
eroded _
Appling fine sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes _
tippling fine sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, 1
eroded--- -
Augusta fine sandy loam_
Buncombe Soils
ecil ',Indy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes_ _
vecil sandy loam, 2 to 6 per°eent slopes, eroded
Cecil `;a.ndI- loam, 6 to 10 percent
coil sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded _
,ecil sandy loam, 10 to 15 percent
coil sandy login, 15 to 45 percent slopes _-_._-____,
lecil gravelly sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes___'
;%evil gnwelly sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes,
eroded_.___ ..
Cecil gr Zvelly sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes__
.:,aril gravelly sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, j
eroded_
Cecil clay loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, severely
eroded __,-----___-_-_- _ _ _ _ -i
Cecil clay loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, severely
eroded
,evil clay toaann, 10 to 20 percent slopes, severely
eroded -- -_ -------------_----
..hc aclaa, soils _--- _ _ _ .. _--
"olfax. nndyluam_._.___..__.
.ongaree fine windy loam
"ongaree silt lo,ann_._,_.__----__
Creedmoor saa:udy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes__
%reedmoor sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, �I
eroded
lrevdmoor �,audy loam 6 to 10 percent Elopes_ . _...�
_,reedmoor sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes,
eroded-____.-----_____._.__.
,�`reedmoor sandy loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes _w
reedmoor silt loam, 2 to 6 perceut slopes___ _ J
�a eedrnoor silt, loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes.,
Durh:a:rn loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes__
Durham loatimy sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded,
Durham lonmy sand, 6 to 10 percent slopes_ _. _ _.- _ _
i7nrhmm loamy sand, 6 to 10 percent slopes,
Enon lane sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes-
Enon fine sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes,
eroded _
Enon finessnudy loam, 6 to 10 percent slope.. _. __J
_
Enon fine sandy loran, 6 to 10 percent slopes,
eroded._.,... - -- -------- -- -- ....._i
Enon fine sarndy loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes,
Faceville sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes ------
Faceville
_Faceville san dy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded_':
Faceville sandy loans, 6 to 10 percent slopes I,
Laeorgevdle silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes_
,eorgeville silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded_
See footnote at enol of table.
335-s03.-_70 ___2
Acres
4,093
3, 21.0
7, 130
4,617
8, 136
16, 682
40,724
8,470
26, 136
10,520
1,261
2, 389:
1, 216
1, 594:
3, 876
537
1, 366
19,363
2, 043
18, 173
15, 291
11,214
1,446
12, 637
3, 006
16,243
1,902
2,485 I
1,286
15,950
7, 79'7
2, 057 k
2,294.
2, 026
11, 068
3,097
14., 216
6, 081
1 231
1, 275 f
12, 699
851
2, 095
71U
260
987 I
472
1, 221
422
793
935
186
439
1,720
Soil
0.7 li Cleorgeviilesiltloam, 6to10percent slope-__..-_._.
6 !1 Georgeville silt loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes,
eroded -------....----._..._...____.__......
1, 3 �( Georgeville silt loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes,
eroded ------- -- --------
. 8 Goldsboro sandy loam- _.__..__ _ . __._.________.
Gram rllc sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes_., _ _
1. 5 Granville, sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded
3. 0 E Granville sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent, slopes_
7, -I: '[ Granville sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes,
1.6 eroded__-.._______..__..._.._......____...._...,_.,.._....___
Granville sandy loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes_
4. 7 I .._
Gu land- __
1.9 ; Helena sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes_ ____-_
, 2 Helena sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded.-
H -
elena sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes___.__
.4 Helena sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded -
2 li Helena sandy loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes.------
Herndon silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes- _--_ _
3 �..- -
j Herndon silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded_.
'...
7 Herndon silt loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes.___ _.._._ ._
1 �I Herndon silt, loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded.
2 Herndon silt loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes, eroded_
3. 5 Herndon silt loam, 15 to 25 percent Slopes_______
4 ! Lloyd loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded___
3. 3 Lloyd loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded-_..._..
2. 8 '� Lloyd loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes, eroded...____. -
2. 0 Louisburg loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent
3 Louisburg loamy sand, 6 to 10 percent slopes_ _ _....
.Louisburg loamy sand, 10 to 15 percent slopes. ---
2. 3
lopes._-_2.3 Louisburg -Wedowee complex, 2 to 6 percent
5 Slopes- ,_-__-_-.- - - _­ ------
Lou isburg-Wedowee
___..Louisburg-Wedowee complex, 2 to 6 percent
3. 0 slopes,--------.-__-_.-
�� Louisburg -Wedowee complex, 6 to 10 percent
3-----
I Louisburg -Wedowee complex, 6 to 10 percent
.4 J slopes --
Lynchburg
.2 Made land-------------------__.---_____--__..__
2. 9 'I -Madison sandy* loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded -
L4 i: Madison sandy loarn, 6 to 10 percent slopes,
.4 eroded---- ---- - -. --- -
4 1i ;Madison sandy loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes,
4
Madison sandy loans, 15 to 25 percFnt slopes,
2. 0 f eroded.
6 Mantachie soils
Alzbyodan imrndy loam 2 to 6 percent slopes__..___
2. 6 Mayodan sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes,
1. 1 eroded ---------
.2
_ .2 ' Alayodan sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes-___
2 (' Alavod.au 9a .udy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes,
2. 3 ',! eroded.___......_
1 II Mayodan sandy loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes,
4 E eroded__ _.._.. _____--.._____ -__;
-Alayodan sandy loam, la to 25 percent slopes -__._I
1. Ni=zvodan gravelly sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent
al siopes_-_-.____ .,_---
Dlayodn.n gravelly sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent
slopes, eroded
llla.yodtan gravelly sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent
2 'I blaayocian gravelly sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent
li slopes eroded
1 tilayodan silt loam, thin, 2 to 6 percent slopes
1 Alayodaan, silt loam, thin, 2 to 6 percent slopes,
2 eroded-
llayodaan silt loam, thin, 6 to 1.0 percent slop s _._
�r) Mayodan silt loam, thin, 6 to 10 percent slopes,
1 3 eroded---
,
playodaarn silt loans, thin, 10 to 15 percent slopes..)
I
Acres 1Per-
cent
614 0, 1
E
1p 55r2 � , 3
921 2
457 1
1, 317 2
300 1
898 2
401 1.
274 1
1,447 - 3
217 (�)
330 1
232 (r)
573 1.
247 (P)
436 i 1
1, 079 2
854 0
1,803 3
1, 098 2
901 2
756 1
794 1.
298E 1
3, 104 6
7190 1. 4
0, 411 1. 2
1,524 3
377 1
2, 597 I 5
986 2
763 j 1
3,779 7
442 1
1 154 `>
951 2
1, 352 °2
6, 260 1. 1
580 I.
950 I 2
928 i 2
2,286 4
2,497 5
716 1
543 1
1,335
2
579 1
1, 1.75 i` 2
987 2
1, 121 2
1, 164 2
1,852 j 3

8 SOIL SURVEY
TAnr,E L. Approximafe. acmage and proportionate extent, of die soih--Conrinued
Soil
`
Acres j
Per-
cent
f
Norfolk loamy sand, 0 to 2 percent slopes... _ . _.......
1, 246 1
0. 2
Norfolk loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes_ _
8, 103
1. 5
Norfolk loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded -
2, 319
4
,Norfolk loamy sand, 6 to 10 percent slopes ------I
I, 137
2
Norfolk loamy sand, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded_!
987
2
Orangeburg loamy stand, 2 to 6 percent slopes___._)
696
1
Orangeburg loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes, I
777
1.
Orangeburg loamy sand, 6 to 10 percent slopes, !
1
506
(
1
Pinkston sandy loam, 0 to 10 percent slopes-_ --i
533
t
Pinkston sandv loam. 10 to 45 pereent slopes.-__-,
2, 730
5
Plummer sand____._ -------.-------------------__'i
634
1
Rains fine sandy loam_ .._.-----.------.-.---._..._.,__!
1, 328
2
Itoauoke fico sandy loom-- ___ __ __�
1, 475 j
3
sv"amp-' - - — - - _
177
;l)
Vaaace sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes_
609
1
Vance sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded__
2,0 7 1
4
Vance sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded_,
1, 179
2
Wagr,im loamy sand, 0 to 2 percent slopes- --
Wagram loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes..._ .__
1, 445
10, 086
3
1. b
Wagram loamy sand, 6 to 10 percent slopes_____-
4, 894
9
Waagram-Troup sands, 0 to 4 percent slopes _..._j
4,434
8
Wahee fine sandy loam_ _ _. _ . _ _ - _
892
2
Wake soils, 2 to 10 percent slopes,_ _ .. _. _ _ _ .._ _ _ . I
906 j
2
Wako soils, 10 to 25 percent slopes -------------
7, 226
1. 3
Wedowee sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes____.._;
1, 449 '',
3
I Less than 0.05 percent,
paragraph form under the description of tile, mapping
unit. It differs, from the technical description in that it
is less detailed and does not identify layers by A, R, C,
and 11 horizons incl depth ranges. The technical profile
descriptions are mainly for soil scientists and others who
want detailed informa#•ion about soils (15).2
Ibilosv-ing the, naive of eacli mapping unit, there is a
symbol in parentheses. This symbol ideaiti4 es the, map
ping unit, on the detailed soil inasp. Fisted at the end of
each description of a. mapping unit is the capability unit,
woodland suitability group, and wildlife suitability
group in Which the snapping unit. has been placecl. The
page oil which each capability await is described cam be
fomid by referring to the "('aide to flapping Units," at
the back: of this survey. Afany tering used in the soil de-
scriptions and in other parts of the survey are deflied in
the Glossary.
Altavista Series
The Altavista series consists of nearly Iee'el and lit]
sloping, deep, nloderately well drained soils ora low
stream terraces. The, areas are, fairly hirge and are near
the major streams in the county. The sods have formed
in alluvial. deposits Slider forest, vegetation. A semonal
high water table is at a depth of approximately 2 feet.
Natural fertility and tlle, coritent of Organic, in"atter are
revs. f'elaneability is inoderate, the available water capa-
city is medium, aaud tlleshrink-sivell potential is moder-
ate. Infrequent flooding occurs, but the floodwaters re -
"Italic numbers in parentheses refer to Literature Cited, 1)..11.7
Soil
Wedowe(,,, sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes,
eroded _ _ _
Wedowee sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent elope ____�
Wedowee sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes,
----
Wedowee sandy loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes,
Wedowee sandy loam 15 to `25 pei cent slopes-__ -. J,
1�'ehadkee and Bibb soils__ _. _ __ _
White Store sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slops__.
White Store sandy loans, 2 to 6 percent slopes �
White. Store sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes___
White, Store sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes
eroded... -- - ---- - -------- --- ........,_
White Store sandy loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes_..
White Store silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes_ _ _ _
White Store clay loam, 2 to 15 percent lopes, ,
severely eroded-_
Wilkes soils, 2 to 10 percent dopes_
Wilkes soils, 10 to 20percent~lopes....________.___;
Wilkes soils, 20 to 45 pereent slopes _ -
Wilkes stony soils, 15 to 25 percent slopes_ _
Worsh,amsaudy loam- _______ __ _ _ __--
Borrowarea .-------------------------------
Total
_ --- -__ ---- --
_acres
4, 089
1, 184
3, 981
1, 552
5. 719
7, 4a,1
21, 131
.512
4,950
7113
Per-
cent
O. 7
.2
7, 21 5 1. 3
5, 559 1. (i
3:51 1
I
464 i
6;39 1
847 1
4,520 8
235 (�}
12, 613 2.3
346 1.
Tot.al-----------------------------------552, 960 1 100. 0
main for only short periods. Reaction i,, inedinln acid to
strongly acid in areas that, liar,(- not, heeii limed. Response
is good if a suitable amount of lime and the proper hinds
and amounts of fertilizer are applied..
Their limited extent makes the A-1favista soil's of only
minor` iinporta-ace for farming. Most of the acreage is,
cultivated or in pasture.
Representative profile of Altavista- fine sandy- loam, 0 to
4 percent slopes, in a. cultivated field 1'/„ utiles southwest
of Plymouth Church and 2100 yards east of farm road
Ap-0 to 10 inches, light browliish-gray (10YR li/2) fine
sandy loam ; weale, medium, gramilar structure: very
friable when moist,; many fine, -woody a'id fibrous
roots; niediuin acid; abrupt, navy bomidary.
A2-10 to I" inches, Dale-browu (10YR (3/3) fine sandy loam;
weak, fine, granuhir structure; very, friallole -when
moist; few, Sine, woody roots; inediurn acid; abrupt,
sin.00th boundary.
B1-13 to 15 inehes, brownish -yellow (10YU 6"(1) and liale-
brown (10YR 6/3) tine sandy claa.y- loam: -weak, 'hie.
subangular blocky structure; friable when moist
fewv medium, woody roots; medluna acid; abrupt,
wavy boundary.
B21t--.1, 5 to 19 inches, yellowish -brown (10YR :6/6) clay
loam; moderate, mecllum, subangtilar bloc•1 y strue-
ture ; friable when moist; discontinuons clay film,,;
medium acid ; clear, :r-inooth boialidary.
1122t_-.10 to 29 inches, yelloivisb-brown (10YR 5/8) clay
loan; common, fine, distinct, yellovrish-red mottles;
anoclerate, mecllum, subangular blocky strnc°tnre; fri-
able to firm when moist; di,svoifflnuons clay films on
ped snrtaeew ; inedium acid; clear, smooth boundary.
ia23t-29 to 36 inehe.:, yello--ish-brown (10YR 5/81 clay
loran; common, fine, distinct, light brmvnish-gray
mottles: weak, fine, subangular blocky structure; fri-
able -when moist; few aliscontill uoil's clay films"
strong y acid; gradual, sanooth boundaary.

WAKE" COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA
112--36 to 42 inches, br€pwnish-yellow (10YR 0/6) sandy clay
loam; inany, .medium, distinct, light brownish -gray
mottles; weak, fine, subangular blocky structure; fri-
able when moist; few, thin, discontinuous dray films;
strongly acid; gradual, smooth boundary.
C-42 to 48 inches +, yellowish -brown (10YR 5/8) coarse
sandy loans; rn.my, medium, distinct, strong -brown
and ligbt grayish -brown mottles; massive; friable
when moist; 8trongly acid,
The A horizons range from 3 to 15 inches in total thickness
and from light brownish gray or pale brown to light grayish
brown or dark grayish brown in color. The B horizons range
from 12 to 29 inches in combined thickness and from sandy
clay loam to clay loans in texture. Their color ranges from
yellowish brown or brownish yellow to reddish yellow in
10YR or 7.5YR ]ares. Grayish mottles are 10 to 20 inches
below- the top of the B21t horizons. The combined thickness
of the surface layer anis subsoil ranges from 24 inches to
less than 60 inches. Depth to hard rock is more than 5 feet,
and commonly is more than 15 feet.
Altavista soils occur with Appling, Goldsboro, Colfax, and
1-ugw,ta snails. They are less well drained than the Appling
soils, have a. thinner ;solum than the Goldsboro solls, and
are better drained than the Colfax and Augusta sails.
Altavista fine sandy Imam, 0 to 4 percent slopes (AfA).--
This 17 the only Altavista soil mapped in. Wake Comity.
It is oil low stre.ain terraces. The surface layer is light
bro dish -gray and light, grayish -brown to dark grayish -
brown fine sandy loaln 3 to 15 iuc-hes thick. The subsoil is
yellowish -brown to reddish-yellow, friable sandy clay
loans to clay loans mottled with gray in most places. It is
12 to 29 inches thick.
Infiltration is Food, and surface runoff' is slow to Inedi-
uni. This soil is easy to keep in good t-ilth and can be
worked throughout, a wide range of moisture content.
This soil is well spited to most of the locally grown
crops. It is used ma.iuly for row crops or pasture-, but as
small acreage. is in trees. In places some improvement
in drainage, is needed if tobacco and specialty crops are
grown. (Capability unit IIw-1, woodland, suitability
group 4, wildlife, suitability group 1}
Gently sloping to strongly sloping, deep, well -drained
soils of the Piedmont uplands slake up the Appling ser-
ies. These soils are on side, slopes and on rounded divides
that have. a difference, lit elegy -at -ion of about 50 feet be-
tween the highest and the .low -est poilats. They snare formed
ander forest in nwterial that weathered from zranite,
;neiss, schist, and otlwr aeiclle rocks. Marge areas are in
the eastern pact of tile- errantyand smaller arenas are in
ether parts.
Na-turai fertility and the content of organic inatter are
ioati. The available water capacity isne,dilma, and persue
ability and the shrink-stivall potential are moderate. Ex-
cept in areas that have received line, these soils are
strongly acid. Response is good if suitable applications of
lime, and fertilizer are made.
1ppling soils are suited to all the, locally grown crops.
3Yuch of the acreage is eulti�,ated.
Representative profile of an Appling sandy loans ;,it a
_ult-it,aAted field 1 mile north of Bethany Church on a
)awed road, one-eightli of a anile easton a prixaa,te, road,
and 20 yards south of private road.
11
Al) --O to R inches, grayksh-brown (10YR 5/2) sandy loam;
weals, coarse, granular structure; very friable when
moist; rmany, fine, fibrous roots; medium acid; clear,
smooth boundary.
A2-8 to 11 iucbes, light yellowish -brown (10YR 6!4) sandy
loam; weak, coarse, granular structure, very friable
when moist; colnnaora, fine, fibrous roots; nxelium
acid; clear, smooth boundary.
111-11 to 14 inches, strong -brown (7.5YR 5/6) sandy clay
loam ; weak, medium, subangular blocky structure;
friable when moist, sticky and slightly plastic when
wet; few fine mica flakes; few quartz pebbles;
strongly acid; abrupt, smooth boundary.
B21t-14 to 20 i irlies, strong -brown l7. YR 5/6) clay loam:
few, fine, distinct, yellow mottles; moderate, Line and
naedinnr, subangular blocky structure: firm when
moist, sticky a..nd plastic when wet; ferr� thins ela.y
fihns ; strongly acid; clear, smooth bouYzdary.
B22t-20 to °255 inebeti, strong -brown (7.5YR 5/6) clay loam;
few, fine, distinct, brownish -yellow axnl commor9,
tine, prominent, red mottles; moderate, fine and
medium, subangular blocky structure; .firm when
moist, sticky and plastic tmhen wet; thin clay films
on pard surfaces; few fine mica flakes; strongly acid;
clear, smooth boundary.
11213t-25 to 37 inches, reddish-yellow, (7.5YR 6/6) clay loam;
few, fine, distinct, red mottles; moderate, fine and
medium, subangular bloelcy structure; friable when
moist, sticky and plastic when wet; thin clay films
on ped surfaces; few fine mica flakes; strongly acid;
clear, smooth boundary_
1;24t. 37 to 39 inches, yellowish brown (blit 5/6) clay
loam; common medium, prominent, red mottles;
w a aak and moderate, fine, subangular blocky struc-
ture tending to cursive; friable when moist, sticky
incl plastic when wet; few clay fshus in vertical
cracks; sowne saprolite; common to many erica
flake.s; strongly avid; clear, smooth boundary.
lits—:ill to 44 hashes, red (2.5YR 5-1/8) loam: eomamon, fine,
distinct, brownish -yellow mottles: weak, medium,
subangular blocky striu,tune tending to rnas-skve: fri-
able when moist, slightly stkcky :and slightly plastic
when wet; fere clay films in vertical cracks; many
mica flakes; strongly acid; clear, smooth boundary.
0--44 to 50 inches -1-, mottled red and brownish -yellow sandy
clay loam saprolite containing many mica flakes;
strongly acid.
The A horizons range frorn dart: gray or dark grayish
brown to light grayish brown or light yellowish brown in
color and frorn 3 to 30 inches in total thickness. In general,
their texture ranges from sandy loam or fine sandy loam
to gravelly sandy loam that cont tins cobblestones in }slaccs. Ira
more eroded areas, however, the texture ranges to sandy
clay. The, 13 horizons range from loam to cbiy in texture and
from `?4 to 40 inches ill total thickness. The M. horizon is
conauscnly yellowish brown instead of strong brown. The B2
horizons .are generally mottled with red, and their color
r<ange,s from yellowish brown or strong brown to yellowish
red or reddish yellow in lines, of 10YR to 5YR. The color of the
B3 'horizon ranges from red to yellowish reed, and that horizon
is streaked with gray io places. The combined thickness of the
surface laver and subsoil raurges frown iii to 60 inches, Depth
to bard rock ranges from 5 to more than 15 feet.
Appling soils occur with Herndon, Durham, Cecil, Vance,
nce,
and Atayodan soils. They contain more sand and less silt than
the llerndon soils and contain more clay and are more reddish
than the Durlianr soils. Appling soils are less red ttnd less
clayey than the Cecil soils, are less firm than the Vance
soils, and contain less exchangeable aluminum titan the
Afayodan soils.
Appling gravelly sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes
(AgB).--This soil is on broad, smooth intarstrea,ln divides
ill the uplands. It has a surface layer of light gnivish-
brown to dark -gray gravelly sanely loam that is 0 to 20
inches thick. The subsoil is yellowish -brown to yello xish-

UM
SOIL SURVEY
red, firm clay loam to clay that is mottled with red_ in most
places and is 24 to 40 inches thick. From 15 to 30 percent
of the surface layer is gravel. In many places cobbles
are on and in the surface layer. Included in mapping
-were a few areas where the sfope is less than 2 percent.
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is anedi.um. The
hazard of erosion is moderate. This soil can be worked
throughout a wide range of moisture content, but where
the content of gravel and cobblestones is high, tillage is
difficult.
,about half of the acreage is in cultivated crops or pas-
ture, and the rest; is in forest or in other uses. The cul-
tivated arenas are used chiefly for row crops, but this soil
is well suited to all the locally grown crops. Practices
that effectively control runoff and erosion. are needed in
the cultivated areas. (Capability unit IIe-1, woodland
suitability group 5, wildlife suitability group 1)
Appling gravelly sande loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes,
eroded (Ag32)._This soil is on broad, smooth interstream
divides in the uplands. The surface layer is 3 to 7
inches thick, nand. in many places it, is a mixture of the
remaining original surface soil and of material from
the subsoil. In the, less eroded areas, the surface layer is
light, grayish -brown gravelly sandy loam, but in the
more eroded spots the color ranges to yellowish brown
and the texture ranges to gravelly sandy clay. The sub-
soil is 24 to 40 inches thick and is yellowQi-brolvrr to
yellowish -red, firm clay loaan to clary that is mottled with
real in many places.
Included with this soil in crapping were some, se-
verely eroded spots where the subsoil is exposed. These
areas make up from 5 to 25 percent of the acreage in the
snapping unit.
Infiltration is fair, and surface runoff is medium. The
hazard of further erosion is moderate. This soil is diffi-
cult to keep in good tiltli, but it can be, worked through-
out a fairly wide range of moisture content. A crust forms
on the severely eroded spots after hard rains, and clods
form there, if those areas are -worked when wet. The crust
and the clods interfere with gernaiva.tion. As a result,
stands of crops are poor and replanting of those areas
rmy be necessary. An even stand of tobacco is 'hard to
obtain. Plants in an uneven stand mature at different.
gimes. This increases the difficulty of harvesting and cur-
ing the crop, said it reduces the quality of, the tobacco.
..bout half of the storage is cultivated or in pasture,
and the rest is in forest or in other uses. The cultivated
areas ire used chiefly for row crops, but this soil is well
suited to all the locally grown crops. Practices Haat, effec-
tively control rauaofi' and erosion are. needed in the cul-
tivated areas. Capability unit Ile -J, woodland suitabil-
ity group 5, wildlife suitability group 1)
Appling gravelly sandy loam, 6 to 1.0 percent slopes
(AgC).---This soil is on narrow side slopes in the uplands.
Its surface layer is light grayish-browrr.r,o dark gray
gravelly sandy loam 6 to 15 inches thick. The content of
gravel in the surface layer ranges from 15 to 30 percent.
The subsoil is 24 to 36 inches thick and is yellowish -
brown to yellowish -red, firm clay loam to clay mottled
with red in many places. In many aroas cobblestones are,
on the surface and in the surfa,c-3layer.
:infiltration is good, naad. surface runoff is rapid. The.
hazard of erosion is severe. This soil. can be worked.
throughout a wide range of moisture content. It is diffi-
cult to till, however, in areas where the content of 9mvel.
a,nd cobblestones is high.
About one-fourth of the acreage is in cultivated crops
or pasture, and. the. rest is in forest or in other uses.
Where this soil has been cleared, it is used chieflyy for rotiv
crops, but is is well suited to all the locally grown
crops. Intensive practices that effectively corrtr° l runoff
and erosion are needed in the cultivated. areas. (Capabil-
ity unit IIIe-=1, woodland suitability group 5,, -wildlife
suitability group 1)
Appling gravelly sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes,
eroded (AgC2). —This soil is on narrow side slopes in the
uplands. In many places its surface layer is a mixture
of the remaining original surface soil and of material
from the subsoil. The surface layer is 3 to 7 inches thick
and ranges from light grayish -brown gravelly sand*
loam in the less eroded spots to yellowish -brown gravel...
ly sandy clay in the more eroded areas. The subsoil is 24
to 36 inches thick a'nd is yellowish -brown to yellowish -
red, firm clay loam to clay that is mottled with red in
most places. In massy places cobbles are in the surface
layer and on the surface.
Included in clapping were some severely eroded spots
-where, the subsoil is exposed. These areas make up from
5 to 25 percent of the € creage. in the snapping unit.
Infiltration is fair, and surface, raanoff is rapid. The
hazard of further erosion is severe:. The large number of
pebbles and cobblestones, and the thin surface, layer, make
this soil difficult to keep in good tilth, but. the soil can be
worked throughout, a fairly wide ra.nge of moisture con. -
tent. A crust forms on the severely eroded spots after
hard rains, and clods form if those. areas are worked
when wet. The crust and the clods interfere with germin-
stencil of crops are poor and. replanting
ation. Asa result,
is sometimes necessary. An even stand of tobacco is
hard. to obtain. Plants in an uneven, stand mature, at
different times. This increases the difficulty of harvesting
and curing the crop, and it reduces the quality of thy®
tobacco.
About orae. -fourth of the acreage is cultivated, and the
rest is in forest. This soil is well suited to all the locally
grown. crops, and the areas that are. cleared are used
chiefly for row crops. Intensive practices that effectively
control runoff and erosion are needed in the culffi,gted
areas. (Capability unit IIIe--1, woodland stait2Lbility group
5, wildlife suitability group 1)
Appling sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes (Ap31.--
This soil is on broad, smooth interstreanz divides in the
uplands. Its surface layer is light grayish. --brown to dark -
gray sand'
v loam 8 to 20 inches thick (fig. 2) . The subsoil
is 24 to 40 inches thick and is yellowish -brown to
yellowish -red, firm clay loam. to clay that is mottled with
red in rnaany places. Included in snapping were a, few
areas in which the slope is less than 2 percent.
Infiltration is good, and surface. runoff is medium. The
hazard of erosion is moderate. This soil is easy to keep
in good tilth and can lie worked throughout a wide range
of moisture content.

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA
About two-thirds of the acreage is cultivated or in pas-
ture, and the rest is in forest or in other uses. The cul-
tivated areas are used chiefly for row crops, especially
tobacco and cotton, but this soil is well suited to all the
locally grown crops. Practices that effectively control
runoff and erosion are needed in the cultivated areas.
(Capability unit He -l., woodland suitability group 5,
wildlife, suitability
(Capability
group 1)
Appling sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded
(ApB2).—This soil is on broad, smooth interstream divides
in the uplands. The surface layer is 3 to 7 inches thick,
and in places it is a mixture of the, remaining original
surface soil and of material from the subsoil. In the less
eroded areas, the surface layer is light t grali-brown
sandy loam, but the, color ranges to yellowishVirown and
the texture ranges to sandy clay in the more eroded spots.
The subsoil is 24 to 40 inches thick, and it is yellowish -
brown to yellowish -red, firm sandy clay loam to clay that
is mottled with red in many places.
Included with this soil in mapping were some severely
eroded spots where the subsoil is exposed. These areas
make up from 5 to 25 percent of the acreage in the map-
ping unit.
Infiltration is fair, and surface runoff is medium. The
hazard. of further erosion is moderate. This soil is easy
to keep in good tilth and can be worked throughout a
wide range of moisture content. A crust forms on the
severely eroded spots after hard rains, however, and
clods form if those areas are worked when wet. The crust
and the clods interfere with germination. As a result,
,
stands of crops are poor and replanting of the severely
eroded spots may be necessary. An even stand of tobac-
co is hard to obtain. Plants in an uneven stand mature
at different, times. This increases the difficulty of harvest-
ing and curing the crop and reduces the quality of the
tobacco.
About two-thirds of the acreage is in cultivated crops
or pasture, and the rest is in forest or in other uses.
The cultivated areas are used chiefly for row crops, es-
pecially tobacco and cot -ton, but this soil is well suited
to all the locally grown crops. In the areas that are cul-
tivated, practices that effectively control runoff and ero-
sion are needed. (Capability unit He --1, woodland suit-
ability group 5, wildlife suitability group 1)
Appling sandy loam, 6 to 10 Percent slopes (ApQ.—
This soil is on narrow side slopes in the uplands. It has
a surface layer of light grayish -brown to dark -gray sandy
loa-in 7 to 15 inches thick. The subsoil is yellowish -brown
to yellowish -red, firm clay loam to clay that is mottled
with red in most places. The subsoil is 24 to 36 inches
thick.
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is rapid. The
hazard of erosion is severe. This soil is easy .to keep in
good tilth and can be worked throughout a wide range
of inoisture content.
About two-thirds of the acreage is in cultivated crops
or pasture, and the rest is in forest or in other uses. The
cultivated areas are used chiefly for row crops, especially
tobacco and cotton, but this soil is well suited toall the
locally grown crops. Intensive practices that effectively
control runoff and erosion are needed in the cultivated
areas. (Capability unit IIIe-1, woodland suitability
group 5, wildlife suitability group 1)
flu
Figure 2.—Profile of Appling sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes.
Appling sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded
(ApC2).—This soil is on narrow side slopes in the uplands.
In many places the present surface layer is a. mixture
of the remaining original surface soil and of material
from the subsoil. In the less eroded spots, the surface
layer is light grayish -brown sandy loam. In the more
eroded spots, the color ranges to yellowish brown azid
the texture ranges to sandy clay. Thickness of the sur._
face layer ranges from 3 to 7 inches. The subsoil is 24 to
36 inches thick and is yellowish -brown to yellowish -red,
firm clay loam to clay that is mottled with red in inost
places.
Included with this soil in mapping were, some severe-
ly eroded spots where the subsoil is exposed. These areas
make up from 5 to 25 percent of the total acreage in the
mapping unit.
Infiltration is fair, and surface runoff is rapid. The
hazard of further erosion is severe. This soil is difficult

M
SOIL SURVEY
to keep in good 61th, but, it can be worked throughout, a
fairly wide raaage of moisture content. A crust forms on
tlme severely= eroded spots after hard rains, however, and
clods forma if tboae area,, are, worked when wet. The. crust
and the clods interfere with germination. As a result,
stands of crops are poor and replanting i.s sometimes
necessary. An even stand of tobacco is hard to obtain
in °those areas. Plants in an uneven stand mature at
different times. ']'his increases the difficulty of harvesting
and curing the crop and reduces the quality of the
tobacco.
.About one-third of the acreage is cultivated or in
pasture, and the rest, is in forest or in other uses. The
cultivated areas are used chiefly for ro-F', crops, especially
tobacco and cotton, but this soil is well suited to all the,
locally grown crops. Intensive practices that effeeth,ely
control runoff and erosion are needed in the cultivated
areas. (Capability unit Me 1, -wmodlaamd suitability group
51 wildlife suitability group 1)
Appling sandy loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes (ApD). —
This soil is on narrow side slopes bordering drai.na.ge-
wa.y s in the uplands. Some slight or moderate erosion
has taken place. In the slightly eroded areas, the surface
layer is light, grayish -brown to dark -gray sandy loam 7
to 12 inches tbielk. In the moderately eroded aareas,, the
surface layer ranges froom light; ,grayish -brown sandy
loam,ni to yellowish -brown sandy clay and is 3 to 7 inclines
thick. The subsoil is 24 to 30 inches thick and consists
of yell oNvish-brown to yellowish -red, firmn clay loani to
clay that is mottled with red in most p haves. In niany
areas pebbles and cobblestones are on and in the surface
layer.
Included with this soil in mapping were some areas
where the surface layer is fine sandy- loam, and somrme Be-
verly eroded spots where the subsoil is exposed. Also in-
cluded were a few areas of Durham lowny sand.
Infiltration is fair to good, and surface runoff is very
rapid. The hazard of further erosion is very severe.
Where this soil is only slightly eroded, it is easy to keep
in good tilth. Where, is is moderately eroded, it is diffi-
cult to keep in good t.ilt,h, but, it can be. worked through-
out a, fairly hide range of moisture conte-nt. A crust forms
oui time severely eroded spots after hard rains, aid clods
form if those areas are worked when ivet. The crust, and
the clods interfere with germination. As a. result, stands
of crops are poor and replanting of the severely eroded
spots may be. necessary.
About one-third of the acreage is cultivated or in pas-
ture, and the rest is in forest. The cultivated areas ire
used chiefly for row crops, but this soil is suited to all
the locally grown crops. Intensive practices tlmat effec-
tively control runoff and erosion are necessary if cul.ti-
va.ted crops are growmm. (Capability unit IVe-1, woodland
suitability group 5, wildlife suitability g7oup 1)
Appling fine sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes (AFB).—
This soil is on broad, smooth interstreaun divides in the
uplands. It has a surface layer of light grayish-brojvn to
dark -gray fine sandy loans 6 to 12 inches thick. The
subsoil is 24 to 40 inches thick and is yellowish -brown
toyellowish-red, firun clay loam to clay that is mnott,Ied
with red in most places. A- few areas where the slopes
are less than 2 percent were included in the mapping.
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff' is medium.
The hazard of erosion is mnoderate. This soil is easily kept
in good t.ilth and can be worked throughout a wide
range of moisture content.
_boutt two-thirds of the acreage is cultivated or in pas-
ture, and, the: rest is in forest. The. cultivated areas are
used chiefly for row crops, but this soil is well suited
to all the locally grown crops. Where. cultivated crops
are grown, practices that, effectively control runoff and
erosion are needed. (Capability merit. IIe-1, woodland
suitability g -roup 5, wildlife suitability group 1)
Appling fine sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes,
eroded (AM).—This soil is on 'broad, smooth interstreanm
divides in the uplands. In place's its nrfa.ce, layer is °a
mixture of the remaining original surface soil anci of
material from the subsoil. In the less eroded spots, the
surface layer is light grayish -brown fine sandy loam,
but in the more eroded spots the color ranges to yellow-
ish brown and the, texture ranges to sandy clay. Tlm.ick-
ness of the surface lay=er ranges from 3 to 7 inches. The
subsoil is 24 to 40 inches thick and is yellowish -brown
to yellowish -red, firma clay loam to claa.y that is mottled
with red in mmaost. place -s.
Included with this soil in =mapping were some se-
verely eroded spots where the subsoil is exposed. These
areas mnake up from 5 to 25 percent of the total. acreage
in the, mapping unit,. Also included were, areas of a
soil that has a slightly more browmmish color and prob-
ably a higher base saturation than this Appling soil.
Infiltration is fair,, and surface runoff is medivam. The
hazard of further erosion is moderate. This soil can be,
worked throughout a fairly wide range of moisture con-
tent. A crust formas on the severely eroded spots after
hard rains, however, and clods forum if those areas are
worked when wet. The. crust and the, clods interfere w:itlm
germination. As a result, stands of crops are poor and
replanting of these areas is sometimes necessary. An
even stand of tobacco is hard to obtain in these areas.
Plants in an uneven stand mature at different times.
This increases the difficulty of harm esting and curing
the crop, and it reduces tl2e quality of the tobacco.
About two-thirds of the acreage is cultivated or ill pas
tore, and the, rest is in forest.. The cultivated areas are
used chiefly for roev crops, but: this soil is well smuited
to 1111 t -lee 2oca111; tnowmm crops. Practices thoit effe.etiveI
control runoff and erosion are needed in the cultivated
areas. (Capability anit Ile -1, woodland suitability
group 5, wildlife suitability group 1)
Appling fine sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes
(AsC,:—This soil is on narrow side slopes in the uplands.
It has a surface layer of light grayish -brown to dark -
gray fine sandy loam 6 to 12 inclines thick. The subsoil is
24 to 36 inches thick and is yellotivish-brown to yellow-
ish -red, firmn clay loam to clay that is nmottled with red
in most places. Incllded in mnapluing Were areas of a,
soil that has a, slightly more bro%vnish color and probably
a. higher base saturation than this soil.
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is rapid. The
hazard of erosion is severe. This soil is easy to beep in
good tilth and can be worked throughout a wide range
of moisture content.
About half of the acreage is cultivated or in pasture,
and the rest is in forest. The cultivated areas are used

WAKT COUNTY, NCIRT11 CAROLINA
chiefly for row crops, but this soil is well suited to all
the locally grown crops. Intensive practices that effec-
tively coxitrol runoff and erosion are necessary ill the,
cultivated areas. (Capability unit Me -1, woodland suit-
ability group 5, wildlifesuitability group 1)
Appling fine sandy loam, h 6o 10 percent slopes,
eroded (A,C2).---This soil is on narrow side slopes in the
uplands. In luau), places its surface, layer is a mixture
of the relna.ining original surface soil and of material
from the subsoil. The surface layer is 3 to I inches thick
and ranges from light grayish -brown fine sandy loans,
in tile, less eroded areas, to vel'lowish-browza sandy clay,
in the wore. eroded spot -s. The subsoil is 24 to 36 uic-lies
thick alld is yellowish -brown to yellowish -red' firm clay
loan to clay that is mottled with red in many places.
Included in mapping were some severely eroded spots
where the, subsoil is exposed. These areas make lila from
5 to 25 percent of the acreage in the mapping unit,.
Also included were areas of a soil that has a slightly
more brownish color and probably a higher base satura-
tion than this. soil.
Infiltration is fair, and surface, runoff is rapid. The
hazard of further erosion is severe. This soil is difficult
to keep in good tilth, but it can be, worked throughout r,i,
fairly wide range of moisture content. A crust forms oil
the severely eroded spots after hard rains, however, and
clods form if those areas are worked when wet. The crust
and the clods interfere with germination. As a result,
stands of crops are poor and replanting of the severely
eroded spots is sometillles necessary. An even stand of
tobacco is ha -rd to obtain. Plants in ala uneven stand ma-
ture at different times. This increases the difficulty, of
harvesting and curing the crops and reduces the quality
of the tobacco.
About one-fourth of the acreage is cultivated or in
pasture:., and tile. rest, is in forest or in other uses. The
cultivated areas are used chiefly for row crops, but this
soil is well suited to all the locally grown. crops. Inten-
sive practices that effectively control runoff and erosion
are necessary in the cultivated areas. (Capability unit
Ifle--1, woodland suitability group 5, wildlife suitabil-
ity group 1)
Al><gusta, Serres
Tile Augusta series, consist, of Nearly level and. gently
sloping soils that are deep and sonaewha,t poorly drained.
These soils nreon low stream terraces near the large
streams in. the county. They have formed in alluvial
deposits under forest,. A seasonally high water table is at
a depth of 11/2 feet.
Natural fertility and the content of organic matter are
low, permeability is moderately slow, and the available
water capacity is lnediurn. The shrink -swell potential is
moderate. These soils are frequently flooded, but, the
floodwaters remain for only % short period of time. Ex-
cept in areas t,hait have received lime, these soils ire
very strongly acid. Response, is fairly good if suitable
applications of lime and fertilizer are made.
Augusta soils are of only minor importance for farYn-
ing. Most of the acreage is in hardwood forests, but some
lreils are used for pasture. C7nly a small acreage is cul.ti-
vated.
13
Representative profile of Augusta fine sanely loam in a
hardwood forest, 200 feet, south of Swift Creel, and one-
half mile west of Old Stage Road:
Al— 0 to ti inches, dark grayish -brown (10YR 4/2) fine sandy
loam; weak, medium, granular structure, very fri-
able when moist; many fine and medium, woody
acid fibrous routs; many fine pores; strongly acid;
abrupt, smooth boundary.
A2-6 to 13 inches, pale -brown (10YR 6/3) fine sandy loam;
few, fine, distinct, brownish -yellow and many, medi-
um, prominent, dark yellowish -brown mottles; weak,
medium, granular structure; very friable when moist;
coanmon, fine and medium, woody roots; many Sec=,
pore:?; few fine mica flames; Strongly acid ; clear,
wavy boundary.
131-13 to 16 inches, }sale-broi-ni (10YR 6/3) heavy sandy
laam ; common, fine, distinct, brownisli-yellow mot-
tles and many, medium, prominent, gray mottles;
weak, medium, subangular blocky structure tending
to massive; vert* friable when moist, slightly sticky
and slightly plastic when wet; many fine pores; thin
clay films; very strongly acid; clear, smooth bound-
ary.
B21t---- 1.6 to 24 inches, yellowish -brown (10YR 5/8) sandy
clay loam; many, medium, prominent, light; gray
inottles ; moderate, medium and coarse, subangular
blocky structure; friable when moist, slighty sticky
and slightly plastic when wet; few, fine and medi-
um, woody roots; inany fine pores; thin clay films
on ped surfaces; very strongly acid; clear, wavy
boundary.
B22t--24 to 36 inches, reddish-yellow (7.5111 6/8) sandy clay
loam; many, medium, prominent, light -gray mottles;
weak, medium, subangular blocky ,structure; friable
when moist, slightly sticky and slightly plastic when
wet; few, medium, woody roots; common fine pores;
thin Clay films on ped surfaces; very strongly acid;
gradual, smooth boundary.
B3--36 to 43 inches, light -gray (2.5Y 7/2) heavy fine
sandy loam ; many coarse, prominent, yellowish -brown
(10YR 5/8+) mottles; massive; friable when moist,
sticky and slightly plastic when wet; few, fine,
woody roots; many fine pores; strongly acid; clear,
smooth boundary.
0--43 to 50 inches +, gray (10YR 6/1) candy loam; few, fine,
Prominent, yellowish -red mottles; massive, very fri-
able whefi moist, nonsticky and nonplastic wvhen
wet; common fine pores; medium acid.
The A horizons range .from fi to 1.5 inches in total thick-
ness, and from dark bray or dark gravlsh brown to pale
brown in color. The B horizons range from 10 to 30 inches in
total thickness and from sandy loam to clay loans in texture.
Their color ranges from pale brown to reddish yellow mot -
tied with gray. The gray colors increase with depth, and
the lower part of the profile is mostly gray or is entirely
gray. The subsoil has weak to moderate, fine to medium, sub-
angular blocky structure. The combined thickness of the
surface layer and subsoil ranges from 18 to 43 inches. Depth
to bedrock ranges from 5 to more than 15 feet.
Augusta soils occur with Altavista and wahee soils. They
are less well drained than the Altavista soils and lacy the
firm, clayey subsoil that is typical of the Wallee soils.
Ugusta fine sandy loam (0 to 4 percent, slopes) (Au). ---
This is the only soil of the Augusta, series mapped in
JNrake County. It is on low terraces. The surface layer is
dark -gray to pale -brown fine sandy loa n, and it has a
total thickness of 6 to 15 inches. The subsoil is pale -
brown. to reddish-yellow, friable sandy clay loan]. to clay
loam mottled with gray, and it is 10 to 28 inches thick.
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is Slow to zne-
dium. If this soil is (Irained, it is easy to keel) in good

M
SOIL SLT'RVLY
t.ilt.ti and can 'bo worked, thr•oughoaat a wide, range of
moisture content,
Most of the acreage is in forest, but some. areas -ire in
pasture or are cultivated, If this soil is properly drained,
it is suited to most of the locally grown crops. 1i.de.
quate drainage is required, however, for it to be well
suited to rosy- crops. The aa,reas that liave been cleared are
used chiefly for ptisture. (Capability unit I:IIww--2, wood-
land suitability group 4, wildlife suitability group 2}
In the Bibb series are soils that are poorly drained.
and. nearly level. or gently sloping. These, soils are on the
flood plains of streanis and ill depressions and draws
in the uplands. They have formed in coarse loamy allu-
vium and in local alluvium. A seasonally high water ta-
ble is at the surface.
Natural fertility and the content of organic hatter
are low. Permeability is moderate to moderately rapid,
and the available water capacity a-nd the shrink -swell
potential are .low. These soils are frequently flooded for
long periods of time. Except in areas that have received
lime, they are strongly acid. Response is fairly good if
suitable applications of Iime and fertilizer are made.
Bibb soils are riot important for farming. Practically
all of the acreage is in mixed hardivoods and pules. In
this county the Bibb soils are mapped only in an undiff-
erentiated unit -.with Wehadlcee soils.
Representative profile of a Bibb sandy loam in a wooded
are,, three-fourths of a mile south of F.C. Pearce Store,
45 yards west of county road, and 25 yards north of a
creek
01-1 inches to fl, undecomposed forest litter.
411—(i to 6 inches, gnoyish-brown (2.5Y 5/2) sandy loam.,
many, fine, prominent, yellowish -red mottles; moder-
ate, fine and medium, granular structure; very fri-
able when moist; many fine, woody and fibrous
roots; common fine mica flakes; medium acid;
abrupt, vwavy boundary.
3112-6 to 9 inches, very pale brown (10YR 7/4) coarse sand.
fete, fine, prominent, reddish -bellow mottles; single
grain; loose when moist; few, fine, woody and fibrous
roots; medinxn acid ; abrupt, wavy boundary.
B21g t) to 20 inches, grayish-browvn (2.5Y 5/2) fine sandy'
loam; few, fine, prominent, yellowish -red wid coro-
nion, medium, faint, light -gray anot-tles ; structure -
less; very friable when moist, slightly stfehy and
sligtxtly plastic when wet: few~, fine, woody and
fibrous roots; many fine mica flakes; strongly acid;
abrupt, wavy boundary.
B22g--20 to 36 inelies, grayish -brown (10YR ti!2) sandy
loam; strneturele6s; very friable when moist, non-
stieRy and nonplastic when wet; common fine mica.
flakes; wrongly acid; abrupt, wavy boundary.
Cg --36 to 42 inches +, gray (1OYR 5/1; sand containing
lenses of very fine sandy loscxn f, to '/ inch thick;
single grain; loose when moist; (the very fine sandy
loam is massive and is very friable when moist) ;
mart' fine mica fhxkes; slightly a)cid.
The ti horizons range from 4 to 12 inches in total thick-
ness, from grayish brown to very dark grayish brown or very
hale brown in color, and from sandy loam to coarse sand
in texture. The B horizons are variable in color and texture.
Their color ranges from light brownish gray to black mot-
tled with gray and brown, and their texture ranges from
sandy loam to loam. These soils are massive or single grain
and are very friable to loose. The combined thickness of
their surface layer and subsoil is about 36 inches. Depth to
bedrock ranges froin 4 to more than 15 feet..
Borrow area, identified by clime, oil the soil ]nap, is a.
miscellaneous land type consisting of areas where the
soils have been excavated to a, depth of several feet. The
more recent areas of this land type are bare and ire sub-
ject to accelerated erosion. The older areas are eroded.
Where pines sand other plants are pro -vino;°, lloi ever,
many of the older areas are sotnew hat stabilized.
The Borrow areas are not extensive, ball, small areas
are scattered throughout the cotllity.
This miscellaneous land type is so variable that the.
areas require onsite ilivestigaition to see if they are suit-
able for° the intended Ilse. (Not: placed ill ai capability
unit,- woodland suitability group 13, wildlife suitability
group 5)
Buncombe Series
The, Buncombe series consists of nearly level, some-
what excessively drained soils on flood plains of the
large streams in the county, These soils have formed ill
sandy allm,ial deposits. They have a seasonally hip h wa-
ter table at a depth of approximately 21/� feet.
Natural fertility and the content of organic. matter
are very low, and permeability is rapid. The available
water capacity and the shrink-sivell potential are low.
`L`hese soils are frequently flooded, but the, floodwaters
remain for only a. brief period of time. Except in areas
that have received lime, reaction is strongly acid. Re-
sponse is moderately good if suitable applications of
lime and fertilizer are made.
Buncombe soils are not important, for farming. They
ale mostly iii forest, but a, small acreage iscultivated or
ill pasture.
Representative profile, of a Bancornbe loamy sand in a.
cultivated field 4 miles southeast of Shotwwell, 25 yards
south of a creek, and 50 yards northwest of the Johnston
County line
Ap.­-O to 1.0 inches, dark grayish -brown (10YR V2) loamy
sand; single grain; loose when moist,.: Many, fine
and medium, woody roots; few- fine mics r7alces ;
strongly acid; abrupt, smooth boundary.
C1 10 to 25 inches, light yellowish-hz°own (JOYR. 6/4) saxcl;
atingle grain; loose when moist; common, fine, woody
roots; few fine mics hakes; strongly acr, d ; abrupt.,
smooth boundary.
C2-25 to 3' inches, light yellowish -brown (10YR 6/4) and;
common streaks of dark yellowish brown (10YR. 4/4)
that are one-fourth of in inch or less thick; single
grain; loose when moist; few in.edlum mica flaks . ;
strongly acid; abrupt, smooth boundary.
C3-33 to 40 inches -f-, pole -brown (10YR (3/3) sand; single
grain ; loose when moist; few~ inedium inion. flakes;
strongly acid; abrupt, smooth boundary.
The :4 horizon ranges from 4 to 10 inches in thickness, from
dart; grayish browvxx to bale brown in color, and from sand
to loamy sand in texture. The total thickness of the C hori--
zons ranges from 30 to more than 3�3 inches. Tho C horizons
range from pale brown to yellowish brown in color and from
sand to loamy sand in texture. The substratum extends to a
depth of more than 40 inches. Depth to bedrock rangers to more
than 10 feet.
Buncombe soils occur with the Congaa.ree, soils but are
coar•„er textured than those soils -
Buncombe soils (0 to 2 percent slopes) (80. --These are
tete only Buncombe soils snapped in Wale County. They
haAre a surface layer of dark grayish --brown to pale-

WAKE, COUNTY, NORTH- CAROLIN
brown salad or loaaaiy could. 4 to 1.0 inches thick. Be-
neath the surface layer .are, layers of pale -brown to yel-
lowish -brown sand or lmoay sand that range from 30 to
more than U inches ill total thickness.
Droughtiness is a hazard during dry Spells, alld these
soils are subject to leacping during wet spells. Infiltra-
tion is good, and surfiwe runoff" is slow. The soils a.re,
easy to keep in good ti lt_li and can be worked through-
out. wide range of rno.is we content.
These soils are fainly well suited to corn, trtWk crops,
small grains, and pasture. Most of the. aerea.ge, is in for-
est, but a small aereaahe is in pasture. (Capability unit,
IVs. -1, woodland suitabi?itav group 3, wildlife snit;abilitY
group 4)
The Cecil series consists of gently sloping to steep,
well -drained, deep soils of the, Piedmont. u.plta,alds. These
soils Lire on side slopes and on rowided divides tlrtat have
a difference, in elevation of about, 75 feet between the
highest and the lowest points They occupy large areae
in the northern and central parts of the county, where
they leave formed under forest in naterial than weathered
from gneiss, schist, gild other acidic rocks. The water
table renaiiis below the solum.
Natural fertility and the content of organic matter
are lour, and permeability is moderate. The available wa-
ter capacity is medium, and the shrink -swell potential is
moderate. Except in areas that have received lisle, these
soils are medium acid. to strongly acid. Response, is good
if suitable applications of lime. and fertilizer are made.
Cecil soils are, fairly important, for farliiing. Neverthe-
Iess, march of the a:crea.ge is in forest.
Paepreseiitative profile of a Creeil sandy loam ill a cul-
tivated field one-half. mile, northwest of Barton geek
where N.C. 1-1; way No. 50 croUses that strea,in.:
Ap-4 to C; inches, dark -brown (7.5YR 4/3:) saiady loam;
wveak, fine and medium, granular structure; very
friable when moist: many line, fibrous roots; many
facie pores; common small quartz pebbles; strongly
acid; abrupt, wavy boundary.
B2R---6 to 1.1 inches, reel (2.5YR 5/8) clay; strong, fine~ and
medium, subangular blocky structure: firm when
moist, sticky and plastic. when wet; common, fine,
fibrous roots; many fine pore,; medium day firms
on the surfaces of most: peas; medium. acid; clear,
smooth boundary.
B22t-11. to 24 inches, red (2.5Y8 4/3) clay; strong, fine and
medimn, subangular bloeky structure; firm when
moist, sticky and, plastic when wet; fear, line, fibrous
roots; many fine pores; medium clay films on the
surfaces of most Peds; few fines mica. flakes; strongly
a(.—id; clear, wavy boundary.
823t-24 to 34 inches, red (2.,';YR 4/6) clay; few~, fine,
prominent, reddish -yellowy mottles; strong, fine and
medium, subangular blocky structure; firm when
moist, sticky and plastic when wet; few, fine,
fibrous roots; many fine; pores; medium clay films on
the surfaces of most Peds; few fine mica flakes;
medium acid; clear. wavy boundary.
]33--34 to 511 inches, red. (2.5X8 4/S) clay loa ra, ; common,
fine, prominent, reddish-yellow mottles; weak, medi-
um and coarse„ subangular lalocky structure, friable
when moist, slightly sticky and slightly plastic when
wet; medium clay filins on the vertical surfaces of
pods; ; common fine mica flakes; strongly acid; abrupt,
smooth boundary.
15
C-50 to 72 inches d-, red (2.55:8 4/6) loam. (di fnt-egrated
schist) ; common, fine, prominent, reddish. -yellowy and
.few~, fine-, distinct, dark -red mottles; suasive; very
friable when moist, nonstick-, and nonplaastie when
wet; strongly acid.
The :i borizon ranges.from darts grayish brown or yellow-
ish brown to dark brown or red in color, from sandy loam or
gravelly sandy loam to clay loam in texture, and from 3 to
12 inches iaa thickness. The B2 horizons range from 28 to 50
inches in total thickness. They have as red colon of 2.5Y8 hue
and a clay texture. Yaa places these soils contain a -vellowish-
red B1 horizon, and the 83 horizon is streaked with yellowy
in sonar: areas. The combined thickness of the surface layer
and the subsoil is 36 to 60 inebes..Depth to hard rock ranges
from 5 to more than 15 feet.
Cecil soils occur with Appling, Lloyd, Madison, and George-
ville soils. They hawse as auore reddl�sh (solar aanci a. moray_ clayey
subsoil than the Iptiling .soils. Cecil sails have a. lighter
colored surface layer, a, lighter red color beneath the surl..a.ce
layer, and more sand in the subsoil than the Lloyd soils.
They are thicker and less micaceous than the Maadiwon soils
and have less silt and more sand throughout the profile than
the Georgeville soils.
Cecil sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes (CeB).---This
soil is on broad, smooth interstreaam divides. Its surface
layer is dark grayish brown to yellowish -brown sandy:
loam 7 to 12 inches thick. The subsoil is red, firm clay 30
to 50 inches thick.
Included in niappiug were some areas of a soil that, has
a surface payer of fine sandy loam. Also included were a.
few areas where the slopes vire less than 2 percent.
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is medium. The
hazard of erosion is moderate. This soil, is easy to keep
in good tilth and can be worked throughout a vide range
of moisture content.
About one-half of the acreage is cultivated or in pas-
ture, and the rest is in forest, or ill other uses. Where.
this soil Baas been cleared, it is used chiefly for row- crops
and pasture, but it is well suited t.o all the, locally grow I
crops. Practices that effectively control runoff.. and ero-
sion are needed in the cultivated areas. (Capability snit
II0-1, woodland suitability group 5, wildlife suitabil-
ity group 1)
Cecil sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded.
(Cc -32)- -This soil is oil broad, smooth. interst.ream divides
in the upland;;. Its surface, ha.yer is 3 to 7 inclies thick. In
many places it is a mixture, of the reniainill( original
surface, layer and of maa.tcriaa.l Froin the subsoil.. Iia the
less eroded ,axeas, the surface layer is yellowish -brown
sandy tonin, but the color ranges, to reddish brown andthe texture, raiiges to clay loan;in the more eroded spots.
Tbo subsoil. i s red, firm clay that is 30 to 50 inches thick.
Included with this soil in mapping were sone areas
where the surface layer is fine sandy loam. Also included
veers some severely eroded spots where the subsoil is
exposed. The severely eroded spots make, up from 5 to 2ti
pe-rcent. of alae acreage in the mapping unit.
Infiltration is fair, and surface runoff is rnediurxi.
rhe hazard of further erosion is moderate. Ths soil is
diflactilt to keep in good tilth, but it can be worked
throughout a. fairly wide range of nzoist,ure e,oriteiit. X
crust forms on the severely eroded spots after hard rains,
and clods form if those areas are worked when wet. The
crust and the clods interfere with germination. As a
result, stands of crops are poor and replanting of the
severely eroded areas may be necessary.

UM
SOIL SURVEY
About half of the acreageis cultivated or in pasture.,
and the rest is in forest or in other. uses. Where this soil
is cultivated, it is used chiefly for row crops, but it is
well suited to all the locally grown crops. Practices that
effect=ively control runoff and erosion are needed in the
eultivatecl areas, (Capability unit IIe-4, woodland suit-
ability group 5, wildlife, suitability group 1)
Cecil sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes (CeC).—This
soil is on short to long side slopes in the uplands. Its sur-
face laver is tto 12 inches thick, and it is dark grayish -
brown to yellowish -brown: sandy loam. The subsoil is red.,
firm clay 30 to 45 inches thiel, Included with this soil in
mapping were some areas w -here, the surface layer is fine
sandy loam.
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is rapid. The
hazard of erosion is severe. This soil is easy to keep in
good t.ilth and can be worked throughout a i ide range of
xnoisture. content.
_about one. -fourth. of the acreage is cultisrated or in pa.s.-
ture, and the rest; is in forest; or in other uses. The caalti•-
vaated areas are cased chiefly for rotiv crops, but this soil
is well suited to all the locally groee•n crops. Practices
that effectively control runoff and erosion are needed in
the cultivated areas. (Capability unit Ille--1, Avoodland
suitability group 5, wildlife suitability group 1)
Cecil sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded
(CeC?-).--This soil is on short to long side slopes in the
uplands. The surface layer is 3 to 7 Inches thick and ill
many places it is a mixture, of the. remaining original
surface soil and of material froan the subsoil. In the, less
eroded areas, the surface layer is yellow=ish -brown sandy
to,im. In the, more eroded shots, the, color ranges to red-
dish brown and the texture ranges to clay loam. The stub -
soil is red, firin clay 30 to 45 inches thick.
Included in mapping were some areas where the sur-
face layer is fine sander loam. Also included were some,
severely eroded spots where the subsoil is exposed. The
severely eroded areas (nape tip froin 5 to 25 percent of
the acreage ill the mapping unit.
Infiltration is fair, and surface runoff is rapid. The
hazard of further erosion is severe. This soil is difficult
to keep in good ,tilth, but it caan be. worked throughout a
fairly wide range of moisture contealt. A crust fornns oil
the severely eroded spots after hard rrthis, cane] clods form
if those areas are worked tivlien wet. `I'h.e crust and the:
clods interfere, with germination. As a. result., st ands of
crops are poor and replanting of the severely eroded
areas may be, necessary��.
About, one --fourth of the acreage, is cultivated or in pas-
ture, and the rest is in forest or in other uses. This soil ns
well suited to all thelocally grown crops. The areas that
are cleared are used chiefly for row crops and pasture.
Practices that Ptfectivel,y control runoff and erosioll are
needed. (Capability unit Zile 1, woodland siutability
group 5, wildlife suitability group 1)
Cecil sandy loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes (CeD .—This
is a well -drained,- slightly to moderately eroded soil on
narrow side slopes bordering upland dra:ina.geways.
Where erosion is only slight, the surface layer is dark
grayish-brovni to yellowish -brown sandy- loani 6 to 10
inches thick. Where erosion is modenite,, the surface layer
is yellowish -brown to reddish -brown sandy loam to clay
loam 3 to 6 inches thick. The subsoil is red, firm. clay that
is 30 to 40 inches thick.
Included with. this soil in inappilig were areas where
the texture of the. surface ]aver is fine sandy loam. Also
included were nw iy areas where. pebbles and cobbles
are oil the surfacelaid. in the saarface layer, and. some
severely eroded spots where the subsoil is exposed.
Infiltration is fair to good, and surface runoff is very
rapid. The hazard of erosion is very Sev ere. Where, this
soil. is only slightly eroded, it is easy to keep in good
tilth. AlThere it, is moderately eroded, it is difficult to keep
in good tilt.h. This soil can be worked throughout a fairly
wide range of moisture content. A. crust f'orrns on the
severely eroded spots after haxd rains, how>eveI and
clods form if those areas are worked when jvet. The creast
and the clods interfere with germination. As it, result.,
stands of crops are, poor and replanting of a. severely
eroded spot is sometimes necessary.
About one-fourth of the <aereige is cultivated or in pas-
ture, and the rest• is in forest. This soil is waited to all the:
locally grown crops, but practices that effectively control
runt and erosion are. needed in the carltivated areas.
(Capability unit, M-1, woodland suitability group
5, wildlife suitability group 1)
Cecil sandy loam, 15 to 15 percent slopes (CeF)a -This
is a slightly to moderately eroded soil on narrow side
slopes bordering upland drainageivays. Where erosiollis
only slight, the surface layer is dark grayish -brown to
yellowish -brown sandy loam 5 to 9 inches thick. Where
erosioll is moderate., the surface, layer is only 3 to 6
inches thick, its color ranges from yellowish brown to
reddish brown, and its texture ranges to clay loans. The
subsoil is red, firm clay 30 to 36 inches thick.
Included with this soil ill allapping were some areas
wlaex°e the subsoil is only 18 to t30 inches thief, land other
areas where the surface layer is fine sanely loam. Also
included were many areas wherepebbles and cobblestones
u.Ie in the surface laver and oil the. surface; a few se.verely
eroded spots whey the subsoil is exposed; and some. areas
of Cieorgevillc silt loamy and of Floyd foams.
Infiltration is fair to good, and surface, runoff is very
ralaid. This ,aril. is highly susceptible to erosion.
Practically all of the acre.u,ge is in fore -at. This soil is
not stilted to (:raps that realaaare cultivation. Areas that
haa.ve been cleared call. be, used for permanent lla.y and
pastille. (C'al�aahility unit �'Ie 1, woodlaala(1 suitability
group 5, wildlife. suitability group 1 )
Cecil gravelly sanely 16am, 2 to 6 percent slopes
(CgBin rl`his soil is on broad smooth interstreaari divides
in the uplands. It has a surface layer that is 7 to 1.2 inches
thief and consists of dark grayish -brown gravelly
sandy loam that is 15 to 30 percent pebbles. The subsoil is
red, firan clay 30 to 50 inches thick. In limny places cob.-
blestones aro in the surface layer and on the surface.
Infiltration is brood, and surface runoff is moderate.
The hazard of erosion is moderate. This soil can be
worked throughout, a -riderange of moisture content.
Where the content of pebbles and cobblestones is high,
however, tillage is difficult.
About half of the acreage is cultivated or in. pasture,
and the rest is in forest or in other uses. INrhere, this soil
has been cleared, it is used. chiefly for row, crops and pas-

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA
tore, but it is well suited to all the locally grown crops.
Practices that effectively control runoff and erosion are
needed in the cultic a.l od. areas. ( Capability unit Ile -..I,
woodland suitability group 5, wildlife suitability group
1)
Cecil gravelly sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes,
eroded (Cq52).—This soil is on broad intorstream. divides
in the uplands. In many places its surface layer is a mix-
ture of the: remaining original surface soil and of mater-
ial frown the subsoil. In the less eroded spots, the surface
layer is yellowish --brown gravelly sandy 10,11". ILI the
more eroded spots, the color ranges to reddish brown and
the texture; ranges to graselly clay loam. ThIeLl.ess of tale
surface laxer ranges from 3 to 7 inches, and the content
Of gravel ill the- surface, layer ranges from 1:; to 30 per-
cent.
Included NvIth t -his soil ill mapping were: soave areas
that contain cobblestones..,lso included were sone se.a-erely
eroded spots where the subsoil is exposed. These se-
verely eroded spots nada=e, up from 5 to 35 percent of the
acreage 1.11 the ina.pping unit.
Intiltra-tion is fair, and surface riuloff is medium. The
hazard of further erosion is moderate. This soil is diffi-
cult to keep in good tilth„ but it can be worked through-
out: a fairly wide range of moisture content, A. crust forms
0n the severely eroded Spots after Bard rains, and clods
form if those areas are worked when pvet. The crust and
the clods interfere «•ith sex°1"i ia.tion. As a result, stands of
crops ,ire. poor and replanting of the severely eroded shots
ma,y- be necessary
libout, half of the. acreage, is cultivated or ill pasture,
and the rest is in forest or in other uses. Where this soil
has been cleared, it is used chiefly for row crops and. pas-
ture, but it is well suited to all the locally grown crops.
Practices that effectively control runoff and erosion ire,
needed in the cultivated areas. (Capability unit IIe..--1,
woodland suitability group 5, wildlife suitability group
1)
Cecil gravelly sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes
(CqC).-._.This soil is on short to long side slopes in the
upla-nds. It has a. surface layer that is 7 to 12 inches thick
that, con,`ists of dark grayish-brosa•n sandy loam th<l,t, is
15 to 30 percent pebbles. The subsoil is reel, first clay, 30
to 45 inches thick. In inane plaaces cobblestones ,ire in the
surface layer a1:11d on thesurface.
Infiltratioil is good, and surface runoff is rapid. The
hazard of erosion is severe-. This soil can be worked
throughout a wide range of moisture content. AVI-iere. the
content of pebbles and cobblestones is high, However, till-
age is difficult.
About one-fourth of the acreage is cultivated or in pas-
ture, and the rest is in forest, or ill other uses. Where
this soil has been cleared, it is used chiefly for row crops
and pasture, but, it is well suited to all the locally groavn
crops. Practices fha:t effectively control runof' and ero-
sion are needed in the cultivated areas. (Capability unit
IIIe-1, woodland suitability group 5, wildlife suitabil-
ity group 1)
Cecil gravelly sandy loam, 6 to 163 percent slopes,
eroded (CgC2). 'This soil is on short. to long side slopes
in the uplands. Its surface layer is 3 to 7 inches thick,
and in marry places :it is a mixture, of theremaining ori -
IM
ginal surface soil and of material from the subsoil. In
the less eroded areas, the surface layer is yellowish -
brown gravelly sandy loam, but the color ranges to red-
dish brown and the texture, ranges togravelly ch�y loam
in the more eroded spots. The content of gravel in the
surface layer ranges front 15 to 'R) 1pe-rceilt. The subsoil
is red, firnl clay >10 to 45 inches thick. Iii anally places
cobblestones are ill the surface htyer and on the- surface.
Included with this soil in mapping were some severely
eroded spots where the subsoil is exposed. 'These. areas
make up from 5 to 25 percent of the acreage, in the, inap-
[:ping° ilnit.
Infiltration is fair,, and surface runoff, as rapid. Niue
hazard of further erosion is severe. This soil is difiicalt:
to keep in good filth, but it caws be, worked throughout a
fairly wide range of moisture content. A crust, forms cn
the severely eroded spots after hard rains, and clods form
if those areas are. worked wlien wet. The crust and the
clods interfere with ge.rmination.." a result, stauds of
crops ,ire ,poor and replanting of the severely eroded
spots is sometimes naecessarv.
Abort one-fourth of the acreage is cultivated or in pas
tune, acid the rest is in forest or in other uses. This soil is
well suited to all the locally grown crops, but the cult.i.•
voted areas are used chiefly for roar crops. Intensive
practices that effectively control runoff and erosion are
needed in the cultivated areas. (Capability unit, IIIe�l,
woodland suitability group 5, wildlife suitability group
1)
Cecil clay loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, severely
eroded (C23). —'This soil is on smooth interstream divides.
The, surface layer is red clay loans 3 to 6 inches thick.
Mostly, it consists of n iterial from the subsoil, but it
contains some material from the original surface layer.
The subsoil is red, firm clav 30 to 50 inches thick. Includ-
ed with this soil in mapping were small areas of soils
that have a. subsoil of dark -red clay.
Infiltration is poor, and surface ruia.off is rapid. The
hazard of further erosion is .severe. This soil is difficult
to keep in good tilt -h, and it caii be. ivorlted Nwithin only
a narrow raaige of 'moisture content. A crust forms after
hard rains, and clods form if this soil is worked when
wet. The crust and the clods interfere with germination.
As al restcl(, stands of crops are poor.
This soil is suited to only, a limited number of crops
grown. locally. 0111y a: small acreage is cultivated or in
1)alsture, and most of the, acreage is in forest. Where, cul-
tivated crops a.re .;rotten, intensive practices that effee-.
Lively control runoff and erosion are, necessary. (Capabil-
ity unit I1Ie-2, woodland suitability group 5, wild-
life suitaability group 1)
Cecil cloyloam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, severely
eroded i;CIC3).---This soil is on 11aarrow side slopes in the
uplands. Its surface. layer is red clay loam 3 to €; inches
thick. The surface layer consists mostly of material
from the subsoil, but it, contains some material from the
original surface layer. The subsoil is red, first clay 30 to
45 inches thick. Included with this soil in mapping were
small areas of soils that have a. subsoil of dark -red clay,
infiltration is poor. 'Surface runoff is very rapid, and
the hazard of further erosion is very severe. This soil is
difficult to keep ill good tilth,, and it caii be worked

M]
within only a, narrow range of moisture content. A crust
forms aftir hard rains, and clods form if this soil is
worked when wet. The crust and the clods interfere with
germination. As a. result, a. good stand of crops is hard to
obtain.
This soil is suited to only a, limited number of crops
grown locally. It is mostly in forest, and only a small
acreage is cultivated or *nr pasture. If cultivated crops
are grown, intensive practices that effectively control
runoff and erosion are necessary. (Capability unit
IVe­2' woodland suitability group 5, wildlife suitabil-
ity group 1)
Cecil clay loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes, severely
eroded (CIE3).—This soil is on narrow side slopes border-
ing upland drainageways. The surface layer is red clay
loam 3 to 6 inches thick. Mostly, it consists of material
from the subsoil, but it contains some material from the
original surface layer. The subsoil is red, firm clay 30 to
40 inches thick.
Included with this soil in mapping were small areas of
a soil that has a subsoil of dark -red clay. Also included
were a few areas where the slopes are greater than 20 per-
cent.
Infiltration is poor, and surface runoff is very rapid.
This soil is difficult to keel) in good filth, and it can be
worked within only a narrow range of moisture content.
A crust forms after hard rains, and clods form if this
soil is worked when wet. Because of the crust and the
clods, a good stand of pasture and hay crops is difficult to
obtain.
This soil is suited to permanent hay, pasture, and for-
est, but it is chiefly in forest. It is too steep and eroded
for cultivated crops. (Capability unit JTIe­2, wood-
land suitability group 5, wildlife suitability group 1)
The Chewacla series consists of nearly level, somewhat
poorly drained soils on the flood plains of most of the
streams in the county. These soils have formed in allu-
vial deposits of fine loamy material. A seasonally high
water table is at a depth of about ll/,,> feet.
Figure 3—Young corn on Chewacla soils that have been flooded
by the waters of Crabtree Creek.
Natural fertility and the content of organic matter are
low, permeability is moderate to moderately rapid, and
the available water capacity is medium. The shrink -swell
potential is moderate to low. These soils are frequently
flooded (fig. 3), but the floodwaters remain for only a
brief period of time. Except in areas that have received
lime, the soils are strongly acid. Response is good if suit-
able applications of lime and fertilizer are made.
The Chewacla soils in Wake County are not important
for farming. Most of the acreage is in forest, and only a
small acreage is cultivated or in pasture.
Representative profile of a Chewacla, fine sandy loam
in a cultivated field 100 yards north of Horse Creek and
one-fourth of a mile east of N.C. Highway No. 98:
Ap—O to 6 inches, brown (10YR 5/3) fine sandy loam; weak,
fine, granular structure; very friable when moist;
many to common, fine, fibrous roots; fine pores;
common fine mica flakes; slightly acid; abrupt, wavy
boundary.
A1-6 to :10 inches, dark yellowish -brown (10YR 4/4) fine
sandy loam; weak, fine, granular structure; very fri-
able when moist; few, fine, fibrous roots; common
fine pores; many small mica flakes; slightly acid;
abrupt, wavy boundary.
B21-10 to 18 inches, dark yellowish -brown (10YR 4/4) silt
loam; many, medium, prominent, reddish-yellow and
common, medium, distinct, pale -brown mottles; weak,
fine, subangular blocky structure; very friable when
moist, nonsticky and nonplastic when wet; few, fine,
fibrous roots; common fine pores; many fine mica
flakes; slightly a.cid; abrupt, wavy boundary.
B22-18 to 38 inches, pale -brown (10YR 6/3) sandy loam;
common, medium, prominent, brown mottles and
common, medium, distinct, grayish -brown mottles;
weak, medium, subangular blocky structure; very fri-
able when moist, nonsticky and nonplastic when wet;
few fine pores; common black concretions and few
fine mica flakes; slightly acid; abrupt, smooth
boundary.
C1g-38 to 42 inches, light brownish -gray (2.5Y 6/2) fine
sandy loam; common, medium, prominent, dark
yellowish-broNvu mottles; structureless; very friable
when moist, nonsticky and nonplastic when wet; few
fine pores; few fine mica flakes; very slightly acid;
abrupt, smooth boundary.
C2g­42 to 48 inches +, gray (10YR 5/1) fine sandy loam;
few, medium, prominent, dark -brown mottles and few,
fine, distinct, yellowish -brown mottles; structureless;
very friable when moist, nonsticky and nonplastic
when wet; few, fine, fibrous roots; common fine
pores; very slightly acid.
The A horizons range from 4 to 12 inches in combined
thickness, from brown to dark grayish brown or dark yellow-
ish brown in color, and from sandy loam to silt loam in
texture. The B horizons range from 10 to more than 40
inches in total thickness and from sandy loam or silt loam
to clay loam in texture. Their color ranges from light yellow-
ish brown or pale brown to dark grayish brown in 7.5YR,
10YR, and 2.5Y hues. Mottles are at depths below 10 to 30
inches. The subsoil and substratum are massive or have
weak, medium, subangular blocky structure. The profile
ranges from 34 inches to more than 72 inches in thickness.
Depth to hard rock ranges from 4 to more than 15 feet.
Chewaela soils occur with Congaree and Wehadkee soils.
They are less well drained than the Congaree soils and are
better drained than the Wehadkee.
Chewacla soils (0 to 2 percent slopes) (Cm).—The soils
of this mapping unit are on the flood plains of streams.
Their surface laver is brown to dark grayish -brown
sandy loam to silt loam I to 12 inches thick. Beneath the
surface layer, the color of the soil material ranges from

WAICE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA
brown to dark grayish frown, with mottles of brown and
grey, and, the texture ranges from sandy loam or silt
loam to clay. The total thiolmess of the profile ranges from
34 inches too more than 7 2 inches.
In.filtraat.iOn is good, w d surface runoff is slow, The
hazard of flooding is se ore, and the hazard of wetness
is very severe. These sni:ls are easy to keep in good tilth
and can be worked throughout a Nvide range of moisture
content.
Most of the acreage is in forest, but a small acreage is
in pasture or is cultivated. These soils are fairly well
suited to many of the locally grown crops, but subsur-
face drainage is needed for crops that require good
drainage. (Capability unit IIIw-1, woodland suitabil-
ity group 1, wildlife selityabil:ity group 2)
Colfax Series
Soils of the Colfax series, as nia.pped in the county,
lack a fragipa.n, alnd in the future will be assigned to some
other series. The series consists of nearly level and
gently sloping, soinewbat poorly drained soils on Pied-
mont uplands. These soils are at the heads of drainage -
ways, on .foot slopes, and in slight depressions. They
halve formed under forest, in traansloct:tad material, and
in material that weathered from most kinds of rocks in
the county. A seasonally high water table is at a depth
of about 1z/2 feet.
Natural fertility and the content of organic matter are
low. Permeability is inod.erately slow, and the available
water capacity is mediuln. The shrink -swell potential is
moderate. Except in areas that have received lime, these
soils are strongly acid. Response is fairly good if suitable
applications of lime and fertilizer are jade.
The Colfax soils in this county are mostly in .forest
and are not important for farming. `There they have
been cleared, they are generally used for pasture or for
waterways. The aixeas are mostly too small for uianag-
iaag as a field independent of the surrounding soils.
Representative profile of Colfax smidy loan in a ha,s-
ture one-half mile south—we of 'Wakefield on county
road. No. 2368 and 35 yards north of the road:
Ap--0 to 7 ladles, very dark grayish -brown (10YR 3/2)
sandy login; many, fine, distinct, dark -brown mot-
tles ; -weak, fine, granular structure; very friable
when moist; many fine, fibrous roots; many fine
pores; strongly acid; abrupt. smooth boundary.
Al -7 to 11 inches, dark grayish -brawn (10Y18 4/2) sandy
loam; weak, flue, granular structure; very friable
when moist: few, fine, fibrous roots; many lane
pores; etrougly acid; abrupt, wavy boundary.
A2-11 to 19 inches, grayish -brown (10YR 5/2) loamy sand;
)yeak, fine, granular structure; very friable. when
moist; brittle in place; rna.lay fine pores; strongly
acid; abrupt, wavy boundary,
B2t-111 to 31 inches, strong -brown (7.5YR 5/8) sandy clay
loam; many, medium, prominent, gray mottles;
moderate., coarse, subangular blocky structure; firm
when moist, sticky and plastic when Wet; few fuze
pores; thick clay films on most ped surfaces; strongly
acid; clear, smooth boundary.
132tg--31 to 36 inches, gray (10YR 6/1) sandy clay loam;
common, fine, prominent., yellowish -brown mottles;
wear, medium, subangular blocky structure; firm
when moist, slialatly sticky and slightly plastic when
MI
wet; few fine pores; few thin clay films, on ped stir -
faces.: strongly acid; gradual. smooth boundary.
Cg -36 to 45 inches +, gray (10YR 5/1) sandy loam; few,
fine, prominent, yellowish -brown mottles; massive;
firm when moist, slightly sticky and slightly plastic
when wet.-, many fine pores; strongly acid.
The combined thickness of the 1k horizons ranges from 5
to 20 inches, and the: color of those horizons ranges from
light gray to very dairy grayish brown. The B horizons range
from 15 to 50 inches in combined thickness, and they have a
texture of clay or clay loam instead of sandy clay loam in
some places. The color of the B horizons ranges from light
olive yellow to strong brown or gray in hues of 2.5Y, 10YII.,
and 7ZiYR. Mottles that have the gray color of a gleyed soil
are in the uppermost 10 inches of the B2t horizon, In places
these soils contain a. brownish -yellow B1 horizon. The com-
bined thickness of the surface layer and subsoil ranges from
24 inches to 60 inches. Depth to hard rock ranges from 5 to
more than 15 fest..
The Colfax soils occur with Helena and Worsham soils.
They are less well drained, have less clay in their subsoil,
and are less firm than the Helena soils. The Colfax soils are
better drained than the Worsham soils.
Colfax sanely loam (0 to 6 percent slopes) (Cn) —This
is the only soil of the Colfax series mapped in Wake
County. It occurs at the heads of drainageways, on foot
slopesA and in slight depressions. The surface layer is
light -gray to very dark grayish -brown sandy loam 5 to
20 inches thick. The subsoil is 15 to 50 inches thick and
is light olive -yellow to ,strong -brown or grapy, firm sand
clay loam or clay loam that is commonly mottled with
brown, yellow, and gray. Included with this soil in snap-
ping were a fe)v areas of a soil that has a surface layer of
silt :loam.
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is medium to
slow. This soil is easy to keep in good tiltli, and it can
be worked throughout a gide range of moisture content.
Most of the acreage is in forest, but this soil is suited
to many of the locally grown crops. The areas that have
been cleared are used chiefly for pasture, or waterways.
(Capability unit IIIw-2, woodland suitability group 4,
wildlife suitability group 2)
Congaree Series
The Congaree series consists of nearly level, well -
drained soils on the flood blains of most of the, streams
in the coulity. These soils have formed in deposits of
fine loamy material. A seasonally high water table is at
a depth of about 2? � feet.
Natural fertility and the content of organi.e platter are
low, and. perineability is moderate to moderately rapid.
The available water capacity is medium, and the shrink -
swell potential is moderate to low. These soils are flooded
frequently for a brief period of time. Except in areas that
have received time, they are strongly acid.
The Congaree soils of Wake County are fairly impor-
tant for farming. Alost of the, acreage is cultivated or ill
pasture, but a spaa.11 acreage, is in forest.
Representative profile of Congaree fine sanely loam on
Sycamore Creek, 11i� inile , south of Ebenezer Church in a
wooded area one, -fourth mile west of road:
Ap - 0 to 3 inches, strong -brown (7.5YR 5/8) fine sandy loam;
weak, fine, granular structure; very friable when
moist; many fine, woody roots; medium acid; abrupt,
smooth boundary.

B21-8 to 20 leaches, dark -brown (7.5YR 4/4) heavy fine
sandy loam; massive to weak, medium, subangular
blocky 4trTWture; very friable when moist; common,
fine, woody roots; strongly acid; abrupt, smooth
boundary.
B22-20 to 32 niches, strong -brown (7.5YR fi/g) fine sandy
loam; nn,a ssive to weak, medium, subangular blocky
structure; very friable when moist; few, fine and
medium,.. woody roots.: common, fine mica flakes;
strongly acid; abrupt, smooth boundary.
C-32 to 42 inches -1-, yellowish -brown (10YR 5/6) loamy
sand; single grain; loose when moist or dry; com-
mon, fine mica flakes; few small pebbles; ,strongly
acid.
The .A horizon ranges from 4 to 12 inches in thickness,
from Clark brown or brown to strong brown in color, and from
fine sandy loam to silt loam in texture. The B horizons range
from 10 to 30 inches in combined thickness, from fine sandy
loam or silt loam to silty clay loam in texture, and from
dark brown or strong brown to pale brown, brownish yellow,
or dark grayish brown in color. In places gray mottles are
Wow a depth of 30 inches. The C horizon ranges from yellow-
ish brown to dark brown or gray in color and from loamy
sand to silty clay loam in texture. It extends to a depth of
30 to more than 120 inches. Depth to bedrock ranges from
5 to more than 15 feet.
Congaree soils occur with Ohewacla and Buncombe soils.
They are better drained than the Chewacla soils and are
finer textured throughout than the Buncombe soils.
Congaree silt loam (0 to 2 percent slopes) (CP). ---This
soil is on the flood plains of streams. It has a brown or
dark -brown surface layer that is 4 to 12 inches thick.
Beneath the surface layer, the soil material is silt loam
that ranges from brown to dark brown in color and from
30 to 108 inches in total thickness.
Infiltration is good and surface runoff is slow. The
hazard of overflow is severe. This soil is easy to keep in
good tilth, and it can be worked throughout a wide range
of moisture content.
Most of the acreage is cultivated or in pasture, but a
small acreage is in forest. Where this soil has been
cleared, it is used mainly for row crops and pasture. It
is suited to many of the locally grown crops. (Capability
unit IIw-2, woodland suitability group 1, wildlife suit-
ability group 2)
Congaree fine sandy loam (0 to 2 percent slopes) (Co).—
This
Co):This soil is on the flood plains of streams. Its surface
layer is dark -brown to strong -brown fine sandy loam 4 to
12 inches thick. Beneath the surface layer, the soil mate-
rial ranges from pale brown or brownish yellow to dark
brown or dark grayish brown in color, from fine sandy
loann to silty clay loam in texture, and from 10 to 108
inches in total thickness.
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is slow. The
hazard of overflow is severe. This soil is easy to keep in
good tilth, and it can be worked throughout a wide range
of moisture content.
This soil is well suited to many of the locally grown
crops. Most of .the acreage is cultivated or in pasture.
( Capability unit IIw-2, woodland suitability group 1,
wildlife suitability group 2)
Creedmor Series
The Creedmoor series consists of gently sloping to
moderately steep, moderately well drained soils of Pied-
mont uplands in the : western part of the county. These
soils are on rounded divides where the difference in ele-
Figure I.—Profile of a Creedmoor silt loam. In these soils the
lower part of the subsoil consists of clay that is very firm when
moist, is very plastic when wet, and has high shrink -swell potential.
vation is about 50 feet between the highest and the low-
est points. They have formed under forest in material
that weathered from sandstone, mudstone, and shale of
Triassic age (fig. 4). The water table usually remains
below the solum. Because of the slow permeability of the
subsoil, however, there is a perched water table during
wet seasons.
Natural fertility and the content of organic matter are
low, and permeability is slow. The available water capa-
city is medium to high, and the shrink -swell potential is
high. Except in areas that have received lime, these
soils are very strongly acid. Response is good if suitable
applications of lime and fertilizer are made.
Much of the acreage is in forest, but a large acreage is
cultivated or in pasture_ The areas that are cultivated

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA
a,re used intensively for growing tobacco and other row
crops.
Representative. profile of a Creedlnoor sandy loam in a
stand of ,young pines orm-fourth mile west of Aiij-)ort
Road, one-third mile south of U.S. 1=1 ghwa.y No. 70, and
5 yards north of farina road
Ap-0 to 6 inches, gr€Iyikh-brown (2.5Y 5/2) sandy loam;
weak, medium, granular structure; very friable when
moist; many Lille, woody and fibrous roots ; few
quartz pebbles; strongly acid; abrupt, wavy bound -
,try.
A2-6 to 12 inches, pfile-yellow (2.5Y 7/4) windy loam; weak,
medium, granular structure; very friable when moist,
common, fine, woody: and fibrous roots; few shall
quartz pebbles; very strongly acid; abrupt, wavy
boundary
B1-12 to 18 incises, pale -yellow (2.5Y 7/4) heavy sandy clay
loam; common. medium, distinct, brownish -yellow
mottles; Inodelrate, fine and medium, subangular
blocky structure,: friable when moist, sticky and
plastic when wet; few, fine, woody and fibrous roots;
few small quartz pebbles; very strongly acid; slur,
Yvavy boundary.
B21t-18 to 20 inches, yellow (10YR. 7/8) clay loam; few,
fine, prominent, red mottles and common, medium,
distinet., strong -brown mottles; strong, fine and medi-
uni. angular blocky structure; friable to firm when
moist, sticky and plastic when wet; few, Fine, fibrous
roots; thin clay films; few quartz pebbles; red mot-
tles are disintegrated nodules; very strongly acid;
clear, wavy boundary.
B22t 20 to 40 inches, reddish-yellow (7.5YR 6/8) clay;
many, coarse, prominent, light -gray (5YR 7/1) mot-
tles and fete to common, fine, prominent, reel mottles;
strong, fine and medium, angular blocky structure;
very firm when moist, sticky and very plastic when
wet; several disintegrated .roots in old root channels;
rets mottles are disintegrated nodules•; thin clay
films; very strongly acid; clear, tivavy boundary.
B3t--40 to 58 inches, light -gray (5Y 7/2) clay; many, coarse,
prominent, reddish-yellow (7.5YR 6/8) mottles and
a few, fine, prominent, red mottles; woak, coarse,
angular blocky structure tending to massive; very
firm when moist, sticky and plastic when wet; com-
mon disintegrated roots in old root channels; rets
mottles are disintegrated nodules; few thin clay
films; very strongly acid; clear, wavy boundary,
C-58 to 96 inches, pale -red, disintegrated shale that generally
has a texture of clay to sandy clay but contains
pockets of gray clay; very strongly acid; abrupt,
smooth boundary.
R-96 to 100 inches -i-, dusky -red, stratified, weakly cemented
sandstone of. Triassic age.
III general, the 3_ horizons range from 3 to 15 inches in
total thickness, from gray or grayish brown to pale yellow
in color, gaud from sandy loam to silt loam in texture. In
eroded areas, bowever, the color ranges to strong brown and
the texture ranges to clay loam. The BI horizon ranges from
6 to 10 inches in thickness and from friable silty clay loans
to sandy clay loam in texture. It has weak or moderate, fine
and medium, subangular blocky structure. The B2t horizons
range froin 14 to 50 inches in total thickness, from yellow to
reddish brown or reddish yellow in color, and from friable
to firm clay loam to very firm clay in texture and consis-
tence. In those horizons the color of the mottles ranges from
red or strong brown to light gray. Creedmoor soils have a
high content of exchangeable aluminum.
Creedmoor soils occur with Helena, Colfax, Blayodan, and
White Store soils. They contain more exchangeable aluminum
than the Melena soils, are better drained and have a firmer
and more plastic lower subsoil than the Colfax soils, and are
less well drained and have a flrmer and more plastic lower
subsoil than the \Iayodan soils. The Creedmoor soils have a
coarser textured and more friable upper subsoil than the
White Store soils.
al
Creedmoor sandy loans, 2 to 6 percent slopes (CrB).-..--
This soil is on broad, smooth iizterstreani divides in the
uplands. It, has a surface layer of gray to grayish-brown
sandy loam that ranges from 7 t 15 hashes in total
thickness. The upper part of the, subsoil is friable Sandy
clay loam that; is C to 10 inches thick. The lower part is
14 to 50 inches thick. It consists of yellow to reddish_
brown clay loans that has common mottles of red a,nd
light gray and is very firm when moist and very plastic
when wet. Included with this soil in mapping were a,
few areas where the surface laver is coarse sandy loam.
Infiltration is (rood, but perinea,bi.lity is slow and sur-
face runoff is mJiiimi The hazard of erosion is in(aderate.
This soil. is easy to keep in good t.ilth. After heavy rains,
however, tillage may be restricted because of the slow
permeability of the subsoil.
About half of the acreage is cultivated or in pasture,
and the rest is in forest or in other uses. The cultivated
areas are used chiefly for row crops, especially tobacco.
This soil is well suited to most of the locally grown crops,
but it contains a large amo>uat of exchangeable a,lu-
minunl, whieh is toxic to some plants. In the, cultivated
ares, practices that effectively control runoff salad erosion.
are needed. (Capability unit Ile–3, woodlalad suitabil-
ity group 11, wildlife suitability group 1)
Creedmoor sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded
(CrB2).—This soil is on broad, smooth interstre.am divides
in the uplands. Its surface layer is 3 to 7 inches thick. Iia
many places the surface laayei is a mixture of the remain-
ing original surface, layer and of inateriad frolxa the sub-
soil. In the less eroded areas, the surface layer is grayish-
bro-%vii to pale -yellow sandy loam, but in the snore eroded
spots the color ranges to strong brown and the texture
ranges to clay loam. The upper part of the subsoil is fri-
able sandy clay loa.laa that is 6 to 10 inches thick. The
lower part is 1I to 50 inches thick. It consists of Yellow
to reddish -brown clay that has common mottles of red
and light: gray and is very firm when moist and very
plastic when wet.
Included with this soil in mapping were a few places
where the texture of the surface layer is coarse sandy
loam. Also included were some. severely eroded spots
where the subsoil is exposed. The severely eroded spots
snake up from 5 to 25 percent of the acreage in the nlap-
pin g uaait,.
Infiltration is fair, and permeability is slow. Surface
runoffis medium, and the hazard of further erosion is
severe. This soil is difficult, to keep in good tilth. Because
of the slowly- permea.able subsoil, tillage is restricted after
hard rains. A. crust forums on the severely eroded spots
after heavy rains, and clods form if those areas are
worked when yet. The crust and the clods interfere with
germination. As a result, stands of crops are poor and
replanting of those areas may be. necessary. An even.
stand of tobacco is bard to obtain. Plants in an uneven
stand :nature at different times. This increases the. diffi-
culty of harvesting and curing the crop and re.duces the
quality of the tobacco.
About half of the acreage is cultivated or in pasture,
and the rest is in forest or in other uses. The cultivated
areas are used chiefly for row crops, especially tobacco.
This soil is well suited to most of the locally grown.

SOIL SURVEY
crops, but it contains a large amount of exchangeable
aluminum, which is toxic to some plants. Practices that
effectively control runoff and erosion are necessary in the
cultivated areas. (Capability unit IIIe-3, woodland
suitability group .1.1, wildlife suitability group 1)
Creedmoor sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes (CrQ.---
This soil is on narrow sideslopes in the uplands. It has a
surface layer of gray to grayish -brown sandy loan,. 7 to
15 inches thick. :1'lie upper part of the subsoil is friable
sanely clay loam 6 to 10 inches thick. The lower part is
14 to 40 inches thick. It consists of yellow to reddish -
brown clay that has common mottles of red and light
gray and is very firm when moist and very plastic when
wet. Included with this soil in mapping were a fens- areas
where the surface layer is coarse sandy loam.
Infiltration is good, but permeability is slow and sur-
face runoff is rapid. The hazard of erosion is severe. This
soil is easy to keep in good filth. After heavy rains, how-
ever, tillage may be restricted because of the slow per-
meability of the subsoil.
About one-third of the acreage is cultivated or in pas-
ture, and the rest, is in forest-, or in other uses. The culti-
vated areas are used chiefly for row crops, especially
tobacco. This soil is well suited to most locally grown
crops, but, it contains a large amount of exchangeable
aluminum, which is toxic to some plants. Because of the
slopes and slow permeability, practices that effectively
control runoff and erosion are needed in the cultivated
areas. (Capability unit IIIe-...35 woodland suitability
group 11, wildlife suitability group 1)
Creedmoor sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded
(CrC2).—This soil is on narrow side slopes in the uplands.
The. surface layer is 3 to 7 inches thick, and in many
places it is a mixture of the refraining original surface
soil and of material from the subsoil. In the less eroded
areas, the surface layer is grayish -brown to pale -yellow
sandy loam, but the color ranges to strong brown and the
texture ranges to clay loam in the more eroded spots. The
Mapper part of the subsoil is friable sa,aady clay loam that
is 6 to 10 inches thick. The lower part, is 14 to 40 inches
thick. It consists of yellow to reddish -brown clay that
has cornrnon mottles of red and light gray and is very
firin when moist and very plastic when wet.
Included with this soil in mapping were a few areas
where the surface layer has a, texture of coarse sandy
loan. tlso included d were, some severely eroded spots
where the subsoil is exposed. The severely eroded spots
make up from 5 to 25 percent of the acreage in the map-
ping unit.
Infiltration is fair, but permeability is slow and sur-
face runoff :is rapid. The hazard of further erosion is very
severe. This soil is difficult to keep in good filth. Because
of the. slow permeability of the subsoil, tillage is restricted
after heavy rains. A. crust forms on the severely eroded
spots after hard rains,, and clods form if those areas are
worked when vet. The crust and the clods interfere with
germination. As a result, stands of crops are poor .and
replanting of the severely eroded areas may be necessary.
An even. stand of tobacco is hard to obtain'. Plants in an
uneven stand mature at different times, which increases
the difficulty of harvesting and curing the. crop and
reduces the duality of the tobacco.
About one-third of the ac-rea:ge is cultivated or it pas-
ture, and the rest is in forest or in other uses. The culti-
vated areas are used chiefly for row crops. This soil is
well suited to most of the locally grown crops, but it con-
teins a barge amount ofexchaugeable aluminum, which
is toxic to some plants. fiery intensive practices that
effectively control runoff and erosion are necessary in the
cultivated areas. (Capability unit We -3, woodland
suitability group 11, wildlife suitability group 1)
Creedmoor sandy loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes (CrE).---
This soil is on narrow side slopes bordering upland
drainageways. It; is slightly eroded in some Waces and
is rnoderately> eroded in others. In the slightly eroded
areas, the surl:a.ce layer is grayto gratyish-rovrn sandy
loam 6 to 14 inches thick. In the moderately eroded areas,
the surface layer is only 3 to 7 inches thick and consists
of grayish -brown or pale -yellow sandy loam to strong -
brown clay loans. The upper part of the subsoil is friable
sandy clay loam 6 to 10 inches thick. The lower part is
14 to 30 inches thick. It consists of yellow to reddish -
brown clay than, has common mottles of red and light
gray and is very firm when moist, and very plastic when
wet.
Included with this soil in mapping were aa, few places
where the surface. layer is coarse sandy loam, and some
areas where the surf, ace layer has a texture of silt loarrr.
Also included were a few severely eroded spots where
the subsoil is exposed. The severely eroded spots make up
from 5 to 10 percent of the acreage in the mapping unit,.
Infiltration is fair to good, and permeability is slow.
Surface- runoff' is very rapid.
Most of the acreage is in forest, but a small acreage is
cultivated or in pasture. Where. this soil has been cleared,
it is better suited to pasture or hay crops than to field
crops. It is not suitable for cultivated crops, because of
the strong slopes and the slowly permeable subsoil.
(Capability unit VIe-1, woodland suitability group 11,
wildlife suitability group 1)
Creedmoor silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes (CtB):--
This soil is on broad, smooth interstream divides in the
uplands. Its surface layer is gray to grayish -brown silt
loans 7 to 1J inches, thick. The upper part of [lie. subsoil
is friable silty clay loam 6 to 10 inches thick. The lower
part is 14 to 50 inches thick. It consists of yellow to red-
dish -brown clay that couta.ins connnon Irrottles of red
and light gray and is very fir°rn when moist and very
plastic when wet.
Infiltration is good, but permeability is slow and sur-
faa.ce runoff is naed
Ium. The. hazard of erosion is moderate.
This soil is easy to keep in good tilth. Because of the
slowly permeable subsoil, however, tillage may be restric-
ted after heavy rains.
Most of the acreage is in. forest, but a small acreage is
cultivated or in pasture. Where. this soil has been
cleared, it is used chiefly for row crops arid pasture, but
it is well suited to most of the locally grown crops. This
sail has a :high content. of exchangeable a.lurninum,, how-
ever, which is toxic to some plants. Because of the slopes
and tlae slow permeability, practices that effectively con-
trol runoff and erosion are needed in the, cultivated areas.
(Capability unit Ile 3, woodland suitability group 11,
wildlife suitability group 1)

WAS4.E C.'O1:T:5TTY, NORTH CAROLIN
Creedmoor silt loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes (CtQ -
This soil is on broad, smooth interstream divides in the
uplands. Its surface layer is gray to grayish -brown silt
loam 7 to 15 inches thiels. The upper part, of the subsoil
is friable silty clay loam 6 to 10 inches thick:. The lower
part is 14 to 50 ouches thick. It consists of yellow to red. -
dish -brown clay that hats common mottles of red and
light gray and. is very= firm when moist and very plastic
when wet.
Infiltration is good; but pernleability is slow and sur-
face runoff is rapid. The haaard of evosion is severe, This
soil is easy to keep in good ti.lth. Because of the slowly
perineablo subsoil, however, tillage may be restricted
after heavy rains.
Most of the acreage is in forest, but. a small acreage is
cultivated or in pasture. Where this soil has been cleared,
it is used chiefly for ro-*N, crops and pasture. It is well
suited to most of the locally grown crops,, but it has a
high content of exchangeable aluminum, which is toxic
to some plants. Because of the, slopes and slow, permea-
bility, intensive practices that effectively control runoff
and erosion are needed in the cultivated areas. (Capabil-
ity unit Ma --3, woodland suitability group 1.1, wild-
life suitability group 1.)
The Durham series consists of gently sloping to slop-
ing, deep, well -drained soils on Piedmont uplands.
'.These soils are mostly in the eastern part of the county,
but small areas are scattered in other parts. They are
on rounded divides where the difference in elevation is
about 20 feet between the highest and the lowest points.
The soils have formed. under forest in. material that
weathered from granite, gneiss, and other acidic, rocks.
The water table remains below the solum.
Natural fertility and the content of organic, inatter are
low's, and the available water capacity is medium. Perrneu,-
bility and the shrink -swell potential are moderate. Ex-
cept where lime has been. applied., these soils are strongly
acid. Response is good if suitable applications of Time
and fertilizer are made.
Durhain soils are good for farming. )LLuc.h of the acre-
ar,gre, is cultivated, and the, rest, is in forest or in other uses.
Representative profile of a Durham loa.rny sand in a
cultivated, field one-fourth anile east of the Bethany,
Church and 1 yards south of road
Ap--0 to 15 inches, pale -brawn (10YR (3/3) loamy sand;
weak. coarse, granular structure; very friable when
moist; medium acid; abrupt, wavy boundary.
A2-15 to 18 inches, pale -yellow (2.5Y 7/4) loamy stand;
weak, coarse, granular structure, very friable when
moist; meds"um acid; abrupt, wavy boundary.
B21t-18 to 30 inches, yellowish -brown (10YR 5/6) sandy
clay loam; moderate, fine and medium., subangular
blocky structure; friable when moist, slightly sticky
and slighT,ly plastic Fvhesa wet; strongly acid; clear,
smooth boundary.
B22t---30 to 42 inches, browvnish-yellow (10YR 6/6) clay
loam; few, medium, prominent, yellowish -red mot-
tles; moderate, fine and mediae, subangular blocky
structaare ; friable when moist, slightly sticky and
slightly plastic when wet; strongly acid; gradual,
smooth boundary.
23
3323t----42 to 50 inches, pale -brawn (10YR 6/3) Sandy clay
loam; common, medium, distinct, yellowish -brawn
and few, medium, prominent, yellowish -red mottles;
moderate, fine and medium, subangular blocky strue-
Lure; friable when moist, slightly sticky and slightly
phistic when wet; strongly acid; gradual, snootla
boundary.
D21t---50 to 57 inches, pale -brown (10YR 6/3) clay loam ;
common, medium, distinct, yellowish-broilm and few,
medium, prominent, yellowish -red mottles, moderate,
fine and medium, subangulaax blocky stricture; fri-
able when moist, sticky and slightly pla4.tle when
wvet, strongly acid; gradual, smooth boundary.
133t-57 to 60 inches, mottled red (2.7YR 4/8) and strong -
brown (7.5YR 5/8) sandy clay loam and gray (10YR
(3/1) clay,, weak, fine and medium, subangular blocky
structure; friable when moist, slightly sticky and
slightly plastic when wet, strongly acid; abrupt,
smooth boundary.
C--60 to 81 inches +, gray and black sandy loam saprolite
that has the same structure as the original rock;
strongly acid.
The A horizons range from 3 to 20 inches in total thick-
ness and from brown or pale brown to pale yellow or dark
gray in color, The R horizons range from 30 to More than
50 inches in tonal thickness and from clay to sandy clay loaarn
in texture. Their color ranges from yellow or pane brown to
strong brown or gray in hues of 10YR and 7.5YR, The com-
bined thicknew of the A horizons and B horizons ranges from
36 to 60 inches. Depth to hard rock ranges from 5 to more
than 15 feet.
Durham soils occur with Appling, ranee, Norfolk, and
Granville soils. They have a coarser textured subsoil (less
than 35 percent clay) than the Applint; and Vance soils, and
they have a less firm subsoil than the Vance soils. The com-
bined thickness of their surface layer and subsoil is less than
that of the Norfolk soil,. Durham soils contain less, cxebange-
able aluminum than the Granville ;oils.
Durham loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes (DuB,.---
This soil is on broad, smooth interstream divides in the
uplands. Its surface layer is pale-bro-wn to dark -gray
loamy sand that ranges from. 8 to 20 inches in total thick-
ness. The subsoil is yellowy to strong -brown, friable sanely
elay loam or clay loam that is mottled with yellowish red
and is 30 to 50 inches thick.
Included with this soil in snapping were a few areas
where the slope is less than 2 percent. Also included were
some areas where the surface layer is 18 to 30 inches
thick.
1..11fi.traation is good, and surface runoff is Inediarnl. The
linzaard of erosion is moderate. This soil is easy to keep
in good tilt:h. and can be worked throughout a wide ranges
of moisture content.
.About two-thirds of the acreage is cultivated or ill pas-
ture, and the rest is in forest or in other uses. This soit
is well suited to all the locally grown crops, especially
tobacco and cotton. Practices that effectively control run--
off and erosion are needed, however, in the cultivated
areas. (Capability unit IIe-1, woodland suitability group
5) wildlife suitability group 1)
Durham loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded
(DuB2).---This soil is on broad, smooth interst,rearn divides
in the uplands. Its surface layer is 3 to 7 inches thick..
Ira Malay places it is a mixture of: the remaining originnl
surface layer and of rnti,terial from the subsoil. In the
less eroded areas, the surface layer is brown or pale -
brown loamy sand, but, the color ranges to strong brown
and the texture ranges to sandy clary loaani in the niore

PM
SOIL SURVEY
eroded spots. Tho subsoil is 30 to 50 inches thick and is
yellow to strong -brown, friable sandy clay loans to clay
loam that is mottled with yellowish red.
Included with this soil in mapping were some areas
where the texture of thak surface layer is sandy loam.
.alio included were some severely eroded spots where the
subsoil is exposed. These severely eroded areas make up
frown. 5 to 25 percent, of the acreage in the mapping unit.
Infiltration is fair, and surface runoff is medium. The
hazard of further erosion is moderate. This soil is diffi-
cult to beep in good filth, but it can be worked through-
out a fairly wide range of moisture content. .A. crust;
forms on the severely eroded spots after hard rains, and
clods formam if those=, areas are worked. Nvbela wet. The crust.
and the clods interfere with germination. As a, result,
stands of crops are poor and replanting of the severely
eroded areas is sometimes necessary. An even stand of
tobacco is hard to obtain. Plants in an uneven. stand
mature it difiereiit, tunes. This increases the difficulty of
harvesting and curing the crop and reduces the quality
of the tobacco.
About two-thirds of the acreage is cultivated or in. pas-
ture, and the rest is in forest or in other lyses. This soil
is well suited to all the locally grown crops, and the
cultivated areas are used chieflv for row crops, especially
tobacco and cotton. Practices that effectively control run-
off and erosion are needed in the cultivated areas. (Capa-
bility unit IIe-4 woodland suitability group 5, vrildlife
suitability group 1)
Durham loamy sand, 6 to 10 percent slopes (DuC).--
This soil is on narrow side slopes in the uplands. Its
surface la y ver is pale -brown to dark -gray loamy sand that,
ranges from 7 to 15 inches in total thickness. The subsoil
is 30 to 40 inches thick and is yellow to strong -brown,
friable sandy clay loam to clay l&am that is mottled with
yellowish red.
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff' is rapid. The
hazard of erosion is severe. This soil is easy to beep hi
good tilth and can be worked throughout a wide range of
moisture content.
About orae -third of the acreage is cult:.ivated or in pas.-
ture-, and the rest is in forest or in other uses. This soil is
well suited to all the locally grown crops, but the culti-
V'Ited areas fare used chietly for row crops, especially
tobacco and cotton, :Int®nsia_e practices that effectivell,
control rualoff and erosion are necessary in the cultivated
area . (Capability unit. IIIe-1, woodland suitability
group 5, wildlife suitability group 1)
Durham loamy sand, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded
(DuC2).—This soil is on narrow, side, slopes in -the uplands.
Its surface layer is 3 to 7 inches thick. In many places if,
is a, mixture of the remaining original surface soil a.nd
of material from the subsoil. In the less eroded areas, the
surface layer is brown to pale -brown loamy sand. In the
more eroded spots, the color ranges to strong brown and
the texture ranges to sandy clay loam. The subsoil is 30
to 1-0 inches thick and is yellow to strong -brown, friable
sandy clay loan that is mottled with yellowish red.
Included with this soil in mapping were some severely
eroded spots where the subsoil is exposed. These areas
inaake up from 5 to 25 percent of the acreage in the
mapping unit.
Infiltration is fair, and surface runoff is rapid. The
la.azard of further erosion is severe. This soil is difficult to
keep in good filth, but it can be worked. throughout a
fairly wide range of moisture content. A crust forms ora
the severely eroded spots after hard rains, and clods forma
if those areas are worked when vet. The crust. and the
Clods interfere with germination. _1s a result, stands of
crops are poor and replanting of the severely eroded
areas may be necessary. An even stand of tobacco is bard
to obtain. Plants in an uneven staancl mature at, different
times. This increases the difftoulty of harvesting and cur-
ing the crop, and if reduces thequalityr of the tobacco.
About one-third of the acroage. is cultivated or in pars
ture, and the, rest is in forest or in other uses. This soil is
well suited to all the locally grown crops, especially
tobacco and cotton. Intensive practices that effectively
control runoff and erosion are necessary in the. cultivated
areas. (Capability unit IIIe-4, -%voodl:and suitability
group 5, wildlife suitability group 1)
:non Series
The Enon series consists of gently sloping to strongly
sloping, deep, weI.l-drained soil,, on. Piedmont uplands.
These soils occupy fairly small areas in the northern and
Nvestern parts of the county, They are on rounded divides
that have a difference in elevation of about 50 feet
between the highest and the lowest points. The soils have
formed under forest in niaterial that, weathered from
mixed acidic and basic rocks. The water table generally
remains below the solum, but there is a perched water
table during wet, seasons because of the slow permeability
of the subsoil.
Nataaral fertility is naediuln, and the content of organic
rnafter is low. Permeability is slow, the avaa,ila.ble water
capacity is medium, and the sbrink-swell potential is
high. Except in areas that have received lime, these soils
are slightly acrid. Response is good if suitable alaplica-
tions of line, and fertilizer are made.
The Enon soils of this county are of only Trainor
importance for fanning. About two-thirds of the acreage
is it), forest.
Representative profile, of an Enon fin(- sandy loam in
a pasture 25 feet east of '_NTC.. Highway No. 50 and. 1 mile
north of N.C. High -way No. 98:
AT) --Cl to s inches, (jark-brown (7_51'T 4/4) fine. sandy 30a111;
weak, fine an(i meclium, granular structure ; very fri-
able when moist; aniany, fine, fabaons roots; ma,,)y fine
pores; few dark -colored concaetioits ; slightly a eld. ;
abrupt, Mary boundary.
B21t---8 to 1_2 inches, strong-broicn (7.5YR 516) clay,- COM -
mon, lane, disftinct, yellowish -brown mottles; moder-
ate, medium and coarse. angular blocky structure;
very firm when moist, sticky and plastic when wet;
medium clay filuis ; common, fine, fibrous roots ; nanny
fine pores; many, soft, black concretions: slightly
acid; clear, wavy 'boundary°.
B22t--12 to 26 inches, strong -brown (7.51M 5/6) clay a com-
mon, medium, faint, dark -brown mottles an(! few,
fine, prominent, black mottles; weak, coarse, pris-
matic structure breaking to weak, medium, angulaar
blocky structure; very firm when moist, sticky and
plastic when wet; few, fine, fibrous roots; few Tyne
pores; thick clay films; sllghtly acid; clear, smooth
boundary.

WAZE COUYrY, 1V'oltTH CAROLINA
1113t-20 to 32 incheaa„ Rtrong-brown ('7.55YR 15/6) clay; many,
medium, prominent, 'red mottles and common, fine,
diutinct, brownisli-yellow mottles; weak, coar.se,.ln;u-
laar blocky striloture; firai when moist, sticky .111
pllstic when wet; few deeayYed roots in vertical
cracks; thick e°)a#y 111ms on the vertient silrfalces of
peels and tibial c hty films on the horizontal ,mrfac*s ;
few fine pores; Tightly acid; abrupt, smooth bound-
ary.
C-32 to 38 inches -.I., mottled strong -brown (7.5YR 5/6),
reddish-yellow (7.5YR 6/8), and red (2.5YR 5/8)
clay loam; itira.teve ; firm when moist, slightly sticky
and slightly plastic: when wet; few fine pores; com-
111on, soft, bhtek concretions; slightly a(Ad.
The A. horiwn v mgtaa ;from i to 10 inches in thickness and
from brown or dark brown to grayish brown or light „ray
in color. The E2 horizons range from 10 to 34) inches in total
thiclmexgs and front clay loam or silty clay loam to clay in
texture, Their color Tanges from strong brown to reddish
yellow, yellowish brown, or olive yellow in 7.5YR, 10YR, and
2.51 hue:4, and these horizons are mottled .with brown or
red in many place). tat some areas the weak prismatic pri-
mary fstrm.,-tore of the 13211 horizons breaks to moderate instead
of weak, coarse and medium, angular blocky structure. The
combined thielcnc,;ss of the d horizon and B horizons ranges
from 20 to 40 inches. Depth to hard rock ranges from 4 to
more than 10 feet.
Enon soils occur with Helena and Vance soils. They are
better drained than the }lelena soils and are moix, acid than
either the Helena or Vance. soils,
Enon tune sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes (EnB).----
This soil is oil smooth in.terstruarrt divides in the uplands.
The surface layer is 7 to 10 inches thick and is dark
brown or grayish brown to light gray. The subsoil is 10
to 30 inches thick and. is reddish-yellow or yellowish -
brown to olive -yellow, very firm clay loans or silty clay
loaam to clay that is commonly mottled with brown or
red.
Included with this soil in mapping were some areas of
soils that have al, surface layer of silt; loam. Also included
were, sonxe areas in which the subsoil is more reddish than
typical for this soil.
Infiltration is good, but permeability is slow and sur-
face runoff is medium. Thi hazard of erosion is moderate.
This soil is easy to keep in good tilth, but tillage must be
restricted after heavy rains.
About two-thirds of the acreage, is in forest., and t1w
rest is in pasture or is cultivated. This soil is well suited
to many of the locally grown crops. Practices that effec-
tively control runoff` and erosion a,re needed in the culti-
vated aaxeaas. (Capability unit Ile --S, woodland saiitability
group 11, wildlife suitability group 1)
Enon tine sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded
(EnB2).—'This soil is on smooth interstre-gin divides in the,
uplands. The surface layer is 4 to 7 inches thick and is
brown to graayisla brown. In many places it is a mixture
of the remaining original surface soil and of material
from the subsoil. In the less eroded areas, the texture of
the surface layer is fine sandy loam, but the texture
nanges to sandy clay loam in the inore eroded spots. The;
subsoil is 10 to 30 inches thick and is reddish-yellow- or
,yellowish -brown to olive -yellow, very firm clay loam or
silty clay loam to clay that has common mottles of
bro�vli or red.
Included with this soil in mapping were areas of soils
that have a surface layer of silt loam. Also included were
some areas of soils that have a more reddish subsoil than
25
this soil. Other inclusions consist of some severely eroded
spots where the subsoil is exposed. These severely eroded
spots make up from 5 to 25 percent of the acreage in the
mapping unit.
Iaaiiltration is fa,ii-, but, permeability is slow gad stir
faaop ruiioff is medium.. The hazard of further erosion is
iaaoderate. This soil is diffioult to keep in good tilth.
Because of the slowly permeable subsoil, however, tillage
is restricted after heavy rains. A crust forms on the
severely eroded spots after hard rains, and clods form if
those areas are worked when wet. The crust and the clods
interfere with germination. As a result, stands of crops
are poor and rep1witing of the severely eroded areas is
sometimes necessary.
About two-thirds of the acreage is in forest, and the
rest is in pasture or is cultivated. This soil is well suited
to many of the locally grown crops, but practices that
effectively control runoff and erosion are needed in the
cultivatea areas. (Capability unit He -3, woodland suit-
ability group 11, wildlife suitability group 1)
Enon fine sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes (EnC).---
This soil is on narrow side slopes in the uplands. It has
a surfaco layer of dark -brown or grayish -brown to light -
gray fine sandy loam 7 to 10 inches thick. The subsoil is
10 to 25 inches thick and is reddish-yellow or yellowish-
browii to olive -yellow, very firm clay loam or silty clay
lonin to clay that bas cominoai mottles of brown or red.
Included in inapping were some soils that have a sur-
face layer of silt loam., .Also included were some areas
of soils that have a more reddish subsoil than this soil.
Infiltration is good, but permeability is slow and sur. -
face. runoff is ral)i( 'l, The. hazard of erosion is severe. This
soil is easy to keel) in good tilth, girt, tillage, inust be,
restricted after Heavy ra tris.
About three-fourtlis of the acreage is in forest, and
the rest is in pasture or is cultivated. This soil is well
suited to many of the locally grown crops. Intensive
practices tires that effectively control runoff and erosion are
needed in the cultivated areas. (Capability unit Me -3,
woodland suitability group 11, wildlife, suitability group
1
)Enon fide sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded
(EriM.—This soil is on narrow siltslopes in the uplands.
Its sairface layer is 4 to 7 inches thick and is brown to
gji,ayish brown. In mangy* places it is a mixture of the
remaining original surface soil and of material from the
subsoil. In the: less eroded areas, the, texturee of the sur-
face layer is fine sandy login. In the more eroded shots,
the texture ranges to sandy clay loan). The subsoil is 10
to 25 inches thick and is reddish-vellow or yellowish -
brown to olive -yellow, very firm clay loam or silty clay
loam to clay that has common mottles of brown or red.
Included with this soil in mapping were some areas of
soils that have a surface layer of silt loam. Also included
were some areas of soils that have a more reddish subsoil
than this soil. Other inclusions consist of severely eroded.
areas where the subsoil is exposed. These severely eroded
spots make sip from 5 to 25 percent of the mapping unit.
Infiltration is fair, but permeability is slow and sur-
face runoff is rapid. The hazard of further erosion is
severe. This soil is difficult to keep in good filth. Because
of the slowly permeable subsoil, tillage is restricted after

ME
SOIL SURVEY
heavy rains. A crust forms on the severely eroded spots
after hard rains, and clods form if those areas are
worked when wet. The crust and the clods interfere with
germination. As a result, stands of crops are poor and
replanting is sometimes necessary.
About three-fourths of the acreage is hi forest, and the
rest is in pasture or is cultivated. This soil is well suited
to many of the locally grown crops. Intensive practices
that effectively control runoff and erosion are needed in
the cultivated areas. (Capability unit IIIe--3, woodland
suitability group 11, wildlife suliability group 1)
Enon fine sandy loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes, eroded
�EnD2).—This soil is on narrow side, slopes bordering drain-
ageways in the uplands. In most, places it is moderately
eroded, but some areas are only slightly eroded. In the
moderately eroded areas, the surface layer is brown to
grayish brown and ran es from fine sandy loam to sandy
clan loam in texture. fln the slightly eroded areas, it is
dark -brown or grayish -brown to light -gray fine sandy
loam. The surface layer is 4 to 8 inches thick. The subsoil
is 10 to 20 inches thick and consists of reddish-yellow or
yellowish -brown to olive -yellow, very firm clay loam or
silty clay loam to clay. It has common mottles of brown
or red.
Included with this soil in mapping were a few severely
eroded spots where the subsoil is exposed. Also included
were some areas of soils that have a redder subsoil than
this soil.
Infiltration is fair to good, but permeability is slov.,
and surface runoff is very rapid. The hazard of further
erosion is very severe. Where this soil is slightly eroded,
it is easy to keep in good tilth. Where it is moderately
eroded, 'however, it is difficult to keep in good filth.
Because of the slowly permeable subsoil, tillage is
restricted after hard rains and clods form if those areas
are worked when wet, The crust and the clods interfere
with germination. As a result, stands of crops are poor
and replanting is sometimes necessary.
Ilost of the acreage is in forest, but a small acreage is
in pasture or is cultivated. This soil is well suited to
many of the locally grown crops. If it is cultivated, how-
ever; very intensj.ve practices that effectively control run-
off and erosion are needed.(Capability unit lVe-3,
oodland suitability- - group 11,
wildlife s�itability group
w
11)
The Faceville series consists of j.ently sloping to slop-
ing, vert deep, well -drai md ells on Coastal Plain
uplands in the southern part-, of the county and, on ter-
races along the large. streams. These soils 'ii -re on broad
smooth, rounded divides where the difference in elevatioli
is about 20 feet bet-,veen the highest and the lowest
points. They have formed under forest in Coastal Plain
sediment and in alluvial deposits. The water table
remains below the solum.
Natural fertility and the content of organic matter are
low, and permeability is moderate. The available water
capacity is medium, and the shrink -swell potential is low.
Except, in areas that have, received lime, these soils are
strongly acid. Response is good if suitable applications
of lime and fertilizer are made.
The Faceville soils of Wake County are moderately
important for farming, Most of the acreage is cultivated
or in pasture, but some is in forest.
Representative profile of a Faceville sandy loam in a
cultivated field I mile south of Holly Springs and 25
yards east of N,C. Highway No. 55:
Ap--O to 6 inches, brown (7.5YR 4/4) sandy loam ; moderate,
medium and fine,.
, granular structure; very friable
when moist; many fine and medium, fibrous roots;
many fine pores; few small pebbles; medium acid;
abrupt, smooth boundary.
A1-6 to 10 inches, strong -brown (7.6YR 5/6) sandy hyam;
moderate, medium, granular structure; very f7lUb1€,
when mobst; common, fine and medium, fibrous roots;
many fine pores; inedium acid; clear, wavy boundary.
A2-10 to 14 inches, reddish-yellow (5YR 6/6) sandy loara;
moderate, medium, gTahular structure; very friable
when moist; few, fine, fibrous roots; many fine=
pores; few small pebbles; medium acid; abrupt,
smooth boundary.
B21t;-14 to 2.1 inches, strong -brown (7.5YR 5/0) clay loam;
moderate, medium, subangular blocky structure; fri-
able when moist, sticky and slightly p1ristic when
wet; many fine pores: few thin clay films on the
surfaces of pe.& and common thin clay films in root
ch,amiels: strongly acid; clear, smooth boundary.
B22t-21 to 38 inches, yellowish -red (5YR 5/8) heavy clay
loam; few, medium, distinct, strmig-brown mottles;
moderate, fine, and medium, gLIbanguhir blocky
structure; frial)le when moist, sticky and slightly
plastic when wet; few fine pores; few thin clay
films; strongly acid; dlffiv�e., smooth boundary.
B23t-38 to 51 inches, yellowish -red (5YR 5/8) clay loam;
few, Coarse, distinct, strong -brown (7.5YR 5/8) Inot-
ties; moderate, medium, subangular blocky structnre;
friable when moist, sticky and 91ightly plastic when
wet; few fine pores; few thin clay films ; common,
small sesquioxide nodules; strongly acid.; clear,
smooth boundary.
1333-51 to 65 inches, yellowish -red (5YR. 5/9) light sandy clay
loam; common, coarse, distinct., red (2.5YR 4/8)
mottles and common, coarse, distinct, strong -brown
(7.5YR 5/8) mottles: moderate, inedium, angular
blocky structure: friable when inoist, slightly stieky
and slightly pkistic when wet; common fine, pores;
few thin clay films in pores and around pebbles; few
small pebbles; feu,,, small sesquioxide, nodules;
strongly acid; clear, smooth boundary.
C ­W5 to 72 inches +, mottled md (IOR 5/8), yellowish -red
(5YR V6), and strong -brown (7.5YrR 5/8) sandy
loam; massl�-e. : friable s4hen moist; few quartz
pebbles; ,strongly acid.
The A horizons range from. 4 to 20 inches in total thick-
ness. Their color singes from gniyish brown or dark brown
to light yellowish brown or reddish yellow in 10YR. , 7.5YR,
and Tm 5YR hues. he B horizons range fro50 to 72 inches
in total thickness, from strong brown to yellowish red or
red in 7.!YR, 5YR, and 2.5Y"R hue -s, and from clay loani to
sandy clay loam in texture. In many places the B horizons
are mottled aaAth red, strong brown, or yellow. The combined.
thiekness of the surface layer and subsoil is more thnn 630
inelies. Bedrock is at a depth of more thnn 20 feet.
Faceville soils occur with Norfolk amid Orangeblirg soils.
They are fuser textured than those soils and are wore red-
dish than the Norfolk soils.
Faceville sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes (FoN,­
This soil is on broad, smooth interstream divides and on
stream terraces. Its sarface layer is grayish -brown to
dark -brown sandy loam that ranges from 8 to 20 inches
in total thickness. The, subsoil is 50 to 72) inches thick and
is red to yellowish -red, friable to firm clay loam. or sandy
clay, with coinnion mottles of strong brown.

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA
Included with this soil in mapping were some areas of
a soil that contains an incipient, discontinuous horizon,
with plinthite. Also included were a few areas where the
slope is less than 2 percent.
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is medium. The
hazard of erosion is moderate. This soil is easy to keep
in good tilth and can be worked throughout a wide range
of moisture content.
About three-fourths of the acreage is cultivated or in
pasture, and the rest is in forest or in other uses. This
soil is well suited to all the locally grown crops. The
cultivated areas are used chiefly for row crops, especially
tobacco and cotton. Practices that effectively control run-
off and erosion are needed where this soil is cultivated.
(Capability unit IIe-1, woodland suitability group 6,
wildlife suitability group 1)
Faceville sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded
(FaB2).—This soil is on broad, smooth interstream divides
and on stream terraces. The surface layer is 4 to 8 inches
thick. In many places it is a mixture of the remaining
original surface soil and of material from the subsoil.
In the less eroded areas, the surface layer is brown to
light yellowish -brown sandy loam, but the color ranges
to reddish brown and the texture ranges to sandy clay
loam in the more eroded spots. The subsoil is 50 to 72
inches thick and consists of red to yellowish -red, friable
to firm clay loam or sandy clay, with common mottles of
strong brown.
Included with this soil in mapping were some severely
eroded spots where the subsoil is exposed. These areas
make up from 5 to 25 percent of the acreage in the
mapping unit. In many places this soil has an incipient
and discontinuous horizon, with plinthite.
Infiltration is fair, and surface runoff is medium. The
hazard of further erosion is moderate. This soil is diffi-
cult to keep in good tilth, but it can be worked through-
out a fairly wide range of moisture content. A crust
forms on the severely eroded spots after hard rains, and
clods form if those areas are worked when wet. The crust
and the clods interfere with germination. As a result,
stands of crops are poor and replanting of the severely
eroded areas may be necessary. An even stand of tobacco
is hard to obtain. Plants in an uneven stand mature at
different times. This makes harvesting and curing of the
crop difficult and reduces the quality of the tobacco.
About three-fourths of the acreage is cultivated or in
pasture, and the rest is in forest or in other uses. This
soil is well suited to all the locally grown crops. The
cultivated areas are used chiefly for row crops, especially
tobacco and cotton. Practices that effectively control run-
off and erosion are needed in the cultivated areas. (Capa-
bility unit IIe-1, woodland suitability group 6, wildlife
suitability group 1)
Faceville sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded
(FaC2).—This soil is on stream terraces and on narrow side
slopes in the uplands. The surface layer is 4 to 8 inches
thick. In many places it is a mixture of the remaining
original surface soil and of material from the subsoil. Iii
the less eroded areas, the surface layer is brown to light
yellowish -brown sandy loam, but the color ranges to
reddish brown and the texture ranges to sandy clay loam
in the more eroded spots. The subsoil is 50 to 60 inches
thick and consists of red to yellowish -red, friable to firm
27
clay loam or sandy clay, with common mottles of strong
brown.
Included with this soil in mapping were some severely
eroded spots where the subsoil is exposed. These make up
from 5 to 25 percent of the acreage in the mapping unit.
In many places this soil contains an incipient and dis-
continuous horizon, with plinthite.
Infiltration is fair, and surface runoff is rapid. The
hazard of further erosion is severe. This soil is difficult
to keep in good tilth, but it can be worked throughout a
fairly wide range of moisture content. A crust forms on
the severely eroded spots after hard rains, and clods form
if those areas are worked when wet. The crust and the
clods interfere with germination. As a result, stands of
crops are poor and replanting of those areas may be
necessary. An even stand of tobacco is hard to obtain.
Plants in an uneven stand mature at different times. This
makes harvesting and curing of the crop difficult and
reduces the quality of the tobacco.
About two-thirds of the acreage is cultivated or in
pasture, and the rest is in forest or in other uses. This
soil is well suited to all the locally grown crops. The
cultivated areas are used chiefly for row crops, especially
tobacco and cotton. Practices that effectively control run-
off and erosion are needed in the cultivated areas. (Capa-
bility unit IIIe-1, woodland suitability group 6, wildlife
suitability group 1)
Georgeville Series
The Georgeville series consists of gently sloping to
strongly sloping, deep, well -drained soils on Piedmont
uplands. These soils are on rounded divides where the
difference in elevation is about 35 feet between the high-
est and the lowest points. They are mostly in the western
and southern parts of the county, where they have
formed under forest. The material in which they formed
has weathered from phyllite (Carolina slate).
Natural fertility and the content of organic matter are
low, and permeability is moderate. The available water
capacity is medium, and the shrink -swell potential is mod-
erate. Except in areas that have received lime, these soils
are medium acid to strongly acid. Response is good if
suitable applications of lime and fertilizer are made.
The Georgeville soils of Wake County are fairly
important for farming, but much of the acreage is in
forest.
Representative profile of a Georgeville silt loam in a
pine forest near the Seaboard Coast Line Railroad, 11/4
miles soutbwest of the town of Cary and two-thirds of a
mile north of U.S. Highway No. 1:
Ap-0 to 5 inches, yellowish -brown (10YR 5/4) ,silt loam;
weak, medium and coarse, granular structure; very
friable when moist; many fine, fibrous and woody
roots; medium acid; abrupt, smooth boundary.
131-5 to 9 inches, yellowish -red (5YR 5/8) silty clay loam;
moderate, medium and fine, subangular blocky struc-
ture; friable when moist, sticky and slightly plastic
when wet; few, fine, woody roots; medium acid;
abrupt, smooth boundary.
B21-9 to 30 inches, red (2.5YR 4/8) clay; strong, medium
and fine, subangular blocky structure; firm when
moist, sticky and plastic when wet; few, fine, woody
roots; medium clay films: medium acid; clear,
smooth boundary.

28
S®IL SURVEY
B22--30 to 40 inches, red (2.54.8 4/8) eBay; few, 'fine, prom-
inent, brownish -yellow mottles; strong, indium and
fine, subangular blocky structure; firm when moist,
sticky and plastic when wet; few, fine, woody roots;
medhim clay films; few fine mica flakes in lower
part of horizon; this laser is somewhat more friable
anti contains less clay than the B21 horizon; strongly
acid; dear, wavy boundary.
1331-40 to 49 inches, red (2.5YU 4/6) silty clay; coamnon,
coa.rs,P, distinct, dark reddish -brown (2.5YR 3/4)
mottles and a few, coarse, prominent, brownish -
yellow (10YR 6/8) mottles that contain less clay
than the soil material in the matrix; moderate,
anedium and fine, subangular blocky structure,,; fri-
able when moist, sticky ;and plastic when wet;
medium char- films; few fine mica flakes; strongly
acid; clear, wavy boundary.
1332-49 to 55 inches, red (2.5YR 4/6) silty clay loans; many,
fine, distinct, weak -red to dusky -red (purplish cast)
anottles and Common, coarse, prominent, brownish -
yellow (IOYR 6/8) mottles; moderate, medium,
subangular blocky structure; friable when moist,
sticky and plastic when wet; few thin clay films;
few flee mica flakes than increase in number with
depth; pockets of saprolit.e associated with the mot-
tles; Arongly acid; clear, wavy boundary.
C-55 to 92 inches +, mottled yellow and red (purplish cast)
silt loam that is. disintegrated pbyllite; massive;
some accumulation of clay in vertical cracks;
strongly acid.
The Ap horizon ranges from 3 to 8 inches in thickness and
from dark grayish brown or grayish brown to yellowish
brown in color. The B horizons range from. 30 inches to 55
inches in total thickness and from silty clay loam to clay
in texture. The color of the 132 horizons is reel in 2.5YR
hue. The combined tticlzmess of the A. and B horizons is 33
to 60 inches. I)epth to hard rock ranges from 5 to more than
15 feet.
The Georgeville soils occur with Cecil, Lloyd, and Herndon
soils. They contain more silt and less sand than the Cecil
soils, and they contain more silt and are not so dart: a red
as the Floyd soils. They are redder than the Herndon soils.
Georgeville silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes (GeB),---
This soil is on smooth interstream divides in the uplands.
Its surface layer is dark grayish -brown to yellowish -
brown silt loam 4 to 3 inches thick. The subsoil is red,
firm silty clary loam to clay 30 to 55 inches tliick In many
places from 20 to 50 percent of the surface is covered
with pebbles and cobblestones, and from 20 to 50 perr_ent of
the surface l -aver coalsilts of pebbles and cobblestones,
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is medium. The
hazard of erosion is moderate. This soil is fairly easy to
,reels in good tilth a.nd can be worked, throughout• a fairly
wide range of moisture content.
This soil is saited to most of the locally grown crops.,
but about three-fourths of the acreage is in forest, The
areas that have been cleared are used chiefly for row
crops and pasture. Pra'ct'ices that effectively control run-
off:' and erosion are needed in the cultivated areas. (Capa-
bility unit Ile -2, woodland suitability group 5, wildlife
suitability group 1)
Georgeville silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded
(GeB2).—This soil is on smooth interstream divides in the,
uplands. Its surface layer is 3 to 6 inches thick. In many
places it is a mixture of the remaining original surface
soil, and of material from the subsoil. In the less eroded
spots, the surface layer is grayish -brown and yellowish -
brown silt loam, but the color ranges to reddish brown
and the texture ranges to silty clay loans in the more
eroded spots. The subsoil is red, firm silty clay loam to
clay and is 30 to 55 inches thick.
Included with this soil in mapping were souse are€zs
where from 20 to 50 percent of the surface is covered
with pebbles zuid cobblestones and from 20 to 50 percent- of
the, surface layer consists of pebbles and cobblestones. Mso
included were some severely eroded spot.^ where. the sub-
soil is exposed. The severely eroded areas ninke up from,
5 to 25 percent of the acreage in the ,mapping unit.
Infiltration is fair, and surface runoff is medium. The
hazard of further erosion is moderate. This soil is diffi-
cult to keep in good filth and can be worked only within
a rather narrow range of moisture content wilhout
puddling. A crust forms on the severely eroded spots
after bard rains, and clods form if those areas €ire
worked when wet, The crust and the clods interfere with
germination. As a result, stands of crops are poor and
replanting of the severely eroded spots may be necessary.
About three-fourths of the acreage is in forest. This
soil is waited to most of the Locally grown crops, however,
and the areas that are cleared are used chiefly for row
crops and pasture. Practices that effectively control run-
off and erosion ire needed in the cultivated areas. (Capa-
bility unit IIe--2, woodland suitability group 5, wildlife
suitability group 1)
Georgeville silt loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes (GeQ.__....-
This soil is on short to long side slopes in the aapla•nds. Its
surface layer is 4 to 6 inches thick and consists of dark
grayish -brown to yellowish -brown silt loans. The subsoil
is red, firm silty clay loam to clay that is 30 to '15 inches
thick. Included with this soil in inatpping were many areas
where from 20 to 50 percent of the surface is covered
with pebbles and cobblest.o nes and frons 20 t050 perceaat of
rile surface layer consists of pebbles and cobblestones.
Infiltration is rood, and surface runoff is rapid. The
hazard of erosion is severe. This soil is fairly easy to
keep in good tiltla and can be worked throughout a fa�,irly
wide range of moisture, content.
Though most of the acreage is in forest, this soil is
suited to most of the locally grown crops. A. smallaa,cre-
age that has been cleared is used. chiefly for row crops
and paasture. Intensive practices that, effectively control
rarmff and erosion are needed in the cultiv ate -d axeaa,s.
g'Capaability> unit IIIc --2, woodland suitability group 5,
wildlife suitability group 1)
Georgeville silt loans, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded
(G(-,C2).—This soil is on short to long side slopes in the
uplands. In many places its surface- laver is a mixture
of the. remaining original surface soil "and of material
from the subsoil. It is 3 to 6 inches thick. In the less
eroded areas, the surface layer is aa. mixture of the re-
xrlainine original surface soil and of material from, the
subsoil. In those areas it is grayish -brown to yellowish -
brown silt, loam; but the color ranges to recldisli brown.
,and the texture ranges to silty clay loam in the more
eroded areas. The subsoil is red, firm silty clay loam to
clay and is 30 to 45 inebes thiels.
Included with this soil in snapping were ar_aany a'rea's
where from 20 to 50 percent of the surface is covered
with pobbles and cobblestones and from 20 to 50 percent of
the surface layer consists of pebbles and. cobblestones. Also.
included were some severely eroded spots where the sub-

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA
soil is exposed. These severely eroded itreas lxlake up from
5 to 25 percent, of the acreage. in the mapping unit.
Infiltration is flair, and surface runoff is rapid. The
hazard of further erosion is severe. This soil is difficult
to beep in good filth arad can be worked only within a
fatilly li.a.rrow range eaC irxoisture content without puff
dlrl �4 crust for-riis sail the severely eroded spots after
laa,rd rains, sand clods [orae if those areas care worked
�s leii wet. Tlie eiust asci the clods interfere with germi-
nation. As a result, stands of crops are poor and replant-
ing of those areas may be necessary.l�Zost of the acreage is in forest, but this soil is suited
to many of the locally grown crops. The cleared areas
are used chiefly for row crops and pasture. Intensive
practices that effectively control runoff and erosion are
needed in the cultivate;l areas. (Capability emit IIIe--2,
woodland suitability gxonp 5, wildlife suitability group
1)
Georgeville silt loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes,, eroded
(GeD2).---This soil is cm narrow side slopes bordering
"Mind draina,geways. It is dominantly tnoderaately
eroded, but it is only slightly eroded in places. The sur-
face layer is 3 to 6 inches thick. In the moderately
eroded areas, the surface layer is generally grayish -brown
to yellowish -brown silt loam, but the color ranges to red-
dish brown and the texture ranges to silty clay loam.
In the slightly eroded areas, the surface layer is dark
�rayisla-brown to yellowish -brown silt loam. The subsoil
is red, firm silty clay loam to clay that is 30 to 36 inches
thick.
Included with this soil in mapping were areas where
from 20 to 50 percent of the surface is covered with
pebbles and and cobblestones, €acid from 20 to 50 percent of
the surface layer consists of pebbles and cobblestones. Also
included zz•ere some severely- eroded spots where the sub-
soil is exposed.
Infiltration is fair to good, and surface runoff is very
rapid. The hazaard of further ,erosion is very severe.
Where this soil is only slightly eroded, it is easy to
beep in good tilth. Wliere it is moderately eroded, it is
difficult to beep in good tilth and can be, worked within
only a narrow range of moisture content without pud-
dling. A. crust forms on the severely eroded spats after
hard rains, and clods form if those areas are worked
when wet. The crust and the clods interfere with germin-
ation. As a result, stands of crops are poor and replant-
ing of those areas may be necessary.
Much of the acreage is in forest., but this soil is suited
to most of the locally grown crops. Where it hasbeen
cleared, it is used chiefly- for row crops and pasture.
Very intensive practices that effectively, control runof
and erosion are needed in the cultivatid areas. (Capa-
bilit.v unit IVe-2, woodland suitability group 5, wildlife
suitability group 1)
Goldsboro Series
The Goldsboro series consists of nearly level and gently
sloping, very deep, moderately well drained soils on
Coastal Plain uplands in the southern part, of the county.
These soils are chiefly on broad flats or in slight depres-
sions where the difference in elevation is about 5 feet
®'
between the highest and the lowest points. They have
formed under forest in Coastal Plain deposits. A season-
ally high water table is at a depth of about 21/2 feet.
Natural fertility and the content of organic insatter
are low, permeability is moderate, and the available
water capacity is i-nediuin. The shrink -swell potential is
low. + xcept hi areas that have received lune, these soils
are stroiigly acid, Response is good if suitable applica-
tions of lime and fertilizer are trade.
The Goldsboro soils of Wake County are not impor-
tant for farming. Nevertheless, most, of the acreage is
cultivated or in pasture.
Representative profile of Goldsboro sandy loam in as
cultivated field 1.1 miles south of the New Hope Church,
0.4 of a mile west on a farm road, and 30 yards south
of the farm road:
Ap-0 to 10 inches, dark grayish -brown (2.5Y 4112) sanely
loam; weak, medium, granular structure; eery fri-
able when moist; common, fine, fibrous roots: many
fine pores; slightly acid; abrupt, wavy boundary.
112--10 to 15 inches, pale -yellow (2.5Y 7/4) sandy loam;
weak, medium, granular structure; very friable
when moist; few, fine, fibrous roots; many fine
par"; slightly acid; clear, wavy boundary.
B21t--15 to 18 inches, yellowish -brown JOYR 5/65 sandy
clay loam ; few, medium, distinct, strong -brown mot-
tles, weak, medium and fine, subangular blocky
structure; friable when moist, slightly sticky and
slightly plastic when wet; few, 8ne, fibrous roots;
thin, clay films on sand grains; many fine pores;
strongly acid; abrupt, smooth boundary.
1322t---18 to 26 inches, yellowish -brown (10YR 5/4) .sandy
clay loam; maany, medium, prominent, strong -brown
mottles; moderate, medium and fine, subangular
blocky structure; friable when moist, slightly sticky
and slightly plastic when vet; medium clay films;
common fine pores; strongly acid; clear, smooth
boundary.
B23t-26 to 30 inches, yellowish -brown (10YR 5/6) sanely
clay loam; many, medium, prominent, light brownish -
gray mottles; moderate, medium and fine., -subangu-
lar blocky structure; slightly brittle in place; friable
when moist, slightly sticky acrd slightly plastic when
wet; few thin clay films; strongly acid; clear,
smooth boundary.
133t--30 to 61. inches, mottled yellowish --brown (10YR 5/6),
light brownish -gray (10YR 6/2) to gray (10YR 6/1),
and red (2.5YR 4/8) sandy clay loam; moderate,
medium and fine, iubaugmlar blocky structure;
slightly brittle in place; friable when moist, slightly
sticky and slightly plastic when wet; few thin clay
films; common fine pores; strongly acid; clear,
smooth boundary.
C 61 to 72 inches +, mottled red (lOR 4/6), gray (lti 6/0),
and yellowish -brawn (10YR 5/6) handy loam; inas-
sive ; brittle in place; friable when moist, slightly
sticky and slightly plastic when wet; strongly acid.
The A horizans range from (i to 20 inches in total thick-
ness .and from light gray to very darlt grayish brown in color.
The B horizons range from 46 to 60 inches in combined
thickness and from sandy loam to sandy clay loam in tex-
ture. The color of the 13 horizons is pale brown to yellowish
brown of 1OYR lane. Gray mottles are at a depth of 10 to
20 inches below the top of the B21t; horizon. The combined
thickness of the 4 and B horizons is more than 60 inches.
Depth to hard rock is more than 20 feet.
Goldsboro soils occur with Norfolk and Lynchburg soils.
They are not so well drained as the Norfolk soils and are
better drained than the Lynchburg soils.
Goldsboro sandy loam (0 to 4 percent slopes) (Go). ----
This is the only Goldsboro soil mapped in Wake County.

RE
SOIL SURVEY
:It :Ila-, a surface layer of light -gray to very dark g ay-
ish-brown sandy loam 6 to 20 inches thick. The subsoil
is 46 to 60 inches thick and is pale -brown to yellowish -
brown, friable sandy loam to sandy clay loam that is
mottled with gray in. the lower part. In many places this
soil contain,-, an ille ipi.east and discontinuous horizon, with
plinthite. Included 1n mapping were some areas of aa, soil
that, has a finer text aired subsoil than is typical for this
soil.
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is slow. This
soil is easy to keep in good. tilth and can be worked
throughout a wide roa,nge of moisture content. It is used
chiefly for roan crops, especially tobacco, but it, is well
suited to all the locally gown crops. in places some drain-
age is necessary for crops that require good drainage.
(Capability uiut Hiv-1, woodland suitability group 4,
Nvildlife sulta.bility group 1)
C
The Granville series consists of gently sloping to
strongly sloping, deep, well -drained soils on Piedmont
uplands in the western part of the county. These soils are
on rounded divides that have a difference in elevation of
about 20 feet between the highest and the lowest points.
They have formed under forest in material that wea-
thered from sandstone, shale, and mudstone of Triassic
age. The water table remains below the solum.
Natural fertility and the content, of organic matter
are low, permeability is moderate, and the available
water capacity is medium. The shrink -swell potential is
moderate to low. These soils have a high content of alu-
minusn. Except in areas that have received Bane, they are
strongly acid. Response is good if suitable applications of
lime and fertilizer are made.
The. Granville soils of this county are moderately im-
portant for farming, Most, of the acreage is cultivated
or in pasture.
Representative profile of aa, Granville sandy loam in
a cultivated field one-fourth of a mile west of the Salem
Church and 600 feet west of road
A11-0 to U inches, brown (10YR 5/3) sande loam; weak,
medium and coarse, granular structure; very friable
when moist ; ninny fine, fibrous roots; common small
pebbles; inediuni acid; abrupt, smooth boundary.
A2-6 to 12 inches, very pale brown (10YR 7/4) windy
loam; weak, medium and eonrse, granular structure;
very friable when moist; common., fine, fibrous rooks;
few small pebbles; medium acid; clear, wavy bound-
ary.
BI -12 to 15 inches, brownish -yellow (10YR 6/6) sandy clay
loam; weak, medium, subangular blocky structure;
friable when moist, slightly sticky and slightly plas-
tic when wet; few, fine, fibrous roots; medimn acid;
clear, smooth boundary.
1321t-15 to 20 inches, yellowish -drown (10YR 5/8) clay
loam; moderate, medium and fine, subangular blocky
structure; friable when moist, slightly sticky and
slightly plastic; when %vet; few- thin clay films;
strongly acid; clear, smooth boundary.
B22t-20 to 31 inches, yellow!sh-brown (10YR 5/8) clay
loam; few, coarse, prominent, yellowish -red (5YR
5/8) mottles; moderate, medium and fine, subangular
blocky structure; friable when moist, slightly sticky
and slightly plastic when vet; feu- thin clay films;
strongly acid; clear, smooth boundary.
113t.---31 to 41 inches; brownish -yellow (10YR (a/b) Clay loam;
many, co Arse, proralnent, red (25S'R 1/5) mottles
and common, coarse, distinct, very pale brown (10YR
7/3) anottles ; moderate, fine, subangular blocky
structure; friable when moist, slightly sticky and
slightl_y plastic when wet; common thin clay Alms;
common small pebbles; red mottles apponx to be
weatli red parent material ; strongly wld ; gradual,
smooth boundary.
0---41 to 50 inches +, layered red, light -gray, and strong -
brown clay; thick platy primary structure breaking
to strong, medium, angular and subangular blocky
structure; firm when moist, sticky and plastic when
wet; thick ,silt coatings; common rounded pebbles
as large as 3 inches in diameter; red material is
hard and brittle.; strongly acid.
The A horizons range from 6 to 20 inches in total thickwws
and frown brown or dark brown to Dale yellow in color. The
Bt horizons range from 26 inches to 54 inches in combined
thickness, from clay loaan to sandy clay loam in texture, and
from yellow to strong brown in color. From 5 to 10 Wreent
of the profile generally consists of rounded and angular peb-
bles.
Granville soils occur with Daarham, Mayodan, and Creed -
moor soils. They contain more exchangeable aluminum than
the Durham roils. have it less reddish subsoil than the
Afayodan soils, and have as coarser textured, less farm kind
less plastic lower subsoil than the Clreedmoor soils. Grnn-
ville soils are better drained than the Oreedmoor soils.
Granville sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes (GrB):--
This soil is on broad, smooth interstre.am divides in the
uplands. It has "IL dark -brown or brown t}o 1'xale-yellow sur-
face layer that, is 7 to 20 inches thick. The subsoil is
26 to 50 inches thick and consists of yellow to strong -
brown, friable clay loam or sandy clay loam, with coin -
anon mottles of yellowesli red.
Included with this soil in mapping were a few areas
where the slope is less than 2 percent. Iso included were
areas where front 20 to 1-W percent, of the surface is cov-
creel with gravel and from. 20 to 50 percent of the sur-
face layer ss gravel.
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is medium.
The hazard of erosion is moderate. This soil is easy to
keep in good tilth and can be worked throughout a wide
range of moisture content.
This soil is smell suited to most of the locally brown
crops, and nnost of the acreage is cultivated or in pns-
ture. Row crops, especially tobacco and cotton, are the
main crops grown. Practices that effectively control run-
off and erosion are needed in the cultivated areas. (Capa-
bility unit 7Ie-4, Nvoodland suitability group s, wildlife
suitability, group 1)
Granville sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded
(GrB2): This soil is oil broad, smooth inter atreaarn divides
in the uplands. Its surface layer is 6 to 8 isiches thick. In
many places it is a mixture of the remaining original sur-
face soil and of material from the subsoil. In the less
eroded areas, the surface Iayer is brown to pale -yellow
sandy loam, but the color ranges to strong brows and
the texture ranges, to sandy clay loam in the. more. eroded
spots. The subsoil is 26 to 50 inches thick and is yellow
to strong -brown, friable c.la'y loans or sandy clay loam
that has coninion snottl.es of yellowish red.
Included with this soil in snapping were some areas
where from 20 to 50 percent of the surface. is covered
with ,;ravel and from 20 to 50 percent of the surface
layer is gravel. Also included -were some severely eroded

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA
spots that make up from 5 to 25 percent of the acreage
in the mapping unit.
Infiltration is fair, and surface runoff is medium. The
hazard of further erosion is moderate. This soil is difti-
cult to keep in good tilth, but it can be worked through-
out a fairly wide range of moisture content. A crust
forms on the severely eroded spots after hard rains, and
clods form if those areas are worked when wet. The crust
and the clods interfere with germination. As a result,
stands of crops are poor and replanting of those areas is
sometimes necessary. An even stand of tobacco is hard
to obtain. Plants in an uneven stand mature at different
times. This snakes harvesting and curing of the crop diffi-
cult and reduces the quality of the tobacco.
This soil is well suited to most of the locally grown
crops, and most of the acreage is cultivated or in pasture.
The cultivated areas are used chiefly for row crops, espe-
cially tobacco and cotton. Practices that effectively con-
trol runoff and erosion are needed in the cultivated areas.
(Capability unit IIe-1, woodland suitability group 5,
wildlife suitability group 1)
31
Granville sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes (GrQ.—
This soil is on narrow side slopes in the uplands. It has
a dark -brown or brown to pale -yellow surface layer that
ranges from 7 to 15 inches in total thickness. The subsoil
is 26 to 45 inches thick and consists of yellow to strong -
brown, friable clay loam or sandy clay loam, with com-
mon mottles of yellowish red. Included with this soil in
mapping were some areas where from 20 to 50 percent of
the surface is covered with gravel and from 20 to 50 per-
cent of the surface layer consists of gravel.
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is rapid. The
hazard of erosion is severe. This soil is easy to keep in
good tilth and can be worked throughout a wide range
of moisture content.
About two-thirds of the acreage is cultivated or in pas-
ture, and the rest is in forest or in other uses. This soil
is well suited to most of the locally grown crops. The
cultivated areas are used chiefly for row crops, especially
tobacco and cotton. Intensive practices that effectively
control runoff and erosion are needed in the cultivated
areas (fig. 5). (Capability unit IIIe-1, woodland suit-
ability group 5, wildlife suitability group 1)
Figure 5.-5triperopping in a field of Granville sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes. Water from the ponds is used for irri-ation.

32
SOIL SURVEY
Granville sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded
(GrC2 .- -This soil is on narrow side slopes in the uplands.
Its surface layer is f to 8 inches thief. In many Places
the surface layer is a mixture of the remaiinlug original
surface soil and of nla,terial from the subsoil. in the les
eroded areas, the surface layer is brown to pale -yellow
sandy loam, but the color ranges to strong brown and.
the texture ranges to sandy clay loam in the more eroded
spots. The subsoil is 26 to 45 inches thick and consists of
fellow to strong -brown, friable clay loam or sandy clay
oaaila, with common mottles of yellowish sed.
Included with this soil in snapping were some areas
where from. 20 to 50 percent of the surface is covered
with gravel and where from 20 to 50 percent of the sur-
faace layer consists of gravel. Also included were some
severely eroded spots that make up from 5 to 25 percent
of the acreage in the mapping unit,
Infiltration is fair, and surface runoff' is rapid. The
hazaard. of further erosion is severe. This soil is difficult
to keep in good tilth, but it can be worked throughout.,
aa fairly wide mange of moisture c=ontent. A. crust forams on
the severely eroded spots after hard rains, and clods
form if those areas are worked when wet.. The crust and
the clods interfere with germination. As a result, stands
of crops acre poor and replanting of those areas may be
necegsan,. An even stand of, tobacco is hard to obl,aain.
Plants in an uneven stand mature at different times,
which makes harvesting and curing of the crop difficult
and reduces the quality of the tobacco.
About two-thirds of the acreage is cultivated or in
pasture, and the rest is in forest or in other arses. This
soil is well suited to most of the locally grown. crops.
Row crops, especially tobacco and cotton, are grown. in
the cultivated. areas, a.tnd other crops are grown to a lesser
extent. Practices that effectively control runoff and ero-
sion are needed in the cultivated areas. (Caability unit
Me --I, woodland suitability group 5, wildli e suitability
group 1)
Granville sandy loam, 10 to 15 percent .gl€apes (GrD). -_-
This soil is in the uplands. It has a dark -brown or brown
to pale -yellow surface layer s to 12 inches thick. The sub-
soil is 20 to 40 inches thick and is yellow to strong -brown,
friable clay loam or sandy clay loam that has coniM011
Mottles of yellowish red.
Included with this soil in mapping were. some areas
where from 20 Lo 50 percent of the surface is covered
with gravel and from 20 to 50 percent of the surface.
la nr consists of gravel. Also included were. some severely
eroded spots where the subsoil is exposed.
Tnfiltraation is good, and surface runoff is very rapid.
The hazard of erosion. is very severe. This soil is easy
to .keep in good til.th, and it can be worked throughout
a wide range of inoisture content.
About haalf of the acreage, is cultivated or in pasture,
and the rest is in. forest. This soil is well suited to most
of the locally grown crops, and the Cldtivaat.®d areas are
used chiefly for row crops. eery intensive practices that
effectively control runoff and erosion are needed in the
cultivated areas. (Capability unit IVeA, woodland suit-
ability group 5, wildlife suitability group 1)
Gullied land (Gu) is a ruiscella,neous land type consisting
of areas that have eroded beyond feasible reclamation.
Erosion has removed practically all of the original sur-
face layer and, in places, much of the subsoil from the
original soils. Mora than one-fourth of the acreage con-
sists of g-aallies. Tillage equipment can be operated across
some of the gullies but will not obliterate then. In. some
areas the gullies are too deep and too numerous to be
smoothed, even if heavy equipment is used. Some gullies
have cut into the weathered rock that underlies the area.
The uppermost part of the soil material is clay.
The rate of infiltration is slog. Most of the water from
rainfall rujis_off the, surface veil, rapidly.This land type can be used .for growing pines. but
growth of the trees will be slow. (Capahality rant. Vile, -1,
woodland suitability group 1.3, wildlife suitability group
Helena Series
The Helena series consists of gently sloping to strongly
sloping, deep, moderately -well drained soils thaat, occupy
small a.resa,s on Piedmont uplands. These soils are in tha
northern part of the county and are on side slopes and
on rounded divides that have a difference in elevation of
about 30 feet between the highest and the lowest points.
They have formed under forest in rnaaterial that weath-
ered from mixed acidic. and. basic, rocks. The water
table remains below the solum most of the time. wring
wet seasons, however, these soils contain a perched water
table as as result of their slowly perrneaa,ble subsoil.
Natural fertility and the content of organic matter
are low, and. permeability is sloe-. The available water
capacity is medium, and the shrink -swell potential is
high. Except in areas that, have re.ceivecl, lune, these soils
are strongly acid or very strongly acrid. Ti,esponse is good.
if suitable applications of lime and fertilizer are made.
The Melena soils of Wake County are not important.
for farming. 11ost of the acreage is in forest or pasture.
Representative profile of as Helena, sandy loaam in a
cultivated field 150 feet north of a paved road and 2.2 miles
east of the Wake Finishing Plant a
A.p—ti to 8 inches, grayish -brown (2.5Y 5/2) sandy loans,
weal;, fine. and inedium, granular otructure.; very
friable when moist; amity fhie, fibrous roots ; anedium
acid; abrupt, smooth boundary.
B1---8 to 10 inrlaes, loatle-broirra (2,5Y e/4) light sandy clay
laam; common, medium, prominent, brownish -yellow
mottles ; weak, medium, sul),angulatr blocky struc-
ture; friable when moist, sticky aa.nd slightly plsasti(,-
when wet; few, lane, fibrous roots; medium aaelad g
abrupt, smooth. boundary.
B21t-10 to 22 inches, browniasla-yellow (10YR 6/6) sandy
clay; many, coa_ ;e, prominent, light yellowish -brown
(10YR 0/4) mottles; weak, medium, angular blocky
structure; very firm when moist, sticky and very
plastic when wet; distinct clay films on ped sur-
faces; strongly acid; gradual, smooth boundary.
B22t 22 to 27 inches, brownisli-yellow (10YR 6/11) clay
coannaon, coarse, prominent, g;rny (10Y:i3. ;/i) Mot-
tles; weak, medium, angular blocky structure; very
firm when moist, sticky and very plastic when wet;
train clay films; very strongly acid; gradual, smooth
boundary.
B23t-27 to 82 inches, light -gray (2.5y 7/2) sandy clay to
clay; many, coarse, protniaent, brownish -yellow
(10YR 6/0) mottles; weak, medium and coarse,
angular blocky structure; very farm when moist,
sticky and eery plastic when reset; thin clay- films;
vera- strongly acid, gradual, smooth boundary.

WADI COUNTY, 14ORTk1. CAROLINA
Bat- 31? to 36 inches, dray (10YR 6/I) maty clay; fear,
coarse_, prominOnt, brownish -yellow (10Y$t 6/6) mot-
tles; weans, coarse, angular blocky structure tap-
pro,aching niaat3slye; firni when in.olst, stinky and plas-
tic Svhen wet;Aass thin clay illms; strongly acid;
clear, smooth boaand ary.
C --iii to 39 inches +, to attled light -bray and bzownish yellow
sandy clay Waut .that is dhAntegra.tod, acid crgs2.a1-
line rock.
The A horizon ranges frons. 3 to .15 in hers in thickness and
Froin graayisii bro-wn, (Vtrk grayish broayn< or light brownish
gray to pale yellow in color. In places the fit horizon is
absent. Where it occur,, it range:? from 2 to 10 inches in
flaielsness
and front pqtndy clay loans to sandy* clay in tex-
ture. The inod l color of the 'Iit horizons is yellowish brown,
but the color ranges fro,in brownish yellow, yellow, or olive
to <4rong brown or Ught gray. Gray inottling oectirs below
the uppermost 10 inches of the B21't horizon. The 7 2t horl-
zona range frons 10 inches to 30 ioebes in cornbined thick-
ness and from clay to sandy clay in texture. The combined
thickness of the A horizon and B horizons ranges, frons 20
to 60 .inches. Depth to heard rock manges from 4 to 15 feet.
Or snore.
Helens soils occur with Durham, Appling, "ivedoweo, Vance,
Eno., Wilkes, Colfax, and Creedinoor soils. They Ire menti
well drained than tho Durham, Ahpling, Wedowee, Vance,
Enon, and Wllkerw soils, [arid they have a finer textured Bob -
soil than the Durh.aani, Colfax, eancl Wedowee sails. Melena
soils are lass brown and are niore, acid than the ]+icon soils.
They have a thicker vurfaee layer and subuiil than the
Wilkes soils, are better draai.ncd than the Colfax soils, ?lid
eonta.ln less exchangeable :altauainuni than the Creednioor
soils.
Helenas sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes (HeB).—this
soil is on smooth interstroam divides. It has a dark gray-
ish -brown to light brownisli-bray surface laver 7 to 15
inches thick. The subsoil is 10 to 30 inches thick' It
.consists of yellow to strong -brown sandy clay or clay
that is very firi'n when moist and very plastic; whema vet.
The subsoil contains common gray mottles.
Infiltration is Yood, but Permeability is slow and sur-
face runoff is rnea ii an. The hazard of erosion is moderate.
This soil is eazsv to keep im. good tilth. Because of the
slowly permeable subsoil, however, tillage is restricted
after heavy raims.
About half of the acreage is cultivated or in pasture,
and the rest is in forest,. This sail is fairly well suited
to most of the locally grown crops. where it has been
Cleared, it i� nsecl clzie8=ly .for row drops. Practices that
effectively control runoff aand erosion axe needed in the
cultivated. areas. (Capability unit Ile -3, woodland suit-
ability gyp° oup 11, wildlife saaitability group 1)
Helena, sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded
(HeB2). -This soil is on smooth iraterstreamri. divides. Its
surface layer is 3 to 7 inches thick. In nviriy places it is
�a in%xture of the reinaining original surface soil and of
material from the, subsoil. In the less eroded areas, the
Surface layer is pale .yellow or light brownish gray sandy
loam, but, the, color ranges to strong brown and the tex-
:ure rang: s to clay loam in the more eroded. spots. Tile
subsoil is 10 to 30 inches thick. It consists of yellow,
-o strong -brown sandy clay or clw% that has common
,Yray inottle.s and is very firm when moist aid very
Mastic when wet.
Included with this soil .in inaapping were some severely
,roded spots where the subsoil is exposed. These spots
hake up from. 5 to 25 percent of the acreage in the
napping unit.
33
Infiltration is fair, but, permeability is sloe= and run-
off is mediums. The hazard of further erosion is severe.
This soil is difficult to keep in -good tilth. Because of
the slowly permeable subsoil, tillage is restricted after
heavy raains.A crust forms oil the severely eroded sprats
after hard. rains, and clods fours if those areas are
worked when vet. The crust and, the olods interfere with
germination. As a result, stand's of crops are poor and
replanting of the severely eroded spots is sometimes nec-
essa,I°yr. An even st-and of tobacco is hard to obtain. Plants
in anuneven stand mature at different times. This makes
llarvest7ingr and curing of the crop difficult and reduces
the quality of tile, tobacco.
About half of the acreage is cultivated or in pasture,
and the rest; is in forest. This soil is fairly well suited,
to most of tha locally grown crops. where it, has been
cleared, it is used chieflty� for row crops. Intensivo prac-
tices that effectively control runoff and erosion rare needed
in the cultivated ?areas. (Capability unit IIIe­-3, wood -
].,and suitability group 11, wildlife suitability group 1)
Helenas sa nay loam, 6 to 10 percent dopes (HeQ.—
This soil is on narrow side slopes in the uplands. Its sur-
face l a,yer° is dark grapyisll-brown to light brownish-graysandy loans 7 to 14 inches thick. The subsoil is 10 to 26
inches tbidc aucl consists, of yellow to wt.ron� -brown sandy
clay loaamn to clay=, with cominion mottles of gnay. It is
very frail when moist and very plastic when wet:.
Infiltration is good, but, permeability is slow and sur-
face, runoff is rapid. The hsamrd of °further erosion is
severe. This soil is easy to keep in good tilth, but tillage
is restricted after heavy rains becaz,use of the slowly per-
ineable subsoil.
About one-fourth of the acreage is cultivated or in
P,
sture, and the rest is in forest. this soil is fairly well
suited to most of tile. locally grown crops. $here it has
been cleared, it i5 used chiefly for row crops 11itensive
practices thaa,t, ed`ectively control runoff and erosion are
needed in the cultivated areas. (Capability unit IIIc --3,
woodland suitability group 1.1, wildlife suitability group
1)
Helena sandy loan?, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded
(HeC2).--Thi, soil is on n acro -w side slopes in the uplands.
Its surface layer is 3 to 7 inches t.hicl� In m miy places it
is as mixture, of the reina,ining or gimal surface soil acrd of
material froirt the subsoil. In tine l-e&s eroded areas,the star -
face hover is pale -yellow to light brownish , r y sandy
loam, but the color ranges to strong brown and tllc texture
ranges to clay loam in the more eroded spots.
hi(,I uled with this soil. iii mapping were solve severely
eroded spots where the subsoil is exposed. These arenas
make, alp from. 5 to 25 percent of the acreage in the
mapping unit,.
Inliltnition is fair, but perrneability is sloe- and runoff
is rapid, The hazard of further erosion is, very severe.
This soil is difficult to keep in good tilth. Tillage is
restricted after heavy rains because of the slowly perrne-
able subsoil..A. crust forms on the severely eroded shots
after hard rain,, thee clods form if 'those areas are worked
when wet. The crust and the clods interfere with germi-
nation.As a result, stands of crops are poor and replant-
ing of the severely eroded spots is sometimes necessary.
An even stand of tobacco is hard to obtain. Plants in an
uneven stand mature at different tunes. This mares har-

34
SOIL SURVEY
vesting; and curing of the crop difficult and reduces the
quality of the tobacco.
About one-fourth of the acreage is captivated or ill
pasture, and the rest is in forest. ''1."his soil is fairly well
suited to most of the locally grown. crops. Where it has
been cleared, it is used chiehy for row crops. Very inten-
sive practices that effectively control runoff and erosion
are needed in the cultivated ureas. (Capability unit
IW -A woodland suitability group 11, wildlife suitabil-
ity group 1)
Helena sandy loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes (FieD).­
'phis is as slightly to moderately eroded soil on narrow
side slopes bordering upland drain4gewa,ys. In the
slightly eroded areas, the surface layer is dark grayish-
broavn to light brownish -gray sandy loans 6 to 12 inches
thick. In the moderately eroded areas, the surface layer
is grayish -brown or pale -yellow sandy loans to strong-
bro-wii clay loam and. is 3 to 7 inches thick. The subsoil
is 10 to 24 inches thick and consists of yellow to strong -
brown sandy clay or clay, with conrmoii gray mottles. It
is very firm svlren moist and very plastic when wet.
Included with this soil in mapping were some severely
eroded spots where the subsoil is exposed.
Infiltration is good, but permeability is slow and sur-
face runoff is very rapid. The, hazard of further erosion
is verve severe.
IVliere this soil has been cleared, it is used chiefly for
Polly crops, but it is fairly well suited to most of the
locally grown crops. Most of the acreage is in forest, but
a small acreage, is cultivated or in pasture. Very intensive
practices that effectively control runoff and erosion are
needed in the cultivates) areas. (Capability unit IVe-3,
woodland suitability group 11, wildlife suitability group
1)
Herndon Series
The Herndon series consists of gently sloping to mod-
erately steep, deep, ww-ell-drained soils of Piedmont,
uplands. These soils occupy small areas in the western,
southern, and eastern parts of the county. They are on
side slopes and on rounded divides that have a difiereilce
in elevation of about 50 feet between the highest and the
lowest, points. The soils have formed under forest in
material that weathered from phyllite (Carolina slates).
The wvater table reinaains below the solum.
Natural fertility and the content, of organic )natter are
lows, and permeability is moderate. The available water
capacity is medium, and the shrink -swell potential is
moderate. Except in areas that have received lune, these
soils are inediurn acid to strongly! acid. Response is good
if suitable applications of lime and fertilizer are made.
The Herndon soils of Wake County are not import•aant,
for farming. Most of the acreage is in forest.
Representa-tive profile of a Herndon silt loara`1 in a
wooded area 1.4 miles south of U.S. Highway No. 1. and
10 yards south of county road No. 101.0;
Cil 2 inches to 0, undeeoinposed and partly decomposed phie
litter.
Ap-0 to 6 inches, yellowish -brown (10YR 5/4) silt loam;
weak, medium and fine, granular structure; very fri-
able when moist; common, fine, and medium, woody
roots; many tint pores,: common, small and inedium,
subrounded quartz pebbles; strongly acid ; eleaa.r.
wavy boundary.
B1----6 to 9 inches, strong -brown (7.5YR 5/8) silty clay loam;
weak, medium, .ubanganar blocky structure; friable
when moist, slightly sticky and slightly plastic when
wet; common, fine, woody roots: lawny fine pores;
strongly acid; clear, €smooth bound ftry.
B21t- A) to 20 inchcG, yellovish-red (5YR, 5/8) silty clay loam;
strong, medium and fine, subangular blocky structure;
friable when moist, sticky and plastic when wet; few,
fine, woody roots-, common fine pores; thick, yellow-
ish -red (5YR 5/8) clay films on peal surfaces; strongly
acid; clear, smooth boundary.
B22t-20 to 30 inches, yellowish -red (5)YR 5/6) silty clsay;
many, fine, prominent. reel mottles and many, flue,
prominent, browwnisia-yellow mottles; strong, nnedium
sand fine, snbraaaguhur blocky structure; friable when
moist, sticky and plastic when wet; thick and inoder-
ately thick clay films; few, fine and medians, woody
roots,; few fine pores; thick and moderately thick.
continuous clay films; strongly acid; clear, smooth
boundary.
B3t-30 to 40 inches, mottled dark -red, red, and yellow silty
clay loam; moderate, medium and fine, su•bangulaar
blocky structure; friable when moist, Sticky and plas-
tic w%—bell wet; common fine pores; thin clay films
strongly acid; abrupt, smooth boundary.
C-40 to 45 inches +, mottled red, yellow, white, and yellowc-
ish-red silty clay loam; massive; friable when moist;
,strongly acid.
The A horizon ranges from 3 to 8 inches in thickness and
from very dark grayish brown or brown to yellowish brown in
color. The B horizons range from 20 to 45 inches in thickness
and from silty clay loam to silty clay in texture. The color of
the B2t horizons range from strong brown to yellowish red in
7.5YR and 5YR hues. In many places those laorizaus contaiu
common mottles of red or yellow. The combined thickness of
the Pi and B horizons ranges from 36 to 48 inches. Depth to
hard rock ranges from .> to more than 15 feet..
Herndon soils occur with Aplling, Gaorgeville, and. liIayodan
soils. They have more silt and less sand throu<-;horst the profile
than do the Appling soils. Herndon sails are less red than the
Georgeville soils and have more atilt throughout their profile
than the Mnyodan soils.
Herndon silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes (Hr3).---This
soil is on smooth interstrearn divides in the uplands. It•
has a very dark grayish -brown or brown to -yellowish-
brown
ellowvish-
broww n surface, layer 5 to 8 inches thick.. The subsoil is 20
to -15 inches thick. It consists of yellowish -red to strong -
brown, friable silt.- clay loam to silty clay that contain.,;
common mottles of red or yellow. Included in an.appil-Lg
were many areas where from 20 to 50 percent of the salr-
faace is covered with pebbles and cobblestones and froin 20
t<a 50 percent of the surface layer consists of pebbles and
cobblestones.
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is medium. The
hazard of erosion is moderate, This soil is fairly easy to
keep in good tilth, and it, can be worked throughout: as
wide range of moisture content.
Most of the, acreage is in forest, but a small acreage. is
cultivated or in pasture. This soil is wvell suited to most
of the locally grown crops. Where' it has been cleared, it
is used chiefly for row crops and pasture. Practices that
offectively colitrol runoff and erosion -ire needed in the
cultivated areas. (Capability unit IIe--2, -wvoodlaird suit-
ability group 5, wildlife suitability group 1)
Herndon silt loans, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded
(HrB21.---'phis soil is in the uplands. In maaay, places its

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA
surface layer is a rnixtitiv of the remaining original sar-
face soil and. of material from the subsoil. The surface
layer is 4 to 6 inches thiole. In the less eroded areas, it is
brown and yello wish -brown silt loam, but the color
ranges to strong brown and the texture, ranges to si.lty
clay loaarn. in the more eroded spots. The subsoil is 20 to
45 inches thick. It consists of yellowish—red to strong -
brown, friable silty clay loan to silty clay that has com-
mon mottles of red or yellow.
Included with this soil in mapping were many areas
where from 20 to 50 percent of the surface is covered
with pebbles and cobblesstones, and from 20 to 50 percent.
of the surface layer consists of pebbles and cobblestones.
,°also included were some severely eroded spots where the
subsoil is exposed. These severely eroded spots make up
from 5 to 25 percent of the acreage in the mappaing unit,.
Infiltration is fair, and surface runoff is mediazan. The
hazard of further erosion is mocleraate. This soil is diffi-
cult to keep in good tilth and can be tiworked. within only
a f tirly narrow range of moisture content, without
puddling. A crust forns on the severely eroded spots
after hard rains, and clods form if those areas are
worked when wet. The crust and the clods interfere with
germination. As a result, stands of crops are poor and
replanting of those areas is sometimes necessary.
most. of the acreage is in forest, but, a small acreage is
cultivated or in pasture. The cultivated areas are, used
chiefly for row crops, but this soil is well suited to most
other locally nrosvn crops. Practices that effectively con-
trol runoff ansa erosion are needed in the cultivated'areas.
(Capability unit Ile -2, woodland suitability group 5,
wildlife suitability group 1)
Herndon silt loam, 6 to 10 percent Slopes (HrQ.—This
soil is on short side slopes in the uplands. It, has a
very dark grayish -brown or brown to yellowish -brown
surface layer 5 to 7 inches thick. The subsoil is 20 to 40
inches thick. It is yellowish -red to strong -brown, friable
41t.y clay loam to silty clay and contains COIIIII1O71 mottles
A red or yellow. Included in mapping were many areas
where from 20 to 50 percent of the surface is covered
with pebbles and cobblestones, and from 20 to 50 percent
-)f the surface. la-yer con�aists of pebbles and coO)le,401les.
Infiltration is good, and surfa eo. runoff is rabid. The
:a.arard of erosion is severe. This soil is fairly easy to
zeep irr good filth and can be worked throughout a. slide
range of moisture coutent..
A large part of the acreage is irr forest., but this soil
s well suited to most, of the locally grown crops. 'There
t has been cleared, it is used chiefly for row crop,.
Intensive practices tint; effectively control runoff and
Tosion arse needed in the cultivated areas. (Capability
snit IIIe--2, woodland suitability group 5, wildlife suit.-
ability group 1)
Herndon silt loafs, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded
- rC2). This soil is on short side slopes in the uplands.
.ts surface layer is 4 to 6 inches thick. In many places
L is a mixture of the remaining original surface soil
nd of material from the subsoil. In the less eroded areas,
Ere surface layer is brown to yellowish -brown silt loam,
ut the color ranges to strong brown and the texture
tinges to silty clay loam in the more eroded spots. The
35
subsoil is 20 to 40 inches thick. alt consists of yellowish -
red to strong -brown, friable silty clay loam to silty clay
that contains common red or yellow mottles.
Included with this soil in mapping were. many areas
where from 20 to 50 percent of the surface layer'is cov-
ered
os-ered with pebbles and cobblestortes, aaald from 20 to 50 per-
cent of the surface layer consists of pebbles and cobble-
stones. Also included were soine severely eroded spots
where the subsoil is exposed. These severely eroded spaots
occupy frons 5 to 25 percent of the acreage in the mapping
atni.t.
Infiltration is fair, and surface runoff is rapid. The
Hazard of further erosion is severe. This soil is difficult to
keep in gored tilth and can be worked within only a fairly
narr°osw r1arzge. of moisture content,. A crust foratts on t -h®
severely eroded spots after hard rains, and clods foran if
those areas are worked when wet. The, crust. and the clods
interfere with germination. As aa. result,, stands of crops
are poor and replanting of the severely eroded areas ma,y
be necessary.
A large part of the acreage is in forest, but this soil
is well santed to most of the locally grown crops. Where
it has been cleared, it, is used chiefly for rosy crops and
pasture. Practices that effectively control runoff and ero-
sion are needed in the cultivated areas. (Capability unit
IIIe-2, woodland suitability group 5, wildlife suitability
group 1)
Herndon silt loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes, eroded
(Hrd2)._.-This soil is on narrow side slopes bordering
upland drainageways. In most palaces it is moderately
eroded, but it is only slightly eroded in some places. lit
the moderately eroded areas, the surface layer is brown
or yello-wish-brown silt, loans to strong -brown silty clay
loam. In the slightly eroded areas, the surface layer is very
dark grayish -brown and brown to yellowish -brown silt
loam. The surface layer is 3 to 6 inches thick. The sub-
soil is 20 to 36 inches thick and consists of vellowish-red
to strong -brown, frhi.ble silty clay loam to silty clay that
contains comrzaon mottles of red or yellow,
Included with this soil in mapping were areas where
from 20 to 50 percent of the surface is covered with
pebbles and cobblestone;, and from 20 to 50 percent of the
surface layer consists of 1)ebbles and cobblestone . Also in-
cluded were some severely eroded spots where the cMbsoil
is exposed.
lnfiltra.t.iorz is fair to good, and surface rurtofYis A-ery
rapid. The hazaa,rd of further erosion is very severe.
11"here this soil is only slightly eroded, it is fairly easy
to keep in good tilth. ""hese it is moderately eroded, it
is difficult to keep in good tilth and can be worked witli_
irr only a fairly narrow range of rra.oistaare content-. k.
crerst formas on the severely eroded spots after hard rains,
and clods form if those areas are worked when wet, The
creast, and the clods interfere with germination. As a
result, stands of crops are. poor and replanting of the
severely eroded spots may be necessary.
A. large part of the, acreage. is in forest, but this soil
is well suited to rncst of the locally grown crops. Where
it has been cleared, it is used chiefly for row crops. prac-
tices that effectively control runoff and erosion are needed
in the cultivated areas. (Capability aunt We -2,1 wood-
land suitability group 5, wildlife suitability group 1)

EM
SOIL SURVEY
Herndon silt loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes
soil is on narrow side slopes bordering major drainage -
ways in the uplands. It, is slightly eroded in some place's
anil is moderately eroded in others. Ira the slightly eroded
areas' the surharx) layer is very dark g; .ayish, �r(9w1a or
brown to yellowish-l;roivn silt town 4 to G riches tliicki
In the rnoden toy eroded areas, the surface layer is
brown to yellowish -brown silt loam to strong -brown silty
clay loanand is 3 to 7 inches thick. The subsoil is 20
to 30 inches thick. It consists of yellowish -red to strong -
brown, friable silty clay loam to silty clay, with comaaaon
mottles of red or yellow.
Included Nvitb gals soil in inapping were, many areas
where from 620 to 50 percent of the; surf ace is covered
With pebbles said cobblestones, and area.s where fr•ouz 20 to
50 percent of the surface layer consists of pebbles and
cobblestones. Also included were some s('Verely eraadE'.d
spots where the `ubs;oil is exposed.
Infiltration is fair to good, and surface runoff iw very
rapid. This soil is highly susceptible to further erosion.
Pr actio ally all of the tic rea-ge is in forest, but areas of
this soil that have been cleared are well suited to pas-
ture and hay crops. This soil is not suited to crops that
require cultivation. (Capability unit Vl;e--1, woodland
suitability group 5, wildlife suitability group 1)
Lloyd Series
The Lloyd series consists of gently sloping to strongly
sloping, deep, well -drained soils oil Piedmont uplands
in the western part. of the county. The soils are on side
slopes and on rounded divides that, have as difference in
elevation of about 30 feet, between the highest and the
lowest points. They have formed under forest in nnateriaal
that iventhered frown hornblende gneiss. The wy iter table
remains below the solum.
Natural fertility aand tho contealt of organic. naaatt•er are
low, The aavailaa,ble -water capacity is medium, and per-
meability and the shrink -swell potential are moderate.
Rxcept in areas rVhere, these soils have received lisle, they
are slightly acid to medinin acid. Response is good if
slaitabl, applications of lime, amid fertilizer are Heade.
The 7d}old soils of lVa l e P.'Ixe of onl.v naialol~
importance for farming,'N1uch of the acreage, is in forest.
Representative profile of a Lloyd lonm 3.<)O yaarcd„
northeast of Bass hake and 12ei feet, south of road
Ap 0 to 9 inches, dark reddish-brotnn (2.:.3YR 4/4) loam;
inoden te, anediva a and fine, granular structure; very
friable when moist: many line aand medians, woody
atad fibrous roots; nanny fine pores; few small quartz
pebbles; medium acid; abrupt, wavy boundary.
L21t-9 to 12 inches, red (2.5YR 4/6) clay loam; moderate,
medium and fine, subangular blocky struc=ture; turn
when moist, sticky and plastic when wet; common,
fine, woody and flbrous roots; massy fine pores; thin
clay films; few small quartz pebble.,,,; medium acid;
clear, wavy boundary'
S22t 12 to 32 inches, red (lOR 4;6) clay; moderate, fide.
subangular blocky struetmre ; firm when moist, sticky
and plastic when wet; common, fine, woody roots-
many
oots;many fine pores; medium clay film,,;; medium acid;
clear, smooth Boundary.
1323t---32 to 38 inches, dark -red (IOR 3/6) clay loam, com-
mon, fine, distinct, red mottles; moderate, fine and
medium, subangular blocky structure; firm when
moist, sticky and plastic when wet.; few, fine, woody
roots; many thie pores; thick and inedinm a;laay i€lens;
medluni acid; clear, smooth boundary.
113t-38 to 44 inches, red (2.1518 4/6) silty clay lo2_na, many,
fine, prominent, strong. -brown mottles ; moderate, fine
and medinin, saaba.nga lar blocky strueture*; friable
WN'la moist, sticky and plastic when wait; many fine
pores; thin, continuous clay filins ; niedliun Acid;
€ibrnpt, smootia boandaary.
C._.-44 to 50 inches -N, mottled red and yellrrwish-x°€ 1 •silty clay
loam; amnssive ; friable when moiarit ; few thick clay
films in vertical cracks; medium acid.
The A. horizon ranges from 4 to 1.2 inches its thickness, and
the 13 horizons range from 30 to GO inches in coinbinod tliictk-
nees. ` be combined thickness;; of the A horiza n and U horizons
ranges from 36 to 60 inches. The texture= of the 13 horizonaa
ranges from clay to clay loam or silty clay loam. The color of
the Bat horizons ranges from red to dark r a in 2.5YR or 1,01t
lutes. In massy places these soils are mottled with strong
brown. Depth to bard rook ranges from as to mare thaau 16 feet'.
Lloyd soils occur with Cecil, Madison, and Ueorgeville soils,
They have a darker reel color in some parts of the Rubsoll
than do those soils, and they have loss silt throughout the pro-
file than ther Georgerille Broils.
Lloyd loam, 2 to 6 percent, slopes, eroded (LdB2).-- phis
soil is on broad, smooth. iaaterstream divides in the up-
lands. The surface layer is 4 to 12 inches thick. In anarap
places it is as azustaare of the remaining original sur°faa,c:^e
soil and of material fronk the subsoil. In the less eroclod
areas, the surface layer is reddish -brown loam, but than
colon' ranges to dark reddish brown and the texture
ranges to clay loans in the snore eroded spots. The sub-
soil is reel and dark -red, firm clay loam to clay that is
�W to 50 inches thick.
lucluded with this soil in inaapping were some severely
eroded spots, which occupy from 5 to 25 percent of t;he
total acreage in the mapping; unit. also, in some places
from 20 to 30 percent. of the surface is col—eyed with
pebbles and eobble.stoiieaa, and from 20 to °lo hercent of the
aIurface layer consist" - of )aebldes and c=crJale-tonei;.
Infiltration is fair, and surface runoff is inedium. The
hazard of further erosion is moderate, This soil is diffii-
Cult to keep in good tilth and. can be worked within oily
a. fairly narrow range of moisture content without pud-
dling. A crust forms on the severely eroded spots after
hard rains, and clods form if those areas are. worked
when wet. The crust and the clods interfere with gerinin..
aa•tion. As aa, result, stands of crops are poor and re.plaaart,
ing of the sec-erely eroded spots inay be necessary.
About half of the , re:ige i.s cultivated or in pa t -tare,
and t.lae rest is in forest. Where this soil h:a.s been cleared,
it is used chiefly for row crops, but it is well suited to
inost of the locally grown crops. Practices that effectively
control runoff and erosion are needed in the cultivated
areas. (Capability unit fIe-2, woodland suitability group
Ea, wildlife suitability group 1)
Lloyd loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded. (WC2)..
This soil is on narrow side slopes in the uplaands. Its sur-
face layer is 4 to 10 inches thick. In many places it, is
a mixture of the remaining original surface soil and of
materiaal from the subsoil. In the less eroded. areas, the
surface layer is reddish -brown loam, but the color ranges
to dark. reddish brown ;and the texture ranges to clay
loam in the more eroded. shots. The subsoil is 30 to 42
inches thick and consists of red and dark -rest, farms clap
loa,ln to clay.
Included with this soil in lna•pping were son-ae severely

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA
eroded spots that occupy from 5 to 25 percent of the
acreage In the mapping unit. Also, in some places from
20 to 30 percent of the surface is covered with pebbles
and cobblestones, and from 20 to 30 percent of the surface
layer consists of pebbles and cobblestones.
Infiltration is fair, and surface runoff is rapid. The
hazard of further erosion is severe. This soil is difficult
to keep in good tilth and can be worked within only a
fairly narrow range of moisture content without pud-
dling. A crust forms on the severely eroded spots after
hard rains, and clods form if those areas are worked
when wet. The crust and the clods interfere with germin-
ation. As a result, stands of crops are poor and replant-
ing of the severely eroded areas may be necessary.
Most of the acreage is in forest, but this soil is well
suited to most of the locally grown crops. Where it has
been cleared, it is used chiefly for row crops. Practices
that effectively control runoff and erosion are needed
in the cultivated areas. ( Capability unit IIIe-2, wood-
land suitability group 5, wildlife suitability group 1)
Lloyd loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes, eroded (LdD2).—
This soil is on narrow side slopes bordering drainage -
ways. Its surface layer is 4 to 8 inches thick. In many
places it is a mixture of the remaining original surface
soil and of material from the subsoil. In the less eroded
areas, the surface layer is reddish -brown loam, but the
color ranges to dark reddish brown and the texture
ranges to clay loam in the more eroded spots. The subsoil
is red and dark -red, firm clay loam to clay that is 30 to
36 inches thick.
Included with this soil in mapping were some severely
eroded spots that occupy from 5 to 25 percent of the
total acreage in the mapping unit. Also, in some places
from 20 to 30 percent of the surface is covered with
pebbles and cobblestones, and from 20 to 30 percent of the
surface layer consists of pebbles and cobblestones.
Infiltration is fair, and surface runoff is very rapid.
The liazard of further erosion is severe. This soil is diffi-
cult to keep in good tilth and can be worked within only
a fairly narrow range of moisture content without
puddling. A crust forms on the severely eroded spots
after hard rains, and clods form if those areas are
worked when wet. The crust and the clods interfere with
germination. As a result, stands of crops are poor and
replanting of the severely eroded spots may be necessary.
Most of the acreage is in forest., but this soil is well
suited to most of the locally grown crops. Where it has
been cleared, it is used chiefly for row crops. Practices
that effectively control runoff and erosion are needed in
the cultivated areas. (Capability unit IVe-2, woodland
suitability group 5, wildlife suitability group 1)
Louisburg Series
The Louisburg series consists of gently sloping to
strongly sloping, moderately deep, somewhat excessively
drained soils on Piedmont uplands. These soils occupy
large areas in the northern and eastern parts of the
county and small areas in other parts. They are on side
slopes and on rounded divides that have a difference in
elevation of about 30 feet between the highest and the
lowest points. The soils have formed under forest in
37
material that weathered from granite, gneiss, schist, and
other acidic rocks. The water table remains beneath the
solum.
Natural fertility and the content of organic matter are
low. Permeability is moderately rapid, and the available
water capacity and the shrink -swell potential are low.
Except in areas that have received lime, these soils are
strongly acid. Response is fairly good if suitable applica-
tions of fertilizer and lime are made.
The Louisburg soils in this county are fairly important
for farming, but much of the acreage is in forest.
Representative profile of a Louisburg loamy sand in a
cultivated field three-fourths of a mile south of Hodges
Creek and 30 yards east of county road No. 2217:
Ap--O to 8 inches, dark grayish -brown (10YR 4/2) loamy
sand, weak, medium, granular structure; very fri-
able; many fine, fibrous roots; common coarse frag-
ments of feldspar; strongly acid; abrupt, smooth
boundary.
B-8 to 12 inches, yellowish -brown (10YR 5/4) sandy loam;
structureless ; very friable • few, fine, fibrous roots;
common coarse particles of feldspar; strongly acid;
clear, smooth boundary.
C-12 to 36 inches, brownish -yellow (10YR 6/6) loamy sand;
structureless; very friable to loose; strongly acid;
abrupt boundary.
R-36 inches +, hard granitic gneiss.
The Ap horizon ranges from 4 to 10 inches in thickness and
from very dark grayish brown or dark grayish brown to light
yellowish brown in color. The B horizon ranges from 4 to 35
inches in thickness. Its color ranges from light yellowish
brown to yellowish brown or yellowish red in hues of 2.5Y to
5YR. In places the profile contains a discontinuous lower B
horizon that ranges from 2 to 6 inches in thickness and from
sandy clay loam to sandy clay in tex_ture. The texture of the
C horizon is commonly loamy sand, but it ranges to sandy
clay loam in some areas. The combined thickness of the Ap
horizon and B horizons ranges from 20 to 50 inches. In general,
depth to hard rock is 2 to 4 feet, but outcrops of rock are
common in most of these soils.
Louisburg soils occur with Wedowee, Wake, and Wilkes
soils. Their subsoil is coarser textured than that of the Wedo-
wee sails, and their solum is thicker than that of the Wake
soils. They are more acid and generally have a coarser tex-
tured subsoil than the Wilkes soils.
Louisburg loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes (LoB).—
This soil is on small rides in the uplands. Its surface
layer is very dark grayish -brown to light yellowish -
brown loamy sand 4 to 10 inches thick. The subsoil is
light yellowish -brown to yellowish -red, very friable
sandy loam 4 to 35 inches thick. Included with this soil
in mapping were some areas in which from 20 to 50 per-
cent of the surface is covered with pebbles and cobble-
stones, and from 20 to 50 percent of the surface layer con-
sists of pebbles and cobblestones.
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is medium. The
hazard of erosion is severe. This soil is easy to keep in
good tilth and can be worked throughout a wide range of
moisture content.
About two-thirds of the acreage is in forest, and the
rest is cultivated or in pasture. Where this soil has been
cleared, it is used chiefly for row crops, but it is fairly
well suited to many of the locally grown crops. Because
of the slopes and shallowness over bedrock, intensive
practices that effectively control runoff and erosion are
needed in the cultivated areas. During rainy seasons, its
coarse texture makes this soil subject to leaching of
mobile plant nutrients. (Capability unit IIIe-4, wood-

38
SOIL SMIVEY
hand suitability group U),, wildlife suitability group 4)
Louisburg loamy sand, 6 to 10 percent slopes RoC),
This soil is on side slopes in the uplands. Its surface
layer is very dark grayish -brown tolight yellowish -
brown loamy sand 4 to 8 inches thick. The subsoil is
light, yellowish -brown to yellowish -red, very friable
sandy loam 4 to 30 inches thick. Included in mapping
were some ,Areas in which from 20 to 50 percent of the
surface is covered with pebbles and cobblestones, and from
20 to 50 percent of the surface layer consists of pebbles and
cobblestones.
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is rapid. The
hazard of erosion Is very severe. This soil is easy to keep
ill good tilth and can be, worked throughout a wide range
of moisture content.
Most of the acreage is in forest, but this soil is fairly
well suited to many of the locally grown crops. Where
it has been cleared, it is used chiefly for ro%%> crops. Inten-
sive practices that, effectively control runoff and erosion
are needed in the cultivated areas. During rajil.17 Seagolls,
its coarse texture makes this soil subject to leaching of
mobile plant mitrients. (Capability unit Ire -3, wood-
laild, suitability group 12, wildlife suitability group 4)
Louisburg loamy sand, 10 to 15 percent slopes (LoD).—
This soil is oil side slopes bordering drainageways in tho,
uplands. Its surface layer is very dark grayish -brown to
ligght, yellowish -brown loamy sand 4 to 6 inches thick. The
subsoil is light yellowish -brown to yellowish -red, very
friable sandy loam that is 4 to 24 inches thick. Included
in mapping were some areas in which from 20 to 50 per-
cent of the surface is covered with pebbles and cobble-
stones, and from 20 to 5 )0 percent of the surface layer con-
sists of pebble --and cobblestones.
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is very rapid.
This soil is highly susceptible to further erosion.
This soil is not suitable for cultivation, and practically
all of the acreage is in forest. Areas that have, been
cleared should be rased for pasture or hay crops. (Capa-
bility unit Vle-L, woodland suitability group 12, wildlife,
suitabilit3, groin) 4)
Louisburg-Medowee complex, 2 to 6 percent slopes
?1v,(B).—Soils of this mapping unit, are so intricately mixed
that they carinot be s!op,,irated on a niaj) of the scale used.
.Xlso, the areas of each soil are crenerall
t_ y too small to be
managed ,is an individual unit. Therefore, these soils
were mapped together as n soil complex. In a typical
mapped area, about 00 percent: of the acreage is Louis-
burg soil, 38 percent is Wedowee soil, and 2 percent is
Darliani, Vance, and other soils. The soils are on small
ridges in the northeastern part of the county.
The Louisburg soil liais, a, very dark grayish-brovn to
light, yelloivish-brown surface layer of loamy sand 5 to
8 inches thick. The subsoil is light yellowish -brown to
yello-%6sh-red, very friable to loose sandy loam 15 to 35
inches thick.
The Wedowee soil lias a dark grayish -brown to light
yellowish-1_)rOW11 surface layer of sandy loans that grades
to loamy
&III(I and is 5 to S Inches thick. The subsoll is
yellowish-browll to yellowish -red, firm sandy clay loam
9 to 20 inches thick,
Included with these soil-, in inapping were some, areas
surfacein which 20 to 60 percent of the surface IS covered with
pebblesand cobblestone, . In those. ureas from 20 to 5o per-
cent of the surface layer consists of pebbles and cobble-
stones.
Infiltration is good., and surface runoff is medium. The
hazard of erosion is severe. These soils are easy to keel)
in good filth and can be, -worked throughout a wide range
of moisture content.
Most of the acreage is in forest, but these soils are,
fairly well suited to many of the locally growa crops.
Intensive practices that effectively confror runoff and
erosion are needed in the cultivated areas. (Capability
unit Ille-4, woodland suitability group 12, wildlife suit-
ability group 4)
Louisburg -Wedowee complex, 2 to 6 percent slopes,
eroded RwB9).—The soils of this complex are on rallier
small ridges in the northeastern part of the county. In
a typical mapped area, about. 60 percent of the acreage
is Louisburg soil, 88 percent is Wedowee soil, and 2 per-
cent is Durham, Vance, and other soils.
The Louisburg soil of this coraple-x: has a grayish -
brown to light yel lowish -brown surface, layer of loamy --sand 4 to 8 L, inches thick. Its subsoil is light yellowisl;.-
brown to yellowish -red, very friable to loose sandy loam
15 to 35 inches thick.
The lVedo-%vee soil has a surface layer 3 to 7 inches
thick. In many places its surface layer is a mixture of
the remaining original surface soil and of material from
the, subsoil. In the less eroded areas, the surface layer is
grayish -brown to pale -brown sanely loam. The. . color
ranges to strong brown and the texture, ranges to sandy
clay loam, however, in severely eroded spots, and thos'(11
areas inake up from 5 to 10 percent of the total acreage
in the, 'napping unit. The, subsoil is yellowish -brown to
yellowish -red, firm sand), clay loam 9'to 20 iiielies thick.
Included with these soils in mapping were some areas
in which from 20 to 50 percent of the, surface is covered
with pebblestind cobblestones. In those areas from 20to,50
percent of the surface layer consists of pebbles and
cobblestonet,
In the Louisburg soil, infiltration is good. In the Wed-
owee soil, it is only fair. Surface runoff is rnedium, and
the hazard of further erosion is severe. The Louisburg
soil is easy to keep iia good tilth and can be workod
throughout-, a wide range of moisture content. The Wed-
owee soil is difficult to keep in good tilth, but, it call be
worked throughout a fairly -%vide, range of moisture
content.
1fost of the acreage is in forest, but these soils are
fairly well suited to = rulaily of the locally grow'11 Crops.
Intensive practices that effectively control. 1-11110:ff arld
erosion are needed in the, cultivated areas. (Capability
unit TIle-4, -vmodland suitability group 12., wildlife
ability group 4)
Louisburg -Wedowee complex, 6 to 10 percent slopes
(LwC).--The soils of this complex are on side ,lopes of
medium length in uplands in the northeastern part of
the. ('Oullity. In a typical mapped area, about 60 percent
of the acre,ige is Louisburg soil, 38 percent is Wedowee
soil, and 2 percent is Durham, Vance, and other soils.
The Louisburg soil has 9, dark gnayish-brown to light
yellowish -brown surface layer of loamy sand 4 to 6
inches thick. Its subsoil is light yellowish -brown to
yellowish -red, vers- friable to loose san(Tv loam 15 to 30
inches, thick.

WAKE COL ly1TY, NORTH CAROLINA
The Wedowee soil haas a dark grayish -brown to light.
yellowish -brown surface layer of sanely loam that is 4 to
6 inches thick and grades to loamy sand. Its subsoil is
yellowish -brown to yellowish -red, firm sandy clay loam
to 15 inches thick.
Included with these soils in naaapping were some areas
in which from 20 to 50 percent of the surface is covered
with pebbles and cobbloa tones. In those areas from 2.0 to
50 percent of the surfwa e layer consists of pebbles and
cobblestones.
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is rapid. The
hazard of erosion is very severe. These soils are easy to
keep in good tilth and CAn be worked throughout aa, wide
singe of moisture content.
dost of the acreage is in forest, but, these soils are
fairly well suited to many of the locally grown crops.
If cultivated crops are grown, intensive practices that. ef-
fectively control runoff and erosion are needed. (Capabil-
ity unit I11'e-3, woodland suit -ability ;roup 12, wildlife
suitability group 4)
Louisburg -Wedowee complex, 6 to 10 percent slopes,
eroded (lwC2).—These boils are on side slopes of medium
length in uplands in the northeastern part of the county.
In as typical snapped area, about 60 percent, of the acre-
age is Louisburg soil, 36 percent is Wedowee soil, and 2
percent is Durham, Vance, and other soils.
The Louisburg soil has a gM, yish-brown to light yel-
lowish -brown surface layer of loamy said 4 to 6 inches
thick. The subsoil is light yello-wish-brown to yellowish -
red, very friable to loose sanely loam 15 to 30 inches
thick.
The Wedowee soil has a surface layer that is 3 to 7
inches thick. In many places its surface layer is a. mix-
ture of the remaining original surface soil and of inater-
ial from the subsoil. In the, slightly eroded or nioder-
aately eroded areas, the surface layer is grayish -brown
to pale -brown sandy loam. The color grades 'to strong
brown and the texture ranges to sandy clay loam in the
severely eroded spots. The severely eroded spots snake
up from 5 to 10 percent, of the, acreage in the snapping
unit. The subsoil is yellowish -brown to yellowish. -red,
firm sandy clay loam r5 to 15 inches thick.
Included with these soils in mapping were some areas
in which from 20 to 50 percent of the surface is covered
with pebbles nand col>hle ;toues. In those aareas from 21) to 50
percent of the surface layer consists of pebbles and
cohl.�le�fones.
For the Louisburg soil, in%.Itr,a,tion is good and sur-
face runoff is medium. For the IlTedowee soil, infiltration
is fair and surface runoff is rapid. For both soils, the
hazard of further erosion is very severe. The Louisburg
soil is easy to keep in ,good tilth. and can be worked
throughout °a wide range of moisture content. The Wed-
owee soil is difficult to keep in hood tilth, but it caia be
worked throughout a fairly wide range of moisture
content.
Most of the acreage is in forest. Because of the slope
and bedrock hear the surface in many places, intensive
practices that effectively control runof and erosion are
needed if these soils are cultivated. (Capability unit.
IVe--3, woodland suitability group 12, wildlife suita_
1}ility group 4) -
'M-403-70----4
Lynchburg Series
fit
The Lynchburg series consists of soils that. are ilearli-
level, very deep, and somewhat poorly drained. These
soils are in upl;.and depressions of the Coastal Plain i1.I
the southern part of the county. They leave .formed under
forest in Coastal Plain sediment. -,,k seasonally high water
table is at a depth of about 11/2 feet.
Natural fertility and the content of organic matter are
low, permeability is moderate, and the available water
capacity is medium. 'fele shrink -swell potential is lo -w.
Except in areas that have received lime, these soils are
strongly acid. Response is good if suitable applications
of lime and fertilizer are made.
1dlost areas of Lynchburg soils are cultivated or in pas-
ture. Because of their limited acreage in Wake County,
however, these soils are not important for farming.
Representative profile of Idynchburg sandy loam in it
cultivated field 0.5 mile west of Fuclnay Springs on N.C.
highway No. 42, 0.75 mile north on a paved road, 100
yards west on a farm road, and 200 yards south of farm
road
Ap-0 to S inches, grayish -brown (10YP 5/2) sanely loam;
weak, medium, granular structure; very friable when
moist; many fine and medium, fibrous roots; eom•
mon fine pores; medium acid; abrupt, irregular
boundary.
A2-8 to 13 inches, light yellowish -brown (2.5Y 6/4) .sandy
loam; weak, medium, granular structure; very fri-
able when moist; few, fine, fibrous roots; many fine
pores; medium acid; abrupt, wavy boundary.
BI --13 to 16 inches, oliva yellow= (2.5Y (3/6) sandy clay loam ;
few, medium, distinct, brownish -yellow mottles; weak,
fine and medium, subangular blocky structure; fri-
able when moist, sticky and plastic when wet; few.
fine, fibrous roots; many fine pores; .strongly acid;
abrupt, wavy boundary.
B21t-.-16 to 20 inches, light ,yellowish -brown (2.5Y 6/4) sandy
clay loam; many, medium, distinct, yellowish -brown
mottles; moderate. fine and medium, subangular
blocky structure; friable when moist, sticky and
plastic when wet; common fine pores; few thin clay
films; ,strongly acid; gradual, smooth boundary.
B22t--20 to 26 inches, light brownish -gray (2.5Y 6/2) sandy
clay loam; common, medium, di �tixict, yellowish-laiodvia
mottles and few, medium, prominent, yellowish -reel
mottles; moderate, fine alio medium, subangular
blocky structure; 'friable when inoist, sticky and
plastic when wet; many fine pores; few thin clay
films on ped surfaces; strongly acid; gradual, smooth
boundary.
B23tb `26 to 31 inches, light brownish -gray (IOYR 6/2) sandy
clay loam ; many, coarse, distinct, yellowish -brown
(10YR 5/8) mottles; weal:, fine and medium, sub
aizgular blocky structure; friable when moist, sticky
and plastic when `vet; common fine pores; thin duly
films on ped surfaces; strongly acid; gradual, smooth
boundary.
B24tg-----31 to 37 inches;, mottlecl light, brown4sb-grey (2.5
6/2) and yellowish -brown (10YR 5/8) stinely clary
loam; weal., inedium and coarse, su.ba.nguhir blocky
structure; friable when moist, sticky and plastic when
wet; common line pores; few thin clay films; strongly
a e d ; abrupt, smooth boundary.
B%,_87 to 65 inches, coarsely mottled light: brownish -gray
(2.5Y ()/2), red (2.5YR 4/8), and brownisli-;yellow
(10Y1t 6/8) heavy ,mzidy loam; tiveak, coarse, sub-
angular blocky structure; very friable when moist,
sligbtly sticky and slightly plastic when wet; strongly
acid; clear, smooth boundary.

SOIL SURVEY
G-65 to 72 hwbey -h, mottled gray, yellowish -brown, .assts red
clay; ma,%sive ; firm when moist; strongly acid.
The r1. horizon,,4 range from 8 to 20 inches in combined thick-
ness and from dark brown or dark grayish brown to light
yellowish brown or light gray in color. The Bt horizons range
from 21 to i30 iuelies in combined thiekatess. Thein texture is
mostly sandy lo.,jm or sandy clay loam that is 1S to 35 percent
clay. In place, these horizons contain 1)rtcket,4 and leas€s of
sand. The color of the .lit horizons ranges from yellowish
brown to pale yellow or light brownish gray in 10YR or more
yellowish hues. In places few to common gray mottles are
within 10 incites of the top of the uppermost Bt horizon. The
133g horizon is Ntl.e brown to light brownish gray or brownish
yellow and gene, rally contains diAinct, grayish mottles. The
combined thickntwq of the A horizons and Is horizon:.4 is more
than. 60 lnches> Depth to bedrock is more than 20 feet..
Lynchburg soils occur with Goldsboro and Rains wails, and
their texture is similar to the texture of those soils. They are
less well brained than the Goldsboro soils, however, and are
better drained than the Rains.
Lynchburg sandy loam. (0 to 2 percent slopes) (Ly). --
This is the only Iiynchburg soil snapped in Wake Coun-
ty. It is in depress ions in upliancls of the Coastal Plain.
The surface layer is dark -brown or light -gray to very
dark gray sandy loam 8 to 20 inches thick. The subsoil is
W to 60 inches thick and is pale -yellow to yellowish -
brown, friable sandy loam to sandy clay loam mottled
with shades of gray.
Infiltration. is good, and surface runoff is slow. This
soil is easy to keep in good tilth and can be worked
throughout a wide range of moisture content.
Drainage is required for most rows crops to do well On
this soil. If proper drainage is provided, this soil is well
suited to most of the locally grown crops. It is used
mainly for row crops or pasture. (Capability unit IIw-1,
woodland suitability group 4, wildlife suitability* group
2)
Made land (Mea) is a miscellaneous Iaand type, in -which
Be areas have been altered by main to the extent• that the
profile of the original soils cannot be recognized. The
altered soil rnater.ial does not function as did the original
soil, and in many places it does not resemble the original
soil.
Soine areas of Made land were made when cutting and
filling was done to eonstruct parking lots, airfields, indus-
trial sites, and highway interchanges. In many plaices all
or part of the solum and part of the material underlying
the original soil;, was cu.t, from one area and was moved
to nuotlier spot for use as fill material. Other areas of
i0latle I<an.d are near quarries where the overbul-den has
been damped into large mounds. In those places gravel
hats been spread and packed into the soils until the soil
material is compacted and hard.
The areas included in. this land type are so diverse
in characteristics that general statements cannot, be made
about them. Onsite examination of each area is necessary
before any land use is planned. (Not placed in aa, cap,;-
bility unit; woodland suitability group 13, wildlife suit-
ability group 5)
Madison Series
The Madisou series consists of gently sloping to mod-
erately steep, deep, well -drained soils that occupy fairly
small areas on Piedmont uplands in the northern part
of the county. These soils are on side slopes and on
rounded divides where the difference in elevation is about
60 feet between. the highest; and the low est points. They
have formed under forest in material that, weathered
from mics, schist, i- ica ghteiss, ;and other acidic rocks®
Natural fertility and the content of organic, matter are
los`-, permeability is moderate, and the avaailable water
capacity is meditam. The shrink -swell potential is mod-
erate. Except in areas that have received hale, these soils
ire strongly acid. Response is good if suitable applica-
tions of lime and fertilizer are made.
Tb e, Madison soils of Woke County are not important
for farming. They are mostly in forest.
Representative profile of a Madison sandy loam] in aG
,rooded tre°a ! n-ailes west of the Zdense, River Fridge
on N.C. Highway No. 98 and to yards south of road.:
Ap--0 to 6 inches, brown (10YR 5/3) sandy losanl; weak,
medium, granular structure; very friable when moist;
many fine, woody and fibrous roots; eominon fine mica.
Bakes,; few small quartz and quartz mica sebi:st peb-
isle•; medium acid; abrupt, wavy boundary.
B1-6 to 12 inches, red (2.5YR 4/6) heavy sandy clay loam;
weak, medium, subangular blocky structure; friable
when moist, slightly stielcy and slightly plastic when
wet; common, fine, Broody nnb fibrous roots; common
fine mica flakes; strongly acid; abrupt-, wavy bound-
ary.
B2t--12 to 20 inches, red (2.5YR 4/0) clay loam ; moderate,
medlum, subangular blocky structure; friable schen
moist, slightly stiC,ky and slightly plastic when wet;
thin clay films; common. fine, woody tend fibrous
roots; in€any fine mica flakes: fess partly disinte-
grated schist fragments ; strongly acid; abrupt, wavy
boundary.
i33t-26 to 32 inches, red (2.5YR 4/6) sandy clay loam; moder-
ate, medinni, subangular blocky structure ; friable
when anoist, slightly sticky and slightly plastic when
Nvcit; fern thin clay films; fern, small, woody roots;
main, fine mica flakes; common schist fragments, and
pale -yellow and dusky -real mottles around the: frag-
rnwnts; strongly acicl; clear, wavy boutad^try.
C-32 to 48 in(laes +, mottled dusky red, reds pale -yellow,
strong -brawn, and brown silt loam disintegrated
quartz mica schist; common dark flay€kcs Haat; appear
to be dishitegr¢ated garnet.; Etas, sanaTl, woody roots
extending to a depth of snore than 48 strongly.
acid.
The p horizon raaages from 3 to 10 inches, in thickne:%s and
fa om dark brossn to brown in color. The B horizon`~ range
from 10 to 35 inches ill Combined thickm.�; mad from sandy
ehay lotus to May in texture. The BI horizon is red
to red. The modal eolor of the Bt horizons is reel of 2.5YR
hue, but the color of those horizons range,.,,; to dark red. The
number of mivo tlal.es ranges from fess to cornnron in the a
horizon and frown eonaanon to mane in [lie BI horizon, but the
B2t horizon, and, in places, the C Horizon, contain nnaar,y aniea
flakes. The combined tlaickrtess of the Ap horizon awl P3 horl-
zons, ranges from 20 to 40 inches, and, ill places, the
thicknes:5 s cries greatly within a short, lateral distance. Depth
to hard roti: ranges from 5 to more than 10, feet.
Madison soils occur with the Cecil, Georgeville., and. Lloyd
soils. but they have athinner solaarn and contain more mica
flakes than diose .Soils. T]w tSadison soils contain less- silt than
the Georgeville Flails and are more acid than the Lloyd soiLq.
Madison sandy Ioam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded
(MdB2).---This soil is on smooth interstreant divides. Its
surface layer is 3 to 10 inches tliiek, In many- places it is
ati ins tune. of the remaining original surface soil sand of
maaterial from the sttbaoil.�In 9lae ies� eroded areas, the
surface layer is dark brown to brown, but the Color is

SAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA
redder and the, texturo ranges to clay loam in the more
eroded spots. The subsoil is red to dark -red, friable clay
to clay loam and is 10 to 28 inches thick.
Tncluded with this soil in mapping were Some severely
eroded spots where the snbsoil is exposed. These spots
luake up froarr 5 to 21 percent of the acreage, ill the
inping writ.
Tifiltration is fair, and surface rarnoff is medium. The
hazard of further erosion is moderate. This soil is diffi-
cult to keep iar good tilth, but it call be worked through-
out a fairly ~vide raI.i of moisture content. A crust
forms on the severely oroded spots after hard rains, and
clods form if those areas are worked when met. The crust
and the clods interfere with germinaation. As a result,
stands of crops are poor and replanting of the severely
eroded spots may be necessaaxy.
About half of the acreage is cultivated or in pastare,
and the rest is in forest. Where this soil has been cleared,
it is used ohiefly for row crops and pasture, but it is well
smite(= to all tht� locally grown crops. Practices that effee-
tively contr<al nmol and erosion are needed in the culti-
vatted areas. (Capability unit IIe-1, woodland suitability
group 5, wildlife suitability group 1)
Madison sandy loam, 6 to 1.0 ,percent slopes, eroded
(MdC2).--This soil is on short to long side slopes in the
aaplands. Its surface layor is 3 to 7 inches thick. In manq
places tlae surface layer is a mixture of the remaining
original surface soil a:n.d of material from the subsoil. Isa
the less eroded shots the surface layer is dark -brown to
brown sandy loaan, but the texture ranges to clay loam
that has a reddish color in the more eroded spots. The
subsoil is red to dark -red, friable clay loam to clay, and
it is 1.0 to 30 inches tlricic.
Included with this soil in mapping were some severely
eroded areas wheic. the subsoil is exposed. The, e areas
make pap from 5 to 25 percent of the acreage in the
aalappiug unit.
Infiltration is fair, and surface runoff is rapid. The
laaza:.rd of further erosion is severe. This soil is difficult
to keep in good tilth, but it can be worked throughout a
fairy' `vide range of moisture content. A crust forms on
tile, severely eroded spots after hard rains, however, and
clods form if those areas tare worked when wet.. The crust
a,nd the clods interfere with germination. As a result,
stands of crops are poor and replanting of those areas
ina`f be necessary.
about three-fourths of the -acreage is in forest, and the
rest is used chiefly for row crops and pasture. This soil is
well suited to all the locally grown crops. Practices that
effectively control runoff and erosion are needed in the
cultivated areas. (Capability unit IIIe-1, woodland suit-
ability group 5, wildlife suitability group 1)
Madison sandy loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes, eroded
(MdD'`,. This soil is on narrow side slopes bordering
upland dra.inageways. The surface layer is 3 to 7 inches
tlhiek. In many plaices it is a mixture of the remaining
original surface soil and of material from the subsoil. In
the less eroded areas, the surface layer is dark -brown- to
brown sandy loam, but ill the more, eroded spots the tex-
ture ranges to clay loam that, has a reddish color. The
subsoil is red. to dark -red, friable clay loam to clay that is
10 to 35 inches thick.
Im
Included with this soil in Mapping were some severely
eroded shots where the subsoil is exposed. `.phase eroded
areas maa:ke ill) from about 5 to 25 percent of ,the acreage
iil tlaearrap�pirrg paint.
Tnpiltaatton is fair, and surface runoff:' is very rapid.
Tito hw aid of farther °eroslob. is Very severe. This soil is
difficult to beep in good tilth, but it; can be worked
throughout a fairly wide range of moisture content...
crilst, forms on the severely eroded spots after hard reins,
and clods form if those areas are worked when wet. The
crust and the clods interfere with germination, As a
result, stands of crops are, poor and replanting of the
severely eroded ureas inay be necessary.
)fir a<iicaa lly all of the acreage. is ill forest., but a sinal]
acreage is in pasture or caaltivated crops, mainly row
crops, This soil is well suited to all the locally grown
crops, but very intensive. practices that effectively control
runoff .and erosion are needed in the culti`,16�d areas.
(Capability unit Ire -1, woodland suitability group 5,
wildlife. suitability ;roup 1)
Madison sanity loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, eroded
(MdE2).—,..rhis soil is on narrow side slopes bordering
major upland drainageways. Its surface layer is 3 to 5
inches thick. In many places the surface layer is a rnix-
ture of the remaining origigial surface soil and of mate-
rial from the subsoil. In the less eroded areas, the surface
layer is dark -brown to brown sandy loam, but; the texture
ranges to clay loam that has a reddish color in some of
the snore eroded spots. The subsoil is red to dark -red,
friable clay loam to clay that is 10 to 24 inches thick.
Included tenth this soil in mapping were some severely
eroded spots -where the subsoil is exposed. These areas
make up from 5 to 25 percent of the. acreage in the
mapping unit.
Infiltration is fair, and surface raanoff is very rapid.
This soil is highly susceptible to further erosion.
Practically all of the acreage is in forest. IV, here this
soil has been cleared, however, it is suited to permanent
hay or pasture. It is not suited to caaltivated crops. G` tpa-
bilitN, unit; Vle-1, woodland suitability group 5, Nvildlifc
suitability group 1)
The Alantachie series consists of nearly I ,vel or gently
sloping, deep, somewhat: poorlSr drained soaks in depres-
sions of the Piedmont: and Coastal asta,l Plain uplands. These
soils have formed in coarse loaany deposits of local allu-
vium -washed from surrounding soils of the uplands. A
seasomilly high water table is at a depth of about 2 feet.
-Natur-a.l fertility and the content of organic matter are
loss-, and permeability is moderate to moderately_ rapid.
Tile available water capacity is anedium, and the shriaak-
swell potential is low. These soils are frequently flooded,
lent the floodivaaters remain for only a brief period, of
time. Except, in areas that have received linie, the soils
are medium acid. Response is fairly good if suitable
applications of lime and fertilizer are made.
In -Wake County Mantach.ie soils are not important, for
farming. The areas are generally too small to be managed,
as aa. field independent of the surrounding soils, and most
of the acreage is ill forest. Where these soils have been

42
MMMMMMMMC• �I�
Figure 6.—Grassed waterway through an area of Mantachie soils.
cleared, they are used mostly for pasture or waterways
(fig6)*
Representative profile of a Mantachie sandy loam in a
ep'o
draw in a wooded area 1.3 miles southeast of U.S. High-
way No. 64 on county road No. 2331, 1,000 feet northeast
on a farm road, and 100 feet west of the farm road:
Ar), ---O to 10 inches, dark grayish -brown (10YR 4/2) sandy
loam; weak, medium, granular structure; very fri-
able when moist; many fine and medium, woody
roots; many fine pores; slightly acid; gradual, wavy
boundary.
B21-10 to 20 inches, dark yellowish -brown (10YR 4/4) sandy
loam; common, medium, distinct mottles of grayish
brown; weak, medium, granular structure; friable
when moist; common fine and medium roots; common
fine pores; medium acid; gradual, wavy boundary.
B22g­20 to 29 inches, gray (N 5/0) sandy loam; common,
medium, distinct mottles of pale brown; structure -
less; very friable when moist; common, fine, woody
roots; medium acid; gradual, wavy boundary.
Clg-299 to 35 inches, gray (10YR 5/1) loamy sand; common,
medium, distinct, brown mottles; structureless; very
friable to loose when moist; common, fine, woody
roots; medium acid; gradual, wavy boundary.
02g-35 to 45 inches +, gray (10YR 5/1) sandy loam; com-
mon, medium, distinct mottles of pale brown; struc-
tureless.
The A horizon ranges from 4 to 20 inches in thickness, from
dark brown or gray to dark grayish brown in color, and from
sandy loam to silt loam in texture. The B horizons range from
10 to more than 40 inches in combined thickness, and those
horizons are variable in color and texture. The colors range
from gray or very pale brown to dark brown or dark yellow-
ish brown mottled with gray. The texture ranges from sandy
loam to light loam. The structure ranges from subangular
blocky or granular to single grain and massive. The consis-
tence is friable to loose. The profile of the Mantachie soils
is more than 40 inches thick. Depth to hard rock ranges from
5 to 15 feet or more.
Mantachie soils occur with Bibb, Chewacla, and Wehadkee
soils. They ire better drained than the Bibb and `ehudkoe
soils and are coarser textured than the Chewacla and lVehad-
kee soils.
Mantachie soils (0 to 4 percent slopes) (Me).—These
soils are in depressions and draws in the uplands. Their
surface layer is dark -brown or gray to dark grayish -
brown sandy loam to silt loam 4 to 20 inches thick. The
subsoil is 10 to 40 inches thick and ranges from gray or
v r brown in color and from sandy
loampale brown to dark
am to loam in texture. It contains common gray
mottles,
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is slow to
medium. Flooding is frequent but of short duration.
These soils are easy to keep in good tilth, and they can
be worked throughout a wide range of moisture content.
If suitable drainage is provided, these soils are well
suited to most of the locally grown crops, but most of the
acreage is in forest. Where the soils have been cleared,
they are used chiefly for pasture or as sod waterways.
(Capability unit Mw -2, woodland suitability group 4,
wildlife suitability group 2)
Mayodan Series
The Mayodan series consists of gently sloping to mod-
erately steep, well -drained soils that are deep or mod-
erately deep over hard rock. These soils are on rounded
divides that have a difference in elevation of about 50
feet between the highest and the lowest points. They
occupy large areas in the western part of the county,
where they have formed under forest. The material in
which they formed has weathered from sandstone, mud -
stone, and shale of Triassic age. The water table remains
below the solum.
Natural fertility and the content of organic matter are
low. The available water capacity is medium, and perme-
ability and the shrink -swell potential are moderate.
Except in areas that have received lime, these soils are
strongly acid. Response is good if suitable applications
of lime and fertilizer are made.
Mayodan soils are not important for farming. In
this county most of the acreage is in forest.
Representative profile of a Mayodan sandy loam in a;
cultivated field 11/3 miles southwest of the, Apex Junior
High School and 100 yards south of road:
Ai).—O to 7 inches, grayish -brown (10YR 5/2) sandy loam;
weak, medium, granular structure; very friable when
moist; many fine, fibrous roots; few small quartz peb-
bles; medium acid; abrupt, smooth boundary.
B21t-7 to 11 inches, yellowish -red (5YR 5/6) clay loam;
strong, fine and medium, subangular blocIcy struc-
ture; firm to friable when moist, sticky and plastic
when wet; thin, continuous clay films; strongly acid;
clear, wavy boundary.
B22t-11 to 18 inches, yellowish -red (5YR 5/8) clay; common,
coarse, distinct, strong -brown (7.5YR 5/8) mottles;
strong, fine and medium, subangular blocky struc-
ture; firm when moist, sticky and plastic when wet;
thin clay films; strongly acid; clear, smooth bound-
ary.
B23t-18 to 25 inches, yellowish -red (5YR 4/8) clay; many,
coarse, distinct, strong -brown (7.5YR 5/8) mottles;
strong, medium and coarse, subangular blocky struc-
ture; firm when moist, sticky and plastic when wet;
thin, continuous clay films; strongly acid; clear,
smooth boundary.
B3-25 to 40 inches, mottled red, strong -brown, and yellow
sandy clay loam; moderate, fine and medium, angular
blocky structure to massive; friable when moist,
slightly sticky and slightly plastic when wet, medi-
um, discontinuous clay films on vertical surfaces;
strongly acid; clear, smooth boundary.
C-40 to 48 inches, mottled red, yellow, strong -brown, and
light -gray sandy loam from disintegrated sandstone
of Triassic age; strongly acid.

IATAKE COi7XTY, NORT11 CAROLINA
Where the sounds is only 1S+ to 30 inches thick, a thin
phase of the Alayodan st3ries is recognized. Followii'lg is
a representative profile of as thud phase of Mayodan silt
loam in a wooded area, one-half mile west of Morrisville
and. 20 yards north of c('xl sty road No. 1002:
01-__2 inches to 0, uncipea nposed forest litter.
A1_0 to 7. inch, dark grayish -brown (10ylt. 4/2) silt loans;
weak, mediau'u, granular structure; very friable when
moist; many fine, woody and fibrous roots; medium
acid; abrupt, sawtooth boundary.
A`d-1 to 4 inches, yellow (10YR 7/0) silt loam; weak, medi-
um, granular structure; very friable when moist ;
common, fine, woody and fibrous roots; strongly acid;
clear, smooth boundary.
BI -4 to 0 inches, redflish-yellow (T5YR C/G) heavy silt
loam; weak, wedium, subangular blocky structure;
friable when moist, slightly sticky and slightly pbwtle
when wet; cowl -don, fine, woody roots, strongly acid ;
clear, smooth boundary.
B21t—c3 to 15 inches, yellowish -reit (5YR 5/8) silty clay loam;
common, medium, distinct, reddish-yellow mottles;
moderate, medium, subangular blocky structure; fri-
able when moist, sticky and plastic when wet; very
few thin clay films; few, fine, woody roots; strongly
acid; clear, smooth boundary,
B22t--15 to 20 inched, yellowish -red (5YR 5/6) silty clay
loam; few, fine, prominent, red mottles; moderate,
medium, subangular blocky structure; friable when
moist, sticky and plastic when wet; common thin clay
films; strongly acid; abrupt, smooth boundary.
B3t---20 to 24 inches, yellowish -red (5YR 5/6) silty clay loam;
common, medium, prominent, red mottles; moderate,
medium, subangular blocky structure; friable when
moist, sticky and plastic when wet; few clay films in
vertical cracks; common small fragments of shale;
strongly acid; abrupt. broken boundary.
C--24 to 30 inches, red (2.5YR 1/8) silt loam from disinte-
grated shale.
11-36 inches +, red, hard shale.
The A, horizon ranges from 3 to 15 inches in thickness, from
dark grayish brown or grayish brown to light yellowish brown
or strong brown in color, and from sandy loam or gravelly
sandy loam to sandy clay loam in texture. The Bt horizons
range from 15 to 50 inches in combined thickness and from
clay loam or silty clay loam to clay in texture. The color of
the Bt horizons ranges from yellowish red to strong brown in
5YR to 7.5YR hues. Many* of those horizons have common
mottles of brown and red. Typically, from 5 to 30 percent of
the soil material throughout the profile consists of rounded
and angular pebbles. .Wayodan soils have a. high content of
exchangeable a.luminuna. The combined thickness of the A
horizon and B horizons ranges from 20 to 50 inches. Depth to
hard rock ranges from 3 to more than .15 feet.
I1layodan soils occur with Granville, Creedmoor, and Appling
soils. They are redder than the Granville soils, lack the very
firm or plastic lower subsoil of the Creedmoor soils, and con-
tain mora» exchangeable aluminum than the A.ppling soils.
ayod.an sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes (MfB)...--
This soil is on broad, smooth interstream divides in the
uplands. Its surface layer is grayish -brown to yellowish -
brown sandy loans 7 to 15 inches thick. The subsoil is
yellowish -red to strong -brown, firm clay loam to clay
that has common mottles of red and brown and is 26 to
50 inches thick. Included in mapping were a few places
in which the slope is less than 2 percent.
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is mediuin. The
hazard of erosion is moderate. This soil is easy to beep in
good tilt.h and can be worked throughout a wide range of
moisture content.
.bout two-thirds of the acreage is cultivated or in
pasture, and the rest is in forest or in other uses. The
M
cultivated areas are used chiefly for tobacco and cotton
and to a lesser extent for other row crops, but thio sail
is well suited to all the locally grown crops. Practices
that efieetively control runoff and erosion are needed in
the cultivated areas. (Capability unit He -1, woodland
suitability group 5, wildlife suitability grouse 1)
Mayodan sanely loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded
(MfB2).---This soil is oil broad, smooth interstreani divides
in the uplands. Its surface layer is 3 to 7 inches thick.
In many places it is a mixture of the remaining original
surface soil and of material froin the subsoil. In the less
eroded areas, the surface layer is grayish -brown to light
yellowish -brown sandy loam, but the color ranges to
strong brown and the texture ranges to sandy clay loam
in the more eroded areas. The su soil is 26 io 50 inches
thick and consists of yellowish -zed to strong -brown, firm
clay loans to clay, with common mottles of red and
brown.
Included with this soil in slapping were some severely
eroded spots where the subsoil is exposed. These areas
make up from 5 to lei percent of the acreage in the
mapping unit.
Infiltration is fair, and surface runof is inediurn, The
hazard of erosion is moderate. This soil is difficult to
beep in good tilth, but it can be worked throughout aL
fairly wide range of moisture content. A crust forms oil
the. severely eroded spots after hard rains, and clods
form if those areas are worked. when wet. The crust and
the clods interfere with germination. As ti, result, stands
of crops are poor and replanting of the severely eroded
areas may be necessary. An even stand of tobacco is hard
to obtain. in the severely eroded shots. Plants in an
uneven stand mature at, different times, which lzlakcs
harvesting and curing of the crop difficult and reduces
the quality of the tobacco.
About two-thirds of the acreage is cultivated or in
pasture, and the rest is in forest or in other uses. Wbera
cultivated, this soil is used chiefly for row crops, espe-
cially tobacco, but it is well suited to all the locally
grown crops. Practices that effectively control runoff and
erosion are needed in the cultivated areas. (Capability
unit Ile -1, woodland suitability group 5, wildlife suit-
ability group 1)
ayodan sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes (MfFC!.--
This soil is on narrow side slopes in the uplands. It .IIa's
a surface lawyer of grayish -brown to yellowish-browia
sanely loam 6 to 12 inches thick. The, subsoil is 26 to 4,'�
inches thick and is yellowish -reel to strong -brown, firm
clay loam to clay, with common mottles of red and
brown,
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff. is rapid. The
hazard of erosion is severe. This soil is easy to keep ilI
goodtilth and can be worked throughout as wide range
of moisture content.
About one-third of the, acreage is cultivated or in
pasture, and the rest is in forest: or in other uses. The
cultivated. areas are. used chiefly for row crops, especially
tobacco, but this soil is well suited to all the locally
grown crops. Intensive Practices that effectively control
runoff' and erosion are, needed in the cultivated areas.
(Capability unit IIIe-1, woodland suitability group 5,
-wildlife, suitability group 1)

FV
SOIL SURVEY
Mayodan sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded
(MfC2).—_rhis soil is ora narrow side slopes in the uplands.
Its surface layer is I to 6 inches thick. In many palaces
the surface layer is a mixture of the remaining original
surface soil and of material from the subsoil. In the less
eroded areas, the surface laver is grayish -brown to light,
yellowish -brown, sandy loam, but t& color ranges to
strong brown and the texture ranges to sandy clay loam
ill the more eroded spots. The subsoil is 26 t.o 4ri i€aches
thick and consists of yellowish -red to strong-broNvnm
, fir
clay loam to Clay, with common mottles of red and
brown.
Included: with this soil in mapping were some severely
eroded spots where the subsoil Is exposed. These aareas
maake up from 5 to 25 percent of the acreage in the
mapping unit.
Infiltration is fair, and surface runoff is rapid. The
hazard of further erosion is severe. This soil is difficult,
to keep in good tilth., but, it can be worked throe o,hout a
fairly wide mange of rnoist.ure content. A. crust forms on
the severely- eroded spots rafter bard rains, and clods
form if those areas are worked. ivh.en wet. The crust and
the clods interfere with germination. As a result, stands
of crops are poor and replanting of the severely eroded
areas may be, necessary. An even stand of tobacco is hard
to obtain. PhIlIts in an uneven stand mature at. different -
times. This makes harvesting and curing of the crop
difficult and reduces the quality of the tobacco.
About one-third of the acreage is cultivated or in pas-
ture, and the rest is in forest or In other uses. The culti-
vated areas are used chiefly for row crops, especially
tobacco, but this soil is well suited to all. the locally
grown crops. Intensive practices that effectively control
runoff and erosion are needed in the cultivated areas.
(Capability unit IIIe-1, woodland suitability group 5,
wildlife suitability group 1.)
Mayodan sandy loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes, eroded
(!WD210 This soil is oil narrow side slopes bordering
upland draina.geways. It is dominantly moderately
eroded, but it is slightly eroded in places. In the mod-
erately eroded areas, the surface layer is grayish -brown
to light vello�vish.browvn sandy loans to strong -brown
sandy clay loam. I to 6 inches thick. In the slightly
eroded areas, the surface layer is grayish-browrn to
yellowish -brown sandy loam 0 to 10 Inches thick. The
subsoil is 26 to 40 inches thick and consists of yellowish -
red to strong -brown, firma. clay loam to clay, w-ith corn-.
mien mottles of red and brown. In marry places pebbles
and oobblestones are ori the surface arae:[ in the surface,
layer. Included with this soil in mapping were solve
severely eroded spots where the subsoil is exposed.
Infiltration is fair to good, and surface runoff is very
rapid. The hazard of farther erosion is very seN ere.
I'irhere this soil is only slightly eroded, it is easy to keep
in good filth. Where. it is moderately eroded, it is difficult,
to keep in good tilth, but it can be worked throughout a
fairly wide range of moisture content. A crust forms on
the severely- eroded spots after hard rains, and clods form
if those areas are worked when wet. The crust and the
clods interfere with germination. As a result, stands of
crops are poor and replanting of those areas may be
necessary.
'heist of the acreage is in forest, but a. small acreage is
in pasture. Also, a small acreage is used, for row crops.
This soil is well suited to all the locally grown crops.
If it is cultivated, however, very intensive pr=actices that
effecti.vel7 control runoff and erosion are needed. (Capa-
bility unit; IWA., woodland suitability group 5, wildlife
suitability group 1)
Mayodan sanely loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes (MfE).—
This soil is on narrow side slopes bordering major drain
agew a,ys in the county. It is slightly or moderately
eroded. In the slightly eroded aareas, tlra surface layer is
grayish -brown to yellowish -brown sandy loanl 6 to 0
inches thick. Ill the moderately eroded areas, the surface
layer is grayish --brown to light yellowish -brown sa- dy
lo; In to stroim--brown sandy clay loam 4 to 0 inelae.s !hick.
The subsoil is 20 to 36 inches thick and coxasists of
yellowish -red to strong -brown, firm clary loam to claky,
-with common mottles of red and brown. In many places
pebbles and cobblestones are on the surface and in the sur-
face laver. Included with this roil ill mapping Nvere. some
severely eroded spots where the subsoil is exposed.
Infiltration is fair to good, and surface runoff is very
rapid. This soil is highly susceptible to further erosion.
Most of the acreage is In forest, but a small acreage is
in pasture. Where this soil has been cleared, it is suitable
for pasture or perennial hay crops. It is not suited to
cultivated crops. (Caapability unit `'Ie -1, woodland suit:-
a.bility group 5, wildlife suitability group 1)
Mayodan gravelly sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes
(MgB).—'Phis soil is oil broad, smooth interst.re.ain divides
in the uplands. Its surface layer is 7 to 15 inches thick.
It is grayish -brown to Qyellowish-brown gravelly sandy;
loans that has a content of gravel of tai to 30 percent. The
subsoil is 26 to 50 inches thick an(]. consists of ti ell.ow ish-
red to strong -brown, firm clay loarn to claay... with- com-
nion mottles of red and brown.
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is medium. The
hazard of erosion is moderate. Because of the high con-
tent of gravel, many areas of this soil are difficult to till,
but tillage can be performed throughout a wide range of
moisture content.
About half of the acreage is cultivated or in paasture,
,and, t1le rest, is in forest or !it other uses. The ctrItiva.ted
areas are used chiefly for row crops, especially tobacco
and cotton, but this soil is well suited to all the locally
grown crops. Practices that effectively control runoff and.
erosion are needed in the cultivated areas. (Capability
unit Ile-!, woodland suitability group 5, wildlife suit-
ability group 1)
Magravelly sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent dopes,
eroded (M9B2). This soil is on broad, smooth interstrenin
divides in the uplands. Its surface laver is .4 to 7 inches
thick. !it many places it is a rxaixturo of the, re)till ining
original nrface soil and of rnateriaal from the; saabsoil.
In the less eroded areas, the surface layer iS g;rayishr
brown to light yellowish -brown gravelly sandy- loam, but
the color ranges to strong brown and the texture raazrges
to gravelly sandy clay Ioam in the more eroded spots.
I+ roma 15 to 30 percent of the surface layer is gravel. The
subsoil is 26 to 50 inches thick and consists of yellowish -
red to strong -brown, firm clay loamy to clay, with coni -
mon mottles of red and brown.

WAKE CC)LTI+ T7, NORTH CAROLINA
Included with this soil, in niappin were some severely
eroded spots. Those areas snake up from 5 to 25 permit
of the acreage in the 'laxppin unit.
Infiltration is fair, aiif surface .runoff is moderate. The
hazard of further erosion is moderate. This soil is diffi-
cult to beep in good. tilth, but it can be worked through-
out a fairly wide range of moisture content. A crust
forms on the severely eroded spots after hard rains, and
clods form if those areas are worked when. wet. The
crust and the clods interfere with germination. As <a
result, stands of crops tyre poor and replanting of the
severely eroded spots way be necessary. An even stand of
tobacco is hard to olitai;in. Plants in an uneven stand
mature at different times, which makes harvesting and
curing of the crop diffcnit and reduces the duality of the
tobacco.
About half of the acreage is cultivated or in pasture,
and the rest in forest_ or in other uses. The cultivated
areas are used chiefly for row crops, especially tobacco
and cotton, but this soil is well suited to all the locally
grown crops. Practices that effectively control. runoff and
erosion are needed in the cultivated areas. (C:aj?ability
unit Ile -1, woodland suitability group 5, wildlife suit-
ability group 1)
Mayodan gravelly sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes
(MgQ.---This soil is on narrow side slopes in the uplands.
It has a grayish -brown to yelloevish-brown. surface layer
of gravelly sandy loam 6 to 12 inches thick. The content
of gravel in the surface layer ranges from 15 to 30 per-
cent. The subsoil is 26 to 45 inches thick. It consists of
,yellowish -red to strong -brown, firm clay loam to clay,
«with common mottles of red and brown.
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is rapid. The
Lazard of erosionn is severe. In many places the high con-
tent of gravel makes this soil difficult to till, but tillage
can be performed throughout a wide range of moisture
content.
About one-third of the acreage is cultivated, or in
pasture, and the rest is in forest or ill other uses. The
cultivated areas are used chiefly for row crops, especially
tobacco and cotton, but this soil. is well suited to all the
locally grown crops. Intensive practices that effectively
control runoff and. erosion are needed in the cultivated
areas. (Capability unit IIIe-t., ivoodland suitability
group 5, wildlife suitability group 1)
Mayodan gravelly sandy loans, 6 to 10 percent slopes,
eroded (MgC`.2) This soil is on narrow side slopes in the
uplands. Its surface layer is 4 to 6 inches thick and has a
content of gravel rang.,ing from 15 to 30 percent,. In many
places the surface layer is a mixture of the remaining
original surface soil slid of material from the. subsoil.
In the less eroded areas, it is grayish -brown to light
yellowisli-brown gravelly sandy clay loam, but the color
ranges to strong brown and the texture ranges to grav-
elly windy clay in the more eroded spots. The, sub-
soil. is 26 t.o 45 inches thick and consists of yellowish -red
to strong -brown, firm clay loath to clay, with coronion
mottles of red and brown.
Included with this soil in mapping were some severely
eroded spots. These male up from 5 to 25 percent of the
aaereage in the mapping unit.
Infiltration is fair, and surface runoff is rapid. This
soil is difficult to keep in good tilth, but it can be worked
is
throughout as fairly wide range of inoisture content. A
crust, forms, on the severely eroded spots after hard rains,
and clods fours if those areas are workedwhen wet. The
crust and the clods interfere with aerinin ation. As a
result., stands of crops are poor and replanting of those
areas may be necessary. Ali even standd of tobacco is hard
to obtain, Plants in an uneven stand mature at different,
tunes, whish snakes baarvesting and curing of the crop
difficult and reduces the quality of the tobacco.
About orae-thirdof the acreage is cultivated or ill pas-
ture, and the rest is in forest; or in other uses. The culti-
vated areas are used chiefly for row crops, especially
tobacco and cotton, but this soil is well suited to all the
locally grown crops. Where cultivated crops are grown,
intensive piuctices that effectively control rauiofr and
erosion are needed. (Capability unit IIle-1, woodland
suitability group 5, wildlife suitability group 1)
Mayodan silt loans, thin, 2 to 6 percent slopes (MyB).--
This soil is on smooth intersti•eam divides in the uplands.
Its surface layer is dark grayish -brown to ,yellowish -
brown silt loam 4 to 7 inches thick. The subsoil is 15 to
24 inches thick. It is yellowish -red to strong -.brown, firm
silty clay loam to clay, with common red mottles.
Included in snapping were some areas in which the slope
is less than 2 percent.
Infiltration is good, surface runoff is medium, and the
hazard of erosion is moderate. This soil is easy to keel)
in good tilth and can be worked throughout; a fa ii°ly wide
range of moisture. content..
About half of the acreage is cultivated or ill pasture,
and the rest is in forest. The cultivated areas are used
chiefly for row crops, but this soil is suited to roost of
the locally grown crops. Practices that effectively control
runoff and erosion are needed in the cultivated areas.
(Capability unit IIe-2, woodland suitability grout) 5,
wildlife suitability group 1)
Mayodan silt loam, thin, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded
(MyB2).----This soil is on smooth interstream divides in the
uplands. Its surface layer is 3 to 6 inches thick. In many
places it is a mixture of the remaining originaa,l surface
soil and of material from the subsoil. In the less eroded
areas, the surface layer is grayish -brown to yellowish -
brown silt loam, but, the color ranges to strong brown
and the texture ranges to silty clay loan) in the more
eroded spots. The subsoil is 15 to 24 inches thick and con-
sists of yelIowisli-red to strong -brown, farars silty clay
loaan.1 to clay, with common mottles of red.
Included with this soil in mapping were some severely
eroded spots where the subsoil is exposed. These areas
nlaake up from 5 to 25 percent of the acreage in the,
mapping unit.
Infiltration is fair, and surface runoff, is medium. The
hazard of erosion is moderate. This soil is difficult to
keel) in good tilth, but it can be worked throughout, a
fairly wide range of moisture content. A crust forms on
the severely eroded spots after hard rains) and clods
form if those areas are worked when wet. The crust and
the clods interfere with germination. As a result, stands
of crops are Boor and replanting of those areas may be
necessary.
Where this soil has been cleared, it is used chiefly for
row crops and pasture, but it is suited to most of the
locally grown crops. About half of the acreage is culti-

M,
SUIT. SURVEY
vatted or in pasture, and the rest is in forest. Practices
that effectively control runoff and erosion are needed in
the cultivated areas. (Capability unit He -2, woodland
suitability grow' 5, wildlife suitability group 1)
:t6'layodan sin, loam, thin, 6 to 10 percent slopes
(MyC).!rbis soil is on narrow side slopes 1n the uplands.
The surface layer is dark grayish -brown to yellowish-
brow-li silt loans 4 to 7 inches thick. The subsoil is 15 to
20 inches thick and consists of yellowish -red to strong -
brown, firm silty clay loam to clay, with common red
mottles.
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is rapid. Thea
hazard of erosion is severe. This soil is easy to keep in
good tilth and mn be worked throughout a fairly wide
range of moisture content.
Where this soil has been cleared, it is used chiefly for:
row crops acrd pasture, but it is suited to most of the
locally grown crops. Most of the acreage is in forest, but
a small acreage is in other. eases. Intensive practices that
effectively control runoff and erosion are needed in the
cultivated areas. (Capability unit IIIe-2, woodland suit-
ability group 5, wildlife suitability group 1)
1Vlayodan silt loam, thin, 6 to 10 percent slopes,
eroded (MyC2)_This soil is on narrow side slopes in the
uplands. Its surface layer is 3 to 6 inches thick. In many
places the surface layer is a mixture of the remainincr
g
original surface soil. and of material from the subsoil. In
the less eroded areas, the surface layer is grayish -brown
to yellolvish-brown silt loam, but the color ranges to
strong brown and the texture ranges to silty clay loam in
the more eroded spots. The subsoil is 15 to 20 inches thick
and consists of yellowish -red to strong -brown, firm silty
clay loans to clay, with common mottles of red.
Included with this soil in mapping were some severely
eroded shots where the subsoil is exposed. These areae
make up from 5 to 25 percent of the acreage in the
mapping unit.
Infiltration is fair, and surface runoff is rapid. The
hazard of further erosion is severe. This soil is difficult
to beep in good tilth, but it can be worked throughout
aa, fairly wide range of moisture content,. A crust, forms oil
the severely eroded, spots after hard rains, and clods form
if those areas are worked when wet. The crust and the
clods interfere with germination. As a result, stands of
crops are poor and replanting of the severely eroded
spots may be necessary.
HoA of the acreage is in forest, but a, small acreage
has been cleared. This soil is suited to most of the. locally
grown crops, but the cleared areas are used chiefly for
row- crops and, pasture. Intensive practices than effec-
tively control runoff and erosion are needed in the culti-
vatoa areas. (Capability unit, Me -2, woodlaand suitabil-
ity ,group 5, wildlife suitability group 1)
IVlayodan silt loam, thin, 10 to 15 percent slopes
(MyD).—This soil is on narrow side slopes bordering
draina,geways in the uplan(ls. Sonne areas are slightly
erodecl, and others are moderately eroded. In the slightly
eroded areas, the surface layer is dark grayish -brown to
yellowish -brown silt loam � to 6 inches thick. In the
rnodera:tely eroded areas, the surface layer is 3 to 6
inches thick and ranges from grayish -brown to yellowish -
brown silt loam to strong-h�-own silty clay loans. The
subsoil is 15 to 18 inches thick and consists of yellowish -
reel to strong -brown, firm silty clay loans to cla�Y, with
common mottles of red. Include;.! with this soil in
mapping were some severely eroded spots where the sub-
soil is exposed,
Infiltration is fair to good, surface runoff is very rapid,
and the hazard of further erosion is very severe. Where
erosion is only sl'ig'ht, this soil is easy to keep iii
food
Where here erosion is moderate, this soil is difficu t to
keep in good tilth, but it can be worked throughout a
fairly wide range of moisture content.. A. crust forms on
the severely eroded spots after hard rains, and clods form
if those areas are worked when wet. The crust avid the
clods interfere with germination. 4s a. result, stands of
crops are poor and replanting of those areas Ynay be
necessary.
This soil is suited to most of the locally grown crops,
but practically all of the acreage is in forest. '`hese this
soil has been cleared, it is used for row crops and pasture.
Very intensive practices that effectively control runoff"
and erosion arra needed ill the cultivated -areas. (Capabil-
ity -unit, I re -2, woodland sl_iitaability group ai, wildlife
suitability group 1)
Norfolk Series
The Norfolk series consists of nearly level to sloping,
very deep, well -drained soils on Coastal Pham uplands in
the southern part of the county. The soils are ora broad
flats and on smooth, rounded divides that have a dif-
ference in elevation of about 20 feet between the, highest
and the lotivest points. They have formed under forest in
Coastal Plain sediment. The water table remains below-
the solum.
Natural fertility and the content of organic matter are
low. Permeability is moderate, the available, water cap ac-
ity is medium, and the shrink -swell potential is low.
Except in areas that have received Haire, these soils are
strongly acid. Response is good if suitable applications_
of Time and fertilizer are made.
In Wake County the Norfolk soils are important for
farming. Most of the acreagee is cultivated or in pasture,
but some of the acreage is in forest.
Representative profile of a Norfolk loamy sand in a
cultivated field 1?!r miles west of the New .Providence
Church and 10 yards north of road
App to 6 inches, grayish -brown (2.5Y 5/2) loa*ny sand;
weak, medium, granular structure; very friable when
moist; many fine, fibrous roots; many fine pores;
strongly acid: nbmpt, sinooth boundary.
ti2---6 to 15 inches, light yellowish -brown (2.5Y 6/4) loamy
.,arid; weak, coai5e, granular structure; very friable
when molst; many fine., fibrous roots; inany fine
pores; ,strongly aaeld, abrupt, wary boundary.
Bit -15 to 17 inches, yellowish -brown (10111 5/6) sandy clay
lotani ; weals. medium, subangnlar blocky structure;
friable when moist, sticky and slightly ppost-ic when
wet; few, fine, fibrous roots; common fine pores;
strongly acid; clear, wavy boundary.
B` 1t-17 to 32 inches, yellowish -brown (10YR 5/8) ,-,nndy clay
loam; weak, coarse, subangular blocky strtwture; tri-
able when mol:st, sticky :uid slightly plastic wheaa
wet; few, fine, fibrous roots; eoininon fine pores; few
sosapuiotide nodules; few, :small, rounded quartz peb-
bles; strongly acid; clear, v-aavy boundary.
B22t-32 to 42 inches. yellowish -brown (10YR, 5/5) sandy
cloy loan ; eoininon, inediuin, proininent, red inottles ;
moderate, medium and coan>e, subangular blocky

structure; friable when moist, sticky and slightly
plastic when wet; 'few fine pores; thin, continuous
clay films on pod surfaces; few, small, hard si-,squl-
oxide nodules; Strongly acid; clear, smooth boundary.
RU ­412 to 65 inches, pale -brown (10YR 6/3) sandy clay loam;
common, medium, distinct mottles of yellowish brown,
red, and light gray; moderate., medium, subangular
blocky structure; friable when moist, and red mottles
are Arm and brittle; few fine pores; thin clay films
on ped surfaces; strongly acid; clear, wavy boundary.
C-65 to 72 inches +, mottled red, pale -yellow, reddish-yellow,
and light -gray sandy loam; massive (few platy struc-
tures occur, probably because of the nature of the
parent material) ; firm and brittle when moist; com-
mon fine pores; sand particles appear to be cemented
by oriented clay; medium acid.
The A horizons range from 4 to 20 inches in total thickness
and from dark grayish brown to pale yellow or strong brown
in color. The B horizons range from 50 to 72 inches in com-
bined thickness. Their texture ranges from sandy loam or
loam to sandy clay loam that is less than 20 percent silt. The
color of the B horizons ranges from yellowish brown to
brownish yellow in 10'Y1t hues. In places the B horizons are
mottled with red. The combined thickness of the A horizons
and B horizons is more than 60 inches. Depth to hard rock is
more than 20 feet.
Norfolk soils (fig. 7) occur with Orangeburg, Faceville,
Goldsboro, and Wagram soils. They are less red than the,
Orangeburg and Faceville soils and have a coarser textured
subsoil than the Faceville soils. The Norfolk soils are better
drained than the Goldsboro soils and have a thinner surface
layer than the Wagram soils.
Norfolk loamy sand, 0 to 2 percent slopes (NoA).—
This soil is on broad, flat interstream divides in the
uplands. The surface layer is dark grayish -brown to pale -
yellow loamy sand 8 to 20 inches thick. The subsoil is
yellowish -brown to brownish -yellow, friable sandy loam
to sandy clay loam and is 50 to 72 inches thick. In many
places this soil contains tin incipient, discontinuous hori-
zon, with plinthite.
Infiltration is zood, and surface runoff is slow. This
soil is easy to ke-ep, in good tilth and can be worked
throughout a Wide range - o f moisture content. It has no
u
limitations to intensive use and no major hazards if it
is farmed intensively.
Practically all of the acreage is cultivated or in pas-
ture., but a small acreage is in forest. The cultivated areas
are used chiefly for row crops, especially tobacco and
cotton, but this soil is well suited to all the locally grown
crops. (Capability unit I-1, woodland suitability group
6, wildlife suitabi'lity group 1)
Norfolk loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes (NoB).—
This soil is on broad, smooth interstream. divides in the
uplands. Its surface layer is dark grayish -brown to pale -
yellow loamy sand 8 to 20 inches thick. The subsoil is
yellowish -brown to brownish -yellow, friable sandy loam
to sandy clay loam 50 to 72 inches thick. In many places
this soil contains an incipient, discontinuous horizon,
with plinthite.
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is medium. The
liazard of erosion is moderate. This soil is easy to keep
in good tilth and can be worked throughout a wide range
)f moisture content.
Practically all of the acreage is cultivated or in pas-
tUre, and only a small acreage is in forest. This soil is
well suited to all the locally grown crops and is used
-hiefly for row crops, especially tobacco and cotton.
Practices that effectively control runoff and erosion are
M
Figure 7—Profile of a Norfolk loamy sand.
needed in the cultivated areas. (Capability unit Ile -1,
woodland suitability group 6, -wildlife suitability group
1) Norfolk loamy sand. 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded
(NoB2).—This soil is on broad, smooth interstream divides
in the uplands. Its surface layer is 4 to 8 inches thick. In
many places the surface layer is a mixture of the remain-
ing, original surface soil and of material from the subsoil.
In the less eroded areas, the surface layer is grayish -
brown to pale -yellow loamy sand, but the color ranges to
strong brown and the texture ranges to sandy clay loam
in the more eroded spots. The subsoil is yellowish -brown
to brownish -yellow, friable sandy loam to sandy clay
loam 50 to 72 inches thick. In many places this soil con-
tains an incipient, discontinuous horizon, with plinthite.
Included with this soil in mapping were some severely
eroded spots where the subsoil is exposed. These areas
make up from 5 to 25 percent of the acreage in the
mapping unit.

0
SOIL 'SURVEY
Infiltration is fair, and surface runoff is inedium. Tho
hazard of further ercasioll is nloder%te. This soil is diffi-
cult to keep, in good tilth, but it can be worked through-
out a fairy w1de stage of moisture content. A craist
forins on the severely eroded spots after hard raiaa7, and
clods forin if thoso areas are ,worked AN -hen wet.. The crust
and the clods ilaterfere with geiniiii,ifloaa. As a result,
stands of crops are poor and re lantin, of those areas
may be necessaa sy..� n even stand of to acc.o is hard to
obtain. Plants in an uneven stand mature at different
tithes. This ma'l'tes harvesting and curiaag of the crop
difficult and red ices the quality of the tobacco.
This soil is well suited to all the locally grown craps,
and it is used, chiefly for row crops, especially tobacco
and cotton. Dart of the acreage is ill pasture, however,
and a asinall aac,rettge is in forest. Practices that efl`ectively
control runoff and erosion are needed in the cultivated
areas. (Capability unit Ile -1, woodland suitability group
€3, wildlife, suitability group 1)
Norfolk loamy sand, 6 to 10 percent slopes (NoC).--
This soil is on Dalrrow. side slopes in the uplands. The
surface layer is Clark grayish -brown to pale -yellow loamy
Sand 8 to 20 inches thick. The subsoil is yellowish -brown.
to bro%vnisli-yellow, friable sandy loan) to sandy clay
loins 50 to 60 inches thick. In many places this soli con-
tains in incipient and discontinuous liorizola, with
plinthite.
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is rapid. The
hazard of erosion is severe. This soil is easy to keep In
good tilth and can be worked throughout a wide range.
of moisture content.
About three-fourths of the acreage is cultivated or in
pasture, and the rest, is in forest and in. other uses. This
soil is Nvell suited to all the locally growvn crops, but the
cultivated areas are used chiefly for row crops, especially
tobacco and cotton. Intensive practices that effectively
control runoff and erosion are needed in the cultivated
areas. ( Capability unit IlIe-1, woodland suitability
group 6, wildlife suitability group 1)
Norfolk loamy sand, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded
(NoC2).---This soil is on narrow side slopes in the. uplands.
Its surface layer is I to G inches thick. In many places
the surface layer is a mixture of the remaining original
surface soil and of material from the subsoil. In the le,,,
eroded areas, the surface layer is greyish -brown to pale -
yellow loalny sand, but, the color ranges to strong brown
and the texture ranges to sandy clay loam in the, severer
eroded spots. The subsoil is yellowish -brown to brownish -
yellow, friable sandy loam to sandy clay loarn that, is JO
to 60 inches thiels. In many places this soil contains all
incipient, discontinuous hoi°izon, with plinthite.
Included with this soil ill ina.pping were solace spots
that, are eroded to the extent that the subsoil is exposed.
These areas occupy from to `?5 percent, of the acreage
in the mappiaag unit.
Infiltration is fair, aand surface runoff is rapid. The
hazard of .further erosion is severe. This soil is difficult
to keep in good tilth, but it can be worked throughout a
fairly vide range of moisture content. A crust, forms on
the severely eroded spots after hard rains, and clods form
if those areas are worked when wet. The crust, and the
clods interfere with germination. As a result, stands of
crops are poor and replanting of those areas may be
necessary. Aar even stand of tobacco is hard to obtain.
Plants ill all uneven stand nlature altdifferent tunes,
v -Mich niaakes harvesting and curing of the crop difficult
and , reduces the quality of the tobacco.
About three-fourths of the acreage is cultivated or ill
pasture, and the rest- is in forest or in other uses. This
oil is well suited to all. the locally growls crops, but the
cultivated areas are used. chiefly for ro-oc crops, especially
tobacco and cotton. Intensive practices that effectively
control runoff and erosion are needed in the eultivaated
areas. (Capability unit IIle-1, woodland suitability
group 6, wildlife suitability group 1)
The Orangeburg series consists of gently sloping and
sloping, very deep, well -drained soils on Coastal Plain
uplands in the. southern M, rt of the county. These soils
are oh broad, smooth, rounded divides that have a dif-
ference in elevation of about, 20 feet between the highest,
aanl the 'lowest points, They have formed under forest in
Coastal Plain deposits. The water table remains below
the soluin.
Natural fertility and the content of orgaide niaa.tt:er are
logy, and permeability is moderate. The available agater
capacity is medilun, and the shrink-sw-ell potential is love.
Except in areas that have received lune, these soils are
lne.dium acid to strongly acid. Response is good if suit-
able applications of lime and fertilizer are made.
The Orangeburg soils of Wake County are. of only
aninor llllportance for farming. Most of the acreage is
cultivated or in pasture, but some is in forest:.
]representative profile of an Orangeburg loainy sand hi
a cultivated field one-half mile north of Paart:ins fond
and 50 yards east of the road.:
Ala -0 to 8 Niches, gra.ylalh-brown (10YR 5;2) loamy sand;
weak, fine, granular structure; very friable when
moist; nredium acid; clear, cinoGth boundary.
A2-8 to 12 inches pale—brown (10YR 6/3) loamy sand, weak,
fine, granular structure; very friable when anoist;
medlum acid; clear, smooth boundary.
B21t---12 to 19 inches, reddish-yellow (5YR 6/8) sandy clay
loam ; moderate, medium, subangular blocky struc-
ture; friable when moist; strongly acid; gradual,
smooth boundary.
B22t-----1(3 to 26 inches, yellowish -red (5YR 5/8) sr111dy clay
learn; moderate, medium, hubaangulnr blocky struc-
ture; fri€able when moi.St; Strongly acicl ; gradual,
4anooth boundary.
1'23t-26 to 50 inehes, y'elloawis,h-red (5YR 5/8) sandy clown
loam ; co,nnion, medium, distinct, 1wowvnish-yellow
mottles; modernte. medium, subangular blocky .st:rue-
ture; friable when moist; strongly acid; gradual,
smooth bmn(l ary.
133-50 to 66 inches, red (2.5YR 5/6) sandy loam that con-
tains pockets of yellow (10YR 7/8) sandy clay loam;
moderate, medium, snbangulaa° blocky straacture; fri-
able when moist; strongly acid: gradual,, diffuse
boundary.
0---66 to 72 inches + mottled red, yellowy, and gray loamy
sand; loose when moist; strongly acid.
The A horizons range from 6 to 20 inches in combined thick-
ness and from grayish brown or pale yellow to light browvraish
gray or olive brown in color. The 13 horizons range from 50
to more than 72 inches in combined thickness and from sandy
loam to sandy clay loam in texture. Their color rangers from
reddish yellow to reel or yellowish red or strong brown in
2.5YR to 7.5YR hues. The combined thickness of the h. bori-

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA
zoos and B horizons is greater than 60 inches. Depth to hard
rock Is more than 20 feet.
Orangeburg soils incur with Norfolk and Faceville sons.
They are more reddish than the Norfolk soils and have a
coarser textured subsoil than the Faceville soils.
Orangeburg loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes fOrB).—
This soil is on broad, smooth interstream divides in the
uplands. Its surface layer is grayish -brown, light
brownish -gray, and pale-yello-A, to olive -brown loamy
sand 8 to 20 inches thick. The subsoil is red to yellowish -
red and strong -brown, friable sandy loam to sandy clay
loam that is 50 to 72 inches thick (fig. 8). In many places
this soil contains an incipient, discontinuous horizon,
with plinthite.
Included with this soil in mapping were a few places
where the slope is less than 2 percent. Also included were
some spots where gravel is on and in the surface layer.
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is medium. The
hazard of erosion is moderate. This soil is easy to keep
in good tilth and can be worked throughout a wide range
of moisture content.
This soil is well suited to all the locally growncrops,
i
and practically all of the acreage is cultivated or n pas-
ture. The cultivated areas are used chiefly for row crops,
especially tobacco and cotton. Practices� that effectively
control runoff and erosion are needed in the cultivated
areas. (Capability unit IIe-1, woodland suitability group
6, wildlife suitability group 1)
Orangeburg loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded
(OrB2).—This soil is on broad, smooth interstream divides
in the uplands. Its surface layer is 6 to 8 inches thick. In
many places the surface layer is a mixture of the original
surface soil and of material from the subsoil. In the less
eroded areas, the surface layer is grayish -brown to light -
brown loamy sand, but the texture ranges to sandy clay
loam and the color is reddish in the more eroded spots.
The subsoil is red to yellowish -red or strong -brown, fri-
able sandy loam to sandy clay loam that is 50 to 72 inches
thick. In many places this soil contains an incipient, dis-
continuous horizon, with plinthite.
Included with this soil in snapping were some areas
where gravel is on the surface and in the surface layer.
Some severely eroded spots occupy from 5 to 25 percent
of the acreage in the nil, ng unit.
Infiltration is fair, and runoff is medium. The
hazard of further erosion is moderate. This soil is diffi-
cult to keep in good tilth, but it can be worked through-
out a, fairly wide range of moisture content. A crust.
forms on the severely eroded spots after hard rains, and
clods form if those areas are worked when wet. The crust
and the clods interfere with germination. As a, result,
stands of crops are poor and replanting of those areas
may be necessary. Ali even stand of tobacco is hard to
obtain. Plants in an uneven stand mature at different
times, and this makes harvesting and curing of the crop
difficult and reduces the quality of the tobacco.
Practically all of the acreage is cultivated or in pas-
ture, but a small acreage is in forest. This soil is well
suited to all the locally grown crops, especially tobacco
and cotton. Practices that effectively control runoff and
erosion are needed in the cultivated areas. (Capability
unit IIe-1, woodland suitability group 6, wildlife suit-
ability group 1)
M
Figure 8.—An Orangeburg loamy sand to a depth of 4 feet.
Orangeburg loamy sand, 6 to 10 percent slopes,
eroded (0rC2).—This soil is on narrow side slopes in the
uplands. In about three-fourths of the acreage, it is mod-
erately eroded. In the rest it is slightly eroded or severely
eroded. The severely eroded spots make up from 5 to 25
percent of the acreage in the mapping unit. In many
places the surface layer is a mixture of the remaining
original surface soil and of material from the subsoil. In
the severely eroded spots, the subsoil is exposed. In the
slightly eroded areas, the surface layer is grayish -brown
to light -brown loamy sand that is 6 to 8 inches thick, but
the texture ranges to sandy clay loam and the color is
reddish in the severely eroded spots. The subsoil is 50 to
60 inches thick and is red to yellowish -red and strong -
brown, friable sandy loam to sandy clay loam. In many
places this soil contains an incipient, discontinuous hori-
zon, with plinthite. Included in mapping were some areas
where gravel is on the surface and in the surface layer.

50
SOIL SURVEY
Infiltration is fair, and surface runoff is rlapid. Tlie
liazard of further erosion is severe. This soil is difficult
to keep in good tilth, but it can be worked throughout
a wide range of moisture content.. A crust forms on the
severely eroded spots after hoard rains, and clods form if
those areas ,are worked when wet. The crust fl d the clods
interfere with ,'or ninaa:tioti, aSs a result, strmds of crops a.re.
poor and replanting of those areas may be necessary. An
even stand of tobacco is hard to obtain. Plants in an
unei-en stand nialure, at different times, and this makes
harvesting and raring difficult and reduces the quality of
the tobacco.
.About three-fourths of the acreage is cultivated or in
pasture, and the rest is in forest, or in other uses. This
soil is well suited to all the locally grown crops. The
cultivated areas tire used chiefly for row crops, especially
tobacco and cotton. Intensive practices that effectively
control runoff and erosion are needed in the cultivated
areas. (Capability unit IIIe-1, woodland suitability
group 6, wildlife'suitability group 1)
PinkstGn Series
The Pinkston series consists of gently sloping to steep,
moderately deep, somewhat excessively drained soils in
fairly small areas on Piedmont uplands in the western
part of the county. These soils are on side slopes and on
rounded divides that have a difference in elevation of
about 75 feet between the highest and the lowest points.
They have formed under forest in material that, weath-
ered from sandstone and shale of Triassic age. The water
table remains below the solum.
Natural fertility and. the content of organic matter are
low, and permeability is moderate to moderately rapid.
The available water capacity and the shrink -swell po-
tential are low. Except in areas that have received lime,
these soils are strongly acid. Response is fairly good if
suitable applications of lime and fertilizer are made.
The Pinkston soils of 'make County are, not important
for farming. 191ost of the acreage is in forest..
Representative profile of a Pinkston sandy loam in at
cultivated field three-fourths of as mile southwest of the
entrance to Raleigh-Durham :'airport, one-fourth of a, mile
west and south on a farm road, and 50 yards south of road:
Ap-0 to.5 inches, brown (10YR s`/3) sandy loam; ,venk. fine,
granular structure; very friable when moist; common
quartz pebbles; medium acid; clear, wavy boundary.
132 —:5) to 17 inches, yellowish -red (NYR 5/6) Sandy loam;
common, medium, light yellodvish-brown and pale -
brown mottles: weak, medium, subangular blocky
structure; quartz gravel makes up vat percent of hori-
zon, by volume; friable when moist,, strongly acid;
gradual boundary.
133---17 to 25 inches, yellowish red (5YR 5/6) sandy loam;
common, medium, distinct, pinkish -gray and stron:-
brm,vu mottles; structureless; very friable when
moist; quartz gravel makes tap 35 percent of horizon,
by volume; strongly acid; gradual boundary.
C-25 to 36 inches +, partly weathered sandstone that has a
texture of gravelly sandy loam; very strongly acid.
The A horizon ranges from 4 to 10 inches in thiekness and
from pale brown to dark brown in color. The B horizons range
from 5 to 30 inches in combined thickness. Their color ranges
from yellowish brown to yellowish red in 10111 to 5YR hues.
The texture of the B horizons ranges from loalra to sandy
loam, and their strneture ranges from xveaak, fine, subangular
blocky to mmadve. The Cl horizon is aingle grain or massive.
Depth to hard raxk manges from 2 to 3 feet
:Pinkston soils occur with Louisburg, Mayodan, and Gran-
ville soils. They contain less weatherable minerals than tine
Louisburg wily, and they haven coarser textured subsoil than
the Mayaaslxn and Granville soils.
Pinkston sandy loath, 0 to 10 percent slopes (PVC;.—
This soil is on small ridges and side slo es in the uplands.
Its surface layer is pale -brown to darkrowra sandy losam.
4 to 10 inches thick. The subsoil is 5 to 30 inches thick
and consists of yello-vv sh-brown to yellowish -red, very
friable or friable sandy loam to sandy clay loam.
Included with this; soil in mapping were some areas
that are moderately eroded. Also included were some
areas where 20 to 50 percent of the surface is covered
with gravel and from 20 to 50 percent, of the surface
layer consists of gravel.
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is medium to
rapid. The hazard of erosion is very severe. This soil is
easy to keep in good tilth and can be worked throughout
a wide range of moisture content.
About two-thirds of the acreage is in forest, and the
rest is cultivated or in pasture. This soil is fairly well
suited to many of the locally grown crops. Where it, is
cultivated, however, very intensive practices that effec-
tively control. runoff and erosion .are necessary. During
rainy seasons, this soil is subject to leaching of mobile
plant nutrients because of its coarse texture. It is drough-
ty during dry seasons. (Capability unit Ike -3, woodland
suitability group 12, wildlife s€aitability group 4)
Pinkston sandv hang, 10 to 45 percent slopes (PkF}_
This soil is on side slopes in the uplands. Its surface
layer is pale -brown to dark -brown sandy loam 4 to 8
inches thick. The subsoil is 5 to 20 inches; thick acid con-
sists of yellowish -brown to yellowish -red, very friable or
friable sandy loam to sandy clay loam.
Included �vith this soil in mapping were some areas
that are moderately eroded. Also included were some
areas where from 20 to ijo percent of the surface is
covered with gravel and from 20 to 50 percent of the sur. -
face. layer consists of gravel.
Infiltration is good. §urface runoff is very rapid.
Practically all of the acreage is in forest. Because of
the steepness of the slopes and the shallowness of the sub-
soil, this soil should not be cleared. ( Capability unit
'Ile 1, woodland suitability group 12, wildlife suit-
ability group 4)
Plummer Series
The Plummer series consists of nearly level, deep,
poorly drained soils on uplands of the Coastal Plain.
These soils occupy small areas in depressions in the south-
ern part of the county, where the difference in. elevation
is about 5 feet between the highest and the lowest points.
The seasonally high water table is at the surface.
Natural fertility is very low, and the content of organ-
ic Inatter is low. Permeability is rapid, and the available
water capacity and the shrilik-swell potential are low.
Flooding is frequent., and the floodwaters remain for a
long period of time. Except in areas that have received
lune, these soils are strongly acid. Where proper drain-
age is provided, response is moderate if suitable appli-
cations of lime and fertilizer are made.

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA
Plunalner soils are lio6t d in suitability for crops, and
they are not, important. for farming. -Most of the acreage
is in forest, but a small nereage is In pasture.
Representative profile of Plummer sand in a pasture
1.1 iniles south of Holland station, 1,300 yards northwest
an a farm road, and 15 yards east of roach:
02--1 inch to 0, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) decomposed
grass, creeds, anti other litter; medium acid.
Ap--O to 4 inches, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) sand; strue-
tureless; very friable when moist; many fine and
medium, fibrous roots; many fine pores: medium acid ;
clear, smooth boimdary.
Alg--4 to 11 inches, mrit:t.jed dark -,gray (10YR 4/1) and gray
(10YR 6/1) sand; structurele�s; very friable when
moist; common, fine, fibrous roots; anany fine pores;
medium acid; clear, irregular boundary.
A21g--11 to 36 inches, gray (10YR 6/1) sand; very few, fine,
distinct, very pale brown stains of organic matter;
structureless; very friable when moist; few, fine,
fibrous roots; inany fine pores; some ,sand grains are
coated, but many are uncoated; medium acid; clear,
smooth boundary.
A22g-36 to 50 inches, light -gray (10YR 7/1) sand; structure -
less; louse when moist; sand grains are uncoated;
various feldspar colors stand out among the light -gray
quartz sand grains; few, fine, subrounded quartz peb-
bles; medium acid.
Btg--50 to 60 inches, gray (10YR 6/1) sandy loam; common,
medium, distinct mottles of brownish yellow; weak,
medium, subangular blocky structure; friable when
moist; strongly acid; gradual, wavy boundary.
Cg -60 to 72 inches -l-, gray (10YR 6/1) loamy sand; Arne-
tureless ; very friable when moist; strongly acid.
The A horizons range from 40 to 60 inches in combined
thickness and from very dark brown to gray or black in color.
In many places the 1 horizons are mottled with gray or dark
gray. The Btg horizon ranges from 10 inches to more than
40 inches in thickness. Its texture is sandy loam to sandy clay
loam, and its color is gray of 10YR lane, mottled with brown-
ish yellow. The combined thickness of the A, and B horizons
is 60 inches or more. Depth to hard rock is 20 feet or more.
Plummer soils occur with Rains soils, but they have as
thicker surface layer than those soils.
Plummer sand (0 to ._), percent slopes) (Ps). This is
,he only soil of the Plummer series mapped in Wake
Jounty. It is in Lapland depressions. The surface, layer is
aero dark brown or gray to black sand 40 to 60 inches
-hick. The subsoil is light -gray, very friable sandy clay
oaln to sandy loans 10 to 40 inches thick.
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is slow to
ao.11ded. Wetness and surface ponding are severe hazards
o crops. Where, adequately drained, this soil is easy to
peep in good tilth and can be worked throughout .1 wide
range of moisture content.
I'racticall-V all of the acreage is in. forest, but if it is
:aroperly drained, this soil can be, used to grow a few
?erennial crops that are suitable for grazing. Both sur-
Eace and subsurface, drainage are needed if cultivated
,cops are grown. (Capabili.ty unit lVw--:l, woodland
Suitability group 8, wildlife suitability group 3)
The Resins series consists of nearly level, very deepq
)oorly drained soils on uplands of the Coastal Plain.
rhese soils are in depressions where the dilerealee in
letvatioll is about 5 feet between the highest and the low-
est points. These soils are in the southern. Bart of the
,oaanty, where they occupy both large and shall areas.
51
They have formed under forest in (coastal Plain deposits.
A seasonally hilgh water table is at the surface.
Natural hrtilsty is low. The content of organic matter
is medium, and permeability and the shrink -swell po-
tential are moderate. Flooding is frequent, and the flood-
waters stay on the surface for a, long time. Except, in
areas that, have, received lune, these soils are very strongly
acid or strongly acid. ""There the soils are properly=
drained, response is good, if suitable applications of lime
and fertilizer are made.
The ][tains soils of Wake County are of only minor
importance for farming. Most of the acreage is in mixed
hardwoods and pines, but ta, small acreage is in pasture
or in cultivated crops.
Representative profile of Rains fine sandy loam in a.
cultil ated field 1.7 miles south of Willow Springs and
100 yards west of road
Ap---O to 8 inches, dark grayish -brown (10YR 4/2) fine sandy
loath; weak, medium, granular structure; very friable
when moist; common, fine, fibrous roots: inany fine
pores; medium acid; clear, smooth boundary.
B21tg-8 to 13 inches, grayish -brown (10YR 5/2) sandy clay
loam; common, medium. distinct, yellowish -brown
mottles; areal:., fine and medium. subangular blocky
structure; friable when moist, sticky and slightly
plastic when wet; fess, fine, fibrous roots; many fine
pores; thin clay films on ped surfaces; strongly acid;
clear, wavy boundary.
B22tg-13 to 22 inches, grayish -brown (2.5Y 5/2) .sandy clay
loam; common, medium, distinct, yellowish -brown
mottles; weals, medium, subang alar blocky structure;
triable when moist, sticky and slightly plastic when
Wet; few, fine., fibrous roots; many fine pores; thin
clay films on ped surfaces; strongly acid; clear, wavy
boundary.
B23tg--22 to 28 inches, gray (10YR 0/1) heavy sandy clay
loaiu ; common, medium, distinct, yellowish -brown
mottles; weak, medium, subangular blocky structure;
friable when moist, sticky and slightly plastic when
suet; many fine pores; medium clay films on ped sur-
faces; very strongly acid; clear, irregular boundary.
Mug -28 to 65 inches, gray (10YR 5/1) sandy clay loans;
many, medium, prominent, strong -brawn mottles;
weak, coarse, subangular blocky structure tending to
massive; strong -brown mottles are slightly brittle and
are friable when moist; gleyed mottles etre friable
when moist and are slightly sticky and slightly plas-
tic when wet; strongly oriented clay films in cracks;
few, small, romided pebbles; very strongly= acid.
C, _05 to 72 inches +, gray (10YR 5/1) loamy saand; st.ruc-
tureless; friable when moist; very strongly acid.
The Ap horizon ranges from 6 to 20 inches in thickness and
Froin very dark gray to grayish brown or dark grayish brown
in color. The B horizons range from 40 to 60 inches or more
in combined thickness and from sandy loam to clay loam in
texture. The color of the B horizons ranges from gray to
grayish brown las JOYR to 5Y hues, and these horizons tare
mottled with yellow or brown in many places. The combined
thickness of the A anis D horizons is more than 60 inches.
Depth to hard rock is 20 feet or more.
Rains soils occur with Lynchburg and Plummer sols. They
are . ore poorly drained than the Lynchburg soils and have as
thinner surface layer than the Plunimer soils.
Mains fine sandy loam (0 to 2 percent slopes) (Ra):—
This soil is iia depressions in the uplands. It is the 0111.�•
Rains soil snapped in lVake County. The surface .layer is
very dark gray to grayish -brown fine sandy loam 6 to '?0
inches thick. The subsoil is 10 to 60 inches thick and con-
sists of gray to ,grayish -'brown, friable sandy loam to clay
loam, with c.ouLmon mottles of yellow and brown.

W&
SOIL SURVEY
Included with this soil in mapping were a few areas
where the subsoil. is clay. Also included were a few ureas
of a \-eT`y poorly d�~wined soil Haat ha a surface la-yer of
lotaln.
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is slow to
pondcd. wetness Falai surface pollcdizlg are severe hazards
to crops. JVhere this Soil is ndequately drained, it is easy
to keep in goodtilth and can be worked throughout a
wide range of moisture, content.
If this soil is properly drained, it is well spited to
malazy of the locally ,z°or,crops. Both surface and sub-
y,salrface drainage* are needed, however, if caaltivated crops
are grown. %fort, of the acreage is in forest, but as small
acreage is cultivated or ill pasture. (011mbility emit
II111-3, woocdlaud suitability group i, wildlife suit-
ability group 3 )
Roanoke Series
The Roanoke series consists of nearly level, deep, poor-
ly drained soils that, occupy large areas oil low- stream
terraces. These soils are in all parts of the county near
the large, streams, and they Have formed under forest in
allzlvial deposit. A seasonally= high water table is It the
Su mace.
Natural fertility and the content of organic matter are
medium, permeability is slow, and the available water
capacity is medium. The shrimp -swell potentiaal is high to
moderate. Flooding is frequent,, but, the floodwaters re-
main for only a. short time. Except in areas where lime
has been applied, these soils are strongly acid. Where.
proper drainame is provided, respoaase. is fairly good if
suitable applications of lune and fertilizer are made.
In Wake County the Btoa,noke soils are not important
for farming. Most of the acreage is in mixed hardwoods
and some pines, but a small acreage is cultivated or in
pasture.
Representative profile of Roanoke fine sand barn in
a wooded area 0.0 of a. mile southwest of Plymouth
Church oil ai fame road, and 100 yards southeast of the
farm road:
01-2 inches to 1 inch,erndecoalaposeal forest litter.
02-1 inch to 0, decomlxa,vil forest. litter.
Al -0 to 7 inches, dark groyNb-bi•ovrn (10YIt 4/2) hale Sandy
loam ; few, medium, distinct, brown mottles; weal:,
coarse. granular Ftr nc Luse : very friable when inoiSt ;
many fine and medium, ffiarous root's .and fell', large
woody roots; many fine pores=- slightly acid; clear,
wavy boundary.
A2-7 to 11. inches, grayish -brown (ioyr 5/2) fine sandy
losuaa; maiay, coarse, distinct, light brownish- gray
(10YR 0/2) mottles; weal:, coarse, granular struc-
ture; very friable when moist, slightly brittle; fear,
fine, woody roots; many fine pores; slightly acid;
clear, 4moath boundary.
13eta--11 to 1ra inches, gray (10YT1 6/1) sandy clay loam;
common, medium, distinct, brownish -yellow and ,few-,
fine, prominent, strong -brown inottles ; moderate,
coarse, subangular blocky structure; firm when moist,
slightly sticky and slightly plastic when wet; few,
fine, woody roots; common fine pores; inedium clay
films oii ped surfaces; medium acid; clear, wavy
boundary.
B21tg 15 to 22 inches, gray (10Y1t 1/1) clay; common,
medium, distinct, y cllowish-brown and few, medium,
prominent, yellowish -red ,mottles,; very coarse, pris-
matic primary structure breaking to strong, coarse,
angular blocky structure; very firm when moist,
Sticky and plastic when wet, many ilne, woody roots
in vertical cracks; thick clay films on ped surfaces;
strongly acid; gradual, wary boundary.
B22tt 12 to 31 inc• ies, gray (1oYlt 5/1) heavy clay lchun ;
few, fine, distinct, yellow mottles; very coarse, pris-
anatic primary structure breaking to strong coarse,
angular bloc=ky ,structure; very firm when moist;
sticky and plastic when wet; few, fine, woody roots
in vertical cracks; thick clay films on ped surfaces;
strongly acid; gradual, wavy boundary.
B3tg-31 to 38 inches, gray (10Y1t fi/I) sanely clay laarn;
few, fine and medium, distinct, yellowish -brown inot-
tles ; weak, coarse, angular blocky structure; firin
when icroist, sticky and plastic when wet; thin, dis-
continuous clay films on ped qurfaoes; medinin acid;
gradual, wavy boundary.
Clg-38 to 42 niches, grayi:sli-brown (1.0YTi. 5/2) sandy loam
mat sive; hard in place; friable when moist, slightly
sticky and slightly plastic when wet; slightly acid;
Clear, wavy boundary.
C2,--42 to 4¢i inches -F, gray (10Y12 6/1) ,4andy loam; fess,
fine, distinct, olive mottles; massive; friable w -hen
moist, slightly sticky aqui slightly plastic w hen wet;
slightly acid.
The A horizons; range from 6 to 20 inches in combined
thickness and from dark gray to grayish brown or dark
grayish brown in color. The B horizons range from 20 to 30
inches in combined t-hic_•kness and from sandy clay loam to
clay in texture. The color of the Tit horizons is grray in 2.rrY
and IOYR hues. In many places the Bt horizons are mottled
with yellow and brokvn. in many are2s the lower boundary of
the, B3tg horizon separates that horizon from a stone line,
sand, or unconsolidated sand and clay. The combined thick-
ness of the A horizons and B horizons ranges from 30 to 40
inches. Depth to hard rock is more than ri feet and commonly
is more than It; fleet.
Roanoke soils occur with waliee and. Welaadkee soils. They
are more poorly drained than the 'Wahee soils and have legs
sand in their saibsoil than the Wehadkee soils.
Roanoke fide sandy loam (0 to 'I) percent. slolaes) (Rcl.
This is the only Roanoke soil mapped in Wake County.
It is on low stream terraces. The surface layer is da.rk-
gra,y to grayish -brown fine sandy loa:ln 6 to 20 irwhes
thick. The, subsoil is gray, very firm clay to clay loam
that is mottled with yellow and browli in nanny places.
The; subsoil is 20 to 30 inches thick.
Infiltration is _000d, and surface runoff is slmv to
ponded. Wetness and surface ponding are severe hazards
if crops are grown. Where, this soil is properly drained,
it is easy to keep in ,good. tilt -h. Tillage is sometimes re-
stricted after heavy rains, however, because of the slowly
permeable subsoil.
If this soil is properly drained, it is suited to paaQttare,
hay, and solve ropy crops. Surface and subsurface drain-
age ;are needed if cultivated crops are growls, but obtain-
ing proper draivage 15 difficult. Most of the aacresa-e is
in forest, but some of it is cultivated or in pasture.
(Capability unit IVw-1, woodland suitability group 2,
wildlife, suitability group 3)
Swamp 15w) is a miscellaneous land type that is covered
by water most of the time. It is not extezzsive but occurs
, , the heads of nla.ramade lakes in most parts of the
county. The soil material has washed from soils of up-
lands during periods of high rainfall. Swamp Sustains a
cover of alder, cattails, and bog rush.
Because of wetness and inaccessibility, fear observa-
tions of the soil characteristics of this land type have.
been made. Therefore, an onsite investigation is neces-
sary before use is planned. (Capability unit VIIsv-1,

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA
woodland suitability group 14, wildlife suitability group
3)
Troup Series
The Troup series consists of nearly level or gently
sloping, very deep, well -drained soils on Coastal Plain
uplands in the southern part of the county. These soils
are on broad flats and on smooth, rounded divides where
the difference in elevation is about 10 feet between the
highest and the lowest points. The water table remains
below the solum.
Natural fertility and the content of organic matter are
low, permeability is rapid, and the availatle water capac-
ity is very low. The shrink -swell potential is low. Exce�.lt
in areas that have received lime, these soils are strongly
acid. Response is moderately good if suitable applica-
tions of lime and fertilizer are made.
Though most of the acreage is cultivated, these soils
are not Important for farming. In Wake County they
are mapped only with the Wagram soils.
Representative profile of a Troup sand in a cultivated
field 21/2 miles south-southeast of Varina on N.C. High-
way No. 42, one-eighth of a mile north on a farm road, and
10 yards west of that road:
Ap-0 to 8 inches, dark grayish -brown (10YR 4/2) sand;
single grain; loose when moist or dry; many, fine,
fibrous roots; many fine pores; slightly acid; abrupt,
wavy boundary.
A21-8 to 27 inches, light yellowish -brown (2.5Y 6/4) sand;
single grain; loose when moist or dry; few, fine,
fibrous roots; few fine pores; slightly acid; gradual,
smooth boundary.
A22-27 to 49 inches, light yellowish -brown (2.5Y 6/4) sand;
common, medium, faint, pale -yellow mottles; single
grain; loose when moist or dry; few, fine, fibrous
roots; few fine pores; strongly acid; clear, smooth
boundary.
B1-49 to 58 inches, yellowish -brown (10YR 5/6) sandy loam;
common, coarse, distinct, strong -brawn (7.5YR 5/6)
mottles; weak, fine and medium, subangular blocky
structure; friable when moist, sticky and slightly
plastic when wet; few, fine, fibrous roots; few fine
pores; strongly acid; clear, smooth boundary.
B21t 58 to 64 inches, yellowish -brown (10YR 5/6) sandy clay
loam; common, medium, prominent, yellowish -red and
common, medium, distinct, strong -brown mottles;
weak, fine and medium, subangular blocky structure;
friable when moist, sticky and slightly plastic when
wet; few fine pores; thick coatings on sand grains;
few small quartz pebbles; strongly acid; abrupt,
smooth boundary.
B22t-64 to 74 inches, mottled brownish -yellow (10YR 6/8),
strong -brown (7.5YR 5/6), and yellowish -red (5YR
5/8) clay loam; moderate, medium, subangular blocky
structure; friable when moist, sticky and slightly
plastic when wet; few fine pores; thick coatings on
sand grains; few clay bridges; few small quartz peb-
bles; red (2.5YR 4/6), brittle sesquioxide nodules;
strongly acid; clear, smooth boundary.
B3-74 to 83 inches, strong -brown (7.5YR 5/6) sandy clay
loam; few, fine, prominent, red mottles; weak, fine
and medium, subangular blocky structure; friable
when moist, slightly sticky and slightly plastic when
wet; few fine pores; strongly acid; gradual, smooth
boundary.
C-83 to 88 inches -h, mottled reddish-yellow (7.5YR 6/8) and
yellowish -red (5YR 5/8) loamy sand; massive; brit-
tle and friable when moist; few, thin, discontinuous
iron coatings on sand grains; medium acid.
The A horizons range from 40 to 60 inches in thickness
and from dark grayish brown to light yellowish brown in
53
color. The B horizons range from 30 to more than 72 inches
in combined thickness and from sandy loam to sandy clay
loam in texture. The color of the B horizons ranges from
yellowish brown to strong brown in 10YR and 7.5YR hues,
and generally the B horizons are mottled with yellowish red
and strong brown. The combined thickness of the A horizons
and B horizons ranges from 60 to more than 80 inches. Depth
to hard rock is generally more than 20 feet.
Troup soils occur with Wagram soils. They have a thicker
surface layer, however, than the Wagram soils.
Vance Series
The Vance series consists of gently sloping and slop-
ing, moderately deep, well -drained soils on Piedmont
uplands that are mostly in the northeastern and eastern
parts of the county. These soils are on side slopes and on
rounded divides where the difference in elevation is about
20 feet between the highest and the lowest points. They
have formed under forest in material that weathered
from granite, gneiss, and other acidic rocks. The water
table remains below the solum.
Natural fertility is medium, and the content of organic
matter is low. Permeability is slow, and the available
water capacity is medium. The shrink -swell potential is
moderate. Except in areas that have received lime, these
soils are medium acid to strongly acid. Response is good
if suitable applications of lime and fertilizer are made.
The Vance soils of Wake County are moderately
important for farming. Most of the acreage is cultivated
or in pasture, but a small acreage is in forest.
Representative profile of a Vance sandy loam in a
cultivated field 3.5 miles west of the Wakefield Church,
600 feet northeast on a farm road, and 15 feet south of
the farm road:
Ap-0 to 5 inches, grayish -brown (10YR 5/2) sandy loam;
weak, medium and coarse, granular structure; very
friable when moist; many fine, fibrous roots; few
fine pores; medium acid; abrupt, smooth boundary.
B21t--5 to 14 inches, yellowish -brown (10YR 5/8) clay; few,
fine, prominent, red mottles; weak, coarse, prismatic
primary structure breaking to moderate, coarse, angu-
lar blocky structure; very firm when moist, sticky
and plastic when wet; common, fine, fibrous roots in
cracks between the peds ; common fine pores; medium
clay films on ped surfaces; strongly acid; clear,
smooth boundary.
B22t-14 to 23 inches, strong -brown (7.5YR 5/6) clay; com-
mon, fine, prominent, red mottles; moderate, medium,
angular blocky structure; very firm when moist,
sticky and plastic when wet; few, fine, fibrous roots
in cracks between the peds ; few fine pores; medium
clay films on ped surfaces; strongly acid; clear,
wavy boundary.
B3-23 to 29 inches, yellowish -brown (10YR 5/8) clay; many,
medium, prominent, red mottles; moderate, very fine
and fine, angular blocky structure; firm when moist,
sticky and plastic when wet; few, fine, fibrous roots
In cracks; many fine pores; thin clay films in cracks;
common particles of weatherable material from the
C horizon; strongly acid; abrupt, irregular boundary.
C-29 to 35 inches +, mottled strong -brown and yellowish -
red weathered granite or gneiss that has a texture
of clay loam; massive; friable when moist; strongly
acid. This layer contains common pieces of weathered
feldspar.
The Ap horizon ranges from 4 to 15 inches in thickness and
from grayish brown to yellowish brown in color. The B hori-
zons range from 8 inches to 30 inches in total thickness and
from clay to sandy clay in texture. The color of the Bt hori-
zons ranges from yellowish brown to yellowish red of 10YR

ul
SOIL SURVEY
and 5YR hues, and those horizons are mottled with brown
and red. The combined thickness of the A horizon and B
horizons ranges from 20 inches to 40 inches. Depth to hard
rock is generally more than 4 feet and is commonly more
than 10 feet.
Vance salls omur with Appling, Wedowee, Enon, and
Helena soils. They are firmer when moist and are more
plastic when wet than are the Appling and Wedowee soils.
Vance soils art, more neld and loss brownish than the Enon
soils and are better drained than the Helena soils.
Vance sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes (VaB).—This
soil is on smooth, interstream divides in the uplands. The
surface layer is grayish -brown to yellowish -brown sandy
loam 7 to 15 inches thick. The subsoil is 8 to 30 inches
thick and consists of yellowish-bro-vii to yellowish -red,
very firm clay to sanely clay, with common mottles of
red (fig. 9).
Infiltration is good, but permeability is slow and sur-
face runoff is medium. The hazard of erosion is moderate.
This soil is easy to keep in good filth, but tillage is some-
Figure 9—Profile of a Vance sandy loam. In this soil the subsoil
is clay that is very firm when moist and very plastic when wet.
times delayed after heavy rains because of the slowly
permeable subsoil.
About two-thirds of the acreage is cultivated or in
pasture, and the rest is in forest. This soil is well suited
to most of the locally grown crops, but the cultivated
areas are used chiefl for row crops. Practices that effee-
tivel control runowland erosion are needed hi the culti-
vated areas. (Capability unit Ile -3, woodland suitability
group 11, wildlife suitability gToup 1)
Vince sandy loam, 2 to % percent slopes, eroded
NaM.—This soil is on smooth interstream, divides in the
uplands. The surface layer is 4 to 7 inches thick. The
subsoil is 8 to 30 inches thick and consists of yellowish -
brown to yellowish -red, very firm clay to sandy day
that has common mottles of red.
Included with this soil in mapping were some severely
eroded spots where the subsoil is exposed. These areas
makeup from 5 to 25 percent of the acreage in the
mapping unit.
Infiltration is fair, but permeability is slow and sur-
face runoff is medium. The hazard of further erosion is
moderate. This soil is difficult to keep in good tilth, and
tillageis restricted after heavy rain-, because of the
slowly permeable subsoil. A crust forms on the severely
eroded spots after hard rains, and clods form if those,
areas are worked when wet. The crust and the clods
interfere with germination. As a result, stands of crops
are poor and replanting of those areas may be necessary.
An even stand of tobacco is hard to obtain. Plants in an
uneven stand mature at different times, which makes har-
vesting and curing difficult and reduces the quality of
the tobacco.
About two-thirds of the acreage is cultivated or in pas-
ture, and the rest is in forest. this soil is well suited to
most of the locally grown crops, but the cultivated areas
are used chiefly for row crops. Practices that effectively
control runoff and erosion are needed in the cultivated
areas. (Capability unit IIe-3, woodland suitability group
11, wildlife suitability group 1)
Vance sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded
(VaC2).—This soil is on narrow side slopes in the uplands.
Where erosion is moderate, the surface layer ranges from
brown to yellowish brown in color, from sandy loam to
sandy clay in texture, and from 4 to 6 inches in thick-
ness. Where erosion is only slight, the surface layer is
grayish -brown to yellowish -brown sandy loam 6 to 12
inches thick. The subsoil is 8 to 30 inches thick and con-
sists of yellowish -brown to yellowish -red, very firm clay
to sandy clay, with common mottles of red. In soma
places some severely eroded spots where the subsoil is
exposed were included with this soil in mapping.
Infiltration is fair to good, but permeability is slow
and surface runoff is rapid. The hazard of further erosioia
is severe. Where this soil is only slightly eroded, it is
easy to keep in good tilth. Wliere it is �iioderately eroded' .
it is difficult to keep in good tilth. Because of the slowly
permeable subsoil, tillage is restricted after heavy rains.
A crust forms on the severely eroded spots after hard
rains. and clods form if those areas are worked when
wet. the crust and the clods interfere with germination.
As a result, stands of crops are poor and replanting of
those areas is sometimes necessary. An even stand of
tobacco is hard to obtain. Plants in an uneven stand

WAKE COUNTY, WORTH CAROLINA
mature at different bene€, wid lr makes l arvesting wid
curing of the crop dii itath and reduces the duality of the
tobacco.
This soil is well suit:` to most, of the crops grower
locally. Where it is cultivated, it is used chiefly for row
crops. about one-third of the acreage is cultivated or in
pasture, and fere rest is in, forest. Intensive practices that
effectively control rtln€ ft and erosion are needed in the
cultivates! areas. (Capability unit rife -3, woodland suit-
ability group 11, wildlife suitability group 1)
Wagram Series
The Wagram series consists of nearly level to sloping,
very deep, somewhat excessively drained soils that
occupy large areas ori Coastal Plain uplands in the
southern part of the county. These soils are on side slopes
and on broad,smooth, r• unded divides where the dif-
ference in elevation is about. 20 feet between the highest
and the lowest points. They have formed under forest
in Coastal Plain sediment. The water table remains below
the solum.
Natural fertility and the content of organic matter
are low or very loin, and permeability is moderate. The
available rater capacity and the shrink -swell potential
are low. Except in areas that have received lime, these
soils are inedium acid to very strongly acid. Response is
good if suitable applications of line and fertilizer ar,�
macre.
The IVagraln soils of Wake County are moderately
important for. fal-ining. Most of the acreage is cultivated,
but part of it is in pasture or forest.
Representative profile of a IV, agram loamy sand in tr,
cidtivated field one-half rails north of the line between
Wake. and Johnston Counties, 11/I miles south of Little,
llilack Creek, and 100 yards south of la. paved road:
Ap--0 to 8 latches, grayish -brown (10YR 5/2) loamy sand;
weak, coarse, granular structure; very friable when
moist; many fine, fibrous roots; medium acid; abrupt,
smooth boundary.
- 2--8 to 25 inches, pale -brown (10YR (1/3) loamy mnd; few,
me.clium, distinct, yellow mottl" ; weak, coarse,
granular structure; very friable when moist ; com-
niols, fine„ fibrous roots in uppermost 4 inches; medi-
um acid; eleacr, wavy boundary.
Ill—?.5 to 31 inches, brownish -yellow (10YR 0/8) saudy loazat ;
weak, nn:diunk and coarse, subangul-ar blocky struc-
ture; very friable when moist., slightly stieky and
slightly plastic when wet ; medium acid , clear, wavy
boundary.
B21t-31 to 31) inches, yellowish -brown (10YR 5/8) sandy
clay loam; weak, medium .:nd coarse, Subangular
blocky structure; friable when inoist, sticky and
slightly plastic when wet; few, thin, discontinuous clay
films, few fine pore`: strongly neid ; clear, -wavy
bo welnt,t.
B22t--39 to 4:5 hwhes, yellowish -brown (10YR 5/8) sandy
clay loath ; common, fine, distinct, reddish. yellow
mottles; weak, inedium, subanguhir blocky structure;
friable when moist, sticky and slightly plastic -when
wet; thin, discoutinuous clay films; few, red, soft
nodules; strongly acid; gradual, wavy boundary.
B31t-1.5 to 6.5 inches, brownish -yellow (10YR 6/01) sandy
cbzy loam; connnon. anediuni, distinct mottles of yel-
low li h brown, red, and light gray; moderate, medium,
subangular blocky structure; friable when naoit,
sticky aand slightly plastle when wet; mediaun, discon-
t:imtons clay funis; very strongly acid; abrupt, sanooth
boundary.
55
IIB82--05 to 73 inches, mottled brownish -yellow (10YR 0/0),
yellowish -Brown (10YR 5/8), red (2,.5YR 5/8), and
light -gray (10YR 7/2) clay; moderate, fine, angular
blocky strueture; very ftrin when moist, sticky and
plastic when wet, few thin clay films; very wrongly
acid; clear, sinooth boundary.
IIC---73 to 100 luche?, +, coarsely mottled, light -gray (10YR
7/1), dark -red (10113/6), and yellowish -brown (10YR
5/3) clay; massive; very firm when tnoi�t, sticky
and plastic when wet:; very strongly acid.
The A horizons range from 20 to 40 inches in eombined
thickness, from dark grayish brown or grayl.6sh broiiwn to pale
yellow in color, and from loamy sand to sand in texture. The
B horizons range from yellowish brown or brownish yellow
to reddish yellow- in color and from. 30 to more than 60 inches in
combined thickness. The texture of the B horizons ranges from
sandy loamy and sandy clay loam to clay. The combined thick-
ness of the A horizons and B hoaizuns L; naore than (K) inches.
Depth to hard rock is generally macre than 20 feet.
wagram soils oecur with Norfolk and Troup soils. They
have a thicker surface layer than the Norfolk soils and a
thinner surface layer than the Troup.
Wa.gram loamy sand, 0 to 2 percent slopes (WaA).-_-
This soil is on broad, fiat interstream divides in the
uplands. The surface layer is dark grayish -brown to
bale -yellow loamy strand 20 to 40 inches thick. The sub-
soil is yellowish -brown to reddish-yellow, friable sandy
loam to sandy clay loam 30 to 60 'Inches or more thick.
In many lilaces this soil contains an incipient and dis-
continuous horizon, with plinthite.
Infiltration is good, and surface, runoff is slow. This
soil is easy to keep in good filth and can be. worked
throughout a wide range of moisture content. The thick,
sandy Surface layer snakes it droughty, however, and
subject to leaching.
Practically all of the acreage is cultivated, but a small.
acreage is in forest. This soil is fairly well suited to
most of the locally brown crops, but the cultivated areas
are used chiefly for row crops, especially tobacco. Mod-
erately intensive practices that effectively conserve inois-
ture and that restrict leaching are needed in the areas
used for crops. (Capability unit IIs -1, woodland suit-
ability group 9, % ildlife suitability group 4)
Wagram loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes (WaB).—
This soil is on broad, sznoot-h inter•stream divides in the
uplands. The surface layer is dark grayish -brown t.o pale-
yello-,v loamy sawed 20 to 40 inches thick. The subsoil is
yelloicish-l.aroivn to reddisli-yellow, friable sandy loam
to sandy, clay loam 30 to 60 iliches or more thick. In
many phases this soil contains <ill incipient and discon-
tinuous Horizon, with plinthite.
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is rnediurri. The
hazard of erosion is moderate. This soil is easy to keep in
good tilth and can be worked throughout a hide range,
of moisture content. The thick, sandy surface layer makes
it droughty, however, and it is subject to leaching.
Practically all of the acreage is cultivated, but a small
acreage, is in forest. This soil is fairly well suited to
most of the locally grown crops, but It is used chiefly
for rowv crops, especially tobacco. -Moderately intensive
practices drat, effectively conser°ve moisture all restrict
leaching are needed. Practices that effectively control
runoff and erosion are needed in the cultivated areas.
(Capability emit Us 1, woodland suitability group 9.
wildlife suitability group 4)

M
agram lowny sand, 6 to, 10 percent slopes €WaQ.—
This. soil is on na;r°iroae side slopes in the uplands. The sur -
face layer is dark grayish -brown to pale -yellow loamy
sand 20 to 40 inclies thick. The subsoil is yellowish-browi
to reddisli-yellow, friable &%ndy loan to sandy clay loam
30 to 60 inches or more thick. In steamy places this soil
con'taaiiis in incipient, and discontinuous horizon, with
plinthite. Incla,Xded with this soil in snapping Ncere, some
areas where the slope is between 10 wed 15 percent.
Infiltration is goad, and surface runoff is rapid. The
hazard. of erosion is severe. This soil is easy to keep in
good ti.lth and can be worked throughout a wide range of
moisture content,. The thick, sandy surface layer makes
the soil droughty, however, ever, a.nd subject to leacli.iUg of
mobile plant as uta ients.
About three-fourths of the aicreikge is cultivated or in
pasture, and the rest is in forest. 'Ris soil is fairly well
suited to most of the locally grown €;rolls, and the culti-
vated areas are used chiefly for row crops, especially
tobacco. Intensive practices that effectively control run-
off and erosion are needed in the cultivaatecl areas. (Capa-
bility unit Me -5, woodland suitability group 9, wildlife
suitability group 4)
agram-Troup sands, 0 to 4 percent slopes €WgA)•---tl
The soils in this soil complex are so intricately mixed
that the areas cannot be shown separately on a snap of
the scale used. About, 60 percent of a typical inapped area
is Wa-gram sand, 30 percent is Troup sand, and about
10 percent consists of other IVagn.im soils, Norfolk soils,
and similar soils.
The I'"aagrain sand has a surface layer that: is dark
grayish brown to pale yellow and is 20 to 40 inches
thick. The subsoil is yellowish -brown to strong -brown,
friable sandy loam to sandy clay loam 30 to 60 inches
thick.
The Troup soil has a surfai,ce, layer of dark grayish -
brown to light yellowish -brown sand 40 to 00 inches
thick. The subsoil is yellowish -brown to strong -brown,
friable sandy loans to clay loam 30 to 72 inches or more
thick.
In both soil,~ infiltration. is good. Surface runoff is
medium to slow. These soils are easy to _keep in good
tilth and can be. worked throughout. aa, `tide range of
moisture content. The thick, sandy surface layer makes
them droughty, however, and subject to severe leaching
of mobile plant nutrients.
About two-thirds of the acreage is cultivated, and thc;
rest is in forest. The soils are fairly avell suited to most
of the locally groyan crops, though returns are generally
not high. Af ost of the acreage that is cultivated is used
for row crops. Tnterisive practices that effectively con-
serve moisture and. that protect the soils from leachinb
are needed in the cultivated areas. ( Capability unit.
ITIS -1, woodland suitability group 10, wildlife suitabil-
ity group 4)
Wahee Series
The 'Wakes series consists of nearly level, deep, some-
what poorly drained soils on low stream terraces. These
soils occupy large and small areas near the major streams
in the county. They have formed under forest in alluvial
deposits. A seasonally high ,rater table is at: a depth
of about 1%, feet.
Natural fertility is medium, and the content of organic
matter is low. Nrineability is sloe*, the available water
capacity is inediunl, and the shrink -swell potent:ia.l isrnodertate. Flooding' is frequent, but the floodwaters
remain for only a ; .ort time. Except in aav
areas that lee
received lime, these; soils are strongly acid. Response is
fairly good if suitable applications of lime and fertilizer
are made.
The 11Tahee soils of Wake County are not important
for farming. Most of the acreage is in forests of inixod
hardwoods, but a small acreage, is in pasture or is milt,i-
varted.
Representative profile of Napes base sandy lowia in :1
recently cleared field 1.3 miles southwest of Plyrnouth
Church on a farin road and 135 yards north of the and
of the farm road
Ap -0 to 6 inches, dark grayish -brown (10YR 4/2) 'fine sandy
loam; weak, medium, grsnulax° structure; very fid.
sable wheal moist; many fine., and niediam, fibrous
roots; common fine pores; slightly acid; abrupt,
smooth boundary.
B1-6 to 14 inches, yellowish -brown (10YR 518) light fine
candy clay loam; few, fine, distinct, gray mottles ;
weak, medium, subangular blocky structure; friable
when moist, slightly sticky and slightly plastic when
wet; common, fine, fibrous roots; few tine pores;
strongly acid; gradual, wairy boundary.
1i2t-- 14 to 3t3 inches, yellowish -brows, (10YR 5/8) clay;
common, medium, distinct, gray mottles and few, rine,
prominent, yellowish -red mottles; strong, medium and,
coarse, angular blocky structure; eery firm when
moi Mt, sticky and plastic -,hen eget; few. fine, woody
and fibrous roots; feu' fine pores ; thick. medium
clay films on pcd surfaces; thiii layers of fine sandy
material in vertical cracks; strongly acid; gradual,
irregular boundary.
B3—.36 to 45 inches -I-, mottled gray (10YR. (3/1) and yellow-
ish -brown (10YR 5/$) fine sandy clay lomaa that con-
tains pockets of gray (10YR (3/1) heavy snaidV clay',
friable when moist, sticky and slightly plastic when
wet; few, fine, woody roots; medium acid.
The A horizon ranges from 4. to 10 inches in thickness and
from dark grayish brown to pale olive in color. The, D hori-
zons range from 39 to 70 inches in combined thickness and
from fine Fmidy clay loam to clay in texture. The color of
the B horizons is ,yelloavish brofvi). mottled ,with yellowish
or gray mottles of 5T', 2.5Y7 and 10YR hues. The bray colors
increase with increasing depth until the soil material is
mostly gray or is entirely gray. The lower boundary of the
B2t horiz=on commonly separates thtat horizon from a. stone
line, sand, or unconsolidated sand and clay. The thickness of
the solum mites from 24 to more than 45 inches. Depth to
hard rock is more than is feet-, and is commonly more than .h
feet.
Wahee soils occur with Augusta, Altavista, and ftonnoke
soils. They have a caner textured subsoil than the Augaa.stea
and AlUvista soils. Wahee soils are more poorly drained
than the Altavista soils but are better drained than the
Roanoke soils.
Wahee fine sandy loan (0 to 2 percent slopes) (Wh).----
`I'his is the only Wahee soil mapped in Wake County. It
is on low stream terraces. The surface layer is Clark gray -
isli-brown to pale -olive fine sandy loam 4 to 10 inches
thick. The subsoil is yellowish -brown fine sandy clay
loam to clay mottled with gray and is 39 to 70 inches
thick. Included with this soil in mapping were some
areas where the slope is between 2 and 4 percent.

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is slow to
ponded. If this soil has been drained, it is easy to keep
In good tilth. Because of a slowly permeable subsoil,
however, tillage can be performed within only a fairly
narrow range of moisture content.
Most of the acreage is in forest, but a small acreage
is in pasture or is cultivated. Where this soil is properly
drained, it is fairly well suited to pasture, hay, and some
row crops. Wetness and the slowly permeable subsoil are
the main limitations to use for crops. Drainage of this
soil is difficult. Nevertheless, if cultivated crops are to be
grown, a complete system of surface and subsurface
drainage is needed. (Capability unit IIIw-2, woodland
suitability group 4, wildlife suitability group 2)
Wake Series
The Wake series consists of gently sloping to moderate-
ly steep, somewhat excessively drained soils that are very
shallow over hard rock. These soils occupy rather large
areas on Piedmont uplands, primarily in the northeast-
ern part of the county. They are on side slopes and on
rounded divides where the difference in elevation is about
50 feet between the highest and the lowest points. The
soils have formed under forest in material that weathered
from .granite, gneiss, and other acidic rocks. The water
table remains below the solum.
Natural fertility and the content of organic matter are
low. Permeability is moderately rapid, the available
water capacity is very low, and the shrink -swell poten-
tial is low. Except in areas that have received lime, these
soils are strongly acid. Response is fairly good if suit-
able applications of lime and fertilizer are made.
In this county Wake soils are not important for farm-
ing. Most of the acreage is in forest.
Representative profile of a Wake gravelly loamy sand,
1.4 miles east of Wake Crossroads on county road No.
2224, 0.15 of a mile south on a private road, in a small
cultivated field south of the road:
Al) -0 to 6 inches, brown (10YR 5/3) gravelly loamy sand;
single grain; loose when moist or dry; contains many
coarse quartz sand particles and many feldspar parti-
cles; strongly acid; abrupt, wavy boundary.
C-6 to 15 inches, yellow (10YR 7/6) loamy sand; single
grain; loose when moist or dry; contains common
fine pebbles and many feldspar particles; strongly
acid; clear, wavy boundary.
R-15 inches t, light-colored granite that is high in content
of quartz.
The color of the surface layer ranges from brown or very
dark grayish brown to light yellowish brown. The color of
the C horizon ranges from yellow to yellowish brown. In
places the C horizon contains particles of unweathered feld-
spar, mica, and other dark minerals, as well as particles of
quartz. In places the texture throughout the profile is gravelly
loamy sand instead of loamy sand. Depth to hard rock is
only 20 inches or less.
Wake soils occur with Louisburg soils. They are shallower
over bedrock than are the Louisburg soils.
Wake soils, 2 to 10 percent slopes (WkQ.—These soils
are on small ridges and side slopes in the uplands. They
have a surface layer of very dark grayish -brown to light
yellowish -brown loamy sand or gravelly loamy sand 2 to
10 inches thick. Beneath the surface layer is yellow to
yellowish -brown loamy sand 0 to 14 inches thick.
57
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is medium to
rapid. The hazard of erosion is very severe. These soils
are easy to keep in good tilth and can be worked through-
out a wide range of moisture content. The coarse texture
and the bedrock near the surface make the soils very
droughty during dry seasons. Leaching of mobile plant
nutrients takes place during rainy seasons.
Most of the acreage is in forest, but some of it is
cultivated or in pasture. These soils are suited to only a
few of the locally grown crops. Very intensive practices
that effectively control runoff and erosion are needed in
the cultivated areas. (Capability unit IVe-3, woodland
suitability group 12, wildlife suitability group 4)
Wake soils, 10 to 25 percent slopes (WkE). °rhese soils
are on side slopes bordering drainageways in the uplands.
Their surface layer is very dark .grayish -brown to light
yellowish -brown loamy sand or gravelly loamy sand 2 to 10
inches thick. It is underlain by yellow to yellowish -brown
loamy sand 0 to 10 inches thick.
Infiltration is good. Surface runoff is very rapid.
Because of bedrock near the surface and slopes, these
soils should be kept in forest. They are not suitable for
cultivation. (Capabilit,v unit VIIe-1, woodland suit-
ability group 12, wildlife suitability group 4)
Wedowee Series
The Wedowee series consists of gently sloping to
moderately steep soils that are deep and well drained.
These soils are on Piedmont uplands, mostly in the
northeastern part of the county, but some scattered areas
are in other parts. They are on side slopes and on
rounded divides where the difference in elevation is about
50 feet between the highest and the lowest points. The
soils have formed under forest in material that weathered
from granite, gneiss, and other acidic rocks. The water
table remains below the solum.
Natural fertility and the content of organic matter are
low, permeability is moderate, and the available water
capacity is medium. The shrink -swell potential is moder-
ate. Except in areas that have received lime, these soils
are strongly acid. Response is good if suitable applica-
tions of lime and fertilizer are made.
The Wedowee soils of Wake County are important for
farming. Much of the acreage is cultivated or in pasture,
but part of it is in forest or in other uses.
Representative profile of a Wedowee sandy loam in a
cultivated field one-half mile north and one-fourth mile
west of the Lockhart School on a paved road, 1 mile
north on a gravel road, and 10 yards east of road:
Ap-0 to 7 inches, brown (10YR 5/3) sandy loam; weak, fine
and medium, granular structure; very friable when
moist; many fine, fibrous roots; many fine pores; few
fine mica flakes; medium acid; abrupt, wavy bound-
ary.
1321t-7 to 12 inches, strong -brown (7.5YR 5/6) clay loam;
weak, flue and medium, subangular blocky structure;
firm when moist, sticky and slightly plastic when
wet; common, fine, fibrous roots; common fine pores;
thick clay films on most ped surfaces; few fine mica
flakes; strongly acid; abrupt, smooth boundary.
B22t-12 to 18 inches, yellowish -red (5YR 5/6) clay loam;
common, medium, faint, reddish-yellow mottles; mod-
erate, medium and fine, subangular blocky structure;
friable when moist, sticky and slightly plastic when

IM
wet; few, flue, 11brous roots; few flue pores; 'thick
clay films on most ped surfaces; fee}- flue mica
fiakes; strongly acid; clear, smooth boundary.
B3t-18 to 24 inches, yellov4sh-red (5YR 5/6) sandy clay
loam; few, fine, prominent, brownish -yellow* potties;
moderate, coarse, siibangul a,r hlockq strznetura,�, friable
When ntni4t, .slightly sticky and slightly plastic when
wet; thick, cont mous, reddish -brown (MR. 4/4)
dray films that tire more strongly developers oil verti-
cal srplaces than in other places; common fine pores;
common fine mica. flakes; strongly acid; clear, smooth
boraptdaary.
C-24 to 40 inches +, mottled brownish -yellow (l®YR 6/8),
yellowlsh-reel (5YR: 5/0)), and red (2.5YU 5/8) sandy
loam; nnassive ; friable when moist; many fine amen
flakes, strongly acid.
The 4 horizon range] from 3 to 12 inches in thickness and
from pale brown or brown to dark grayish brown of IOYR
hue in color. The Bt horizons range from 8 to 30 inches in
combined thl(,.kness and from sanfly clay loan to clay loam
in texture. The color of the Bt horizons ranges frosty yellow-
ish brown to yellowish red of 10YR to 5YR Innes, and typi-
oally those horizoats are mottled with red and yellow. In
places the B3 horizon is streaked with yellow and gray. The
combined thickness of the A horizon and B horizons ranger;
frown 26 to 37 inches. Depth to hard rook is generally more
than 4 feet tract is commonly more than 6 feet.
Wedowee soils ocenr with the Appling, Louisburg, and
Vance soils. The combined thickness of their surface layer
and subsoil is less than that of the Applin; soils, and they
have a finer textured subsoil than the Louisburg soils. The
Wedowee soils have a more friable subsoil than the Vance
soil:.
Wedowee sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes (WmB).—
This soil is on smooth interstream divides in the uplands.
The surface layer is pale -brown or brown to dark
grayish -brown sandy loam 6 to 12 inches tlaiek. The sub-
soil is yellowish -brown to yellowish -red, firm sandy clay
loam to clay loaln 8 to 30 inches thick. The subsoil coli -
tains common mottles of red or yellow. Included with
this soil in neap ping were some areas where from 20 to
50 percent of the surface layer is covered with gravel
and frorn 20 to 50 percent of the surface layer consists
of gravel.
Infiltration. is good, and surface runoff is medivan. The
hazard of erosion is moderate. This soil is easy to keep
ill good tilth and can be worked throughout a -Wide range
of moisture content.
About two-thirds of the acreage is cultivated or in
pasture, and the rest is in forest or in other uses. The
cultivated areas are used mainly for row crops, but this
soil is fairly well suited to most of the other locally.
�;1 'own crops. Intensive practices that effectively control
runoff and erosion are needed in the cultivated areas.
(Capability unit IIe-1, woodland suitability -group
wildlife suitability gr:°oup 1)
Wedowee sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded
(WmB2).—This soil is on smooth interst.ream divides in the
uplands. It has a surface layer that is 3 to 7 inches thick.
Ira many places the surface laver is a: mixture of the
reniaaining original surface soil and of material from
the subsoil. In the less eroded areas, the surface layer is
pale -brown to grayish -brown sandy loam, but the. color
ranges to brown and the texture manges to candy clay
loam in the more eroded spots. The, subsoil is B to 31.)
inches thick and consists of yellowish -brown to
yello-Wish-red, firm sandy clay loans to clay loam, with
common mottles of red or yellow.
Included with this soil in mapping Nvere, some areas iia.
which from 20 to 50 percent of the surface layer is
gravel. Also included were some severely eroded shots
where the subsoil is exposed. The severely eroded spots
make up from 5 to 25 percent of the acreage in tho
inaapping unlit.
Infiltration is fair, aaxid surface runolf is medium. The
hazard of further erosion is moderate. This soil. is diffi-
cult to keep in good tilth, but itcan be, worked through-
out a fairly wide range of moisture content,. A. crust
formas on the severely eroded spots after hard rains, and
clods form if those areas are worked when wet. The crurst
and the clods interfere with germination. As aaa result,
stands of crops are poor and replanting of those areas
may be nee Saar . An even stai,ncl of tobacco is hard to
obtain. Plants in an uneven stand mature, at different
tunes. This makes harvesting and curing of the crop
difficult and reduces the quality of the tobacco.
About two-thirds of the acreage is cultivated or in pas-
ture, and the rest is in forest; or in other uses. The culti-
vated areas are used chiefly for row crops, but this soil is
fairly well suited to most of the other locally grown
crogis. Intensive practices that effeetively control runoff
and erosion are needed in the cultivated areas. (Catpabil-
ity unit He -1, woodland suitability group 5, wildlife
suitability group 1)
Wedowee sandy Ioam, 6 to 10 percent slopes WmC).----
This soil is on side slopes in the uplands. It has a surface
layer of pale -brown and brown to dark grayish -brown
sandy loam 6 to 10 inches, thick. The subsoil is 8 to 26
inches thick and consists of yellowish -brow n to yellowish -
red, firm sandy clay loam to clay loan, with commons
mottles of red or yellow. Included with this soil in
mapping where- Borne na-eaas where froin 120 to 50 percent
of the surface is covered «~ith gravel and from 20 to 50
percent of the surface layer consists of gravel.
Infiltration is good., and surface runoff is rapid. The
hazard of erosion is severe. This soil is easy to keep in
good tilth, and it can be worked throughout a evide range
of moisture content.
About one-third of the acreage is cultivated or in pas-
ture" and the rest is in forest or in other uses. The, culti-
vated areas are used chiefly for row crops, but this soil
is fairly well suited to most of the locally gro-wn crops.
Intensive practices that effectively control runotk and
erosion are needed in the cultiA-ated areas. (Capability
unit I1Ie-1, -Woodland suitability group €b, wildlife suit-.
ability group 1 }
Wedowee sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded
(WmC'2).—This soil is on side slopes in the uplands. The
surface layer is 3 to 7 inches thick. In many places :it
is a mixture of the remaining original surface- soil and of
material from the subsoil. In the less eroded areas, the
surface layer is pale --brown to graYish-brown sandy loam,
but the color ranges to brown and the texture ranges to
sandy clay loam in the more eroded spots. The. subsoil is
S to 26 inches thick and consists of venowish-brown to
yellowish -red, firin sandy clay loam or clay loans, with
commons mottles of red or yellow.
Included with this soil in mapping were soine areas
Where from 20 to 50 percent of the surface is covered
with gravel and from 20 to 50 percent of the surface

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA
layer consists of gravel. Also included were some severely
eroded spots where the subsoil is exposed. The severely
eroded spots make up from 5 to 25 percent of the acreage
in the mapping unit.
Infiltration is fair, and surface runoff is rapid. The
hazard of further erosion is severe. This soil is difficult
to keep in good tilth, but it can be worked throughout
a fairly wide range of moisture content. A crust forms
on the severely eroded spots after hard rains, and clods
form if those areas are worked when wet. The crust and
the clods interfere with germination. As a result, stands
of crops are poor and replanting of the severely eroded
spots may be necessary. An even stand of tobacco is hard
to obtain. Plants in an uneven stand mature at different
times. This makes harvesting and curing of the crop
difficult and reduces the quality of the tobacco.
About one-third of the acreage is cultivated or in pas-
ture, and the rest is in forest or in other uses. Where this
soil has been cleared, it is used chiefly for row crops, but
it is fairly well suited to most of the locally grown crops.
Intensive practices that effectively control runoff and
erosion are needed in the cultivated areas. (Capability
unit IIIe-1, woodland suitability group 5, wildlife suit-
ability group 1)
Wedowee sandy loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes, eroded
(WmD2).—This soil is on narrow side slopes bordering
drainageways in the uplands. In most places it is mod-
erately eroded, but, it is only slightly eroded in some
areas. In the moderately eroded areas, the surface layer
is pale -brown and grayish -brown sandy loam to brown
sandy clay loam 3 to 6 inches thick. In the slightly eroded
areas, the surface layer is pale -brown and brown to dark
grayish -brown sandy loam 6 to 8 inches thick. The sub-
soil is 8 to 24 inches thick and consists of yellowish -
brown to yellowish -red, firm sandy clay loam or clay
loam, with common mottles of red or yellow.
Included with this soil in snapping were some areas
where from 20 to 50 percent of the surface is covered
with gravel and from 20 to 50 percent of the surface
layer consists of gravel. Also included were some severely
eroded spots where the subsoil is exposed. Other inclu-
sions consist of a few areas of Vance soils in which the
subsoil is firmer than typical for the Wedowee soils.
Infiltration is fair to good, and surface runoff is very
rapid. The hazard of further erosion is very severe.
Where erosion is only slight, this soil is easy to keep in
good tilth. INrhere erosion is moderate, the soil is difficult
to keep in good tilth. This soil can be worked throughout
a fairly wide range of moisture content. A crust forms on
the severely eroded spots after hard rains, however, and
clods form if those areas are worked when wet. The
crust and the clods interfere with germination. As a
result, stands of crops are poor and replanting of the
severely eroded spots may be necessary.
Most of the acreage is in forest, but some of it is culti-
vated or in pasture. Where this soil has been cleared, the
acreage that is cultivated is used chiefly for row crops,
but this soil is fairly well suited to most of the locally
grown crops. Very Intensive practices that effectively
control runoff and erosion are needed in the cultivated
areas. (Capability unit IVe-1, woodland suitability
group 5, wildlife suitability group 1)
M
Wedowee sandy loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes (WmE).—
This is a slightly to moderately eroded soil on narrow
side slopes bordering the major drainageways in the
uplands. In the slightly eroded areas, the surface layer
is pale -brown and brown to dark grayish -brown sandy
loam 6 to 8 inches thick. In the moderately eroded areas,
the surface layer ranges from pale -brown and grayish -
brown sandy loam to brown sandy clay loam and is 3
to 6 inches thick. The subsoil is 8 to 20 inches thick and
consists of yellowish -brown to yellowish -red, firm sandy
clay loam to clay loam, with common mottles of red or
yellow.
Included with this soil in mapping were some areas
where from 20 to 50 percent of the surface is covered
with gravel and from 20 to 50 percent of the surface
layer consists of gravel. Also included were some
severely eroded spots where the subsoil is exposed, and
other areas where the slopes range from 25 to 45 percent.
Infiltration is good to fair, and surface runoff is very
rapid. This soil is highly susceptible to further erosion.
Practically all of the acreage is in forest. Where this
soil has been cleared, however, it should be used for pas-
ture and permanent hay. This soil is not suitable for
cultivated crops, because of the moderately steep slopes
and susceptibility to erosion. (Capability unit VIe-1,
woodland suitability group 5, wildlife suitability group
1)
Wehadkee Series
The Wehadkee series consists of nearly level, poorly
(trained soils on the flood plains of most of the streams
in the county. These soils have formed in fine loamy
alluvial material. They have a seasonal high water table
approximately at the surface.
Natural fertility is low, and the content of organic
matter is medium. Permeability is moderate to moderate-
ly rapid, the available water capacity is medium, and
the shrink -swell potential is low. Flooding is frequent,
and the floodwaters remain for a long time. Unless lime
has been applied, reaction is strongly acid or very
strongly acid. Response is fairly good if suitable appli-
cations of lime and fertilizer are made.
Wehadkee soils are not important for farming. Most
of the acreage is in mixed hardwoods and a few pines,
but a small acreage is in pasture.
Representative profile of Wehadkee silt loam in a
wooded area 1% miles east of the Wakefield Church on
county road No. 2320, three-fourths of a mile north on
county road No. 2341, and 200 feet west of road:
01—layer of thinly scattered hardwood leaves, not thick
enough to measure.
A1-0 to 6 inches, dark grayish -brown (10YR 4/2) silt loam;
common, medium, faint, grayish -brown mottles and
common, fine, distinct, yellowish -red mottles; the
yellowish -red mottles appear to be stains of organic
matter in root channels; moderate, medium, granu-
lar structure; very friable when moist; many fine
and medium, woody roots; many fine pores; strongly
acid; abrupt, smooth boundary.
B21g-6 to 10 inches, gray (10YR 5/1) silty clay loam; com-
mon, fine, prominent, strong -brown mottles; weak,
medium and fine, subangular blocky structure; fri-
able when moist, slightly sticky and slightly plastic

0
SOM SURVEY
when vet, ; waany fare, woody roots; many this= Peres;
strongly acid; clear, ,znooth boundary.
B22g.--10 to 20 inches, dark -gray (10YR 4/1) fine sandy clay
loath; fen, medium, prominent, sarong -brown mot-
tles; weak, medium, subangular blocky structure;
frinblia When moist; sightly stle-ky ;ted slightly plsas-
tic when went; common, fine, woody rootts; many fine
pone,* strongly n e.1d ; clear_snioot;h boundary.
B23g-20 to 30 indica, gray (10YR 5i 1) saudY clay loam;
w-Lsslvo; fruible when moist, slightly sticky and
slightly plastic when Wet; few fine bores, fo w, small,
rounded pebbles; strongly acid, abrupt, snaootla
boundary.
C -g--30 to 40 inches +, mottled gray and darlc-gray saintly
loam; naftssive ; very friable wheat moist, slightly
sticlo, and slightly plastic when reset; eorranon tine
inion slakes; few, .tine, rounded cpuartz pebbles;
strongly acid.
The Al horizon ranges from dark.. grayish brogan to broom
in color gaud from 3 to 12 inches 11i thickness. The color of
the B horizons ra.ng°es from gray to dark gray of 10YR hue,
and the combined thickness of those horizon, want" from
15 to 30 inelws. In general, the texture of the E horizons
rangex trona sandy loans to silty clary loam or ,,andy clay
loam. In places, however, the texture in parts of the B hari-
zons is sand. The Roll materhu,l in those areas L; massive or
has subangular blocky ,structure. Thickness of the solum
ranges from 20 to 40 inch". Depth to heard rock ranges from
3 to 15 or more feet.
Wehadkee :soils w.eur with C:hewacla Roanoke, and Bibb
soils. They are more poorly draiined than the C1hewacla soils,
have as coarser textured subsoil than the Roanoke soils, and
have a finer textured subsoil than the Bibb soils.
Wehadkee silt loam (0 to 2 percent slopes) (Wn) –This
is a poorly drained soil on the flood plains of streams. It
has a surface layer of dark grayish -Brown to brown silt
loans 8 to 1), inches tllick. I lie sile4oil is maty to dark -
gray, friable sandy loan to silty clay loans or sandy clay
loans, It is commonly mottled with a-,troncr brotiriisand
yellowish brown and is 15 to 30 inches thiel:.
Infiltration is good, and surface riiilofi is slow to
ponded. Where this soil is drained, it is fairly easy to
keep in good tilth acid, can be worked within a, fairly
wide range of moisture content.
This soil is fairly well suited. to a few locally grown
crops. It is mainly ill forest, However, though a small
acres-ge is in pasture. The soil is i et and is subject to
overflow and. polidin , whieli aw. very severe hazards'Adequate. drainage is difficult to obtain, but surface, and
sub'surfaace draairlatge are, iieeded if cultivated crops, aare
to be gel°ovwri. (C6apabilit.y emit W -w--•1, woodland suit-
ability group 2, wildlife suitability grroup 3)
edkee and Bubb soils (0 to I. lea.percent slopes) (Wo).
The soils of this emit are poor:-ly drained and acro so
similar in use and rnaanagetn.ent that they were mapped
together ars an undifferentiated unit. Some areas consist
entirely of Wehadkee soil, others consist of Bibb soil,
and still others consist of as combirin,t,ion of 11'ehadkee,
Bibb, and ininor included soils. About 40 percent, of a,
typical mapped area is IV, elia.dkee soil, 30 percent is Bibb
soil, and 30 percent in Che-%vaclaa, Alaantachie., or other
soils,
The Wehadkee soil has a surface layer of dark grayisli.-
brown to brown Slilt loam 3 to 12 inches tllich. Its subsoil
is Fray or dark -gray, friable sandy loam to silty clay
loam 15 to 30 inches thick. In most places the subsoil is
mottled with st.ronb brown and yellowish brown.
The Bibb soil has aa, grayi:Sh-brown Or very dark gray-
ish-brovwn surface layer of sandy loam 4 to 12 inches
thick. its subsoil is varied. in color sand textaare, but, the
colors range from light, brownish, gray to black mottled
with gray a"zd brown, and the textures ranges from loam
to sandy barn. The combined thicknc�s of their surface
Bayer tan<l subsoil is snore than '16 inches.
Tlae :oils of this niaxppin unit, ate oil flood plains, ire
narrow iipland draws, and in depressions throng'Imut the
county. In those areas the stream channels are poorly de-
fined. Where these souls taTe on flood plains along streams,
they are wet, are subject to very recluent, flooding; of
i®ng duration, and have a wetter table at the surface .for
poriods of as enrich as 6 months. The, soils ia a, i'
are
also wet and have a water tableat. the surface. fear.° periods
of as much as fa months. In those areas, however, flooding
is of only short duration, though ii; is frequent. In many
places the ntreaaiii a:laan eels in the uphtnd draws are well
defined.
Surface runoff is slow to bonded. Infiltration is fair
for the ' 'ehaadkee soil and good for the Bibb.
Nearly all of the acreage is in mixed hardwoods aa,aid
bines. Tlooding and ponding tare very severe hazards.
Ade(luate draa,inage of these wet soils is difficult to obtain,
but both surface drainage and subsurface drailiaa,g;e "IT0,,
needed if cultivated crops are to be growls.. (Caa.paxl}ility
unit IV -,v --I, Woodland suitability group 2, wildlife suit-
ability group 3)
White Store Series
The White Store series consists of gently sloping to
moderately steep, moderately deep, inoderately well
drained soils On Piedinont ul)lands iii the ivestern part
of the, county. These soils are on rounded divides that
have a difference in elevation of about 50 feet between
the highest and the lowest points. They have formed
under forest in material that weathered -from sandstone,
shale, and mudstoue of Triassic age. The water table gen-
erally remains below the solani. Because of the slowly
permeable subsoil, however, these soils have a perched
water table during wet seasons.
Natural fertility and the content of orgaairic in.-Ltter• gree
low, and permeability is slow. The aa,v aih< le. water eaapaac-
sty avid the, shriiik- ivell potential. are high. Except hi
are a� tli tt li ve received lime, these soils are, very etr:onahr
acid. Response. is fairly good if suitable aappli.caa,ttons e�f
l.i.me, and fertilizer are made.
The White Stora soils of this county are. inaln.ly in
forest, Some areas, however, aare used for cultiv"nted
crops or pasture.
Representative profile of a White Store sandy loans
in a. wooded area orae -fourth of as mile southlrresi of the.
line between NValre and Chatham Counties on U.S. High-
w,v No. 1, 2 exiles southeast on a gravel road to as five -
points intersection, 1.�,,2 miles southwest on a gravel road,
asses_ 500 feet vwest of road
l)—o to G inches, light yellowish -brown (loyR 6/4) sanely
loam; ivoaak, inedium, granular structure; very fri-
able vi,hen molst; many, fine, fibrous and few ariedi-
nm, rr oody roots; few small quartz pebbles; strongly
acid: abrupt. smooth boundary.
81-6 to 0 inches, yello,,vish-red (5YR 5/6) clay loa,an ; moder-
ate, fine, mbangular blocky structure; friable when
moist, sticky and plastic when wet:; common, fine,
fibrous and woody roots; few thin ebay filmes; very
strongly acid; clear, wavy boundary.

WAKE COTJNTY, NORT11 CAft,ClllMA
B21t- --9 to 20 Inches, reddigix-brown (2.5YR 4/4) clay;
strong, fine, ajtgnlar blocky structure; very firm
when moist, sticky and very Mastic when wet; few,
fine, woody roots; medium clay films; -very strongly
acid; clear, wavy boundary.
B22t----20 to 25 inches, d€trk reddish -brown (2ZYR 314) clay;
e0mmon. fine, prominent, light -gray mottles; strong,
ruedium, anVilar, blocky structure; very firm. when
Taoist, sticky and very plastic when wet; thin clay
films; few pockets of dark -red weathered shale; very
strongly acid; clear, wavy boundary.
Bat ---25 to 31 inches, dark -red (101. 3/0) clay; common,
medium, proxxafYa�nt, light -gray mottles; weak, medi-
um, angular blocky structure tending toward rnaas-
sive; very firati. when moist, sticky* Land plta:tic when
wet; thin clay films; common fragments of diaalnte-
graatel shale; very strongly acid; clear, wavy bound-
nar,
C1-31 to 35 inches, dw;ky-red sands el ay ; disintegrated shale
containing pockets of light -;ray clay; very strongly
a.eid ; abrupt, ivy boundary.
R-35 inches +, dusky -real shale of Triassic age.
The Ap horizon rta.nl;dw from 3 to 12 inches in thick -Tress,
front dark grayish brown or brown to light yellowish brown
or red in color, fund front sandy loam to silt loam or clay Ioana
in texture. '.Glee B horlwn� range from 9 to 36 inches in com-
bined thickness and have a textari°e mostly of elay that is
very- firm when moist €axed, very plastic when wet. The clay
ereaclo, when the sails tire dry. The color at the 1i horizons
ranges from dusky reel through yellowish reel and. strong
brown to olive yellowy in hues ranging from 10R to 2AY. In
many places these soil- are mottled with gray in. the upper
hart of the B2t horizon. These soils have columnar structure
when dry; have strong to weak, medium and coarse, angular
blocky structure when moist; and are massive when wet.
They have a high content of exchonge€able aluminum. The
combined thickness of the A horizon and R horizons raauges
from 24 to more than 48 inches. Depth to hard rock is
gener,illy more than 3 feet and is commonly more than 8 feet.
White Store soils occur Nvith Creedmoor and i4l2ayodran soils,
They lack the friable tipper subsoil of the Creedmoor soils,
however, and have a firmer subsoil than the dlayodan.
White Store sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes (W g). ---
This soil is on. broad, smooth interstreaa.rn divides in the
uplands. It has a surface layer of dark grayish -brawn
axed brown to light yellowrish-brow-tl sandy loamy 6 to 12
inches thick. The subsoil. is 9 to 36 inches thick. It con-
sists of clay that is very firm when hoist ,and very~ plastic
,when wet. The color of the subsoil is dusky red, yellow-
ish red, strong brown, and olive yellow, with Common
mottles of gray. Included with this soil in. rntapping were
some areas where the siir.°face layer is coarse sanely loam.
and outer areas where the surface 'layer i's fine ;sanely
loam..
Infiltration is good, but permeability is slow and sur
face runoff is medium, The hazard of erosion is moderate.
This soil is easy to keel, in good tilth, but tillage is re-
stricted after &,navy nuns because of the slowly perme-
able subsoil.
This soil is fairly well suited to mange of the locally
grower crops. About one-third of the acreage is cultivated
or in pasture, and. the r:°est is in forest. The, areas that
Crave been cleared. are used chiefly for row• crops. This
soil has a high content of exchangeable alurnilimn, which
is toxic to sortie plants. Practices that effectively control
runoff and erosion are needled in the cultivated areas,
(Capability unit Ile -3, woodland suitability group Il,
wildlife suitability group 1)
White Store sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded
;MB21.° --'t his soil is on broad, smooth interstrearrx divides
in the uplands. The surface layer is 3 to 6 inches thick
61
In rrxaxajw places it is as MiXtrare of the renila,ining original
surface layer and of material from the subsoil. IT the
less eroded areas, the surface layer is brown to light
yellowish -brown sandy loam, bait the texture ranges to
clay loans in the more eroded spots. The subsoil is dusky -
red, yellowish -red, strong -brown, and olive -yellow clay,
with coxnxnon mottles of gray. It is very firm when moist
and very plastic when wet.
Included with this soil in mapping were some areas
of a soil that has a surface lawyer of coarse sanely loam,
and other areas of a soil that has as surface laser of fine
sandy loaanr„ .Mso included were some severely eroded
spots where the subsoil is exposed. "These severely eroded
areas make up frolu 5 to 25 percent of the acreage in
the snapping unit.
Ijifiltration is fair, permeability is slow, and surface
runoff is medium. The hazard of further erosion is se-
vere. This soil is difficult to keep in good tilth. Because
of the slowlypermeable subsoil, tillage is restricted after
heavy rains. T crust forms on the severely eroded spots
after hard rails, and clods form if those areas are
worked. when wet. The crust at,nd the clods interfere with
germination. As a result, stands of crops are poor and
replanting of the severely eroded spots may be, necessary.
About one-third of the acreage is cultivated. or in pas-
ture, and the rest is in forest. This soil is fairly well
suited to many of the locally grown crops, kind the culti-
vated areas are used mainly for row crops. The soil con-
tains a large amount of exchangeable aluminum, which
is toxic to some plains. Intensive practices that effectively
control runoff and erosion are needed in the, cultivated
areas. (Capability unit Me -3, woodland suitability
group 11, wildlife suitability grouts 1)
White Stare sandy loan-, 6 to 10 percent slopes
(MC).- -This soil is on narrow side slopes in the upland's.
7t has a dark grayish -brown and brown to light yellow-
ish -brown surface layer 5 to 10 inches thick. Th.e subsoil.
color ranges from dusky red or yellowish reel to strong
brown .and olive yellowy, with common inottl.es of gray.
The subsoil is eW that is very firm when moist and very
plastic when wet and is J to 30 inches thick. Included
with this soil in mapping were some areas of €a soil that
h,as as surface layer of coarse sarr.dy loani, and other areas
of a soil that, has a surface layer of fine sandy loans.
Infiltration is,crood, permeability is slow, and surface
runoff, is rapid. Ifhe hazard of further erosion is severe.
This soil is eas to keep in goad, tilth. Because of the
slowly permeab e subsoil, however, tillage is restricted
after heavy rains.
About three-fourths of the acreage is in forest, and the
rest is cultivated or in pal,st.ure. This soil is fairly well
suited to roans of the locally grown crops, and the areas
than have been cloared are used chiefly for rows crops.
This soil. contains a large amount. of aluminum, which
is toxic to some plants. Intensive practices that: effietively
control runoff and erosion are needled in the cultivated
areas. ( Capability unit IIIc 3, -woodland suitability
group 11, wildlife suitability group 1)
White Store= sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes,
eroded (WwC'2).---This soil is on narrow side slopes in the
uplands. Its surface layer is 3 to 6 inches thick. In many
places the surface layer is a. mixture of the remaining
original surface soil and of material from the subsoil,

In the less erod xl areas, the surface layer is brown to
light -brown sandy loam, but the texture ranges to clay
loam in the severely eroded spots. The color of the sub-
soil ranges from dusky red and yellowish red to strong
brown and olive yellow, with common mottles of gray.
The subsoil is clay that is very firm when moist and
very plastic when wet and is 9 to 30 inches thick.
Included with this soil in mapping were some areas
of a soil that has a surface layer of coarse sandy loam,
and other areas of a soil that has a surface layer of fine
sanely loam. In the severely eroded spots that are in-
cluded, the subsoil is exposed. The severely eroded spots
make up from 5 to 25 percent of the acreage in the
mapping unit.
Infiltration is fair, permeability is slow, and surface
runoff is rapid. The hazard of further erosion is very
severe. This soil is difficult to keep in good tilth, and
tillage is restricted after heavy rains because of the slowly
permeable subsoil. A crust forms on the severely eroded
spots after hard rains, and clods form if those areas are
Figure 10 —Profile of White Store silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes.
worked when wet,. The crust and the clods interfere with
germination. As a result, stands of crops are poor and
replanting of the severely eroded areas may be necessary.
This soil is fairly well suited to many of the locally
grown crops, and the areas that have keen cleared are
used chiefly for row crops. About three-fourths of the
acreage is in forest, however, and the rest is cultivated or
in pasture. This soil contains a large amount of exchange-
able aluminum, which is toxic to some plants. Very in-
tensive practices that effectively control runoff and ero-
sion are needed in the cultivated. areas. (Capability unit
INTe- S, woodland suitability group 11, wildlife suitability
group 1)
White Store sanely loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes
WsE).--This is a slightly eroded or moderately eroded soil
on narrow side slopes bordering upland drainageways.
Where erosion is only slight, the surface layer is dark
grayish -brown to brown sandy loam 6 to 8 inches thick.
Where erosion is moderate, the color of the surface layer
ranges from light yellowish brown to brown, the texture
ranges from sandy loam to clay loam, and the thickness
ranges from 3 to 5 inches. The color of the subsoil ranges
from dusky red and yellowish red to strong brown and
olive yellow, with common mottles of gray. The subsoil
is 9 to 24 inches thick and consists of clay that is very
firm when moist and very plastic when wet.
Included with this soil in mapping were some areas of
a soil that has a surface layer of fuze sandy loam. Also
included were a few severely eroded spots where the sub-
soil is exposed.
Infiltration is good to fair, permeability is slow, and
surface runoff is very rapid. The steepness of the slope
and the slowly permeable subsoil make this soil highly
susceptible to further erosion.
This soil is not suited to cultivated crops, and prac-
tically all of the acreage is in forest. The areas that have
been cleared should be kept in pasture or permanent hay.
(Capability unit Vie -1, woodland suitability group 11,
wildlife suitability group 1 )
kite Store silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes (WtB).—
This is a slightly eroded or moderately eroded soil on
broad, smooth interstream divides in the uplands. Where
erosion is only slight, the surface layer is dark grayish -
brown and grayish -brown silt loam 6 to 8 inches thick.
Where erosion is moderate, the color of the surface layer
ranges from light yellowish brown to brown, the texture
ranges from silt loam to clay loam, and the thickness
ranges from 3 to 6 inches. The color of the subsoil ranges
from dusky red and yellowish red to strong brown and
olive yellow, with common mottles of gray. The subsoil
is 9 to 30 inches thick and consists of clay that is very
firm when moist and very plastic when wet (fig. 10).
Included with this soil in mapping were a few severely
eroded spots where the subsoil is exposed.
Infiltration is good to fair, permeability is slow, and
surface runoff is medium. The hazard of further erosion
is moderate. Where erosion is only slight, this soil is easy
to keep in good tilth, but where erosion is moderate, the
soil is difficult to keep in good tilth. Because of the
slowly permeable subsoil, tillage is restricted after hard
rains. A crust, forms on the severely eroded spots after
hard rains, and clods form if those areas are worked
when wet. The crust, and the clods interfere with germi-

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA
nation. As a result, stands of crops are poor and replant-
ing of the severely eroded spots may be necessary.
This soil is fairly well suited to many of the locally
grown crops, and the areas that have been cleared are
used for row crops and pasture. About three-fourths of
the acreage is in forest, and the rest is cultivated or in
pasture. This soil contains a large amount of exchange-
able aluminum, which is toxic to some plants. Intensive
practices that effectively control runoff and erosion are
needed in the cultivated areas. (Capability unit IIe-3,
woodland suitability group 11, wildlife suitability
group 1)
White Store clay loam, 2 to 15 percent slopes, severely
eroded (WvW).—This soil is on Piedmont uplands. It has
a red to brown clay loam surface layer 3 to 6 inches
thick. The present surface layer is a mixture of the re-
maining original surface soil and of material from the
subsoil. The color of the subsoil ranges from dusky red
and yellowish red to strong brown and olive yellow, with
common mottles of gray. The subsoil is 9 to 36 inches
thick and consists or clay that is very firm when moist
and very plastic when wet.
Infiltration is poor. Most of the water from rainfall
runs off the surface.
This soil is too eroded for cultivation, and most of the
acreage is in forest. The areas that have been cleared
should be kept in pasture or permanent hay crops. (Capa-
bility unit VIe-2, woodland suitability group 11, wildlife
suitability group 1)
Wilkes Series
The Wilkes series consists of gently sloping to steep,
very shallow to moderately deep soils that are well
drained. These soils occupy small areas on side slopes and
on rounded divides in the Piedmont uplands, where the
difference in elevation is about 75 feet between the high-
est and the lowest points. They have formed under forest,
mostly in the northern and western parts of the county,
in material that weathered from mixed acidic and basic
rocks. The water table remains below the solum.
Natural fertility is medium, and the content of organic;
matter is low. The available water capacity is low, and
permeability and the shrink -swell potential are moderate.
Except in areas that have received lime, these soils are
slightly acid to medium acid. Response is fairly good if
suitable applications of lime and fertilizer are made.
In Wake County the Wilkes Soils are of only minor
importance for farming. Most of the acreage is in forest.
Representative profile of a Wilkes sandy loam in a
wooded area 3.5 miles north of N.C. Highway No. 54, on
county road No. 1650, and 10 feet east of road:
Ap-0 to 8 inches, dark grayish -brown (2.5Y 4/2) sandy
loam; moderate, medium, granular structure; very
friable when moist; many fine and medium, woody
and fibrous roots; many fine pores; common, medi-
um and fine quartz pebbles; slightly acid; abrupt,
wavy boundary.
B2t-8 to 12 inches, strong -brown (7.5YR 5/6) clay loam;
common, fine, distinct, yellow mottles and few, fine,
distinct, red mottles; strong, fine and medium, angu-
lar blocky structure to massive; firm when moist,
sticky and plastic when wet; many fine and medium,
woody and fibrous roots; few fine pores; tbin, dis-
continuous clay films on vertical surfaces of peds ;
slightly acid; clear, wavy boundary.
335-403-74--5
63
133-12 to 19 inches, pale -yellow (5Y 8/3) , strong -brown
(7.5YR 5/6), and yellowish -brown (10YR 5/6) clay
loam mixed with particles of decomposed, fine-
grained schist; massive; friable when moist; few,
fine, woody roots in cracks; slightly acid; gradual,
wavy boundary.
C1-19 to 29 inches, pale -yellow (5Y 8/3), yellowish -red (5YR
5/6), yellowish -brown (10YR 5/6), and black (10YR
2/1) silt loam; decomposed schist; few, fine, woody
roots in cracks; slightly acid; clear, wavy boundary.
C2-29 to 38 inches, pale -green silt loam that is decomposed
schist streaked with black (10YR 2/1) and strong
brown (7.5YR 5/8) ; slightly acid.
R-38 inches f, hard, fine-grained schist containing a large
amount of basic minerals.
The Ap horizon ranges from 3 to 12 inches in thickness,
from yellowish brown or dark grayish brown to dark brown
in color, and from sandy loam to silt loam in texture. The
132t horizon ranges from 2 to 10 inches in thickness, generally
has a clay or clay loam texture, and has varied colors that
range from 5YR to 10YR in hue. The B horizons range from
8 to 36 inches in combined thickness and from sandy loam
to clay loam, mixed with saprolite, in texture. The color of
the B horizons ranges from 5YR to 5Y in hue. These soils
are generally massive. In many places they have clay films
in the cracks. The solum ranges from 12 inches to 40 inches
in thickness. Depth to hard rock ranges from 2 feet to 10
feet or more.
Willies soils occur with Louisburg, Wake, and Enon soils.
They have a darker, more brownish color than the Louisburg
and Wake soils And are less acid than those soils. Wilkes
soils have a thinner solum than the Enon soils.
Wilkes soils, 2 to 10 percent slopes (WwQ.—These
soils are on small ridges and side sloes in the uplands.
They have a yellowish -brown or grayish -brown to dark -
brown surface layer of sandy loam to silt loam that is
3 to 12 inches thick and contains clayey spots in many
places. The color of the subsoil ranges from brown or
dark brown to gray and yellowish red. The subsoil is 8
to 36 inches thick. It ranges from sandy loam to clay loam
in texture and from very friable to firm in consistence.
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is medium to
rapid. The hazard of erosion is very severe. These soils
are somewhat difficult to till, but they can be worked
throughout a fairly wide range of moisture content.
About two-thirds of the acreage is in forest, and the
rest is in pasture or is cultivated. These soils are fairly
well suited to many of the locally grown crops. Intensive
practices that effectively control runoff and erosion are
needed, however, if cultivated crops are grown. (Capa-
bility unit IVe-3, woodland suitability group 12, wildlife
suitability group 4)
Wilkes soils, 10 to 20 percent slopes (WwE).—These
soils are on side slopes that border upland drainageways.
Their surface layer is yellowish -brown or grayish-browil
to dark -brown sandy loam to silt loam and is 3 to 10
inches thick. In many places the surface layer contains
clayey spots. The subsoil ranges from brown or dark
brown to gray or yellowish red in color, from very
friable to firm in consistence, and from sandy loam to
clay loam in texture.
Infiltration is good. Surface runoff is very rapid.
These soils are mainly in forest, but a small acreage is
in pasture. Because of the strong slopes and the bedrock
near the surface in some places, the areas that have been
cleared should be used only for pasture or for permanent
hay crops. (Capability unit VIe-2, woodland suitability
group 12, wildlife suitability group 4)

SOIL SURV.VIY
Wilkes sails, 20 to 45 percent slopes (WwF).----These
soils are on side slopes bordering major drainageivays ill
the uplands. They have a. suraace layer of yelkawlsh-
rowlz or gnayish-brown. to dark -brown sandy loam to
silt loam 3 to '$ inches thick. Their subsoil r,iiges from
brown or dark brown to �raa,y or yellowish red in color,
from very frialale to turn in consistence, and from sands,
loam to clay loan) in texture.
Infiltration is good. Surface runoff is very rapid.
Practically all of the acreage: is in forest. Because of
the strong .slopes and bedrock near the surface, these
soils shoe, be );ept in forest. (Capability unit `1�IIe—1,
woodland suitability group 12, wildlife suitability group
) Wilkes stony soils, 15 to 25 percent slopes (WxE).--The
soils of this unit are on side, slopes that border major
drainageways in the uplands. Their surface layer is
yello- ish-brown or grayish -brown to dark -brown stony
&mIdy loam 0 to 10 inches thick. Large stones occupy
from 1 to 2 percent of the surface. The subsoil ranges
from brown or (lark brown to gray or yellowish red in
color, from eery friable to firm In consistence, and frons
sandy loam to clay loam in texture.
Infiltration is good. Surface runoff is eery rapid.
Practically all of the acreage is in forest. Because of
the strong slopes and bedrock near the snrfaace, these soils
should renla.in in forest. (Capability unit: VIle--1, wood-
land suitability group 12, wildlife suitability group =1)
Worsham Series
The Worsham series consists of nearly level andeptly
sloping, deep, poorly drained soils of Piedmont up�ands.
These soils occupy small areas throughout the count`', at
the heads of drainaa,gew=ays, ora foot slopes, and in slight
depressions. They have formed under forest in translo-
cated rnaateriaal and in material that, weathered. from most
kinds of rocks underlying this area. A. seasonally high
water table is approxiinately at the surface.
Natural fertility and the contout of organic matter are
low, and perinea.bility is moderately slow. The available
water c.apticity is indium, and the shrink -swell potential
is moderate. Except. in areas that have received lune,
these soils ire strongly acid- Response is fairly good if
suitable applications of lime and fertilizer are made.
The Worsham soils of Wake County are of only minor
importance for farming. Sonne areas have been cleared
and are used for pasture or waterways, but most, of the
aaereaage, is in forest_ The areas that have been cleared
and have then been allowed to revert to forest are in
pines or in inixed pines and hardwood&
representative profile of Worsham sandy loam in as
wooded area 2 miles southl-. est of Wendell oil colinty
road No. 23ri 8, one-fourth of a. r pile north on county road
ilio. 1003, and 25 yards east of road
01--5 to 2 fiches, undecomposed forest litter.
02-2 inebes to 0, dark -brown, decomposed forest litter; part
of litter is disintegrated, and hart is not disinte-
grated; many fide and medium, woody roots.
All --o to 2 slashes, gray (10YR 5/1) sandy loam ; -, ealc,
medium and coarse, granular structure ; very friable
when moist; many fine and medium, woody roots;
common fine pores; very strongly acid; abrupt,
smooth boundary.
A121 -2 to 7 ruches, gray (10YR 5/1) sandy 1wim; weak,
medium, granular structure, very friable whan rnolst ;
common, fine and medium, woody roots; inaily fine
pores; very strongly acid; abrupt, wavy txntndary.
A2)> 7 to 11 inches, gray (10YR 6/1) sandy loam; weak,
medium, granular structure; very friable when moist;
common, fine, woody roots; common tiara laores ;
strongly acid; abrupt, smrxoth boundary.
BIg---11 to 13 inches, light brownish -gray (10YR 6/2) aaindy
clary loam; common, medium, prominent, yellowish -
brown mottle6 ; weak, medium and coarse, subangular
blocky structure; firm when moist, slightly tat acky and
slightly plastic when wet; common, fine, woody roots;
coramo'll fine pores; strongly acid; abrupt, wavy`
boundary.
1321tg 13 to 1S inches, gray (10YR 61/1.) heavy sauady clary
loam; commoln, medium, prominent, strong -brown inot-
t:1es; weaak, medium and coarse, subatngular blocky
structure; firm when moist:, Sticky and 1}1.lst:lc when
wet; few, fine, woody roots; fine pores; thin clay ill -ins
on ped surfaces; strongly meld; abrupt, wavy bound-
ary.
7322tg--18 to 2t3) inches, gray (10YR 6/1) heavy .:Mandy sixty
loam; few, medium, prominent, strong-brovni and
few, fine, prominent, yellowia la -red mottles; weak,
niedium and coarse, subangular blocky strueture;
firm when moist, sticky and plastic when wit; few
fine pores; few thin clay films on ped a>urfaac<:=s;
strongly acid; abrupt, smooth boundary.
B23tg-26 to 38 inches, gray (10YR 6/1) light sandy clay;
few, medium, prominent, strong• -brown and few, fine,
1)rolatialent yellowish -red mottles; weak, mLdivan, sub-
rangular blocky straacture; firm when moist, .57.iohtly
sticky and slightly plastic when wet; few fbie pores;
few thin clay films on peri surfaces; fever snuill peb-
bles; stroltgly aeld; abrupt, smooth boundary.
133g--38 to 45 iuchet? +, light -gray (10YR 7/1.) sandy loam;
few, medium, prominent, brownish -yellow mottles;
massive; friable when moist. slightly sticky and
slightly plastic when wet; common fine pores; many
fragments of feldspar; strongly acid.
The A horizonw range from 8 to 20 biches in total thick-
ness and from gray or very dark gray to grayish 1lrowtn or
brown in color. The B horizons range from 20 to 50 inches
in combined and from sandy clay loan or sandy
loam to sandy clay in texture. The Bt horizons have as gray
color in. 10YR and 2.,W hues. In many places the Tat horizons
are mottled with vellowisli red to faaa.le yellow. The solum
ranges .from 24 inches to 45 inches inn thickness. Depth to
hard rock ranges from 5 to 1 or more feet.
Worsham soil.,: occur with Colfax and Bibb soils_ They area
more poorly drained than the Colfax soils und. llaave as flne.r
textured subsoil than the Bibb soils.
Worsham sandy loam (0 to 4 percent slope:) My)- -
'Ellis is the only soil of the Worsham series rziapped in
Wake County. It occurs at the heads of draaialaa.gewllys,
oil foot slopes, and in slight depressions ill the uplands.
The surface layer is very dark: brown or brotivra- sandy
loam 8 to 20 inelies thick. The subsoil is 21 to 10 inches
thick and consists of gray, firm silty clay loam or sandy
clay, with common mottles of strong brown to pale
yellow.
Infiltration is good, and surface runoff is slow- to
ponded. Permeability is moderately slow. Where, this soil
has been. drained, it is easy to keep in good tilt:h, but
tillage may be restricted after hard rains.
If this soil is cleared and properly drained, it is suitecl
to corn, soybeans, and pasture. Most of the, acreage is in
forest, but some of it, is cultivated or in pasture. (Carina -.
bility unit. IVNv-1, woodland suitability group 2, wildlife,
suitability group 3)

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA
Use and Management of the Soils
This section discusses use and management of the soils
for crops and pasture, as woodland, for wildlife, and for
engineering. It does not give detailed information about
management of individual soils. For specific suggestions,
consult a representative of the local office of the Soil
Conservation Service, the Extension Service, or the Agri-
cultural Experiment Station.
Use of the Soils for Crops and Pasture'
This section has three main parts. The first discusses
the system of capability classification. The second de-
scribes the subclass and capability units in Wake County
and gives general management suggestions for each
capability unit. The third gives estimated yields at a
high level of management for specific crops on each soil.
Capability groups of soils
Capability classification is tho gsouping of soils to
show, in a general way, their suitability for most kinds
of farming. It is a practical classification based on limi-
tations of the soils, the risk of damage when they are
used, and the way they respond to treatment. The classi-
fication does not apply to most horticultural crops, or
to rice and other crops that have their special require-
ments. The soils are classified according to degree and
kind of permanent limitation, but without consideration
of major and general expensive landforming that would
change the slope, depth, or other characteristics of the
soils; and without consideration of possible but unlikely
major reclamation projects.
In the capability system, all kinds of soils are grouped
at three levels, the capability class, subclass, and unit.
These are discussed in the following paragraphs.
CAPABILITY CLASSES, the broadest grouping, are desig-
nated by. Roman numerals I through VIII. The num-
erals indicate progressively greater limitations and nar-
rower choices for practical use. The classes are defined
as follows:
Class I. Soils have few limitations that restrict their
use.
Class II. Soils have some limitations that reduce the
choice of plants or require moderate conserva-
tion practices.
Class III. Soils have severe limitations that reduce
the choice of plants, require special conserva-
tion practices, or both.
Class IV. Soils have very severe limitations that re-
strict the choice of plants, require very careful
management, or both.
Class V. Soils subject to little or no erosion but have
other limitations, impractical to remove, that
limit their use largely to pasture, range, wood-
land, or wildlife food and cover. (None in Wake
County)
Class VI. Soils have severe limitations that make
them generally unsuited to cultivation and limit
aJ. E. Poiaocx, conservation agronomist, Soil Conservation
Service, and T. J. WwGms, work unit conservationist, Soil Con-
servation Service, assisted in preparing this section.
65
their use largely to pasture or range, woodland
or wildlife food and cover.
Class VII. Soils have very severe limitations that
make them unsuited to cultivation and that re-
strict their use largely to grazing, woodland, or
wildlife.
Class VIII. Soils and landforms have limitations
that preclude their use for commercial plant
production and restrict their use to recreation,
wildlife, or water supply, or to esthetic pur-
poses. (None in Wake County)
CAPABILITY SUBCLASSES are soil groups within one
class; they are designated by adding a small letter, e, W,
s, or c, to the class numeral, for example, IIe. The letter
e shows that the main limitation is risk of erosion; w
shows that water in or on the soil surface interferes with
plant growth or cultivation (in some soils wetness can
be partly corrected by artificial drainage) ; s shows that
the soil is limited mainly because it is shallow, droughty,
or stony; and c, used in some parts of the United States
but not in Wake County, shows that the chief limitation
is climate that is too cold or too dry.
In class I there are no subclasses, because the soils of
this class have few limitations. Class V (none in Wake
County) can contain, at most, only subclasses indicated
by to, s, and c because the soils in it are subject to little
or no erosion, though they have other limitations that
restrict their use largely to pasture, range, woodland,
wildlife, or recreation.
CAPABILITY UNITS are soil groups within the subclasses.
The soils in one capability unit are enough alike to be
suited to the same crops „and pasture plants, to require
similar management, and to have similar productivity
and other.. responses to, management. Thus, the capability
unit is a convenient grouping for- making many state-
ments about management of soils. Capability units are
generally designated by adding an Arabic numeral. to
the subclass•symbol, for example, IIe-1 or IIIw-1. Thus
in one symbol, the Roman numeral designates the capa-
bility class or degree of limitation, and the small letter
indicates the subclass, or kind of limitations as defined
in the foregoing paragraph. The Arabic numeral specif-
ically identifies the capability unit within each subclass.
In the following pages, the capability units in Wake
County aredescribed and suggestions for the use and
management of the soils . are given. The names of the
soil series represented are mentioned in the description
of each capability unit, but this does not mean that all
the soils of a given series appear in the unit. To find the
names of all of the soils in any given capability unit,
refer to the "Guide to Mapping Units" at the back of
this survey.
CAPABILITY UNIT I-1
Only one soil, Norfolk loamy sand, 0 to 2 percent
slopes, is in this capability unit. This soil is on Coastal
Plain uplands and is nearly level and well drained. It
has a surface layer of very friable loamy sand, 8 to 20
inches thick, and a subsoil of friable sandy loam to
sandy clay loam.
Natural fertility and the content of organic matter
are low. Permeability is moderate, and the available
water capacity is medium. Reaction is strongly acid. This
soil is easy to keep in good tilth, can be worked through-

DN
Soil. SURVEY
out; a wide rarrgo of moisture, content, amid has a. Very
deep effective. root zone. Response is good if suitable
amomits of lime and fertilizer are applied.
A small acreage is in forest but thus soil is well suited
to all. the crops grotvii locally aiid iii used mainly for
tobaacco, cotton, and other row crops. Clean -tilled crops
can be grown intenslively without serious risk of erosion.
Returning all crop residue to the soil helps to inain-
tain the content, of organic matter. Perennial grasses
included in the cropping system help to reduce losses of
soil and water and to make this soil more productive.
CAPABILITY UNIT Ile—1
This capability unit consists of well-drained,ently
sloping soils on t1e, Piedmont and Coastal Plain uplands.
These soils are in the rippling, Cecil, Durham, Ftweville,
Granville, 1%,ladison, 1Vlayodan, Norfolk, Orangeburg, and
Wedowee series. They lin,ve a surface layer of loamy sand
to fine sandy loam that in places contains gravel. The
subsoil ranges from friable sandy loam to firm clay. In
some places the plow pryer is ii, mixture of the remaining
original surface soil and of material from the subsoil; in
other places the subsoil has been exposed through erosion.
Natural fertility and the content of organic matter are
low. Permeability is moderate, and the available water
capacity is medium. Reaction ranges from medium acid
to strongly acid. The effective root zone is shallow to
very- deep. Response is good if suitable amounts of lime
and fertilizer are applied. The uneroded. soils are in good
filth and can be worked throughout a wide range of
moisture content. The eroded soils are in fair tilth and
can be worked within only a somewhat narrow, range of
moisture content. If the eroded soils are worked when
too «yet or too dry, they become cloddy and a crust, forms
on the surface. Standsof crops grown on the eroded soils
are less uniform than those grown on the uneroded soils,
even though the amount of rain is normal. Further ero-
sion is as moderate hazard in cultivated area's.
About two-thirds of the acreage is cultivated or in
pasture, and the rest is in forest or community develop-
ments. The soils are well suited to rirost of the crops
grown in the county. They are especially well suited to
tobacco but are not well suited to alfalfa, white clover,
and red clover.
Eiinofi and erosion can be reduced. by returning all
crop residue to the soils; by protecting the soils -, nth a
close -growing crop 25 to 50 percent of the, time; and by
tilling along the contour, practicing striperoppnag, and
providing terraces and diversions. Field borders, natural.
draws, and other outlets needed for the disposal of run -
oft should be seeded to perennial grasses, preferably of
a sod -forming type. Exain Iles of suitable crol7ping sys
terms are 2 or more years old close -growing crops followed
by 1 or 2 years of a, row crop; or 1 year of a close -
growing crop followed by 1 year of a row crop. Perennial
grasses are the most suitable close -growing crop.
CAPABILITY UNIT Ile -2
This capability unit consists of well -drained, gently
sloping Georgeville, Herndon, Lloyd, and May odan soils
on Piedmont, uplands. These soils have a surface layer of
loam or silt loam that in places contains gravel. The sub-
soil ranges from friable silty clay loam to firm clay. In
some places the plow layer is a mixture of the remaining
original surface soil and of material fron7 the subsoil;
in others the subsoil has been exposed through erosion.
Nataural fertility and the content of organic matter are
low. Permeability is moderate, and the available water
capacity is medium. Reaction ranges frons slightly acid
to strongly acid. The effective root zone is shallow to
deep. Response is good if suitable amounts of lime and
fertilizer are applied. The uneroded soils are in good
tilth and can be worked throughout a fairly wide range
of moisture content. The eroded soils are in fair H f i
and can be worked within only a somewhat narrow rarrgo
of moisture content. Stands of crops grown on the eroded
soils are not, uniform, even though the amount of rain is
normal. The hazard of further erosion is moderate, in
cultivated areas.
About two-thirds of the acreage is cultivated or in
pasture; the rest is in forest or community developments.
The soils are well suited. to most of the crops grown
locally, but they are less well suited to tobacco than the
soils in capability units I-1 and He -4.
Minoff and. erosion can be reduced, soil tilth improved,
and productivity increased by returning all crop residue
to the soils; by protecting the surface of the soils with
a close -growing crop 25 to 50 percent of the time; and
by tilling on the contour, practicing striperopping, and
providing terraces and diversions. Field borders, natural
draws, and other outlets needed for disposing of runoff
should be seeded to perennial grasses, preferably of a
sod -forming type. Examples of suitable cropping systems
are 1 or more yearns of a close-grotiving crop followed by
1 or2 years of a row crop, or 1 year of i close -growing
crop followed by 1 year of a roiv crop. Perennial grasses
are the most suitable close -growing crop. Good soil strue -
ture can be maintained through minimum t.illa,ge.
CAPABILITY UNIT ire -3
This capability unit consists of well drained or mod-
erately well drained, gently sloping soils of the Creed -
moor°, Enon, Helena., Vance, and White, Store series.
These soils are on the Piedmont uplands. They have <a,
surface layer of sandy loam to silt loam and a subsoil
of firin or very firm silty clay loam to clay. .,Lir soirre
places the plow layer is a mixture of the remaining origi-
nal surface soil and of material from the subsoil. In
others, the subsoil is exposed.
Natural fertility is low to Tnedium, and the coritent, of
organic matter is low. Permeability is slow, and the
available water capacity is medium to high. Reaction
ranges from slightly acid to very strongly acid. The
effective root zone is shallow to deep. Response is good
if suitable applications of lime and fertilizer are made.
The uneroded soils are in good tilth, but tillage after
heavy rains is restricted because of the slowly perrne.able
subsoil. The eroded soils are in fair tiltl, but if tilled
when too wet or too dry, they become cloddy and a crust
forms on the surface. Stands of crops are not uniform
on the eroded soils, even though the amount of rain is
normal. Minofi is medium, and the, hazard of further
erosion is moderate in cultivated areas.
About two-thirds of the acreage is cultivated or in
pasture; the rest is in forest. The soils of this unit are

WAKE COT NTY, NORTH CAROLINA
fa.irlg ww e�11 suited to ntotit c:3f the crops grown 1oca,lly, but
the Enon soils are not well suited to tobacco.
Runoff and erosion can be reduced„ soil tilth improved,
and productivity increased by returning all crop residue
to the soils; by protecting the surface of the soils ww i la
a close gr°ow�-ing crop frorar. 25 to W percent, of the time;
and by tilling on the contour, pr a•cticing stri propping,
and providing diversions or terraces. Field borders,
natural draws, and other outlets needed for disposing o1
runoff should be seeded to perennial grasses, preferably
of a sod -forming typo. Examples of suitable cropping
yste.ms are 2 or more years of closegrowving crops fol-
lowed by 1 or 2 years of a row crop ; or 1 year of a close--
crop
lose-
crop followed by I year of as row crop. Peren-
nial grasses are the most suitable close -growing crop.
Good soil structure can be. maintained t1'isough minimum
til1 a.ge.
CAPABILITY UNIT IIw-1
This capability unit consists of moderately well
trained and somewhat, poorly drained, nearly level or
;eptly sloping soils on stream terraces and uplands of
Ile Coastal Plain. Theses soils acre in the Altavista,, Golds -
.)oro, and Lync-hbim Series. They have a. surface layer of
Sandy loam or fine sandy loam and a subsoil of friable
;andy loam to firm clay loam.
Natural fertility anti the c:ont.ent, of organic matter
ire low, the available water capacity is niediurn, and.
)ermeability is moderate. These soils are in good filth
tad have a very deep or deep effective root zone. Reac-
ion ranges from medium acid to strongly acid. Response
s good if suitable applications of lime- and fertilizer are
na:de. The Altavista soil is flooded infrequently, but.
looding does not last long.
Most of the acreage is cultivated or in pasture, and
poly a small acreage is in forest. These soils are well
nited to most of the crops grown locally, but they are,
of well suited to alfalfa, red clover, and orchardgr<ass.
Tliere are, no serious hazards if these soils are used
utensively for clean -tilled crops, but a moderately high
,rater table affects nianagernent, and is a soil lirnit.ation
o some uses. Sonne drainage is generally needed if
obatcco and other specialized crops are grown. Row crops
an be grown year after year if all crop residue i,
(tabled to the :;oi°s. '1lw content of org:'artic matter and
aavorable soil tilth can be maintained if close -growing
rops, preferably perennial grasses, are grown every
Cher year or 1 year out of 3.
CAPABILITY UNIT IIw-2
This capability unit consists of well drained and mod-
eately well drained, nearly level Congaree soils on the
ood plains of streams. These soils have a, surface layer
f fine sandy loam to silt loam, underlain by friable or
ery friable fine sandy loam to silt- loam or silty clay
)am.
-Natural fertility and tide content of organic matter ar°e
>w, the, available water capacity is medium, and perme-
aility is moderate to moderately rapid-. These soils are
r good tilth and have a• deep effective root zone. They
re strongly acid. Response is good if suitable applica-
ons of lime and fertilizer are made.
Most of the acreage is cultivated or in pasture, but a
nail acreage is in forest. These soils are well suited to
HE
most of the crops g -rows locally. Corn, small grra.ins, ber-u
mudagrass, fescue, and johnsongrass grow well on them.
Flooding is the only serious hazard if these soils are
cultivated intensively. In solve a.reaas, however, simple
dradnage is needed to improve small wvet spots. If all
crop residue is returned to the soils, row crops can be
grown year after year. The soils can be kept productive,
and the content of organic matter and good soil tilth
can be maintained if~ close -growing crops, preferably
perennial grasses, are grown every other ,year or I year
out of 3.
CAPABILITY UNIT II6-I
This capability unit consists of somewhat excessively
drained, nearly level and gently sloping INTagrarn soils
orr Coastal Plain uplands. Viese soils have. a. surface layer
of 'loamy sand, 20 to 30 inches thick. and a snbso�il of ver;v
friable sandy loam to friable sandy clay loam.
Natural fertility and the content of organic naatt:er•
are low or very low. The available water capacity is low,
and permeability is moderate. These soils are in good
filth, caai be, tilled throughout a wide range of moisture
content, and have a. very deep effective root zone. They
are droughty and highly susceptible to leaching, however,
and are medium acid to strongly acid. Response is good
if suitable applications of lime and fertilizer are made.
Most of the acreage is cultivated or in pasture, but a,
small acreage is in forest. These soils are fairly well
suited to most of the crops grown locally, but crop resi-
due and other kinds of organic, matter burn out rapidly.
11 cropping system that adds a large amount of long-
lasting crop residue is needed. Examples of such a crop-
ping systerrl are 2 car more years of perennial grasses or
legumes followed by a row crop grow.ra for 1 or 2 years;
or I or more years of a dense stand of annuals followed
by a row crop grown for 1 year. Tillage should be done
on the contour and kept to a minimum, terraces or diver-
sions are needed, and striper°opping is desirable on the
sloping soils (fig. 11). Natural draws and other outlets
for disposal of excess surface. wa-ter ought, to be seeded
to perennial grasses, preferably of a sod-fornung type.
Fertilizer, especially nitrogen, should be added in split
application.
CAPABILITY UNIT Me -1
Well -drained, sloping soils of the Piedmont and C onsta.l.
Plain uplands nualce up this capability unit. These soils
are in the Appling, Cecil, Durham, Vaceville, Granville.
Madison, 11laayodaan, Norfolk, Orangeburg, and Wedowee
series. They have a surface layer of loamy sand to fine
sandy loam and. a. subsoil of friable sandy loans to firan
clay. In places the plow layer is a, mixture of the reniain-
ing original surface soil and of. 3naterial from the sub-
soil. In some: spots the subsoil has been exposed, through
erosion. In places these soils contaija gravel th t inter-
feres with tillage.
Natural fertility and the content of organic matter
,ire low. Permeability is moderate, and the available
water capacity is medium. Reaction is medium acid to
strongly acid. The, effective root zone, is shallow to very
deep. Response is good if suitable applications of Lippe arad
fertilizer are made. The uneroded soils are in good filth
and can be worked throughout it wide range of slroisture
content. Tilth is only fair in t•lae eroded soils, and those

6S SOIL SURVEY
Figure 11. --Contour striperopping of corn and fescue. The soil on the far side of the field is Wagram loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes;
that in the foreground is Wagram loamy sand, 6 to 10 percent slopes.
soils can be tilled within only a fairly narrow range of
moisture content. A crust forms on the eroded soils, and
those soils become cloddy if worked when too wet or too
dry. Stands of crops on the eroded soils are not uniform,
even though the amount of rain is normal. Erosion is a
severe hazard in the cultivated areas.
About one-third of the acreage is cultivated or in pas-
ture; the rest is in forest or in community developments.
These soils are well suited to most of the crops grown
locally.
Erosion and losses of water can be reduced, soil tilth
can be improved, and productivity and the content of
organic matter can be increased by returning all crop
residue to the soils, by protecting the soils with a close -
growing crop 50 to 75 percent of the time, and by tilling
®11 the contour, practicing striperopping, and installing
terraces or diversions where needed. Natural draws or
waterways, the borders of fields, and other outlets needed
for disposing of runoff should be seeded to perennial
grasses, preferably of a sod -forming type. A suitable
cropping system is 2 or more years of crops that pro-
tect the soils from erosion followed by 1 year of a row
crop; or 2 years of crops that protect the soils from ero-
sion followed by 2 years of row crops. Perennial grasses
are the most suitable crop to protect the soils from
erosion.
CAPABILITY UNIT IIIe-2
In this capability unit are well-drained,ently sloping
and sloping soils of the Cecil, Georgeville, Herndon,
Lloyd, and Mayodan series. These soils are on Piedmont
uplands. They have a surface layer of loam or silt loam
to clay loam and a subsoil of friable silty clay loam to
firm clay. The amount, of gravel in some places is great
enough to interfere with tillage. The plow layer is a mix-
ture of the remaining original surface soil and of mate-
rial from the subsoil; in some spots the subsoil has been
exposed through erosion. The Cecil soil is severely eroded.
Its surface layer is mainly material from the subsoil,
but it contains some material from the original surface
layer.
Natural fertility and the content, of organic matter
are low. The available water capacity Is medium, and
permeability is moderate. The uneroded soils are in good
tilth and can be worked throughout a fairly wide range
of moisture content. Tilth is fair to poor in the eroded
soils. A crust forms on the surface and the eroded soils

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH i ROLIMI
become cloddy if they are, worked when too wet; or too dry.
Stands of crops on the eroded soils are not uniform, even
though the amount of rain is normal. Erosion is a, severe
hazard in the cultivated areas. The effective root zone
ranges from deep to shallow, and reaction ranges from
slightly acid to strongly acid. Response is good if suit-
able applications of lime and fertilizer are made.
About one-third of the acreage is cultivated or in pas-
ture, and the rest is in forest or community development.
These soils are fairly well suited to most of the crops
grown locally and are well. suited to grasses, legumes,
and small grains.
Erosion and losses of water can be reduced, tilth can
be. improved, and productivity and the content; of organic
matter can be increased by returning all crop residue
to soils; by protecting the soils with a close -growing crop
50 to 75 percent of the time,*, and by tilling on the con-
tour, practicing striperopping, and installing terraces
or diversions where needed. The borders of fields, natural
draws, and other outlets needed for disposing ofrunoff
should be seeded to perennial grasses, preferably of a
sod -forming type. A suitable cropping system is 2 or
more years of a crop that protects the soils frons erosion
followed by 1 year of a row crop; or 3 or more years of
^Tops that protect the soil from erosion followed by 1 or
-ears of a row crop. Perennial grasses are the most
suitable crop to protect the soils from erosion.
CAPABILITY UNIT IIIe-3
This capability unit consists of well drained and mod-
Araxely well drained, gently sloping and sloping soils of
`-lie Creedmoor, Enon, Helena. prance, and White Store
tieries. '.These soils are on Piedmont uplands. They have
a surface layer of sandy loam to silt loam and a subsoil
�)f firm or very firm silty clay loam to clay. In places the
plow- layer is a mixture of the rema,iraing original surface
;oil and. of material from the subsoil; in spots the sub -
;oil has been exposed through erosion.
Natural fertility is low to medium, and the content of
)rganie matter is low. Permeability is slow, and the,
available, water ca-pac.ity is medirtm to high. Reaction
rouges from slightly acrd to very strongly acid. The
affective root zone is shallow to deep. Erosion is a severe
aaizard in cultivated areas. The uneroded soils are in
�000d. 'tilth, but tillage is restricted after heavy rains
weause of the slowly permeable subsoil. Tilth is fair in
;lie eroded soils, but a crust fortes on the surface in(]. the,
,coded soils become, cloddy if they are. worked when toes
)vet, or too dry. Stands of crops are not uniform on the
=roiled soils, even though the amount of rain is normal.
rtbout one-third of the acreage is cultivated or in pa.s-
=ure, and the rest is in forest. The uneroded soils are well
mit,ed to the crops grown locally; the eroded soils are
)illy fairly well. suited.
Erosion and losses of water can be reduced, soil tilth
panbe, imps°owed, and productivity and the content of
)rga-nie matter can be increased by returning all crop
~esidue to the soils; by protecting the soils with a close-
-,rovving crop 50 to 75 percent of the time; )incl bpr,
�iciiig corrtonr tillage, striperopping, and installing ter -
We
s or diversions where needed. Borders of fields,
natural draws, and other outlets needed for disposing of
11111off should be seeded to perennial grasses, preferably
Mi
of a, sod -forming type. A suitabla cropping system for
these soils is 2 or more years of a, crop that protects the
soils followed by 1 of, 2 years of a rove crop. Perennial
grasses are the most suitable crop to protect the soils
from erosion.
CAPABILITY UNIT Hf"
Well drained to somewhat excessively drained, gently
sloping Louisburg and Wedowee soils are in this capabil-
ity unit.. These soils are on Piedmont uplands. They have
a surface layer of loamy sand or sandy loam and a highly
variable subsoil. In places the plow layer is a mixture of
the remaining original surface soil and of material from
the subsoil; in some spots the subsoil is exposed.
Natural fertility and the content of organic natter
are love. Permeability is moderate to rapid, and the avail-
able water capacity is Iow to rnednrm. Reaction is
strongly acid. The effective root zone is shallow to mod-
erately deep. Response is good if suitable applications
of lime and fertilizer are made. The soils in this unit are,
generally in good tilth, but stones are near the surface
in some areas. Some of the soils are eroded, and further
erosion is a severe hazard.
About three-fourths of the acreage is in, forest; the
rest is in pasture or cultivated crops. These soils are
poorly suited to most of the crops grown locally. If man-
agement is good, however, tobacco of good quality can be
grown on the uneroded, gently sloping soils. The soils are
suitable for pasture, hay, or trees, and they can be used
for recreation or as habitat for wildlife.
Erosion and losses of water can be reduced, the con-
tent of organic matter can be increased, and productivity
and soil tilth improved by returning all crop residue to
the soils; by protecting the soils with a close -growing
crop about 75 percentof the time; and by practicing
contour tillage and st,riperopping and installing diver-
sions. A suitable cropping system Is 3 or more years of
crops that protect the soils from erosion followed by 1.
year of a row crop; or 2 years of crops that protect the
soil from erosion followed by 1 year of a row crop.
Perennial grasses are the most suitable crop for- protect-
ing the, soils from erosion. The borders of fields, natural
draws, and other outlets needed for the disposal of r-aan-
off should be seeded to perennial grasses, preferably of
a sod -forming type.
CAPABILITY UNIT IIIe_,r,
Only Wagrarn loamy sand, 0 to 10 percent, slopes, is in
this capability unit. It is a somewhat excessively drained
soil on Coastal Plain uplands. The surface laver is very
friable loamy sand, 20 to 30 inches thick, and the subsoil
is very friable sandy loarn to friable sandy clay loam.
?natural fertility and the content of organic matter are
love or very low. The available water capacity is low, and
permeability is moderate. This soil is in good tilth anal
can be worked throughout a Avide range of moisture con.
tent. It is droughty, however, and the hazard of erosion
is severe if cultivated crops are, gr•ovvii. The effective root
zone is very deep. 'Reaction is medium acid. to very
strongly acid. Plant nutrients leach out, rapidly, but;
response is good if suitable applications of .lime and
fertilizer are made.
This soil is fairly well suited to bermudagrass and to
most of tlic. other crops grown locally. It. is poorly suited

ME
SOIL SITRVEY
to alfalfa, white clover, and red clover. Erosion and losses
of water taxa be reduced, soil tilth improved, and produc-
tivity and the content, of organic matter maintained by
returning all crop re.sidne. to the soil; by growing soil -
conserving crops 50 to 75 percent of the time; and by
practicing contour tillage and triperoppirnn. A suitIlde
cropping systema is 2 or more years of close -growing
crops, 1 year of a row crop followed by a cover crop,
and then another year of a row crop; or 1 or more, years
of a. close -growing crop followed by 1 year of a row
crop. Perennial grasses are the most suitable close -grow-
ing crop. Natural draws, the borders of fields, and other
outlets needed for disposing of rnnoif' should be seeded
to a. perennial grass, preferably of a sod -forming type.
Liberal amounts of fertilizer, in split applications, are
needed.
CAPABILITY UNIT IIIsv--I
This capability unit consists only of C'hewa,cla soils.
These soils are somew-hat, poorly drained and nearly level,
and they occur on the flood plains of streams. They have
a surface layer of sandy loam to silt. loam, underlain by
friable or very friable sandy loam to silt loam or clay
loam.
Natural fertility and the content of organic matter
,ire low. The available water capacity is naedinm, and
permeability is moderate to moderately rapid. These
soils are in good filth and have asleep effective root zone.
They are strongly acid, bit response is good if suitable
applications of lime diad fertilizer are made. The ;oils
are subjectto overflow, and wetness is a severe hazard.
Alost of the acreage is in forest, but a small acreage
is cultivaa,tecl or in pasture. These soils are fairly well
suited to corn, oats, white clover, dallisgrass, fescue, and
other crops that are at least fairly tolerant of excess
water. Thur are better suited to pasture than, to field
crops. Artificial drainage is needed for most crops. The
content, of organic, matter can be maintained and tilth
can be improved by returxaing large quantities of crop
residue to the. soils. A suitable cropping system is 1 or
more years of a, crop that provides a dense cover followed
by 1 or 2 years of a row, crop.
CAPABILITY UNIT IMA --2
This capability unit consists of somewhat, poorly
drained, nearly level and gently sloping soils of the Au-
gusta., Colfax, Mantaclaie, and Wahee series. These soils
are in depressions and on foot, slopes, stream terraces,
and Piedmont and Coastal Plain upla-nds. They have a
surface layer of sanely loam to silt loam, underlain by
sandy loaan to very firm clay.
Natural fertility is med.itam to .low, a:nd the content of
organic matter is low. The available water ca,pa,city is
medium, sand permeability is moderately rapid to slow.
These soils are, in good to fair tilth and have a deep or
moderately deep effective root zone. They are medium
acid to very strongly acid. Plant naatrients leach out.
rapidly, but response is good if suitable applications of
,Time and fertilizer are made. These soils are. susceptible
to flooding, and wetness is a severe hazard.
Most of the acreage is in forest, but a small acreage,
is cultivated or in pasture. These soils are of limited
suitability for crops, but they can be used for corn, oats,
rye, white clover, soybeans, annual lespedeza, fescue, and
dallisgrass. They aree betted` suited to pastnx°e than to
field crops. Drainage and good management are. needed.
The content, of organic matter can be maintained and the
structure of the soils can be improved by returning all
crop residue, to the soils. A suitaable cropping system is
oz more years of pastaare followed by 2 Fears of Clean -
tilled crops; or 1 or more years of a crop that protects
the soils, followed by 1 year of a, clean -tilled crop.
CAPABILITY UNIT 111w--3
Pains fine- sandy loam is the only soil in this capability
unit. It is poorly drained and nearly level, and itoecnrs
in depressions on Coastal Plain uplands. The surfaco
layer is very friable fine sandy loam, and the sul_asoil
is friable sandy loam to firm clay loam.
Natural fertility is low, and the content of organic
m
clatter is nxediu. Peraneability is moderate, and the
available water capacity is medium. This soil is in good
tilth and has a very deep effective root zone. React -ion is
very strongly acid or strongly acid. Response is good if
suitable applications of Bine and fertilizer are made.
Wetness is a. severe hazard where field crops, pasture
phnits, or hay are grown
Most of the acreage is in forest, but a, small' aereaage
is cultivated or in pasture. This soil is limited in suita-
bility for crops. 1,17here it has been drained, however,
it is fairly well suited to corn, fescue, dallisgrass, white,
clover, soybeans, annual lespedeza, and oats, though it
requires good management.
Iirainage is the major requirement if this soil is
farmed. 11"here. drainage is provided, row crops may be
grown year after year, but all crop residue should be
returned to the soil. Productivity, a desirable content of
organic neat -ter, and good tilth can be, maintained if per-
ennial grasses and legumes are included in tlae cropping
system, and if they analce up from 25 to eiO percent of the
cropping sequence.
CAPABILITY UNIT IIIc -1
Only lVagram-Troup sands, a to 4 percent slopes, is
in this capability unit. It consists of somewhat exees-
sivel y drained soils on Coa.�fal Plain uplands. The surface
layer of these soils is Loose sand, 30 to 60 inches thick:,
a.nd the subsoil is very friable sandy loam to friable;
sandy clay loam.
Nataral fertility, the content of organic. matter, and
the available water capacity are low or very low. Per-
meability is moderate to rapid. These soils are in good
filth and have a very deep effective root, zone. They are;
medium acid to very strongly acid. Response is good if
suitable applications of lime and fertilizer -ire made.
About; two -third of the acreage is cultivated or iii
pastures the rest is in forest. Even though these soils are,
ina,naged properly, they are not well suited to Most of
the crops grown locally. They are more suitable for use as
recreational areas or for the grooving of peaches and
watermelons than for growing field crops.
Runoff and erosion can be reduced, soil tilth improved,
the content of organic am:ttor maintained, and productiv-
ity increased by returning all crop residlae to Mae soils.
Crop residue and other organic xuatter lima out of the
soils rapidly. The surface needs to be protected by a
close -growing crop, preferably a perennial crop, at least

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA
50 percent of the time,. A- suitable cropping syst.e-in is
one that adds a large amount of durable residue and
that consists of crops grown ill strips. Examples of suit--
a:ble cropping systems are 3 or niore years of perennial
grasses or legumes followed by 1 or 2 years of a. row
crop, or 2 years of a crop that provides a. dense cover
follo�4,ed by 1 year° of u- row crop. 1.11 1IRLjor drar17s and
field borders used for disposing of runoff' ought to be
seeded to a perennial grass. Fertilizer, especially nitro
gen, should be added iii split, applications.
CAPABILITY UNIT IVe-1
This capability imit consists of well -drained, strongly
sloping Appling, Cecil, Granville, Aladisorr, Mayodar.t.,
and Wedowee soils on Piedniont, uplands. These soils
Nave a surface laver of sandy loam and a subsoilf
o
friable sandy- clays loam to firm clay. In some eroded
areas, the plow layer is a- mixture of the remaining origi-
nal surface soil and of material from the subsoil. In
others the subsoil has been exposed through erosion. Fur-
ther erosion is a severee hazard in the. cult -iv aced areas.
Natural fertility a.nd the content of orgaaaie. matter are.
low. Permeability is moderate, and the available water
capacity is medium. Reaction is mediums acid to strongly
acid. The effective root. zone is shallow to deep. Response
is good if suitable applications of lime and fertilizer are
iiiad.e. Tilth of the rrneroded soils is good; that of the
eroded soils is only fair. The eroded soils can be. tilled
tirithin only a, fairly narrow i-a.nge of moisture content. A
crust forms on the surface, and the eroded soils become
cloddy if worked when too wet or too dry. ,Stands of
crops are not auriform on the eroded soils, even though
the miomat of rain is normal.
About two-thirds of the acreage is ill forest or cont-
anrurity developments; the rest is cultivated. or in pasture.
Given proper management, these soils are fairly well
;cited or well suited to most of the crops grown locally.
Their use for crops is limited, however, by low mtural
Fertility and susceptibility to leaching, bosses of soil and
sva.ter t"aa.]7 be reduced, soil tilth improved, and prodtretiv-
ity and the content of organic matter increased by pro-
-ect-ling the soils with a close -growing crop at least Til
percent of tlae thnen by tilling along the contour; and
>y seeding field borders, providing (Iiversions, prtldie.ng
tripexoppiiiig, and returning all crop residue to the soils.
ferennia,l brasses are the most, suitable close -growing
trop. Natural draws and other needed outlets for dis
)ositig of runoff should be seeded to perennial grasses,
ireferably of a sod-forrning type. A suitable cropping
system is years or more of perennial grasses or legumes
°ollowed by 1 year of a row crop.
CAPABILITY UNIT lVe-2
This capability unit consists of a well-draitied, Sloping
�_nd Strongly sloping Cecil, Georgeville., Iferndon, Lloyd,
..nd Mayodan soils on Piedmont uplands. 'These soils
ia.ve a surface layer of loam or silt loan. to clay loans
and a subsoil of friable, silty clay loam to firm clay. Most
if the soils are eroded, and. the Cecil soil is severely
roded. Further erosion is a severe hazard in cultivated
rears. In some eroded areas, the plow layer is a mixture
I the rerttaiiiing original surface soil and of material
rotu the subsoil; in others the subsoil is exposed. The
5,35 -402-70— 6
M
surface layer of the Cecil soil is mainly material from
the subsoil, but it, contains a small. a -mount of material
from the original surface layer. In places the soils in this
unit contain enough gravel to interfere with tillage.
Natural fertility and the content, of organic matter rare
low. Permeability is moderate, and the available water
capacity is medium. Reiction is slightly acid to strongly
acid. The effective root zone is shallow to deep. Response
is good if suitable. applications of lime incl fertilizer are -
made. The uneroded or only slightly eroded soils, such as
the Mayodan, are iii good. tilth, but (lie, eroded soils are
in fair t.o poor filth. A crust forms oil the surface of the
eroded soils, and those soils bec„ome cloddy if worked
when too wet or too dry. Iv,en thougli the amount of rain
is normal, stands of crops are not, uniform on the eroded
soils.
About, two-thirds of the acreage is in forest or ill corn
munity developments; the rest, is cultivated or ill paas-
trrre. Given proper management, the soils of this uttat are
fairly well suited to most of the crops grown locally.
They ,ire better suited to pastime and hay, however, than
to field crops.
Erosion and losses of water can be reduced, soil tiltla
improved, and productivity and the content of or,muLic
nrat.ter increased by returning all crop residue to th.e
soils; by protecting the soils with aa. close -growing crop
at least 75 percent of the tine; and by tilling ort the cora-
tour, psraeticutg striperopping, and establishing diver-
sions. Natural draws, the borders of fields, antl other
outlets nee.decl for disposing of runoff should be, seeded
to perennial grasses that produce sod. Suitable cropping
systems are 3 or more years of perennial grasses or leg-
urraes followed by 1 year of it row crop; or 4 or snore
years of pereiniial grasses or legalities, followed by 2 year-_-,
of row crops.
CAPABILITY UNIT Ive--3
This capability unit consists of well -drained and some-
what excessively drained, nearly level to strongly sloping
Creedmoor, El on, Helena, Louisburg, Pinkston, Wake,
Wedowee, White. Store, and 11rilkes soils on Piedmont
uplands. These soils have a, surface layer of loamy sand
to silt lourn and a subsoil of friable loamy sand to very
firm clay. In some places the plow layer is 1, mixture of
the rernatinkig original surface soil acid of mater” l from
the subsoil, Ill other places the, subsoil is exposed. lit
plaaees these soils corttarin gIM11 land stones in tunounts'
thatinterfere, with tillage. some soils contai t rock oaat-
crop:rs (fig. 12,).
Nawral fertility is low to medium, and the content of
organic matter is low. Permeabili-tv is slow to rnoderately�
rapid, and the a -;11hcble water capacity is very low to
high. Reaction is slightly acid to very strongly acid. The
effective root sone is ver %, shallow to deep. Response is
good if suitable applications of lime and fertilizer 'a.re
made. Soraree of the soils are eroded-, and further erosion
is a very severe liazard if those soils are cultivated. The
uneroded soils are in good filth, but tilth of the eroded
soils is fair to poor. If flip eroded soils are worked wheat
too wet or too drv, at, exiist tends to form on the Surface
and these soils become cloddy. On the eroded soils, stands
of Crops are not, uniform, evert though the amount of
rain is iiornial.

im
SOIL SURVEY
Figure 12.—Pasture of poor quality on Wake soils, 2 to 10 percent
slopes, in capability unit M_3. Rock outcrops are common in some
areas of these soils.
About three-fourths of the acreage is in forest; the
rest is cultivated or in pasture. The uneroded or only
slightly eroded soils in this unit are fairly well suited
to well suited to most of the crops grown locally. They
are better suited to pasture and hay than to cultivated
crops. The eroded soils are poorly suited or only fairly
well suited to the locally grown crops.
Erosion and losses of water can be reduced, soil tilth
improved, and productivity and the content of organic
matter increased by returning all crop residue to the
soils; by protecting the soils with perennial grasses at
least 75 percent of the time; and by tilling on the con-
tour, practicing striperoppir and establisliina diver-
sions. Natural draws, the borders of fields, and other out-
lets needed for disposing of runoff should be seeded to
perennial grasses that produce sod. Suitable cropping
systems are 3 or more years of perennial grasses or leg-
umes followed by 1 year of a row crop; or 4 or more
years of perennial grasses or legumes followed by 2
years of row crops.
CAPABILITY UNIT IVw-1
This capability unit consists of poorly drained, nearly
level or gently sloping soils of the Plummer, Roanoke,
Wehadkee, Bibb, and Worsham series. These soils are in
upland depressions, on the flood plains of streams, and
on stream terraces. Their surface layer ranges from sand
to silt loam, and their subsoil ranges from friable sandy
loam to very firm clay.
Natural fertility is very low to medium, and the con-
tent of organic matter is low to moderate. Permeability
is slow to rapid, and the available water capacity is low
to medium. Wetness is a very severe hazard. Reaction is
strongly acid to very strongly acid. Response is fairly
good if suitable applications of lime and fertilizer are
made. These soils are in good tilth, and they have a mod-
erately deep or deep effective root zone.
Most of the acreage is in forest, but a small acreage is
cultivated or in pasture. These soils have a narrow range
of suitability for crops, and as a rule, they are poorly-
suited to row crops. Where these soils have been drained,
they are fairly well suited to white clover, annual lespe-
deza, fescue, and dallisgrass. Pastures are fair to good
in areas that have been drained.
A high water table, overflow, and a lack of outlets are
limitations to the use of these soils for crops. A complete
drainage system is needed for all areas intended for pas-
ture and field crops. Proper amounts of lime and a large
amount of a suitable fertilizer are also needed.
CAPABILITY UNIT IVs -1
This capability unit consists of somewhat excessively
drained, nearly level Buncombe soils on first bottoms.
The surface layer and the subsoil of the Buncombe soils
are loose sand or loamy sand.
Natural fertility and the content of organic matter
are very low. Permeability is rapid, and the available
water capacity is low. Reaction is strongly acid. The
effective root zone is deep. Response is fairly good if suit-
able applications of lime and fertilizer are made. These
soils are in good tilth, but during long dry spells, crops
may be damagged from lack of moisture. Plant nutrients
leach out rapidly.
Most of the acreage is cultivated, and a small acreage
is in forest. Even if these soils are properly managed,
they are not suited or are only poorly suited to most of
the crops grown locally. They are suitable for trees, for
recreational areas, and as habitat for wildlife.
Organic matter that helps to retard the leaching of
plant nutrients can be added by returning all crop resi-
due to the soils and by keeping a close -growing crop on
the soils at least half the time. Suitable crops are ones
that produce a large amount of durable residue. A desir-
able cropping system is one in which perennial grasses
or legumes are grown for 2 years and are followed by
a row crop grown for 1 year. Liberal amounts of ferti-
lizer, applied in slit applications, are needed to keep
these soils productive.
CAPABILITY UNIT VIe-1
This capability unit consists of well drained or mod-
erately well drained, strongly sloping to steep soils on
Piedmont uplands. These soils are in the Cecil, Creed -
moor, Herndon, Louisburg, Madison, Mayodan, Wed-
owee, and White Store series. They have a surface layer
of loose loamy sand to friable silt loam and a subsoil of
friable sandy loam or sandy clay loam to very firm clay.
In some places the plow layer is a mixture of the remain-
ing original surface soil and of material from the sub-
soil, but in other places the subsoil is exposed.
Natural fertility and the content of organic matter are
low. Permeability is slow to moderately rapid, and the
available water capacity ranges from low to high. Reac-
tion is medium to strongly acid. The effective root zone
is shallow to deep. Response is good if suitable applica-
tions of fertilizer are made. The uneroded soil is in good
tilth. Tilth of the eroded soil is fair to poor, and that

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA
;oil can be worked within only a narrow range of mois-
,ure content. A crust forms on the surface of the eroded
;oil, and clods form if that soil is worked when too wet
)r too dry. Stands of crops are not uniform on the eroded
ioil, even though the amount of rain is normal.
Most of the acreageisin forest, and small acreages are
-ultivated or in pasture. The soils are suitable for trees
ind for use as wildlife habitat. Because of slopes, erosion,
,unoff, lack of adequate surface soil, and low natural
!ertility, these soils are not suited to cultivation. The
meroded soils are fairly well suited to such legumes and
)erennial grasses as sericea lespedeza, kudzu, white clo-
rer, bermudagrass, and fescue. The eroded areas are
;uited to sericea lespedeza and kudzu. A fair amount of
,
. age can be produced for grazing if the soils are well
nanaged. CAPABILITY UNIT VIe-2
This unit consists of well -drained or somewhat exces-
sively drained, gently sloping to moderately steep soils
)n Piedmont, uplands. These soils are in the Cecil, White
;tore, and Wilkes series. They have a surface layer of
-ery friable sandy loam to firm clay loam and a subsoil.
)f very friable sandy loam to very firm. clay. Where the
airface layer is clay loam, it consists mainly of material
rom the subsoil that has been mixed with a small
amount of material from the original surface layer.
Natural fertility is low to inedium, and the content of
)i-ganic matter is low. Permeability is slow to moderate,
ma the available -water capacity is low to high. Reaction
s slightly acid to very strongly acid. The effective root
:one is very shallow to deep. Response is good if suitable
applications of lime and fertilizer are made. The
ineroded soils are in good tilth. The eroded soils are its
.air to poor tilth, and they can be worked within only a
iarrow range of moisture content. A crust forms on the.
+roded soils, and those soils become cloddy if worked
when too -wet or too dry. Stands of crops grown on the
+roded soils are not uniform, even though the amount of
11in is normal.
Most of the acreage is in forest, and small acreages are
,ultivated or in pasture. These soils are suitable for
rees and for use as wildlife habitat. Because of their
;lopes, shallowness, and erosion, they are not suitable
'or cultivation. They are, however, fairly well suited to
nidzu, sericea lespedeza, white clover, and fescue. Kudzu
un be grown on the eroded areas. A fair amount of
I orage, can be produced for grazing if the soils in this
mit -,ire properly managed.
CAPABILITY UNIT V1re-1
This unit consists of well drained or soniewhat execs-
;ively drained, strongly sloping to steep soils of the, Pink -
ton, Wake, and Wilkes series and of areas of Gullied
and. These soils are on Piedmont uplands. Their surface
ager is sandy loam to clay loam or clay, and their sub -
oil is loose loamy sand to very firm or plastic clay. Soils
'f this unit range from slightly eroded to gullied. In the
lightly eroded places, the plow layer is a, mixture of the
emaining original surface soil and of material from the
ubsoil. Where more erosion has occurred, the present
urface layer is mainly material from the subsoil. In
,allied areas nearly all the original surface soil is gone.
33B-403-7G—G
Figure 13—Gullied land that is not practical to reclaim for culti.
vation or pasture and that should be used for trees or other
permanent vegetation.
In places part or all of the subsoil has been lost through
gullying (fig. 13).
The soils in this unit have low to medium natural
fertility and <ire low in content of organic matter. Perine-
ability is moderate to moderately rapid, and the available
water capacity is low or very low. Reaction is slightly
acid to strongly acid. The effective root zone is very
shallow to inoili.rately deep.
All of the acreage J is in forest or is idle. The soils are
too steep, eroded, and droughty to be suited to cultiva-
tion. They are suited to trees, to recreational uses, and to
development for wildlife habitat. They are fairly well
suited to kudzu and sericea lespedeza and produce a fair
amount of forage for grazing if properly managed.
CAPABILITY UNIT VIIw-1
Only the miscellaneous land type, Sivainp, is in this
unit. It is very poorldrained and nearly level, and it
occurs on stream floodplains at the upper end of man-
made Likes. The soil material was washed from uplands
and deposited during periods of heavy rains. It is highly
variable in texture and very friable and loose.
Swamp is covered by water nearly all of the, time, and
it has a, very shallow effective root zone.. It is in forest-,
of poor quality. Wetness and flooding make this land
type unsuited to crops or pasture, and drainage is diffi-
cult or impractical. The areas can be. used as woodland
and as habitat for wildlife.
Table 2 gives estimates of yields of the principal crops
'in Wt
grown ake County. The,, yields depend upon a com-
bination of soils and climate, the kind of crop, and the
level of management. The, estimates in table 2 are based
on high-level inanagrenient. Yields are substantially lower
under less intensive management.

74 SOIL SURVEY
TAM,ii: ?. —Esti. niteel averafle y ids per acre of i,rnportant crops grown un leer a, kigh: level of mr�rz.a,gr�rrt,ert,i
[Dwshed lines indicate that the crop is not. commonly grown on the soil or that data. on which to base an estinttite are not. available)
roils
Altav t t r fine sandy loam, 0 to 4 percent tslopes - _ - -.
Appltna gravelly gaudy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes _..
Apphnur gravelly s;a,ndy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, €ro(kd --
Applmg gray ells wade loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes _ -
Appling, gravelly sandy loan, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded . _ _ _--
Appling sandy loath, 2 to 6 percent slopos------------ -..__..-----
Appling sandy loans, 2 to 6 percent, slopes, croded ---------------
Appliii'g satindy loaatn, 6 to 10 percont lopes---- ---
A
pplinh sandy loam, 6 to 10 perecnt slopes, eroded -------__-__
A Dphng sandy loant, 10 to 1,5 percent "'dopes..--_- _ ----- -_----
Applin,g fine sandy loarn, 2 to 6 percont slopes __ ----
Appling fine sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded ..---- _-----
Appling fin( ,3ndy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes.____
Appling fine s,)ndy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes,... --
Augusto fine sandy loam -------------------------------------
Buncombe soils -------------------------------------------------
Cecil
---.--__. ----
Cecil sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes -------------------------
Cecil
-._ --
Cecil sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded------------ - - _ _ _ _
Cecil candy loam, 6 to 10 petcettt edopes ------------
Cecil sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded _____-_-_________
Cecil sandy loam, 10 to l.) percent slopes-------------------------
Cecil
______-.____Cecil sandy loaarn, 13 to 45 percent slopes--- _ ---_- - -----
Cecil gravelly sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slope_ _ _
Ccetl gravelly sandy loans, 2 to 6 percent slops, oroded--__ __ -.-
Cecil gravelly sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes
Cecil gravelly sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded ----------
Cecil clay loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, severely oroded------ ------
Cecil elny loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes severely eroded___- -__
Cocil clay loam, 10 to 20 percent 9lopos, severely erodedd__- ---_--
C1xmwacla sort;' ----- -- ---------------------------- ------
C',olfaxsandyloaate-_----------_..-- ------------------ ..-__
C01i4aarec, fine handy loam --------------------------------------
Congaree
_---_..-------------- __Con;'Tree, silt loaxt1--- -----------------------------------------
Creedmoor sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes-_-. _ _ _ .. _ _ _
Creedmoor sandy loram, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded-- -------___
Creedraroor sandy loans, 6 to 10 percept slopos__._
Creedn)oor sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded_________
Creedmoor sandy loam, 1.0 to 20 percent slopes---------- - --.---
Creedmoor silt loam, 2 to 6 percent, slopes - _ -._ _
Creedmoor silt loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes --_-
Durham loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes.--.__ - _- ----- _ _--
Durham loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded---------_
Dia- tarn loamy wand 6 to 10 percent slopes -----------------------
Durham loam) wand, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded _ --.-_. _ _
MiOn fine sn;nd.y loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes _ -- ---
}LllOn tine MtndY loam, 2 to 6 percent slopos, eroded .--__ -_..-
11 non fine ,sandy loans, 3 to 10 percent slopes
�Euon fine sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded___���_
1Lrion fine sandv loam 10 to 15 1Dereent- slope eroded
Corn 1 Cotton
(lint)
au. I 1A
70 i 45€)
73 700
68 fs25
65 600
60 525
73 700
68 625
65 606
60 52:5
55 475
73 700
68 625
65 600
60 52.1
4.) -_---
73 700
68 6`25
615 600
60
55 475
- 73
68
1)5
60
0
45
55
e)0
90
60
50
50
40
40
60
r)0
70
65
65
6($
54
45
45
36
.. ..--_
l� race, tllc. sandy loam, '2 to 6 percent slopes ---------------
-----
---..-'-'-
h0
FaCeVille, sandy braes, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded ----
_
7n
Fatcmille. randy loam, 610 10 percent slopes, eroded ---------
(flue
(floe
65
Geor6rcville silt loam, 2 to 6 perecnt slopes_, _
_
68
Georl,crtlle silt loam, 21-o 6 percent slopes:, eroded_
_
65
C3eorg("elle uslt. loan), 6 to 10 pereel t slopes _.
_
60
Geos ev ille silt loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes eroded
_ _
55
E�leorgevillca silt loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes, eroded --------------
28
50
Goldsboro sandy loam-_ -- _.--_- -_ _--
2,400
0
�I
Gran elle sandy loam, 2 to b percent lopes
73
Granville sandy loam, 2 to 6 percont slope,,, eroded
- fib
Grab) dle randy loam, 6 to 10 percer)t dopers
_ G
Granville sande loam, 6 to 10 percent elopers, eroded-- _
_ _ - -- 60
Graartrlle sandy loatn, 10 to 15 percelit slo'pc-'�----- ----
---- 55 f
Gulliedla.nd------------------------------- .-------------
Ifelenn, sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes ----------- -___--I
Sea footnotes at end of bible.
--700
625
6()()
;52 5
425
400
-- 6;)0
650
525
450
425
350
325
525
425
5,)0
525
52.)
475
Oats
I
To -
bacco soy--
oy
)lav
L 2, 400
35
-- -
2, 30(6
(flue
(floe
boans
""Noy
Aunual
50
cured)
20
lican
les-
17
35
1, 400
1.5
pedeza
2, 100
28
;i0
65
2,400
32
2. l
1 5
7:5
2, :300
30
'. 0
� 1. 5
70
2,200
2$
28
4.5 —
65
2, 1.50
26
' 1. 7
1, 4
60
1, 100
2:3
1. 5
1. s
75
2, :300
30
2. 0
1.:�
70
2, 300
28
1. 9
1.. 5
65
2, 150
26
1. !
1. 4
60
2, 100
2:3
1. 5
1.:3
58
2,000
20
1- :3
1. 3
75
2, 300
I
30
2. 0
70
2, '200
2$
j 1. 9
L 5
65
2, 150
26
1. 7
1. 4
60
21 100
23
1. 5
]. 3
55 -----
45 _
-
_.. --
35
---
2.4
'-
--------
. 8
75
2, '200 !
-
- ---
2. 0
1. 5
70
2, 100
28
1. 9
1. 5
65
2, 050,
26
1, 7
1. 4
60
2, 00(1
2:3
1. .5
1.:3
58
1, 90(1
20
1. 3
1. 3
75
2, 200 �
:30
2. 0
1. 5
70
2,100
28
1.9
L5
Gia
2, 050
`26
1. 7
1. 4
60
2.000
23
1.5
1.3
i5
1, 300
1. o
42
1, 2.5(1
-
----
c6
- 3:3
55 1-- '
75 2 2, 400
28
30
75
L 2, 400
35
60
2, 30(6
25
50
1, m)()
22
50
2,000
20
40
1, 600
17
35
1, 400
1.5
60
2, 100
28
;i0
1,9()0
23
62
58
21300
2, 200
30
28
;8
2, 150
26
>3
2, 100
23
54
---
28
4.5 —
- -
25
45
I
2:3
36
---
1
2. 0
2. 4
1. 7
1. 5
I. 1
1, 0
1. 0
2. 0
1. 9
1. 7
1. 5
1. 9
1. 7
1. 5
1.4
77;5
73
2, 200
35
2.:3
750 1
70
2, 100
32
2. 2
625
60
1, `300
3O
� 2. 0
600
f1R 1
I oo0
28 ,
1, n
i()
ii25
6;)
60
1 1;D0
1, 750
25
23
1. 7
1. is
500 -
450 I
5:i
50
1, 630
1, 450 �
21
17 ��
1. 4
1..1.
675
65
2 351637
2 5
700 1
7;)
2, :300 j
30 1
2. 0
625
70 1
2, 200
28 1
1 9
600
65
2, 150
26
1. 7
2:5
473
60
5S
2, 100 1
2, 000 i
2:3
20 i
1.5
1. 3
1.
1, 6
1. 6
1. 4
1. 3
1. 1
r6
.8
1. 4
1. 1
1. 6
1. 5
1. 4
1, 3
I. 4
1. 3
I. 1
. 4$
. 6
2. 1.
2. 0
1 4
1 1 i
1 3 i
1. 2
F(,,cuuo-
whito
elovor
pastur'o
:tnfmnT,-
t^, sari r..-tyu t
185
18:5
180
175
155
185
180
175
155
155
185
180
175
155
1 it 0
- - 190
IS5
1.80
160
160
140
130
1.85
18(1
166
145
1,10
120
200
180
210
210
170
1.60
155
Lois
1:3ri
1.70
155
180
175
1615
155
170
160
15s�
I4.s
125
195
190
170
150
175
170
16 i)
150
1 5 1`35
1 ::i 1 ISO
1.4 17.1
1.:3 155
1.:3
60 a 525 I-- 60 2, 100 i 2,5 I. 7 1. 4 170

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA 7 5
T.kBrE 2—E stimated av€Tapl; YiildP pF:rt acr(� at important crops grown un.dcr ahigh, ?er(G of nwva.t7(rn, )P1—Co lit irltied
llay
I
To- I
I Fes.,euc-.
Soils
Coln.
Cotton
Oats
baeco i
Soy-
— �—
-
' - hito
�ZiY1t� :
�Huo
heA'11p
Soy Anntud
clover
j
enred) i
i
hOZ111
les-
pastim,
:
F
pedcza
Helen t sandy- loam, 2 to 6 pct cent slopes, eroded _ _ . ------ _,
B
50
Lb.
400
t`nlal-
Bu. I
50
lily.
1, 900
lli" '
22
To n.4 1
1. 5
To114
1.:3 I
160_
Helena, sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes_.___ ------- _____
.50 i
425 I
50 ':
1, fs00 j
20 ',
1. ;; �
1. 1
155
r[elen:z s:a,ndv barn, 6 to 1.0 1) oreent slot/eE, oroded.-..---_.___
40
300:
40 !
1, 600
17
1. 1 !
9
145
Helena s.ni1dy loam, 10 to L,/ percent slopes------------ -- -
40 �',
325
35
1, 400
10
1. 0
S
iia
Ierndou silt Joa.n1 2 to 6 ixre e alt slope - - - -... _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .
Cerlldou silt to, 2 to 6 nt slope eroded_-..
6
65
600
350
68
65 '
1, 900
1, 8:50
20
22
1. 7
1, 5
1 D
1 4
1!;0
1745
percr , ___
derndon silt loam, 6 to 10 pet e ent `elope _ _ _ _ _. _ _ _ _ _ _ _
60 !
525
60
1, 750
20
1. 3
1 I
170
-1erndoll silt loan), 6 to 10 pa'Iceot slopes, eroded__ _______ ___'
55 i
500 1�
55
1, 650
17
1. 1
I d
165
Jerndoii silt to 15 ereent eroded ----------
p7l'rc(11L
50
45 I
(1
1, 450
1.
1CD0
s101)cS _ _ _ _ _
-IerIldon silt loaYln In t0 Zo -
: 1 1
_ -,___ _
-__-__
__~__
_____-i
--
____ ________,________,
-
-
1,40
Floyd loam, 2 to 6 percent sloppes, oroded-___ -. _-_ _______"
70
525
70
----
2:
1. 9
1. ri
175
:loyd loa:rn, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded _ _
65 1
475
65
____
23
t. 5
L 4
1 W
�loyd IOa.np, 10 to :!5 percent slopes, e lode d__ ___ __
(30
425
60
------
15 '
1. (}
1 d
155
louishurg loaang- sand, 2 to 6 percent, slopes --- -_,-- - -__ __ -_,
40
400
50
1, 700
1.7
1. I
9
125
1ou=sburg loamy und, 6 to 10 per slopes _-_
30
325
40
1, 500
13 r
7
1.00
,ouisbuYg loamy sand, 10 to l D 1�5creent slopcu __ .- _ _-,- -',-_
(---------
___
_ _-- ------
_-..-_ - I__-
- -----
7a>
�ouisburl Wedowee complex, 2 to G pcleont slopes __
Wodowee 2 to 6
50
40
450
400
5.5
50
1, 800
1, 700
IS
1.5
1, 2,
1. 0
1. 1 �
1.
140
ooisburg complex, percent slopes, eroded_- --
0
12:,
oulsbnlg-Wedowcc; complex 6 to 10 peT,cent Slopes_ __ -
,ouisbul Wedo�s 6 to 10 slopes, 1
40
35 I
375
325
45
40
1, 600
1, 500
13
10 1
S I
7 �
8 '�
100
g eye complex: percent eroded_ _ _ _
anchbulg s2ndy loam ---------------------------------------
So
670 �
60
2, :300
40
2- b 1
> 0
190
111dc laird.-- .-- ---- ---- - --- --
__ _ ___�,
ktadlson sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent Elopes, e.roded---------
- -- -
65 �,
--
57,D I
-I
65 �
--
_ I_ _
_.
_ I
1 3
---
165
> 1 slopos,
d Edison sand' loam b to 10 percent slo sec eroded_ --
i-'--
475
5
,
i
___
1. 1
140
el ldison sandy, bola, 10 to 15 percent slopes, eroded_ __ _ _ _ _ _
)0 i
400
a0
--
-
-
1. 0
130
eladison sandy, losm, 1.) to 25 percent slopes eroded_ _9
7;7 !
--
1'la
Jantachlc soils--------------------------------------------
Iay-odan sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent: Elopes
73
600
700
65
752,
_
300 '
---
30
_ _--
2.0
_'
190
1,4a
- --
dayod loam, 2 to 6 slopes, eroded__.
6
625
70
2, 200
28
1. 9
1.5
1:5()
In sandy percent. --------
el lyodan sandy- loa rn, 6 to 10 percent slopes ------------- --
(p5
600
6"") !
2, 150
:
26
1, 7 1
1.4
175
Iayodaln sandy Loam, G to tU percent ,,lopes, eroded--.-..--- ____i
Jayodarl sandy loam, '10 to 15 slopes, aroded
60 1
50 1
525 1
450
60 !
55
2, 100
1, 760 f
.23
15
1.5 ',
1.0
I. 3 i
1.2
15:5
1,415
percealt --- 1
layodtn sandy loans, 15 to 25 percent slopes__ __ ------ ------
1 _ _-____--
i
--
1. 1
145
la.yodan gravelly sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes- __
7.3
700
75
2, 300
30
2.0
1. 5
15.5
Jayodan gralvelly sandy- lonin, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded_. _
(Db
(525 j
70 1
2, 200
28 1
1. 9 1
1. ri
180
la yodln gravelly sandy- loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes_.--- _�,
65 I
600
615)
2, 150
26 1
1.7 1
1.4
173
Ia yod l,n gravelly sandy= loans, 6 to 10 percont slopes, eroded _;
60
525 �`
60
2, 100 !
23
1_5 I
1..3 '
155
'Ia,yodaln silt loam, thin, 2 to 6 percent slopes.
73
700 ;
75
2, 200 i
30
2.0 f
] . 5
1 S,5
dayodaln silt loam, thin, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded -----------
63
62r)
70
2 100
28
1. 9
1.5
I80
Iayodln silt loam, thin, 6 to 16 percent slopes_.._ __ __,..
65
600:
65
2, 050:
26 -
1.7
1.4
175
liyodan silt loam, thin, 6 to 10 percent slopes, cIoded _
60
D)p
60
1, 9110
23
1.5
1. 3
15 11
tiyodatn silt lon,in, thin, 10 to lip porcenr scopes......_ _.., _ -- .- - - _
•55
975
aDu
1, 900
20 -
1.3 !
1.113 II.
I¢)5
aorfolk loamy sand, 0 to 2 percent scopes --------- ----____-_ - -_.-
75
675
6.5
2, .500 I
Sri
2.4
195
dorfollc loacmy saud, '2 to 6 percent slopes_ .
73 j
650 �'
62
2 450
32
2. 1 _
1S0
lorfolk loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes eroded _
70 I
625
60
2,300
30 f
2. (} ...
_ _ _
168
a orfolk loamy sand, 6 to l0 pe.rcent slopes _ .. _ _ _. _ _ .. _ _ m _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .. _ - "
67
G00
57
2 200
28
Lel 1 _ _ _
._ _ _ _ _
160
+orfolk loamy sand, 6 to 10 pereent slopca, eroded- ------------
fit -
525 {
52
2, 000:
25 1
1. 7 l_...-_---.--�
150
)Iangeburg loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent sloperp_ -_ ___ _
7.5 !
675 I
65 �
i 500
35
2.4 ' __--
-,
1.95
11'angeburg loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent Slopes eroded ---
73
670 €
62
?, 450
32
2. 1
_
ISO
Ir 111geburg loamy stand, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded _
6250
300
2.0
l
Ibw
lnkstorl Banda loans, 0 to 10 percent lopes_._ --__- _--
�0
:'
�' E 00
f
8 f
1-10
lnkston sandy loam, 10 to 45 percent slopes_. _ _ ------
-.--
_.30_
...._
'hlmnl€s
P !
�,ains fine sandy loalrn_ -- _ __-. -
r)
'__-
-
D00 '
60
2, 000
35
___
2. 4 --------
_
170
mu_
i3Oa1101ie flue 3illd}'lOmu _-______.__-. _'---..__.__.._.._.-_
4O
4O
-_i-------I
_.
-'---_
IaS to
61'amp-_._--- --- ----- - - ---- -
nnee sandy lonin, 2 to 6 percent ::lopes.__
60
525:
60
2, 200
25
1.7
IA ;
170
ante sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded_
50 '':
450
50
2, 1.00
22
1.5
1.3 (
160
Incesandy loarn, 6 to 10 percent slopes eroded-----------------
40 !
350
40
1, 800
17 '
1. 1
9
145
dagraim loamy sand, 0 to 2 percent :lopes ----
70
625
50
2,400
25
1.7
l 1
--
�,,.Lgram loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes _ _ _ - _ - - _ _ _ _ _'
65 I
590 '
45
2,300
20 !
1. 3 _
1.0-
v Ygranl loamy sand, 6 to 10 pelcenL wlopes___ _ 1
60 :
570
40
2 200
Is
1.2
9
r I(grain Troup sands, 0 to 4 percent slopes----------------------
45 '
32,55
45
1 850
18
1,2
7
Iahee, fine saLndv loam _ -_.-- _ -__ -
6i0 _ -
60 '_
__.._
-
17."7
nke soils, 2 to 10 percent: slopes-------------------------------------
30
300
40
-- -
__--
7ake soils, 1.0 to 2rp percent slopes__.. ----------------------- __
Tedow'eo sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent +lopes- -- - ---__--------
- --
63
--
600
------
-
68
------
2, 000
-_-
2155
1. 7
1 u
180
See footnotes at end of table.

a oOM SURVEY
TABLE 2.—Estimated cixerage yields por acre of °irnportaat crops grou,,n, wr,der a high. lexel of aian,agemeid--- Contillued
Hay
roW----e.Scue-
oils 1 Corn Cotton Oats bacc.o Soy � -�� — � whine
�liYat "floe be ens Soy A.nnaa.�tl. clover
P carred) bean les- p tsvire
L)edeza j
Wedowee sandy Loan, 2 to 6 percent siope�, eroded ------
Wedowee sandy loam, 6 to 10 pcsrcent slope s.. ----- --- - .- - - - -
We,dov,ee. sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent elopes, eroded ---------
Wedowee,
-- -Wedowee sandy loam, 10 to X15 pereent. slopes, eroded_
�kedowee. Sandy loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes------------- ---- ,
W haadkee Silt loam ------------------------------
Wehadkee and Bibb soils:
wehadkee soil_ -- -- ----------
Bibb
- Bibb soli _
White Store Sandy loan, 2 to 5 percent Aopc,4----------------
White
__ --- White Store sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded_ -......__-
White Store sandy loam, 6 to 10 peacesnt slopes__._
While Store sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded_ -.. _ _ _ _ _ _I
White, Store, sandy loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes_ - -
wbite Store silt 101Mn, 2 to 6 percent Slopes-------- -------------
White
--_ ----_-Whites Store flay loam, 2 to 15 percent slopes, severely e=rod d__---�
Wilkes Foils, 2 to 10 1)ercent slopes _ -
Wilkes soils, 10 to 20 percent ��iopes -
Wilkes :coils, 7.0 to 45 percent Slopes - - ----- - -- ---- i
Wilkes stony soils, 15 to 25 percent slopes-
WorshaaanSandy loam ------------------- -_-_._-------------
x Animal -unit -days is to terns used to express the carrying capacity
ovpaistnre. It is the nnrnber of animal u.nets etixried per acre rntalti-
plied by the number of days the pasture is grazed dearing a si-ngle
gazing season without iniary to the god. An acre of pasture that
provides 30 days of grazing for two cows has ca carrying" capacity
Following are practices gernerally- considered necessary
to obtain the Yields given in liable :2e
1. Fertilizer and lune are applied according to the
needs indicated by the re itlts of soil tests.
l?. 1-figla-yielding varieties of crops acre grower.
3. Legumes are inoculated.I. The soils are properly tilled, and the crops art
properly c ultiv n,ted.
5. Weeds, insects, aand diseases are cora rolled.
6. liotat;iona tilat csotarer° e Illoisture. and protect $lee
soils from erosion are used.
7. Runoff is adequately controlled.
3.
Overgrazing is avoided, as -cad the paaskires are; well
managed.
The estimates g'iverl ul the table are based. arra experi-
ence with the crops a.ndsoils of the county. They are also
biased ora assumptions thatt, the average a,inount of ram -
fall Avill. be received over a long period of time, than no
Supplemental irr°igaation will be used, that adequaate. clrain-
a,ge will be provided and that Iso flooding or ponding will
take, place.
Use of the Soils as Woodland'
All of the land area tlrazt is now Alrake County wns
originally covered by forests. For the most part, these
`By Jori R. Wn',G'zNs, Jn., forester, Soil. Conservation Service,
Raleigh, N,C.
Bu. ?
58 (
Lir.
575
i3u.6'3
1 L6.
, 1300
53
,550
i4
1, 500
48
500
53s
1, 700
38
425:
43
1, 500
ri
1. 1
1. 3 !
16O
415)
(__
t. 2
1.14:0
70
.
i
130
50
500
SCJ
1, 700
40
400
50
1, 400
45 425)50 1, 500
I----- -- ---- ---- -
-- ------
5F1 500 55
45 I 370 55 1, 600
--- - --- -- ---- 1.55
I
of 60 animal -unit -day;. An animal unit i,s one cow, one steer, or
one horse; five, hogs; or seven sheep or ")oars,
s robtwco is grown only in areras that are not subject: to Overflow
during the growing jeason.
forests were, free of the dense, brushy undergrowth. Hint
t,
is common in inany we,oded areas today, but some had
an understory of shade -tolerant trees and shrtabs, aiid of
urtaascadirae grapevines and other woody vines.. Slror°tleaf,
loblolly, longleaaf' pond,, nd Iri_r,garna. pines, e��stern
redeedar, baldeypress, A-thintic white -cedar, and a reli€at
stated of eastern hemlock (IX) were part of the or•iginaal.
for°gists. ielrory, ash, inaFale,
yellow -poplar. sweetgunl,
eine, black cherry, ;l s a:rrlor°e, black. walnut, Nvlrito baa.ss
wood, lsiaackgaiin, i°a e`er i)irch, and Nnaeric.atn beech. grew
on. tlae sleep, Moist soils of the flood plains, ora, the. lower
slope , <.and in ravirles. (4rowing; ill the ander-,tory of
there hardwoods were flowering dogwood, . li-leriean
holly, redbtad, sourwood, hophornbeaam, b.ltte lfbeocll, ra.11d
rrnounttun.-laurel. On the uplands aand high stre,at.rn ter:,
races were the ha),r€lwood forests csonsistiirg of laielcory.
oaik, red niaaple, yellow -poplar, sweet.gaarrn, knack walnut,
Persimmon, black cher°ry7 and winged elan. Groveing its
the und.erst:ory of these upland forests were dog, -N ood,
holly-, sotirwood, service berry, reel- inulberlT, and redbud.
Large numbers of loblolly and shoitleaaf pines were
mixed in the, overstozy of these upland forests.
Longleaf pine grew on the well -drained to excessively
drained soils in the soarthern part of the county. Tre0s iia
the untderstory of these forests included blackjack, past,
and other scrub oaks. Baa,ld.c;y'press and swamp tupelo
gr•ev� in swampy areas and along streams of the Coastal
Plain. Associated with the cypress--tupeto forest type
were Carolina ash, green 2i -sir, red. naa.ple; pond pine, occaa-
rnnal�
Ru. I
Tons
Towan
r�.ztltdays i
22(
1.5j
1.4
170
20 i
1.3
1.4 j
170
17 ?
1. 1
1. 3 !
16O
13
.9
t. 2
1.14:0
130
160)
-
--
160
180
17---
1 1 '-
1.0
150
15 '
A. 0
A
140
13
.8
140
.8 !
130
-1.
8 �
130
15 '
0 !
1.0
150
16
1.0 1
,5
140
{
115
--- - --- -- ---- 1.55
I
of 60 animal -unit -day;. An animal unit i,s one cow, one steer, or
one horse; five, hogs; or seven sheep or ")oars,
s robtwco is grown only in areras that are not subject: to Overflow
during the growing jeason.
forests were, free of the dense, brushy undergrowth. Hint
t,
is common in inany we,oded areas today, but some had
an understory of shade -tolerant trees and shrtabs, aiid of
urtaascadirae grapevines and other woody vines.. Slror°tleaf,
loblolly, longleaaf' pond,, nd Iri_r,garna. pines, e��stern
redeedar, baldeypress, A-thintic white -cedar, and a reli€at
stated of eastern hemlock (IX) were part of the or•iginaal.
for°gists. ielrory, ash, inaFale,
yellow -poplar. sweetgunl,
eine, black cherry, ;l s a:rrlor°e, black. walnut, Nvlrito baa.ss
wood, lsiaackgaiin, i°a e`er i)irch, and Nnaeric.atn beech. grew
on. tlae sleep, Moist soils of the flood plains, ora, the. lower
slope , <.and in ravirles. (4rowing; ill the ander-,tory of
there hardwoods were flowering dogwood, . li-leriean
holly, redbtad, sourwood, hophornbeaam, b.ltte lfbeocll, ra.11d
rrnounttun.-laurel. On the uplands aand high stre,at.rn ter:,
races were the ha),r€lwood forests csonsistiirg of laielcory.
oaik, red niaaple, yellow -poplar, sweet.gaarrn, knack walnut,
Persimmon, black cher°ry7 and winged elan. Groveing its
the und.erst:ory of these upland forests were dog, -N ood,
holly-, sotirwood, service berry, reel- inulberlT, and redbud.
Large numbers of loblolly and shoitleaaf pines were
mixed in the, overstozy of these upland forests.
Longleaf pine grew on the well -drained to excessively
drained soils in the soarthern part of the county. Tre0s iia
the untderstory of these forests included blackjack, past,
and other scrub oaks. Baa,ld.c;y'press and swamp tupelo
gr•ev� in swampy areas and along streams of the Coastal
Plain. Associated with the cypress--tupeto forest type
were Carolina ash, green 2i -sir, red. naa.ple; pond pine, occaa-

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA
sioilailtlantic zvlute. ca dors, and other water -tolerant.
trees.
The original forests have been disturbed repeatedly
since abort 1745, when English a,nd Scotch colonists
began settling the territory. Nearly all of the till able
partof the county has been cleared at some time or other,
and some aareas have bean cleared more than once. Many
clearings originally made for wood products and for
farming were later abandoned. and then were restocked
naturally with loblolly and shortleaf pines. Many of
these second-gro-wth stands have also been cleared to
meet the demands for w(wil products or for farming..Af,
the present time, slightly more than a51 percent, of the
land area in the county, or about. 317,700 acres, is
wooded. This includes the lVilliam B. Umstead State
Park, which contains 15,100 acres of woodland. All non -
park woodland is classed as commercial forest and is
essentially all privately owned, lilost of the privately
owned forests are, in tracts of less than 5,000 acres.
rl'he original diverse kinds of forests duel those 'found
today in the county are the result, in paart, of the many
d.itfe.rent hinds of soils and relief. These factors are
interpreted in the following discussion to help the owner
use and mitnage. his soils properly.
Woodland suitability groups
Tlie soils of NVake County have been placed in .14
woodland suitability groups to assist landowners in plan-
ning for the productive use of their soils and the maii-
agenient of their woodland. Each group is made up of
soils that are about the saline in mater -supplying capacity
and other major characteristics that affect the growth
of trees. The soils svithiii each group are, also subject to
similar hazards and have similar limitations that affect
the planting, tending, and harvesting of trees. All soils
in each group, therefore, have, about the same potential
productivity for trees and need about- the saanie manage-
inent and conservation practices. The names of soil series
represented are mentioned ill the description of each
woodland suitability group, but this does not mean that
all the. soils of a gid~en series ,ire included in the group.
find nd the names of all the soils in ally given woodland
suitaabi.lity- group, refer to the, `Gkii-de to Mapping 1 nits"
in the, back of this soil survev.
For each woodland groiifl, the soils are briefly
described and the preferred kinds of trees for producing
sawt.iniber, pulpwood, voneer, other wood products,
t liristilaas treesg 'and food forwildlife are nai.ned. Theis,
the site index raaige for each of several commercially
important forest trees is given, and pl.:ant competition,
seedling mortality, equipment limitations, and the haz-
ards of erosion and windthrow are discussed.
Site index is the average total height,, in feet, of the
dominant and codominant trees in a well -stocked, even -
aged ..stand at li0 years of age. It. is a means of expressingg
the potential productivity of a, soil for a given bind of
tree. The ratings are based on many field measurements
of the total average height and. age of treesin existing
forest stands on identified soils and on the results of
forest research (7, .;., 5, O3 'T, 1J,
"The rating"; for yellow -poplar are based w -1957 clata assem-
bled by w. T. DooLirriE, Forest Service,
77
Ratings of the soils with respect to plant couapetitioli,
seedling mortality, equipment limitations, and the haz-
ards of erosion and windtbrow are discussed in the fol-
lowing paragraphs.
PUNT ('011PETI IO -N. ---This term refers to the d,egrec
to which undesirable plants are expected to invade a soil
after the
tree canopy is rernared. The rating for plant
competition reflects the degree to which these undesirablo
plants impede or prevent regeneration and growth of
desirable species of trees oil as given soil, either in a
naturally occurring or in a planted stand. IN"here, plant,
Competition is unimportant, a rating of slig/v is given,
"3. rating of motkimte indicates that expected conipetitioa
from widesirahle plants will delay the establishinent, of
an adequate stand of desired species of trees. A rating
of sevcrc3 indicates that, competition from undesirable
plants can prevent adequate restocking of the desirable
species of trees, either nI a naturally occurring or in a.
planted stand, without intensive preparation of the site
and without weeding and other special inaintenance
practices.
SEEDLING idloi€TALITY. -This term refers to the expected
degree of mortality of naturally occurring or planted
tree seedlings, as influenced by the kinds of soils, when
competition from other plaints is not a factor. The ralt.in
is slr.qhf if ordinarily no more thaal 25 percent of the
seedlings required to provide ail initial full stoeking may
die. Natural regeneration is suitable, or an original -plant-
ing can be expected to produce a satisfactory stand. A
rating of )rr.oderyatc; indicates tl-iat losses of seedlings will
be between 25 and 50 percent. Natural regeneration van -
not always be relied upon for adequate and iminediate
restocking°, and planting may be a desirable alternative.
A ra,tiiig of seve,sre means that more tun 50 percent of
the seedlings are likely to die and that adequate, natural
restocking is not, expected, unless additional management
is given. For example, use of superior planting tech-
niques and of € uperior planting stock maty be reiluiIWI,
and replanting may be necessary, for assurance that the
stand will be adequate°
EQ121PAIENT LiMITATIoNs.-----I+actors that limit the use
of mechanical equipinent normally used for woodland
operations are referred to as equipment 111-0itaHoils. The,
doininant factors that limit the. use of egeaipillent, are
steepness of slope, woniess of the soils, rough terrain,
and rocks or other obstacles. A. soil rating of slight indi-
cates that no particular factors Iiinit the use of equip-
ment, A rating of vwdcrrafc; indicates that not all. types
of equipment can lie used and that there are periods of
no more than 3 nionths when equipment cannot; be used,
because the soils are wet, have slopes that, are greater
than 15 to 25 percent, or are unstable. A. rating of ., ever ;
indicates that use of some kinds of equipinent, islimited;
that special equipment; may be needed; or thaat the soils
are wet,more than 3 months of the year, have slopes
greater than 25 percent, or have unfavorable texture
that limits the use of equipment,
EROSION K.AZARD.--P0tentiaal erosion is rated to indi.--
cate the, hazard of erosion as the result of woodland.
management. Steepness of slope is the major factor con-
sidereds but the characteristics of the soils also affect, the
rating. Generally, the rating is slight where the slopes
are between 0 and 6 percent; moderate where the slopes

78
soar S7RVEY
are between 0 and 10 percent; a,nd 86Vv re; where the slopes
are steeper than 10 percent. These, general, rides regarding
slope are modified where erodibility as a result of soil
characteristics emphasizes or ininimizes the factor of
slope.
WI _.DTInFow D .ez ern.—Ratings given for this lna.za.rd.
indicate the danger of trees being blotiwn over by-%vinds
of high velocity. The ability of a tree to withstand wind
is reflected by the, soil claa-racteristics that influence, the
development of the root syst.ein of the tree. A rating of
slight indicates that no special hazard is recognized. A
rating of rnodevate indicates that, the root, development
of the designated. tree species is adequate for stability,
except during periods of excessive soil wetness and great;
eat wind velocity. A rating of se=,vere indicates that the
soils have prohibited development of a root system ade-
quate for stability.
For,rsm DisE.Asn:s AND IN—SECTS.—Hazards from forest
diseases and insects are not discussed for all tha wood-
land groups. They are discussed only, where there is a
relationship between the kind of soil and possible losses
from forest diseases and insects.
WOODLAND SUITABILrrl GROUP 1
,chis group consists of well -drained or somewhat poor-
ly drained Cheivacla and Congaree soils on first bottoms.
These soils have a surfacelayer of kine sandy loam or
silt loam and a subsoil of friable fine sandy loam to clay
loam. Their permeability ranges from moderate to mod-
erately rapid. The available water capacity is medium,
and natural fertility and the, content of organic matter
are low. Water and'tree roots easily penetrate to a great
depth. Frequent flooding is the chief limitation to gro-,s--
ing trees on these soils. It can cause loss of seedlings,
and it impedes logging and other forest managennent.
Loblolly and shortleaf pines ire, the preferred species
for pulpwood and saw logs, but yellow -poplar, black
walnut, white ash, green ash, red oak, white, oak, sweet -
num, sycamore, and other desirable hardwoods also
grow exceptionally well. Veneer logs and long --length
poles and piling can be produced, aind Eastern redee.dar
and Arizona cypress are suitable for prodniction of
Christmas trees. In addition to tile, species 21R111ed as
suitable for pulpwood, saw logs, -incl other purposes,
oaks, hickories, black cherry, dogwood, and persimmon
grow well on these soils. They produce food and cover
for wildlife.
The site index is 95 to 105 for loblolly pine, and 85 to
95 for shortleaf pine.. It is 100 to 115 for yellow -poplar,
and 95 to 110 for s-",eetgum.
Plant competition is generally severe for pines and
for yellow -poplar and other desirable hardivodds. Inten-
sive treatment of the, site, including disking, blading, or
applying herbicides, is necessary in many daces to elim-
inate or control nndesira.ble vegetation prior to the time
pines or desirable hardwoods are planted or seeded.
Seedling mortality is generally slight on these soils,
more than 75 percent of planted seedlings generally sur-
vive. Yellow -poplar should not be planted where the
soils are flooded for 3 days or longer in sumaner (S).
Seedlings of this species are killed if they are submerged
for periods longer than 3 days. Surface drainage is re-
quired in places to eliminate or reduce ponding. Ponding
is a greater hazard on the Chmvacla soils than ou the
Congaree. Satisfactory stocking generally can be
obtained through natural reseeding if there is an ade--
(Itaate number of seed trees, and if competing plants are
controlled.
Restrictions, on the, use of equipment Commonly em-
ployed in managing the forests are considered moderate,
and most areas of these soils are not. readily accessible
during Nvet periods. Logging equipment cannot be used
in winter, especially on the Chewacla soils. T - Tse, of e mp-
auent during winter can cause serious damage to the
roots of trees and to soil st.rtacture.
Erosion is only a slight hazard. Windthrow is not a
ha,za.rd, except when winds axe. abnormally }ugh.
WOODLAND SIMABILITY GROUP 2
This group consists of poorly drained soils of the
Poarnoke, Wehadkee, Bibb, and Worsham series. These
soils are on first: bottoms, on low terraces, and in dra:�vs or
at the. bases of slopes in the uplands. They have a sur-
face layer of silt loam to sandy loam and a subsoil that
ranges frown very friable sand r loam to very firs clay.
Peranea.bility raalge.s from moderately rapid to slow, and
the available water capacity, content, of organic matter.
and natural fertility ire_ medium to loan. Because of the
high water table and1 ian some places, a, very, firm or plas-
tic subsoil, roots of trees cannot penetrate these soils to
a great depth.
Where these soils are on first, bottoms or low terraces,
they are subject to frequent, flooding and `eater remains
on or near the surface for as long time. Floodwaters pre-
vent, seeds from germinating or lnay drown seedlings,
and they severely limit, the use of equipment. Where
these soils are in draws or on foot slopes, they are not
subject to flooding from streams, but they receive surface
runoff and seepage from soils it, a higher elevation.
For the soils of this group, loblolly pine, green ash,
Shumard and chelreybark oaks, yellow ­poplar, syrcanaore.,
and s`vamp tupelo (swainp blackgum) are the preferred
species. All the soils in this group are Nvell suit -ed to the
groWing of trees that can be harvested for pulpwood,
saw logs, veneer bolts, or long -length poles and piling.
All trees named are important som-ces of food for wild-
life.
The site index is 85 to 95 for loblolly pine, stiveetgum,
and water oak. It is 85 to 100 for yellow -poplar.
Plant competition for pines and desirable hardwoods
is generally severe. Unless they are eradicated or con-
trolled, low-grade hardwoo(ts, shruN�, and honeysuckle
and other vines prevent the successful natural seeding or
planting of desired species of trees. Intensive treatment
of the site, including clearing, blading, disking, pre-
scribed burning, and applying herbicides, is necessary to
control the competing vegetation and to prepare .x- seed-
bed before, desirable kinds of trees are planted.
Seedling mortality is moderate for most species grown
on these soils, though prolonged flooding and silting
during the growing season can result in severe mortality.
Yellow -poplar and pines are especially vulnera_l-)le to
excessive moisture. Controlled drainage and disposal of
the excess water reduce mortality and improve the qual-
ity of the site.

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA
Restrictions on the ase of equipment are moderate to
severe. Poor drainage a-nd flooding limit the time that
equipment can be used. Ditching and construction of
roads are necessary on first bottotus and lots- terraces if
those areas are to be Tilade accessible for inanageznent
and harvesting of the trees. TTse of equipment, should be
avoided during wet, periods to prevent compacting the
soil and dama.guig the riots of trees.
Erosion and wiudthrow are not significant hazards on
these soils.
WOODLAND SUITABILITY GROUP 3
®rily one (napping unit, Buncombe soils, is in this
woodland group. These soils are somewhat excessively
drained loamy sands or sands on first bottoms that are
subject to flooding, Peratleability is rapid, and the avail-
able Nva.ter capacity is low. Natural fertility and the con-
tent. of organic matter are, very low.
Loblolly pine is the. preferred species for pulpwood or
saw logs, but shortleaf pine. is also suited. Yellow -poplar,
sycamore, and other desirable hardwoods, once estab-
lished, grow well on these soils.
The site index is 75 to Stn for loblolly pine and 5�') to
65 for shortleaf pine.
]Plant competition for pines and desirable hardwoods
Is generally moderate. Elimination or control of unde-
1'ablee vegetation is necessary in places.
Seedlilig moI•tality causedby droughtiness is moder-
ke, to severe. alld losses of seedlings are also caused by
Hooding and siltation. Extensive replanting is required in
places. Natural reseeding cannot, be relied upon to estab-
lish a fully stocked stand. of desirable trees.
-Equipment, limitations are moderate. They result from
the, coarse, texture and depth of these. soils.
Erosion and windthrotiv are not significant hazards.
WOODLAND Si;ITABILITY GROUP 4
This group consists of moderately well drained or
omewhat poorly drained soils of the Altavista, Augusta.,
-olfa._x-, ("foldsboro, Lynel)burg, Afantachie, and Wahee
series. These soils are nearly level or gently sloping and
ire on low stream terraces, in draws, or at the bases of
elopes in the uplands. They have a, surface layer of
Sandy loam to silt loam and a, subsoil of sandy loam to
-.lad ghat is friable to very firm. Permeability ranges
From moderate to slow, and the available water capacity
s medium. -Natural fertility and the content of organ.it;
natter are low.
Loblolly, shortleaf, and longleaf pines, yellow -poplar,
slack walnut, white and green ash, red and white oaks,
,weetgurn, and svcamore, are the preferred species nu
hese soils. River birch and blackgum are considered less
lesirable. Eastern re.deedar and 4rizorm cypress are suit-
able, for Christmas trees. Blue beech, hophorttbeant, and
)oxelder are weed trees. Nearly all of the species of
,r•ees named are important as a souree, of food and cot-er
`or wildlife.
The soils in this group are soita.ble for groaning trees
hat can be, harvested for pulpwood, saw logs, veneer
ogs, or Boles and piling.
The site index is 85 to 95 for loblolly Mine, slash pine,
yellow -poplar, and sweetgum. It. is 65 to 75 for shortleaf
cine and longleaf pine and 75 to 85 for southern red
Calc.
3:35-403-6.9-6
im
Plant. competition is severe. for pines and desirable
hardwoods. Intensive treatment of the site, including
land clearing, dishing, and applying herbicides, is needed
in many places to eliminate or control competing vege-
tation and to prepare the site before desired species are
seeded.
Seedling mortality as a result of soil influences is
generally slight; at, least, 75 percentof the planted seed-
lings may be expected to survive. Where the nxunber of
seed trees is adequate, and where competing vegetation
is controlled, a well -stocked stand can be obtained
through natural regeneration.
R,estrictions on the use of equipment are slight- to
moderate. Logging is usually restricted during wet.- peri-
ods. Tho Altavista, Augusta, and Wahee soils are sub-
ject to occasional overflow that interferes with Inanage-
ment of the forests.
The. haza,rd of erosion is slight. The hazard of wind -
throw is also slight., except when the velocit..' of the
wind is exceptionally high.
Sweetguln is affected by tieback in long drotaghty
periods.
WOODLAND SLITABILITY GROUP 5
This group consists of well -drained soils of the Appl.-
ing, Cecil, Durham, Georgeville, Granville, Herndon,
Lloyd, Madisorn, Mayodan, and Wedowee series. The tex-
ture of their surface 'layer ranges from loamy sand to
clay loch, and the texture of their subsoil ranges from
sanely clay loam to clay. In some places the surface layer
is gravelly. Permeability is moderate, and the ai ailable
water capacity is medium. Natural fertility and the con-
tent of organic matter are low. Most, of these coils have
slopes between 2 and tis percent, but some have, slopes is
steep as 45 percent in places. The soils are mainly une-
roded to Inode.rately eroded, but some areas mre severely
eroded.
Loblolly pine is the preferred species for pulpwood,
savr logs, or poles and piling. sllortleaf pine is also
shite(l, but it grows niore sdm%-I • than loblolly pine. 'el
low -poplar, black walnut., sweetgurn, and red and white
oafs are the. preferred species of hardwoods. Eastern
rede,edar and lrizor)a cypress are suitable for Christ-
ina's trees. Pines, Arizona cypress, redeedar, and privet
are, suitable for field windbreaks, -where needed. maks,
hickories, black cherry, persimmoii, black walnut, beech,
and American holly grow on these, soils and provide
food and cover for wildlife. Virginia. kine is well suited
to the dry, shallow soils.
Cin the. uneroded to moderately eroded soils, the site
index is 75 to 85 for loblolly pine, yellow -poplar, and
sweetgunt a,nd 65 to 75 for shortleaf pine and southern
red oak. In the severely eroded areas, the site index is
65 to 75 for loblolly pine and 55 to 65 for Virginia. pine.
As a rule, plant competition for pines and desirable
hardwoods is severe on the, better soils and is slight to
severe on the, severely eroded soils. there coanpefitioll
is severe, intensive preparation of the site is necessary
before desire([ species are planted or seeded.
Seedling mortality is generally slight to moderate, but
it can be, severe in shallow, dry areas. where adequate
seed trees of desired species are present, and where com-
peting vegetation is controlled, well -stocked stands can
be obtained through natural regeneration. Some shallow

a
8011, SURVEY
areas will require intensive treatment if an adequately
stocked stand is to be obtained. Applying a mulch and
fertilizer and establishing a protective cover of grasses
Or of grasses amrel legasmes are beneficial. Natural reseed-
ing
eseeding cannot be depended on to provide an adequately
stocked stand of pine.
Equipment limitations are slight -where the slopes are
less than 15 percent, moderate where the slope's are
between 15 and 35 percent, and severe where the, slopes
are steeper.
The hazard of erosion is sli0it on slopes of Less than
6 percent, rnoderarte on slopes between 6 and 10 percent,
and severe oil slopes of more them 10 percent-. Unpro-
tected steep slopos and roads built on a steep gradient
are likely to be severely eroded unless special conserv�a,-
lion measures, :ire ar need. Where feasible, firebreaks and
roads should be built, along the contour.
Windthr°ow is a slight hazard oil these soils.
WOODLAND SUrrABILId'1 GROUP 6
This group consists of well -drained, dined, taeax°ly lev7 l or
gently doping coils of the Facevil,le, Norfolk, incl.
Orangeburg series. These soils have a sandy loaan or
loamy sand snr°f,ace- layer and a friable to fi.rrn snbsoil.
Perniesahility of the, subsoil is moderate, ;111(1 the a.vail-
able water capacity is medium. Organic. ,titter content
and na.tanr al fertility are low, Water and tree roots
easily penetrate, these soils.
LoblolIA, and slash panes ire the preferred species for
pazlpwood and saw logs, but longleaf bine is oho suited.
Yellow -poplar, black walnut, oil., sweet,gaamrr, and other
hardvv-oo& grow well oda these soils. Eastern redcedar
arnd lkrizona cypress are suitable for Christmas trees.
Redeedar, Arizona cypress, cherry laurel, privet, and
phofiania are suittible nnderstory slaecies for field wind-
breaks. 1F1acica uan, red mulberry, persimmon, Annerica�an
holly, and other tree species grog well Oil these soils
and produce food and cover .for wildlife.
'pile site index is its to 95 for loblolly pine and slash
lain., and "stn to 8o for Iongleaf pine acid slnortleaf pine.
It is 8e> to 100 for yellow-poplaar°, 83p to 95 for sweetgunr,
and 75 to 85 for souther a. red oak.
Plaarat competition for pines tared desirable hardwoods
from low -value hardwoods and other vegetation is gen-
e:r•at,lly moderate, but it is severe in places. Serrab oak,
hickory trees, dogwood, saassaafras, persimmon, red maple,
sonrswood, and bla3ckgum retard the growth and develop-
ment cif pines and of yellow epoplar and other preferred
broad-leaved species. Intenivo treatment of the site,
including disking, blading, or applying herbicides, is
n.ecessar'V ill nimly places to eliminate, or control'v ege-
ttation prior to the time pines or desirable haardm-oL--
are seeded or pltrntcsd.
Seedling mortality resulting from the characteristics,
of
of the soils is generally slight.atisfaetory stocking from
natural reseeding is usually obtained where an adequate
number of pine seed trees is present, aanci where com-
peting vegetationn is controlled.
Equipment limitations are slight in areas where the
slopes acre no greater than 10 percent. In those areas the
hazard of water erosion is slight, but the protective
ground cover should be disturbed as little as possible by
logging and other operations. Where feasible, locating
firebreaks and access roads on the contour is desirable.
Wind erosion is a hazard in large open areas. In. those
places ryegrass or a similar cover crop can be used to
protect seedlings planted for windbreaks.
Windthrow is not a hazard, except when winds are
unusually strong.
Damage to loblolly pine from infestations of the Nan-
tucket pine tipinoth (Rhyacion a frustravia,, (Cmnst.) )
craw be severe on these soils.
WOODLAND SUITABILITY GROUP 7
The only soil in this group is Pairrs fine sindy lown.
It. is nearly level, is poorly drained, and is in depres-
sions or at the bases of alcrlaes ill Coastal Plain uphlnds.
Ill wet seasons this soil re.cc=ivec runoff and seepage froln
higher surrounding areas. The subsoil is friable and has
a texture, of sandy loaan to clay loa:na. The organic, ni at -
ter content and available water capacity are median.
Natural fertilit,v, is 'low.
Loblolly pine"and slash kine are the preferred. species
in areas that have been drained, but longleaif pine is also
suitable. Paldeypress, Swamp tupelo, green ash, and
water and willow oaks are adapted species in undrained
areas. �11[ost trees that are suitable for this soil also
provide food and cover for vv°ildlife. This, soil is suit-
able for gz ovv inag trees th<a.t can be has rvested for pulp-
vyood, Gavv- logs, or long length poles nand piling.
The site index is R5 to ori for loblolly pine, slash pine,
and s%A eetgatln.. It is 70 to SO for long;lea F pine.
Plant competition is severe for pines and desirable;
har(N-oods. Ciallberry, vines, reeds (savitclacan(-), mide-
sira,ble hardwoods, and other plants interfere with the
esttalrlishrnent and Growth of pines and desirable broad. -
leaved species. hitiking, clearing, proscribed ba-trning,
coating of brush, or the application of herbicides is
necessary in many plates to eradicate anwanted v°, -
t-ation before desirable species are plamrted. or seedod.
seedling J.norta.lity of Pines is generally slight ill areas
that have been drained, but. it is severe irn depression or
ponded areas because of the excess waiter. Mosses caused
by excess water can exceed 50 percent, and natural re -gen-
eration cta.nraot, be depended on to estaa,blish aa.. well -
stocked stand. C`antz°.ileal drainage, intensive preparation
of the site, and superior planting techniques are seeded
if a well -stocked a tmid is to he obt.tined.
Ponding and a. high water table severely limit the
ase of equipmenf;. Water is on or ne%r the surface most
of the t.inae. Controlled drain'a'ge is necessa.ry In many
areas to provide and maintain access roads. Drnaina.ge
can be costly, however, because suitable outlets are. not
ahvrays ar.v-anilible.
Erosion and windthrow, are, not: hazards an this, ;soil.
WOODLAND SITITAr3II,ITY GROU'.L' 6
The only sail in this group, Phimmer sand, :is 1toorly
drained and occurs mainly in draws and depressions on
Coastal Plain uplands. Water stands on the surface of
this soil for long period, each year. The surface layer is
sand that is 10 to 60 inches, thick. The subsoil is steady
loam to sandy clay lotim. Permeability is rapid, and the
available water capacity is low. Natural fertility and
the content of organic matter are low.

wAX-E COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA
Where drainage is aa,dequate, loblolly and slash Dines
are the preferred species for this soil, but longleaf pine
i, also suitable. Pond trine, 1tlantio white -cedar, bald -
cypress, sweetguni, ,,As tupelo, green aslr, and. red
.maple can be grown.:itt, areas where water stands on the
surface fort long tine. This soil is, suitable for growing
trees that; can be. lia:rvost.od for put�woad and saw logs.
'Drees can also be grown for medium- to long -length.
poles and piling; where drainage is adequate. Aiost trees
that, grow on this soil provide food and cover for wild-
life.
'rhe site index is t35 to w for loblolly Laine, shish pine.
and sweetguiil. It is 75 to 85 for longleaf pine.
Desirable species (if frees are subject. to competition
from tuadesirablo hardwoods, vines, briers, s`+•itcheane,
and other plants. Clearing, disking, cutting of brash,
applying herbicides, and draining excess waiter =Ire
needed, to control coanpetittg° vegetation and to prepare
a site, for a new stmid.
Seedling .mortality is genent�lly slight in areas that
have been drained, bat, it is severe in ponied areas,
N -,-hem losses can eacewd 50 percent. Nattind reseeding
cannot; be depended upon to e4tablish an adequately
stocked stand of the, preferred species of trees. Tnten-
sive. preparation of the site, superior planting techniques,
and management of ivate.r are, necessary if a, well -stocked
stand. is to be obtlitned.
.Restrictions on the n e: of equipment are moderate in
the areas that have been drained and Severe in undrained
stress. 7•anmy ment of water is necessary if access to the
areas is fo be, obtained, and if roads are, t:o be maintained.
Because of the lack of suitable outlets, some areas are
di#1'icult, to drain..11so, some roads may be hard to mam-
taitm becauso the coarse texhwe of the soil causes under.-
catting and caving of ditches.
Erosion is nota hazard, tt,nd Nvindthrow is generally
.not a: hazard.
`'VOODLAND SUITABILITY GROUP 9
The soils in this group are in the. Wagram series rlae,y
are nearly level to sloping and occur on Coastal Plain
uplands. Their surface haver is `?0 to 30 inches thick amid
consists of loamy sand, ''heir subsoil is friable. or very
friable s candy loattn to sandy (•lay loam. Permeability is
moderate. '_!aIturat fer4dity, the content of organic naa•tter,
and the available water capta.city are low. Water and the
roots of trees e"Isily pe.retrate these ;soil
Loblolly and slash pines are the preferred, species ort.
these soils, but longleaf pines aro also suitable. The soils
ai'e suittible for growing trees that ca:tt be haarvested for
pulpwood, sax,, logs, or za:a.edium-length poles and piling'.
Eastern tern redredam° and Arizona, cypress are satitat:ble for
the production of. Christmas trees. Cherry laurel, recl-
cedaaz°, ; xizona cypress, and )rivet are Suitable as under -
story species where field windbreaks are .needed. Oak,
hickory, dogwood, red natrlberry, black cherry, blackgu.na,
turd persimmon growing on these, soils provide, food and
cover fon~ wildlife.
The site index .s 75 to 8�,-) for loblolly and slash panes.
It i4 (;o> to 7�i for longleaf parte.
Afoderate competition from oaks, hickories, blackgums,
,Sassafras, and other b a,rdta-oods interferes with the growth
of pines on these soils. Clearing, disking, rutting; of brush;
S1
or applying herbicides nifty be necessary to control unde
sirable vegetation and to prepare the site. where bines are
to be planted or seeded.
Seedling.mortality is generally slight, but it is moderate
in sonta years. Large areas it, which seedlings have, not
survived should be replanted. Na.tt:tral reseeding is ade-
quate, as a rule, if enoualt seed trees are present, if the
site is properly prepared, and if competing vegetation is
controlled.
Restrictions to the use of equipment; are slight on.
,Slopes of up to 10 percent:. Machinery call be ttsed sat
stay tarns# without causing mist, da,mage to the toots of
trees or to the structure of the soils. Equipment is sub-
tect to excessive wear oil these soils, hoA�'ever, because of
the, abrasiveness of the stand.
The hazard of water erosion is slight on slopes of tap to
10 percent. Some wind erosion occurs in large open arenas.
Young seedlings plazated in field -svindbrea.lcs should be
protected from soil blowing by use of a cover crop. Tile,
hazaa°d of win (It.hro`v is generally slight, except, in ab-
uor.na.Ily ltigb. winds.
On these droughty soils, loblolly Pine is sometimes de-
formed and retarded in growth lay attacks from the
Nantucket pine tipmoth. This damage, occurs when the
pine isa, seedling or a° sapling.
WOODLAND SUITABILITY GROUP 10
The only mapping unit in this group is Wagrarn-
Troup sands, 0 to 4 percent slopes. These are somewhat
excessively drained, nearly level to steep soils on Coastal
Platin uplands. Their surface layer is sand that: is 30 to
60 inches thick, and their subsoil is sandy lomit to sandy
clay loans. Pernneaa,bil:ity is moderate to rapid, and the
available, water ca.pa.city is low or a-ery low. Natural.
fertility and the content of organic ntaa:tter are ti -cry
low.
�la=-lt aritte attt<l. Ccrp � �eat-f ;;iaae aae tae pe°efeE t cl sae€�iea on
these soils. Loblolly pine is also suitable.
These soils are suitable for g rowing the preferred
species of trees to a size suitable for pulpwood, srmali.
S111w logs, or medium -length poles and piling, Eastern
redced,ar and Arizona, cypress aro suitable species. to
Plant for Christ.nafi trees and as undel.story Species in
field whidbreaks. Cherry laurel is suitable in field wind-
f;I°oaks., b0fll .t'� at -aa t:ntrlt�_a _ora aiid. aar an m,emstory s,lrecre,
Cal{ ; are an itrtportant=;oltrce- of food for wildlife, but;
only a limited anmount, of ',corns is pr=oduced on these
soils.
The site index is 75 to 85 for slash pine, 70 to So fo.F
loblolly pine, and 60 to 70 for 101,gl 1` j pine.
�, last°e pines are grow n oat these soils, plant. competi-
tion is severe. from blackjack oak, turkey oats, and other
scrub oaks a.nd wiregrass. Disking, cleariLg, undercutting,
and other intensive treatment is .generally .reed.ed to col.-
trol comnpeting vegetation orad to prepare. a site for
regeneration of the preferred species.
Seedling mortality is generally- moderate. Losses of
seedlings are. MU.Sed by an inadequate supply of moista.ro
and by high telnper,ature of the soil surface. Natural
reseeding cannot be relied upon to obtain an adequately
stocked stand of the preferred species. Seedlings of high
quality and superior planting techniques are required.

RK
SOIL Si`RVE V
for satisfactory survival of the plants. Even then, some
replanting Inay be, necessary.
Limitations to the. use of equipment are moderate on
slopes of tnp to 0 percent. These loose sands give poor
traction to ligplrt, rnbber-t iced equipment. They do not
provide good support for heavy ma,chiuery. Therefore,
extra power is required. Furthermore, I.nachillery used on
these soils is subject to excessive wear because of the
abrasiveness of the send.
Water erosion is nota hazard where the slopes are no
greater than 6 percent, but soil bIoNving is a hazard Ut
large omen areas. Ini'ind strips are necessary to protect
some planted seedlings. Normally, wvindthrow is :not a.
hazard.
The root rot :fungus (Fonirs ap.n.oms) is a serious
hazard tin -here, pines and redeedar are grown on these
soils. Seedlings and saplings of loblolly pine are subject
to severe daniage by the Nantucket tipmoth.
WOODLAND SUITABILITY GROUP 11,
This group corrs.istg of well drained or moderately well
drained soils of the Creedrnoor, Fnon, Helena, Vance,
and White, Store: series. These soils are gently sloping
or moderately sloping incl are on Piedmont uplands. The
te:xt,ure of their surface layer ranges from m
sandy loa
to cda.y loam, and their subsoil is friable to firm sandy
Claay loam to Clay. Alost areas are uneroded or moderately
eroded, but one of the White Store soils that occupies
a small acreage is severely eroded. Natural fertility is
low to medium, and the content of organic matter is low.
Permeability is slow, and the available water capacity is
medium to high. Root penetration is restricted in areas
that are, underlain by a very firm, plastic subsoil.
Loblolly pine is the preferred species on these soils.
Shortleaf pine also grows fairly fast, but the slotiv to
medium internal drainage of these soils makes that
spe�des susceptible in some. places to , -eve daana-gc,
from littlelea,f disease. j'irgamal pine, is suited to the
severely eroded 11rhite Store soil. The uneroded or moder-
ately eroded soils are suitable for growing trees to sizes
that, can be. harvested for pulpwood and sa,w logs, and
trees grow larger on those soils than on the severely
eroded soil. The severely eroded White, Store soil is rela-
tively low in productivity and has limitations to use for
commercial growing of wood crops. Trees should be
planted oil this severely eroded soil, mainly to protect it
from further erosion.
F,istern redeedar and Arizona cypress are. suited to
the. production of Christmas trees. Oaks, hickories,
blackgum, persimmon, American holly, black cherry, pine,
and cedar growing on these soils provide food and cover -
for wildlife.
On the uneroded or moderately eroded soils, the site
index is 75 to 85 for loblolly pine (fig. 1I), yellow -pop-
lar, and sweetgum and 60 to 70 for short.leaf pine. On
the severely eroded White Store soil, the site index for
loblolly pine is 65 to 75.
Where the soils are uneroded to moderately eroded,
Pines are subject to moderate to severe competition from
undesirable hardwoods a.nd other plants. In some places
disking, blading, and the application of herbicides are
necessary to control competing vegetation.
Seedling mortality is generally slight, oil the uneroded
to moderately eroded soils. Oil those soils an adequately
stocked stand usually can be obtained from natural seed-
ing If enough seed trees are, present, if the site is properly
prepared, and if cominetin�r yeget<rttoilis controlled. Seed-
ling mortality is moderate to severe oar the severely
eroded White Store soil. Ort. that, soil check dards, nnrlch-
ing, fertilization, and a protective cover of grassc s a.nd
legumes are needed to obtain an adequately stocked stand.
Natural seeding cannot be. depended upon to reproduce
a full, stocked stand.
Llrnita-tions to the use. of ealaaipment are slight can
slopes of up to 15 percent, anal they tire model ate ort
slopes betas eetr 15 and 25 percent. On the severely eroded
INrhrte Store soil, however, restrictions are rnoclex Arte on
the use of equipment during dry periods on slopes of2
to 1,5 percent. They are severe where the slopes are. more
than 15 percent;. Iii wet periods the use of equiprraernt is
sever cly restricted by tlae. sticky and very plastic, c,laycy
subsoil.
On the uneroded to moderately eroded soils, the hazard
of water erosion is slight: on slopes of up to 6 percent.
It is moderate on slopes between 6 and 10 percent, and
severe on slopes steeper tlia.n 10 percent. Firebreaks and
roads should be, run on the contour wherever feasible to
protect therm from erosion. A protective groruncl cover
should be rnainta,ined insofar as possible. The haze d of
erosion is serious ori the severely eroded 1�'llite Store
soil. The, hazard of windthrow is slight, to moderate
where the soils are uneroded to moderately eroded, but
it is severe ori the severely eroded 111hite, Store soil.
Littleleaf disease can severely damage shortleaf and
loblolly pines.
WOODLAND SUITABILITY GROUP 12
In this group are soils of the LouisburP,:, 117ecdowee,
Pinkston, Wake, and Wilkes series. These are well -
drained to somewhat excessively drained, gently sloping
to steep, shallow soils oil Piedmont uplands. The texture
of their surface layer is variable, and in some places the,
surface layer is stony. The subsoil is firm to loose loamy
sand to clay loam. Depth to bedrock ranges fI:°ori less
than 20 inches to more than 50 inches. The, conternt; of
organic matter is low, and natural fertility is lose to
medium. Permeability is moderate to rapid, and the
available, water capacity is low or verb* low. Bedrock
limits the penetration of water a,ud tree roots.
Loblolly pine is the preferred species for pralpNvood
and saw logs. Shortleaf pine is suitable on the nur:a e
favorable sites. The. deeper soils can be used for groxvin;;
trees to sizes that can be harvested for pulpwood, saw
lois, or poles and piling of ine.dium length. The shallow
aaad the steep soils should hegiven an onsite inspection
to determine. If trees should be planted and intensively
nnarna,ged, for commercial wood product,,. As a: rule, plant-
ing of trees in these areas is feasible only for controlling
erosion and protecting the soils.
Arizona cypress and eastern redeedar are suitable for
the production of Christmas trees a.nd as under story
trees in field windbreaks. These soils are not suited to
the commercial production of hardwoods.
The site index is 70 to 80 for loblolly pine. Zt is 60 to
70 for shortleaf pine.

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA
83
Figure Ii.A well-managed stand of loblolly pine on Creedmoor sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded. The trees have been
thinned periodically to increase their growth and to improve their quality.
Plant competition is slight• to moderate where pines
are grown, depending on the depth of the soil over bed-
rock. In disking, girdling, and the application of
herbicides are needed to control undesirable vegetation.
Seedling mortality is generally moderate, but it can
be severe on the very shallow or on the steep soils. Seed-
lings of high quality and superior planting tech '
11M
are needed to adequately Stock an area -v
�irith pines,
replanting may be required. A well -stocked stand cannot
ge obtained through natural seeding.
Restrictions on the use of equipment are slight on
,lopes of up to 15 percent, moderate on slopes between
15 and 205 percent, and severe on slopes of more than 25
Percent. Shallowness, a plastic subsoil, boulders, and
lock outcrops can severely limit the use of equipment on
all slopes. Operating heavy machinery during wet peri-
ods, especially on the Wilkes soils, can damage the struc-
ture of the soils and seriousl_l, injure the roots of trees.
The hazard of water erosion is slight on slopes of up
to 2 percent. It is moderate on slopes between 2 and 6
percent and severe on slopes of more than 6 percent.
The development of roots is restricted by bedrock
near the surface and by the droughtiness of these shal-
low soils. As a result, the hazard of windthrow is gen-
erally severe or very severe on these soils.
WOODLAND SUITABILITY GROUP 13
This group consists of three miscellaneous land types—
Made land, Gullied land, and Borrow area. The texture
and consistence of the soil material varies greatly frown
one area to another. The depth to which the roots of
trees and water can penetrate is also widely variable.

84
Soil. SURVEY
Onsite, investigation is required to determine how an area
can, best be, inanaged for trees.
The potential productivity of these land types for
trees varies widely. Where soine surface soil remains,
merchantable trues can be, grown between the. gullies. As
a rule, however, the site indexes are very lo -%v for these
land types. Loblolly pine, and Virginia pine are the pre-
ferred species for planting, bnt redeedax is also suitable.
Competition from undesirable plants is generally slight
where erosion is still active. Where a cover of plants has
become established and the soil inaterial is stabilized,
plant, competition is severe for the limited sapply of
moisture..
Seedling nioriality, as as rule, is very severe on these
land types, unless special preparation is given ven to the
site,. Land leveling, disking, construction of check dams,
s
imilching, fertilization, and the establishment of a, pro-
tective cover of grasses or of grasses and legumes are
required if ,ill adequate stand of trees is to be established,
and erosion is to be controlled. Even where these prac.-
tioes are applied, extensive replanting is sometimes neces-
sary. Seedlings in ust, be, I)l anted by halid.
The use of most equipment is severely restricted by
gullies. Erosion iiill continue to be a, very severe hazard
in the areas of Gidlied land and in other crallied areas
until. a protective cover of plants is established. The
hazard of windthrow is very severe for all kinds of
trees.
Tn places loblolly pine "die oiit", and littleleaf disease
are likely to be severe.
WOODLAND SUITABILITY GROUP 14
Swamp, a. miscellaneous hind type, is the only mapping
unit, in this group. It, is very poorly drained and is
under water most, of the tinie"This lta,nd type is at, the
heads of manmade. lakes, and it consists of variable soil
material. Swamp tupelo, red maple, sweotgum, smooth
alder, and other water --tolerant trees and shrubs are
chanteteris,tic. of the re"etation in areas Of Swamp. if
drainage and protection from flooding are provided,
however, loblolly and slash pines can be grown. Inter-
pretations on the potential productivity are, not provided
for this 1,111d type, beoftilse, of the Inek of infornlation.
Use of the Soils for Wildlife",
The soils of Wake County produce food. cover, and
Protection for many kinds of wildlife. Doves', ducks, fox,
quail, rabbit, squirrel, snipe, turkey, woodcock, and non-
galue birds are the most coinmon kinds of wildlife in the
county. Deer and geese are, less numerous. Deer mainly,
frequent the northwestern corner of the owinty imd scat-
tered areas along bottoins of the, Neuse River. A- small
flook of Cftnada" geese, spends the "N'inter each year Oil
Lake, Wheeler.
Wood ducks, inall:irds, hooded mergansers, and black
ducks are fairly ninnerous along the rivers,,, larger creeks,
and savamlas. The wood duck builds its .nest in hollow
trees along the rivers, near large creeks, aild in Hie
swamps. Graenwing teal, rhignecks, raddy ducks, scaup,
and widgeons inhabit, the larger lakes and farm ponds
in fall, in winter, and early in spring, and canvasbacks,
"i
3y P. R. SMITI-T, Jlz., bio'o,-ist, Soil Conserration Service.
buffleheads, gad-,valls, mergansers, and pintails also visit
those areas.
Two other gaine birds --.the Wilson snipe and the,
woodcock --frequent, areas of wet'land in Wake, County.
'I'llese, same areas, of wotland provide habitat for such
furbeavers ais beaver, mli&, muskrat, and otter. Turkey,
1'.11CCOO11, and squirrel. also share this habitat and are
fairly common along wooded bottoms of streams and in
0,11011 large tracts of woodland. Doves, fox, quail, and
rabbit are abundant througjiout most of the county.
Fighiiig is fair to excelleait in the many farm ponds
and Likes throughout the, county. as «~ell ars in tine. large
titxvanis. Bas", 1)[11PgillS, and --ibell crackers are t1w 111211,11
kin(ls of fish in the farin ponds. Bass, bluogills, bull -
beads, crappies, channel catfisil, pickerel, and red brea,sts
andI g
other kinds of sunfish inhabit the lakes and large,
s s
l reams.
The food of various kinds of wildlife differs widely.
The abundance of a particular kind of wildlife depelld's,
to a great extent,, oil the presence, or absence of choic.e,
foo(Is for that species. In tile following paragraphs, the,
food and habitat requirements of tile, _Tnajor kind,, of
wildlife are discussed.
BEAvrPz.—Be,tvers eat; only food obtained from plants,
mostly bark., roots, tender twigs, and green plants. Their
favorlte food is the tender bark, or cambium, of alder,
ash, birch, cottonwood, hornbeam, inaplo, pine, sweet -
gum, and willow, but acorns and corn rare. also choice,
foods. In addition, beavers eat flie tender sboots of elder,
honeysuckle, grass, and -weeds. The main feeding areas
are. within. 150 feet of water,
BOBW1-1ITr,_--Bobwhites (quail) etit aeorns, beechnuts-,
blackberries, browntop millet, wild black cherries, corn.,
cowpeas, dewberries, annual and shrub Iespedezas, Milo,
mulberries, paniegrasq, pecans, common ragweed, soy-
beans, pine seeds, and the fruits of flowering dogwood
and qweetguni. They also eat many insects. Their food
insist be close, to sheltering vegetation. Many kinds Of
habitat, including areas of. _W,00dland, brush),- areas. arenas
of grassland, and open fields, are suit,61e for thes-CA
but the best habitat is one, that has a variety
of cover types.
eat acorlis, clover, CONN-poas, greenbrier.
honeysuckle, annual and shrub lespeda7as, oats, rescue -
grass, rile, rvegrass, sovbe"111s, ,111d wheat. They need an
adequate, supply of surface water for drinking, and
wooded areas, 600 acres or snore in sizEw, for cover. Food
plants for deer should be well Timed and ferfilizod.
DovP_,,--J)ove,., eat brovaitop millet, corn, Japaneso
millet, Pokeberry seeds, oomnion rag - weed, guain sorghurn. '
the seeds of Pine and sweetgunil, and other kinds of seeds.
Doves do not eat, insects,
I green leaves, or fruits. They
drink water daily. Doves prefer to land in open ireIS.
Therefore, they need feeding areas and watering places,�7'
free of tall yr,,-Lss Or brush.
Dc ('1C.—Diteks em acorns, beecli'llits, browntol) millet,
corn, Japanese :pillet, and sjnarrrvced, which nill-t be
covered by water to be, Peadil,), available. Occasionally,
ducks eat, acorns and gain on dry land.
0'rr,,r,sr,_---Ge(,se feed in open &ds and in shallo-w
water. Their choice foods are the roots, stems, and leaves
of aquatic plants, and wheat, corn, soybeans, and other
grains. Geese graze on clover, pasture grasses, and youlig

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA
small grains. When they are not feeding, they rest on
bodies of water.
Fox.—Foxes feed primarily on small animals, gen-
erally rodents, but they also eat apples, persimmons,
acorns, cherries, grapes, corn, blueberries, and peanuts.
The red fox prefers open fields and farmland for his
habitat. The gray fox generally remains in wooded areas
and in patches of dense brush.
MINK.—These furbearers feed on fish, reptiles, am-
phibians, birds, and small mammals. They live near
water.
MUSKRAT.—Muskrats feed on cattails, bulrushes, bur -
reeds, rushes, pondweeds, and many other aquatic plants.
They also eat some corn, soybeans, and other crops.
Ponds, lakes, marshes, swamps, and streams provide the
habitat for these animals.
OTTER.—Otters are primarily carniverous. Their prin-
cipal food is fish, mainly coarse and undesirable species,
and crayfish, water beetles, water birds, and clams. Occa-
sionally, they eat water -loving mammals. Swamps,
streams, and lakes are the habitat of otters.
RABBIT. -Rabbits eat clover, winter grasses, and other
succulent vegetation. They also eat waste grain, bark,
and twigs. Rabbits especially need cover, such as black-
berry or plum thickets or patches of honeysuckle. Food
plants that are well fertilized and limed are more at-
tractive to rabbits than those that are not.
RACCOON.—Raccoons eat many kinds of foods. Among
their favorite plant foods are acorns, chufa, greenbrier,
grapes, persimmon, pokeberries, corn, hollyberries, and
pecans. Favorite animal foods are frogs, crayfish, grass-
hoppers, insects, and small mammals. Raccoons inhabit
bottom lands and swamps where den trees are plentiful.
SNIrE.—The Wilson snipe feeds on earthworms and
on the larval forms of many kinds of insects. This game
bird returns to Wake County only in winter, and it lives
in areas of wet grassland or marshes.
SQUIRREL. -These animals eat acorns, beechnuts, black
cherries, black walnuts, corn, hickory nuts, mulberries,
pecans, pine mast, and the seeds of blackgums and
flowering dogwoods. The gray squirrel inhabits mixed
stands of hardwoods and pines or pure stands of hard-
woods. The fox squirrel is rare in this county. Its habi-
tat is restricted to open stands of pines and hardwoods.
TuRKEY.—Turkeys thrive only in large areas of wood-
land, generally 1,000 acres or more in size. They need
surface water daily for drinking. Turkeys often roost
over water in the overhanging branches of large trees.
Their choice foods are insects, acorns, beechnuts, black-
berries, browntop millet, chufa, clover, corn, cowpeas,
wild -grapes, hackberries, mulberries, oats, paspalum
seeds, pecans, pine mast, rescuegrass, rye, wheat, and the
fruit of blackgum and flowering dogwood.
WOODCOCK.—The woodcock is primarily a migrant who
visits this county in fall and winter. Woodcocks inhabit
areas of wet woodland, where they probe the forest
floor for earthworms, their choice food. These birds are
rarely found in the open during the day.
NONGAME BIRDS. -The food preferences of nongame
birds differ widely. Several species eat nothing but
insects; a few eat insects, nuts, and fruits; and others
eat insects and seeds. Many desirable kinds of nongame
birds, such as bluebirds, cardinals, robins, mockingbirds,
and tanagers, can be attracted by planting dogwood,
holly, Russian -olive, cherry -laurel, pokeberry, privet,
pyracantha, multiflora rose, smooth sumac, and sun-
flowers.
Flsm—The choice foods of many fish are mostly
aquatic worms and insects and their larvae. Bass, pick-
erel, large catfish, crappie, and other predators eat small
fish. The abundance of such foods is directly related to
the fertility of the water, and in a lesser degree, to the
fertility of the soils at the bottom of the ponds and lakes.
Wildlife suitability groups
Most kinds of wildlife can be related to the soils in a
two-step relationship. Each species is related to its
choice foods, and, in turn, each plant is directly related
to the soils.
In this subsection the soils of Wake County are placed
infive groups, based on their capacity to produce plants
that provide food for wildlife. The "Guide to Mapping
Units" at the back of this survey lists the wildlife group
for each of the soils.
In table 3 many of the plants used for food by wild-
life are listed alphabetically and the suitability of each
plant for the soils of four wildlife groups is rated. Wild-
life group 5 is not included in this table, because the
properties of the land types in this group are too vari-
able for meaningful ratings to be assigned.
With a knowledge of each animal's food require-
ments and of the suitability of the soils for the growth
of particular plants, the symbols on the soil map can
be used as a guide to the selection of areas suitable for
specified kinds of wildlife. The characteristics of the
soils in each wildlife group that are significant to man-
agement for wildlife are described in the following para-
graphs.
WILDLIFE SUITABILITY GROUP 1
This group consists of well drained or moderately well
drained soils on terraces and on ridges and side slopes in
the uplands. These soils are mainly gently sloping to
strongly sloping, but they are nearly level in some places
and are moderately steep or steep in others. They are
in the Altavista, Appling, Cecil, Creedmoor, Durham,
Enon, Faceville, Georgeville, Goldsboro, Granville,
Helena, Herndon, Lloyd, Madison, Mayodan, Norfolk,
Orangeburg, Vance, Wedowee, and White Store series.
The texture of their surface layer ranges from loamy
sand to silt loam, except that it is clay loam in severely
eroded areas. Their subsoil is friable sandy loam to very
firm clay. In places gravel is on and in the surface layer.
These soils have low to medium natural fertility and
medium to high available water capacity. Surface run-
off varies considerably because of differences in the tex-
ture of the soils, in the steepness of slopes, and in the
kind of ground cover. The degree of erosion ranges from
none to severe.
WILDLIFE SUITABILITY GROUP 2
This group consists of well -drained to somewhat
poorly drained soils on first bottoms, on terraces, and in
draws and depressions in the uplands. These soils are in
the Augusta, Chewacla, Colfax, Congaree, Lynchburg,
Mantachie, and Wahee series. The texture of their sur-
face layer ranges from sandy loam to silt loam, and their
subsoil is sandy loam to very firm clay.

86 SOM SURVEY
TABLE T—R u.Wb1t; y of pla-aM for soils in fauns, wi-ldlifc fjrortps and as food for gmc¢ftcd kinds of wildlife;
€'4"ildlde groups
Food plants
.. __... _.
Choice foods for -
3 1 4
Good .__._',
Poor_____
Alder____ .............__
____ Fair_____
(load_._.._
Apple___________ -----------------------
(_rood_---''
Fair___.__
.ash--- --------------------
---- Fair- ..---
Good____
PahiaE;;rat,5- ..----
..... (load----
Good ----
Beech -------- ---
- Good----
Good..
J37aze kbe rry and do,�t berry _ _
_ . _ _ Fair --_1
(Food - _ _
Black Cherry -__ ----
_ -- Good -_-1
(,00d--_
BIa Agum,_-_ .__
F;ril°-.__--
Good_..._
Blueberry- - —
_ _ _ I+aur-----
Good----
Bmwntopmillet-. _- - -----.
Good__...�I
Good_...._
.. __... _.
Choice foods for -
3 1 4
Good .__._',
Poor_____
Beaver.
Poor--
_ _
Fair
i For:, deer.
Fair._ - _
....
Poor_ _ _ _ _
Wood duck, bea, r.
Faa itFair-
_ .
T€rrke,yr.
Poor_...-..
-�
Poor_. _ .
F3o}�iwhit€�, duck, squirrel, turkey.
Fair
; Pak.. ...
Bobwhite, turkey, lwngnnie bird>,.
Fair
_�
Fiu. -_
Bobwbh , squirrA, fox, nongame bird-.
Fair _
_,
I.ru_..__
Sc;un'rcl, tiursteyy, nong.arne bird'.
Fait_____
T'oar____-
Turkey-, nongamc�'bir•d,,,.
TOA
Poor-----
Bobwhite, dove, duck, turkey, nongame,
Good --J (.good --__I! Poor-­­
Clover,
oor___.._Clove , crimcion_-- - - ----- Good __ (,()ad----: Poor
Clover, white--_- - (food - Good Poor_
Corn_,_, -- (rood ---I Good Fair, -
Cowpca.--
dogwood----- ..
Elderberry- - -
Foactte__--
Graape, wild
Greenbrier_
Blaa.ckberry__
Rickory-_
Holly --
Loney - _
•uckle ----
HornI) ani_ -_- - -. -- ----..
.Ia,panew mrllet... ..... - --
PeVeMaa., annual)_ _..
Lespedeza, shrub _ - -1
Magnolia ----------
Maple
-_- _-- laplc --- ----
Mulberry
Oalc (post, blackjack, southern red, se:arlet,
bIaN, and whim).
Oak 'swamp chestunt, water, willow) - --
(h€,is----------- ------------
Pa.nhyrass---_ -_ - -
Paspalutn (bull)- .. . _ _ --- -- - _-
Pennut--------- -- - --- -- -
--I
Pel'sillinlotl_.---------- ----._--_--_---__._�i
Pine___.------------- .------ _......_I
Plum, Chickasaw____.....----_....._____------
Poisounvy---__ -- ------------ --
Pokeberry ------- --.----
Privet ---------
__Prive't--------------------------- --
Pyrneaantlut_ - -
Ragw•epd____________________...__..___._
R.escucgrass------ - ---------------
Rt I
R.c( ------------ - -----------
Ryvgrws-- --
Servieeberry-------------------------------
Sinart—,weed------ _ ---_---,----------------
Sorghnln, gr:.tin---------------.-_-._.__ -
Soyhean"----------------- ..........
S1ratwber2 yr -bush
Sunflower----------------- -- ----- --
Sweetgnm____..__-__. _---- ------------ ._-
Tiekelover----- _ —-------- -
Who= ......... . -- . -..-----------
(load_ _..
Fair _ _
wood-
Fair -----
(rood ---
(.Rood ----
Pool
....
Good __W_
Good
Good _--
Ftair____,.
Fail._ -
Good -
Good -
Fuir_____
Fair-
Good --
Good -
Fair __-__
Good_
Fdr- ---
Fah _ ---Good----
Good _-_-
Good__ --
(rood-__..
(:rood
Good
Good
Good
Good _ _ _
Good .... I
(food,_ _ _ -,
(Iood____:
Good _-__�I
wood____.,
Fair ---_-i
Fair -----
G ood ____Good
Good --_-
Good____
Coad-_--'.
(`
good____.
Good____
Mod_.
Fair, ----
1+air-_,__._
(food----
Good-
Fair
(food,,
rood__--
(Food_Fair(food__
(rood____
Good ....
(load ....
Good --_
Good---
(food----
Good .... __-Good.____
Good ....
Good - ---
Good. _Good _--
Good _---,
G and
Mod_-__
Good ---_
Good--_ _
Fair-----
Good- -
Good ----j
Good.
Good- ---
Good - _ __
(Iood____
Good ----
(food. ...
ood---_wood_.___
Mod ....
Good----
Fair --- _ -
Good____
Good _-_..
Good___-
Good----
uood----
Good-
Good
ood_
Good_
Good_ ___
wood---_
Good-. _ . -
Good___ -
Poor.
(loud -
Pool ------
Fail ------
Fair
Poor
(:aod
Fair ----_-
Poor_-....
For, .--
Fahr
Faair For— --
Poor _ .--
Poor-----'
Pair_..__
Good_
Poor
Fair- - - - -
Fair- - - - -
For ---
(load.
Poor_-___
Poor._____
For.. .
Mr
air--
Mr --_
Fair_ _ .
Poor_ _
Fair_ - -
Poor...
Fair- _
Fair -
Poor-
aair-Poor_ - _
Poor_ _ _ _
Fair-
Fair -
For -
aair-Fair_For_
Poor•.___
Fair -
Fail°- _
Poor_.____
Fahr- _ ---I,
poor_ _ _ _ _
Pout•_
Ivair - - - - -
Poor -
Poor .... _
Poor_ .. _
F t:r
Poor_ _ -
For -
Pool ------
Poor------
Fair--
Poor-
Poor,
-
Frir--Poor-Poor_
Poor- _....
Poor- _ _
Poor-_
_--
Poor-
Poor-
Poor-
___-i
Poor
Poor_.._.
Poor ____I
Poor__ -
Poor._ --
Poor -----
Poon. - - - -
----Poor_.____
Poor..-_--
Fol ------
Fair-
_----Faair_ _
Fair_ _ _ _-
Poor_ _ _-_
Fahr.._
Frrir_-_--
Faair_..___
Fair-----
Poor_,
F:LIr_____
Poor -----
Poor-
I'oor_____;
Poor----
Pool..
---Poor..
Poor -_-_-
Poor_.----I
Poor -
Pool --
oorPoor----_Poor_Poor ._ _.....
Poor_
W:durt., black__..... Good - (food--__ Poor_ Poor_----
Fellow -Poplar_---- ------------- --- — Good_ _ - Good _ Fair--; Poo;•_ --_-
birds.
Ratccoon, turkey-.
Deer, rabbit, turkey-.
Doer, rabbit, titrkey.
Bobwhite, dove, duck, raccoon, squirrel,
turkey, nongame birds_;.
Bobwhite., deer, turkey.
Squirrel.
Bobwhite, squirrel, turkey, nongaatne birds.
Nongame birds.
Deer, rabbit, turkey.
Raccoon, turkey-, nongnmo birds.
Doer, raccoon.
Turkey, Squirrel, nongame birds.
Squirrel.
Raccoon, nongame birds.
Deer, nongame birds.
Wood duck.
Dove, duck, nongnuiv bird.
Bobwhito, deer.
BubmMe, deer.
Squirrel, nongame bird,.
Sgnitrc;l.
Bobwhite, squirrel, turkey', iwnpune birds.
Deer, duck, raccoon, squirrel, turkoy-, noll••
game birds.
Deer, duck, rnecoon, squirrel, turkey, non-
gaarne birds.
Doer, rabbit, turkey.
Bobwhite, dove, n0ngft1uC, birds, ratbbit.
Bobwhite, dove, nwgaame birds.
Bobwhite, nongarine birds.
Bobwhite, raccoon, squirrel, turkey.
Raccoon.
Bobwhite, dove, squirrel, turkey, nonganic,
birds.
Squirrel, bobwli te.
Rabbit, quail, nongame birds.
Dore, raccoon, nongaine birds.
Non,pune birds.
Nongame birds, turkey.
Bobwhite,, dove, nougaanie birds.
iZr,
gnme birds, turkey.
Deer, rabbit, turkey.
Deer, rabbit',
Beaver, nongame birds.
Durk.
Bobwhite, dove, nongame, birds.
Door, rabbit.
Deer, rabbit.
Dove, nongame birds;;, quail.
Bobwhite, dove, nongame birds.
Bobwhite, turkey, nougante hish.
Bobwhite., dove, deet, nibbit, turkey, non -
game birds.
Squirrel.
I)cel•, squirrel.

WAKE COUNTY, %ORTH CAROLINA
These soils have low to ittedium natural fertility and
medium available eater capacity. Surface runoff is slow,
and the. degree of erosion is none to sLight.
WILDLIFE SUITABILITY GROUP 3
This g ` roup consists o poorly drained or very poorly
drained soils on first bottoms and 'low terraces and in
upland draws and depressions. These soils are in the
Plummer, Rains, Roanoke, Wehadkee, Bibb, and Wor-
sham series, and the group also includes the, mapping
unit: Swamp. The soils have a surface layer of sand to
silt, loam, and a subsoil of sandy loam to very firm clay.
Natural fertility is very low to medium, and the a.vail-
able water capacity is 1.ow to medium. Surface runoff
is slow. These soils are commonly covered with water in
winter and for short periods during other vet seasons.
WILDLIFE SUITABILITY GROUT' 4
This groilp consists of well drained or somewhat ex-
cessively drained soils of uplands and first, bottoms.
`Chew soils are in the Bimeoanbe, Loiiisbitr,(r, 1'4redolvee,
Pinkston, 11'a -grain, rhroup, Wake, and Wilkes series.
They have a surface. layer of sand to silt loam, and their
siirftiee layer is underlain by sand to sandy clay. Some
areas are stony, and in places gravel is on and in the
surface layer.
These soils have very low to medinni natural fertility
and low or very low available water capacity. They are
nearly level. to steep. Surface runoff range's from slow to
rapid, and the degree of erosion ranges from slight to
moderate.
WILDLIFE SUITABILITY GROUP 5
This group consists of three, miscellaneous land types
—C'i lied land, Made land, and Borrow area—consisting
Of soils that have been altered greatly by erosion or by
man. The soil texture and other soil characteristics are
so variable from one, area to another that onsite investi-
gation is required to determine how an area can best be
used for wildlife. If some of these areas are given special
management, they produce habitat for wildlife, but re-
sults are generalfy poor.
Sone soil properties are of special interest to engi-
neers because then affect- the construction and Ina.inte-
n<1.nce of roads, airports, pipelines, building foundations,
fa'cilit'ies for tivater storage, erosion control structures,
drainage, systems, and sewage disposal systems. They
also offect the suitability of materials for subgrade, road
fill, and topsoil. The. properties most; important to the
engineer are permeability to water, shear strength, com-
paction characteristics, soil drainage, shrink -swell char-
a,cterist,ies, grain size, plasticity, pH, depth to the water
table, and topography.
This soil survey contains information that; can be used
by engineers to ---
1. Make studies that will aid in selecting and evalu-
ating areas for developing industrial, business,
residential, and recreational sites.
9.
T. CrItlax, civil engineer, oil Conservation service, tu„3isted
in gaiting, this .section.
Make preliminary estimates of the engineeI'll ag
properties of soils ill plaarning for agrmcultur'll
dranlage systeans, farm ponds, irrigation ses€e:nms,
diversions, and terraces.
3. -fake preliminary evaluations of soil. and ground
conditions that will aid in selecting locations for
higlrtivays and airports and in planning detailed
investigations for tile, selected locations.
4. Locate sources of construction materials.
5. Correlate the performance of engineering strrmc-
tures with soil mapping units so that, informa-
tion useful in designing and maintraining° the
structures call. be obtained.
6. Determine the suitability of the soils for cross. -
country movement of vehicles and construct -ion
equipment,.
7. Supplement information from other nra,ps and
reports and from aerial photographs for the pur-
pose of making maps and reports that, can be
readily used by engineers.
With the. soil mala for ideniificaation of soil areas, the
engineering interpretations reported here can be itseful.
for many purposes. It should be emphasized, however,
that these interpretations rnav not e.lirninate the. need
for sampling and testing, at the site, of specific oligineer-
ing works involving heavy loads and where excavations
arse deeper than the depth of layers here reported. Every
in these situations, the soil snap is useful for planning
more detailed field investigations and for suggesting tyre
l rods of problems that may be. expected.
Some of the terms used by the soil scientist may not
be familiar to the engineer, and some words, for ex-
ample, soil, clay, silt, and sand, have special meanings
ill soil science. Most of these terms are defined in the
Glossary at the back of this survey.
To make the best. use of the snap and the text, the
engineer should understand the classification system
used by soil scientists. He should also have a knowledge
of the properties of the soil inaterial and the condition
of the, soil in place.
1Tuch of the information in this section is in tables.
Table 4 gives engineering test data obtained when
samples of selected soil series were tested. 'fable 5 gives
estintates of the properties of the soils, arid table 6 pro-
vides engineering interpretations of these properties.
Engineering classification of soils
Z�Tost higlr�va.y engineers classify soil materials tieeord-
ing to the system used by the Americaam. Association of
Shite Highway Officials (AASH0) (1). In this system
soils are classified in seven principal groups. They range
from A -i (gravelly soils of high bearing capacity) to
A-7 (clayey soils having lo%v bearing capacity �vlzer�
wet). The relative engineering value of the soils within
each group is indicated by group index: numbers, which.
range. from 0 for thee, best nnmterials to 20 for the poorest.
The group index numbers calm ire deterrltured accurateD,
only if the soils have been analyzed. The group indexes
for the soils t-b<rt have been analyzed are shown ill
table f.

8$
SOIL SIIRVFY
[Tests were performed by the North Carolina State Highway Commission, Department of 'Materials and Tests, Raleigh, N.C., under a
the American Association of State
Soil name and location
Appling sandy loam:
In a forest 20 yds. S. of a private road; 1 mile N.
and one-eighth of a mile F. of Bethany Church.
(Alodal profile)
In a field 5 yds. N. of a paved road; 1 mile N. and
400 ft. F. of Bethany Church. (Shallower and
finer textured than modal profile)
Appling gravelly sandy loam:
3 miles N. of junction of N.C. Highway No. 50 and
U.S. Highway No. 70 near N.C. Highway No.
50. (Finer textured than modal profile)
Creedmoor sandy loam:
N. of airport and near U.S. Highway No. 70,
(Thicker than modal profile)
Durham loamy sand:
In a field 5 yds. S. of a gravel road, one-focirth of a
mile D. of Bethany Church. (Thicker than modal
profile)
Madison sandy loam:
1.75 miles W. of the bridge across the Neuse River
along N.C. Highway No. 98. (Thinner than
modal profile)
1.75 miles Nei'. of Pleasant Union Church .along
dirt road. (Modal profile)
Parent material
Granitic gneiss.
Quartz mica gneiss.
Quartz mica gneiss,
Tria@sic sediment,
Granite.
Quartz mica w1ist.
Quartz mica schist.
Alayodan gravelly sandy loam:
West of N.C.;. Highway No. 5.5, and one-half mile Triassic; material.
N. of V.S. Highway No. 1. (Thicker than modal
profile)
i'
White Store silt loam:
Cine -half mile V. of Tont Tack Creels. (7k\1oda1 Triassic. siltstone.
profile)
Report No. I Depth
S64 NC_92
12-1
12-3
12_S
Ll- 1
11--4
11_8
S6, 3 ti'C--9,2
5-1
5-4
5-7
4-1.
4--4
4-5
4--7
864XC 192
1.0-1
10-3
10-8
eS63NO-91
6-1
6-3
6-5
2--1
2-3
2-7
3-1
3-5
3-7
1-2
1_..4
1--9
Aloistom density s
Maximum ! Optimum
dry density moisture
hi.
Lb. per cu. ft.
j
Per.
0-5
120
11
11-20
98
23
44--50
---- -------I
------ -
0-7
123
10
13-20
85
33
38-45
95
24
0-4
11-23
43-48
0-6
17-27
27-40
86-96
0-15
18-30
81-105
1--5
8--16
24-48
W-6
9-19
51-59
0-7
25--38
55 -fig i
e
2-S
10-19
40-4e3
119 !
1.1
89 !
29
103
I
20
114.
100
11
22
92 1
23
104
18
129
8
107:
18
106
16
117 14
95 26
101 21
118 12
57 [. 32
93 24
132 j 6
89 30
ah 31
109 '• 15
92 27
116 14
I Based on AASHO Designation T 99-57, -Methods A and C (t),
aX'lechaanical fauaalyses according to AASHO Designation T 88-57 (1). Results by this procedure may differ somewhat from resulfs
obtained by the Soil survey procedure of the Soil Conservation Service (SCS). In the AASHO procedure, the fine material is analyzed
by the hydrometer _method and the various grain -size fractions are calculated on the basis of all the material, including thrid: coarser than
2 mm. in diameter. In the SCS soil survey procedure, the fine material is analyzed by the pipette method, and the, material coarser than
2 mm, in diameter is excluded from calculations of grain -size fractions. The mechanical analysis data used in this table are not suitable
for use in naming textural classes for soils.

WAKE COUNTY, NORM CAROLINA
�,-st data
;ooperative agreement with the V.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Public Rotads, in accordance; with standard test procedures of
Highway Officials (AASHO) (.t))
e :Tr chanica,l analysis 2 �
i
I
Plan- Classification
Percentalge passing sieve—
i
Percentage, smaller than—',
Liquid
t.ia;itti
-- .........
_
limit
index ---_--
-
No 4
No. 10
No. 40 I
No. 200^1
0.05
0.02 j
0.005
0.002
i
(4.7
(2.0 (
(0.42
(0.074
rant,
rnm. I
min.
mm.
I AASH0 S
unified I
Inrn.)
min.)
nim.)
mm.)
i
E
,
100 97 96
93
50
25
24
20 j
It
7
24
2 A -1-b(0)
j S - XI
100
99 L
77
62
62
61
54
48
64
29 A--7-5--(16)
AlH
100 (
98
79
58 i
57
51 I
38
35 1
63
20 A--7--5(11)
I idles
100 1
98
61
28 1
24
20
12 pp
8 1
`
20
2�, A --2-4(0)S\4
-- -. _
f00
92
82 j
81
79
75
1
71
74
33 A-7--5(20)
1�IH
---------
100
84t
55
55
53 I
47
35
32
K7
16 A-7-5(8)
1\11-1
100 78 44
1�0o
41
99
36
95 !
13 !
77
11
76 1
8 3
74
5
68
60 '
66 {
35 A-7-5(20)
CDIb
10X3: -CH
- -- _- -
100 i
95
88
58
54 I
46
39 i
36
48
24 A-7- 6 (.11)
C`,L
..... -_
- - - - _ _ _100
80
45 {
39
22-
9
7
NP {
NP ' A-4(2)
S ie1
_ _---------------
- _ _'
100
91
79
76
64
50 j
44
69
43 A-7-6(20)
CH
--
100
97 -
88
84
76
60
53
79
49 A--7-5(20)
CII
_-_---__----
100
92
T6 ;
73
61
34
23
43
18 A-7-6(12)
CL-.
_---------
100
60
24 j
22
18 I
10
6
11 !
NPI A-.2--4(0)
j SAI
------------- -
100
64 I
4 9 -----�
4.9
44
j
42
b3
21 A-7-5
� (8)
SVT
___ __-__�i____-_-_I
100
67 I
21
17
13
b
o �
NP '
NP � A-2-4 (0)
19M
-
100
96
85
28
24
20
14
10
22
NP A-2-4(0
,Sill
----100
100 ',.
93
65
65
64.
12 :
49
66
36 A--7-5(17)
! CH
99
88
39
38
28 i
17
14
40
3 A-4(1.)
j S1\1
1
100 88
62
58
50 j
19
15
15
10
8
29
5 A --1-b
Sill
100
99
95
76
76
75
65
63
82 j
46 ! A-7-5(20)
C1i--XI H
�_-- _ -----__-'
I
100
95 1
24
° Z.3
20 I
12
11
46 1
NP A-2 5(0)
53.
100 78 42
40
29 ;
1I
9
6
3 !
2
NP
N. P f A 1 a
Gp-GM
_
100
95
88
S7
84
66
55 i
73
37 ! A-7- 5(.20)
MH
-- -- ---- -_.
100
97
91.(
90
88
62
50
81
43 A 7 -51 20)
AIIT
94
85
75
63
60
39 r
13
9
24
I
2 4(SjIL
- _ - - - 100
99
97
95
9.,
92
69
60 i
80 ',
47 A -7-5(20)
CH
_ 100
98
84:
6S
65
so
29
15
ata
12 A --(!(S)
CL --AIL
I Based on AASHC Designation
M 145-49
(1).
4 Based on the Uzi -tied
Soil Cla-.ssiS.cation. System, Technical. Memorandum
No. 3--357,
v. 1
(17). SCS
and BPH have agreed to cosnsider
that all soils having plasticity-
indexes
-within
two points
from. A-line are to he given
a borderline classifr
cation, .:3n example
of a4 border-
line classification obtained
by this use is CL --?OIL.
Nongla-stic.

RO SOIL SURVEY'
`1'ABL-E. 5.--E8b'7 a1td
[Dashed lines in columrls mean that soil properties are too variable for reliable estimates to be made. Miscellaneous laild hypes
I
Depth to ])epth (ln's,Afiention
Deptli to 5enuonally ��, from I
Soil series and map -y inbol bedrock high tinitace
water (typical Dominant b1SDA texture
�
table profile) I
Altavista (AfA)---------------------------------
rippling (A. -B, AgB2, Ar�C, AgC2, ApB, ApB2, ApC,
ApC2, ApD, As B, As B2: AsC, AsC211
Augusta(Au)-------------------------,__-_-___
Bibb (Alapped only in ail undiliereiWated unit with
Wehadkee soils).
Buncombe(Bu)---------------------------------
Cecil:
(CeB, CeB2, CeC, Ce.C2, CeD, CeF, CgB, C_,B2,
CgC: C;C2).
(CfM, CIC3, CIE3) --------------------------
Cliewacla (C m)_________________________________
Colfax(Cn)_-.-----------------------------------''.
("ong"Irre (Co, Cp) ------------------------------
Creedmoor (Cr B, CrB2, CrC, CrC2, CrE, CtB, C` -C)__
Durham (Du B, Du B2, DuC, DuC2)--------------- I
Enon (En B, En B2, EnC, EnC2, En D2)--------...----!.
Faeoville (Fa B, Fa B2, Fa C2)____________________
Georgeville (GeB, GeB2, GeC, GeC2, GeD2)-
Goldsboro (Go)-_--__ --_--
Granvillo (GrB, GrB2, GrC. GrC2, GrD)---- ------
Toatnoto nt end o" tr.b'm_
L cr4
5-15-
5-15
55 15
o -15T'
4-15+1
10-1'
J�1JT�
0-15-�
I
I
4-15+I
5-15T
Feet, ! Inches
2 ! 0-1.3 Pine ttWldy 10,1111--- _
5-107-I (1
13-42
(Any lo na__ ---------
`
42-48
�. oars sandy lon 111-
1U4-1
0-11
Sandy lo;nn or gnivelly Sandy loam j
11-44
CLIA' loam --------------------------
- -- ---------- -44-50
44-50
Handy elnyloam---_____ _.---------
__-----_0-13
0- 13
Fille tiandy 101311___ _____ ..._.-
U-50
Fi1eSalulyloam-__--_____ --------
0
0--1
�an(ly ]Darn----- _.-__ ----- ----
3G-42
San(1----------- ---. - --- ---- ----
I
0-10
1'oamysand-----
2/zi,
--- --------
10-40
Sed -------------------------------
30 r'�
(1 6
Sandy ]Dain or gr �velIy s:.lndy loa,rtl_ ..----
fi-:)9
Clay to clay loan) ----------------- _-------
--.___59-72
50-72
Lcmill________________ _.____----i
1®-
0-6
ClaylO;IIII-.__- __ ______�
---- --- ----
I.
G-40
C11Iy- .. - - - -
41)-45
Loam- -. _.
1t21
0-6
Milo ,midy loam___-- ------....----,--- - - _
j
6-48
Sandy loam to silt loam
0--111
Sandy loam --------------------- ..-_ ---�
19-36
Saildy clay" lo24II1_---------------------- ---
36-45
Sruldy loam---- -----------------...., -,
21
�.
0-32
Finc snndy Ionm__
32-4`2
Silt. loth to lo,! -my: sand -----------------
0-12
Sandy lonin ---- -
12-29
Sandy elay loam to clay loam-_-_- - -- �-
29-58
Chiy.------------------- _ ---
58-96
__
1 C1sy to sandy chly-- ----_-_--
lOTj
0-18
Locimy- Saud -- ----_ _ ---.. ---
1
18-60
handy clay loam to clay loam
---
0-8
Fine r,nijdy lonin_ ..
8-32
Clay------------------ -------- - ---
_3)
38
32-38
Clay loam -.-_
10-L:
0-14
! SmAy loam------- _ - - ----------
14-65
1 Clay local ----- - - -----
65-72
Sandyloam-----..._ _._..-------..
10
0-3
Silt loam..
5-50
oaSLT
C"l,ay t0 e 1ty clayloam-
Silt
Siltlo1111--------
7i<,�
0-t5
Sandy I.oaan...__ -.. ---- ..--,
j
15 61
9ilncl} clny-loln -- --
6
---
10-1
0-12
han(tyloan] -
12-41
C-ltly loans_
41-50
Clay_

WAKE COUNTY) @TC3it'1,%i CAROLINA
voperties of the soils
A
ullied land (Gu), Blade Iznd (Ma), and Swamp (Sw) are omitted froin this table because their properties are highly variable]
.....-----.--
Clas,sification--Coiat�inued j Percentage
pztiasing dere Availuble ! Shrink swell
91
No. 200
PerrucabiHty
' ater
Reaction pot(mtiDal
Unified
i AASHO
� (0.074 min.)
opacity �
_._............_....._..._........__--._..-..-.....
Inches per i.ibcfe. of
!
Inch s Per hold
306'
)It
SJI, AIL
A 4
40-55
2, 0-6, '3
0. 12 I
o.6 6. 0
Low.
CIL
A 6
i 70-h0 !
0.03-2.0
13
a 6-6. 0
Moderate.
S AI
d A, A-4
( 30-40
0. 63-2- 0
11
5-1-5.5 Moderate.
51VI, Gl•I
A-•2, A--1, A--4
10-40
63 3
.05
5. 1 ,::. `) Low.
MH, CL
A--6
50-55
0. 6.3-2. 0
.13
5.1-6.0 'i Moderate.
SC, CL, 'MR
11-2 A-4, A 6, A-7
40-65
0.63-2.0
.13
.5.6-6,0 V'Iodesate.
SAI, INIL
€ A 4, A-2
--fi0
'��6.3 �
.12
5 l 5. :5 Low.
SCS, CL
A 2, A-6
20-55
0.2-0. 63
L3
4.5-5.0
Modc ate.
5M
A 4 A-2
I
20 50
i
0. 'L-0. 63 !
13 !
'
5. 6-6, 0
Moderate.
SM
A-2, A--4
25-45
2 0-6.3
.16
5.6-6.0
Lou-.
5P, 7Y -SIM
it 1, A-3
0-12>
6.:3
.05
5. 6-6. 0
( Loin.
SNI
A-2, A-4
10--3:)
:>6.:3
07
5. 1.-5. :i
Low.
SP
A-1, A--3
0-5 1
6.3
.05 !
5. 1-5.5
Low.
I\ 1, (.ACJA-2
2.,D 35
0.63-6.3 j
1.3 i
).1'e).+,
Lou.
CL, l'11-1
A-67 A-7
60-00
0. 6:1-2. 0
. 14
a. 1-6. 0
Moderate.
_IIL, Ch
j A-4, A -ti
50-1s0
0. 63 2. 0
.14
5. 1-5. 5
Moderate.
CL
i A-6
55-S5
0 63-2. 0
.13
5 1-5. 5
Loin.
CL, MI -T
A-6, A-7
60-410
0 6, 22 0
.11
5 1-05 5
A'loden to-
ML, CL
A-4, A-6
( 50 -SO
0.63-2.0
01.4 w
5. 1-5. 5
-Moclorate.
ML, S -M
A-4:
40-55
0. 63-2. 0 C
.15 '
5. 1-5.5 Loin.
5111, ML
A-2, A-4
30-100
0.63-2.0
.15
5.1-5.5 ', Moderate to low.
S M
A 2, A-4
30-40
2.0-6,3
11
5 1 ). 5 Loi .
SC, CL
A 6, A-4, A-2
25 55
O. `2-0. 63
.12 ;
5 1-5.5 _Mode> -rate.
S\i
A-2, A-4
i 30 40
0.2-0.63 j
.12
5 1 5. 5 Moderate.
S\I
A-2
3 25-35
0.63-2.0
.15
5 1 5.5 Loin.
ML, StII
A-4, A-2
J-5-90
i
0. 631-2. 0 E
€
.15
5. 1 5, 5 Moderate to low,
SM
A-2, A-4
30-45
2,0-6,3
i
11
5. 1-5. 5 Lora.
SC, CL, CH
A-6, A-7
35-85
0,63-2.0
.14 j
4.5-5. 0 Moderate.
CI:I, mtf
i A-7
10-95 I
!0. 2
14
4.55-5 0 '. High.
CII, CL, SC
�1-7
:35 430
"0. "
M
4. t, Di. 0 Moderrtte.
SAI
A-2
10 -35
> 6. 3
12
5. 6-6. 0 ! Low.
SC, CL
A-6
35-30
0.63-2.0
13
5 1-5. 5 Moder€ate.
4.\I
A-2, A-4
30-40
0. 63-2. 0
13
5. 1-5.5 Moderate to loan.
ti_11, ,iIL
I A-4
40-60
2. 0-6. ,
.12 I
5.0-6. 0 Lou-.
MII, ("If
A-7
70-90
<"0. o
.14
6. 1-6. 5 High.
CI,
f A-6
i55 - X5
0. 2
. 14
6. 1-6. 5 Moderate.
SM, SC
A-2
25-35
2.0-6.3 !
12
5. 6-6 0 j Low.
CL
A-6
55-85
0.63-2. 0
165.
'1.-5. 5 Moderate.
SC, y14I
A-2, A:-4
30-40
0. 63-2. 0
16
5. 1-5. 5 Zloden te.
\IL
j A-4,
65--55
2.0-6.3
13
.5. 6-6.0 Low.
lti1
A-6, r1-7
80-90
0. 6,33-2. 0
16
5. 1-6.0
-Moderate.
ML
A.-4
65-85
0.63-2.0
11 j
5. 1-5. 5
Alo&rate.
STI
A '2, A-4
30-40
2. 0-6. 3
10 l
6. 16. 6
Loin.
SC, 5141, CL
A-2, A-6
20-55
0. 63-2. 0
15 j
5. 1-5, 5
S dIA-41
I A-2
2,5-45
0. 6:3-'2. 0
15
5 1-5.5
Lou-.
SM
A-2, A-4
30-40 I
j•6.3
12
5. 6-6.0 i�
Low.
CL
A-6, A-7
55-35 !
0. 63-2. 0
13
5. 1-5.5
Moderate.
CL
A-7
70-90
0.63--2.0
13
5. 1-5.5
Moderate.

0
Soil series and meal) symbol
Helena (HeB; HeB2, HeC, HeC2, HeD)_______ --..
i
Herndon (HrB, Hr B2, HrC, HrU, M)2- Hrf)-........_.
Lloyd (LdB2, LdC2, LdD2)---_---_------__-_-_--
Louisbnrg (L.oB, I..oC; Lo D, Lw B, Lw B2, LwC,
LwC2).
(For properties of Wedowee :,oils in Lw B, L.w B2,
LwC, and L_wC2, refer to the Wedowee
Series,)
Lynchburg (Ly) ----------------------------------
Aladison (MdB2, MdC2, MdD2, MdE2).._..-- ----
Mantnehie (Me)-------------------------..__-_-----
Mayodr;-11:
(MfB, MfB2, MfC, MfC2, MFD2, MFF, MSB,
M gB2, M gC, M aC2.)
(MyB, MyB2, MyC, MyC2,
Norfolk (NoA, NoB, No_32, NoC,_--
Orangeburg (OrB, OrB2,
Pinkston (PkC, PkF-)..--_------_--__.---__.._- __- -
Plummer (Ps)-- - -----------------
Rains (Ra)---.__—.. - --- - - - -
Roanoke (Ro) ----------------------------------
Troap (TAD,pped only in a complex with W agrant
soils) .
Footnote eft end of table.
SOIL SURVEY
Depth to
bedrock
d'e:et
4-15
2-4.
20 -F
5-15 +
X15+
4-15+
20-r
I
20
2-3
i
20
201
i
5-1.5 _}..
i
i
20 j
TAB L'E 5.- ----- Estim atcd propertar-s
Depth to Depth. Classification
seasonally from -----__ ---------.__..___'
high surface.
wate'r (typical 1 Dominant USDA texturra
table profile) t
i
S'e'ri (
FeDciu+.g
(Y) i
0--8
60-72
8-36
0-8
36- 318
8-65
0--6
6,1 -72
6-40
0 11
40--45
i
J 0'-I- i
0--9
38--45
9- 38
j
38-50
10 +
0-8
83- 88
8--12
12-36
1? z'; 0-13
13-66
65-7
10 0-(b
6-32
32-48
2 IS 0-45
10
104-
10
0+10 -T
10 1
10+
0
i
€1 f
i
(� I
Sandy cl<Ly...__._..________
SE,.ndy Clay loam-_....._.__ -- _-_... ........... ...
"lilt lo.
Silty
Coarse sandy loam_
Sajidy loam
Sandy Olay loam to sandy loam_--------__.. '
Clay
Sandy
Silt
Sanely
0-7 Sandy loam or gravelly sandy login.._
7-40 C"Iny to clay
40-48 sandy lon.m._
0-9 Silt loatm___ __--_.-----.--. ___--_--
9-24 Silti clay loam__--_---- ---
24-30 Silt loam.-
0 ­15 Loamy ,and _,_-------------_-__.---.-
15165 sandy clay loam__..._ --
65-72 Sandyloam
0-12 Lonmy :,and_ _.... _....... - -
12--66 szaxxdy clay loam to sandg= 10,1na._ _....
66-72 Loaxnysand ... ... ......
--------
0-25 Gandy loaxxx_._------------- ---
25 -36 1 Gra.vally sanely -
36 Hard tock.
50--60
srLYidy loa,Yn____ --
60-72
Loamy saIxd__
0-8
Finesand}r loam_________-___----.-_---
8-65
Stindy clay loam_._.__._,_.._.__..._.. -
6,1 -72
Loamy sand -------------.___..,_-_.-------._
0 11
Fine sandy loam__._,__-----_-
11-38
Clay t,o sandy Clay loatrrx _..._ ._..._,_---------'',
38--45
Sandylaam......._...____--__-________.__._.....__',
0...49
5a xirl
49-83
Sandy loam to sandy clay loam.
83- 88
Loamy saand._

€rf (Ar sails --Continued
Classifaeation -Continued
Unified A.AS11(3
`AI
AI11, CL, SC
CL, SC
;OIL
CL, AIII
CL
AIL
CL, AIII
Ii11-1
SM
sm, sc
SAI
SAI
C11,
1., SAI
AIH, CII
AIL
SAI
S !I, (4 1-4T
AM, CL
5AI
AIL
ML, CL
_AIL
SAI
C" SM, CL
SAT, SC
SDI
s ('
SAT
SC, 'sAl
r_aAI
SP, SAI-sp
SII
S A'f
SAT, All,
SC, CL
S AI
SII, AIL
A1II, CL, SC
SC, SAI
SP, sw-SM
SAI, CL
SAT
A-2, A-4
A-7
A-6, A-2
A-4
A-6, A-7
A-7
A-4
A-7
A-7
A-2
A--1
A -I
A-2, A-4
A-6, A-2
t-7
A-2, A-4
A-7
A-4
A-2, A-4
A--2
A-7
-4
4
A-6
-4
j
A-2 A-..4 '
A-6, A 4, A-2
A 2, A -A;
A- 2
A-6, A 4, A--2
A 2
A-2, AA.
A-'2
A-3, A-2
A-2, A.._4
A-1, A-2
A-2, A.--4, A 6
A-2
A-2, A -4
A --7,A-6
A-4, A-2
A-3 A-2
A-2, A-6
A-2
WAKE COUNTY) 14OR.TH CAROLINA
Percentage
hawing sieve
Available
I Shrink -swell
No, 200
Parnectbility
'', water
Reaction potentinl
(0.074 inm.)
eaapneity
Inches per inch of!
30-40
Inches per lour
2. 0-6. 3!
- soil
0.11 j
7�Fi
5. 6-6. 0 i Low.
45-60
<0. 2
.14
4. 5-5. 5 ( Nigh.
20-55
R 2-0 63
14
7 1 ). 5 High.
65-90
2.0-6.3
i .13
5. 1 5. 5 Low.
85-95
0.63--2.0
Lf's !5.
15. 5 Alodcaraatc�.
80--90
0. 63--2. 0
14
5. (3-6. 0 Moderate.
50-80
2. 0-6.3
13 _
�5.6---6.0 Low.
55-90
0, 63-2. 0
13
15.6-6.0 Moderate.
80-90
0.63-2.0
13
i
55.6-6.0 Moderate,
10-35
A. 3
'08
5. 1--5. 5 'i Lown.
1.0--25
2. 0-6 3
10
5. 1-5. 5 ! Low.
10-35
2. 0-6. 3
10 j
.i. 1-5. '-)
Low,
30-40
25-60
70-90
25--40
55-85
70-90
30--40
12--35
70-90
30-40
65-90
80-90
€ 5-90
30-40
20--55
30-40
10-35
2.:r)-55
10-35
30-40
1.0-3.a
0--15
30-40
15-'3()
40-55
30-55
15-30
25-60
45-95
30-40
0-15
30-55
I5-30
2.0-6.3
0. 63-2. 0
R 63-2. 0
>6. 3
0.63-2.0
0.63-2.0
2.0-6.3
6. 3
0. 63-2. 0
0. 63-2.0
2.0-6,3
0.63-2.0
O. 63-2. 0
2.0-6. 3
0632.0
0. 63-2. 0
2 0-6. 3
0. 63-2. 0
0.63-2 0
2.0-6. 3
2. 0-6. 3
• 6. 3
2. 0-6.3
6, 3
I
0. 63-2. 0
0.63-2. 0
0. 63-2. 0
0. 63-.2,0
<0. 2 1
<0. 2
(i. 3
0.63-2, 0
2. 0-6.3
12
14
95
11 I
13
11
i
09
12
13
13
1.3
13
13
08
15
08 i
15 '
12
i
1 ri
08
05
12
0s
12 t
14
12
I
13
13
13
05
14
1 �)
5.6-6.0
5. 1 -,Ci. 5
5. 1-5.5
5, 1-5. r4
G. 1-6. 5
5. 1-5. 5
15. 1-3. 5
5. 6-6. 0
5, 1--5. 5
J. 1--5. 5
5. 1 7. 5
D 1 1. 5
i1. 6-6. 0
5. 6-6i 0
Vii. 1-5. 5
5. 6-6. 0
4. 3-5. 0
15. 6-6. 0
5- 1-5. 5
i
5.6-6,0
4. 5-5. 5
1. 5-5, 0
6. 1.--6. 5
6. 1--6. 5
B. 1-6 '
-6. 5
5. 1 5. 5
5. 6-6. 0
93
.row.
Low-.
Moderate.
Low.
Moderate.
Lown.
Low.
Low.
Moderate.
Low.
Low.
Moderate.
Moderate.
Low.
Low-.
Low.
Lo -x.
Lowy.
Low.
Low,
Low".
Low.
Low.
Low.
Lola%
Low.
Low.
Lowy.
High to raoderate.
Low.
Loss-.
Low.
Low.

a
SOIL SURVEY
Depth to
"oil series and rials symbol bedrocle
Fcct
Vance (VaB, VaB2, VaC2)------------- ---- ----- 4-10+
Wngrnm (WaA, WaS, WaC, W., -A)---------------- 20 r
(For properties of the Troup soil in WYA, refer
to the Troup cries.)
lVahce(Wh) ----- --------------------- -----.,__-.._.____
13r.t:kn(WkC, WkE).---_.____.-------.------_____;"20inches
Wodon'ee (WmB, WmB2, WmC, WmC2, W:mD2, 4 6+1
WmE).
Weha.dke(,. Mr), Wo) ---------- --------- ---------I 3-15+
(For propertins of the. Bibb soil in Wo, refer to
the Bibb aeries.)
White Store:
(WsB, Ws82, WsC, WsC2, WsE, WtS)- - ---_� 4-8 -
(WvD3)----- -----
lVilkes:
(WwC, WwE, WwF)------------------------I 2-9:+
(WXE)-------------------------------------------------
Wo_'sharn (WY) ------------------ - -----I 5-15)+
TABLE 5.—Es i� nai€ cd X77'0P01 ie3
Depth to
I opt.h Classificatiou
easmrrllt
trorrn
high
Slndy' cloy lonriz---------------
T4'aT.t'.I' 1
(typical Dominant I SDA texture. I.
table=,
profile)
0-14
Fret
1!achr.c
I
10
0 fi
5-uncly loalli - --- _ _ .. _
Fine s,:tndy clay lo;uyi-------- ------ - - - - -. --'
1 4-�
0-15
CIrave11,y loviny 'Rand ------------
15
10
0-25
Loaury will or liana_ -._----.----_---
25-65
Slndy' cloy lonriz---------------
65-100
Clay'... ------------------------
--- -------._.2
.2
0-14
bine sandy lounl, sandy clay loam_- -- --
14-3(i
Clay................. ...............
36--45
Fine s,:tndy clay lo;uyi-------- ------ - - - - -. --'
1 4-�
0-15
CIrave11,y loviny 'Rand ------------
15
Cla,r(l Pock.
I
10+
0-7
'
5andv loi.em-----
i
7-21
Clay•I0 111 to Sandy ehly loaln---_---. -----�
1
24-40
Saaul-y lo.:trrt------------- --- ----- -- --
1)
0- 6
Silt loaan - - ---- - -
6-30
Fine sandy clay loam --------- ----------..3`
30-40
Sandvloaan---------- .-----------------------
_ -------------0-6
0-6
handy- loam----- - -- - ---- _ ... -'I
ti -31
Clay--- - --------- _ ----�
31-35
Sandy clay to clay loath_ -- ---- -----
----
0--5
0-5)
_
Clay lontn ------------
.5 - 2 71
s-27
C1 --------------------------------
-- --27-38
27-38
Smidy clay to clay lo.Lru --- _- -_ _--
(`)
0-8
Sandy loam ----- --_- ----- - .._
's -1t)
1 Clay t0 d4Ly- 10an1____._______ -----
€
19-38
Silt loam --------------- - - --
j
38
Ilard rock.
10
0-8
Stollysandyloam------------------ --I
8-15
C1 tv to c1:Lv bairn__
15-24
Silt`loam-,------- ------------------- i
24
!lard rock.
0
0-11.
521.nciv loam ------------------- .----
_._1t-38
11-:38
Sandy clay loam. -___---------______-__-4'
38-45
1 h;Lndy 10€rrn__--.--------------.---
Has perched water table for short. periods because subsoil is very slowly permeable.
Some, engineers prefer to use the Unified Soil Classi-
fication System (17). In this system, soil materials are
identified as coarse grained (eight classes) , fine grained
(six classes), or highly organic.
Tlie classification of a soil by either the ASITO or
the Unified system identifies the soil material with re-
gard to gradation and plasticity. The classification per-
rnits the. engineer to appraise the soil quickly by compar-
ing it with other soils that have the same classification.
Soil test data
Samples of nine profiles, representing six soil series,
were tested bar the North Carolina Staa,te Highway Com-
mission so th,,t the soils could be evaluated .for engineer-
ing purposes. The test datat, are given in table 4, and
the.)- indicate the characteristics of the soil at the speci-
fied location. The physical characteristics of each soil at
other locations may vary somewhat from those of the
soil sampled. All samples were obtained at a. depth of
less than tQ feet,. The data, therefore, probably are not
ade(piate, for estimating' the characteristics of soil i a.-
terials in strongly sloping or steep areas, where. reefs
cuts are required.
The engineering classifications in table 4 are based on
data obtained by mechanical analyses and by tests made
to determine liquid limit and plastic limit. Mee.l-ta,alical
analyses were made by combined sieve and lYydro-
rneter methods.
The tests to determine. plastic li.lnit and liquid limit
measure the effect of water on the consistence of the
soil material. As the moisture content of a clayey soil
increases from a very dry state, the material (;Manges
from a semisolid to a. plastic state. 4s the moista re con-
tent is further increased, the material changes from. a

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA
of the soils -Continued
95
Classification -Continued
Percentage
passing sieve
No. 200
Permeability
Available
water
Reaction
Shrink -swell
potential
Unified
AASHO
(0.074 mm.)
capacity
Inches per inch of
SM
A-2, A-4
30-40
Inches
2.p0 hour
soit0. 11
5 6-6.0
Low.
CH, CL
A-7
70-90
<0. 2
. 13
5. 1-5.5
Moderate.
ML, CH
A-6, A-7
55-85
<0. 2
.13
5. 1-5.5
Moderate.
SM, SP, SP -SM
A-2, A-3
0-35
>6. 3
.08
5.6-6. 0
Low.
CL, SC
A-6, A-4, A-2
20-55
0.63-2.0
.15
4.5-6.0
Low.
CL
A-7
70-90
0.63-2.0
.12
4.5-5.0
High.
ML, SM
A-4, A-2
25-60
0.63-2.0
.12
6. 1-6.5
Low.
MH, CL
A-7, A-6
70-90
<0. 2
13
5. 1-5.5
High to moderate.
SC, CL
A-6, A-2
30-60
0. 2-0. 63
13
5.6-6.0
High to moderate.
GP -GM, SM
A-2
5-35
>6. 3
.07
5. 1-5.5
Low.
SM
A-2, A-4
30-40
>6.3
. 08
5.6-6.0
Low.
SC, CL, MH
A-6, A-7
35-65
0.63-2. 0
.13
5. 1-5. 5
Moderate.
SM, SC, CL
A-2, A-4
25-55
0.63-2.0
. 13
5.1-5.5
Moderate.
ML
A-4, A-6
65-90
2. 0-6. 3
.15
5.1-5.5
Low.
CL, SC
A-4, A-6, A-2
20-55
0.63-2.0
.15
5.1-5,5
Low,
SM
A-2, A-4
30-40
2. 0-6. 3
13
5. 1-5. 5
Low.
SM
A-2, A-4
30-40
0. 63-2. 0
15
5. 1-5. 5
Low.
CH, MH
A-7
70-90
<0. 2
'16
5. 1-5. 5
High.
CL, CH, SC
A-6, A-7
35-65
<0. 2
16
4. 5-5. 0
High,
CL
A-6
55-85
0.63-2.0
.15
5.6-6.0
Low.
CH
A-7
70-90
<0.2
.16
5.1-5.5
High,
MH, CH, SC
A-4, A-7
35-65
<0. 2
.16
4.5-5.0
High.
SM
A-2, A-4
30-40
>6.3
.12
6. 1-6. 5
Low.
CL, MH
A-7
55-90
0.63-2.0
.15
6.1-6.5
Moderate.
ML, MH
A-7, A-6
70-90
0.63-2. 0
.15
6.1-6.5
Moderate.
SM, GM
A-2
12-35
>6.3
.12
6.1-6.5
Low.
CL, MH
A-7
55-90
0.63-2. 0
.15
6. 1-6. 5
Moderate.
ML, CL
A-4, A-6
70-90
--------------
------------
6.1-6.5
SM
A-2, A-4
30-40
0.63-2. 0
.13
5.1-5.5
Low,
SC, CL
A-6, A-2
35-55
0. 2-0. 63
.16
5. 1-5. 5
Moderate.
SM
A-2, A-4
30-40
0. 2-0.63
.16
5. 1-5. 5
plastic to a liquid state. The plastic limit is the moisture
content at which the soil material passes from a semi-
solid to a plastic state. The liquid limit is the moisture
content at which the material passes from a plastic to a
liquid state. The plasticity index is the numerical differ-
ence between the liquid limit and the plastic limit. It
indicates the range of moisture content within which a
soil material is in a plastic condition.
Engineering properties of the soils
Table 5 gives some of the significant soil characteris-
tics of the soils of the county. It also gives the engineer-
ing classification of the principal horizons of typical
profiles. The depth to a seasonally high water table is
based on field observations.
The soil material in the main horizons is classified
according to textural terms used by the U.S. Department
835-403--r0--7
of Agriculture. Except for the soils listed in table 4,
for which engineering test data are available, the classi-
fications shown for the Unified and AASHO systems are
estimates based on the USDA classification of texture
and on the description of the soils.
The estimates of permeability are for uncompacted soil
material. They are based on field observations and
limited laboratory data.
Available water capacity refers to the water in the
soil that is available to plants. It is the amount of water
held in the soil between field capacity and the perma-
nent wilting point; that is, between one-third atmosphere
and 15 atmospheres of tension. The amounts are based
on laboratory tests of a limited number of soils. For
soils not tested, estimates are based on the results of
testing similar soils.

96 SOIL Si1RVEY
TABLE 6.—Engineering
[Dashed lines indicate that information is not available, or that the practice is not a-pplicable. Miscellaneous land types Ctillied land
Suitability as
source of --
Soil series and map symbols
I
Topsoil Road fill Homebid1ding sites
Altavista (AfA)_---__..___.-.----..._.__! Fair_ ...._...
l
Appling:
(AgB, AgB2)-------------------- I Fair-__
(A
air-----
(A C, AaC2)._____._.._
(ApB, ApB2, As B, AsB2)------- ._
Fair-__
I Fair-_---_
(ApC, ApC2, ASC, AsC2)._..__--- Fair_-____.
(App)-------- ------- ------
Augustan (A u)
Bibb (TMapped only in tin undiffer-
entiated unit with Wehadkee
soils) .
Buncombe (Bu) ------- .-_--------
Cecil:
(Ce,B, CeB21)-------- - -._...
(CeC, CeC2)---- -------------.
(Ced)_.__.-___..___________._..__
(Ce F)_.____,.---------------._-
(CgB, CgB2, CgC,
(CIB3, CIC"s)._.__ ___...------- -
Fair--- W _ _
Fair_..._.. --1 Severe: flooding-....._.,.-.
Fair _-_ _
Fahr- .... _ .. .
Fair___
Poor____.
J! Poor-__..-
Poor_____il
Fair-
air_Poor-
Fair_ .
I
__, Farr_ ..... _.
Poor-
_. ! Good-
ood_
i
Fair____..
Fair
Fair___..__
Fair__�
i
Fair_._-
Fair_
Fair...... -. ..
Fair -
Fair
j
Fair_ .
I
__, Farr_ ..... _.
_ Poor- ___-�
Fair-___--
Poor__.-__)
Fair__.
Degree of limitation€or- --
Septic tank
absorption fields
Severe: flooding_.._ __...
Recreation
C;`ampsites
2Moderalte: flooding-
fair
fooiling;fair trafFicabillty.
_� _Moderate: coarse _Moderate: medium j Moderate: coarse
fragments. percolation rate. I fragments.I
Moderate: coarse' _Moderate: medium � "Moderate: cas aa""e
i fragments. percolation rate. fragments; slope
s
of 6 to 10 peaccnt.
i
_
Slight --------- -� Moderate: inediurn --- I Slight; -----_-_,---.,,.._.!
percolation rite.
i
Slight.. _'IOCiP•rate: medium � _'loderatcs: 91OpeE
percolation rate. of 6 to 10 percent.
i
14Modcrate: slopes y _Ioderate: lnednam Swore: slopes
greater tha ii i pereoltation rate; greater than
i 10 percent. i slopes greater 10 percent.
than 10 percent.
Severe: flooding; Severe: flooding Severe: flooding;
high water table. C high water table. high water t a,blc.
Severe: flooding; Severe: flooding; Severe: flooding;
high water table. high water table. high water table;
I poor trafhcatil)llhy.
Severe: flooding ------ I Severe: flooding Severe. flooding-__
i
Slight ---------- -- - Moderate: medium j Slight___..__-- -------...
i
percoltation rate,
j f
Slight ------ __ ___ 'NModerate: meds. im i _Moderate: slopes of
percolation rate. 6 to 10 percent.
i I
_Moderate: slopes of i _Moderate: medium LNcvere: slopes
10 to 15 perceut, 1 percolation rate; greater than
slopes of 10 to 15 10 pereent.
percent.
_Moderate to severe: i Severe: slopes � Severe: slopes
slopes of 15 to 45 greater than la" f greater than 15
percent. percent. 1 perepercent.
k
i _Moderate: coarse _Moderate: rneditun INToderate: coarse
fragments. ! percolation rate. fmg' merits.
p� €
f
Moderate: chayey ' _Moderate: medium _moderate: clayey
srxrface layer. percolation rate.
surface layer.
Moderate: clayey _ oderate to severe:Severe: slopes
surface lsa.yer; slopes i medium percobi.tion greater than 10
of 10 to 20 percent. i rate; slopes of 10 to
percent,
20 percent.

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAII,OLLNA
Ml
interpretations
(G u), AL-ide land (Ma), a.nd Swamp (S v,,) are omitted from this table, because their features are too variable for interpretations]
Degree of limitation for Continued
Recreation ---Continue d
Picnic areas
ltloderate: fair
traflicability;
flooding.
Moderate: coarse
fragments.
Moderate: coarse
fragments.
Slight.------------
Slight-------------
Moderate: slopes
greater than
10 percent.
Severe; flooding;
high water table.
Severe: flooding;
high water table;
poor traffic_
ability.
Severe:
Slight- -------------
I
Slightt---------------
tiloderate: slopes
of 10 to 15
percent.
Moderate to severe
slopes of 15 to 45
percent.
.1lodeiate: coarse
fragments.
Moderate: clayey
surface Layer.
Moderate: clayey f
surface layer.
Intensive play areas
Adoderate� fair
traffica,bility;
flooding.
Moderate: coarse
fragments.
Moderate: coarse
fragments;
slopes of 6 to iii
percent.
Slight----------
Moderate: slopes
slopes
of 6 to 10 pereent.
Severe: slopes
g,•eatc-,,r than
10 percent.
Severe: flooding;
high water table.
Severe: flooding;
high water table;
poor tra;ffic-
abYlity.
Severe: flooding;
poor trafic-
;ability.
Slight ----------------
Moderate: slopes
of 6 to 10 percent..
Severe: slopes
greater than 10
percent.
Severe: slopes
greater than fly
percent:.
Moderate: coarse
fragments.
Severe: Clayey
surface layer.
Severe: clayey
surface layer.
Soil features affecting- -
I
Faria ponds
Highway location
Reservoir area Compacted
embalnkmertt
Seasonal high
water table;
flooding.
Frost -susceptible
material.
Frost• -susceptible.,
m.ateri.sl.
Frost -susceptible:
material.
Frost -susceptible
material.
Frost -susceptible
material.
High water table;
flooding unstable
ditch slopes.
High water table;
flooding; unstable
ditch slopes.
Flooding; unstable
ditch slopes.
Frost-su eeptible
mal aerial.
Frost -susceptible
material.
Frost-suseeptible
niateriaal.
Frost -susceptible
material.
Frost susceptible
niaterial.
Frost-suseeptible
Dia terial.
Frost -susceptible
material.
Moderate
permeability.
Moderate
permeability.
'.Moderate
permeability.
Moderate
permeability.
Moderate
permeability.
Moderate
permeability.
Moderate
permeability.
Moderately rapid
permeability.
Rapid per-
meability.
Moderate per-
meability.
Moderate per-
meability.
Moderate per -
Moderate per-
meability.
Moderate per-
rneabilii,y.
Moderate perme-
ability.
ldloderate pernze-
ability.
Moderately low
strength eal:d
stability; impervious.
Moderate strength
and stability;
nearly impervious
or impervious.
.Moderate strength
.and stability;
nearly impervious
or impervious.
Moderate strength
:.and stability;
nearly impervious
or impervious.
Moderate strength
i and stability;
nearly impervious
or impervious.
Moderate strength
sand stability;
nearly impervious.
or impervious.
j Moderate strength
;and staability;
impervious.
Moderate strength
i and stability;
� seauipervious.
Moderate strength
and stability;
j pervious,
tiloderate to low
strength and
stability; nearly
impervious.
Moderate to Iota
strength :and
stability; nearly
iznpervious.
Moderate to low
s't,rength and
Stability; neaarly=
impervious.
Moderate to low
i
strength and
stability; nearly I
impervious. i
Moderate to low
strength and
staabllity; nearly
impervious. E
Moderate to low
strength and sta:bil-
itay; nearly irraper-
vious.
Moderate to low
strength and stabil- j
ity; neaa Iy imper-
vio9Sa.
Sprinkler
irrigation
Medium available
water capacity.
Medium available,
water capacity.
illedium available
water capacity.
Medium available
water capacity.
illedium available.
water Capacity.
Medium aavaliaable
water capacity.
Medium available
water capacity.
Lost to medium
available water
capacity.
Low available
water capacity.
Aiedium available
water capacity.
Medium available
water capacity.
Ke
ditun available
water capaicity.
Medium available
'water c.ip,'wity.
Medium available.
water Cap"-wity.
Medium available
water- cap atity.
Aledium. available
water capacitj�:

SOIL SURVEY
TABLE 6.—Eng2neermg
Soil series aIld map symbols
Suitability
sOL2rce
as
Of—
Degree of limitation for—
f
1teemation
Septile tank
Topsoil
Road
fill
Homebuilding sites
absorption &olds
Severe. flooding;
I
I
Severe: flooding;
Campsite",
Severe: flooding;
I
Chewacla (Cm)_.__ - __ _ _ Fair _ __
Fair----
Mgh water table.
high water table.
high water tial>I; .
Colfax (C n)._..____________.__...._--_,
Fair____._.
Fair -----
Severe: high water
Severe: high water
Severe: high water
table.
gable.
table.
Congaree (CO,
Good-
Fair-
Severe: flooding--
Severe- flo oding..
Severe: floodin g----- -i
Cree
(CrB, CrB., Ct3) __ __________Fair-
E
Poor__
I
Severe: shrink -swell
Severe: slow per-
Moderate: fair ,
potential.
solation mate.
trafficability.
(CrC, CrC2, CtC)-------------
Fea,ir___.__
Poor__..___
Severe: shrink -swell
Severe: slow per-
Moderate: slopes of
potential.
colatlon rate.
6 to 10�ercent:;
fair traflicability.
(CrE)-----------------------
i Fair
Poor Poor_____
Severe: shrink -swell
Severe: slow per-
I ;
Severe: slopes
potential.
solation rate.
I greater than 10
i
percent.
D urbarn :
(DUB, DuB2)------------------
Fair -`__..1
Fair ------
Slight -------------
Moderate.: Inedium
Slight.-----_______ -I'
percolation rate.
i
(DuC, DuC2)-----------------
Fair_____
Fair--___
Slight -----------------
Nfoderate: medium
Moderate: slopes of
percolation rate.
6 to 10 pereent.
Fnon:
(EnB, EnB2)_________________
Fair_..___
Poor_....__
Severe: shrink -swell
Severe: slow
Moderate: fair
potential.
j percolation ratite.
trafficability.
I i
( EnG EnC2)_..._--
_ Fair_-
�OOr_____
Severe: shrink -swell
€
Severe: slow
I Aloderatite: slope"
potential.
percolation rate.
of 6 to 10 percent;
I
ff fair tralFicability.
(En D2)__-___-_____._______-
Fair_____
Poor -----
Severe: shrink swell
Severe: slow
Severe: slopes
I
potential.
percolation rate.
greater than
10 percent,.
l aceville:
(Fa R, FaB2).._..--______._---__i
Faair---.__i
i
FEEII'_..
__- I
Slight ------------------
ln
l-loderato: 2nediulight------------_.---
derato:percolation rate.
~
(Fa C2)___..______.._._._.__-___
Fa2r....._..
Poor_
Slight____'--___._.._____,
Ni.oderate: medium
Moderate: slopes
percolation rate.
i of 6 to 10 percent.
Cleor eviller
GeB, GeB2)-------------...__;
Fair_.._._,_
Fair_----._
_ _ _ _ _ _. _
Slight_.___ I
Moderate: medium
Slight.._--------------'
I
percolation rate.
(GeC, GeC2)-_-----...._ _-__._,__`
Fair_____
-
Slight.__ _____ --.__-
Moderate: medium
I
Moderate: slopes
percolation rate.
I of 6 to 10 percexlt.
(GeD2)_
Fair-,__1
Fair-_...-_
Moderate: slopes
Moderate: slopes
Severe: slopes
[
i
greater than
greater than
{ greater than
P
10 percent.
10 percent- 2nedlum
f 10 percent. I
{
percolation rate.
Goldsboro (Go)-------------------
CCood-_.._
Good_--_
I
Slight -------------------
Moderate: seasonally
Slight .-_____---_------
high water table.

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA
interpretations— Clontinuod
Degree of limitation for—continued Soil features affeeting—
i
litecreation--("-ontinued Farm ponds
Sprinkler.
Highway location irrigation
j14gervoir area Compactedj[ I'1Cn1C areas Intensive lVe play areas
einbtlnkment
Severe: flooding;
high water table
Severe: high
water table.
Moderate: flooding_
Moderate: fair
trafficability.
Moderate: fair
traffiability.
Moderate: slopes
of 10 to 20 per-
cent; fair traffic -
ability.
Slight _.-_-_--------
1Moderate: fair
trafficability.
1\loderate: fair
trafficability.
Moderate: slopes
of 10 to 15
percent; fair
trafficability.
"light ..__-_.___.______
Slight__.-----_-----
Slight--------------
Slight--------------
Moderate: slopes
greater than
10 percent.
Slight- ----___-_...---
'I
Severe: flooding;
high water table.
Severe: high
water table.
Severe: flooding ----
Moderate: fair
trafficability.
Moderate: slopes
of 6 to 10 per-
cent; fair traffic -
ability,
Severe: slopes
greater than 10
percent.
Slight- ___._____..._.___
Moderate: slopes
of 6 to 10 per-
cent.
Moderate: fair
trafficability.
i
?Moderate: slopes
of 6 to 10 percent;
fair trafficability.
Severe: slopes
greater than
10 percent.
"light --------------- I
Moderate: slopes
of 6 to 10 percent.
Slight__
Moderate: slopes
of 6 to 10 percent.
tievore: Slopes Ili
greater than
10 percent.
f
i
slight' -------------
Flooding; high
water table;
unstable ditch
slopes.
High water table;
seepage.; unstable
ditch slopes.
Flooding; unstable
ditch slopes.
Highly plastic __-__._..
Highly plastic--------
Highly
____.__Highly*
None ____.____-_____
Highly plastic,
tnaaterial.
Highly plastic
material:
Highly plastic
material.
None --------------I
Unstable cut
slopes; frost-
-susceptible,
material.
Unstable cut
slopes; frost -
susceptible
material.
Unstable cut
slopes, frost -
susceptible
material.
Seasonally high
water table.
Moderate perme-
ability.
Moderately slow
permeability.
Moderate perme-
ability.
Slow permeability.._,
Slow permeability.
I Slow permeability..
Moderate perme-
ability.
Moderate perme-
ability.
Slow permea-
bility.
Slow permea-
bility.
Slow permea-
bility.
Aloderate permea-
bility.
Moderate permea-
bility.
Moderate permea-
bility,
Moderate permea-
bility.
Moderate permea-
billt.y.
illoderate permwi-
11
bility.
Moderately low
strength and stabil-
ity; nearly imper-
vious.
Moderate to low
strength and stabil-
ity; nearly imper-
vious.
Moderately low
strength and stabil-
ity; se.:mipervious.
Loin strength and
stability,- imper-
vious.
Low strength and
stability; imper-
vious.
Loge strength and
stability; imper-
vious.
Moderate strength
and stabllity;
nearly impervious.
Moderate strength
and stability,-
nearly
tability;nearly- impervious.
Low strength and
stability;
impervious.
Low strength and
stability;
impervious.
Low strength and
suability;
imnrrvious.
Moderate strength and
stability; nearly
impervious.
Moderate strength and
stability; early
impervious.
Moderately low
strength and
stability; nearly-
impervious.
;Moderately low
strength; nearly
iInpervious.
Moderately low
strength and
stability; nearly
impervious.
Moderate to moder-
ately low strength
and stability; nearly
impervious.
M
lfediiiiil to high
available water
Capacity.
Ifed.illm available
water eapacity.
lifedium to high
available `nater
capacity.
Medium to high
available water
capacity.
Medium to high
available water
capacity.
Medium to high
available water
capacity.
Medium available
water capacity.
Medium available
water capacity.
Medium available
water capacity.
Medina) available
Water capacity.
Medium available
water capacity.
Medium (available
water capacity.
Medium available
waster capacity.
Medium available
water capacity.
Medium available
water capacity.
Medium available
water capacity.
Medium available
water capacity.

M
Soil series and neap symbols
Granville
SOIL SURVEY
Suitability as
source of ---
TABLE 6.---E'nyaneering
Degree of limitation for ---
Recreation
Septic tank _._.__--.-._._—.._...........
Topsoil Road fill Homebuilding sites absorption fields
Campsites
(GrB,
Fair
(GrC, GrC2).._..----.-.---.-____--
Fair- - - --
(GrD)__,_---- --------
Fair- - - --
Helena:
than 10 percent.
(HeB,
I
(HeC, HeC2)------------------
Fair --.---
(He©)----------------------
I
Fair -----
.Herndon:
(HrB, HrB2)____-___-.-_--..___
(HrE)-.--
Lloyd:
i
Louisburg:
(Lo S, Lw B,
(For interpretations of the
Wedowee soils in Lw P
and LWB2; refer to the
Wedowee series.)
Fair_ - -
Fair., - _. _
Fair- _ _.. -
Fair- . - --
Fair-- ---
Fair-_-
Fair- - - - -
Fair_ ---
Fair_
Fair---__
f
Poor._...
Poor-----
Poon.----
Fair-
oor..____Poor..____Fall`_ - _ .-
Fair- - _ ._ _
Fair_. -
Fair_ -
Fair.._
Fair- -
i
Fair -.___._I
Fair- - - - - i
i
Slight - ----------------
Slight________________
Moderate: slopes
greater than 1.0
percent.
Severe: shrink -swell
potential.
I Severe: shrink -swell
potential.
I
Severe: shrink -swell
I potential.
Slight --------- --------
Slight ------------------
ModeraLte: slopes of
10 to 15 percent.
TAloderate: slopes of
15 to 25 percent.
Slight ___---------------
Slight_._--------------
Nfoderate: slopes
greater than 10
percent.
Moderate: depth to j
rock is 2 to 5 feet.
Slight_---- _- — ,Slight.._-----_
Slight- -------------
Moderate: slopes of
6 to 10 percent.
I Moderate: slopes
Severe: slopes greater
greater than 10
than 10 percent.
percent.
Severe: slow percola
"Moderate: fair
tion rate.
trafficability.
Severe: slow pereola,-
Moderate: slopes of
tion rate.
B to 10 percent;
fair trafhcability.
Severe: slow pereoha,-
li Severe: slopes
tion rate.
greater than 10
percent.
Moderate: medium
percolation rate.
Moderate.: medium
percolation rate.
Moderate: medium
percolation rate:
slopes of 10 to to
percent.
Severe: slopes
,Treater than 15
percent:.
Moderate: medium
percolation rate.
1loderate: medium
percolation rate.
Moderate: medium
percolation rate;
slopes of 1.0 to 15
percent.
Severe: depth to
rock is 2 to 5 feet.
1 Slight____._. ... _.-
foderate: slopes of
G to 10 percent.
were: slopes greater
than 10 percent.
°•were: slopes greater
than 15 percent.
.ight--------- ------
[oderate: slopes of
0 to 10 percent:.
evere: slopes greater
than 10 percent.
fight..- - ---

WAKY, COUNTY, NORTH, CAROLINA
tc;r°°'PrdAtiOn,s_- Continued
Degree of limitation for --Continued
Recre:xtion- Continued
Highway location
Picnic areas Intensive play areas
Slight..._.--------____
flight__ Modcrate: slopes
of 6 to 10 percent.
Moderate: slopes
greater than 10
percent.
Moderate: fair
trafhca.bility-
Moderate: fair
trafffficability.
Moderate: slopes
of 10 to iii
percent.
Slight --------------
S1ig11t-------------
Aloderate: _slopes
greater than 1.0
percent.
lloderalte: slopes
greater than 15
percent.
Severe: slopes
greater than 10
percent.
Moderate: fair
t,rcaf&cability.
Moderate: slopes
of 6 to 10
percent; fair
traf&cability.
Severe: slopes
greater than 10
percent.
Slight __--- ---------
Moderate: slopes
of 6 to 10 percent.
Severe: elopes
greater than 10
percent.
Severe: slopes
greater than 15
pereent..
Unstable Cut slopes__
1 Unstable cut slopes__.
Unstable cut slopes-_
Highly plastic;
frost -susceptible
material; anstable
Slopes.
Highly plastic;
Highly
susceptible
material; unstable
slopes.
Highly plastic;
frost -susceptible
material; unstable
slopes.
Frost -susceptible
material..
Frost. -susceptible
material.
Frost -susceptible
material.
Frost-suseeptible
material.
Frost -susceptible
anaterial.
Frost suseeptible
material.
Frost -susceptible
material.
Soil features affecting --
Farm ponds
Reservoir area,
Compacted
embankment
Moderate per-
meability.
f
Moderate per-
meabilit3-.
Moderate per-
meali liy.
Slosh permeability..
Slow permeability...
Slow permeability -
1 Moderate per-
meability.
Moderate per-
meability.
1lloderate permea-
bility.
Moderate perinea-
bility.
Moder ste permea-
bility.
Moderate permea-•
bility.
F47odp -ate permea-
bility.
i
Severe: rock_. ---- Rock- -_____..-.------ Moderatelyra,pid
permeability.
! .Moderate to low
strength and
stability; nearly
impervious.
I Moderate to low
strength and
stabiliy; nearly
impervious.
Moderate to low
strength and
stability; nearly
impervious.
Low strength and
stability; impervious.
Low strength and
stability; impervious.
Low strength and
stability; impervious.
:1loderately lour
strength and
stability; nearly
impervious.
Moderately low
strength and
stability; nearly
I impervious.
Moderately low
strength and stabil-
' ltj, ; nearly imper--
vions.
Moderately low
j strength and stabil-
] ity; nearly imper-
vio...s.
.Moderately low or
low strength and
stability; nearly
impervious.
Moderately low or
low strength and
stabilit}r; nearly
impervious.
Aloderatcly low or
low strength and
stability; nearly
impervious.
Moderate strength
and stability; nearly
impervious.
Sprinkler
irrigation
I Medium available
water capacity.
Medium available
water capacity.
Medium available
water capacity.
Medium .available
water capacity.
.1Iedium available
water capacity.
Medium available
water capacity.
Medium available
water capacity.
I.
Medium available
water capacity.
A-Tediurn available
water eapaezty,
Aledium available
water capaeitT .
Medium available_
w,-Aer capacity.
:Medium available
water capacity.
Medium .available
water capacity.
Low available
water capaeity�
'Slight ----- ---------
Moderate: slopes of
6 to 10 percent.
Aloderate: slopes
i
i Severe: slopes
greater than 10
greater than 10
percent.
percent.
Unstable Cut slopes__
1 Unstable cut slopes__.
Unstable cut slopes-_
Highly plastic;
frost -susceptible
material; anstable
Slopes.
Highly plastic;
Highly
susceptible
material; unstable
slopes.
Highly plastic;
frost -susceptible
material; unstable
slopes.
Frost -susceptible
material..
Frost. -susceptible
material.
Frost -susceptible
material.
Frost-suseeptible
material.
Frost -susceptible
anaterial.
Frost suseeptible
material.
Frost -susceptible
material.
Soil features affecting --
Farm ponds
Reservoir area,
Compacted
embankment
Moderate per-
meability.
f
Moderate per-
meabilit3-.
Moderate per-
meali liy.
Slosh permeability..
Slow permeability...
Slow permeability -
1 Moderate per-
meability.
Moderate per-
meability.
1lloderate permea-
bility.
Moderate perinea-
bility.
Moder ste permea-
bility.
Moderate permea-•
bility.
F47odp -ate permea-
bility.
i
Severe: rock_. ---- Rock- -_____..-.------ Moderatelyra,pid
permeability.
! .Moderate to low
strength and
stability; nearly
impervious.
I Moderate to low
strength and
stabiliy; nearly
impervious.
Moderate to low
strength and
stability; nearly
impervious.
Low strength and
stability; impervious.
Low strength and
stability; impervious.
Low strength and
stability; impervious.
:1loderately lour
strength and
stability; nearly
impervious.
Moderately low
strength and
stability; nearly
I impervious.
Moderately low
strength and stabil-
' ltj, ; nearly imper--
vions.
Moderately low
j strength and stabil-
] ity; nearly imper-
vio...s.
.Moderately low or
low strength and
stability; nearly
impervious.
Moderately low or
low strength and
stabilit}r; nearly
impervious.
Aloderatcly low or
low strength and
stability; nearly
impervious.
Moderate strength
and stability; nearly
impervious.
Sprinkler
irrigation
I Medium available
water capacity.
Medium available
water capacity.
Medium available
water capacity.
Medium .available
water capacity.
.1Iedium available
water capacity.
Medium available
water capacity.
Medium available
water capacity.
I.
Medium available
water capacity.
A-Tediurn available
water eapaezty,
Aledium available
water capaeitT .
Medium available_
w,-Aer capacity.
:Medium available
water capacity.
Medium .available
water capacity.
Low available
water capaeity�

W
Soil series and map symbols
Louisburg ---Continued
(LoC, LwC, LwC2)_-
(For interpretations of the
Wedowee soils in LwC
and LwC2, refer to the
Wedowee series.)
Lynchburg (Ly)_......___--_____._---
Madison:
(MdB2)-- - ----------------
Mantachie. (Me)------------------
ill ayndan
(Mf ,__.-_-----
(Mag, MgB2, MgC, MgC2)_--���
(MyS:
f
(MyC, MyC2)--_____________.--
SOIL, SURVEY
suitability as
source of ---
Topsoil Road, fill Homebuilding sites
Ftair__._-_; Faaar.___--
Fair-
Fair to
poor.
Fair....... _ _
Fairi ------
Fair-
Fair-
Fair
____-
Fair-Fair-Fair to
good.
Fair -____j
I
Fair_____I
Fail'._ _.... _ _.
Fair- _
i
f
Fair
Fair_._ _ - _I
Fair- _..__
Good----
Fair-
Fair-
Fair -----
Fair_____
Fair.. _. _ _ _
Fair ......
Fair_. _.... _ _
Fair-,....
Fair__...__t
f
Fair..
Fair_
Fair.. _ ._ .....
TABLE 6.­—Eaagza2c:ermg
Degree of limitation for—
Recreation
Septic tank
absorption fields
Campsites
Moderate: depth to
'
� Moderate: depth to
I
Aloderate: slopes of
rock is 2 to b feet.
rock is 2 to 5 feet-
6 to 10 percent.
I
Moderate: depth to
I moderate: depth to
Severe: slopes greater
rock is 2 to 5 feet;
rock is 2 to 5 .feet.
than 10 percent.
slopes greater than
10 percent.
Moderate: flooding;
Severe: flooding;
i Moderate; high
high water table.
I high water table.
water table; fair
trafficability.
Slight---------------- Moderate: medium
percolation rate.
Slight
Moderate:
Moderate:
-----------------
medium
percolation rate.
slopes of
6 to 10 percent.
Moderate: slopes of
Moderate, medium
Severe: slopes
10 to 15 percent.
percolation rate;
greater than 10
slopes of 10 to 15
percent.
Moderate,: slopes of
percent.
Severe: slopes
� Severe: slopes
15 to 25 percent.
greater than 15
greater than 15
percent.
I
i percent..
!
Severe: hooding;
Severe: flooding;
Severe: high water
high water table.
high water table.
! table.
Slight --------------...-.j
Moderate: medium
Sli h
g t.___._______.____--
percolation mate.
Slight__---------_-.__-__
Moderate: medium
Moderate: slopes of
i percolation rate-
6 to 10 percent.
i
Moderate: slopes
Moderate: slopes of
I Severe: slopes
greater than 10
10 to 15 percent,
greater than 10
Percent.
percent.
AWfodemte: slopes
Severe: slopes
Severe: slopes
greater than 15
; greater t.ha.rt 15
1 greater than 1.5
percent..
j percent.
P
percent..
I
Moderate: coarse
Moderate: medii.rm
'Moderate: coarse
fragments,
percolation rate.
fragments.
Slight.____ ----------
Moderate ---------------
f
Slight
Slight-.._!
Moderate____- -_---._-':
loderate: slopes of
6 to 10 percent.

interpretations—Colitis tied
Degree of limitation for—Continued
Id.eoreation—C7 olati nuod
Picnic areas ( Intensive play area,,
WAKE COUNTY, NORT-H CAROLINA
Ilighway location
I
Slight.,,_,_.___..__.__._ Severe: rock_..-.--- Rock..____..____.. _.
i
Moderate: slopes Severe: slopes i Rock -------------
greater than 10 greater than 10
percent. pereen t-.
Moderate: high
water table; fair
trafficability.
Slight_. ---------------
_ _-----------
Slight-.- - - - - - - - - -.- - -
Slight-.------._._--.---
Moderate:
tloderate: slopes
F of 10 to 15 per-
cent.
f
Moderate: slopes
of 15 to 25 per-
cent.
Severe: high
water table.
Moderate: high
Seasonally high
water table.; fair
water table.
tratlioability.
material.
Slight. ------
Frost. susceptible
Frost -susceptible
Inaterial.
Moderate: slopes Frost -susceptible
of 6 to 10 percent. j material.
ievere: slopes
greater than 10
percent.
severe: slopes
greater than 15
percent.
Sevc+re: high
water table.
Frost,-auscelrt.ible
material.
Frostsusccptible
material.
High water table;
flooding.
Slight_.__w..__._ _-.'
Slight--------____-=
Frost ylzsccptible
Pty; nearly lmper-
II
material.
Slight- _-__--__--_ -
Moderate: slopes
Frost -susceptible
strength and stabil-
of 6 to 10 percent.
material.
11loderate: slopes
Severe: slopes
Frost -susceptible
of 10 to 15 per-
I greater than 10
Inaateri<al.
cent.
percent.
Moderate: slopes
Severe: slopes
Frost -susceptible
of 15 to 25
greater than 15
material.
percent.
percent.
I
i
Moderate: coarse
Moderate: coarse
Frost -susceptible
fragments.
fragments.
material.
Slight_....
Slight.-
3115-403-701 ---3
Slight____________.' Frost -susceptible
material,
Moderate: slopes of i Frost -susceptible
6 to 10 percent,.r material.
Soil features affecting—
Farm ponds
Reservoir area Compacted
embankment
i
Aloderately rapid
permeability.
Moderately rapid
I permeability.
In
Sprinkler
irrigation
IA:loderate strength :Low available
and stability; nearly water capacity.
impervious.
Aloderate strength I Low available
and stability; nearly water capacity.
impervious.
' 'Nloderate pelnnea- I Moderate to lore
bilityr,
strength and stabil-
I
Pty; nearly lmper-
V1011s.
Moderate perinea-
Moderate to low
bility.
strength and stabil-
ity; nearly- imper-
vious.
Moderate permea-
Moderate to low
bility.
strength and stabil-
ity; ncarl. imper-
Vious.
-Moderate permea-
Moderzate to low
bility,
strength and stabil-
it ;y; nearly imlPer-
violls.
ldioderate perinea-
Moderate to low
bility.
j strength and stabil-
ity; nearly iroper-
V1pliR.
1Lloderaately
iloderate strength
rapid perinea--
and stability";
bility'",
I nearly impervious.
Moderate perruea-
i 111oder:ata to low
bilit}".
strength and stabil-
ity; nearly imper-
VIOUS.
Moderate pormea-
Moderate to low
bility.
strength and stabil-•
UY; nearly imper-
vions.
:Moderate pennon-
Moderate to low
bility.
strength and stabil-
ity; nearly imper-
Moderate perrne-
viotls.
Moderate to low
ability.
strength and stabil..
ity; nearly impel•-
vious.
Moderate perme-
Moderate to low
ability.
strength and stabil-
ity; nearly imper-
vlon s.
Moderate perine-
Moderate to low
ability.
strength and stabil--
ity; nearly imper-
i violls.
i'lloderat.e perme-
Moderate to low
"ability.
strength and stabil-
ity; nearly irnper-
viorls.
Medium :available
water capacity.
I
Medium available
water capacity.
Medium available
water capacity.
Nlediuin available
water caapaeity.
Medium available
water capacity.
1lediuln available
water capacity.
Medium available
water capacity.
illedium available
water capacity.
Medium available
water capacity.
Alediurn available
water capacity.
Medium available
water capacity.
Medium available
water capacity.
Medium available
water capacity.

w
Soil series :and inup symbols
:Alae>odan---Continued
(MYD-)------------ - --- -
N orfolk:
(NoA, NOB, NoB.1)'_
(NoC, NoC2)- - ---
Orangeburg:
(OrB, OrB2)-----------------
(OrC2)-- _-_.-----
Pinkston:
(PkC)------------ ----------
(PkF)---------_-------------..._
Plummer "P
Rakes (Fla)------..__._ ---
R,oanoke (Ro)____.-------------_....
Troiip..-.._---- ---- -. - - - --
( flapped 01113- in tl. complex
Nvith Avagrain soils.)
SELL SURVFY
Suitability 11,a
"Or:rree of---.- -
Topsoil 1 Road fill homebuilding sites
TABU 6 �n,�d'irr.cE.rixt.�
D(gree of limitation for—
Septio 4rnk
,absorption fields
Fair,..._._ -1 Fa dr-- _.� Moderate:: slope.,
greater than 10
percent.
Fair- .--` Good____ Slithb------- ___ ___._ Slight-____
Fair--.. --� Good____, Slight-
Fair -----j Good..___I Slight_..._ ---( Slight-.
Ftair___-._ Good____! Slight_ S13iht------------_---
Fair-___'
-----------_.
Fzair- _ _ _-; Nfoderiatc: depth to
rock 2. to 5 feet.
Fair _ _-.-- Fair-_-: Afoderttewhere
slopes are. 10 to 25
percent; depth to
rock 2 to 5 feet.
Severe where slopes
are greater than.
25 percent.
i
Poor_- Fair -I S)evere: flooding;
high water table.
Fair---__ Fair- - _- Severe: flooding, high
1voter trible.
Poor_ . _ _ Poor- _ _ -i Severe: flooding;
high water table
'oor__ Fair --_-_.I Slight,- ------. -__.-_
�i�ance: f
Fah,__ -J Poor-.--- Severe: shrink -swell
potential.
Fair-_-.--_ Poor-- __i oc"Verc: shrink -swell
� � i pateaatla.l.
i
i
W agram :
(WaA, WaB, WDA)..__-.. Fair__ j (rood..___ Slight _---------_.-_
(For interpretations of the
Troup soil in WgA, refer !
to the Troup series.)
Severe: depth to
rock 2 to 5 feet.
Severe: depth to
rock 2 to o feet.
Severe: flooding;
high water table
Severe: flooding -
high water table,.. €
Recreation
Ca nipsites
Severe: slopes gron't-er
thfm 10 percent.
Slight.- -
Moderate: slopes of
6 to 10 percexrt.
Slight ----------- - ---
Moderate: slope, of
6 to 10 percent.
flight Where slopes
rare 0 to Ei percent.
Moderato where elope."'
rase 6 to 10 perceait.
'ever(,: ~lopes greta,ter
than 10 percent.
jcv ere: flooding; hip;:
water table.
SPC"ere: floodhl,,;
high water taable.
Severe: flooding; Severe: flooding;
high water table. high Water table.
I
Moderate: rapid per- Slight_
colation rate;
hinited filtering
action.
Severe slow percola- Aloderate fair
tion rate; shrink-
tr if c ability.
"well potents al.
Severe: 9105s per•col.a-
Ifioder;ate fairy ,flit
tion rate; ,prink-
ability; -lopes of £i
swelt potential.
to 10 percent.
Slight ------------- .__.-! Slight ----------

:nterpretations----Continued
Degree of limitta.tion for, . Continued
rt ocreation—Coit! ntie d
Picnic ureas + Tntoymive play -trc;as
17oderate: ,dopes of
10 to 15 percent.
Slight ---------------
Slight --------
---_- ___.__Slight..------ ----- --
Slight- - -
Slight'___-- ------
Slight: slopes of 0
i
to all percent.
Moder,,de where
,lopes are 10 to 25
Percent.
Severe where s'opes
,agreater than 25
percent.
Severe: flooding;
Ng i waiter ta-,,ble.
Severe: flooding;
hig-li water table.
I
Sesvere: flooding;
High waiter table.
I
Slight,..
Severe: slopes
greater thala 1.0
porcent.
DRi oderatc : slopes
of ti to 10 percent.
Slight--------------
Moderate: slopes of
G to 1.0 percent.
WAKE C.'.ClliNTY, NORTH CAROLINA
Soil featureb affecting—
Highway location
Frost -susceptible
III teriaa 1.
;\one__..._______.____
None_-
shone ---
None.----------- --
Severe: rock. --___-i Rock ___-----.------
Severe: slopes ? Rock ------
greater thaaea 10
percent; rock.
Severe: high iv:iter
bible.
Severe: flooding;
higta w.ator• trz.ble.
Severe: flooding;
high water table.
Moderate: fair
traflicaability .
High wtater table;
ditchbanks un
stable.
High water table
l.igh water table;
flooding.
,n, -,table cant slopes_..,
Moderate: fair I Moderate: fair j Frost -susceptible
traflicability, . traffic2bility_ i inaterital.
:Moderate: fair Iodorate: fair i Frost-suseeptible j
traafBc.ability. traatiicability; material.
slope, of li to 10
]Farm ponds
Reservoir meta, f C'olnp a cted
embanknio3it
f Nfoderate Perme-
ability.
Moderate perme-
ability.
iVloderate. perme-
.ability.
Moderate pernie-
ability. .
Moderate perme..
ability.
AToderately rapid
permeability.
Moderately rapid
p.P membility.
I:ipid permetabil•,
ity.
i
Joderdte perPnea-
bility.
;low Pel -me ttbility._I
vapid permeabil-
ity.
Slow permeabhity-
allow permeability..
percent.
I
Slight____.----- ._j Slight ... .------ None_..-----_.. ltToderaate,permeca-
bility.
105
Sprinkler
irrigation
'Modcrate to low
.1lediugn available
F,trength and stabil-
water capacity.
ity; nearly- ilnper-
vious,
l2oderate strength and
Medium available;
stability; imper-
water capacity.
vi ou,s.
iiloderate strength and
Aledinrra available:
stability; imper-
1 water capacity.
Y'i. bPa r.
Moderate strength and
� Aledium avaih ble
stability; imper-
water Ga1.Daerty.
viol s.
Moderate strength and
Medium available
stability; imper-
water capacity.
vions.
A,Toderate strength Fond
Low available
stability; pervkou.s.
hater c p'wU}_
lodelate strength. and
Low available
stability; perviou's.
w.Ptor capteity,
Moderate strength and j Low avaaihab'le
stability; w:at,®r caa.p acity*
orl.
,70derate ,strength and Medium ,.a,vaail<able
at,vbility; imper- water capneity.
e-iotaw.
Toderatclylow strength lled`uni aY ailtable
land stabi2ity ;nearly water cnpabity.
impervious.
i
loderato =atrength Very low at talsable
and 58;atbiiity$ Water caapacity.
semfpervious.
Moderately .low-
j strength nand stabil-
ity; impervious.
Moderately low
strength au.d stabil-
ity; impervious.
itloderaate to low
strength and stir.- I
bility; nearly
impervious.
alTedium oxai[aabl ,
water capacity.
Medium aavtailaable
water cap acity.
Low available,
wafter capacity.

SOIL SURVEY
Suitability as
source of --
Soil -,erica and ma.p symbols
Topsoil { Road fill j homebuilding sites
Wagrarri--Clom inued
Wahee (W h) ..._.. _..----___-_ _I Poor -----
Wake:
Poor
Wedowee:
(WmD2)_-- ------
(WmE)..,.-. --- ------
I
a Good____
Poor -----
Poor- _ _ _ -
Poor -----
Fair..
Fair -_--
Fair -
Fair
j
Severe: flooding;
high water table.
Severe: shallow to
rock.
Severe: shallow to
rock.
Slight... -
Slight
-------
Moderate: slopes of
10 to 15 percefit.
Moderato: slopes of
1,55 to 25 porcont.
..
rehaForcirit�rriac,W
ii poor. .__
Poor_ __
S"'Ve'rli.aa£flooding;
( 1 tions the_...._...'
fair
Ration rate; shrink-
t lc.
Bibb s0il In Wo, Peter to
of 6 to 10 permit.
Severe: slow perco-
Severe: slopes
the Bibb series.)
j greater than 10
swell potential.
percent.
White Store:
t
Severe: clayey stir--
lation rate; shrink-
face layer.
(Ws,B, WsB2, WtB}
Fair_ _
Poor-
Scvc;re.: ehrink-Swell
rock I to 10 feet;
tra$icaability.
shrink -swell.
poienti.al.
(W,,3 C, W;C2)_-_.__....__
Fair ------
Poor -----
Severe: shrink -swell
rock I to l0 feet;
greater than til
shrink -swell
potential.
potential.
j Fair_
Poor.---_
Severe: shrink -swell
potential.
-_----�
r
Poor_ __I
Poor...___-!
Severe: shrink -swell
l
potential.
1�' ilke�s:
Fair- _ - _ -
Poor_ - - - -
Poor--..._._
Severe: depth to
rock 1 to 10 feet;
shrink -swell
potelitlal.
Severe: depth to
rock I to 10 feet;
shrink -swell
potential.
TABLE 6.—Enginea -ing
Dogreo, of lhnitati0 i for --
Recreation
Septic talik
absorption fields
Slight----------------' Moderate: slope° o'f
6 to 10 percent.
I
Severe: flooding, i Severe: flooding;
high water table. I high water table.
Severe: shallow to
rock.
Severe: shallow to
rock.
Moderate: inodium.
percolation rate.
Moderate: medium
percolation rate.
Moderate: slopes of
10 to 15 percent.
Severe° slope
greater than 15
percent,.
Severe:
high waiter table.
Slight to moderate:
slopes of 2 to 10
percent.
Severe: slopes
greater than 10
porrent.
Slight.... _._......----- _...._,..,_
ltloderate: slopes of
di to 10 percent.
Severe: slopes
greater thn n 10
percent.
Severe: slop"
greater tbaan 15
percent.
Severe: flooding;
high water table=.
`cvoro: slow perco- Moderate: fath
lation rage; shrink-
trafficability.
swell potential.
Severe: slow perco-'Moderate:
fair
Ration rate; shrink-
trallicability; slopes
swell potential.
of 6 to 10 permit.
Severe: slow perco-
Severe: slopes
lotion rate; shrink-
j greater than 10
swell potential.
percent.
Severe: slow perco-
t
Severe: clayey stir--
lation rate; shrink-
face layer.
Swell potential.
Severe: depth to
i
Moderate: fair
rock I to 10 feet;
tra$icaability.
shrink -swell.
potential.
Severe: depth to
Severe: slopes
rock I to l0 feet;
greater than til
shrink -swell
percent.
potential.
4

i.nter•pretatio7?.,, -C
Degree of limitation for ..... Continued
Itecr action- -Continued
Picnic area's
Slight - - - -
Scevere: flooding;
high wvtor tarble.
I
Slight
Moderataa: slopes
of 10 to 25
percent.
Slight
Slight----_------ ..._ -
Moderate: slopes
of 10 to 15
porcent.
Moderate: slopes
of lri to 25
percent.
Severe: flooding:
high water ta.blc.
Moderate: fair
tra fti enbility.
Modenite: fair
t,rza.fhcability.
Modet'ate: fair
tra$ic'ability;
slopes greater
Ulan .10 percent.
Severe: clayey
surface laver.
Moderate: fair
t•raflicaebility.
Intou;sive,, play area
Moderate: slopoe
of 6 to 10 per-
Severe: flooding,•;
high water table.
WAKE COUNTY, NORTE CAROLINA
Soil features affecting -
Faarin ponds
Sprinkler
lli a;hway location rI II :11,1on
Ii.cse voIf aarea, Compacted
embankment
oras.-- ----_--_-- _ Modc:rate pernea.-
Madernte to loin
bility.
s't'rength and stn-
eaapncity.
bility; nearly
Vcry lobe
inaperviou"'.
Flooding: high Slow perinea—Moderately
low
water table.. ! bility.
strength and gtaa-
bility; nearly.
_
illipervious.
Severe: rock.._ ... �� Rock_ ------- ----
Sev€'re: slopes
greater than 10
percent..
Slight ---_---_-----.-
Moderate: slopes
of 6 to 1.0 percent.
Severe: slopes
greater than 10
percent.
Severe: slopes
greater than 1.5
per cent.
Severe: flooding;
high water table..
Moderate: faqir
tntflicaability.
Moderate: faqir
t;r,a.flicability;
slopes of 6 to 10
percent.
Severe: Ce: slopes
greater than 1.0
percent.
Seven.; clayey
snrfaice layer.
"Moderate! fair.
traa.flicability.
_loci_ _. .. __..__.-..
Frost snaccptible
__anterial.
Frost -susceptible
material.
Frost-suseeptible
material -
Front -susceptible
material.
High water table;
Hooding.
Highly plastic,
umteriaal.
Highly plaastic
material,
Highly plastic
material.
Highly plastic
materinl.
Ro!+k__..___.-___..__...
Moderate: fah. Severe: slop®s Rock,__._._-
trafCicabiEty; greater than. 10
slopes of 10 to 20 I percent.
percent.
Moderatc ly rapid
permeability=.
Moderately rapid
permeability.
elodera•te perinea:.
bility.
Mode rate permea-
bility.
liloder=ate perinea-
bility.
_Moderate .perme:a,
bility'.
'Moderate permea-
bility.
Slow perrnen-
bility.
Slow permea-
bility.
Slow permea-
bility.
Slow permea-
bility.
107
Low ava.iltab1(l
Water capacity.
iilediurn :iva.ifable
water capacity.
NIodera .e strengtta ands Very low
stability; ilea`--
aavt01 able sate_'
villus.
eaapncity.
Moderato strength and
Vcry lobe
sta=Ality; per-
:i,vailaable water
vi oa IS,
t
trap CitF.
A-loderate strength and
titabilrty nearly
rmpery rou :,.
Moderotc strength and
stability; nearly
impervious.
Moderate strength and
stability; nearly
impervious.
]Moderate strength and
stability; neatrly
impervious.
-Moderately low
strength and stabil-
ity: nearly imper-,
Vr.ORG.
Low strength and
stability: imper-
vie us.
Low strength mid
stability: Imper-
vious.
Low strength and
stability: imper-
vious.
Lowstrength and
stability: iniper-
vious.
\loderatc perinea- ltIoderately low
bility. strength .and stabil-
ity: nearly imper-
vious.
Moderate perinea_. 'I Moderately low*
bility_ strength and stabil-
ity: nearly imper-
vious,
1l-ledium a,va,ilcebha
water capacity.
Medium .cvada,blr..
Water eapaeit'y.
M(-.diurn atvaibblc,
water crzpa,eity.
1kledimn avai.lnble
wator capacity.
Medium aavarla.blc
waiter capacity.
Fl.igh available
water capacity.
i
high nvzrihtble
winter eaipacity.
High Va,ilaablc
wettcr capacity.
i
i
High ar.vaailable
water capacity.
Trow available
_ranter capacity.
Low atvailablc
water capacity.

108
Suitsa.bllity as
eoUrce, of ---
SOL SURVEY
Sail seriesand map symbals I
Top. -oil Road fill j Iforrrebuilding sites
i
� I
TABLE Ea.-- Llbfit.neea°frag
Degree of limitation for -
Recreation
Septic tank -- ----
ta:bsorpt.ion fields
Campsites
reaction, or the degree of acidity or altcalilrity, is
given in terraas of pIl values.
Shrink -swell potential indicates the expected change
in volume vvlren the moisture content changes. It- is esti-
mated. primarily on the basis of the anaount, and type of
clay in a soil. fn general, soils classified as CH and A._.-7
havee high shrink -swell potential. Sandy soils have lour
shrink-si ell potential.
Engineering ing interpretations
Table ti gives interpretations of the properties that
aa,ffeet suitability of the soils for e.ngineer°ing. The ratings
as a source of topsoil are. based on thickness, texture:, fer-
t-,il.i.ty, axed. available, water capacity. For examples,
arouglaty sands are given a mating of poor; bul,, loazxrs are
gi.l en as rating of fair to good, depending on the thick-
ne;<s of tlae soil material,
Suitability as a source of road fill is rated aaccord:ing
to texture, shrinkago, 1plastioity, waP.er content, and the
cl,egree of compa.rtiv'e, effort required to obtaixa the de-
sired den,,ity. The water content of alae. soil_ at, the tibne
of apse rnav affect suitability for road fill. 4 clayey soil,
for exaaz r;1e, is difficult, to inui i.le -when itis wet.
The degree of limitation for homebuilding sites is
based on. the hazard of :Hooding, the height of the water
tab�te, slope, star -ink -swell potential, and depth to hard,
rock.
The degree of limitation for Sewage disposal in septic
tank absorption fields is rated aec.ord.ing to permeability
of the, soil, its slope acrd filtering capability, the level of
the. water table, and the hazard of flooding. Nfuela of
IV' ke County is rural, therefore, septic tank absorption.
fields arca required for the disposal of sewage. Generally,
absorption fields installed in a poorly drained soil fail
bei: cruse the soil is not pe=rrneable enough to absorb the,
effluent. In wet weather and for long periods afterward,
the soils are saturated a d the water table, is near the
surface. At such times, there is no space for outflow
from the septic tank aa,nd the inovemout of sewaage ef-
fluent, is very slow. Onsite investigation should be, I ade
before a septic tank absorption field is installed in any
soil.
The degree of limitation for ca.ranpsites is based on the
hazards of flooding and wetness, anal on traaflicability
and slope. Tra.fkcabilitay, as used here, refers to ths,
a13i1it.y of a soil to support vehicles or other traffic dur-
ing Tonna]. Nve€ather. C; mpsitos are, rota-sidered as areas
suitable, for tents and activities that accompany outdoor
living for periods of at least I week.
The degree of limitation for picnic aai.,Cas is h<ased on
the hazards of flooding, wetness, and slope. Picnic: areas
arcs pJaaces suitable for pleasure outings, where picnic
tables and fireplaces are usaaally -furnished, and where.
.nems can be prepared and e€ateaa outdoors. Apart froria
these facilities, only aa, sntaall amount, of site preparation
is needed.
The degree of lirnitaat:ion as areas for intensive play is
based on the scope, depth to hard rock, wetness, soil tex-
ture, tared the amount of coarse tr€agn-ents in and. on the
soils. Xre€a,s for intensive pl=ay, are developed fo-r use, as
playgrounds and ,for playing organized games, as betso-
hal.l, tennis, ,and badminton.
The suitability of the soils :for highways is aa.freeted by
such soil characteristics, as plsasticity, high water table,
wetter content, flooding, depth to hard rock, suseept;ibilily
to frost, and stability of slopes. Durham soils, .foga ex-
aa:axaple, have no soil features that ads,ersel.y afl'E"et- their
use as locations for highways, Their water table is lovas
enough tbaat it will not interefer° with the construction
of roads, the soil material has good bearing, capacity and
is not diffic-ult to compact, and permeability hs rrs.c:rderate.
White More soils, on the other hand, ware rated as hav-
ing features tbaat, adversely €adect the location of hlgh-
w€a;ys. Those, soils aare highly plastic, are slowly pernae-
aa.ble, and have low bearing capacity (fig. 15).
--_-_-I FoAr_ --_�
Poor ......
Severe: de�pto Eth tri
� Severe: depth to
rock t to a0 feet •;
� Severe: slope..
tea'fc.? tlazaaa0
i
shernk gda:°ell
j shreg€lc-swell
p¢reeart.
(W x E) --
-...... _ Poor..
boor_ ....
Potential,
Severe: stoniness,
depth to rock 1. tosac°k
pot r?tial.
Sucre.: depth to
1 to t(3 feet.
Severe: slopes
grerztc,r
I
10 feet.
percent.
Worsham (Wy).._.... ________-__-
_ Poor._ -.-,_._j
I
�
Poor_.....
f
f
Severe-
svr�eod flooding;
Severe: ��.i flooding; !
I
Severe: 1r flooding;
ater table,
reaction, or the degree of acidity or altcalilrity, is
given in terraas of pIl values.
Shrink -swell potential indicates the expected change
in volume vvlren the moisture content changes. It- is esti-
mated. primarily on the basis of the anaount, and type of
clay in a soil. fn general, soils classified as CH and A._.-7
havee high shrink -swell potential. Sandy soils have lour
shrink-si ell potential.
Engineering ing interpretations
Table ti gives interpretations of the properties that
aa,ffeet suitability of the soils for e.ngineer°ing. The ratings
as a source of topsoil are. based on thickness, texture:, fer-
t-,il.i.ty, axed. available, water capacity. For examples,
arouglaty sands are given a mating of poor; bul,, loazxrs are
gi.l en as rating of fair to good, depending on the thick-
ne;<s of tlae soil material,
Suitability as a source of road fill is rated aaccord:ing
to texture, shrinkago, 1plastioity, waP.er content, and the
cl,egree of compa.rtiv'e, effort required to obtaixa the de-
sired den,,ity. The water content of alae. soil_ at, the tibne
of apse rnav affect suitability for road fill. 4 clayey soil,
for exaaz r;1e, is difficult, to inui i.le -when itis wet.
The degree of limitation for homebuilding sites is
based on. the hazard of :Hooding, the height of the water
tab�te, slope, star -ink -swell potential, and depth to hard,
rock.
The degree of limitation for Sewage disposal in septic
tank absorption fields is rated aec.ord.ing to permeability
of the, soil, its slope acrd filtering capability, the level of
the. water table, and the hazard of flooding. Nfuela of
IV' ke County is rural, therefore, septic tank absorption.
fields arca required for the disposal of sewage. Generally,
absorption fields installed in a poorly drained soil fail
bei: cruse the soil is not pe=rrneable enough to absorb the,
effluent. In wet weather and for long periods afterward,
the soils are saturated a d the water table, is near the
surface. At such times, there is no space for outflow
from the septic tank aa,nd the inovemout of sewaage ef-
fluent, is very slow. Onsite investigation should be, I ade
before a septic tank absorption field is installed in any
soil.
The degree of limitation for ca.ranpsites is based on the
hazards of flooding and wetness, anal on traaflicability
and slope. Tra.fkcabilitay, as used here, refers to ths,
a13i1it.y of a soil to support vehicles or other traffic dur-
ing Tonna]. Nve€ather. C; mpsitos are, rota-sidered as areas
suitable, for tents and activities that accompany outdoor
living for periods of at least I week.
The degree of limitation for picnic aai.,Cas is h<ased on
the hazards of flooding, wetness, and slope. Picnic: areas
arcs pJaaces suitable for pleasure outings, where picnic
tables and fireplaces are usaaally -furnished, and where.
.nems can be prepared and e€ateaa outdoors. Apart froria
these facilities, only aa, sntaall amount, of site preparation
is needed.
The degree of lirnitaat:ion as areas for intensive play is
based on the scope, depth to hard rock, wetness, soil tex-
ture, tared the amount of coarse tr€agn-ents in and. on the
soils. Xre€a,s for intensive pl=ay, are developed fo-r use, as
playgrounds and ,for playing organized games, as betso-
hal.l, tennis, ,and badminton.
The suitability of the soils :for highways is aa.freeted by
such soil characteristics, as plsasticity, high water table,
wetter content, flooding, depth to hard rock, suseept;ibilily
to frost, and stability of slopes. Durham soils, .foga ex-
aa:axaple, have no soil features that ads,ersel.y afl'E"et- their
use as locations for highways, Their water table is lovas
enough tbaat it will not interefer° with the construction
of roads, the soil material has good bearing, capacity and
is not diffic-ult to compact, and permeability hs rrs.c:rderate.
White More soils, on the other hand, ware rated as hav-
ing features tbaat, adversely €adect the location of hlgh-
w€a;ys. Those, soils aare highly plastic, are slowly pernae-
aa.ble, and have low bearing capacity (fig. 15).

we
interpretations --Continued
Degree of limitation for—Continued
I Soil features affecting—
Recreation--Continued
Farm ponds
Highway location
Sprinkler
irrigation
Picnic areas
Intensive play areas
Reservoir area
Compacted
embankment
Severe: slopes
I Severe: slopes
Rock- -------
Moderate
j Moderately low
Low available
greater than 20
greater than 20
permeability.
strength and
water capacity.
percent.
percent.
I stability; nearly
Moderate: slopes
Severe: slopes
Rock- _ _ .._ _ _ _ _ -----
Moderate
impervious.
Moderately low
Low available
of 15 to 25
greater than 15
permeability.
strength and
water capacity.
percent.
percent.
stability; nearly
Severe: flooding;
Severe: flooding;
High table,-
Moderately
impervious.
Moderately low
Medium
high water table.
high water table.
w
w ater
flooding.
slow
permeability.
strength and
available
water capacity.
stability; nearly
impervious.
The suitability of the soils for farm ponds is affected
principally by such characteristics as strength, stability,
and permeability of the compacted soil material. Esti-
mates of strength and stability are based on a standard
slope of 2.5:1 for dams less than 50 feet high. Flatter
side slopes make a more stable embankment. Perme-
ability of an undisturbed soil is the best indicator of
seepage. The permeability ratings used in table 6 range
from slow for firm clays to rapid for sands. As used in
table 6, pervious, semspervious, nearly impervious, and
impervious refer to the relative permeability of com-
pacted embankments. Water losses are excessive in per-
vious soils and are significant in semipervious soils. They
are minor in nearly impervious soils and are almost
negligible in impervious soils.
Rainfall in Wake County is generally adequate for
agriculture but is not always well distributed during the
growing season. Some of the soils hold little water avail-
able to plants, and sprinkler irrigation is beneficial at
times. The main factors affecting suitability of the soils
for irrigation are available water ca acity, permeability,
and rate of water intake. The Soil ca
Service,
in cooperation with the North Carolina Agricultural Ex-
periment, Station, Agricultural Research Service, and
�the
kr
'cu
'tra
Extension Service, has
prepared pa
r
ed
an
Irrig 'ionde which gives detailed i1f0rJat10
1
useful in the planning and des- of sprinkler irrigation
systems.
The soils are not rated in table 6for suitability for
terraces, but terraces sandother0rosion control
are needed on the sloping soils that are cultivated. Ter-
races
can be established on most soils in the county that
have a slope of not more than 6 percent, except those
that have a thick, sandy surface layer and those that are
shallow over bedrock. Most soils need smoothing to make
feasible the construction of parallel terraces, the use of
four -row equipment, and the improvement of row drain-
age.
Adequate outlets are needed for safe disposal of sur-
face runoff from terraces, diversions, and other drainage -
ways. A cover of plants is needed in these drainageways.
Grade -control structures, such as pipe drops, drop spill-
ways, and sod chutes, as well as supporting agronomic
practices, are needed in places to control erosion.
In this section the factors that have affected the for-
mation and composition of soils in Wake County are dis-
cussed. In addition, the soils are classified according to
the current system and are placed in their respective
great soil groups according to the old system of classi-
fication. —
Figure 15.-Roadbank that has caved during a wet season. The
soil is a White Store sandy loam.

IM
Formation of Soils
SOM SURVEY
Soil is the product of the combined effects of parent
material; climate., plant and animal life, relief, and time.
The characteristics of a soil at tiny ,given place depend
upon the combined effects of these five environmental
factors at the particular place.. All of these faactors affect;
the foramation of every soil. In many places, hoavever, one
or two factors are 61ninant and fax most of the prop-
erties of the soil.
Parent material
Parent inaterial is the mass from which a soil is
formed. It is the f,a.etor that is primarily responsible, for
the chemical and mineralogical composition of a soil,
and it, is one of the most iniporta:nt factors that has
caused differences among the soils. Some major differ-
ences aanong soils, suc11 as diose in texhire. are e.asill
seen and c;�n be determined in the field, AMlinor differ-
ences in mineralogical composition are determined only
by careful laboratory analysis.
The parent ]Material of the soils hi Wake County
ranges trona Precambrian to Tertiary in age. It differs
greatly from one part of the county to anotlier in
anineral and chemical composition. Nevertheless„ the
parent. material of the soils in the county is of only three
man kinds --(I) material. that weathered from bedrocks
(2) Coastal Plain sedhnent; and (3) alluvium. The fol-
lowing paragraphs discuss the soils in relation to these
main kinds of parent material.
Material that y,-,ea.Acrrd from. bedrock. --Cecil, App.-
lilig, Durham, and Madison soils have formed in ma-
terial that, weathered from mica gneiss, mica, schist,
granite, and other acidic rocks that contain a large
aanoanat of quartz. 'These soils have a surface layer of
sandy loam to loamy sacrad and a subsoil of red to yellow,
cla:ye'y material, The Louisburg and Wake soils, which
-were, derived from some of these. same kinds of parent
material, have a surface laver of loamy sand to sand and
have, a, Ioarnv subsoil or Tao subsoil. These soils occ1111
throughout the county, except in the, western part.
Lloyd and tenonsoils have formed in material that
weathered. from granodiorite, hornblende gneiss, and.
other basic rocks, or from mixed acidic and basic rocks.
They have a surface layer of loam to fine sandy loan -1
and a dark -red to oliva -yellow, elayev saabsoil. Wilkes
soils have the same. bind of parent materi ,l as the Lloyd
and Enon soils, and they have a surface layer of sandy
loam to silt loam and aa, varicolored and varitext.ured
subsoil, Wilkes soils occur prinxarily northwest, and west
of. Raleigh.
Georg eE- ille, Herndon, and other soils have formed in
material that wear,th.ere.d from phyllite, one of the rocks
included in the Carolina slates. They have a surfacelayer
of silt loam and a red to strong -browny clayey subsoil.
These soils have a high content. of silt throughout their
profile. They occur primarily in the western part of the
county, but smaller areas are east of Zebulon and in the
southern part of the county.
The Maayodaan, Granville, White Store, and Creedmoor
soils have formed, in material that weathered from the
Newark group of sedimentary rocks of Triassic age.
These rocks are primarily sandstone and shale, but they
include, lesser amounts of amid -tone, claystone, siltstorae,
and conglomerate. The ltlayodan, Granville, AN71ite Store,
aml Cryreedinoor soils have a. surface layer of sande- loam
to silt loam and a varicolored, clayey subsoil. The 11fhite
Store and C;reedrnoor soils have a clay subsoil thaz.t is
very firm when raioist and plastic when vvet, aand they
have a high content; of aluminum. The Pinkston soils,
which are derived from the same kind of parent material
as the White, Store anti C.'x�edlmoor soils, have a surface
layer of sandy loam and a subsoil of coarse loamy mna-
terial, or they lack sit subsoil. Pinkston soils occur in the
western part, of tlae county.
CIyoa,O(d Phnn, scG?2ar'rcrat.—'T'he soils that forametl in.
Coastal Plain sediment, for example- the Not -folk. Wag -
ram, Faceville, Orangeburg, and Rains, have a: surface
layer of loamy sand to fine sandy loam and a ,uhsoi'l of
loamy to clayey material. Drainage of these soils ravages
from s.onaeav haat. excessive to poor. There soils occur in faro
southern part of the. county.
Allarvr'v,m .--The soils that formed in general allaavivana
or in deposits of local alluvium are the Buncombe, (Ion-
garee, CJlaeaa acla, 'Wehadlcee, Bibb, and ' antachie. These
-oils have, a surface laver of sand to silt, loam and a sub -
.,oil of sandy to fine lot,my material. They occur Aong
streams and in upland depressions and draws throughout
the county, ta:xad they are sonie;what excessively dr111.ixaed
to poorly drained.
Clinzate
Climate. affects the physical, cheinical, and biological
relationships of soils, primtxily through the influence: of
precipitation and teriipertiture. Water from rain rand
snow dissolves minerals, is necessary for biological ac.-
tivity,and transports minerals and. organic residue
through the soil profile. The amount of w a.ter that x.etn-
ally percolates thaol-cola the ��oil paver a Inroad arca de-
pends mainly on the amount and duration of niinfaall,
tlae relative "halmidity, the rate of evapotranspiration,
:and the length of the frost --free period. Temperature in-
fluences the kind and the growth of organisms and the
speed of physical and chernical reactions -ill the soils.
Wake County has a warin, humid climate. The average,
traria.. terupera,tu.rEs is (il° h., and the a-verage annual
daily minimuarr temperature is 51°. The average monthly
temperature ranges from 42" in January to 79" in Jvtly.
Precipitation is well distributed and averages 46.17 inches
per year. The amount of annual precipitation, however,
ranges from 50 inches, in the southern part of the
county, to 43 inches in the northwestern part. The mild
temperature and the abundant moisture cause rapid de-
composition of organic matter and hasten chetnlc_a l re-
actions in the soils. The large amount, of rainfall leaolles
out a, large part. of the soluble bases and moves less
soluble, fine material deeper in the soil.
The climate of the county varies only slightly from
place to place, and the small differences that occur have
probably not caused local differences in the soils. '-,Never-
theless,
ever-
theless, the soils show the effects of climate ill that they
are acid and have a profile that is strongly leached in
the upperpart. Climate has also effected irariations in
the plant and animal life of the county. The most j i -n -
portant effects that climate has had on the formation- of

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH, CAROLT�:A
the soils is the alteration of parent material through
changes in teanperaturta, through changes in the amount
of precipitation, and through influence on plant and
animal life.
Plant and animal lite.
Plants and animals t€€odify tho formation of. soils to
some extent,. The kinds and numbers of organisms in
and ora the soil are deterrrained, to a large extent, by tile,
clirYaa,ts and, to a varying degree, by the parent material,
relief, and age of the soils. Bacteria,, fungi, and other
microscopic organisms aid in the weathering, of rocks
and in the decomposition of or:�ga.� sic matter. The larger
plants and animals furnish organic rnatter and transfer
elements from the subsoil to the, surf ace layer.
The activity of fungi and rniero-orgfanis ns its the soils
of ]fake County. usually takes place only in the upper-
most few inches of tllo soil material. Earthworms and
other snaa.11 im ertebrat-€ s carry on a slow, but cont.itzous,
cycle of soil mixing, also mostly in the uppermost few
inches of soil rnaatear•ial,. I.lodent.s ehave hacl little effect oil.
the for'anatiora of Foils it) this county.
This county -,vas originally covered by at forest corr-
sisting of maaty kinds of hardNvoods and. several kinds of
conifers. These trees gook up elements from the subsoil
and aacl.cl.e,d organic rna,tter by depositing lesLares,roots,
hvigs, and ev®ritually= the whole plant ora the surface.
.I.{e.re, these, plalit, remains decayed and -were, acted on by
inicro-organisms, earthworms, and other forms of life
and by direct chemical reaction.
®rganic smatter decays rapidly in a. well--dra.ined soil,
but excess moisture rets -ids oxidation of or;gaanic matter.
Therefore, decay is sloe in wet soils. Gener.,Jly, the wet-
ter the soils tlae gr°eaiaer the accumulation of organic
matter.
For the most part, plants and animals deterrniaae the
lrir€ds of organic matter added to the soil and. the )vaa,1,
in which the organic inaatter is incorporated in the soil.
They transfer plant nutrients from one horizon to an-
oth. r, a,nd often they transport soil niateriaal frons one
horizon to another. Plants and aaninia,ls also affect the
gains and losses in or-anic matter and the gains and
losses of nitrogen and other plant nutrients. They also
affect the soil structure and porosity of the soils asad €nay3
also iffeet some other soil cltaractc=zastics.
Relief
'Nelief is largely determined by the kinds of rock
forrnatiedr€s underlying the soils and by the geologic, his-
tory~ of the area, including crustal movements, dissection
by streams, and the developnient of the l.andsn.pe through
the retreat of slopes. Relief influences the formation of
soils through. its effect on moisture relationships, erosion,
temperature, and the cover of plants. Its influence is
modified by the other factors of soil formation.
.In lVake County the slopes range from 0 to 45 percent.
The soils of uplands, such as the Cecil, 1llayodan, and
Norfolk, have a thick, well-developed profile in areas
where the slope is less than 10 percent. Where the slope
is greater than 10 percent, geologic rernoval. of soil mate-
rial is more rapid. As a resaalt, many of the steeper soils,
for example. the Wilkes, Pinkston, and Wake, have a
thin, poorly defined profile.
Relief largely determines the natural drainage of a
soil. As air example, several different soils, such as the
Durham, which are well drained, the Colfax, which a.re
somewhat poorly drained, and the IN orshana, which are
poorly drained, have formed in similar parent, material
but have diffe-rerrt characteristics because of differences
in drainage. The poorly drained soils have adark-colored.
surface la.yea <a.ircl are. nearly level. Most soils; that, fortraed.
in alluvium.) also are nearly level.
Thais
The length of time required Tor a• soil profile, to
develop depends on the other factors of soil forma -tion.
Less tine is required for: profile development ill a€ hannid,
wit.rin area where the cmer° of plants is dense tha€l€ in a
clry, cold arca where the cover of plants is sparse. Like-
wise, less tame is required for a soil profile to deaelop in
coarse-textured inateriaal than in similar, but tines tex-
tured material, evell thoaaglr the e?aviroxartlent is ttae same
for both.
oils vary eon, idera€bly in age.. Old soils -aerterally ]save
nxoz€ distinct horizons tliara Durr, nails. In 1S'atlre ('ottrtty
the old soils on tho smoother parts of the uphuld, havo
elI-defi,raecl horizons. The younger soils that hay e steels
slopes as the res alt of geologic erasion are, generally shal-
lower over bedt-ock and bar® a less well developed profile
than the older soils. young soils, such as those th€€t bare
formed in alluvium, have not been in place Iorngr enough
for well-defined horizons to have developed.
Soils axe classified so that we. can more easily remean-
her their significant characteristics. Classification enables
was to assemble knowledge about the soils, to se€ their -re-
lationships to one another and to the whole environment,
and to develop principles that help us to Lill der°startd
their behavior and their response to manipulation. First,,
through classification, and then through use of soil ana.ps,
we. can apply our knowledge of soils to specific fields and
other tracts of land,
t°ir€.as, in cla�zsification, soils are placed in narro-kr= Cate-
gories that are used in detailed soil surveys so that
lrnowledg® about the soils can. be organized aa,nd applied.
in nraraa.gang farms, fields, and woodlands; in developing
rural areas; in performing engineering work; ml,d ill
many other ways. They ,ire placed in broad classes to
facilitate study acrd c-onrparison in large aareaa, such as
countries and continents.
Two systems of classifying soils have been used in the
United States in recent years. The older systems Ivas
adopted in. 1938 (2) and later revised (13). The system
currently used was adoptee] for general use by the N aa-
tional Cooperative Soil Survey in 1965. The current sys-
tein is under continual study. Therefore, readers inter-
ested in developments of the current: system should
search the latest literature available (12, 16) .
In table 7 the family, subgroup, and order of the cur-
rent system are, given for each soil series. Also given are.
the great soil groups under the older system. Some soil,.-
in
oilsin this survey areaa, do not fit any series recognized in the
current classification, but placing thein in a new series
,would not serve a useful purpose. Such soils are named

112 SOU, ST.?RVEI A,
`SABLE 7.---Oa8sifieal on of the soibs
Soil Series j Family Subgroup Order Great soil group of the 11938 systern
Alta w i5ttt-- - _ . _ _ .
! Fine-loamty, mixed, thermic-_. _ _
Aquic llaapludult•s . _
Mixed,-
L lt,sol;;_ - - _ - -
Apphng__
Clapey, ka•olirdtic, thermic.....—
Typic Harpludtiltam,
Colfaax _ _.....-----..'
Ultisois,._
Augusta-__-- ---- -I
Fine -loamy.•, mixed, tbermic_. _ -
Aez°ie, Ochratiquidts-------
I
t'laermic.
U1tIcole- --
I
Bibb---_
Coarfde--loamy, 5111 Ceorin, llCld,
Typic Haplibg lreRtfl_-_-____j
Enon..-,..--- _-
Etlbi8ols_
Facewille -
Cxeotge.,ville_ --
Goldsboro.
C;rtanw ills---
lielena__--
Herndon- - -
L1oc d
Lour burn.
Lynchburg-
Madison ----- . _.
Mantachie I-_
Clayey kaoliriitic, thermic-
("'havey, kato'}iuitic thormic.---..---
Fine-lo array', silwemic, ther.rric._
Fine-lotamy, siliceous, ilaernric
Clayey, mixed, tatermic_-.-_-
Claayey, kaolinhic, thermic_
Clayey, kaaolinztic, thermic_,_-
Cloarse-loaanty, mixed, thez•mic.._.--�
Fine -loam,-, s€lieeoits,
Clayey, knolinitic, thermic _ __ _ ._ _ _ _
Frac-losamy, siliecouS, acid
thormic.
Nlayodrau__ Clsyey, kaoliurtie, theannc_- - - ---
-
Norfolk---__ _..1 lice -I'
Ora:rlgebttrg-- - Fine-loamay, siliceous, thermie_.-_--
Pinkston ------ - Coarse -loamy, mixed, thermic. -----
Plummet•---- ----
Rains___-- - -
Roaalake..
Troop ---
Vonce-.. _
TVchaAkee
Loamy, --ilieeous, thermic-
--Fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic. -_
Clayey, mixed, thermic _ .--- _
Loamy, siliceous, therinic - -
Clnyey, mixed, thomde..__,_
Loaamy, siliceous, thea°Inrc ...._
Cla ey, kaolinitie, thermie -_
Siliceous
Clayey, knolirntic,
Fine -loamy, mixed, nonacid,
therwic.
7'y pic, ttdipsaarnmcnt.s-- - - .
Typic Halpludults ----
Aquic Fluventic. Dystro-
chrepts.
Aquic Fragiudults_
Typic Udifiuve-r€'i..----------
? quic Hta,pludults_ _ _ _
Typic Hapludult:,s_. -
T_T'ltic Hapludalfs_.,_---- - -
Typic Paaleudults-_
Typic Hapludolts_-
Ailuic Pale'o.dults._.._ ..
Typic Haapludultn --- ---
Aquic Haplucitilts - _ - -
Typic Hapludults.. _ _
Tyl) Hapludull a -
Ruptic-Ultic Dystrochropt.s
Aeric Oohrziqui&s --_ .
Typic llaphi.dults- - - - - -_
Aerie Fluventic IIapla-
cltieptS.
Typic Hapludults- _ _ --
TYpic Paleudults.__
Tvpie Paleudults__-_---_-_
Ritptic-Ultic Dvstro°-
c ar°epts.
Grorsarcnic° Ochraquults
TyTpic Ochracluults ___-- -
Typic Ochraguults _
Grossaamnic Palleudal6s-
'ly:picHapluduh,, __-- .--
Arcnic Psalendatits
Acro Ochinqutilts -_---
Lrthic Udips,a zninentw.._
Typic 1I1pludul.t9 _
Fluventic Fltahla.d,tept _
Entrsols - _ ._
Ulti"ols-_ __-
Iraeeptisol�.__ ._.
Entisol-. -
Ultisols
UItrn019_,_-__-
A1Cisols_____
T t sols
Ultisnl- _.. ..
-
l:rceptidols_ ---
Ulti ols
Ultisols ..._ ... _ - -
Incept .isols _. _
Tldsols-..---.
Ul lisola _ _ _ _ _.
Ultis
ineeptisolg_.. -_
-
iltisols_
U3lisols _ I
Lrltr�ol _--�
Ultisols,--
Entisol
IJ1ti of ..
In cel. trsols .
1Vhitt `More --_I Onvey I mixed, thorrrti< VertTic Haapludulta ltisol -._
tiA
ilkes _ _ _ . _ onniv, mixed, the r thio, ,'JwIIow -- .' -I y pie Haphzdalfs_.._ .. _ 4lfiscis_--
Worsharn_-_- Clavoy mixed, thermic.._ --------._i Typic Ochraguults_-_--._ - LltisolS__
Red-Yello-w Podzolie soils.
R c d-Yollowsr Podgy clic soils.
lied-Yeliow Podzolic soils inler°-
grading toward Low-l-hunic
(dohs Soils.
Low -Hun -tic Gley soils.
Alluvial soils.
fled -Yellow Poclzolie soils.
'Utaaiaal soils.
Red-Yello-w Podzolic^ soils iiater°-
;groding toww a.rd 1,9%v-Hurnic,
Gley soils.
Alhivxtl soils.
Planorsols.
Red -Yellow Podzolic eoile°
Red -Yellow Podzolic soihi
intorrrading i oww nt-d PlanosoLs.
Red -yellow Podzolic soils°
Red --Yellow Podzolic soils.
Red -Yellow Podzolic, soil.
Red -Yellows Podzolic soil.
Plallosols•
Red --Y olInwv Podzolic ,solls.
Red -yellow Podzolic soils.
I ithosols.
Red -Yellow Podzolic soils inter -
grading towv.ard -Low-Huin.ic
G1eyy soils.
Ped -Yellow Podzolic ,oils.
Alluvial soils irttergr.adilrg
r:.own,rd Low -1111111.1c C:"lov,
soils.
Red Wellow Podzolie soils.
Iied Yellow Podzolic soils.
Bed -Yellow Podzolic soils.
Lithosols.
Lown-Hurnic Gley soils.
Low-Iturnic Gley soils'
bows-Huinic Gley soils.
R egosol.
Fred Yellaww• Podzolic ;oil,
Rc d Yellow Podzolic soils,
sista oeols °
Lithosols.
Iced -Yellow Podzolic soils.
„Alluviaal soils intergradirig
towtard Low -Hu nic Clay
soils.
Pl °nosols.
T ithosols.
Low-Hurnic Gley soils.
I'These soils are taxadjuncts to the respective series. They are enough like Ow series that to new series is nol waarranted,
for the series the), strong r°esemble, because they differ
from thea,[ series Iways too small to 1st,; of consequence
in interpreting their i;, efulnoss or behavior. Soil seien-
tists designate such soils as taxa.djuncts to the series for
which they are named.
In this survey, soils nitnied as members of the Con-
garee, Mantachie, iretahee, ktnd Weha.dkee series are. tax -
adjuncts to those series. Moils of this :survey area, that
were placed in the Congaree series are. more acid than
typical for that series, those, in. the Mantachie series are
less clayey and axe nonacid, those in the Wahee. series
have, a sulssoil that is slightly brighter colored., end
those included with the NlTe- tidkee series are, more' acid.
Additional Facts About the County
This section gives general facts about., Wake Cotaalty�.
It describes physiography, relief, drainage, water supply-,
and climate. It aalso discs ses briefly the history and de-
thermic.
Buncombe_ --_I
Mixed,-
Cecil- _..._._
Chtyey, k€aolinitic, thermic__
Fine -loamy; mixed, thermic__- -
Colfaax _ _.....-----..'
Fine -loamy, mixed, mesic_.. _ .. ...
Congaree i_--
Fine-lwny, mixed, nonacid,
t'laermic.
Creedmoor...__-.
Clnaye°y, mixed,
Darhmi_-_ -
Fine -loamy, silieeoug, thermic. -
Enon..-,..--- _-
Fine, mixed, thermic•-___-_-
Facewille -
Cxeotge.,ville_ --
Goldsboro.
C;rtanw ills---
lielena__--
Herndon- - -
L1oc d
Lour burn.
Lynchburg-
Madison ----- . _.
Mantachie I-_
Clayey kaoliriitic, thermic-
("'havey, kato'}iuitic thormic.---..---
Fine-lo array', silwemic, ther.rric._
Fine-lotamy, siliceous, ilaernric
Clayey, mixed, tatermic_-.-_-
Claayey, kaolinhic, thermic_
Clayey, kaaolinztic, thermic_,_-
Cloarse-loaanty, mixed, thez•mic.._.--�
Fine -loam,-, s€lieeoits,
Clayey, knolinitic, thermic _ __ _ ._ _ _ _
Frac-losamy, siliecouS, acid
thormic.
Nlayodrau__ Clsyey, kaoliurtie, theannc_- - - ---
-
Norfolk---__ _..1 lice -I'
Ora:rlgebttrg-- - Fine-loamay, siliceous, thermie_.-_--
Pinkston ------ - Coarse -loamy, mixed, thermic. -----
Plummet•---- ----
Rains___-- - -
Roaalake..
Troop ---
Vonce-.. _
TVchaAkee
Loamy, --ilieeous, thermic-
--Fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic. -_
Clayey, mixed, thermic _ .--- _
Loamy, siliceous, therinic - -
Clnyey, mixed, thomde..__,_
Loaamy, siliceous, thea°Inrc ...._
Cla ey, kaolinitie, thermie -_
Siliceous
Clayey, knolirntic,
Fine -loamy, mixed, nonacid,
therwic.
7'y pic, ttdipsaarnmcnt.s-- - - .
Typic Halpludults ----
Aquic Fluventic. Dystro-
chrepts.
Aquic Fragiudults_
Typic Udifiuve-r€'i..----------
? quic Hta,pludults_ _ _ _
Typic Hapludult:,s_. -
T_T'ltic Hapludalfs_.,_---- - -
Typic Paaleudults-_
Typic Hapludolts_-
Ailuic Pale'o.dults._.._ ..
Typic Haapludultn --- ---
Aquic Haplucitilts - _ - -
Typic Hapludults.. _ _
Tyl) Hapludull a -
Ruptic-Ultic Dystrochropt.s
Aeric Oohrziqui&s --_ .
Typic llaphi.dults- - - - - -_
Aerie Fluventic IIapla-
cltieptS.
Typic Hapludults- _ _ --
TYpic Paleudults.__
Tvpie Paleudults__-_---_-_
Ritptic-Ultic Dvstro°-
c ar°epts.
Grorsarcnic° Ochraquults
TyTpic Ochracluults ___-- -
Typic Ochraguults _
Grossaamnic Palleudal6s-
'ly:picHapluduh,, __-- .--
Arcnic Psalendatits
Acro Ochinqutilts -_---
Lrthic Udips,a zninentw.._
Typic 1I1pludul.t9 _
Fluventic Fltahla.d,tept _
Entrsols - _ ._
Ulti"ols-_ __-
Iraeeptisol�.__ ._.
Entisol-. -
Ultisols
UItrn019_,_-__-
A1Cisols_____
T t sols
Ultisnl- _.. ..
-
l:rceptidols_ ---
Ulti ols
Ultisols ..._ ... _ - -
Incept .isols _. _
Tldsols-..---.
Ul lisola _ _ _ _ _.
Ultis
ineeptisolg_.. -_
-
iltisols_
U3lisols _ I
Lrltr�ol _--�
Ultisols,--
Entisol
IJ1ti of ..
In cel. trsols .
1Vhitt `More --_I Onvey I mixed, thorrrti< VertTic Haapludulta ltisol -._
tiA
ilkes _ _ _ . _ onniv, mixed, the r thio, ,'JwIIow -- .' -I y pie Haphzdalfs_.._ .. _ 4lfiscis_--
Worsharn_-_- Clavoy mixed, thermic.._ --------._i Typic Ochraguults_-_--._ - LltisolS__
Red-Yello-w Podzolie soils.
R c d-Yollowsr Podgy clic soils.
lied-Yeliow Podzolic soils inler°-
grading toward Low-l-hunic
(dohs Soils.
Low -Hun -tic Gley soils.
Alluvial soils.
fled -Yellow Poclzolie soils.
'Utaaiaal soils.
Red-Yello-w Podzolic^ soils iiater°-
;groding toww a.rd 1,9%v-Hurnic,
Gley soils.
Alhivxtl soils.
Planorsols.
Red -Yellow Podzolic eoile°
Red -Yellow Podzolic soihi
intorrrading i oww nt-d PlanosoLs.
Red -yellow Podzolic soils°
Red --Yellow Podzolic soils.
Red -Yellow Podzolic, soil.
Red -Yellows Podzolic soil.
Plallosols•
Red --Y olInwv Podzolic ,solls.
Red -yellow Podzolic soils.
I ithosols.
Red -Yellow Podzolic soils inter -
grading towv.ard -Low-Huin.ic
G1eyy soils.
Ped -Yellow Podzolic ,oils.
Alluvial soils irttergr.adilrg
r:.own,rd Low -1111111.1c C:"lov,
soils.
Red Wellow Podzolie soils.
Iied Yellow Podzolic soils.
Bed -Yellow Podzolic soils.
Lithosols.
Lown-Hurnic Gley soils.
Low-Iturnic Gley soils'
bows-Huinic Gley soils.
R egosol.
Fred Yellaww• Podzolic ;oil,
Rc d Yellow Podzolic soils,
sista oeols °
Lithosols.
Iced -Yellow Podzolic soils.
„Alluviaal soils intergradirig
towtard Low -Hu nic Clay
soils.
Pl °nosols.
T ithosols.
Low-Hurnic Gley soils.
I'These soils are taxadjuncts to the respective series. They are enough like Ow series that to new series is nol waarranted,
for the series the), strong r°esemble, because they differ
from thea,[ series Iways too small to 1st,; of consequence
in interpreting their i;, efulnoss or behavior. Soil seien-
tists designate such soils as taxa.djuncts to the series for
which they are named.
In this survey, soils nitnied as members of the Con-
garee, Mantachie, iretahee, ktnd Weha.dkee series are. tax -
adjuncts to those series. Moils of this :survey area, that
were placed in the Congaree series are. more acid than
typical for that series, those, in. the Mantachie series are
less clayey and axe nonacid, those in the Wahee. series
have, a sulssoil that is slightly brighter colored., end
those included with the NlTe- tidkee series are, more' acid.
Additional Facts About the County
This section gives general facts about., Wake Cotaalty�.
It describes physiography, relief, drainage, water supply-,
and climate. It aalso discs ses briefly the history and de-

WAKE COUNTY, NOHT..E , CAROLINA
velopment and gives facts about commerce and industry
in the county. Facts about the water supply and about
physiography, relief, and drainage were taken largely
from a manuscript on dile, at the North Carolina Depart-
ment of Water Resources.'
Physiography, Relief, and Drainage
Wakck County is part, of an uplifted, peneplain, dis-
sected in places by a network of streams that generally
flown in a southeasterly direction. The part of the county
in the. Constal Plain province has relief typical both o€
that in the Piedmont, physiographic province and that
of the Coastal Plain. Because of this overlapping of
ahysiographic, characteristics, the .area is considered to
je. a transitional zonae between the Piedmont uplands
and the Coastal Plain rand is often referred to as the fall
zone or fall line.
Throughout the county, erosion has altered the origi-
nal relief. Most aret­; are gently rolling, but. the -areas
between streams tare brood and flat. No halls stand out
prozazi-nently above the general land surface. The areas
in which relief is niost broken are near large streams,
where the di4ferenees in. elevation range. from 50 to 100
feet front the highest to the lowest points.
Differences ha elevation are more pronounced in the
iwestern part, of the county than in the southeastern
part. The highest point in the county, about 540 feet
above sea level, is a quarter of a mile a-aorth of Leesville.
The lowest point, about, 160 feet above seta, level, is as half
mile southeast of Shotwell, where 'Marks Creek flows
into Johnston County. Raleigh, in the central part of the
county, is about 350 feet above sea level.
in most places a thick layer of soil material and of
soft, ra-eatbered rock overlies the bedrock. In some parts
of the county. where toad cuts are deep, this soft,
weaathered znaateriaa.l is exposed to depths �_;reaater than
20 feet. Stone lines that are apparent at various depths
in many places indicate that repeated cutting and filling
occurred until the present landscape, mainly of broad
ridges turd of smooth, gentle side slopes, became, fairly
stable.
The Neuse Pincer and its tributaries drain. about, 80
percent of the county, but the southwestern Cram is
drained by tributaries of the Cape Fear .Fiver. The
Nemw River and ninny of its larger tributaries are ant:e-
oedent, streams that ,low in a southeasterly direction. The
direction of flow of the smaller st.reaarns is primarily con-
trolled by the regional structure and resistance to e.rosior5
of the tanderlvin(r rocks.
Because of differences in relief, the natural surface
drainage is generally med_ivan to rapid. It is slow. how-
ever,. on some nearly level interstream divides and a5n the
flood. plains of str4ims. In the part of the county called
the Triassic Basin, the valleys are U-shaped and the
flood plains are fairly wide. This basin, is a sw alupy de-
pression or lake where the rock and mineral deposits
were made during the Triassic period. In other parts of
the county, the valloys are fir -shaped and the flood plains
are .generally narrow.
`NOR'rii C&ROLIVA DEPARTHtL_ T of WATER RESOURCES. GEOLOGY
AND GRQ_U D -WATER RESOURCES IN THE RALEIGH AREA, NORTH GARO-
IUNA. [Open isle manuscript]. 179 pp , allyls. 1960.
Water for domestic and industrial uses is obtained
from. wells and from surface sources in Wake County.
The ground wta:t,er is suitable. for most uses. All of than
rocks in the count, except those of Triassic age, are
mood, aquife=rs. Springs are rarely used ars aa, source of
water, because their yield is small and generally the
springs are inaccessible.
Drilled wells are the most common type in this county,
but, there are a number of bored wells and a few that
are dug. Wells that penetrate granite or metamorphic
rocks generally yield an adequate amount of water for
domestic use. A yield of 1.0 to 1.5 gallons per ininute can
be obtained frons wells that pen€atrate the saprolite that
overlies granite, or it, can be obtained. from the uncon-
solidated Coastal Plain sediment. The yield from soils
that overlie rocks of Triassic, age general,.,,
is only 3 to
5 gallons per ininute. Where as larger yield is required
wells should be located in areas where the potential,
sources of ground water appear to be the most, favor-
able. Visible features that indicate a favorable source of
ground water tare fracture zones, quartz veilas, deeply
raeathered areas, intruded dikes, and dr yaws, depressions,
or other low spots in the landscape.. The best yielding
swells in rocks of Triassic age, _ire located near diaabase
dikes.
The largest zrunlber of ®yells in this c�ot.araty is on the
broad upland flats. ,many wells are on the tops of hills,
however, some tire. on the side slopes, and a few are in
draws. The aa,veraa,ge depth of these wells is 1557 feet. The
yield ranges from 0 to 2,96 gaa110r5s per Minute, but the
average yield is 17 gallons per minute. The, d:ianaet:er of
drilled w ells used as aa, source of water for domestic rase
is 3 to 8 inches; that of drillod wells used to saapply iaa-
dust.rial and municipal needs is 6 to 20 inches.
In rural areas wells are the source of practically all
of the water needed for domestic use. M"titer for munici-
palities comes both from wells and from surface sources.
Raleigh, Wake Forest-, and Apex obtain water frozaa
stream -fed, 5naanmaade lakes Zebulon obtains about one-
fourth of its supply of water from four wells, and the
rest froze. Privetts Pond on the Little River, and Cary
obtains part of its supply frons. 14 wells and par°t. from
the city of Raleigh. Other municipalities in the county
obtta,in all their supply of water from wells.
Fake County has aa, moderate climate. The weather is
rarely extremely rigorous, though coustaantly changing
weather patterns that affect the area bring aa; variety of
weather that is changeable bath by seasons and within
seasons. The climate is determiner,, to some extent, by
the latitude. Also, the county is located near the central
part of North Carolina. It is about halfwaybetween the
Appal.aclaiaa.ra 11.0untains, on the northwest, and the At,-
lara.tic Ocean, on the southeast, and it, as protected from
climactic extremes. to some degree, both by the mountailas
and the ocean. 7n winter the mountains serve as an ef-
fective barrier to the cold fronts that frequently move,
down. across the Central 1!``'lains from Canada. Thmoull-
° By 9.. V. HARDY, State climatologist of North Ca mlina.

114
SCID SURVEY
tains turn aside some aveak cold fronts so that these
fronts never reaeh the county. The, stronger cold fronts
are modified, to some extent, ars they cross the moun-
tains.
When winds blow from directions ranging; from north-
east or east to southwest, the effects of the Atlantic,
Ocean, the Gulf of Mexico, and. the inland bodies of
water that occupy much of the eastern part of forth
Carolina are most, strongly felt. The t-ean.peniture of
these bodies of water changes much less rapidly with
changes in the seasons than does that of n2asses of land.
SeaSonal variaatioazs in the temperature of land areas
crossed by air that has passed over these bodies of water
tend to be minimized. Also, the air picks, up aa, significant
amount of moisture, as it 1xisses over the avaa,ter, and it
releases thi, moisture in the forma of rain or snow when
it passes over the land.
tk-sser influences, for example, relief, cause vaa-ria,tioras
in climate within the county, even within short clis
tances. The county is mostly gently rolling. It, is mainly
between '000 and 500 feet, above, sea, level, though some
areas are higher than 500 feet and some are lower than
200 feat. These difl'erenees in relief nand in elevation
cause some di er ekes in temperaature.
Records of temperature avid precipit,at:iora have been
kept ,it several places within the county, and all have
been considered in prelaarmg this study of the, climate.
The longest period of record is that maintained. since
1S87 to the present, time by the U.S. INreather Burean in
or near the city of Ralei(,h. The most complete record
Ill rural areas is that it the 1,1'eather Bureau Airport
Station at Raleigh-I)arrharn ,airport, That record was
begun in 1914 and has been Dept continuously since thaat,
time.
Table 8 gives facts about temperature and precipitaa,-
tiorr. in Wake County. Whera that, table was prepared.,
consideration was given to all available data for this
county. Where, feasible, the data -were adapted so that
they would be representative of ternperat,ure a.nd pre-
ciprtation in rural areas in the central part of the county,
,.is well as of those in other parts.
TEAT11FRATURF.--.-Th.e first coluann.s of table 8 hidicafe
both the average temperatures and the average eragr vari-
ability of tempera.tarre. in Wake County. The highest,
temperature ever officially recorded -Within the comAy
occurred on 2 different days in duly 1952, when a, terra•.
peraa,ture of 105" F, was reached. The Lowest tenaperaatarre
of record is 21' below zero, which occurred in February
In09. 01111vonce,since 1899 has the temperattill'o rea,chod
zero or below. During waarna spells during; any inwith in
winter„ the temperature occasionally reaches as high a5
S0°7 and_ during cold snaa.ps in saunmer, the tenape r•aa:taro
sorzae.tinles drops as low as the forties. Rarely, however,
does a. temperature as high as SO° occur- in winter crr a
temperature as low as the forties occur in summen
I<iatire 16 shows the probabilities that, a, specifiedtern.
perature will occur on or before the data 'iaa
springy or before the specified date ira f<di. Local differ
in temperaature, especially in miiiimum temperaa.-
ture, cau be caawseel by differences in relief .and by the
presence of cities or cola mituity developments.
Ila caIvrl, clear weather, heat is radiated frolra ()pert,
tansheltered earth surfaaces at, night; the surfaces cool
rapidly and, ill turn, cool the layer of air ill colata:c°,t
with them. Air, thus cooled, is heavier than --a,rrn air.
It flows dotivnhill to the lowest shots and accumulates, in
any closed basin in the area. Continued radiaa.tiora aanc@
air dniinage during a clear night cava produce a differ -
TABLE 8.-Twiperah r°c an.J precipita-!;oa for (iWil y, N.C.
[Elevation, 400 feet]
Temperature
Month Average Average
daily daily
maaximum rninirmun
Two ycaan,� in 1.0 will have at
Ie, st, 4 days with-
Precipitatiou
I
One vea.r in 10
wid have-
47 14.
P1,
julalllryl
51
33
Februatiry____.____!
53
34
March -----------
til !
41
April _..___ _-
11`j,y_ _ ___ -_-79
71
49
58
June -------_-_-_1
86
66
Jul -------------*S
l Fz
69
August------__-_�
S7
68
tieptember- _--
82
63
October-,.. -� �
72
52
November_ -----_
61 �
42
December- _..___--11
52 i
34
'Fear ----------- 1
70
51
Two ycaan,� in 1.0 will have at
Ie, st, 4 days with-
Precipitatiou
I
One vea.r in 10
wid have-
91 1
47 14.
Avera.ge I
Maxirnurn
Mi.nirnnrn
total
tem aentWr€;
ta-.rnpern,ture
3.0
equal to or i
equal to or
3. 2
ithmi-
I higher
lower t3 aP-
i
46. 9
cover
11901%,
Inches
6 9
l Fz
3. 3
72
19
3.5
76
24,
3.7
86
33
3. S
91
43
3. 8
97
54
3. 9
97
61
5. 9
j 96
59
5. 4
91 1
47 14.
6
S6
34 li
2. 8
77 '
26
3.0
67
15 j
3. 2
4 99 I
° 12 !
46. 9
Less More
thnri-- ' tbaan--
Inches
i
�o-sl
panchrs
Avcrarge
t;empE;rn-
Da,,,' s
depth of
tore
with
g1o,ly on I
4 --inch
snow
' days -, ith
depth
cover
11901%,
1
3'
covet.
1 g
Inches
Inch%
Au',rnhcr
panchrs
P.
L6
66
3
2
40
L 2
5. 4
2
1
42
1. 6 1
6. 0
1
3'
48
1 g
,a 4
0
0
59
12
6.3
0',
0
til
lS
8.0
0!
0'
76
2.6E
10.0'
0',
0
79
1. 4
9 7
©',,
0
79
1.3
6.4
0'
0
73
5 (
(3.2'
0 (
0
63
1. 1
7. 0
,2)
l"1
52
1. 7
6. 1
1
1
43
36. 1 1
51. 0 i
7
2
60
r An average of 4 daily observations made at 6 -hour intervals. t Average annual highest, temperature.
Less than one-half day. 5 Average annual lowest temperature.
s Less than one-half ineb.

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA
ence. of several degrees in minimum temperatures within
a short distance. As a result, frost and freezing tempera-
tures can occur in. one area while the temperature in a
nearby area is above freezing. When dense clouds cover
an area, or when winds blow continuously throughout
the night, no pockets of cold air form, and temperatures
remain fairly uniform throughout the county.
PRECIPITATION.—The amount of precipitation de-
creases gradually from the southeastern part of the
county to the northwest. The, average amount recorded
for any given location depends, to a great extent, on the
length of the period of years of record. The average
amount recorded for a given period, even for a period
as long as 25 to 30 years, can vary noticeably from the
average for an earlier or a later period of similar length.
Comparisons of figures for precipitation for a recent
10 -year period, when the period during which records
were kept was the same for all stations, indicate that the
average -precipitation is about 50 inches or more per
year 11i the southeastern part of Wake County, about 47
inclies in the central part, and only about 43 inches along
the northwestern edge of the county at the Raleigh-
Durham Airport,. These figures agree fairly well with
those for oldereriods in which amounts of precipita-
tion were recon ed for the same general areas. No re. -
cent observations are available for the extreme southern
and the extreme northern parts of the county.
In spite of these minor variations, precipitation is
generally plentiful and is well distributed throughout
the year. Distribution during a particular rain, how-
ever, can vary a great deal. The amount of rain received
in a storm in summer, generally in a thundershower, is
especially likely to vary greatly within a short distance.
Individual thunderclouds are sometimes effective in only
a small area, and they sometimes cause copious rain in
one part of the county while another part has less rain
or no rain. Sometimes an area is repeatedly missed by
such small-scale summer rains., and it thus becomes dry
enough that supplemental irrigation is necessary for
crops to grow well. Rains in winter are usually the re-
sult of large, moving, low-pressure storms. The amount
of moisture these storms bring is likely to be more nearly
uniform throughout the county than that received in 'a
storm in summer.
Thunderstorms in summer occasionally bring rain
heavy enough that it causes damage. Ina'given area of
the county, rain amounting to as much as 2 inches in a
sinVe ho��r is to be expected on an average of about once
in 5 years rain amounting to 4 inches or more in an
Hour is to be expected only about once in 50 years. In
some areas of the county, heavy rain may occur almost
every summer, but the area affected is generally small.
Data for snow, given in table 8, were mostly derived
from records kept during recent years at the Raleigh-
Durham Airport, but averages for the entire county were
also considered. Though snow may fall at any time dur-
ing the period from November through March, it is most
likely to accumulate and remain on the ground in Janu-
ary and February. A few of the heaviest snows have
fallen early in March, but these storms occur rarely and
the snow generally melts quickly. Earlier records, not
used in accumulating data for table 8, indicate that a
Leavy snow once fell in April.
FO
Z
Z
W
W 5-
0
ir
W
W
(L
Z
Z
0
0
®o
Ono
00
>_
CPO
�510
20-
F
20—
30-
0
30—
Cr
0
46
Er
50
---
...
(L an
10 20 10 20 3b 10 20 30-10 20
FEBRUARY MARCH I APRIL MAY
CALENDAR DATE
FALL
2-1 1 1 is i w i. , •i i
10 20 30 10 20 30 10 20 30 10 20
SEPTEMBER I OCTOBER I NOVEMBER I DECEMBER
[IN,
Figure 16—Probability that the temperature in an open, level area
in Wake County will be 16', 20', 24', 28*, 32', 36', or 40° F. after
the dates indicated in spring and before the dates indicated in fall.
STOR3ES.—Summer thunderstorms are sometimes ac-
companied by hail, damaging winds, or both. Hail or
windstorms usually affect only a small area however,
and a given area is not likely to be damaged by these
storms more than once in many years. Once in a great
many years, a small tornado accompanies a fhulider-
storm, and serious damage is inflicted in a small area.
The likelihood is negligible, however, that any given
place will be affected by such a storm. At, times in most
summers, the -velocity of the wind is strong enough that
the limbs of trees are broken and antennas or signboards
ire damaged. Also, hail that noticeably punctures to-
bacco leaves falls at times. The areas affected by these
windstorms or hailstorms are generally small.
Sleetstorms or glaze, winter cold fronts, and tropical
hurricanes are other storms that sometimes affect the
weather of Wake County. Sleet sometimes accumulates
on the ground like snow. Glaze results when rain falls
Z
W 5-
0
ir
W
Z
®o
Ono
00
>_
CPO
�510
F
20—
30—
0
Er
(L an
10 20 30 10 20 30 10 20 30 10 20
SEPTEMBER I OCTOBER I NOVEMBER I DECEMBER
[IN,
Figure 16—Probability that the temperature in an open, level area
in Wake County will be 16', 20', 24', 28*, 32', 36', or 40° F. after
the dates indicated in spring and before the dates indicated in fall.
STOR3ES.—Summer thunderstorms are sometimes ac-
companied by hail, damaging winds, or both. Hail or
windstorms usually affect only a small area however,
and a given area is not likely to be damaged by these
storms more than once in many years. Once in a great
many years, a small tornado accompanies a fhulider-
storm, and serious damage is inflicted in a small area.
The likelihood is negligible, however, that any given
place will be affected by such a storm. At, times in most
summers, the -velocity of the wind is strong enough that
the limbs of trees are broken and antennas or signboards
ire damaged. Also, hail that noticeably punctures to-
bacco leaves falls at times. The areas affected by these
windstorms or hailstorms are generally small.
Sleetstorms or glaze, winter cold fronts, and tropical
hurricanes are other storms that sometimes affect the
weather of Wake County. Sleet sometimes accumulates
on the ground like snow. Glaze results when rain falls

UM
SOIL SURVEY
in freezing weather and forms a layer of ice that ac-
cumulates ora the surface where it falls. Periods of ,glaze,
sometimes called ice storms, occur less frequently ire this
muni,y than in the western and extreme northern parts
of. the Piedmont, but; they occasionally cause breakage
of trees, shrubs, and cominunic<a,t,ion lines. Usually, vvira-
te.r cold fronts must, cross the mountains to reach this
area. Therefore, they lose much of the force with which
they pass over the Great Plains. Tropical hurricanes
rarely cause serioars damage this far inland. They some-
thues cause an increase in precipitation and bring; %N�irads
of moderate force.
OTHER h acTors Ta.z4r Arra;cae CLIMATE.- fac-
tors besides temperature, precipitation, and storms affect
climate. Among these, are wind, sunshine, and humidity.
The prevailing direction of the wind in this county is
from the southwest, but the wind blows from the north-
east almost as Hauch as from the southwest. It, blowvs
from the northeast, especially in autumn. The average
velocity of the wind near the earth's surface is 8 miles
per hour. The average velocity is higher in early after-
noon and is lover between midnightand dawn than at
other times.
The Baan shines more, than half the total number of
daylight hours. T1" tune dur.inh which the sun shines
ranges from half the possible time in winter to two-
thirds or more of the possible time, late in spring and
early summer.
The average relative humidity is aboc7t 70 percent
year round. The average daily variation ranges from
about 50 percent in midafternoon to 85 to 90 pereent at
sunrise. The relative humidity varies slightly according
to the season. The average humidity is lowest in spring
and highest late in sunnner.
The first settlers to arrive in what is now Wale
County came from Halifax about, 1741. In 1760 one of
these settlers built his home in the area that is now the
city of Raleigh. Tlw, county %%�a formed in 1771 from
paC:rts of Johnston, aanberland, and Orange Counties
and wqs named for the Wake fancily.
The early settlers grew corn, wheat, oats, tobacco, and.
some cotton on the uplands and used the grassy areas
;along streams for gI gazing cattle and grog& Because only
crarde implements were available for cultivation and
most of the work was done by hand, returns from farm-
ing Were small. Most farmers owned a mill for grinding
corer and wheat, and a distillery for processing surplus
grain and fruit,. 'I'lrey also produced turpentine and tsar,
but those products %were of only minor economic im-
porta.nce.
,it first, the, settlers did little trading outside of their
own area:, but later they began to take flour, pork, and
tobacco to New Bern to trade for commodities that they
could not produce. Still later, after the Cape Fear River
came into use for navigation., Fayetteville became the
market for the eastern, southern, and western parts of
the county. Petersburg;, bra., was tbe. preferred. inarket
for farmers in the northern part of the county, and
large numbers of cattle were driven there.
The development of AVake County and of the city of
Raleigh were closely associated. Alter the country be-
oune. independent, $Forth Carolina's General assemblies
Met in many different places, basil they had no place to
store their Mate records. When they TrIet ire 1.'778, it, was
resolved that a permanent site be selected for a State
capital. A tract. of 1,000 acres v -as selected for the State
capital and was purcha.asod at a price of $2,M. The city
%vas planned and was laid out whale it was still in forest
and farmland, and it was named Ra. l.eigh for the �� uglisli
adventurer, Sir Waaltor Raleigh.
The
The history of the county is closely linked to tho de-
voloprnent.; of the railroads. Between "1836 and 1.870, the
towns of Ca.rw, darner, i`47orri; %idle, 13e , Zebulon, and
P+ uquay Springs sprang tap along the railroad rights -of..
way, and those communat.aes are still active. The develop-
ment of the to%%n.s of Holly Springs, Wake Forest ,
orest, Wen -
doll, and hrai�°lctdale, Haas also itt(inence b.' the gro-,%1,la.
of the railroads.
As late as :1879, cotton was the most important crop.
Corn and simill grains were grown on large acreages,
however, incl only small acreages were used to grow
sweetpotatoes, hay, and tobacco. Ten years later, the
acreages of cotton, corn, and wheaat had decreased con-
siderably and the acreages of tobacco, oats, rye, sv eet-
potatoes, and hay had increased (9) . This marked the
beginning of aa, trend that has continued into the present
decade. Cotton is now of only minor importance. To-
bacco contributes a major part of thegross farm iaacorne.
Cattle, poultry, and hogs are raised extensively; 'in-
come from sales of livestock and livestock products ac-
counted for more than a, fifth of the gross farm income
in 1964. Over the past several decades, industry-, Com-
merce, and research have increased steadily ill their oorl...
tribution to the economic, life of the county,
Government. and education are extremely import,aaut
to the economic life of Wake County. Government at; all
levels employs a great number of. people.
Since, A—, ncanufaeturing has grown -.t arreatIleal.
��9 any people are employed in electronics, in rrretal far:1ori-
caa.tion, and in the rrranufa,cture of machinery, apparel,
textiles, food items, cherraicatls, and €:E number of other
product-',
The Research Triangle concept, built-, around Duke
University in Durham, the University of North Caroliaaaa
at Chapel Dill, and :N'orfla. C"a:rolina: State Lniversit.y at
Raleigh. has been one of the great spurs to the ixa.du.s-
triaalization of this area. This concept lied to the estnb -
lishment of a 5000-aer.•e industrial park to be used for
research and research oriented industries. The Hesenrch
Triangle Park has attracted leading research firms, and
these firms, in turn, have attracted leading rnairllfac-
ture.rs to the area.
Wake County is also a distributing,` and wholesaling"
center. Food distributors, who serve the. eastern 1:0aarrs
of the, Carolinas, are among bile most important of t1le.se
distributors and -wholesalers. N unrerous retail stores, in-
surance companies, utility companies, and others not
only serve the comataunit-ies but, also provide employaa�.ent
for many people.

WAKE COUNTY) NORTH CAROLINA
Literature Cited
(1) AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF STATE HIGHWAY OFFICIALS.
1961. STANDARD SBFCIFICATIONS FOR HIGHWAY MATERIALS
AND METHODS OF SAMPLING AND TESTING. Ed. 8,
2 v., illus.
(2) BALDWIN, M., KELLOGG, C. E., and TIioRP, JAMES.
1938. SOIL CLASSIFICATION. U.S. Dept. Agr. Ybk.: 979-
1001, illus.
(3) BROADFOOT, W. M., and KRINARD, R. M.
1959. GUIDE FOR EVALUATING SWEETGUM SITES. U.S. For-
est Serv. South. Forest Expt. Sta., Occasional
Paper 176, 8 pp.
(4)
1963. GUIDE FOR EVALUATING WATER OAK SITES. U.S. For-
est Serv. Res. Paper 80-1, 8 pp.
(5) CHAIKEN, L. E., and NELSON, T. C.
1959. SITE CURVES FOR PIEDMONT VIRGINIA PINE. U.S. For-
est Serv., S.E. Forest Expt. Sta. Res. Note 135,
2 pp.
(6) CorLE; T. S.
1952. SOIL AND THE GROWTH OF FORESTS. Advances in
Agron. I V : 329-398,2 pp.
(7) and SCHUMACIIER, F. X.
1953. SITE INDEX of LOBLOLLY AND SHORTLEAF PINES IN
THE PIEDMONT PLATEAU REGION. Jour. Forestry
51: 432-435.
(8) MCALPINE, ROBERT G.
1959. FLOODING KILLS YELLOW -POPLAR. Forest Farmer 19
(3) : 9, 13-14, illus.
(9) NORTH CAROLINA STATE BOARD of AGRICULTURE.
1896. NORTH CAROLINA AND ITS RESOURCES. 413 pp., illus.
Winston, N.C.
(10) OLSON, D. J.
1959. SITE INDEX CRAVES FOR UPLAND OAK IN THE SOUTH-
EAST. U.S. Forest Serv., S.E. Forest Expt. Sta.
Res. Note 125, 2 pp.
(11) OosTING, H. J., and HESS, D. W.
1956. MICROCLIMATE AND RELICT STAND OF TSUGA CANADEN-
SIS IN THE LOWER PIEDMONT OF NORTH CAROLINA.
Ecol. 37: 28-39, illus.
(12) SIMONSON, Roy. W.
1962. SOIL CLASSIFICATION IN THE UNITED STATES. SCI.
137: 1027-1034.
(13) THCBP, JAMES, and SMITH, Guy. D.
1949. HIGHER CATEGORIES OF SOIL CLASSIFICATION: ORDER,
SUBORDER, AND GREAT SOIL GROUPS. Soil SCI. 67:
117-126.
(14) UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
1929. VOLUME, YIELD, AND STAND TABLES FOR SECOND -
GROWTH SOUTHERN PINES. Misc. Pub. 50, 202 pp.
(Out of print)
(15)
1951. SOIL SURVEY MANUAL. U.S. Dept. Agr. Handbook
18, 503 pp., illus.
(16)
1960. SOIL CLASSIFICATION, A COMPREHENSIVE SYSTEM,
7TH APPROXIMATION. Soil Survey Staff, Soil Con-
servation Service, 265 pp., illus. ( Supplement is-
sued in March 1967)
(17) WATERWAYS EXPERIMENT STATION, CORPS OF ENGINEERS.
1953. THE UNIFIED SOIL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM. Tech.
Memo, No. 3-357,3 v., illus.
Glossary
Acidity, soil. See Reaction, soil.
Alluvium. Soil material, such as sand, silt, or clay, that has
been deposited on land by streams.
Available water capacity. The capacity of a soil to hold water
in a form available to plants. The amount of moisture held
in a soil between field capacity, or about one-third atmos-
phere of tension, and the wilting point, or about 15 atmos-
pheres of tension. Commonly expressed as inches of water
per inch of soil.
117
Clay. As a soil separate, the mineral soil particles less than
0.002 millimeter in diameter. As a textural class, soil material
that is 40 percent or more clay, less than 45 percent sand, and
less than 40 percent silt.
Consistence, soil. The feel of the soil and the ease with which a
lump can be crushed by the fingers. Terms commonly used to
describe consistence are—
Loose. Noncoherent; the soil does not hold together in a mass.
Friable. When moist, the soil crushes under gentle to moder-
ate pressure between thumb and forefinger and can be
pressed together into a lump.
Firm. When moist, the soil crushes under moderate pressure
between thumb and forefinger, but resistance is distinctly
noticeable.
Plastic. When wet, the soil is readily deformed by moderate
pressure but can be pressed into a lump; forms a wire
when rolled between thumb and forefinger.
Sticky. When wet, the soil adheres to other material, and
tends to stretch somewhat and pull apart, rather than to
pull free from other material.
Hard. When dry, the soil is moderately resistant to pressure
and is difficult to break between the thumb and forefinger.
Soft. When dry, the soil breaks into powder or individual
grains under very .slight pressure.
Cemented. Hard and brittle; little affected by moistening.
Creep, soil. The downward movement of masses of soil mate-
rial, primarily through the action of gravity. The movement
is generally slow and irregular. It occurs most commonly
when the lower part of the soil is nearly saturated with
water, and it may be facilitated by alternate freezing and
thawing.
Drainage, natural. Refers to moisture conditions that existed
during the development of the soil, as opposed to altered
drainage, which is commonly the result of artificial drainage
or irrigation but can be caused by the sudden deepening of
channels or the blocking of a drainage outlet. The following
seven different classes of natural drainage are recognized:
Excessively drained soils are commonly very porous, are rapid-
ly permeable, and have low water -holding capacity.
Somewhat excessively drained soils are also very permeable
and are free from mottling throughout their profile.
Well -drained soils are nearly free from mottling and are com-
monly of intermediate texture.
Moderately well drained soils commonly have a slowly perme-
able layer in or immediately beneath the solum. They have
uniform color in the A and upper B horizons and have
mottling in the lower B and C horizons.
Somewhat poorly drained soils are wet for significant periods
but not all the time.
Poorly drained soils are wet for long periods, are light gray,
and generally are mottled from the surface downward,
though mottling may be absent or nearly absent in some
soils.
Very poorly drained soils are wet nearly all the time. They
have a dark -gray or black surface layer and are gray,
light gray, or without mottling in the deeper parts of the
profile.
Erosion. The wearing away of the land surface by wind,
running water, and other geologic agents.
First bottom. The normal flood plain of a stream, subject to fre-
quent or occasional flooding.
Flood plain. Nearly level land, consisting of stream sediment,
that borders a stream and is subject to flooding unless pro-
tected artificially.
Horizon, soil. A layer of soil, approximately parallel to the sur-
face, that has distinct characteristics produced by soil -
forming processes and that differs in one or more ways
from adjacent horizons in the same profile. These are the
major soil horizons:
0 horizon. The layer of organic matter on the surface of a
mineral soil. This layer consists of decaying plant residue.
A horizon. The mineral horizon at the surface or just below
an O horizon. This horizon is the one in which living or-
ganisms are most active, and it is therefore marked by
the accumulation of humus. The horizon may have lost one
or more of soluble salts, clay, and sesquioxides (iron and
aluminum oxides).

1.1s
SOIL SURVEY
1; horizon. The mineral horizon below an 4 horizon. The B
horizon is in part a layer of change from the overlying A
to the underlying C horizon. The 11 horizon alw) has dis-
tinctive chantcteristics caused by aeemnulaticaa of clay,
sesaluioxides, humins, or some combination of: these; by
prismatic or blocky structure; by redder or stronger col-
ors; or by some combination of these characteristics. The
combined A and B horizons are usually called the solum,
or true soil. If a. soil lacks it B horizon, the A horizon
alone is the solum.
C horizon. The weathered rock material immediately beneath
the solum. This layer, commonly called the soil parent
material, is presumed to be like that from which the over-
lying horizons were formed in most soils. If the. under-
lying material is known to be different from that in the-
solum,
hesolum, n Il.onom numeral precedes the letter C.
T layer. Consolidated rock beneath the soil. The rock gen-
erally underlies a C horizon but may be immediately
beneath an A or B horizon.
Ln./iltratlon. The downward entry of water into the immediate
surface of soli or other material, as contrasted with per-
colation, which is movement; of water through soil layers or
material.
1lottled, Irregularly marked with spots of different colors that-,
nary in number and size. Mottling in soils visually indicates
poor aeration and lack of drainage. I3escriptive terms are as
follows; Abundance—f(w, comnson, and many; size—fiste,
tite!li. mi, and coarses and contrast --faint, distinct, and proan-
hicw, The size measurements are these: Fbic, less than 5
millimeters (about 0.2 inch) in diameter along the greatest
dimension; medium, ranging from 5 to 15 millimeters (about
0.2 to 0.6 inch) in diameter along the greatest dimension;
and coarse, more than 15 millimeters (about 0.6 inch) in
diameter along the greatest dimension.
Ped. All individual natural soil aggregate, such as a Crumb,
a prism, or a block, in contrast to a clod.
PernicaNlity, soil. The quality of a, soil horizon that enables
seater or air to move through it. Terms used to describe
permeability are as follows: Vct-y slow, sloe(:, inoderately
sloita, inoderate, moderately rapid, rapids and very rapid.
Plvri.thitc. The sesquioxide-rich, hunnus-poor, highly weathered
mixture of clay with quartz and other diluents that common-
ly shows as red mottles, usually in platy, polygonal, or retic-
ulate patterns. Plinthitc changes irreversibly to hardpan or
to irregular aggregates upon repeated wetting and drying,
or is the hardened relict of the soft, red mottles. It is a form
of laterite.
Reaction, soil. The degree of acidity or alkalinity of a soil, ex-
pressed in p1l values. F1 soil that tests to pH 7.0 is precisely
neutral in reaction because it is neither acid nor alkaline.
An acid coil is one that gives an acini a°eaction; an alkaline
soil is one that .is alkaline in reaction. In words, the degrees
of acidity or alkalinity are expressed thus
P11 7)H
Extremely acid Below 4.5:NeuiralW,_____-.,_-_._._._._G.fit:o7.3
Very strongly acid --4.5 to 5.0 Mildly alkaline_. -_,_.._,__7.i to 7.8
Strongly acid ------___..5.1 to 5.5 Moderately alkalinie__7.9 to 8A
Medium a.cid_..__....___._.5,6 to 6.0 Strongly
Slightly aeicl- -.6.1 to 6.5 Very strongly alkaline
9A and higher
Sand. As a soil separate, individual rock or mineral fragments
ranging from 0.05 millimeter to 2.0 millimeters in di;aineter.
Most sand grains consist of quartz, but ,and may be of any
mineral composition. As a textural class, soil that. is 85 per-
cent or more sand and not more than ]0 percent clay.
Sr.Nuioxid,cs. Oxides having trivalent rations as iron or talurtti--
num oxides.
,Gilt. As a soil separate, individual mineral. particles that range
from the upper limit of cloy (0.002 milliTeter) to the lower
limit of very fine sand (0.05 millimeter). As a textural class,
soil that is 80 percent or more ,silt and less than 12 percent
clay.
Soil. A natural, three-dimensional body on the earth's surface
that supports plants and that has properties resulting front
the integrated effect of climate and living matter acting,
upon parent Material, as conditioned by relief over periods
of time.
,Structure, soil. The arrangement of primary soil particles into
compound particles or clusters that are separated :front ad-
joining aggregates and have properties unlike those of an
equal mass of unaggregated primary soil particles. The prin-
cipal forms of soil structure are --platy (laminated). pris-
inatic ( vertical axis of aggregates longer than horizontal) ,
coluni,nar (prisms with rounded tops), blocky (angular or
subangular), and granular. Stratchtrelas.s soils are (1) single
grain (each grain by itself, as in dune sand) or (2) mas-
sivc (the particles adhering together without any regular
cleat%age, as in many claypans and hardpans).
Subsail. Technically, the B horizon; roughly, the part of the
profile below plow depth.
Sabstratuni, Any layer lying beneath the .solum, or true soil.
Terrace (geologic). An old alluvial plain, ordinarily flat or uan-
dulating, bordering a river, a lake, or the sea. Streain ter-
races are frequently called second bottoms, as contrasted svilh
flood plains, and are seldom subject to overflow. llfarine ter-
races were deposited by the sea and are generally wide.
Texture, soil. The relative proportions of sand, silt, and clay
particles in a mass of soil. The ba5ie textural classes, in order
of increasing proportion of fine particles, are sand., loamy
sand,, sandy loam,, locant, silt loam, silt, sandy clay roars, clay
loam., silty clap loam, sandy clay, silty clay, and clap. The
sand, loamy send, and sanely loam classes may be farther
divided by specifying "coarse," `fine," or "very fine,"
TWh, soil. The condition of the soil in relation to the, growth of
plants, especially ;soil structure. (loud tilth refers to the fri-
able state. and is associated. with high noncapillary porosity
za.tad stable, granular structure. A soil in poor tilth is non -
friable, hard, nonaggregated, and difficult to till.

GUIDE TO MAPPING UNITS
Por a full description of a mapping unit, read beth the description of the mapping unit and the soil series
to which it belongs. Other information is given in tables as follows:
Map
Acreage and extent, table 1, P. 7.
Estimated yields, table 2, Y. 74.
Described
on
Engineering
4, 5, 6, pp.
Capability
unit
uses of the soils,
88 through 109.
Woodland
suitability
group
tables
Wildlife
suitability
group
symbol
Mapping unit
page
Symbol
Page
Number Page
:dumber
Page
A£A
Altavista fine sandy loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes-
9
IIw-1
67
4
79
1
85
AgB
Appling gravelly sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent
slopes-----------------------------------------
9
1Ie-1
66
5
79
1
85
AgB2
Appling gravelly sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent
slopes, eroded---------------------------------
10
IIe-1
66
5
79
1
85
AgC
Appling gravelly sandy loan, 6 to 10 percent
slopes-----------------------------------------
10
IIIe-1
67
5
79
1
85
AgC2
Appling gravelly sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent
slopes, eroded----------------------------------
10
IIIe-1
67
5
79
1
85
ApB
Appling sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes--------
10
IIe-1
66
5
79
1
85
ApB2
Appling sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes,
eroded------------------------------------------
11
IIe-1
66
5
79
1
85
ApC
Appling sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes-------
11
IIIe-1
67
5
79
1
85
ApC2
Appling sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes,
eroded-----------------------------------------
11
IIIe-1
67
5
79
1
85
ApD
Appling sandy loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes------
12
IVe-1
71
5
79
1
85
AsB
Appling fine sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes---
12
IIe-1
66
5
79
1
85
AsB2
Appling fine sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes,
eroded-----------------------------------------
12
IIe-1
66
5
79
1
85
AsC
Appling fine sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes--
12
IIIe-1
67
5
79
1
85
AsC2
Appling fine sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes,
eroded------------------------------------------
13
IIIe-1
67
5
79
1
85
Au
Augusta fine sandy loam---------------------------
13
IIIw-2
7C
4
79
2
85
(1/)
Borrow area--------------------------------------
14
(1/)
--
13
83
5
87
Bu
Buncombe soils-----------------------------------
14
IVs -1
72
3
79
4
87
CeB
Cecil sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes----------
15
IIe-1
66
5
79
1
85
CeB2
Cecil sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded--
15
IIe-1
66
5
79
1
85
CeC
Cecil sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes---------
16
IIIe-1
67
5
79
1
85
CeC2
Cecil sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded-
16
IIIe-1
67
5
79
1
85
CeD
Cecil sandy loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes---------
16
IVe-1
71
5
79
1
85
CeF
Cecil sandy loam, 15 to 45 percent slopes--------
16
VIe-1
72
5
79
1
85
CgB
Cecil gravelly sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes-
16
IIe-1
66
5
79
1
85
CgB2
Cecil gravelly sandy loam, 2 to6percent slopes,
eroded------------------------- -----------
17
IIe-1
66
5
79
1
85
CgC
Cecil gravelly sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent
slopes-----------------------------------------
17
IIIe-1
67
5
79
1
85
CgC2
Cecil gravelly sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent
slopes, eroded---------------------------------
17
IIIe-1
67
5
79
1
85
C1B3
Cecil clay loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, severely
eroded-----------------------------------------
17
IIIe-2
68
5
79
1
85
C1C3
Cecil clay loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, severely
eroded-----------------------------------------
17
IVe-2
71
5
79
1
85
C1E3
Cecil clay loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes,
severely eroded--------------------------------
18
VIe-2
73
5
79
3-
85
Cm
Chewacla soils----�--------------------------------
18
IIIw-1
70
1
78
2
85
Cn
Colfax sandy loam--------------------------------
19
IIIw-2
70
4
79
2
85
Co
Congaree fine sandy loam-------------------------
20
IIw-2
67
1
78
2
85
Cp
Congaree silt loam-------------------------------
2C
IIw-2
67
1
78
2
85
CrB
Creedmoor sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes------
21
IIe-3
66
11
82
1
85
CrB2
Creedmoor sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes,
eroded-----------------------------------------
21
IIIe-3
69
11
82
1
85
CrC
Creedmoor sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes-----
22
IIIe-3
69
11
82 1
1
85

GUIDE TO MAPPING UP:ITS--Continued
Map
symbol Mapping unit
CrC2 Creedmoor sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes,
eroded-----------------------------------------
CrE Creed -moor sandy loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes----
CtB Creedmoor silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes-------
CtC Creedmocr silt loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes------
DuB Durham loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes---------
DuB2 Durham loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded-
DuC Durham loamy sand, 6 to 10 percent slopes--------
Du:;2 Durham -loamy sand, 6 to 10 percent slopes,
eroded-----------------------------------------
EnB Enon fine sandy Loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes------
EnB2 Enon fine sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes,
eroded-----------------------------------------
EnC Enon fire sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes-----
EnC2 Enon fine sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes,
eroded-----------------------------------------
EnD2 Enon fine sandy loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes,
eroded------------- ---------------------
Fa3 Faceville sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes------
FaE2 Facevill-e sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes,
eroded-----------------------------------------
FaC2 Faceville sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes,
eroded-----------------------------------------
GeI3 Georgeville silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes-----
GeB2 Georgeville silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes,
eroded-----------------------------------------
Gec Georgeville silt loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes----
GeC2 Georgeville silt loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes,
eroded-----------------------------------------
GeD2 Georgeville silt loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes,
eroded-----------------------------------------
Go Goldsboro sandy luain -----------------------------
GrB Granville sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes------
GrB2 Granville sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes,
eroded-----------------------------------------
Grc Granville sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes-----
GrC2 Granville sandy loam, 6 tc 10 percent slopes,
eroded-----------------------------------------
GrD Granville sandy loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes ----
Gu Gullied land -------------------------------------
jje3 Helena sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes---------
IIeB2 Helena sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes,
eroded-----------------------------------------
I,eC Helena sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes--------
-eC2 Helena sandy ,oain, 6 to 10 percent slopes,
eroded-----------------------------------------
HeD Helena sandy loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes-------
HrB Iierndon silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes---------
Hr32 He—)don silt :Loa::, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded-
ilrC Herndon silt loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes--------
HrC2 Herndon silt loan, 6 to 10 percent slopes,
eroded-----------------------------------------
Hr-)2 IIerndon silt loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes,
eroded-----------------------------------------
-IrF Iernden silt loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes-------
LdR2 Lloyd loam, 2 to 6 perceiit slopes, eroded--------
LdC2 Lloyd loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded-------
LdD2 Lloyd loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes, eroded------
Lo3 Louisburg loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes------
LDCLouisburg loamy sand, 6 to 10 percent slopes -----
Described
on
page
22
22
22
23
23
23
24
24
25
25
25
25
26
26
27
27
28
28
28
2
29
29
30
30
31
32
32
3.2
33
33
33
J3
4
34
35
35
35
35
36
36
36
37
37
38
Capability
unit
Symbol Page
IVe-3
VIe-1
Ile -3
IIIe-3
Ile -1
IIe-1
IIIe-I
Ille-1
IIe-3
IIe-3
IIIe-3
IIIe-3
IVe-"
IIe-1
IIe-I
IIIe-1
IIe-2
IIe-2
IIIe-2
IIIe-2
IVe-2
I1w-1
IIe-1
IIe-1
IIIe-1
IIIe-1
IVe-1
VIIe-1
IIe-3
IIIe-3
IIIe-3
IVe-3
IVe-3
IIe-2
IIe-2
IIIe-2
IIIe-2
IVe-2
VIe-1
IIe-2
IIIe-2
IVe-2
IIIe-4
IVe-3
71
72
66
69
66
66
67
67
66
66
69
69
71
66
66
67
66
66
68
68
71
67
66
66
67
67
71
73
66
69
69
71
71
66
66
68
68
71
72
66
68
7l
69
71
Woodland Wildlife
suitability suitability
group group
Plumber. Page I Nu.*:ber Page
11
11
11
11
5
5
5
5
ll
11
11
I1
11
6
6
6
5
5
5
5
5
4
5
5
5
5
5
13
11
11
11
11
11
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
12
12
82
62
82
82
79
79
79
79
82
82
82
82
82
8o
80
80
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
83
82
82
82
82
82
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
82
82
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
l
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
15
1
1
1
1
I
1
1
1
7
1
1
1
l
1
4
4
d5
8�5
85
G5
t5
85
85
�5
85
85
85
85
85
85
85
85
85
85
85
85
85
85
85
85
87
85
85
85
85
85
85
85
85
85
85
85
85
85
85
87
87

GUIDE TO MAPPING UNITS --Continued
Map
Described
on
Capability
unit
Woddland
suitability
group
Wildlife
suitability
group
symbol
Mapping unit
page
Symbol
Page
Number
Page
Number
Page
LoD
Louisburg loamy sand, 10 to 15 percent slopes----
.<8
VIe-1
72
12
82
4
87
LwB
Louisburg-Trdedowee complex, 2 to 6 percent slopes-
38
IIIe-4
69
12
82
4
87
LwB2
Louisburg -Wedowee complex, 2 to 6 percent
slopes, eroded----------------------------------
38
IIIe-4
69
12
82
4
87
LwC
LouisburgTraedowee complex, 6 to 10 percent
slopes------------------------------------------
38
IVe-3
71
12
82
4
87
L�.C2
Louisburg -Wedowee complex, 6 to 10 percent
slopes, eroded ---------------------------------
39
IVe-3
71
12
82
4
87
Ly
Lynchburg sandy loam------------------------------
40
IIw-1
67
4
79
2
85
Ma
Made land----------------------------------------
40
83
5
87
MdB2
Madison sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes,
eroded-----------------------------------------
40
IIe-1
66
5
79
1
85
MdC2
Madison sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes,
eroded-----------------------------------------
41
1IIe-1
67
5
79
1
85
MdD2
Madison sandy loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes,
eroded------ -----------------------------------------
41
IVe-1
71
5
79
1
85
MdE2
Madison sandy loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes,
eroded-----------------------------------------
41
VIe-1
72
5
79
1
85
Me
Mantachie soils----------------------------------
42
IIIw-2
70
4
79
2
85
MfB
Mayodan sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes--------
43
IIe-1
66
5
79
1
85
MIB2
Mayodan sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes,
eroded -----------------------------------------
43
IIe-1
66
5
79
1
85
MfC
Mayodan sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes-------
43
IIIe-1
67
5
79
1
85
MfC2
Mayodan sandy loam, 6 to'10 percent slopes,
eroded-----------------------------------------
44
TIIe-1
67
5
79
1
85
MfD2
Mayodan sandy loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes,
eroded-----------------------------------------
44
TVe-1
71
5
79
1
85
MfE
Mayodan sandy loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes------
44
Vie -1
72
5
79
1
85
MgB
Mayodan gravelly sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent
slopes-----------------------------------------
44
Ile -1
66
5
79
1
85
MgB2
Mayodan gravelly sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent
slopes, eroded---------------------------------
44
Ile -1
66
5
79
1
85
MgC
Mayodan gravelly sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent
slopes-----------------------------------------
45
IIIe-1
67
5
79
1
85
MgC2
Mayodan gravelly sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent
slopes, eroded---------------------------------
45
IIIe-1
67
5
79
1
85
MyB
Mayodan silt loam, thin, 2 to 6 percent slopes---
45
IIe-2
66
5
79
1
85
MyB2
Mayodan silt loam, thin, 2 to 6 percent slopes,
eroded-----------------------------------------
45
IIe-2
66
5
79
1
85
MyC
Mayodan silt loam, thin, 6 to 10 percent slopes--
46
IIIe-2
68
5
79
1
85
MyC2
Mayodan silt loam, thin, 6 to 10 percent slopes,
eroded------------------------------------------
46
TIIe-2
68
5
79
1
85
MyD
Mayodan silt loam, thin, 10 to 15 percent slopes--
46
TVe-2
71
5
79
1
85
NoA
Norfolk loamy sand, 0 to 2 percent slopes--------
47
I-1
65
6
80
1
85
NoB
Norfolk loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes--------
47
Ile -1
66
6
80
1
85
NcB2
Norfolk loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes,
eroded-----------------------------------------
47
IIe-1
66
6
80
1
85
NcC
Norfolk loamy sand, 6 to 10 percent slopes-------
48
IlIe-1
67
6
80
1
85
NoC2
Norfolk loamy sand, 6 to 10 percent slopes,
eroded------------------------------------------
48
IIIe-1
67
6
80
1
85
OrB
Orangeburg loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes-----
4g
IIe-1
66
6
80 I
1
85
OrB2
Orangeburg loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes,
eroded-----------------------------------------
49
IIe-1
66
6
80
1
85
OrC2
Orangeburg loamy sand, 6 to 10 percent slopes,
eroded------------------------------------------
49
IIIe--1
67
6
80
1
85
PkC
Pinkston sandy loam, 0 to 10 percent slopes------
50
TVe-3
71
12
82
4
87

GUIDE TO MAPPING UNITS --Continued
Map
symbol
Mapping unit
Described
on
page
Capability
unit
Woodland
suitability
group
Wildlife
suitability
group
Symbol Page
Plumber Page
Number Page'
PkF
Pinkston sandy loam, 10 to 45 percent slopes-----
50
VIIe-1
73
12
82
4
87
Ps
Plummer sand-------------------------------------
51
IVw_l
72
8
80
3
87
Ra
Rains fine sandy loam----------------------------
51
IIIw-3
70
7
80
3
87
Ro
Roanoke fine sandy loam--------------------------
52
IVw-1
72
2
78
3
87
S;:
Swamp--------------------------------------------
52
VIIw-1
73
14
84
3
87
VaB
Vance sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes----------
54
IIe-3
66
11
82
1
85
VaB2
Vance sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded--
54
IIe-3
66
11
82
1
85
VaC2
Vance sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded-
54
IIIe-3
69
11
82
1
85
WaA
Wagram loamy sand, 0 to 2 percent slopes---------
55
IIs -1
67
9
81
4
87
WaB
viagram loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes---------
55
IIs -1
67
9
81
4
87
WaC
Wagram loamy sand, 6 to 10 percent slopes--------
56
IIIe-5
69
9
81
LF
87
WUA
Wagram-Troup sands, 0 to 4 percent slopes---------
56
IIIS-1
70
10
81
4
87
Wh
Wahee fine sandy loam----------- -------------
56
IIIw-2
70
4
79
2
85
WkC
Wake soils, 2 to 10 percent slopes---------------
57
IVe-3
71
12
82
L
87
WkE
Wake soils, 10 to 25 percent slopes--------------
57
VIIe-1
73
12
82
4
87
WmB
Wedowee sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes--------
58
lIe-1
66
5
79
1
85
Wm32
Wedowee sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes,
eroded-----------------------------------------
58
IIe-1
66
5
79
1
85
WmC
Wedowee sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes-------
58
IIIe-1
67
5
79
1
85
WmC2
Wedowee sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes,
eroded-----------------------------------------
58
Ille-1
67
5
79
1
85
WmD2
Wedowee sandy loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes,
eroded-----------------------------------------
59
IVe-1
71
5
79
1
85
WmE
Wedcwee sandy loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes------
59
VIe-1
72
5
79
1
85
Wn
Wehadkee silt loam-------------------------------
60
IVw-1
72
2
78
3
87
Wo
Wehadkee and Bibb soils--------------------------
60
IVw-1
72
2
78
3
87
WSD
White Store sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes----
61
IIe-3
66
11
82
1
85
WsB2
White Store sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes,
eroded-----------------------------------------
61
IIIe-3
69
11
82
1
85
WsC
White Store sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes---
61
IIIe-3
69
11
82
1
85
WsC2
White Store sandy loam, 6 to 10 pe -cent slopes,
eroded-----------------------------------------
61
IVe-3
71
11
82
1
85
GCSE
White Store sandy loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes--
62
VIe-1
72
11
82
1
S5
WtB
White Store silt loam., 2 to 6 percent slopes-----
62
IIe-3
66
11
82
1
&5
WvD3
?white Store clay loam, 2 to 15 percent slopes,
severely eroded--------------------------------
63
VIe-2
73
11
82
1
85
W:c
Wilkes soils, 2 to 10 percent slopes-------------
63
IVe-3
71
12
82
4
87
W1,,E
Wilkes soils, 10 to 20 percent slopes------------
63
VIe-2
73
12
82
4
87
w1 ;f
Wilkes soils, 20 to 45 percent slopes------------
64
VIIe-1
73
12
82
4
87
WxE
Wilkes stony soils, 15 to 25 percent slopes-------
64
VIIe-1
73
12
82
4
87
Wy
Worsham sandy loam-------------------------------
64
IVw-1
72
2
78
3
87
1/
Identified by its name on the soil map; not assigned to
a capability
unit.

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