Loading...
HomeMy WebLinkAbout19950285 Ver 1_COMPLETE FILE_19950417State of North Carolina Department of Environment, Health and Natural Resources Division of Environmental Management James B. Hunt, Jr., Governor Jonathan B. Howes, Secretary A. Preston Howard, Jr., P.E., Director 171 44 ?EHNR March 17, 1995 - Gates County DEM Project # 95285 APPROVAL of 401 Water Quality Certification Mr. Wade Askew Route 1, Box 172B Eure, N.C. 27935 FILE COP Dear Mr. Ashew: You have our approval to place fill material in 0.6 acres of wetlands or waters for the purpose of construction of a shelter to store farm equipment at SR # 1113 1/4 mile from White Oak, as you described in your application dated 14 March 1995. After reviewing your application, we have decided that this fill is covered by General Water Quality Certification Number 2671. This certification allows you to use Nationwide Permit Number 26 when it is issued by the Corps of Engineers. This approval is only valid for the purpose and design that you described in your application. If you change your project, you must notify us and you may be required to send us a new application. For this approval to be valid, you must:follow.the conditions listed in the attached certification. In addition, you should get any other federal,, state or local permits before you go ahead with your project. If you do not accept any of the conditions of this certification, you may ask for an adjudicatory hearing. You must act within 30 days of the date that you receive this letter. To ask. for a hearing, send a written petition which conforms. to. Chapter 150B of the North Carolina General Statutes to the Office of Administrative Hearings, P.O. Box 27447, Raleigh, N.C. 27611-7447. This certification and its conditions are final and binding unless you ask for a hearing. This letter completes the review of the Division of Environmental Management under Section 401 of the Clean Water Act. If you have any questions, please telephone John Dorney at 919-733-1786. Sincerely, r toard, Jr. P. . Attachment cc: Wilmington District Corps of Engineers Corps of Engineers Washington Field Office Washington DEM Regional Office Mr. John Dorney Central Files 95285.1tr P.O. Box 29535, Raleigh, North Carolina 27626-0535 Telephone 919-733-7015 FAX 919-733-2496 An Equal opportunity Affirmative Action Employer 50% recycled/ 10% post-consumer paper DEM ID: 9 5 Z2, 5 ACTION ID: Nationwide Permit Requested (Provide Nationwide Permit It): e 401 ISSUED `-.T'SSA 1JOINT FORM FOR >?? Natio ide permits that require notification to the Corps of Engineers Nationwide permits that.require application for Section 401 certification WILMINGTON DISTRICT ENGINEER CORPS OF ENGINEERS DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY P.O. Box 1890 Wilmington, NC 28402-1890 ATTN: CESAW-CO-E Telephone (919) 2514511 WATER QUALITY PLANNING DIVISION OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANA - - NC DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT, Q AND NATURAL RESOURCES i! P.O. Box 29535 Raleigh, NC 27626-0535 MAR 4 0% ATTN: MR. JOHN DORNEY Telephone (919) 733-5083 ONE (1) COPY OF THIS COMPLETED APPLICATION SHOULD BE SENT TO THE CORPS OF ENGINEERS. SEVEN (7) COPIES SHOULD BE SENT TO THE N.C. DIVISION OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT. PLEASE PRINT. 1. Owners Name: Wade Askew 2. Owners Address: Rt. 1, Box 172B, Eure, NC 27935 3. Owners Phone Number (Home): (919) 357-0992 (Work): 4. If Applicable: Agent's name or responsible corporate official, address, phone number: N/A 5. Location of work (MUST ATTACH MAP). County: Gates Nearest Town or City: Eure Specific Location (Include road numbers, landmarks, etc.): S.R. # 1113 1/4 mile from White Oak b T c? 6. Name of Closest Stream/River: Cole's CrPPk 7. River Basin: Chowan 8. Is this project located in a watershed classified as Trout, SA, HQW, ORW, WS I, or WS II? YES [ ] NO [R] 9. Have any Section 404 permits been previously requested for use on this property? YES K NO 10 If yes, explain. ?O??er.r? 1 ?s 4u es ??-el Q ?+c/ rG c ?'+e v??, Cove ci a c?r?L/ 10. Estimated total number of acres of waters of the U.S., including wetlands, located on project site: 50 11. Number of acres of waters of the U.S., including wetlands, impacted by the proposed project: Filled: Drained: 0.6 ac. Flooded: Excavated: Total Impacted: O 6 ar 12. Description of proposed work (Attach PLANS-8 1/2" X 11" drawings only): Cl a area of vPgPtati on in cut over"pine plantation. 13. Purpose of proposed work: To construct farm shelter to store farm equ. - Lit 14. State reasons why the applicant believes that this activity must be carried out in wetlands. Also, note measures taken to minimize wetland impacts. Thi,; nrtma J q and iar_pnt to nthPr farm chPl tare and chnT Area rPz'iirPG 1itt1Ar rdrninagp. 15. You'4e required to contact the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) and/or National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) regarding the presence or any Federally listed or proposed for listing endangered or threatened species or critical habitat in the permit area that may be affected by the proposed project. Have you done so? YES[ ] NO [)d RESPONSES FROM THE USFWS AND/OR NMFS SHOULD BE FORWARDED TO CORPS. . 16. You are required to contact the State Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO) regarding the presence of historic properties in the permit area which may be affected by the proposed project? Have you done so? YES [ ] NO [ RESPONSE FROM THE SHPO SHOULD BE FORWARDED TO CORPS. 17. Additional information required by DEM: A. Wetland delineation map showing all wetlands, streams, and lakes on the property. B. If available, representative photograph of wetlands to be impacted by project. C. If delineation was performed by a consultant, include all data sheets relevant to the placement of the delineation line. D. If a stormwater management plan is required for this project, attach copy. E. What is land use of surrounding property? _ Crnp 1 and anal Wand l and F. If applicable, what is proposed method of sewage disposal? N/A Owner's Signature Date f T.SP6 U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS e• WILMINGTON DISTRICT Action ID. / /5 0 County r. ?{ e GENERAL PERMIT (REGIONAL AND NATIONWIDE) VERIFICATION, Property Owner/Agent Address Telephone No. Size and Location of project ( Description of Activity Section v404 (Clean Water 1344) only. town, etc.) Section 10 (River and Harbor Act of 1899) only. Section 404 and Section 10. Regional General Permit or Nationwide Permit Number. Any violation of the conditions of the Regional General or Nationwide Permit referenced above may subject the permittee to a stop work order, a restoration order,. and/or appropriate legal action. This Department of the Army Regional General/Nationwide Permit verification does not relieve the undersigned permittee of the responsibility to obtain any other required Federal, State, or local approvals/permits. The permittee may need to contact appropriate State and local agencies before beginning work. By signature below, the permittee certifies an understanding and acceptance of all terms and conditions of this permit. Property Owner/Authorized Agent Signature Regulatory Project Manager Signature- Date _ 1P v S Expiration 7 SURVEY PLATS, FIELD SKETCH, WETLAND DELINEATION FORM, ETC., MUST:BE ATTACHED TO THE YELLOW (FILE) COPY OF THIS FORM, IF REQUIRED OR AVAILABLE. r f.i7: r S\31t? #3H{••ar.,,y -'trl.q IV .'.o' ti? 7+i ii , t? i ..! t;i 1 i? °'.?•' ... i Z=.iP `rirnr; .;71nT 1'o tiv rni"P a CESAW Forth 591 N Doc 1993 • ?ir• r' ? 13 r?r. ?. ? ? r jr r `g it ? r hre r I (>.:^? r.' :i•?.::=i fi, i. ,- (r.,n 4?1?1{f/1 {• ? ? - r /+1it of YX„rg1t..1 "S5 t.i'1 ?l}i a'6y S r ??p'1Y• it2' l t f. Z }4fri1 .. r rFt r Gi U"' •• - / ??/ U 10 1UI WNW*, ILE "Ce . White & (210 lam. ,fir I ? •?• ._ •'\ " I?V^ 1 1* tl.5 1 •1 • • '?? r. '? rl.. • • 1113 111 t . ` s r rrej?? x141 ?> t ? ?? M r ? ? • .•' , ! 0,?? t?, , k 'tea kL'' ' 1.ry ?.•+: %.4) O U 40 + tea. • '? ' .' C?Tr. '?. •• .'"•'?'?L, •?3°?.f Y f _? ? ? ^ _.,_ Cam C/ • ull 1 '• I ? r--- i ,•rK,,,S :.,,_:w l>i?-'l ' )? \ :"t•';??+?y. ?? ?•• • ? ? \? \? tits s?' +' d ^- r •* ,l is , O ::" 116 ' i Nfill' ArT Cli • ? • • 1 i t '' i ? i O 1:5 r.? •-- ? / ,? " ' ?? •:. ? + .:tip .. ,`.,:• f l/ ?•? .Cem• ? ? . ? ,? ??'- ? ? ? ;s? PLAN TO CONVERT WETLANDS FOR NON-AGnICULTURAL USES NAME t AIJt?w6?? ?Sk up ADDRESS 3?-_?pX 1'1 a FARIvi NUMBEF1_ Q E; (p TRACT NUMBER .Z 7S- PRESENT LAND USE `WbOAS 1AND PLANNED LAND USE g ?{•?R ?R E A. tonett'? DEsCRII3E T I IE CONDI T ION OF THE AREA THAT YOU PLAN 1'0 CONVERT . ?hG O??e Wis. Q&3C1!A Ya Uc.aa +,ha!c hao beeK loa4eo a6y"t' Ga. ApD. PLANNED AUI-ERAl IONS (for example: clear trees, dig ditch, etc.) C nr d,mhag %rQt,y\,7T ANTICIPATED DATE THE ALTERATIONS WILL BE COMPLETE & PLAN IMPLEMENTEDM;d ML%" PLAN14ED COVET? FOR TI IE AREA QCx tm?'ren' S1ne??e+r Lipp, :pe.St:oul is AA Wnt %- ARa.RS, O 11 TER COMMEN I S (acid anything you feel will be important to the approval of this plan) ?i PRODUCER'S SIGNATURE DATE-3-9- FOR ###**AAA#*AA####AAA#A*AA**AAAA#A**R**AR**A?RA**A*A***AA#RARRAA***RA**R*RRRAA#RAAR*RRRAA*ARR AGENCY USE ONLY PLA14 APPROVED: AS SUBMITTED WITH CONDITIONS PLAN NOT APPROVED CONDITIONS FOR APPROV SIGNATURE DISTRICT CONSERVATIONIST DATE FAILURE TO FOLLOW THE APPROVED PLAN WILL CAUSE THE AREA TO BECOME CONVERTED WETLAND AND A VIOLATION OF THE WETLAND PROVISIONS OF THE 1990 FARM BILL a 0 0 V h w v o l? S L33 ? b. U U) ac, zl?: i ,1 ,n1e o Ds e . JL4 V •? W w ? ?c •oc q4Z VOI ?. ? ? O .w.l W a o v •?fy 0 W CAL-1 q' M..a r N aoa 0?`Q 'c 41 %Wt x o V pt% W Q. v ZE 9-zo &7-L ; '? \?' ?? == = ')1 ? ? of /) (p c?t? F?"? ''?;;?.?,''? '? ? ?? f?tr?•t?,?,??A???r?';?a•'??? y ` y?e -. r-?t? ??` `? ? ??% 1 ? // LYl• ? ?' e,u,}s?Y: •.+.y??F ,.?,?s?•f ? ???`y '`y,?, .??i'l'`•• 44 l'`:r= ?`p b Y ? ltg .R M?. t r 7? a 1+,.. ,? ?Fr•'?:.? 'N t"'t ^p n. t r '>•,? t?? ?t95 ?..? :i ? s ?s s? t„? s :?;:. 4 ?• •'" ? ?? ? A ~ ??, ?y t? z£ t% a • .+t ?S1?he a 'e1'1? 1 t'??i7, ' ?r1,?+1' ? 1.-3 L <, ?+v ? i 'S.-S? E ; i • i?, ® • , ; / .,?, % ?`t`4A?h `?r t,yi ,w., ,i?, ?,?',r ?'Ctr?,* t?*A 1 ?,,( .y./,1 • n ?a ,q?' "'sL .?.,'1 0 , 9 ?YY``?M• r'f'tTi?' 6Y7?.??J'i y t ?,, 4 ?. ?"''•:y{tt r ?` • ?.+':',.\ ` ?,? e _ n.' ` f t ? ? u a f"' 'n'??W C???j(,?E. ?'??}{?j"?? ??f+ y t „d?S4??1 ? R,•?rJrti ?' ..1° ?, ???' M,Tj A a..?' ?SCa? ??? Lryrw r •?:?,Cl ?, i ?:%4.? ? i RM? 1 - ` ?.. _ ? ? ` (J , / /n •V ? `a•?' • ??j ??",}'?•'?i..,' ' ,, ?'y ?-; ,E'` ?,d k? u' ?t? ;tY??;??•yC'i%? ?3?,??},;t•,?'' V'F ? / :'Qf`/?? /i?•V` \ 'i??' M1?.C4 ? a ?;??SF''?,? ,?'?s? ra??t# f, T J1 •.7 r .'? // / \ ? ?. ?, ? ('??Ti. ..? 1? ' { r ?? ?-,..., rT,il?[yk, ?+`v`;K ` ? '1??'?'f? i 1? r'. [ 1i / v 0 // V ,+ ?1r !?.tp %` \ 7 r hh `?•r_,y. t ?^? f •1h. 4* LN, to Ck. ,4Vo-, el \ r ?' , v /-?• •? \ •? \\ ?f'.. ?;. L, //may. ??.` ^ ^ "•..? I.?y ? i T? •\! j/`a/ 'e`?i?+'\'\? \ // 13,40 14!«:.????•? .'V. •+K fv i+'r' ° ?? '..r? 31 z F" / I ?? ? ? ? ? ?,J,•^''±rl. Y •? ? I \ ? r ? \ ? ? 9?, •?+?,; t' r ,? 644 L ?```? ?J/???.. • 1? If 1-k 0, ?„ .'"ti,• 'I'v .?,_? ?,/? r.,• ? { r?,i..?SkiY#? t,o ??T \ •kl \\ ?? r' ?' '? ?n ? t??? ?y= ? ? r' 7 ?,`h? }?, , n'tt• t ?? .•?? ?'t`r+ ,l •S`? Jt.r $i 1F '`r: ;L,? f r/ z'"'l?as +f'+-•,?M y •1 wit -1? f'? h "'"l "? <' * t ? \ ?. ?" ?,?'t.. ,lf?. `t+t?y{?[.It.?.4.'? Ns?i'Y.;.r M1'• S";?j^' i ',,,aalt la r, hr ,w ,j s,?•?! ?Y?,:+? tj f .. ; n J! x\ .Y+ . v' t e°? •{i ,• "?y'r?f ?}l. ,?:? "Y h ? :'t ? . ? ? •t .?? J ;f r1 ",^? _.,,+f/'?q?7t•:'*rs{'"gilS7-:.? w ..iJ?:? ? ?' ? ?;, ?"'?,?j ??'u!. f..?..?.?' ?t ,.]'. ? '', v..w . •,? <? t , =t ^ r t i??} i,a,?,.,1 , ?e??r? ?. r { a ? of t w' 1 .,4,.^'?'.?' .?i?t Q 4{ ? y ...i ?).?? `F"' { °rjl?•c?aJ ; 4'yµUt; ;?, r Cod 1? ?1 ? ? . '? ; J?l.? >I? al,.' :a1 • :,° ??'`it: ?/ G••Cn6ir? 'vht*'r.?•' ???s?i 1 ?, t .t"? ? 5 ?`?` ?1t?1?`'3? ?g r?' :' ?"`J?`??' t. ?N•C '? ??• .! 't?HP..,f c? it ('?""•' ? t r! s ,? , ?.. ? i, ? F,,.r ^/, yo ,t!"> ' ? rAA???Eb? ??,Y?r.4 y ?i. t ? z. ? ? ' +? !b '`•1?y y???,"?"? ?? 7t ? ^' ?3 ? ,, '?. i '3 ?. ? ??•;,?:'?e? •^a.?,"?j`y, ?'vr , a ? n \ ,t ?t7?t ''r { a'{'i, /_ ` ?y?t?i ?t '?'! ?'?? yt?n th. ;f ?r 7''y??t]y?JS?;•rf '1. ? cs? ke - !?'+ ,,1 "?Q sx'rYi.r \ ."7{???-,?r? PP. R-iwr_„?.jM1,°y,'!h' I i,,'pp p)i •r,y ?r'?. `\4 '?N?V 'i44•+,??tg??? ?R,?„•?: - Y3µ!' f y ? t J i-. _. ' ? ?a • t ? ? ', ? ,5.,?, ?j ? ,••I k.[? ?- 1t ? ?j •trA 'f' .:. • ,µ ?gg( ?,,i t ,. J? •• 1 `{ ellr'` .` 1/ice { - rM tf h 0 ,?.l w f? •??t`.4.`:::'? .r r. ' ? ?.:? i',?: t ter •? ar"?j"r. S?y?L?i?,,?f A AA r. ?.r jf *7 « 1 qty tt'tr1' +l' ^l+ f ?R• 'il t th`?,, dt 1 , 4T Kt2.4ti7 en, *;F t'."3 ?j?•'7.??.. -.'.kt"?.".? , ???• t s?i•!i ... ... ..9. .j M:.?..?„??i????.tl'I.n)n'.67,Mf•?,?, '?. }!i°4.' .i£?' ? PIN DATA` FORM " ROUTINE WETLAND DETERMINATION 0 987 COE. Wetlands Delineation Manual), s , Project/Site - r 2-,,; 5w ` Wlw`rQ C?k Date: 02 " 0 9' - Applicant/Owner: site,,,_." County: _ Ga'?eS Investigator: 7'oi State: N Do Normal Circumstances exist on the site? LYes_:`i No Community ID: Is the site significantly disturbed (Atypical Situation)? ?Ye No Transect ID: Is the area a potential Problem Area? Yes No Plot ID: (If needed, explain on reverse.) - wo 6'f Y--nZl` VEGETATION ' ?? i ?, r?..- Wrx?Pc `!,_ ??` it 'L 1D inant Pinnt Soecios Stratum )t vL Fl: Indicator acIAJ w Dominant Plant Species Stratum Indicator s. 10. 3. ' c u 1 sv L 061 11. 4.?C rhy..a Cy?i P/ are Gf J 5.21 r..wQe?(q e. _ Ace, f'Y-l6t wv µ _ S 06 I To, C. -GIG 12. 13. 14. 7. 15. . S. 1 t3. - (I Percent of Dominamt Species d"t are 00L, FACW or FAA (excluding FAC-). ' Remarl:: ? -- HYDROLOGY _ Recorded Data (Describe in Remarks): Wetland Hydrology Indicators -Stream, Lake, or Tide Gauge Primdty Indiaatont:' _ Aerial Photographs Inundeted _ Other Saturated in Upper 12 Inches INo Recorded Data Available a Water Marks,..,..,. ._...... .., +,.... Drift Lines f - ' Sediment Deposits Field Observations: _ Drainage Patterns in Wetlands Depth of Surface Water: (in.) Secondary Indicators (2 or more required): Oxidized boot Channels in Upper 12 Inches / _ Water-Stained Leaves fin.) ee Water In Pit: , ,./Local Soil Survey Data f? VFAC-Neutral Test turated Soil: _• 16 (in.) Depth r, Other (Main in Remarks) LE C o C-61/ c S 22 U? ?C.? ? .;.. j ?&i-A 2!` . F3T11+: W ZO 2 6 InfioAco76 n r; is t: I SOILS t e _ ----- Map Unit Name / c (S i d Ph 1 l er es an ase): e yw) Cl Drainage Class: r . Feld Observations Taxonomy (Subgroup): c r - t ?t Fa h u ? Confirm Mopped Type? Yes No - 11 - Profile Description: .. Depth Matrix Color Mottle Colors Mottle Texture, Concretions, inches Horizon (Munsell Moist) _ (Munsell Moist) - Abundance/Contrast . Structure, etc. RW?. ? t-1 16 P-41-f -?16 C. fJw. h i.1? C J Hydric Soil Indicators: _ Histosol _ Concretions _ Hiatic Epipodon ^ High Organic Content in Surface Layer in Sandy Soils --..,Sulfidic Odor Organic Streaking in Sandy Soils Aquic Moisture RoFime Listed on Local Hydric Soils Llut Reducing Conditions _ Listod on National Hydric Salle List ZGleycd or Low-Chroma Colors Other (Explain in Remarks) Remarks: WETLAND DETERMINATION Hydrophytic Vegetation Present? Ye. No ' (Circle) (Circle) Watiand Hydrology Present? a No Hydric Soils Present? 6 No Is this Sampling Point Within s Wetland? ( Yes> No Remarks: A.. OF :. L(0 ( t U ?M a-? Gi ?D Y 16 ! c' cir ?- t r.,a ,.r y. C w N /? ! , / •,?GNU fi )1,- z ?- / t% /l DATA FORM ROUTINE WETLAND DETERMINATION 0 987 COE Wetlands Delineation Manual) Project/Site: A, "Ux. 2, t. y S o ??I,. Le ;ate: O Z- 6 q- y Applicant/Owner: i ?A ?2c /T s lca?., County: _Gc1G2, Investigator: o k,,. G State: N_ S Do Normal Circumstances exist on the site? No Community ID: - 2 r _ Is the site significantly disturbed (Atypical Situation)? (7Y--') No Transect ID: Is the area a potential Problem Area? Yes No Plot ID: (if needed, explain on reverse.) VEGETATION die" i ?'t? I `^-'2.-cl " Ij G?/t-Gtr.-.z'-?.G' cQ t'?'?-1?,, Dominant Plant Speciesn ? Stratum Indicator Dominant Plant Species Stratum Indicator 1. d ti? t-oG-tk T _ 11? 9. 2td1c._?. J?yra?;(ty„ 1 f?C to. 4,t- r 4. I)O-C-1 t tom..- COf i+'6 ? 'IqC w 12. 5. Lt f Grf C .¢.v-•• Q 121 S OIL 13. 8._ [ J1 W 14. 7. 5 is. 8. 18. Percent of Dominent Species that ere l OBL, FA CW or FAC U (exc uding FAC•). Remarks: HYDROLOGY _ Recorded Date (Describe in Remarks): Wetland Hydrology Indicators: Stream, Lake, or Tide Gauge Primary Indicators: Aerial Photographs Inundated _ Other R d Saturated in Upper 12 Inches ecor ed Data Available _ Water Marks _ Drift Lines Sediment Deposits Field Observations: Drainage Patterns in Wetlands Second°fy Indicators (2 or more required): Depth of Surface Water: (in.) V Oxidized Root Channels in Upper 12 Inches -7 ?6 4 D _ Wetsr-Stained Leaves epth to Free Water in Pit: (in.) Local Soil Survey Date ,t D h y 6 FAC-Neutral Test ept to Saturated Soil: (in.) _ Other (Explain in Remarks) Remarks: 7-LA--.7 14- '+-N ? 2 s '1 y eLi G ti'.( G?'.. V? r%'C CL ?jf t d r ,70 feA_k . SOILS e Map Unit Name (Series and Phase): Drainage Class: Taxonomy (Subgroup): Feld Observations Confirm Mapped Type? Yes No Profile Description: Depth Matrix Color Mottle Colors Mottle Texture, Concretions, inches Horizon (Munsell Moist (Munsell Moist) Abundance/Contrast Structure, etc. O- D A 16W? T7 .-.. L l6 ?f t oYy s/Z 7, rf-5/ co,, L _ _ (" K tom i r, -?a/1», v?c? S o ??i'?' roo't- tPvrp c?awre' Hydric Soil Indicators: _ Histosoi _ Concretions _ Histic Epivedon _ High Organic Content in Surface Layer in Sandy Soils Sulfidic Odor IZAquic Moisture Regime Organic Streaking in Sandy Soils 7 Listed on Local Hydric Soils List Reducing Conditions _ Listed on Nations! Hydrae Soils List _J,/Cteyed or Low-Chrome Colon _ Other (Explain in Remarks) - r ?eY S pN+?-1 iJ! L?-Y? Remarks: /"IPA?-.woe. YJ ZD ._C pv.l i' d! -? ( D 1 e q f LP_oQ O[ 'a 1^-?? r "` I?IGF[.c:) .-S ?S ?'P..?f? ??"?11 t 4?+-•? ? G?.?---d-d WETLAND DETERMINATION Hydrophytic Vegetation Present? Ye (Circle) (Circle) Welland Hydrology Present? s Hydric Soils Present? Ye? No Is this Sampling Point Within s Wedend? Yes No $ t Remarks: Approved t. <g ("(ill s)