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Offshore P,O L Di~cha~ge _~ystem

The Offshore POL Di scharge
System is a commercially produced
system usi ng "off the shelf" tech-
nology to provide bul k fuel di scharge
from large tankers across an unim-
proved beach. It supports the fuel
requirements of Army, Air Force and
Marine Corps units operating ashore.
The system consists of 4 miles of

flexible steel, reinforced ,~floatl
sink" piping, a temporary spread moor
fa r a tanker, and a si ngle poi nt moor
called a SALM (Single Anchor Leg
Moor). The tanker sets a spread moor
and deploys the pipe to the shore
with the assistance of four SlWTs or
other equivalent water craft. Within
48 hours the tanker is ready to pump
POL to the beach at the rate of 1.2
mil lion gallons per 20-hour day.

SALM & BUOY

PIPELINE REELS
'"

TOWING I SPREADMOOR
WINCH

Figure 29A. OPDS Tanker with SALM on Oec'k

Wi thi n 7 days the 900 ton SALM is
installed, with the assistance of
fourSLWTs, and it provides uni nter-
rupted POL delivery. The SALM pennits
a tanker to remain on station, and

pumping, in much higher sea states
than is possible on the spread moor.
The SALM is recoverab le and can
be towed or lifted to a new location
and rei nstalled.

'\, Figure 29B. Single Anchor Le.g Moor,!n:g (S~LM). _._ ,

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OFFSHORE PETROLEUM
DISCHARGE SYSTEM
(OPDS)

-O~r 24-1994 15:57 FROM RSS HQ TD 1993

TO

94456090 P.02

..,.:.... 1

~. :':"'~.Q1uIl, Jii~,e_.~~. The aavy is responsibe for the
aeliwexy of bulk petroleum to ,~he hi9h water mark for all DOD
c~DtS. In suppo~t cf Naval and JLOTS operations, Maval
leac~ Group aDd uDaerwater Conatructio~ Team units will effect
the ~5tallation of OffshoTe Bulk Fuel Sys~ems. In support of
pur.l~ Army ~S operations where no Daval unite are assigned.
Ar~ ~nits will ift8~all the Offshore Petroleum Discharge syste..
I
a!. ~ibiouL..AsDul ~ Bulk Fu_l SYS~_. The AABFS is a
f-1ncb floating hose system. The amphibious ..sault forces
use a S,OOO-foot version for the delive~y of initial bulk
~uel supplies carried in .a~ shippift9. Maritime
Ere-positionin; ships are equipped with a ~O~OOO-foot
~ontiguratioD. ID8tallation of tbese syst~ is conducted
~rem a~hibiQus lighterage ana takes about 4 hours. The
system bas a GOO-gal1oD-pe~-miDute capacity. Although
zapidly instal1able, the system has a limitea life
~pe~t.ncy because it floa~s in tbe $urf. Fo~ e%tended
operations, a mo~e p.~aneftt system must be installed to
~et th~ continvin9 ~ema4d of a large torce.

~i
~. Q.~~ pet~J,eum oischar.9'& System.. The OPDS is used
to discharge moaern militarily useful sized tankers ac~oSS
~D unimproved shoteline to support e%pe4itionary forces.
OP~S was developed by the Navy to meet the projected fuel
requirements Of all Services in a major conf:lict where port.
~or discharqe of tankers ate in.adequate or lJOne~dlitent. 'the
system con.sists of a tanker, 4 ~iles of flexible conduit, a
temporary four-point sp~ead mooring# I single point moo~ing
called a Bingle ancbor leg moorinq (SALK), bigb pressure
boost pumps, aDd beach termination unit (BTU). Fivuxe tV-loa
shows the arrangement of componen~s OD SS POTOMAc. Fi9ure
iV-ll illustrates the 56 AMERICA>> OSPREY aDd its main
~omponents. -Figure IV~~2 shows the arrange~nt of the
components in tbe system when installea.
. !

(I) 9~QS Syst~ ~apabili~i'R and Componeots..OPDS was
designea to deliver fuel at 1,000 gallons per minute
pxoviding 1.2 million ;allona (28,600 barrels) pe. ~O
hour period. A downtime of 4 ,hoUl:s per day downtime was
permitte~ 1ft the operational requirement to allow for
cor~ective and p~eyentive maift~enanee of the system.
However~ the OPDS is c~p.ble of 24-hour-per-day
operation foz extended periods of time when neea.d.
&nployment proeeaures call tor use of the OPDS tan~er as
~ st~tion t~ftKer that remains at the mooring and pumps
CODt1nuously when f~el is required ashore. 7ariker$
aelive~ fuel to

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· .OCT-24-1994
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TO

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the oms tanker by alOR9siae consol, pe~itting the OPOS
......station tanker to pump concin"lQuslr wft~n E'eC}u~Ce<1 to eo
.'....'&0. This procedure provides aft effect.?e delJ.very rate
.'of 1.44 Dlillio~'gallofts (abOut 34.300 ha~re!s) pe:r day.
Capabilitie. and components follow:

<.a) Two types of pipeline have been procured.
O~DS Bo. 1 (USNS P07OMAC) 'has a steel reinforced,
flexible, float sink pipeline configured in eight
2~640 feet sections. Sub~equeat systems will have
. vuleanized el.stomerie baseline reiftforce4 with
steel cord much like ~hat ,of a steel radial
automobile tire. This hoselice is configured in
twenty-four 1,014 foot sections of pipeline (4
nagtical miles). Both conduits float when filled
witb air for ease of deployment aDd sink to the
bottom when filled with wa~er or petroleum.

(b) The SALK type of sinqle point mooring permita
the tanker to awini freely, in tbe wind and current
and will bold a 70rOOO-~eaaweight-ton tanker 'in sea
state 5. The product swivel permits the tanker to
weatbervane without ~amagin; the p~peline and to
pump two pcoducts simultaneously where the distance
to shore i. less than 2 miles. A teAsimoter on the
mooring hawser [)erlll1t:s the: tanker master to judge
w~en 'conditions,~ictate leavinq tbe mooring or
taking other measures to ride out bad weather.

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94456090 P.06

.

(c) OPOS is desi9Ded to be installed as a
coordinated effort involving the'tanker crew,
Unde~water Construction Team (UCT) givers, and
PHIBCB SLWT' and beach erews. All operations
perfo~a on board the tanker are under the overall
control of the tanker master. OPDS iDstallation
efforts external to the ta'Ziker are the
'responsibi.lity of the Naval Beach Group CNBG) Fuels
Officer. Tugs IIIUSt be oD-station when the tanker .
arrives at the in~tallatlon site. On ar~ival_ the
~ugs 8#sist the 1:anke'r ill setting the spread moor.
The t:uqs ,then deploY' the pipeline and deliver the
8TU to the beach. Syst.em requiremeats ellll for the
capability to pump at 1000 'gpm from tbis
confi;ucation within 48 hours of tanke~ arrival.

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IV-22

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(d) ThiB spre~d ~c~r is a rigid moor.. It holds
tbe tanker in one position rela,t,ive to ~he s'ea
floor. Zt is designee! only to permit ~he system to
meet the 48 bOut criteria to bQgia delivery of fuel.

(e) The tan~ex crew conducts tbe SALK launch.
NbeD the SALK is waterborne, the SLWrs position i~
over ~he sink site. Divers deplor aDel book up the
pigtail, submarine, and floating boses to the
SALK. Details of stora~e aDd deployment of these
hoses .ar,y, aDd the OPDS operations mauual cover
speeiflc requiremeftts for installatioft. The' SALK
b..a, when ready, is sunk, the mooring buoy floats
free, and the SALK is ready to receive the tanker.
The SALK is deplo~able in 35 to 190 feet of water.
In planning the OPDS 1nstallltion, particular
attention shOuld be allocated to the location of
tbe SALM. Colder water, 6eeper depths, and greater
curreftts will have significant impae~s on diver and
diving equipment requiremen~s. EXtr~ conditions
greatly increase the diffiCUlty of recovery of the
SALM. At. water depths 35 to 60 feet:, a small
auziliary buor is used in plaee at tbe large GO-toD
huoy that must be toyed c18ar after the SALK base
is sunk.

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(f) After the SALK has been prepared and sunk in
place, the ta~ker ceases pumpi~9 from the sp~ead
JnOor. The tanker passes the end of ,tbe pipeline 'to ~
an SLWT for hookup to the SA~ pigtail hose. The
tanker then retrieves the four-point sp~ead ~or
ana moors using the SALK buoy hawwer:. The floating
hose is delivered to the side of the tanker, which
makes, up the hose to its manifold .nd ~ecommences
pumping fuel. The changeover time requirement is
10 'hours downtime on pump-in; operations. SALK
desivn criteria calls for the single point moor
installation to be completea witbin 7 ~ays of
tanker arrival.

(2) Or9Rniz~tioq a~d B~ilitias. ,Once tbe ship
is on liite, the Oi'DS installation. or: retxi8'YBl operation
is executed unde~ the Naval Beach Group, by'the Fuels
Officer~ with detai1ed direction provided by an OPDS
OIC_ Both axe no~ally assigned from the suppo~tin9
PlUBCB but may be the same inaividual. depenCling upon
opera~1cnal size aDd scope. Under the Fuels Officer/Ole
OPDS are three pri~8ry supporting operating units:

r:Y-23

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~OC~-24-1994 16:00 FROM RSS HQ TD 1993

94456090 P.0B

~he PHIBCB fuels element. tile tanker, and the tJC'l"
detachment. The fuel Officer/OPOS Ole (in addition to
oveEal1 system installatien) is responsi~le for all
installation and 'retrieval ope~atioDS ezternal to the
tanker. The tanker master is respona!ble fox all
sbiTl'board operations liIftd fo~ the safety of' the ship.
The UCT Qfficer-in-cbarge (Ole) is ~.sponsible tor
installation of the SALK and all aiving operations
related to the SALM, conduit
iastallation/stabilizatlon/retrieval/repair. ,Figure
%V-13 sbows the OPDS or9ani~ation.

(3) .ano~er Requ1,~~pt,. Overall ~.rsonnel
requirements for OPDS inst.l1a~ioD and retrieval include
the ~aDker, O~DS, ~peci&lists, divers, aDd tug c~ew..
Kilitary perlonnel are provided by the ~espective Cl.c
from the supporti~q PHIBCB and VCT.

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(a> Civilian Per~oD~el. The tanker mester may be
assisted Qy a team of OPD8 specialists as shown in
Figure IV-13.

(b) Military Personnel. ' The 8..a1 compoaent
c~ander will p~ovide p~raonnel f~om ~he support
PHIBC8 and OCT. The.1LC1lS COMtiJ:nder provides en
ogoS Officer-rn-Char9& (Ole) who di~ecta all OPOS
installation. The 3LOTS ~an4er must ~lso
p~ovide sufficient divers and tUg crews for
installation and ~ecover7 of the pipeliae and
SALK. Additional personnel may also be requi~.a
for beach support.

(c) Petroleu. Systems Interfacing. ~he a.val
component has the ~eBponsibility for installation
of the bulk fuel Systeat to the high water lU~k# and
tbe forces ashore bave the r~apoDsibility for
installaticn of th. termiaal aDd 4istributioD
Systen& inland. An Army component pettoleum
elesnent, elth8~ the pettolewa gl'OUP Ot the
petroleum pipeline and t.tminal operatiDg battalio~
is re~ponsible foe installatioD of the InlaAa
PGtroleum Dist~ibutioD System (IPDS), wbich begins
at the jUDctuJ:e of OPDS beach te:nnnaticl1 uDit
(8'1'U) ,and the Tactic;al Petroleum Terminal (Tn)
beach interface unit (BIU). Several beach
preparation considerations are coft8idered in
patagraphs 5g, j. and 1. During offsbore ana
onsbore iftstallations. coordiaatioft between the
Service ccmpcnents must be continuously effected to
ensure logical timing of installatione. proper

IV-24

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94456090 P.10

location ot the interfacing equipmeut at the beach.
e~amufti~atioDS, and. other instAllation interfaces
may be U4Cuted.

(1) If installationlli begl'D au~i'ng the phase
wben the JLOTS Commander is from the: Rav81
component, the JLOTS Commander d08s ~ot
control the force. ashore installing the
oftshore pe~~oleum 3Y8tea.~ and coordination
between the Services during installation must
be coatinuously effected.

(2) If installation be1;iD when the JLOTS
Commander is from the Ar~ component, the
. JLOTS COlIIIIsnaer has OPCOR of forces installing
the OPDS, IPDS, and TPT. Despite having this
.ingle responsible eommauaerr because of the
diversity of ,units effectinv the iD~tal1ations
aDd their geographic separation, continuous
coordination betweeft the units is necessary.

4. ~\Al Equi~~~ and Ma~erial~ Descriptioft~ of key items
of equipMent to be used in the p~eparatioft of the LOA are
discussed in this seetioa. .

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a. :t.e.r.miPal Service Qnit: Ma,terl,l!lIls Handlina' 1!00uiEmll!tnt:..
Terminal service units have a l!mited beach prepa~ation and
construction capability. Although te~min.l service units
are responsible fer beach preparation. engineer combat heavy
and por~ eonstruetion engineer units will provide
sup.ervisory personnel. and peE"fonn most eDgintMring
cons~zuction tasks in the area of operation. Construction
equipmeDt or9anie to breakbulk TerMinal Service u~i~s
include~ 4ump trucks and bul1do~Qr.. ,Bulldozers are used
for several purposes, including surface p~eparation, berm
constructioD, and yehicle MHE recovery. Tires can be placed
on the bullaozer's blade to push landing craft back in the
water.

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b.. Rouqh T.rra~Dt.ainer HsndlU.. Marine Corps laQ4iu9
support units and A~ ~ermin41 units with coat,iner
handling capability are equipped with'RTCHs. RTCHa e~e
xated at 50,000 lbs and are capable of handling containers
of 20, 3S, Bnd 40 feet in length on beaches and within
te~mine18. 2TCHs cannot discharge containers from landing
craft but: are ideal tor discharg-inq cont:ainers from causeway
fer~tes. For furthe~ information on Army opera~ions in this
a~e., see PM SS.lS, "Transportation Reference Dat8~. Fi9ure
IV-14 shows the &TCH ana various other .a~erials hanalinq
equipment.

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