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HomeMy WebLinkAbout19930969 Ver 1_COMPLETE FILE_19931213DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY (1? WILMINGTON DISTRICT, CORPS OF ENGINEERS P.O. BOX 1890 j WILMINGTON, NORTH CAROLINA 28402-1890 IN REPLY REFER TO September 20, 1993 Regulatory Branch Action ID. 199304414 and Nationwide Permit No. 26 (Headwaters and Isolated Waters) City of Greensboro c/o Mr. Richard Huffman Post Office Box 3136 Greensboro, North Carolina 27402 Dear Mr. Huffman: Through coordination with Mr. Daniel Pritchett of Jamestown Engineering Group, Inc-. (consultant for site), we have learned of your plans for the proposed Hunters Ridge sewer outfall project located off Alamance Church Road adjacent to an unnamed tributary to Big Alamance Creek, Greensboro, Guilford County, North Carolina. Reference is also made to the site visit conducted on July 15, 1993, by Mr. John Thomas of the Raleigh Regulatory staff at the site of the proposed sewer outfall project. The purpose of the site visit was to review plans for the aforementioned project, and to inspect the site for waters and wetlands subject to Department of the Army permitting authority. The site visit revealed and the plans / profiles for the aforementioned project provided with a notification application form showed that your propose construction for the aforementioned sanitary sewer will include a small stream relocation of the aforementioned unnamed tributary to Big Alamance Creek. This relocation is located southwest of the cul-de-sac on Hunter's Ridge Drive (SR 3632). The review of the development plans indicates that the proposed stream relocation will involve adverse modification to less than 0.33 acres (0.09 acre) of wetlands on-the aforementioned tributary. For the purposes of the Corps of Engineers' Regulatory Program, Title 33, Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Part 330.6, published in the Federal Register on November 22, 1991, lists nationwide permits. Authorization was provided, pursuant to Section 404 of the Clean Water Act, for discharges of dredged or fill material into headwaters and isolated waters provided: a. the discharge does not cause the loss of more than 10 acres of waters of the United States; b. the permittee notifies the District Engineer if the discharge would cause the loss of waters of the United States greater than one acre in accordance with the "Notification" general condition. For discharges in special aquatic sites, including wetlands, the notification must also include a delineation of affected specific aquatic sites, including wetlands; and c. the discharge, including all attendant features, both temporary and permanent, is part of a single and complete project. -2- Your work is authorized by this nationwide permit provided it is accomplished in strict accordance with the enclosed conditions. This nationwide permit does not relieve you of the responsibility to obtain any required State or local approval. This verification will be valid for 2 years from the date of this letter unless the nationwide authorization is modified, reissued, or revoked. Also, this verification will remain valid for the 2 years if, during that period, the nationwide permit authorization is reissued without modification or the activity complies with any subsequent modification of the nationwide permit authorization. If during the 2 years, the nationwide permit authorization expires or is suspended or revoked, or is modified, such that the activity would no longer comply with the terms and conditions of the nationwide permit, activities which-have commenced (i.e., are under construction) or are under contract to commence in reliance upon the nationwide permit will remain authorized provided the activity is completed within 12 months of.the date of the nationwide permit's expiration, modification or revocation, unless discretionary authority has been exercised on a case-by-case basis to modify, suspend, or revoke the authorization. Thank you for your time and cooperation. If you have any questions, please contact Mr. Thomas, telephone (919) 876-8441. Sincerely, G. Wayne Wright Chief, Regulatory Branch Enclosure t .. -3- Copy Furnished (with enclosure): Jamestown Engineering Group, Inc. c/o Mr. Daniel Pritchett 101 Depot Street Post Office Box 365 Jamestown, North Carolina 27282 Copies Furnished (without enclosure): Mr. John Parker North Carolina Department of Environment, Health and Natural Resources Post Office Box 27687 Raleigh, North Carolina 27611-7687 John Dorney Water Quality Section Division of-Environmental Management North Carolina Department of Environment, Health and Natural Resources Post Office Box 29535 Raleigh, North Carolina 27626-0535 Regional Office Manager North Carolina Department of Environment, Health and Natural Resources 8025 North Point Boulevard Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27106 State of North Carolina Department of Environment, Health and Natural Resources • • Division of Environmental Management James B. Hunt, Jr., Secretary [D E H N F1 Jonathan B. Howes, , Secretata A. Preston Howard, Jr., P.E., Director December 20, 1993 City of Greensboro Engineering Department c/o Mr. Richard Huffman P.O. Box 3136 Greensboro, N.C. 27402 Dear Mr. Huffman: Subject: Proposed fill in Wetlands or Waters Sewer line installation Guilford County DEM Project # 93969 Upon review of your request for 401 Water Quality Certification to place fill material in 2.82 acres of wetlands or waters which are tributary to Big Alamance Creek for sewer line installation located in Guilford County as described in your submittal dated 13 December 1993, we have determined that the proposed fill can be covered by General Water Quality Certification No. 2664. A copy of the General Certification is attached. This Certification may be used in qualifying for coverage under Corps of Engineers' Nationwide Permit No. 12. An additional condition is that anti-seep collars shall be placed at approximately the following locations: I) Line A: 5+00, 6+50, 8+00, 22+50, 59+00, 89+00 and 92+25, and II) Line H: 3+75 and 5+25 If this Certification is unacceptable to you, you have the right to an adjudicatory hearing upon written request within thirty (30) days following receipt of this Certification. This request must be in the form of a written petition conforming to Chapter 150B of the North Carolina General Statutes and filed with the Office of Administrative Hearings, P.O. Box 27447, Raleigh, N.C. 27611-7447. Unless such demands are made, this Certification shall be final and binding. 1786. If you have any questions, please contact John Dorney at 919-733- Sincerely, reston Howard, Jr. P.E. 93969.1tr Attachment cc: Wilmington District Corps of Engineers Corps of Engineers Raleigh Field Office Winston-Salem DEM Regional Office Mr. John Dorney Central Files P.O. Box 29535, Raleigh, North Carolina 27626-0535 Telephone 919-733-7015 FAX 919-733-2496 An Equal Opportunity Affirmative Action Employer 50% recycled/ 10% post-consumer paper DEM ID: 1? 3? 0 ACTION ID: 40IiSSUED Nationwide Permit Requested (Provide Nationwide Permit #): NWP # 12 JOINT APPLICATION FORM FOR NATIONWIDE PERMITS THAT REQUIRE NOTIFICATION TO THE CORPS OF ENGINEERS NATIONWIDE PERMITS THAT REQUIRE APPLICATION FOR SECTION 401 CERTIFICATION WILMINGTON DISTRICT ENGINEER CORPS OF ENGINEERS DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY P. O. BOX 1890 WILMINGTON, NC 28402-1890 ATTN: CESAW-CO-E Telephone (919) 251-4511 WATER QUALITY PLANNING DIVISION OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT NC DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT, HEALTH, AND NATURAL RESOURCES-- 29535 NC 2762 wt ATTN: MR. JOHN D Telephone (919) 7 q , ONE (1) COPY OF THIS COMPLETED APPLICATION SHOULD BE SEN ENGINEERS. SEVEN (7) COPIES SHOULD BE SENT TO THE N.C. DIVISI MANAGEMENT. PLEASE PRINT. 1. OWNERS NAME: S DN THE CORPS OF 2. OWNERS ADDRESS: c/o MR. RICHARD HUFFMAN CITY OF GREENSBORO WATER ADMINISTRATION P.O. BOX 3136 GREENSBORO, NORTH CAROLINA 27402 3. OWNERS PHONE NUMBER (HOME): -------- 4. IF APPLICABLE: PHONE NUMBER: 5. LOCATION OF PLANNED WORK (ATTACH MAP). COUNTY: GUILFORD NEAREST TOWN OR CITY: GREENSBORO. NC SPECIFIC LOCATION (INCLUDE ROAD NUMBERS, LANDMARKS, ETC.): SE GUILFORD COUNTY APPROXIMATELY 3000 FEET WEST OF JAMES HUNT EXPRESSWAY (US 421) WEST ALONG TWO BRANCHES BOTH OF WHICH END JUST EAST OF ALLIANCE CHURCH ROAD (FIGURES 1 - 3) 6. NAME OF CLOSEST STREAM/RIVER: BIG ALAMANCE CREEK 7. RIVER BASIN: HAW RIVER 8. IS THIS PROJECT LOCATED IN A WATERSHED CLASSIFIED AS TROUT, SA, HQW, ORW, WS I, OR WS II? YES [ ] NO [XX] 9. HAVE ANY SECTION PROPERTY? YES [ ] NO IF YES, EXPLAIN. 404 PERMITS BEEN PREVIOUSLY REQUESTED FOR USE ON THIS [XX] 10. ESTIMATED TOTAL NUMBER OF ACRES OF WETLANDS LOCATED ON PROJECT SITE: WITHIN THE 40-FOOT CORRIDOR OF THE PROPOSED SEWER LINE THERE ARE 20 DISCRETE LOCATIONS FOR JURISDICTIONAL WETLANDS TOTALING 2.82 AC. THESE AREAS HAVE BEEN CONFIRMED THROUGH SITE VISIT BY THE CORPS OF ENGINEERS (MR. JOHN THOMAS) CONFIRMED IN 22 SEPT 1993 CORRESPONDENCE (ATTACHED). (WORK): (910) 373 -2055 AGENT'S NAME OR RESPONSIBLE CORPORATE OFFICIAL, ADDRESS, PDN-1 11. NUMBER OF ACRES OF WETLAND IMPACTED BY THE PROPOSED PROJECT: FILLED: 2.82 AC (WITH SEWER OUTFALL• PRECONSTRUCTION CONTOURS RESTORED) DRAINED: - 0 - FLOODED: - 0 - EXCAVATED: - 0 - TOTAL IMPACTED: 2.82 AC 12. DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSED WORK (ATTACH PLANS): THE CITY OF GREENSBORO PROPOSES TO INSTALL 18,200 FEET OF 18-24" GRAVITY SEWER PIPELINE ALONG ALAMANCE CREEK AND TRIBUTARIES WITH ATTENDANT MANHOLES. THE PIPELINE WILL BE INSTALLED BELOW THE STREAM GRADE AND WILL BE CONSTRUCTED WITHIN A MAXIMUM 40-FOOT WIDE CORRIDOR. THE OUTFALL WILL BE ABOUT 50 FEET FROM THE STREAM. 13. PURPOSE OF PROPOSED WORK: THE NEW SEWER LINE WILL PROVIDE SERVICE TO A RESIDENTIAL AREA OF GUILFORD COUNTY SOUTHEAST OF THE CITY OF GREENSBORO. THIS SERVICE WILL PROVIDE THE MEANS TO TRANSPORT DOMESTIC WASTEWATER TO THE W.T. OSBORNE WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT OPERATED BY THE CITY OF GREENSBORO. 14. STATE REASONS WHY THE APPLICANT BELIEVES THAT THIS ACTIVITY MUST BE CARRIED OUT IN WETLANDS. ALSO, NOTE MEASURES TAKEN TO MINIMIZE WETLAND IMPACTS. THE PIPELINE IS REQUIRED TO SERVICE A RESIDENTIAL AREA OF GREENSBORO AND SOUTHEAST GUILFORD COUNTY; THIS GRAVITY LINE MUST FOLLOW THE GRADE OF THE STREAM; THE PIPELINE IS DESIGNED TO REMAIN AT LEAST 50 FEET FROM THE STREAM BANK AND TO AVOID WETLANDS TO THE MAXIMUM EXTENT PRACTICABLE. 15. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO CONTACT THE U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE (USFWS) AND/OR NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE (NMFS) REGARDING THE PRESENCE OF ANY FEDERALLY LISTED OR PROPOSED FOR LISTING ENDANGERED OR THREATENED SPECIES OR CRITICAL HABITAT IN THE PERMIT AREA THAT MAY BE AFFECTED BY THE PROPOSED PROJECT. HAVE YOU DONE SO? YES (XX] NO [ ] RESPONSES FROM THE USFWS AND/OR NMFS SHOULD BE ATTACHED. 16. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO CONTACT THE STATE HISTORIC PRESERVATION OFFICER (SHPO) REGARDING THE PRESENCE OF HISTORIC PROPERTIES IN THE PERMIT AREA WHICH MAY BE AFFECTED BY THE PROPOSED PROJECT. HAVE YOU DONE SO? YES [XX] NO [ ] RESPONSE FROM THE SHPO SHOULD BE ATTACHED. 17. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION REQUIRED BY DEM: A. WETLAND DELINEATION MAP SHOWING ALL WETLANDS, STREAMS, AND LAKES ON THE PROPERTY. B. IF AVAILABLE, REPRESENTATIVE PHOTOGRAPH OF WETLANDS TO BE IMPACTED BY PROJECT. C. IF DELINEATION WAS PERFORMED BY A CONSULTANT, INCLUDE ALL DATA SHEETS RELEVANT TO THE PLACEMENT OF THE DELINEATION LINE. D. IF A STORMWATER MANAGEMENT PLAN IS REQUIRED FOR THIS PROJECT, ATTACH COPY. E. WHAT IS LAND USE OF SURROUNDING PROPERTY? LIGHT INDUSTRIAL, RURALJAGRICULTURAL (PASTURE), RESIDENTIAL/OPEN (SUBDIVISIONS, UNDEVELOPED FORESTED FLOODPLAIN). PDN-2 F. IF APPLICABLE, WHAT IS PROPOSED METHOD OF SEWAGE DISPOSAL? PROJECT IS DESIGNED TO COLLECT DOMESTIC WASTEWATER AND TO TRANSPORT IT TO CENTRALIZED TREATMENT WORKS AT W.T. OSBORNE WWTP OPERATED BY THE CITY OF GREENSBORO. l OWNE 'S SIGNATUR DA E OWNER'S NAME (PRINTED) OWNER'S TITLE (IF APPLICABLE) PDN-3 NARRATIVE The City of Greensboro proposes to install a sewer line in a residential area southeast of the business district in Guilford County (Figures 1-3). The outfall will be approximately 18,200 feet in length, and will be installed below the grade of the adjacent stream. The line will remain 50+ feet from the stream to the maximum extent practicable, and will cross jurisdictional wetland areas at the following stations: LINE A LINE H LINE G 2+25 - 9+00 1+00 - 1+25 0+25 - 0+75 21+00 - 25+25 2+00 - 7+00 38+50 - 39+00 46+50 - 47+00 48+00 - 48+50 59+00 - 60+75 63+25 - 63+75 64+75 - 65+25 66+00 - 66+25 69+50 - 69+75 76+50 - 77+25 78+50 - 79+25 83+75 - 85+00 89+00 - 93+00 94+00 - 95+00 then to 134+25 - 135+50 136+00 - 136+25 These wetland areas have been reviewed in the field by a representative of the COE (John Thomas) and location has been confirmed (see attached). The project will be installed within, and construction restricted to, a 40-foot wide corridor. Response from the USFWS indicates that no known protected species are in the area. An archeological/historical survey has been conducted of the project area and submitted to the North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources (ER 91-7551). There are no known National Register List properties affected by the project, nor are any properties which are eligible for listing affected by the project. PDN-4 Guilford Co. f Piedmont Province Coastal Plain FIGURE 1 Project Location 2j.; t ?. / lv Fork . 2L2E t,1 1113 22! M ti 117 7 1.6 Gl? 3113- 1 .N u 717, aiu p ?'? \2 ]477 `=j7?,• ]7E•; .e 7 t9 =25T22 z0 ?-? x]71 % v? ar 2324 n 7]x1 30 '..0 " •1 7116'1 7577 ]711 77x7 L.AHE 7747 77t BRA.tD7'- 737s 3433,E '? sta Air 7677 ' 1 V 'J i ?`'? (irbOfO ? 71A b 2 A,, ?: / 7u6 A ?? _LAKE x?lv Reed?? Hines •i Qlp. • 77]7 ?/ ff29C4\ 202 179 47 •i:.. .:; 1 1693 /? . q5 : x179: \ \ f ?] G:' Bono I `? Z`??' .? ";. 1.3 9h Point F 6 '• f , r Airport ?I ,} i ... `.•<:.: :2 v MATCH tt+E . _ :,..' •.;e c ?;;..,,,ri riendship ... .' < g Gvilford •'` Coile e ?5 .. ?' P fAJ I fAU G.Rford 1. R,U 71 a71 ,Ijj?,.? `.. ....:.......... l0 EAU Vie, J .; 7 6 1;9 :.t? :.> a Lt r ,{ CH *S. UNE N? t'fAUI 10 ::i> :'::f^ a:t 79A F Z': 70A _ POI ANT ei 1177 5/.' 1•1 tt77 in Q A AI n BUFFALO LAKE iREENSBORO POP. 115,647• I m/. 70 fAU + A .a. i \ R 1 tw \ f'1V AV... FA?- 70A 6 •T 7 `?? U-1 I 42 4U S . \'?•L s' ]I7S 71791 ? trJ ?` 7 . j E3 .g X000 c ]076 m xe 'u'= 7 30', I 176 1 ?1 r.r - _ Ic 207 ? > ooo 85 3078 e 1 _ / 71' ?- 17 = ::'>/; $. li/ye 1_69 70'9 719e 371 171 1 7 e 1 1 'L .1`C]9 fA1 ? - . t " •, 7 TG a 7,77 e 20 r a • - ]716 ? - Vondoiia URe. '' 650 \ O . ?t:`^• ? `s :?=%< 1005 -?? - -- -- ?..? C 3770 ]515 f J `/S UNE Hoy 7516 'J ]09] ioea Y ' < Airport ?.t 471 ]515 eOY. ? u Ns ? .. 5? .j v ?2 7 '• I / 191 q 22 1 ' t*? mmu?mt?¢? 1 51 ° dYGq/ 97 1007 j 2.7' J f 9'-?--- - 1211, ? 1? - PL AN 'GAP 3.17 y ase0'? / Gilds U! ]all 3Z°. _ .2 3 .7 ..3 1101 1- \ 1 'S67 356 b' 4 !.1 ]6i7? ]6j 7] . 4 1007 1 ]504 :3A311 3111 - 5565----' p 3-ZL v` ' n 179 O ! FIG URE 2 PROJECT AREA - ?• 1 Q.•f It 1 t ] ^t h 441 NO 1.1 Al ,•+-•. j ?%., 4d .4396 /.7 zs_ ]sas 'M1 '?2 U 99 ] • ]7 0 •, . 2 4 H ?' .2 •e 1.3q!'? ? ? 1 O .? •3. 3 3- 1 • 2187 1 ]779 Te.4 0 • . 1700!-007: .1 vt .S FA5 1.7 •2 s a ,Slime 6 t t 67 +f•S S 7 ,9 233 q ? •' 3437 ' . .7 ]401 ' ' .?--_- ]107 •? v app ??- .J - 23!0 P _ n Y ?.1 a ? ]a57 ?} '-1 7 y O f 22 f 4" O O O ea ? United States Department of the Interior FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE Raleigh Field Office - Post Office Box 33726 Raleigh, North Carolina 27636-3726 TO: • M ( C_, Q ICJ ??-- I?OR Sic. ? ?{oo 1'L 4d 5 (cM, C In C'` 02 Yj INSTANT REPLY _ ¦ P IDE IN ?? ?es? es Please excuse this form. 'We thought you would prefer a speedy reply to a formal letter. This form serves to provide U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service recommendation pursuant to Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act, as amended (16 U.S.C. 1531-1543). Re: Based on our records, there are no Federally-listed endangered or threatened species which may occur within the project impact area. The attached page(s) list(s) the Federally-listed species which may occur within the project impact area. If the proposed project will be removing pines greater than or equal to 30 years of age in pine or pine/hardwood habitat, surveys should be conducted for active red-cockaded woodpecker cavity trees in appropriate habitat within a 1/2 mile radius of project boundaries. If red-cockaded woodpeckers are observed within the project area or active cavity trees found, the 'project has the potential to adversely affect the red-cockaded woodpecker, and you should contact this office for further information. The service concurs that the proposed project is not likely to adversely affect Federally-listed endangered or threatened species, their formally designated critical habitat, or species currently proposed for Federal listing under the Endangered Species Act, as amended. Staffing limitations prevent us from conducting a field inspection of the project site. Therefore, we are unable to provide you with site specific recommendations at this time. Questions regarding the enclosed information should be directed to the Corps of Engineers' regulatory staff member who is handling this project. ?,, , . 101a 9 3 Biologist Da e CONCUR: (U l Supervisor Date Date o Incomin Letter 09.22. 1993 15:58 NO, 1l 1 1 9 p. U.S. Army Carps Of Engineers Raleigh Regulatory Field Office 6512 Falls of the Neuse Road suite 105 Raleigh, North Carolina 27615-5846 Phone: (919)876-8441 Fax: (919)816-5823 FAX COVER SHEET Date: ;2 l?3 Message to: 7rizK r7od ---'3 36? - 6 7 6 From: V" #-I CL/ ? ?-l & v C// .Total number of pages including cover sheet: If all pages are not received, please call (919)876-8441 6"meh s 1 orO Remarks: 'FN cAor- ,,7 fz s ?o? ?1 f°o ? zSf2S 38YJo 3pf 0D Y6f so --3 $OP AO Y? ? oo ? Y?fSo C3 ?'Zy -11' 4Y/ ?T -? Est op 6f? So -:7 6>f 7S 76t sd a Vt.2.s W 5,10 8r3 f -2S' ?7'Ud $y/oU ?' y3foo qYf °a -?' 9Stoa 13y iAS --I 135 50 00 ';P 136 4-2S ofj yeU,er QNJr s L?? M4Cav ???n - ?'9?..?.? S?u 'vyL & a $ ?isy /V0. 017 urjf d,'6 A vi / ore,ou C.II?i ? ?T ?foo'?lfzs 2too ?fod 1, '.VGC An Archaeological Survey of a Proposed Sewer System, Southeastern Guilford County, North Carolina. Thomas Hargrove March 1991 CH 91-E-0000-0366 ER 91-7551 A Report Submitted to Piedmont-Olsen, Inc. by Robert J. Goldstein & Associates. Management Summary The archxological survey of the proposed sewerline expansion covered about 30.5 miles, or 161,000 feet of proposed pipeline corridors in southeastern Guilford County, North Carolina. The purpose of the survey was to examine the project area for prehistoric or historical archaeological sites with significant remains that might be eligible for nomination to the National Register of Historic Places. Since most of the project area is in forest or pasture, the survey relied heavily on screened shovel tests at intervals of 30 meters (100 feet) along the route of the proposed sewer corridors. The combined length of the corridors is about 30.5 miles, or about 161,000 feet. The width of the survey corridors was 40 feet. The approximate area of the survey coverage was about 160 acres (including sections of sites falling outside of the 40 foot wide corridor). The shovel tests measured about 35 to 45 centimeters (14 to 18 inches) across and were excavated into the underlying clay subsoil. The soil from the shovel tests was screened through 1/4 inch hardware cloth. In areas with exposed ground surfaces (plowed fields, farmroads, treefalls, etc.), the surveyors closely examined the area for prehistoric and historic artifacts. The survey recorded or re-visited 11 archaeological sites, including four mill sites and seven prehistoric sites with two components from the Middle Archaic period, one Late Archaic component, three Woodland components, and three prehistoric lithic components without diagnostic artifacts. 31GF270 -- Young's Mill. 31 GF315 -- Hanner Mill. 31GF318 -- Multi-component prehistoric site -- Middle Archaic (Stanly), Late Archaic (Savannah River), Middle Woodland (Yadkin). 31GF319 -- Woodland site. 31GF320 -- Prehistoric lithic site. 31GF321 -- Woody's Mill. 31GF322 -- Middle Archaic Guilford site. 31GF323 -- Prehistoric lithic site. 31GF324 -- Woodland site. 31GF325 -- Prehistoric lithic site. 31GF326 -- Company Mill. Six of the seven prehistoric sites in this inventory are small, disturbed, low density prehistoric sites; similar to many others recorded in the region (c.f. Hargrove 1991; Ward 1979; Hammond 1981; Padgett 1985; Dorwin 1977; Woodall 1978; Lautzenheiser 1990). One possible exception is the Woodland site at 31GF324, which deserves further archaeological investigation, but it appears to He outside of the proposed sewerline construction areas. The other six sites have very low research potential, apart from the locational information recorded during the survey. They do not appear to be eligible for nomination to the National Register of Historic Places. Two of the mills, the Hanner Mill (31GF315) and Company Mill (31GF326) are probably eligible for nomination to the National Register of Historic Places. The Hanner Mill has already been included in a proposed National Register property, the Hanner-Smith Farm (Opperman 1990). The other two mills, Young's Mill (31GF270) and Woody's Mill (31GF321) have been severely altered to the point where their archaeological value has been diminished. The landscapes of all four mill sites have aesthetic value, especially the Hanner Mill, Company Mill and its millpond, and the millpond behind Young's Mill dam. We do not recommend additional archEeological work on the low density, disturbed prehistoric sites at 31GF318, 31GF319, 31GF320, 31GF322, 31GF323, and 31GF325. The Woodland site at 31GF324 is a high-density site in an unusual location for a Woodland settlement, probably deserving further archxological investigations at some point, but it does not appear to lie in an area . affected by sewerline construction. If construction does affect the site, test excavations will be needed. The Hanner Mill (31GF315) and Company Mill (31GF326) are probably eligible for nomination to the National Register of Historic Places. Sewerline construction should avoid these sites. If sewerline construction directly affects these remains, data recovery (including measured drawings, excavations, and intensive records searches) will be needed. Although Young's Mill (31GF270) and Woody's Mill (31GF321) do not appear to be eligible for nomination to the National Register on archmological grounds, their historic landscapes have aesthetic value, which should be taken into account during sewerline planning and construction. 3 Introduction PrWec t title: An Archzeological Survey of a Proposed Sewer System in Southeastern Guilford County, North Carolina (CH 91-E-0000-0366; ER 91-7551). Location of the project: The proposed sewerlines are in southeastern Guilford County, chiefly following the courses of Big Alamance Creek, Little Alamance Creek, Beaver Creek, and several . of their smaller tributaries (Figures 1, 2, and 3). Contracting organization: Piedmont-Olsen, Inc. (for the City of Greensboro, North Carolina). Principal Investigator: Thomas H. Hargrove. Field Directors: Jacqueline Fehon and Thomas Hargrove. Field Crew: Marilyn Barrier, Clin.? Murphy, Patrick Robertson. Dates of survey: January 9 - March 10, 1991. The following sections follow the format of the Guidelines for Preparation of Archaological Survey Reports Reviewed by the Archaology Branch, Division of Archives and History, North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources. The sections include a description of the project's physical environment and its probable influences on past settlement choices and site preservation; an outline of the area's prehistoric and historic background; a description of field techniques; an inventory of sites recorded during the survey; a discussion of the archTological significance of the sites recorded; recommendations for archwological management; and a list of sources consulted for the background research, survey, and evaluation. mww a ! IMM c Rem \ \ AtW J» 66X411 LD/AC 51 DA im HG 140 ?\ $7.20 AGES - \\\ . SRYA Dau5?. 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AOCS ! / IEEI AGES / SWKW 7 Powr rA 9wD'Md ANP? `\ \\\ 765 0+08 1+00 2+00 3+00 4+00 5+00 6+00 7+00 BlalwaM} Ac 19I 8+00 8+00 10+00 11+00 ESOCw wr Illl RVRE? r- co" OF MM MS ETAiD M .Q Rfi KHOM IMRINO DEPAR7Mwl1? ry wN 3LwEASI aflrao cawff s a ws mAIR MEtr?S 81Ow/ OBr-9EMQOI SM= V 1 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS Durant Office Park 8480 Garvey Drive Raleigh, North Carolina 27604-3175 Telephone (919) 872-1174 FAX 919/872-9214 December 28, 1992 Eric Gal amb DEHNR - DEM P.O. Box 29535 Raleigh, N.C. 27626-0535 Dear Mr. Galamb: ? U Ill s r` PFC 1992 F Walter Taft of Piedmont Olsen Hensley asked me to send you these copies, for your own files, of our environmental assessment and the archaeological study for the Alamance Creek sewerline project in Guilford County. If you would like any additional information, please do not hesitate to call. Sincerely, Robert J. Goldstein, Ph.D. President cc: Walter Taft, Ray Shaw enc. 1. Alamance Creek sewerline EA. enc. 2. Alamance Creek sewerline ARCH study. r i r r i , ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT ALAMANCE CREEK SEWERLINE EXPANSION GUILFORD COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA MR. ALAN CLARK, WATER QUALITY SECTION DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT, HEALTH AND NATURAL RESOURCES DIVISION OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 512 NORTH SALISBURY STREET RALEIGH, NC 2761 1-7687 (919) 733-5083 PIEDMONT OLSEN, INC. ENGINEERS, ARCHITECTS, AND SURVEYORS RALEIGH, NORTH CAROLINA PROJECT # 38996.00 APRIL, 1991 REVISED MAY 15, 1991 1.0 NEED FOR THE PROJECT ........................................ 5 I F 1 2.0 ALTERNATIVES .............................................. 6 3.0 EXISTING ENVIRONMENT ....................................... 8 3.1 Project Location ......................................... 8 3.2 Geology and Soils ........................................ 8 3.3 Land Use .............................................. 8 3.4 Prime and Unique Agricultural Lands ........................... 9 3.5 Public, Scenic, and Recreational Lands ........................ 11 3.6 Archaeological and Historical Resources ........................ 11 3.7 Air Quality ............................................ 11 3.8 Noise ................................................ 12 3.9 Surface Water .......................................... 12 3.9.1 Water Resources and Usage Classifications ............... 12 3.9.2 Surface Water Quality .............................. 13 3.10 Groundwater Resources .................................. 17 3.11 Jurisdictional Wetlands ................................... 17 3.12 Fish and Aquatic Habitats ................................. 18 3.13 Terrestrial Plant and Animal Habitats ......................... 19 3.14 Protected Species and Natural Areas ......................... 21 4.0 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES ............................... 23 4.1 Alternatives ........................................... 23 4.2 Land Use ............................................. 23 4.3 Prime and Unique Agricultural Lands .......................... 23 4.4 Public, Scenic, and Recreational Lands ........................ 24 4.5 Archaeological and Historic Resources ......................... 24 4.6 Air Quality ............................................ 24 4.7 Noise ................................................ 25 4.8 Surface Water Resources ................................. 25 4.9 Groundwater Resources ................................... 26 4.10 Jurisdictional Wetlands ................................... 26 4.11 Fish and Aquatic Habitats ................................. 27 4.12 Terrestrial Plant and Animal Habitats ......................... 27 4.13 Protected Species and Natural Areas ......................... 28 5.0 MITIGATION ................................................ 29 5.1 Legal and regulatory framework ............................. 29 5.2 Recommendations to mitigate impacts ......................... 30 6.0 REFERENCES ............................................... 32 1 0 0 0 Figures and Tables Figure 1. Project Location ......................................... 10 Figure 2. Location of NPDES Dischargers in the Alamance Creek Basin .......... 16 Figure 3. Guilford County Sewer Corridor ............................... 44 Table 1. Population projections for Guilford County ......................... 5 Table 2. NPDES permits in the Alamance Creek basin ...................... 15 Table 3. Air emission data, Guilford County ............................. 34 Table 4. Fishes likely to occur in the Guilford County project area .............. 35 Table 5. Native amphibians likely to occur in the Guilford County project area ..... 37 Table 6. Native reptiles likely to occur in the Guilford County project area ........ 38 Table 7. Native birds likely to occur in the Guilford County project area .......... 39 Table 8. Native mammals likely to occur in the Guilford County project area ...... 42 Table 9. Rare and protected plant and animal species in Guilford County ......... 43 4 1.0 NEED FOR THE PROJECT ' The Guilford County sewerline project was proposed to alleviate failing and incorrectly approved septic systems in ten subdivisions in Guilford County. These subdivisions include Hunters Ridge, Breckenwood, Macon Glen, Brandon Station, Willow Bend, Walden Glen, Olde Forest, Coopers Farm, Hickory Meadow, and Section 17 in Forest Oaks. Approximately 850 ' lots and 175 houses are involved. The Guilford County sewerline will connect with the City of Greensboro's sewer system. Census data and projections for Guilford County are summarized from the U.S. Census Bureau and the Guilford County Planning and Development Department: i 1 Table 1. Population projections for Guilford County. Percent growth Pooulation Year (by decade) 288,645 1970 census 17.1 317,154 1980 census 9.9 347,420 1990 census 9.5 369,000 2000 projected 6.2 387,000 2010 projected 5.0 These data indicate steady growth during the 1980s and continuing into the 1990s. The increase in population will necessitate expanding wastewater treatment services. 5 2.0 ALTERNATIVES Three alternatives were considered. Alternative 1. ' Construct a municipal sewerline to serve the ten subdivisions in southeastern Guilford County with failing septic systems. The Guilford County portion of the project will tie in to proposed and existing segments of the city of Greensboro sewerline. The wastewater will ' be treated at the City's T.Z. Osbourne wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), and discharged into South Buffalo Creek in the Reedy Fork Creek basin. Alternative 1 A. This alternative relies heavily on outfall lines and a minimal number of lift stations (5-6). The project will require lift stations at the Hunter's Ridge and Olde Forest subdivisions, ' and lift stations on Beaver Creek, Big Alamance Creek, and Little Alamance Creek to transfer wastewater from the Alamance Creek basin to the Reedy Fork Creek basin. Some sections of the City's proposed system will require larger outfall lines to accommodate the ' approximately 170,000 gallons per day of domestic sewage produced by the 850 residential lots in the County's service area. ' This alternative centralizes wastewater treatment at an existing, reliable, and presently monitored WWTP. The treated wastewater is discharged to class C waters, which carry no categorical restrictions on wastewater discharges. The estimated costs of Alternative 1 A are $10,700,000. Alternative 1 B. This alternative utilizes existing rights-of-way. ' A lack of adequate rights-of-way in portions of this urbanized city-county region precludes the alternative from supplying service to all ten subdivisions now dependent on failing septic systems. The engineers have estimated that the alternative would require 20 ' to 25 lift stations, adding prohibitive maintenance and power supply costs. The engineers have estimated the minimal construction and right-of-way costs of this alternative as not less than 28 million dollars. ' The large number of lift stations in the rights-of-way alternative would increase the risk to surface waters should pumps fail or lift stations overflow raw sewage; this risk to surface ' water supplies is far greater than the risk posed by Alternative 1 A. The rights-of-way alternative would not reach all ten subdivisions with failing or at-risk septic systems, and thus not meet project objectives. This alternative would cost not less than 17.3 million dollars ' more than Alternative 1 A. 1 a 0 0 For the above reasons, Alternative 1 B is not viable. The capital and operation/ maintenance cost make this alternative prohibitively expensive and therefore county/city funding would not be available. Mixed alternatives to reach all ten subdivisions, consisting of both force main lines and of outfall lines where rights-of-way are not available, would continue to entail both additional lift stations and unacceptable costs, and were not considered further. Alternative 2. ' Construct ten small package treatment plants to serve each of the subdivisions, with private funding. This alternative is less expensive for the County. The N.C. Division of Environmental Management would have to issue ten new NPDES permits and establish ' effluent limits and monitoring requirements for each. Ten package plants pose substantially greater risk to water quality than one municipal plant, as they are difficult to monitor and are prone to failure (DEM, personal communication). The ten subdivisions are all located in a class ' WS-II, HQW watershed, a designation that instructs planners to seek other options for wastewater disposal. Alternative 3. L Do nothing. Soils in the project area have severe limitations for septic systems, as demonstrated by the high rate of failure. If private or municipal wastewater treatment is not provided, the failing systems may contaminate surface and groundwater resources in the Alamance Creek basin. No additional development can proceed in the afflicted subdivisions. Alternative 1 (=1 A) was selected as the preferred (build) alternative. 7 ' 3.0 EXISTING ENVIRONMENT ' 3.1 Project Location The proposed sewerline expansion project is southeast of the City of Greensboro, in ' Guilford County, North Carolina (Figure 1). The United States Geological Survey (USGS) 7.5 minute series topographic maps of Greensboro, Pleasant Garden, McCleansville, and Climax illustrate the topography, drainage, and land use of the region. The sewer service area lies south of Interstate 85 and west of N.C. 22. Buffaloe Creek, Big Alamance Creek and Little Alamance Creek are the major streams draining the area. ' 3.2 Geology and Soils The Alamance sewerline expansion project is located in the Piedmont province of North ' Carolina. Elevations in the project area range from approximately 600 to 900 feet above sea- level. The area is dominated by undulant to rolling topography with some steep valley slopes. It is underlain by intrusive rocks, primarily metamorphosed gabbro, diorite, and granite rocks ' (Natural Resources and Community Development, 1985). Several sites of exposed granite occur in the project corridor. ' Upland areas are dominated by soils of the Enon-Mecklen burg association. The stream floodplains and lowland areas contain moderately permeable Chewacla and Wehadkee soils. Chewacla soils are somewhat poorly drained and are farmed from recently deposited alluvium (Stephens, 1977). Hydric Wehadkee soils are more poorly drained and usually associated with wetland communities in the project area. Well-drained Congaree soils occur in other alluvial areas of low slope within the project corridor. In areas of greater relief, upland soils ' comprised mainly of Madison, Wilkes, Enon, and Mecklenburg series will be impacted. 3.3 Land Use The project area is primarily suburban and residential development and agricultural fields, with areas of upland forest and corridors of bottomland forest along streams. However, there is some non-residential development along 1-85 and in the area closest to the City of Greensboro. The City of Greensboro, northwest of the project area, is a rapidly growing urban center. 8 P fl H 3.4 Prime and Unique Agricultural Lands Prime farmland is recognized by the U.S. Department of Agriculture as important to the nation's short- and long-range needs for food and fiber. Crop production on prime farmland requires minimal soil alteration and results in the least damage to the environment. Soils within Guilford County designated as prime farmland are: ApB Appling sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes CcB Cecil sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes CrB Coronaca clay loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes EnB Enon fine sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes HhB Helena-Sedgefield sandy loams, 0 to 6 percent slopes MaB Madison sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes VaB Vance sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes 9 Guilford Co. ,a?e4to $,?eg Piedmont Province Coastal Plain Figure 1. Project Location ' 3.5 Public, Scenic, and Recreational Lands ' Public, scenic, and recreational lands include facilities ranging from public schools to parks. Hagan-Stone Park is the largest public recreational facility within the project area, offering picnicking, camping, hiking, softball, and boating. Approximately 3,400 feet of the proposed sewerline occurs within this park. No federally designated scenic areas occur in r Guilford County. U.S. 421 is designated as a Scenic Corridor on the Guilford County Development Ordinance. ' 3.6 Archaeological and Historical Resources ' The state historic preservation office (SHPO) commented on the proposed project and recommended an archaeological survey be prepared. A survey has been completed and will be provided in a separate document, in accordance with SHPO procedure. 3.7 Air Quality LFJ 0 The principal air quality pollutants in the United States are particulates, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds (hydrocarbons), carbon monoxide and lead. The major sources of these emissions include transportation, fuel consumption, industrial processes, solid waste disposal, forest fires, burning, and nonindustrial solvent use (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1990). Air quality is subject to compliance with the Clean Air of Act of 1975 and amendments (42 U.S.C. 1857 et. seq.), which require the Governors of the states to recommend to EPA areas of non-attainment for ozone standards and plans to bring the areas into compliance. Elevated ozone concentrations are, in part, related to automobile emissions of volatile organic compounds and nitrogen oxides. Pollutant emissions in tons per year were provided by the National Air Data Branch of EPA (Table 3). As of 1988, Guilford County emitted more than 31,000 tons of particulates with transportation sources accounting for only 20%. Unpaved roads accounted for almost 70% of the measured particulates. The county produced almost 4,000 tons of sulfur oxides (SOX), 30% from industrial use of bituminous coal. Nitrogen oxides (NOX) amounted to over 14,000 tons with 80% attributed to transportation. Volatile organic compounds (VOC) were emitted at a rate of 32,000 tons per year, with 36% ascribed to miscellaneous solvent evaporation loss, 27% to gasoline fueled vehicles, and 16% to petroleum storage, transport, and gasoline station evaporation losses. Carbon monoxide (CO) emissions reached almost 75,000 tons per year, with transportation contributing 84% of this pollution indicator. The Governor of North Carolina has written to EPA (Raleigh News and Observer, March 16, 1991) recommending that Guilford County be designated a non-attainment area for ozone and carbon monoxide in 1991. 11 ' 3.8 Noise Noise is subject to the federal Noise Control Act of 1972 (PL 92-574) and Quiet Communities Act of 1978 (PL-95-6009). These require standards of compliance and recommend approaches to abatement for stationary sources such as airports, highways, and industrial facilities. North Carolina has no state noise standards. Local governments may establish and exercise regulatory authority for noise. The city of Greensboro prohibits disturbing and unnecessary noise from specific sources (Section 18-41, Greensboro City Code). These sources include musical instruments and amplifiers, pets, and exhausts of muffled internal combustion engines. A separate Section of the Code addresses noise from racing vehicles (Terry Wood, Deputy Attorney, City of Greensboro, pers. comm.). No portion of the Code refers to ambient, necessary noise due to normal operation of a public utility. 1 3.9 Surface Water 1 3.9.1 Water Resources and Usage Classifications. Gravity portions of the proposed sewerline follow Big Alamance Creek, Little Alamance Creek, and their tributaries in sub-basin 03-06-03 of the Haw River basin (Figure 2). A lift station on Big Alamance Creek pumps wastewater across a divide to the Little Alamance Creek outfall, and a second lift station on Little Alamance Creek pumps the wastewater out of the Alamance Creek basin northward to the Buffalo Creek basin, which contains the T.Z. Osbourne wastewater treatment plant. The Haw River originates northwest of Greensboro and provides municipal water supplies, recreation, and waste disposal for downstream cities and towns. The Haw River and the Deep River, which originate in the High Point area, comprise the headwaters of the Cape Fear River, an important water supply and navigational waterway. The N.C. Division of Environmental Management (DEM) currently classifies all waters i of the state based on "existing or contemplated best usage." Class C uses are defined as propagation of aquatic life, fishing, wildlife habitat, secondary recreation (non-body contact), and agriculture. Class B waters are those used for primary recreation (swimming). Municipal ' water supplies (previously Class A) are classified WS-I, WS-II, or WS-III, depending on the amount of development and characteristics of discharges in the basin. Class WS-111 refers to segments used for municipal water supply with no categorical restrictions on watershed development or discharges. Class WS-11 applies to sparsely or moderately developed watersheds with only domestic and industrial non-process wastewater discharges. Class WS-1 is reserved for nearly undeveloped watersheds. Local land management plans to control non- point source pollution are required in WS-1 and WS-II watersheds. Best uses of Classes WS-1, WS-II, WS-III, and B also include all Class C uses. LI, 12 i ' Big Alamance Creek and its tributaries, including Little Alamance Creek, Beaver Creek, and Back Creek, are classified WS-II from their headwaters to the Lake Macintosh dam in Alamance County, and classified C from the dam to the Haw River. All streams in the project area are within the watershed of Lake Macintosh, a public water supply, and are classified WS-II. ' High quality water (HOW) is a supplementary water quality classification assigned to waters that are rated as excellent based on biological, chemical, and physical characteristics by the N.C. Department of Environment, Health, and Natural Resources (DEHNR). HOW also ' applies to all water supply watersheds designated WS-1 or WS-II, and therefore applies to all streams in the project area. Land clearing and grading in HQW watersheds is limited to 20 acres at one time, and re-seeding must occur within 15 days. Special design requirements for hydraulic structures and stormwater and erosion control also apply in HQW watersheds. Nutrient-sensitive waters watershed (NSW) is another supplementary water quality classification assigned to waters of the state in which nuisance algal blooms are a potential problem. The B. Everett Jordan Reservoir basin, including the Haw River basin, is designated NSW. Stringent phosphorus and nitrogen limits are imposed on NPDES permits in NSW watersheds. The Guilford County Zoning Ordinance includes watershed protection provisions intended to reduce urban runoff and pollution (sediment, excess nutrients, toxics) into water supply reservoirs, including Lake Macintosh in Alamance County (Guilford County, 1988). Development density, stormwater and erosion controls, and discharge permits are stringently ' regulated under this ordinance. New municipal water supply watershed protection regulations were adopted by the Environmental Management Commission in December, 1990, and will require re-classification of municipal water supplies and adoption of local watershed protection ' ordinances by January, 1992. Guilford County is revising its ordinance to accommodate the new state standards (Guilford County Planning Department, pers. comm.). 3.9.2 Surface Water Quality The project area is mostly suburban and rural/agricultural. Streams in the area receive various amounts of non-point source pollution from surface runoff. Point source dischargers with NPDES permits in the Alamance Creek basin are listed in Table 2 and mapped in Figure 2. The earliest available water quality assessments are from an N.C. Wildlife Resources Commission (WRC) fish survey during the summers of 1962-63. Sewage treatment was primitive at this time, and streams downstream of Greensboro were severely degraded. Carnes et al. (1964) described Buffalo Creek, the receiving stream for treated wastewater collected by the proposed project, as "a thoroughly offensive stream; the odor and color of ' the water resembled those of sewage" and the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration was 3.6 mg/I, uninhabitable for fish. 13 Four samples from Big Alamance Creek and Stinking Quarter Creek, in contrast, had DO concentrations of 7.0 to 9.0 mg/1 and diverse fish faunas (Carnes et al., 1964). ' The N.C. Division of Environmental Management (DEM) has sampled benthic invertebrates since 1982 to assess stream quality throughout the state (North Carolina Department of Environment, Health, and Natural Resources, 1989). Invertebrate communities are indicators of long-term trends rather than of instantaneous water quality. DEM presents data on total species richness, EPT species richness (Ephemeroptera + Plecoptera + Trichoptera, three pollution sensitive insect orders), and biological quality rankings (poor to ' excellent). Big Alamance Creek below the confluence with Stinking Quarter Creek, downstream of the project area and upstream of the Graham and Burlington WWTPs, earned a "good-fair" ranking with 80 total species and 22 EPT species during a 1986 collection. Stinking Quarter Creek downstream of the project area yielded 91 total species and 30 EPT species, and was ranked "good" in 1986. Gum Branch and Rock Creek, northern tributaries of Big Alamance Creek, socred "fair" and "good-fair" based on collections in 1986 and 1988, respectively. Based on collections from 1982 to 1988, the Haw River's quality declines from "good/fair" and "fair" upstream of Reedy Fork Creek to "fair" and "poor" downstream, where effluents from Greensboro, Graham, and Burlington enter. The benthic community recovers to "good" and "good/fair" just upstream of Jordan Lake, a proposed raw water supply (North Carolina Department of Environment, Health, and Natural, Resources, 1989). ' The U.S. Geologic Survey collected chemical water quality data from the Reedy Fork/Buffalo Creek system from April 1986 through September 1987 to assess surface water supplies and downstream impacts in the rapidly urbanizing Haw River basin (Davenport, ' 1989). Samples were taken druing eight surveys from seven sites within Greensboro's water supply watershed, two sites downstream on Reedy Fork Creek, six sites in the Buffalo Creek drainage, two treated drinking water supplies, and two wastewater effluents. Some samples from the raw water supply watershed exceeded standards or criteria for several EPA priority ' pollutants, including arsenic, lead, cyanide, mercury, chloroform, chlorophenol, and various halomethanes. Finished drinking water supplies were in compliance with state and federal standards or criteria for all inorganic compounds measured. Benzene, trichloroethane, and ' trihalomethanes exceeded standards or criteria in several finished water samples. Davenport (1989) compared water quality between streams draining rural, semideveloped, and urban areas receiving only non-point source impacts. Conductivity and concentrations of major ions (Ca, Mg, Na, Cl, and S04) increased with urbanization at base flows. Suspended sediment and heavy metals (Hg, Cu, Ni, and Zn) were elevated in urbanized I streams during high flows, when road surface runoff is greatest. Total organic carbon, orthophosphate, and flouride concentrations increased with urbanization at all flows. ' Below wastewater outfalls there were significant increases in arsenic, copper, mercury, phosphorus, zinc, several chlorinated hydrocarbons, and organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides. Total dissolved solids, conductivity, and total organic carbon were also elevated ' below outfalls. n 14 N a) U- 0 4- c O a Cl) i O U N L a) cC a co C N co .Q -Ne a) ) Q) U U C co co a) L .E O E aa)) (n W Z ' N co H m a) M U 0= m 7 C O J a) D co J O O 0 FL 2 U co U a co 2:tt Y ? 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O O M O O O O O N O O O Cn n (0 r- O t r- O O O O M O O LO O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 L U o C O E N W = L CL co a) (1) (1) F- 0 a) C Q - C U C: a) a c a) E a O Q) a) O c D _ a) D Y 0 O m` Y co a (1) E p 2 a) - 0 > D U U c cn 0= 0 L) d 2 ) i O U Q p U > ++ O U N m O ) L u- o C U [n ? +1 E a) W a) U C m E co a O O 0 - -0 p ? t U U) a) a) a) 0 _ a) C cu -c +r z p O ) -D CO +. C co - O C U M C LM = N co Q) -C +1 7 U) j 0 co C O rn (1) a) C C O m c L c O 0) S O co w ++ C co c ) c Y a) a) u U o N L _) N _ ) ca O •- N M ?t cn cfl N M It t[) CO I- co m •- c- co a) a IN c O co CA C CO G 0 2 0 ' 3.10 Groundwater Resources ' Major regional groundwater aquifers do not exist. The water table is recharged in upland areas and discharged to wells and as baseflow to streams. Past drilling records of water wells in the study area indicated that the groundwater table occurs within 15 to 40 feet of the ground surface. Low productivity wells in the water table aquifer provide an important source of water in rural areas (U.S. Department of Transportation and N.C. Department of Transportation, 1985). 3.11 Jurisdictional Wetlands ' Jurisdictional wetlands are lands protected by Section 404 of the federal Clean Water Act. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (COE) enforces wetland protection, mandated by Section 404, in coordination with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS), and state and local resource agencies. Jurisdictional wetlands are defined and delineated by hydrology, soils, and vegetation. The federal manual forwetland identification and delineation provides guidelines for determining when hydrology, soils, and ' vegetation define a wetland (Federal Interagency Committee for Wetland Delineation, 1989). Wetlands are areas saturated with water for sufficient periods (generally for a week or more during the growing season) to produce hydric soil conditions that support plants adapted to ' habitats with low concentrations of oxygen in the soil. Guidelines in the federal manual also define atypical wetlands that meet less than three criteria, such as wetlands altered or created by man. ' Wetlands provide habitat for plant and animal species, storage for floodwaters, and filter sediments, contaminants, and nutrients from runoff. Wetlands may be altered only under ' limited circumstances, of which the most important are water dependence of the project and the absence of upland alternatives. Ecologists used the project development maps, Guilford County soil map (Stephens, 1977), and USGS topographic quadrangles to determine potential areas of wetlands for field investigation. The entire project corridor was examined on foot, and jurisdictional wetlands delineated by the Federal Interagency method (Federal Interagency Committee for Wetland ' Delineation, 1989) supplemented with the national list of plant species that occur in North Carolina wetlands (Reed, 1988) and the U.S. Soil Conservation Service list of hydric soils (SCS, 1989). ' Sampling stations were chosen at intervals of 50 to 200 feet along each potential wetland edge according to visible topographic, hydrologic, and vegetational indicators. Soil cores were taken with an 18-inch soil auger, and soil color (hue, value, and chroma) determined using Munsell soil color charts. Dominant tree, shrub, woody vine, and ground cover vegetation were identified. Percent cover was recorded on the wetland and non- wetland sides of each station. Hydrologic indicators (e.g., water marks, surface saturation, oxidized root channels, water-stained leaves) were recorded. The wetland edge at each station was marked with a numbered flag, and distance and direction to each wetland flag ' was measured from a previous wetland flag, basepoint flag, or recognizable landmark. Red survey tape was tied near each flag to facilitate location by surveyors and agency personnel. 1 17 0 ' The area surveyed for wetlands was 20 feet on either side of surveyed, proposed sewerline corridors, or 100 feet from creek banks where no surveyed lines were in place. Wetlands were measured as linear distances along the project corridor. Most wetland areas were found in floodplains along tributaries to Little Alamance Creek and Big Alamance Creek in association with Chewacla and Wehadkee soils. Some wetlands were located in the floodplains of Little Alamance Creek and Big Alamance Creek. The Congaree soils found in most of the project area did not support wetlands. Numerous intermittent tributaries join the major creeks throughout the project area and narrow (bank-to-bank) wetland corridors exist along these tributary streams. Wetlands in the project corridor are mapped on eight topographic sheets appended to this report. Wetlands adjacent to, but not in, the project corridor are also indicated on these sheets. ' 3.12 Fish and Aquatic Habitats Streams in the project area generally have low gradients, and sandy substrates interspersed with riffle habitat. The fish community is dominated by minnows and sunfishes, with smaller numbers of catfish, darters, and other species. Many streams have been ' impounded to form ponds and lakes which favor a fish community different from that in streams, including many non-native species. Fish species likely to occur in streams and ponds within the project area are listed in Table 4 (Lee et al., 1980). Intermittent streams without permanent fish populations are important to downstream fish communities for their contributions to water quality, temperature, flow control, and food ' production. Several salamanders (Eurycea and Desmognathus species) only maintain viable populations in small streams with few or no fishes. Small perennial streams support few fish species, but some are endemic to small streams, including the rare Carolina darter (Etheostoma co//is). Deciduous leaf litter provides the base of the food web in small streams. Maintenance of a forested canopy is critical to these habitats for nutrients, and for temperature and erosion control (Barnes and Minshall, 1983). ' Medium to large streams (drainage basin area 50 square miles or greater) in the Piedmont support the greatest fish diversity, including important game fish species. Both leaf litter and instream primary production (algae and aquatic plants) contribute to the food base in these habitats (Barnes and Minshall, 1983). Frogs (Rana species), northern water snake (Nerodia sipedon), queen snake (Regina septemvittata), and aquatic turtles (Chrysemys species) inhabit them, as do wood ducks (Aix sponsa), great blue heron (Ardea herodia), wetland-dwelling songbirds, beaver (Castor canadensis), muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus), and other mammals (Barnes and Minshall, 1983). ' Ponds and lakes in the region are man-made. Fishery resources in impoundments are dominated by mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis), largemouth bass (Micropterus saimoides), and several sunfishes (Lepomis species) and catfishes (ictaiurus species). 18 Vernal pools are naturally occurring (or artificially created) shallow depressions which seasonally hold water. These ephemeral pools provide essential breeding habitat for several ' species of amphibians. Forested vernal pools likely to support breeding amphibians (Ambystoma, Hy/a, Pseudacris, Acris, and Rana) occur along the floodplains of Little Alamance Creek and Big Alamance Creek. Vernal pools are noted on the topographic sheets appended. 3.13 Terrestrial Plant and Animal Habitats The Greensboro Sewer project area is predominantly suburban and agricultural. Vegetation of the project area consists of patches of old fields, young forests, and scattered ' remnants of older forests occurring in small blocks and along streams. Original (presettlement) forests of the Piedmont were dominated by oaks and hickories; however, this forest type is sparse. Amphibian, reptile, bird, and mammal species commonly found in the ' Piedmont are presented in Tables 4 through 8 (Lee et al., 1982; Martof et al., 1980; Potter et al. 1980; and Webster et al., 1985). ' Urban and residential areas in the project area contain large expanses of cultivated grass, widely spaced trees, small patches of brush, buildings, and abundant domestic predators and introduced species. Reptile and amphibian species are usually limited to a few small secretive snakes (Virginia and Storeria species), ground skink (Scincella lateralis), American toad (Bufo americanus), and gray treefrog (Hyla chrysoscelis). Predominant urban birds include the house sparrow (Passer domesticus), starling (Sternus vulgaris), rock dove (Columba livia), cardinal ' (Cardinalis cardinalis), robin (Turdus migratorius), chimney swift (Chaetura pelagica), white throated sparrow (Zonotrichia albicollis), and mockingbird (Mimus polyglottos). Gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis), house mouse (Mus musculus), Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus), raccoon (Procyon lotor), opossum (Didelphis virginiana), and bats (Chiroptera) are typical urban mammals. Abandoned agricultural fields, abundant in the project area, are dominated by various ' grasses, broomsedge (Andropogon virginicus), asters and goldenrod (Asteraceae), blackberry (Rubus species), and other "weeds". Older fields are dominated by young loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) and sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua) in addition to the pioneer species listed ' previously. Old fields provide habitat for a distinct community of animals that exploit areas of early successional-stage vegetation. Reptiles and amphibians of old fields include black racer (Coluber constrictor), ringneck snake (Diadophis punctatus), rough green snake (Opheodrys aestiva), six-lined racerunner (Cnemidophorus sexlineatus), and a few frog and toad species (Acris crepitans, Pseudacris triseriata, and Bufo woodhousei) in marshy areas. Old field birds include bobwhite (Colinus virginianus), meadowlark (Sturnella magna), killdeer (Charadrius vociferus), bluebird (Sialia sialis), mourning dove (Zenaida macroura), American kestrel (Falco sparverius), and red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis). Typical old field mammals include harvest mouse (Reithrodontomys humulis), cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus), woodland vole (Microtus pinetorum), eastern cottontail (Sylivilagus floridanus), and red fox (Vulpes fulva). White tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) frequent old fields bordered by forests. C 1 19 0 H ii 0 Pine forests are common on uplands in the project area where old fields have been left to natural succession for ten years or more, and where planted as a commercial crop. Pine forests support a sparse community of animals because of low plant species diversity and the low nutritional value and decomposition rate of pine needles. Characteristic amphibians and reptiles are Fowlers toad (Bufo woodhousei), eastern box turtle (Terrapene carolina), and many of the same snake species as are found in old fields. Birds of pine forests include sharp- shinned hawk (Accipter striatus), downy woodpecker (Picoides pubescens), sapsucker (Sphyrapicus varius), ruby-crowned kinglet (Regulus calendula), pine warbler (Dendroica pinus), and several finch and sparrow species (Fringillidae). Pine forest mammals include opossum, raccoon, bats, gray squirrel, chipmunk (Tamias striatus), and other rodents. Pine forests recolonize old fields quickly and grow more rapidly than hardwoods. Hardwood forests are often divided into two types: upland, often mixed with pine; and bottomland, generally without pines and often on hydric soils. Plant diversity within each stratum (canopy, shrub, and ground layer) is greater in hardwood forests than in pine forests. Decaying leaf litter provides a food base for insects and worms upon which many carnivores depend, and the living vegetation serves as food for many herbivores. Hardwood forests are slow growing and require half a century or more to achieve steady production of acorns, nuts, fruits, and seeds that support many forest animals, from small birds to deer. Two types of non-wetland hardwood slope forests occur in the project area: basic mesic hardwood forest and mixed mesic hardwood forest (Schafale and Weakley, 1990). Both were found on slopes along streams over much of the project area. Basic mesic hardwood forests were found on basic (non-acidic) soils, such as the Mecklenburg and Enon series. The canopy is dominated by yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipfera), beech (Fagus grandifolia), and northern red oak (Quercus rubra), and the understory comprises eastern hophornbeam (Ostrya virginiana), musclewood (Carpinus carofiniana), redbud (Cercis canadensis), and flowering dogwood (Corpus florida). Mixed mesic hardwood forests have a similar composition, but include red maple (Acer rubrum) in the canopy and deerberry (Vaccinium stamineum) in the understory, and lack redbud and other base-loving species. Mixed mesic hardwood forests have a less dense and diverse herb layer than basic mesic hardwood forests, and occur on more acidic soils, such as the Madison series. Two types of bottomland forests, levee forest and Piedmont swamp forest, occur in the project area (Schafale and Weakley, 1990). Bottomland forests may or may not be jurisdictional wetlands, depending on the presence of hydric soils, vegetation type, and hydrology (see Section 3.12). Levee forests occur on well-drained berms immediately adjacent to streams, on floodplains, and along old stream beds. The project area contains mainly levee forests dominated by sycamore (Platanus occidentafis) and green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanicus), with boxelder (Acernegundo) and river birch (Betula nigra) in the understory. Levee forests are associated with Chewacla and Congaree series soils. Piedmont swamp forest portions of the project corridor are dominated by elm (Ulmus species), sugarberry (Celtis laevigata), and green ash, with a few black willow (Salix nigra) present. These forests are associated with Wehadkee or Chewacla soils. 20 I I r The reptiles and amphibians of hardwood forests include spotted salamander (Ambystoma maculatum), slimy salamander (Plethodon glutinosus), toads (Bufo species), box turtle ' (Terrapene carolina), five-lined skink (Eumeces fasciatus), king snakes (Lampropeltis species), and timber rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus). Hardwood forest birds include many of the urban, old field, and pine forest species, plus yellow-billed cuckoo (Coccyzus americanus), barred owl (Strix varia), white-breasted nuthatch (Sitta carolinensis), and thrushes (Catharus species). Typical hardwood forest mammals include most of the pine forest species plus white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus), flying squirrel (Glaucomys volans), and gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus). Many reptiles, birds, and mammals require edge habitats (ecotones) between the forest and adjacent fields. Bottomland hardwood forests are particularly species-rich, productive habitats. Animals ' which depend on bottomlands include amphibian larvae requiring fish-free vernal pools, and many game species such as wood duck (Aix sponsa), woodcock (Scolopax minor), and turkey (Meleagris gallopavo). Bottomland hardwood forest mammals include most of the upland species plus beaver (Castor canadensis), mink (Mustela vison), and muskrat (Ondatra zibe thicus) . ' Many bottomland forests in the urbanized Piedmont have been destroyed by impoundments, conversion to agriculture, or improper timber cutting. The remaining stands are mostly along streams, where they serve as migration corridors and urban sanctuaries for many birds and mammals. Fragmentation of bottomland forests reduces their habitat value, especially for animals requiring large home ranges. Bottomland forests are extremely slow and difficult to re-establish. If the hydrology is altered, they may never return (Potter et al., 1980; ' Webster et al., 1985). Bottomland forests that do not meet the federal wetland definition (Federal Interagency Committee for Wetland Delineation, 1989) receive no legal protection and are rapidly being lost in North Carolina. While none of the project area is in active forest management, there are economically valuable trees (e..g., persimmon (Diospyros virginiana) 5-10" dbh and walnut (Juglans nigra) 10-20" dbh) and stands of yellow poplar and red oak (15-20" average dbh) in the project area. 3.14 Protected Species and Natural Areas The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and N.C. Natural Heritage Program (NHP) have no records of federally endangered or threatened species, or species proposed for federal listing, within the project area. However, there are ten species occurring in Guilford County which are listed in NHP's element list (Table 9). Only Nestronia umbellula is under federal status review and is state-listed as threatened (L.K. Mike Gantt, FWS, letter 27 November 1989; Sutter, 1990). Nestronia is an upland shrub associated with hardwood forests, and its occurrence within the project area was not detected during the winter reconnaissance. It is not present on any of the NHP's element occurrence maps within the project area. 1 21 1 r Two species of rare fishes occur in the upper Cape Fear River basin: the Cape Fear shiner (Notropis mekistocho/as), federally and state listed as endangered; and the Carolina ' darter (Etheostoma co//is), state listed as special concern. The Cape Fear shiner occurs in the Deep River near the Randolph/Moore County line, about 50 miles downstream of Greensboro, and is unlikely to occur any closer to the project area. The Carolina darter has been collected in backwaters of very small headwater streams of Reedy Fork Creek northwest of the project area. Natural areas are localities of unusual geology or areas supporting unusually diverse plant and animal communities which may include rare species or disjunct populations. A natural areas survey of Guilford County indicates one site of Piedmont Regional Significance within the project area (Burnette el al., 1991). Hagan Stone Park contains an "excellent example of a Piedmont Hardpan Bog" (Burnette et al., 1991). This bog occupies a two acre depression in the northwestern portion of the park. Burnette et al. (1991) suggested that a comprehensive botanical survey of the bog might reveal the presence of rare plant species. Adjoining the bog is a remnant Xeric Hardpan (Montmorillonite) Forest, rare in Guilford County. Neither the bog nor the adjoining forest is within the proposed sewerline corridor. d F F1 L 22 I? 1 J I; ri u 0 4.0 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES 4.1 Alternatives Three alternatives were considered: 1) construction of a sewerline to alleviate failing septic systems, 2) private construction of eight small package wastewater treatment facilities; and 3) the no build alternative. Package treatment systems are less expensive than extension of Greensboro's WWTP facilities to the ten subdivisions through an expansion of the existing sewer system. However, package plants have a higher likelihood of failure than a municipal system, and are not favored by the N.C. Division of Environmental Management when sewer service is an available option. 4.2 Land Use Land use impacts of the project are secondary and cumulative, except for the very small area occupied by pipes and buildings. The no build alternative will have little impact on land use in the project area. Urban growth will continue, but probably at a slower rate, and agriculture should also continue. While none of the project area is currently under active forest management, some valuable trees (e.g., persimmon 5-12" dbh, and walnut 10-20 dbh), and valuable stands (yellow poplar and red oak 15-20" dbh) will be impacted by the construction alternative. Sewerline construction will not destroy entire stands of valuable trees, but will reduce the integrity and residual value of some stands (e.g. yellow poplar stands containing veneer quality logs). Secondary impacts of the construction alternative will be increased urbanization. Low/medium-density residential and commercial, and industrial development may displace rural, residential, agricultural, and forest uses. Pressure to retain undeveloped land for recreation, watershed protection, and other uses will increase, and zoning will play an important role in limiting and directing impacts. 4.3 Prime and Unique Agricultural Lands ' Prime farmland occurs within the sewerline corridor only in developed or otherwise disturbed areas not in agriculture. Neither the construction nor the no build alternative will directly impact prime farmland. Increased development resulting from the expansion of wastewater treatment service could impact prime farmland as a secondary impact of induced growth. H 23 F", C 0 fl C 4.4 Public, Scenic, and Recreational Lands There will be no important primary impacts on public, scenic, and recreational lands. Although Hagan-Stone Park is of local and regional importance, the sewerline does not traverse the natural area within its boundaries. Secondary impacts will include increased demands on the park's facilities resulting from increased population. 4.5 Archaeological and Historic Resources An archaeological survey has been submitted as a separate document, in accordance with state procedures. 4.6 Air Quality There are no direct negative impacts on air quality associated with the operation of wastewater collection systems. During construction, short term impacts on air quality, primarily an increase in particulates, will result from clearing and grading activities, but effects along force main and gravity lines will be insignificant. Wind-blown particulates from the small acreage of cleared land can be reduced by rapid grassing. Short-term effects on air quality from carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and volatile organic compounds (hydrocarbons) emitted by engine exhausts of construction equipment will be negligible. Impacts on air quality from electric pumps are non-existent; impacts from back-up diesel-driven pumps will be intermittent during testing or emergency use and in all cases negligible. Long term secondary impacts can be a consequence of socioeconomic changes. New sewerline service to previously unserved areas will have both positive and negative impacts. A principal secondary positive socioeconomic impact of sewer systems is the attraction of industrial and commercial parks and facilities and planned residential developments to sites not amenable to other types of wastewater disposal systems, increasing land values and the tax base. Positive cumulative socioeconomic impacts may also accrue when officials and planning staffs exercise long range planning in preparation for more intensive land uses provided by wastewater treatment facilities. These activities improve regional groundwater quality protection by elimination of septic systems and package treatment plants, and promote better land use, increased population growth and tax revenues, and an enhanced quality of life for all citizens in the region, and should be weighed against negative effects of growth. Negative secondary and cumulative impacts on air quality may occur when increased population results in more emissions of pollutants from industrial users and transportation. Major pollutants from transportation include carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds (hydrocarbons) and lead. Nationwide, lead emissions from automobiles have decreased. The contribution to lead emissions from transportation was 80% in 1970, 84% in 1980, and only 34% in 1988, the last year for which estimates are available. The decrease in lead emissions is a result of the phasing out of leaded gasoline. However, nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds from motor vehicles have changed little from 1970 through 24 n I? 1988, as benefits from fuel efficiency and pollution control technology were offset by the increase in vehicles. No such benefits are seen with respect to carbon monoxide emissions from motor vehicles, which today are a major contributor to the total. These secondary and cumulative negative impacts on air quality may be reduced in the future by improved fuel efficiency and engine design. However, it is reasonable to expect a cumulative negative impact on ozone levels in the county as a consequence of induced growth. The Governor of North Carolina has proposed automobile exhaust tests and stricter controls on industrial emissions, and on vapors from gasoline pumps in Guilford County (Raleigh News and Observer, March 16, 1991). Proposed wastewater collection and treatment systems are sometimes perceived as potential generators of noxious odors, but this is an aesthetic concern rather than one of air quality. Odors associated with sewage are generally related to improper operation or siting of lift (pump) stations. Siting of lift stations away from residences and minimizing the number of stations can reduce potential impacts of objectionable odors. The most common offending odor is hydrogen sulfide gas emitted by the wet wells of lift stations. Concentrations of H2S at one problem facility reached up to 150 parts per million (ppm). Where lift stations cannot be sited away from residences, the H2S problem can be mitigated by installation of scrubbers that pass the gas through sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCI). Scrubbing systems can be designed to handle 300 ppm or more of H2S, and occupy only a small space within a lift station. 4.7 Noise I Short-term impacts of noise will be associated with construction. Noise levels will be greatest at the construction site, but will be mitigated by distance, vegetation buffers and restriction of construction to daylight hours. There is no evidence of negative health effects from noise due to operation of wastewater collection systems and pump stations. Thus, long- term direct negative impacts are insignificant. Secondary and cumulative negative impacts may accrue from induced growth requiring expanded and additional transportation corridors. 4.8 Surface Water Resources The no build alternative will allow continuing contamination of surfact and/or groundwater resources from the failing septic systems in the project area. No further development can occur in the area without sewer service. All streams in the project area are currently classified WS-11, HOW by DEM. This best usage classification denotes a low to moderately developed watershed with nonpoint source pollution controls. Sewerline construction will reduce the number of faulty septic systems in the watershed, thereby reducing one source of water supply contamination. Package ' treatment plants provide a similar benefit, but pose a greater risk to water supplies due to the greater likelihood of failure (DEM, pers. comm.). Increased residential development induced by the project will result in more impervious surface area, less rainwater infiltration, and ' greater potential for contamination associated with urban runoff. Good stormwater design and management practices can ameliorate these negative impacts. 25 Ill The Guilford County Zoning Ordinance of 1988 evaluates proposed developments by awarding points or engineering certification for incorporation of design features that protect water resources. These features include reducing impervious surfaces, increasing distance from floodways, protecting natural stream channels, choosing sites with low slopes, maintaining natural vegetation, maximizing stormwater retention, providing public sewer service, and using vegetated roadside ditches rather than curb and gutter. Because the project area is only sparsely developed at present, incorporation of these design features in new construction projects will result in a watershed with relatively low potential for serious urban runoff problems. Sewerline design measures to protect water quality include avoiding public water supplies and high quality aquatic habitats, minimizing the number of stream crossings, and maximizing the distance from sewerlines to streams to allow for stormwater infiltration and deposition of pollutants (WRC recommends at least 50 feet). Construction practices should include protection of stream bottom habitat from siltation by erosion control measures and retention of riparian vegetation buffers. Mitigation requires replacement of original contours and riparian vegetation. ' To prevent water quality degradation of Buffalo Creek, the T.Z. Osbourne wastewater treatment facility must be capable of handling increased wastewater loads consistent with the currently projected 850 lots. The T.Z. Osbourne WWTP has a design capacity of 20.0 million ' gallons per day (MGD), and is currently treating 18.5 MGD. The additional 0.17 MGD will not overload the treatment plant. Li 4.9 Groundwater Resources The no build alternative will allow continued risk of groundwater contamination from failing septic systems. The project will eliminate these existing septic systems and reduce potential for fecal contamination of groundwater. However, the project will promote denser development of the area, which may introduce new sources of potential contamination, including fuel, oil, cleaning solvents, and paint solvents. 4.10 Jurisdictional Wetlands The no build alternative will have no impacts on wetlands. The private package plant alternative will have little or no impact on wetlands depending on the sites selected and on their rates of failure. The sewerline construction alternative will impact wetlands are in bottomland hardwood forests and the (bank-to-bank wetlands). These wetlands are marked 26 17.8 acres of wetlands. Most of the remainder in fields or on tributaries on the topographic maps appended. n Construction and maintenance impacts to wetlands are unavoidable. Construction of sewerlines will be limited to a 20 foot corridor in wetlands consistent with General Permit 49. Impacts include soil compaction from heavy equipment and filling from deposition of spoil. Impacts can be minimized by using wide track equipment, completely removing excess spoil to uplands, and restoring original contours. Impacts on bank-to-bank wetlands throughout the project area can be minimized by crossing streams at right angles. Impacts due to maintenance and operation of the sewerline will be minimal if no herbicides are sprayed and if heavy equipment is not used to maintain the corridor. Corridors will revert to wetland vegetation after construction, though none will develop larger trees if the corridor is maintained by bush-hogging. The best maintenance practice is hand-clearing. Secondary impacts to wetlands will include runoff and pollution associated with increased urbanization in nearby uplands. 4.11 Fish and Aquatic Habitats Stream habitats should receive minimal impacts by following certain procedures, such as locating the sewer corridor at least 50 feet from the stream; avoiding destruction of large diameter trees; avoiding small depressions (vernal pools) which provide amphibian habitat; and minimizing the removal of canopy. During construction, amphibian habitat could be enhanced by constructing small depressions that hold water during the winter-spring rainy season. No stream bottoms should be taken by construction. Stream bottoms damaged by construction should be restored by rip-rap emplacement, boulder emplacement, and avoidance of channelization. 4.12 Terrestrial Plant and Animal Habitats Wetlands have the highest ecological habitat values, followed by hardwood forests, pine forests, fields, and urban areas. The no build alternative has the least impact on terrestrial habitats. The sewerline construction alternative has the most impact on mixed mesic forests. Approximately 85 acres (using sixty foot corridor width) of mixed hardwoods, nine acres of bottomland hardwoods, ten acres of pine/hardwood forest, and six acres of pine forests will be impacted by the project. Construction will have less impact on terrestrial habitats in subdivisions than in forested areas. New sewerline rights-of-way in forests will increase forest edge habitat and may result ' in an increase in species diversity along the margins. The right-of-way is not large enough to cause habitat fragmentation for deer or raccoon, but salamanders may be adversely impacted by removal of vernal pools and canopy. Maintenance of disturbed areas in agricultural fields, along powerline, and in subdivisions has reduced habitat quality, and impacts will be less than in forested areas. The destruction of large diameter trees should be avoided both within and outside the construction corridor. 27 ' Higher density development induced by the sewerline construction alternative will impact upland communities and increased runoff from developed uplands will impact bottomland communities. Because slopes are typically avoided, slope communities will be minimally impacted by this alternative. ' 4.13 Protected Species and Natural Areas No impacts on protected species are expected from this project. Known populations of ' Nestronia, Cape Fear shiner, and Carolina darter are outside the sewerline construction corridor and vicinity. Impacts on the natural area in Hagan-Stone Park will be negligible if all spoil and construction debris is disposed of in developed areas of the park or outside the park boundaries. City and county officials must consider rare species and natural areas when authorizing secondary urban development promoted by this project. n 7 28 1 5.0 MITIGATION 5.1 Legal and regulatory framework The public perception of mitigation is compensation. In the legal sense, mitigation has ' two meanings, viz., avoidance and compensation, with avoidance having supremacy. Mitigation (avoidance followed by compensation) of adverse impacts of construction projects may take various forms under federal and state laws, and local (county, etc.) decisions cannot preempt the requirement for compliance. N.C. Gen. Statute 113A, the State Environmental Policy Act (SEPA), established standards for environmental documents (EA, EA/FONSI, EIS) when projects meet minimum criteria, based on disturbed acreage and cost in public dollars. These environmental documents must include mitigation measures proposed to minimize adverse impacts. The measures recommended by most state agencies closely follow good management practices and federal guidelines. ' The Federal Water Pollution Control Act and amendments (Clean Water Act) contains sections pertinent to environmental document preparation. Section 401, administered by the Division of Environmental Management (DEM) in North Carolina, requires certification that ' discharges of fill material will not unacceptably degrade water quality. Section 401 certification also requires demonstration that wetland impacts have been minimized. Mitigation for potential water quality impacts during construction is normally met by good management practices such as rapid grassing of disturbed slopes, silt fences, and temporary detention ponds, and 401 certification should not be difficult to obtain. However, 401 certification is required before a 404 permit can be obtained (see below). Section 404 of the Clean Water Act is administered by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (COE), which issues individual and general dredge and fill permits for projects affecting waters, including wetlands, of the United States under its jurisdiction. It coordinates jurisdiction and permit issuance with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) and National Marine Fisheries Service, among other agencies. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has ultimate authority for interpretation of the Act, and may overrule both COE and FWS in deciding contested jurisdictional decisions. Because wastewater lines typically require placement in wetlands or equally low locations, and because these lines are public utilities, sewer projects may qualify for COE General Permit SAWC081-N-000-0049 under the 404 program. The version of General Permit 49 now in effect expires December 31, 1993, and contains general and special ' conditions. These include, in part, prior certification by the state for 401 compliance; compliance with other statutes and acts including the Endangered Species Act (16 U.S.C. 1631) and National Historic Preservation Act and amendments; avoidance of channels in ' navigable waters and of submerged beds of aquatic vegetation; restriction of temporary roadway spans to half or less of the waters or wetlands at any one time; construction of temporary roadways by non-erodible materials; a maximum construction corridor width of 20 0 29 feet; avoidance of anadromous fish streams between November 15 and March 1 of the following year; avoidance of public water supply intakes; minimization of adverse impacts on fish, wildlife, and natural environment values; and minimization of degradation of water quality, including no increase in turbidity beyond 50 NTUs. Other conditions of General Permit 49 are pertinent to coastal projects, or to other types of utilities. 5.2 Recommendations to mitigate impacts of the build alternative, and to comply with General Permit 49. Mitigation for impacts to waters of the United States may include stream reconstruction by creation of a new channel; placement of velocity reducing structures such as rip-rap on the slopes and bottom of streams and use of ribbed culverts; habitat enhancement using chained felled trees for benthic invertebrate colonization and placement of boulders; and the establishment, replacement or maintenance of riparian buffers; and other management and construction practices. Design measures to protect water quality include avoiding public water supplies and high quality aquatic habitats, minimizing the number of stream crossings, and maximizing the distance between stream and sewerline, generally fifty feet or more, to allow for stormwater infiltration and deposition of pollutants associated with construction. This distance will avoid upland levees and berms associated with streams, but may force it into old stream beds, wetlands, and high quality terrestrial habitats associated with floodplains. However, 401 certification is required before 404 certification can be considered. Additionally, the highest quality trees are typically associated with stream banks and berms. Construction practices should include protection of stream bottom habitat from siltation by sedimentation control measures such as silt fences and seeding, and retention of riparian vegetation. Compensatory mitigation measures should include restoration of linear feet of stream bottom habitat taken by construction, and replacement of riparian vegetation. Stream crossings should be sited at low quality segments (sandy or silty bottoms vs. vegetated and riffle bottoms) to the extent practicable. Wetlands are a special class of waters of the United States. Section 404(b)(1) guidelines promulgated under the Act require a sequential approach to mitigating impacts of dredge and fill activities. The initial stage in the sequence is avoidance of impacts by considering to what extent the project can be moved to a practicable, available, upland (non-wetland) alternative. Only after avoidance has been satisfactorily addressed may compensatory forms of mitigation be considered. These may take the form of restoration of degraded wetlands, enhancement of extant wetlands, or creation of replacement wetlands (last resort), on or as close to the adversely affected project site as feasible. 30 1 J Fli J r- L Wetlands should be avoided to the extent practicable. Construction corridors in wetlands should not exceed 20 feet. Disturbed areas should be graded to restore contours after construction. Disturbed areas on slopes should be promptly grassed for temporary erosion control. The utility maintenance corridor should not be sprayed or mowed, but allowed to develop a shrub layer, and subsequently maintained by bush-hogging at two- or three-year intervals, or maintained by hand tools. During construction, the cutting of trees should be kept to a minimum. Large valuable trees that cannot be avoided should be sold as sawtimber. Smaller trees should be sold as pulpwood. This will ensure removal of much of the debris generated by construction as well as providing monetary compensation for the loss of valuable forest resources. Heavy equipment should operate clear of large trees, avoiding skinning of bark, and avoiding cutting or compression of surface roots. Temporary placement of fill should utilize open areas, or areas of low vegetation, at least twenty feet from large trees. Motorized equipment and supplies should be stored away from streams and large trees, and sited in open and upland areas to the extent practicable. 31 6.0 REFERENCES Barnes, J.R. and G.W. Minshall. 1983. Stream ecology. Plenum Press, New York. 399 p Burnett,D., B Craft, S. Gilliam, G. Morris, L. Phillips and J. Thomas. 1991. Natural Areas Inventory. Guilford County, North Carolina. N.C. Natural Heritage Program, Division of Parks and Recreation. N.C. Department of Environmental Health and Natural Resources. 194 p. Carnes, W.C., J.R. Davis, and B.L. Tatum. 1964. Survey and classification of the Deep- Haw Rivers and tributaries, North Carolina. North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission, Raleigh. 19 p. + appendices. ' Davenport, Marjorie S. 1989. Water quality in Reedy Fork and Buffalo Creek basins in the Greensboro area, North Carolina, 1986-87. U.S. Geological Survey Report 88-4210. Raleigh. 81 p. Federal Interagency Committee for Wetland Delineation. 1989. Federal Manual for Identifying and Delineating Jurisdictional Wetlands. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and U.S. Soil Conservation Service, Washington, D.C. Cooperative technical publication. 107 p. + appendices. Guilford County. 1988. Watershed Critical Area Protection Ordinance. 6 p. Lee, D.S., J.B. Funderburg, Jr., and M.K. Clark. 1982. A distributional survey of North ' Carolina mammals. Occasional Papers of the North Carolina Biological Survey, 1982-10, 70 P. 1 Lee, D.S., C.R. Gilbert, C.H. Hocutt, R.E. Jenkins, D.E. McAllister, and J.R. Stauffer, Jr. 1980. Atlas of North American freshwater fishes. North Carolina Biological Survey Pub. No. 1980-12, North Carolina Museum of Natural Science. Raleigh, N.C. 854 p. Martof, B.S., W.M. Palmer, J.R. Bailey, and J.R. Harrison III. 1980. Amphibians and reptiles of the Carolinas and Virginia. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, N.C. 264 p. North Carolina Department of Natural Resources and Community Development. 1985. Geologic map of North Carolina. Division of Land Resources, North Carolina Geological Survey. Raleigh, N.C. North Carolina Department of Environment, Health, and Natural Resources. 1989. ' Benthic macroinvertebrate ambient network (BMAN) water quality review 1983-88. Division of Environmental Management, Water Quality Section, Report No. 89-08, Raleigh. 193 p. fl 32 North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission. 1990. Endangered wildlife of North Carolina. April 11, 1990. Raleigh. 9 p. Potter, E.F., J.F. Parnell, and R.P. Teulings. 1980. Birds of the Carolinas. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, N.C. 408 p. Reed, Porter B. Jr. 1988. National List of Plant Species that Occur in Wetlands: North Carolina. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, St. Petersburb Fl. (NERC-88/18.33) SCS. 1989. Hydric Soils of North Carolina. USDA, SCS, Raleigh, N.C., unpaginated. Schafale, M.P. and A.S. Weakley. 1990. Classification of the Natural Communities of North Carolian - Third Approximation. North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, Division of Parks and Recreation, NC DEHNR, Raleigh, N.C., 325 p. Stephens, R.B. 1977. Soil survey of Guilford County, North Carolina. U.S. Soil Conservation Service. Raleigh, N.C. 77 p. + maps. Sutter, R. D. 1990. List of North Carolina's endangered, threatened, and candidate plant species. N.C. Department of Agriculture, Plant Conservation Program. Raleigh, N.C. 8 p• ' U.S. Department of Transportation and North Carolina Department of Transportation. 1985. Benjamin Parkway Extension, Final EIS. Raleigh. 140 p. + appendices. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1977. Greensboro - Guilford County, North Carolina, 201 Wastewater Treatment System, Draft EIS. EPA Region IV, Atlanta, GA. Webster, W.D., J.F. Parnell, and W.C. Biggs, Jr. 1985. Mammals of the Carolinas, Virginia, and Maryland. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, N.C. 255 p. I I H 33 06 co U C O 00 co Q m c •o co z CL W N U O Cn co a) C O r- 00 0 c 0 O U v L O C6 m v c O N O E Q M (D H o It Nt It M 0 (D It 04 C X O 0 It U-) M r r 000 co O 07 M N % C C N i O Co i? U ? N c .C? O M LO r- O O co n M + + co ? C O 00 N r- .- M Co LO LO O CY) O O ° >O O U M d CA M ?- M II c 0 0) d n O M ?- d M ?- 0) r- O O rn am O LO LO N ? ?t Rt N O :Ll 0 Z N d N L o O LO 00r- 04 -t O r- O X qt N M N O 00 ( O N 00 NN O n r- M N N 1? In M 00 M N O M 00 M N co 't CM O N r? M O (? r r Co e- ? . 41 L N M Co d ?o c 0 0 N N 4? a i a i ' o c : i 2 i 2 0 0' 3 N 75 N 0 0 m O O (n (n • O O C • - O ? C Co ? ? L Co C O Co C U O V) C CU + Q Q CD O rl O n- +1 - co a) 0 oC c U O co J Q U ? c v a) co L F- U c o M H O co H d' M ' Table 4. Fishes likely to occur in the Guilford County project area, with habitat associations. ' Scientific Name Common Name Habitat ' Dorosoma cepedianum Esox americanus Gizzard shad Redfin pickerel R,I S,I Esox niger Chain pickerel S,I Clinostomus funduloides Rosyside dace S,R Cyprinus carpio Carp R,I Hybognathus regius Eastern silvery minnow R Nocomis leptocephalus Bluehead chub S,R ' Notemigonus crysoleucas Golden shiner R,I Notropis albeolus White shiner S,R Notropis alborus Whitemouth shiner S ' Notropis altipinnis Highfin shiner S,R Notropis amoenus Comely shiner R Notropis analostanus Satinfin shiner S,R Notropis cerasinus Crescent shiner S,R ' Notropis hudsonius Spottail shiner R Notropis niveus Whitefin shiner R Notropis procne Swallowtail shiner S,R ' Notropis scepticus Sandbar shiner R Semotilus atromaculatus Creek chub S Catostomus commersoni White sucker R,l Erimyzon oblongus Creek chubsucker S,R,I Moxostoma anisurum Silver redhorse R Moxostoma papillosum V-lip redhorse R ' Moxostoma robustum Smallfin redhorse R Ictalurus brunneus Snail bullhead R ' Ictalurus catus Ictalurus nebulosus White catfish Brown bullhead R,I R,l Ictalurus platycephalus Flat bullhead R Ictalurus punctatus Channel catfish R,I ' Noturus insignis Margined madtom S,R Aphredodorus sayanus Pirate perch S,l Fundulus rathbuni Speckled killifish S,R ' Gambusia affinis Mosquitofish I Lepomis auritus Redbreast sunfish S,R Lepomis cyanellus Green sunfish S,R,I ' Lepomis gibbosus Pumpkinseed I Lepomis gulosus Warmouth I Lepomis macrochirus Bluegill S,R,I Micropterus salmoides Largemouth bass R,I Pomoxis nigromaculatus Black crappie R,I 35 0 Table 4. Fishes likely to occur in the Guilford County project area, with habitat associations. Scientific Name Common Name Habitat Etheostoma collis Etheostoma olmstedi Percina crassa Perca flavescens Carolina darter Tesselated darter Piedmont darter Yellow perch S S,R R R,I S = small streams. R = rivers and large streams. I = impoundments. 36 ' Table 5. Native amphibians likely to occur in the Guilford County project area, with habitat associations. Scientific Name J 1 7 u Common Name Habitat Notophthalmus viridescens Ambystoma maculatum Ambystoma opacum Desmognathus fuscus Eurycea bislineata Eurycea guttolineata Plethodon glutinosus Pseudotriton montanus Pseudotriton ruber Bufo americanus Bufo woodhousei Acris crepitans Hyla crucifer Hyla crysoscelis/versicolor Hyla squirrella Pseudacris triseriata Rana catesbiana Rana clamitans Rana palustris Rana sphenocephala Eastern newt H,M,W Spotted salamander H,W Marbled salamander H,W Northern dusky salamander W,L Two-lined salamander L,H,W Three-lined salamander W Slimy salamander P,H,M Mud salamander W Red salamander H,W American toad H,M,F,W Fowler's toad P,H,M,W Northern cricket frog F,W Spring peeper H,W Gray tree frog H,W Squirrel tree frog W,F,H Upland chorus frog F,W Bullfrog L,W Green frog L,W Pickerel frog L,W Southern leopard frog L,W P = pine forest. H = upland hardwood forest. M = mixed pine-hardwood forest. F = fields, pastures, and disturbed areas. W = bottomland hardwoods and wetlands. L = aquatic habitats. 37 u 1 ' Table 6. Native reptiles likely to occur in the Guilford County project area, with habitat associations. Scientific Name Common Name Habitat ' Chelydra serpentina Kinosternon subrubrum Snapping turtle Eastern mud turtle L L Sternotherus odoratus Musk turtle L Chrysemys concinna River cooter L Chrysemys picta Painted turtle L Chrysemys scripta Yellowbelly slider L Terrapene carolina * Eastern box turtle P,H,M Anolis carolinensis Carolina anole P,H,M,F Sceloporus undulatus Northern fence lizard M,F Eumeces fasciatus Five-lined skink M,H Eumeces inexpectatus Southeastern five-lined skink M,F,H Eumeces laticeps Broad-headed skink H Scincella lateralis Ground skink P,H,M Cnemidophorus sexlineatus Six-lined race runner F Carphophis amoenus Worm snake P,H,M,F Coluber constrictor Black racer P,H,M,F Diadophis punctatus Ringneck snake P,H,M ' Elaphe guttata Corn snake P,H,M,F Elaphe obsoleta Rat snake P,H,M,F Heterodon platyrhinos Eastern hognose snake P,H,M,F ' Lampropeltis calligaster Mole king snake P,H,M,F Lampropeltis getulus Eastern king snake P,H,M,F Lampropeltis triangulum Eastern milk snake P,H,M Nerodia sipedon Northern water snake L Opheodrys aestivus Rough green snake P,H,M,W ' Regina septemvittata Storeria dekayi Queen snake Brown snake L H,M,W Storeria occipitomaculata Redbelly snake P,H,M Tantilla coronata Southeastern crowned snake P,H,M Thamnophis sauritus Eastern ribbon snake W Thamnophis sirtalis Eastern garter snake H,F,W Virginia striatula Rough earth snake P,M,F ' Virginia valeriae Smooth earth snake P,H,M Agkistrodon contortix Copperhead P,H,M,F Crotalus horridus Timber rattlesnak P,H,M,W H H P = pine forest. H = upland hardwood forest. M = mixed pine-hardwood forest. F = fields, pastures, and disturbed areas. W = bottomland hardwoods and wetlands. L = aquatic habitats. *Observed by field crew. 38 0 ' Table 7. Native birds likely to occur in the Guilford County project area, with habitat associations. Scientific Name Common Name Habitat Podilymbus podiceps* Pied-billed grebe L ' Ardea herodias * Great blue heron L Butorides striatus Green heron L Anas platyrhynchos * Mallard L ' Aix sponsa * Wood duck W,L Cathartes aura* Turkey vulture P,H,M,F,W Accipiter striatus * Sharp-shinned hawk P,H,M,W Buteo jamaicensis* Red-tailed hawk P,H,M Haliaeetus leucocephalus Bald eagle L Falco sparverius* American kestrel M,F Colinus virginianus* Bobwhite H,F Charadrius vociferus* Killdeer F Scolopax minor* American woodcock H,W Gallinago gallinago* Common snipe F,W ' Actitus macularia Spotted sandpiper W,L Tringa solitaria Solitary sandpiper L Zenaida macroura * Mourning dove F ' Coccyzus americanus Yellow-billed cuckoo H,W Otis asio Screech owl P,M Bubo virginianus Great horned owl P,H,M Strix varia Barred owl H,W Caprimulgus vociferus Whip-poor-will P,H,M Chordeiles minor Chaetura pelagica Common nighthawk Chimney swift F,W F Archilochus colubris Ruby-throated hummingbird H,M,W ' Megaceryle alcyon* Colaptes auratus* Belted kingfisher Common flicker W,L P,H,M Dryocopus pileatus Pileated woodpecker H,M,W Melanerpes carolinus* Red-bellied woodpecker P,H,M,W Sphyrapicus varius Yellow-bellied sapsucker P,H,M,W Picoides villosus Hairy woodpecker P,H,M,W Picoides pubescens* Downy woodpecker P,H,M,W ' Tyrannus tyrannus Eastern kingbird F Myiarchus crinitus Great-crested flycatcher P,H,M Sayornis phoebe Eastern phoebe P,H,M,F,W,L Empidonax virescens Acadian flycatcher W Contopus virens Eastern wood peewee M,F Stelgidopteryx ruficollis Rough-winged swallow H,M,W Hirundo rustica Barn swallow M,F,W Progne subis Purple martin M,F,W Cyanocitta cristata * Blue jay P,H,M,W n 39 ' Table 7. Native birds likely to occur in the Guilford County project area, with habitat associations, continued. ' Scientific Name Common Name Habitat ' Corvus brachyrhynchos * Corvus ossifragus Common crow Fish crow P,H,M P,H,M,F Parus carolinensis Carolina chickadee P,H,M,W Parus bicolor* Tufted titmouse P,H,M,W Sitta carolinensis White-breasted nuthatch H,W Sitta canadensis Red-breasted nuthatch P Sitta pusilla Brown-headed nuthatch P Certhia familiaris Brown creeper P Sitta pusilla Brown-headed nuthatch P Certhia familiaris Brown creeper P Troglodytes aedon House wren P,H,M Thryothorus ludovicianus* Carolina wren H,M,W Mimus polyglottos* Mockingbird P,H,M,F Dumetella carolinensis* Gray catbird F ' Toxostoma rufum * Brown thrasher P,H,M,F Turdus migratorius* American robin P,H,M,F,W Catharus guttatus Hermit thrush H,M Catharus ustulatus Swainson's thrush H Hylocichla mustelina * Wood thrush H,W Sialia sialis * Eastern bluebird F ' Polioptila caerulea Blue-gray gnatcatcher W Regulus satrapa Golden-crowned kinglet P,M Regulus calendula Bombycilla cedrorum Ruby-crowned kinglet Cedar waxwing P,M P,M Vireo griseus White-eyed vireo W ' Vireo flavifrons Vireo olivaceus Yellow-throated vireo Red-eyed vireo H,M H,M,W Prothonotaria citrea Prothonotary warbler W Mniotilta varia Black-and-white warbler H,W Parula americana Northern parula W Dendroica coronata Yellow-rumped warbler M,F,W Dendroica dominica Yellow-throated warbler P ' Dendroica striata Blackpoll warbler W Dendroica pinus Pine warbler P Dendroica discolor Prairie warbler M,F Seiurus aurocapillus Ovenbird P,H,M Seiurus motacilla Louisiana waterthrush H,W Oporornis formosus Kentucky warbler W Geothlypis trichas Common yellowthroat F,W Icteria virens Yellow-breasted chat H,W Wilsonia citrina Hooded warbler H 40 n ' Table 7. Native birds likely to occur in the Guilford County project area, with habitat associations, continued. Scientific Name Common Name Habitat Setaphaga ruticilla American redstart W ' Sturnella magna Eastern meadowlark F Agelaius phoeniceus Red-winged blackbird W,L Icterus spurius Orchard oriole H,M,F ' Euphagus carolinus Rusty blackbird W,L Quiscalus quiscula Common grackle P,M Molothrus ater Brown-headed cowbird F ' Piranga olivacea Scarlet tanager H Piranga rubra Summer tanager H,M Cardinalis cardinalis* Cardinal P,H,M,W Guiraca caerulea Blue grosbeak F Hesperiphona vespertina Evening grosbea P Passerina cyanea Indigo bunting M,F Carpodacus purpureus Purple finch H,W Carpodacus mexicanus House finch M,F Carduelis pinus Pine siskin P Carduelis tristis American goldfinch P,H,M,W t Pipilo erythrophthalmus* Rufous-sided towhee M,F Passerculus sandwichensis Savannah sparrow F Junco hyemalis Dark-eyed junco P,H,M ' Spizella passerina Chipping sparrow P,M,F Spizella pusilla Field sparrow F ' Zonotrichia albicollis* Melospiza georgiana White-throated sparrow Swamp sparrow P,H,M,F,W F,W,L Melispiza melodia * Song sparrow M,F,W,L 1 P = pine forest. F = fields, pastures and disturbed areas. H = upland hardwood forest. W = bottomland hardwoods and wetlands. M = mixed pine-hardwood forest. L = aquatic habitats. *Observed by field crew. 41 0 Table 8. Native mammals likely to occur in the Guilford County project area, with habitat associations. Scientific Name Common Name Habitat Didelphis virginiana Opossum P,H,M,F,W ' Blarina carolinensis Short-tailed shrew P,H,M Scalopus aquaticus Eastern mole P,H,M,F,W Lasionycterus noctivagans Silver-haired bat H,F,W Pipistrellus subflavus Eastern pipistrelle P,H,M,F,W Eptisicus fuscus Big brown bat F Lasiurus borealis Red bat M Nycticeius humeralis Evening bat P,H,M,F Sylvilagus floridanus* Eastern cottontail M,F Tamias striatus Eastern chipmunk P,H,M,F Marmota monax Woodchuck M,F Sciurus carolinensis* Gray squirrel H,M,W Sciurus niger Fox squirrel P Glaucomys volans Southern flying squirrel H,M Castor canadensis * Beaver L Peromyscus leucopus White-footed mouse F Sigmodon hispidus Hispid cotton rat F ' Microtus pennsylvanicus Meadow vole F Microtus pinetorum Woodland vole P,H,M,F Ondatra zibethicus Muskrat W,L ' Vulpes fulva Red fox F Urocyon cinereoargenteus Gray fox H,W Procyon lotor* Raccoon F,W ' Mustela vison Mink W,L Odocoileus virginianus* White-tailed deer M,F,W IJ P = pine forest. 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