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HomeMy WebLinkAbout19930298 Ver 1_COMPLETE FILE_19930417North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission to: John Dorney from: Brent Wilson date 4 "* The attached projects have been reviewed to assess impacts on fisheries and wildlife resources. I have no comments on the projects as proposed. A V DEM ID: ACTION ID: NATIONWIDE PERMIT REQUESTED (PROVIDE NATIONWIDE PERMIT f): ?/v? P # f JOINT FORM FOR NATIONWIDE PERMITS THAT REQUIRE NOTIFICATION TO THE CORPS OF ENGINEERS NATIONWIDE PERMITS THAT REQUIRE APPLICATION FOR SECTION 401 CERTIFICATION WILMINGTON DISTRICT ENGINEER CORPS OF ENGINEERS DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY P.O. BOX 1890 WILMINGTON, NC 28402-1890 ATTN: CESAW-CO-E Telephone (919) 251-4511 4 WATER QUALITY PLANNING DIVISION OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT j NC DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT, HEALTH, AND NATURAL RESOURCES P.O. BOX 29535 RALEIGH, NC 27626-0535 4 ATTN: MR. JOHN DORNEY? Telephone (919) 733-5083 ONE (1) COPY OF THIS COMPLETED APPLICATION SHOULD BE SENT TO THE-'GQ ENGINEERS. SEVEN (7) COPIES SHOULD BE SENT TO THE N.C. DIVISION OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT. PLEASE PRINT. 1. OWNERS NAME: 2. OWNERS ADDRESS: 3. OWNERS PHONE NUMBER (HOME): n952?i)?? rt -,.D, R (WORK) : (c)M L I L 4. IF APPLICABLE: AGENT'S NAME OR RESPONSIBLE CORPORATE OFFICIAL, ADDRESS, PHONE NUMBER: Az'lz' 5. LOCATION OF WORK (MUST ATTACH MAP). NEAREST TOWN OR CITY: 16./)(-.eLr,' SPECIFIC LOCATION (INCLUDE ROAD NUN COUNTY: / I,?L I C n RS, LANDMARKS, ETC.): 6. NAME OF CLOSEST STREAM/RIVER: ?L 7. RIVER BASIN: 8. IS THIS PROJECT LOCATED IN A WATERSHED CLASSIFIED AS TROUT, SA, HQW, ORW, WS I, OR WS II? YES [ ) NO rA 9. HAVE ANY SECTION 404 PERMITS BEEN PREVIOUSLY REQUESTED FOR USE ON THIS PROPERTY? YES [ ) NO IF YES, EXPLAIN. 10. ESTIMATED TOTAL NUMBER OF ACRES OF WATERS OF THE U.S., INCLUDING WETLANDS, LOCATED ON PROJECT SITE: ± ?Ir}• i?lfl?»?s 1/14/93 i DEM ID: ACTION ID: _ NATIONWIDE PERMIT REQUESTED (PROVIDE NATIONWIDE PERMIT 1): JOINT FORM FOR NATIONWIDE PERMITS THAT REQUIRE NOTIFICATION TO THE CORPS NATIONWIDE PERMITS THAT REQUIRE APPLICATION FOR SECTION 40 WILMINGTON DISTRICT ENGINEER CORPS OF ENGINEERS DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY P.O. BOX 1890 WILMINGTON, NC 28402-1890 ATTN: CESAW-CO-E Telephone (919) 251-4511 i WATER QUALITY PLANNING DIVISION OF ENVIRONMENTAL NC DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONM AND NATURAL RESOURCES P.O. BOX 29535 RALEIGH, NC 27626-0535 ATTN: MR. JOHN DORNEY Telephone (919) 733-5083 c? INEERS i IFICATION ONE (1) COPY OF THIS COMPLETED APPLICATION SHOULD BE SENT TO THE CORPS OF ENGINEERS. SEVEN (7) COPIES SHOULD BE SENT TO THE N.C. DIVISION OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT. PLEASE PRINT. 1. OWNERS NAME: Gordon P. Watts Jr. 2. OWNERS ADDRESS: 127 Riverview Drive 3. OWNERS PHONE NUMBER (HOME) : 919 94 6 9369 (WORK) : 9 4. IF APPLICABLE: AGENT'S NAME OR RESPONSIBLE CORPORATE OFFICIAL, ADDRESS, PHONE NUMBER: NA 5. LOCATION OF WORK (MUST ATTACH MAP). COUNTY: NEAREST TOWN OR CITY: WA c'hi ngt nn s SPECIFIC LOCATION (INCLUDE ROAD NUMBERS, LANDMARKS, ETC.) : p^,,.per- -.1 , lie r- ? c.+ac+- of Wac'hing nn, Mnr+-12 (;4r,03-Ina T1'}@ pr@gertyextends frefit N r 'z ? i pprme-i m A t e1 y3 Q n n F net-sue u# vza t- e h e-pr e p e r-tom---e f- Samuel L. Grimes. (See attached map) 6. NAME OF CLOSEST STREAM/RIVER: 7. RIVER BASIN: is r,/• 8. IS THIS PROJECT LOCATED IN A WATERSHED CLASSIFIED AS TROUT, SA, HQW, ORW, WS I, OR WS II? YES [ ] NO [* 9. HAVE ANY SECTION 404 PERMITS BEEN PREVIOUSLY REQUESTED FOR USE ON THIS PROPERTY? YES ( ] NO [ ] IF YES, EXPLAIN. 10. ESTIMATED TOTAL NUMBER OF ACRES OF WATERS OF THE U.S., INCLUDING WETLANDS, LOCATED ON PROJECT SITE: .25 1/14/93 State of North Carolina Department of Environment, Health and Natural Resources Division of Environmental Management 512 North Salisbury Street • Raleigh, North Carolina 27604 James B. Hunt, Jr., Governor A. Preston Howard, Jr., P.E. Jonathan B. Howes, Secretary April 21, 1993 Director Terry Moore Route 3, Box 349 Washington, N.C. 27889 Dear Mr. Moore: Subject: Proposed fill Road crossing Craven County DEM Project # in Wetlands or Waters 93298 Upon review of your request for 401 Water Quality Certification to place fill material in 0.14 acres of wetlands or waters which are tributary to Swift Creek for road crossing located at SR 1458 in Craven County as described in your submittal dated 14 April 1993, we have determined that the proposed fill can be covered by General Water Quality Certification No. 2732 issued January 21, 1992. A copy of the General Certification is attached. This Certification may be used in qualifying for coverage under Corps of Engineers' Nationwide Permit No. 14. If you have any questions, please contact John Dorney at 919-733-1786. Sincerely, Howard, J4. P. E. -pQeston- 93298.1tr U f Attachment cc: Wilmington District Corps of Engineers Corps of Engineers Washington Field Office Washington DEM Regional Office Mr. John Dorney Central Files Regional Off m Asheville Fayetteville Mooresville Raleigh Washington Wilmington 704/251-6208 919/486-1541 704/663-1699 919/571-4700 919/946-6481 919/395-3900 Pollution Prevention Pays P.O. Box 29535, Raleigh, \'orth Carolina 27626-0535 Telephone 919-733-7015 An Equal Opportunity Affirmative Action Employer Winston-Salem 919/896-7007 ? !3 INFORMATION SHEET NATIONWIDE PERMITS THAT REQUIRE NOTIFICATION TO THE CORPS OF ENOI?MVRS NATIONWIDE PERMITS THAT REQUIRE APPLICATION,FOR SECTION 401 CERTIFICATION A. NOTIFICATION TO THE CORPS OF ENGINEERS DISTRICT ENGINEER. (REFER TO ITEM B. BELOW FOR DIVISION OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT APPLICATION REQUIREMENTS AND SPECIFICALLY NOTE NWP 26 DIFFERENCE.) Certain nationwide permits require notification to the Corps of Engineers before work can proceed. They are as follows: NWP 5 (only for discharges of 10 to 25 cubic yards) NWP 7 a NWP 13 (only for stabilization activities in excess of 500 feet in length or_ greater than an average of one cubic yard per running foot) Z}NWP 14 `(only for fills in special aquatic sites, including wetlands, and mule a delineation of affected special aquatic sites) NWP 17 NWP 18 (required when discharge exceeds 10 cubic yards or the discharge is in a special aquatic site and must include a delineation of the affected special aquatic site, including wetlands) NWP 21 (must include a delineation of affected special aquatic sites, including wetlands) NWP 26 (only for greater than 1 acre total impacts and must include a delineation of affected special aquatic sites, including wetlands) NWP 33 (must include a restoration plan of reasonable measures to avoid and minimize impacts to aquatic resources) NWP 37 NWP 38 (must include a delineation of affected special aquatic sites, including wetlands) For activities that may be authorized by the above listed nationwide permits that require notification, the applicant shall not begin work a. Until notified that the work may proceed under the nationwide permit with any special conditions imposed by the District Engineer, or b. If notified that an individual permit may be required, or c. Unless 30 days (calendar) have passed from the time a complete notification is received by the District Engineer and no notice has been received from the District Engineer, and required state approvals have been obtained. Required state approvals include: 1) a Section 401 water quality certification if authorization is requested for a discharge of dredged or fill material, and 2) an approved coastal zone management consistency determination if the activity will affect the coastal area. 1/14/93 -2- Use of NWP 12 also requires notification to the District Engineer, but work may not begin until written concurrence is received from the District Engineer. The time periods described above do not apply. Furthermore, requirements to notify the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), and the State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO), as indicated below and on the notification form, do not apply. B. APPLICATION TO DEM FOR NATIONWIDE PERMIT SECTION 401 CERTIFICATION. Certain nationwide permits require an application to DEM in order to obtain Section 401 water quality certification. They are NWP 6, NWP 12, NWP 15, NWP 16, NWP 17, NWP 21, NWP 33, NWP 34, NWP 38, and NWP 40. Certain nationwide permits were issued general certifications and require no application. They are NWP 3, NWP 4, NWP 5, NWP 7, NWP 20, NWP 22, NWP 23 (requires notification to DEM), NWP 25, NWP 27, NWP 32, NWP 36, and NWP 37. The following nationwide permits were issued general certifications for only limited activities: NWP 13 (for projects less than 500 feet in length), NWP 14 (for projects that impact waters only), NWP 18 (for projects with less than 10 cubic yards of fill in waters only), and NWP 25 (for projects with less than or equal to one-third acre fill of waters or wetlands. Projects that do not meet these criteria require application for Section 401 water quality certifications. C. NOTIFICATION/APPLICATION PROCEDURES. The attached form should be used to obtain approval from the Corps of Engineers and/or the N.C. Division of Environmental Management as specified above. The permittee should make sure that all necessary information is provided in order to avoid delays. One copy of the completed form is required by the Corps of Engineers and seven copies are required by DEM. Plans and maps must be on 8 1/2 x 11 inch paper. Endangered species requirement: For Corps of Engineers notifications only, applicants must notify the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and/or the National Marine Fisheries Service regarding the presence of endangered species that may be affected by the proposed project. U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE RALEIGH FIELD OFFICE HABITAT CONSERVATION DIVISION P.O. BOX 33726 PIVERS ISLAND RALEIGH, NC 27636-3726 BEAUFORT, NC 28516 Telephone (919) 856-4520 Telephone (919) 728-5090 Historic resources requirement: For Corps of Engineers notifications only, applicants must notify the State Historic Preservation office regarding the presence of historic properties that may be affected by the proposed project. STATE HISTORIC PRESERVATION OFFICE N.C. DIVISION OF ARCHIVES AND HISTORY 109 EAST JONES STREET RALEIGH, NC 27601 Telephone (919) 733-4763 Information obtained from these agencies should be forwarded to the Corps. DEM ID: ACTION ID: NATIONWIDE PERMIT REQUESTED (PROVIDE NATIONWIDE PERMIT #):v? f?C JOINT FORM FOR NATIONWIDE PERMITS THAT REQUIRE NOTIFfCATION TO THE CORPS OF ENGINEERS NATIONWIDE PERMITS THAT REQUIRE APPLICATION FOR SECTION 401 CERTIFICATION WILMINGTON DISTRICT ENGINEER CORPS OF ENGINEERS DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY P.O. BOX 1890 WILMINGTON, NC 28402-1890 ATTN: CESAW-CO-E Telephone (919) 251-4511 WATER QUALITY PLANNING DIVISION OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT NC DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRON AND NATURAL RESOURCE To P.O. BOX 29535 RALEIGH, NC 27626-0535 ATTN: MR. JOHN DORNEY Telephone (919) 733-508 ONE (1) COPY OF THIS COMPLETED APPLICATION SHOULD BE SENT TO ENGINEERS. SEVEN (7) COPIES SHOULD BE SENT TO THE N.C. DIVISION-OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT. PLEASE PRINT. 1. OWNERS NAME: T?? /?C? r Z 2. OWNERS ADDRESS: 3. OWNERS PHONE NUMBER (HOME): (WORK) : (,-ILy 4. IF APPLICABLE: AGENT'S NAME OR RESPONSIBLE CORPORATE OFFICIAL, ADDRESS, PHONE NUMBER: 5. LOCATION OF WORK (MUST ATTACH MAP). COUNTY: NEAREST TOWN OR CITY: '? SPECIFIC LOCATION (INCLUDE ROAD NUMBERS, LANDMARKS, ETC.): 6. NAME OF CLOSEST STREAM/RIVER: 7 ,c?, I T C i ??? 7. RIVER BASIN: 4-[ ti c% 8. IS THIS PROJECT LOCATED IN A WATERSHED CLASSIFIED AS TROUT, SA, HQW, ORW, WS I, OR WS II? YES [ ] NO [x] 9. HAVE ANY SECTION 404 PERMITS BEEN PREVIOUSLY REQUESTED FOR USE ON THIS PROPERTY? YES [ ] NO IF YES, EXPLAIN. 10. ESTIMATED TOTAL NUMBER OF ACRES OF WATERS OF THE U.S., INCLUDING WETLANDS, LOCATED ON PROJECT SITE: ±JId• Js 1/14/93 -2- 11. NUMBER OF ACRES OF WATERS OF THE U.S., INCLUDING WETLANDS, IMPACTED BY THE PROPOSED PROJECT: FILLED: -cu, DRAINED: FLOODED: EXCAVATED: TOTAL IMPACTED: 16)06 SJ lei, 12. DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSED WORK (ATTACH PLANS-8 1/2" X 11" DRAWINGS ONLY): 1 Li 7 t - r' n 13. PURPOSE OF PROPOSED WORK: \ an? 14. STATE REASONS WHY THE APPLICANT BELIEVES THAT THIS ACTIVITY MUST BE CARRIED OUT IN WETLANDS. ALSO, NOTE MEAS RES TAKEN TO MINIMIZE WETLAND IMPACTS. Alfp-?Zah dl s /nrl,sl /)+;P- ? hr1 Sse 'k, A,-,- _,J-13 ?1 l- r:; l C,C' i e Co c;L Z c tc G(r /1 15. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO CONTACT THE U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE (USFWS) AND/OR NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE (NMFS) REGARDING THE PRESENCE OR ANY FEDERALLY LISTED OR PROPOSED FOR LISTING ENDANGERED OR THREATENED SPECIES OR CRITICAL HABITAT IN THE PERMIT AREA THAT MAY BE AFFECTED BY THE PROPOSED PROJECT. HAVE YOU DONE SO? YES (?J NO [ j RESPONSES FROM THE USFWS AND/OR NMFS SHOULD BE FORWARDED TO CORPS. 16. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO CONTACT THE STATE HISTORIC PRESERVATION OFFICER (SHPO) REGARDING THE PRESENCE OF HISTORIC PROPERTIES IN THE PERMIT AREA WHICH MAY BE AFFECTED BY THE PROPOSED PROJECT? HAVE YOU DONE SO? YES NO ( J RESPONSE FROM THE SHPO SHOULD BE FORWARDED TO CORPS. 17. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION REQUIRED BY DEM: A. WETLAND DEL;NEATION MAP SHOWING ALL WETLANDS, STREAMS, AND LAKES ON THE PROPERTY. Wt Gkva hLAle /C? .1 J-17 :d&.,vliriE,c- 6j. '??+ L IJJ, h?hhl/ B. IF AVAILABLE, REPRESENTATIVE PHOTOGRAPH OF WETLANDS TO BE IMPACTED BY PROJECT. N?f /?a, ??, ?, /? /,7j C. IF DELINEATION WAS PERFORMED BY A CONSULTANT, INCLUDE ALL DATA SHEETS// RELEVANT TO THE PLACEMENT OF THE DELINEATIO LINE. C-rC ?S.n? S ic?r:??; liC l JV Ae u S. ?h m? C c r fLr, se- C cc Ila c A e :2 D. IF A STORMWATER MANAGEMENT PLAN IS REQUIRED FOR THIS PROJECT, ATTACH copy. N/?1 f L / E. WHAT IS LAND USE OF SURROUNDING PROPERTY? F.?IF APPLICABLE, WHAT IS PROPOSED METHOD OF SEWAGE DISPOSAL? (?/1, re '•PI IhPrl/ amfi, -Tlan LkCi rel . -r OWNE1# SIGNATURE DATE ----?__._ _ ---- 1 _i r f 67 1 iqo 136" -? - - :r- ._4 / e Fx%s?;n h4 `.1 1?. ?. c ?, e r'}),, J a r 4-9- 9.3 0/ WETLAND DETERMINATION FORM COORDINATOR: Le?? TIME: 06:?Q DATE: 4 / q /q3 COUNTY: NEAREST TOWN : n_0 t?I '. WA7,ERWAY : ?T TF G?- QUAD: }-r?r?- Iz-ctywc.? LOCATION: SE- j no(..r..+?.? PROPERTY OWNER:(NAME/ADDRESS) PARTY'DOING WORK:(NAME/ADDRESS) S {yl ofl W-asIM?A ? a ?? PHONE PHONE : ( ) - ??????G?-? OTHER INDIVIDUALS PRESENT: IS PROPERTY UNIFORM OR SEPARATE DISCRETE ? VEGETATIVE UNITS VEGETATION: (IN ORDER OF DOMINANCE, DRAW LINE ABOVE TREES: SPECIES ---% COVER--INDICATOR GROUND COVER: 1 . 2 : S ca }}e.?rLd 2 3. 3. 4. 4. 5. 5. SAPLINGS/SHRUBS: 6. NON-DOMINANT SPECIES) SPECIES-% COVER-INDICATOR % OF DOMINANT SPECIES (OBL.- FAC.) Jo oOTHER INDICATORS: 1 . ?pv? SAC, 8. 2.5?t FAC WOODY VINES: 4. BI?CGev?? FA- C, 1. 5 2. HYDROPHYTIC VEGETATION: YES NO BASIS: S o o o o L 4" F_AC- TYPICAL: (COMPLETE BELOW) ATYPICAL: ?(COMPLETE BACK) SOIL: SERIES: ??d ll MOTTLED: YES i BASIS: Gkvo" _ So-r ivxll? ON HYDRIC SOILS LIST: YES"/NO MATRIX COLOR: 0?_5 3Jo HYDRIC SOILS: YES?NO I HYDROLOGY: INUNDATED: YES 1N0 SATURATED SOILS: YES OTHER INDICATORS:; DEPTH OF WATER: 1;4,4- r 41 cx- NO DEPTHLTO SATURATION?WATER WETLAND HYDROLOGY: YES__VNO BASIS: ATYPICAL SITUATION: YES_?,/_NO NORMAL CONDITIONS: YES V NO WETLAND DETERMINATION: WETLAND: ?/ NON-WETLAND: I t4C_ PHOTOS TAKEN: YES NO V1 AUTHORITY: 10 404 ? 10/404_ NONE_ JURISDICTION: ABOVE HEADWATERS ISOLATED AD A rT WP # ?/{ DETERMINED BY: 4 ATYPICAL SITUATIONS VEGETATION: 1 TYPE OF ALTERATION: Logq; r a L EFFECT ON VEGETATION: L?ytiav?l oA ovty tom" r???5rr?v PREVIOUS VEGETATION: ?_ i?-r? ???-" ``?`''^ ° ""??er` V•C? HYDROPHYTIC VEGETATION: YES V/ NO 4 SOILS: TYPE OF ALTERATION EFFECT ON SOIL PREVIOUS SOILS HYDRIC SOILS: YES V/ NO HYDROLOGY: TYPE OF ALTERATION: r-3 EFFECT ON HYDROLOGY: n C PREVIOUS HYDROLOGY: WETLAND HYDROLOGY: YES NO AUTHORITY: SECTION 10 404 ?/ 10/404 NONE / JURISDICTION: ABOVE HEADWATERS ISOLATED ADJACENT ? NATIONWIDE ? YES NO IF YES, # PHOTOS TAKEN ? YES NO ATTACH DRAWING W/PHOTO ANGLES AND DIMENSIONS: `J See ? - A . - WETLAND DETERMINATION FORM COORDINATOR: NEAREST TOWN QUAD : ,&+ we PROPERTY OWNER:(N IME : 06:30 DATE : 0/ y / 9 3 COUNTY : ( IVCLL ?? IM WATERWAY 7,. T+- CX? _LOCATION: 04- S-V -1t SC 0 DRESS) PARTY DOING WORK:(NAME/ADDRESS) VEGETATION: (IN ORDER OF DOMINANCE, DRAW LINE ABOVE NON-DOMINANT SPECIES) TREES: SPECIES---7o COVER--INDICATOR GROUND COVER: SPECIES-% COVER-INDICATOR ' 2. 3 Doi F1 'FP, C- u- 4. 4. 4 T6Ve6,1 AC tit 5. SAPLINGS/SHRUBS: 5. 6. 1. tv: cu F)b ?? FAC--" 8. 8. 3 . P'I?+ ?' ck-0r IALu-- 4 . ?k r??- 'Fk(- WOODY VINES: 1. ", ?_ 5. % OF DOMINANT SPECIES (OBL.- 2. FAC.)< I5 OTHER INDICATORS: o?C HYDROPHYTIC VEGETATION: YES NO_ BASIS: Z, 1;00/o eL?GL AC TYPICAL: (COMPLETE BELOW) SOIL: I tt'' SERIES: I,iS? wS?ft3oF? MOTTLED: YES NO MATRIX C( BASIS: 10 ATYPICAL:VCOMPLETE BACK) ON HYDRIC SOILS LIST: YES NO V - j0cj jq HYDRIC_ SOILS: YES N0: HYDROLOGY: INUNDATED: YES NO V1 DEPTH OF WATER: 1 -Fee 1 SATURATED SOILS: YES N0ly DEPTH TO SATURATION/WATER TABLE pct a OTHER INDICATORS: WETLAND HYDROLOGY: YES NO BASIS: -*-t>- / ATYPICAL SITUATION: YESZINO NORMAL CONDITIONS: YES / 0 WETLAND DETERMINATION: WETLAND: NON-WETLAND: PHOTOS TAKEN: YES_ JURISDICTION: ABOVE i I N0V// AUTHORITY: 10 404 10/404 NONE V ?NT HEADWATERS_ ISOLATED V Aq NWP 4? DETERMINED BY: r IS PROPERTY UNIFORM OR SEPARATE DISCRETE / VEGETATIVE UNITS A . - , ATYPICAL SITUATIONS VEGETATION: TYPE OF ALTERATION: EFFECT ON VEGETATION: PREVIOUS VEGETATION: - ea?d CV, k HYDROPHYTIC VEGETATION: YE NO SOILS: TYPE OF ALTERATION: m EFFECT ON SOILS: oN E PREVIOUS SOILS: HYDRIC SOILS: YES NOLVL HYDROLOGY: TYPE OF ALTERATION: EFFECT ON HYDROLOGY PREVIOUS HYDROLOGY: WETLAND HYDROLOGY: YES NO V AUTHORITY: SECTION 10 404 10/404 NONE JURISDICTION: ABOVE HEADWATERS ISOLATED ADJACENT NATIONWIDE ? YES NO IF YES, # PHOTOS TAKEN ? YES ATTACH DRAWING W/PHOTO ANGLES AND DIMENSIONS: NO p; e'c