20011372 Ver 1_Individual_20020415

UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
?EOs, r, REGION 4
• A •
S Q o Sam Nunn Atlanta Federal Center
p? 61 Forsyth Street, S.W.
'9t PROr-"
Atlanta, Georgia 30303 - 8960
Colonel James W. DeLony APR 0 9 2002
District Engineer
ATTN: Mr. David Baker
Asheville Regulatory Field Office
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
151 Patton Avenue, Room 208
Asheville, North Carolina 28801
SUBJ: Canton Motorsports and Expo Park
Haywood County, NC
Action I.D. 200230555
Dear Colonel DeLony:
APR 51
..__
This letter is in reference to Public Notice I.D. 200230555, dated March 6, 2002,
pertaining to the application by Canton Motorsports and Expo Park for the proposed construction
of the Canton Motorsports Racetrack and associated facilities in Haywood County, NC. In
addition to the 1/2 mile oval track, the project will include a 1/4 mile interior track, drag strip,
convention center, a water park, equestrian center, condominiums, lodge/restaurant, two hotels,
camp sites and parking facilities. The project proposes to culvert 4662 linear feet of stream and
discharge fill into a 0.04 wetland seep. This project was originally advertised on a public notice,
dated April 9, 2001 and the application was subsequently withdrawn for modification. EPA has
the following comments on the modified project proposal
EPA commented on the original proposal in a letter dated May 10, 2001 and many of our
initial concerns remain unchanged with the modified proposal. Nothing has changed to alter our
concerns about placing a project which requires such a large amount of flat area in the steep
topography of the proposed project site. Although the site plans have been modified and some of
the features have been eliminated, such as the landing strip, the linear footage of stream impact
has not decreased. In fact, the proposed impact has actually increased by approximately 200
linear feet.
The alternatives analysis appears to be an after-the fact analysis conducted to support the
selection of the proposed project site. The requirements for a project site appear to be so
restrictive as to all but eliminate any sites from selection except for the proposed site. The
Environmental Analysis (EA) states that the size of the proposed site "... lends itself well to a
development of this type." It is true that the size will accomplish the project purpose, i.e.,"to
provide a multi-functional facility that will attract local interest as well as visitors from all over
the country." But from a topographical perspective, the site is not at all suited for a project
requiring enough flat area for a race track. One of the requirements for the alternatives search
was an area of at least 450 acres. Although this is consistent with the size of the proposed tract,
we believe this requirement limits the potential available sites and also believe the project
purpose could likely be satisfactorily fulfilled with a smaller tract of land. We would like to
point out that none of the six requirements used in the alternatives analysis for site location
mention the need for a site with enough relatively flat terrain to construct a racetrack. From a
"least environmentally damaging" perspective, we believe this should have been, at least as
important, a consideration as the 450 acre requirement.
We are concerned about the project applicant's ability to provide satisfactory erosion and
sedimentation control during the construction of a project of this nature in an area with such
steep terrain. On an inter-agency site visit conducted on February 11, 2002, we observed
sedimentation devices in need of maintenance and muddy water from a sediment pond being
pumped directly into an unnamed tributary of Hominy Creek. The EA discusses how the project
will improve the water quality of Hominy Creek by reducing fecal coliform levels due to the
removal of mobile homes and associated septic systems and the Town of Canton's plan to
provide sewer services to the area if the project is approved. We agree this should be beneficial
to Hominy Creek from a fecal coliform perspective, however we are concerned about increased
sediment loads and contaminant runoff from the track and parking areas. If this project is
permitted, sedimentation and erosion control should be a major priority and (if permitted) EPA
plans to be in close contact with the Haywood County Erosion Control Office during the project
construction phase.
We believe the proposed mitigation can adequately compensate for the project impacts.
However it is difficult to tell from the proposal how much of the Warren Wilson mitigation area
will be used for mitigation for this project. The application phase for this project occurred during
the time period when the federal and state agencies were developing stream mitigation guidance
for the State of North Carolina. Since the guidance has been evolving over this time period, we
believe it is important to remain consistent with the mitigation requirements we have discussed
with the applicant over the year long application period. In our first comment letter, we stated a
stream mitigation requirement of a 2:1 mitigation to impact ratio. We also discussed with the
applicant's consultants, the fact that mitigation in the form of total "Stream Restoration" as
defined in the "soon to be released" stream mitigation guidance could be at a 1.5:1 ratio for this
project and "Enhancement Level I"at a 2:1 ratio. This is consistent with the information we have
discussed with the project's consultants throughout the application process and is consistent with
the final version of the stream guidance. We have worked closely with the project's consultants
concerning mitigation issues and will continue to do so, in order to avoid confusion as to the
requirements.
The guidance requires that a final mitigation plan should be approved prior to the permit
being issued and plan implementation must commence either prior to or concurrent with
authorized activities. The preservation mechanism must also be in place before starting project
activities. Since we understand the Asheville Motor Speedway was sold because it was not
profitable, we recommend the funds needed for the execution and monitoring of the mitigation
requirements be placed in an escrow account before project activities commence.
Although we are pleased with the details of the conceptual mitigation package, we do
have a few additional mitigation comments. We recommend expanding the woody vegetation
list. Some suggestions for additions include River Birch, Sycamore, Tag Alder, Black Gum, Dog
Hobble, etc. We have lists of recommended native stream buffer vegetation for the North
Carolina mountain region that we would be happy to share with the project consultants. Also,
the plan discusses the use of vortex weirs or J hook weirs. It is our understanding that Dave
Rosgen no longer recommends using vortex weirs. He now recommends using J hook vanes,
rock vanes and cross vanes depending on the situation. The requirements for success criteria and
monitoring are specified in the stream mitigation guidance and should be followed for this
project.
EPA appreciates the opportunity to comment on this project. If you have any questions
regarding these comments, please contact Becky Fox of my staff at 828-497-3531 or
[e-mail].
Sincerely,
Ronald J. l1ku ak Chief
Wetlands Regulatory Section
cc: USFWS, Asheville
NCDWQ/DENR, Asheville
NCDWQ/DENR, Raleigh.
NCWRC, Waynesville
Haywood County Erosion Control Office, Waynesville
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APPLICATION FOR DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY PERMIT OMB APPROVAL NO. 0710-003
(33 CFR 325) Expires October 1996
Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 5 hours per response, including the time for
reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and
reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of
information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Service
Directorate of information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 222024302;
and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0710-0003), Washington, DC 20503. Please DO
NOT RETURN your form to either of those addresses. Completed applications must be submitted to the district engineer
having jurisdiction over the location of the proposed activity.
PRIVACY ACT STATEMENT
Authority: 33 USC 401, Section 10; 1413, Section 404. Principle Purpose: These laws require permits authorizing activities in,
or affecting, navigable waters of the United States, the discharge of dredged or fill material into waters of the United States,
and the transportation of dredged material for the purpose of dumping it into ocean waters. Routine Uses: Information
provided on this form will be used in evaluating the application for a permit. Disclosure: Disclosure of requested information
is voluntary. If information is not provided, however, the permit application cannot be processed nor can a permit be issued.
One set of original drawings or good reproducible copies which show the location and character of the proposed activity must
be attached to this application (see sample drawings and instructions) and be submitted to the District Engineer having
jurisdiction over the location of the proposed activity. An application that is not completed in full will be returned.
(ITEMS I THRU 4 TO BE FILLED BY THE CORPS)
1. APPLICATION NO. 2. FIELD OFFICE CODE 3. DATE RECEIVED 4. DATE APPLICATION COMPLETED
(ITEMS BELOW TO BE FILLED BYAPPLICANT)
5. APPLICANT'S NAME 8. AUTHORIZED AGENT'S NAME AND TITLE (an agent is not
Canton Motorsports & Expo Park reqyired)
C/o Steve Westmoreland Vaughn & Melton Consulting Engineers
c/o Jerrv Carter. P.E.
6. APPLICANT'S ADDRESS 9. AGENT'S ADDRESS
1969 Asheville Highway 1318-F Patton Avenue
Canton, NC 28716 Asheville, NC 28806
7. APPLICANT'S PHON9 NOS. W/ AREA CODE 10. AGENT'S PHONE NOS. W/ AREA CODE
a. Residence a. Residence
828-235-8725
b. Business b. Business
828-253-2796
11. STATEMENT OF AUTHORIZATION
I hereby authorize, Vaughn Melton Con- ngs . to act in my behalf as my agent in the processing of this
application and to furnish, upon request, supplemental information in support of this permit application.

APPLICANT'S SIGNATURE DATE
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NAME, LOCATION, AND DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT OR ACTIVITY
12. PROJECT NAME OR TITLE (see instructions)
Canton Motorsports & Expo Park
13. NAME OF WATERBODY, IF KNOWN (if applicable) 14. PROJECT STREET ADDRESS (if applicable)
Unnamed tributaries of Hominy Creek 1969 Asheville Highway
Canton, NC 28716
15. LOCATION OF PROJECT
Haywood NC
COUNTY STATE
16. OTHER LOCATION DESCRIPTIONS, IF KNOWN, (see instructions)
Located on Chestnut Mountain approx. 1 mile east of Canton on 19/23.
17. DIRECTIONS TO THE SITE
Highway 19/23 from Asheville, cross into Haywood County. Site is
on the left before Canton town limits.
18. NATURE, OF ACTIVITY (Description of project, include all features)
Please refer to the attached Environmental Analysis.
19. PROJECT PURPOSE (Describe the reason or purpose of the project, see instructions)
Please refer to the attached Environmental Analysis.
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USE BLOCKS 20-22 IF DREDGED AND/OR FILL MATERIAL IS TO BE DISCHARGED
20. REASON(S) FOR DISCHARGE
Please refer to the attached Environmental Analysis.
21. TYPE(S) OF MATERIAL BEING DISCHARGED AND THE AMOUNT OF EACH TYPE IN CUBIC YARDS
Plastic pipe and clean fill material.
22. SURFACE AREA IN ACRES OF WETLANDS OR OTHER WATERS TO BE FILLED (see instructions)
0.04 acre of wetland . 4662 linear ft of stream to be piped
23. IS ANY PORTION OF THE WORK ALREADY COMPLETE? YESX NO _ IF YES, DESCRIBE THE COMPLETED WORK
Some pre-existing piping has been replaced with new pipe as described in the
Environmental Analysis.
24. ADDRESSES OF ADJOINING PROPERTY OWNERS, LESSEES, ETC., WHOSE PROPERTY ADJOINS THE WATERBODY (If more than can be
entered here, please attach a supplemental list).
Please refer to the attached list of adjacent property owners.
25. LIST OF OTHER CERTIFICATIONS OR APPROVALS/DENIALS RECEIVED FROM OTHER FEDERAL, STATE OR LOCAL AGENCIES FOR
WORK DESCRIBED IN THIS APPLICATION.
AGENCY TYPE APPROVAL' INDENTIFICATION NUMBER DATE APPLIED DATE APPROVED DATE DENIED
`Would include but is not restricted to zoning, building and flood lain permits
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26. Application is hereby made for a permit or permits to authorize the work described in this application. 1 hereby certify that the information in this
application is complete and accurate. 1 further certify that 1 possess the authority to undertake the work described herein or am acting as the duly
authorized agent of the applicant.
a
C- I 3 -0-
SIGNATURE OF APPLICAN DATE
SIG ATURE OF AGENT DATE
The application must be signed by the person who desires to undertake the proposed activity (applicant) or it may be signed by a duly authorized agent if the
statement in block 1 I has been filled out and signed.
18 U.S.C. Section 1001 provides that: Whoever, in any manner within the jurisdiction of any department or agency of the United States knowingly and
willfully falsifies, conceals, or covers up any trick, scheme, or disguises a material fact or makes any false, fictitious or fraudulent statements or representations
or makes or uses any false writing or document knowing same to contain any false, fictitious or fraudulent statements or entry, shall he fined not more than
$10,000 or imprisoned not more than five years or both.

MODIFIED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT
0 FOR
CANTON MOTORSPORTS AND EXPO PARK
As Part of the Application for
Section404/401 Authorization
Haywood County, North Carolina
ESI Project No. ER01-076
Prepared for:
Canton Motorsports and Expo Park
1969 Asheville Highway
Canton, NC 28716
Prepared by:
•
ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES, INC.
524 South New Hope Road
Raleigh, NC 27610
Tel [phone] Fax [phone]
February 2002
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
1.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 1
1.1 Previous Application 2
2.0 PURPOSE AND NEED 3
2.1 Overall Purpose and Function of the Project 3
2.2 Economic Impact 3
2.2.1 Recent Plant Closings 4
2.3 Project Needs 4
2.4 Town of Canton's Proposed Plans 5
2.4.1 History of Hominy Creek Gap 6
3.0 ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING 7
3.1 Physical Resources 7
3.1.1 Physiography, Topography, Geology, and Land Use 7
3.1.2 Soils 7
3.1.3 Water Resources 8
3.2 Biological Resources 9
3.2.1 Plant Communities 9
3.2.1.1 American Chestnut Reintroduction 10
3.2.2 Wildlife 10
3.2.2.1 Terrestrial Wildlife 10
3.2.2.2 Aquatic Wildlife 11
4.0 CULTURAL RESOURCES 12
5.0 ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS 13
5.1 Alternative Property Search 14
5.2 No Action Alternative 15
6.0 JURISDICTIONAL ISSUES 16
6.1 Wetlands and Surface Waters 16
6.2 Stream Characteristics and Functions 16
6.3 Proposed Jurisdictional Impacts 17
6.4 Avoidance and Minimization 18
6.5 Erosion Control and Best Management Practices 19
7.0 MITIGATIVE MEASURES 21
7.1 Mitigation Options 21
7.2 Proposed Mitigation 22
7.2.1 On-Site Compensatory Mitigation 22
7.2.2 Off-Site Compensatory Mitigation 22
7.2.3 Additional Mitigation for Unavoidable Impacts 22
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TABLE OF CONTENTS-CONTINUED
Page
8.0 PROTECTED SPECIES 24
8.1 Federal Protected Species 24
8.1.1 Federal Species of Concern 28
8.2 State-Listed Species 28
9.0 CONCLUSION 29
9.1 Proposed Project Benefits 29
9.2 Summary of Environmental Impacts 29
10.0 REFERENCES 31
11.0 FIGURES 34
LIST OF TABLES
Page
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Table 1: Benthic Macroinvertebrates 11
Table 2: Stream Characteristics 17
Table 3: Jurisdictional Impacts 20
Table 4: Positive vs. Negative Impacts 30
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix A: Letters of Support from the Town of Canton and Haywood County
Appendix B: State Historic Preservation Office Information
Appendix C: Alternate Site Search & Results
Appendix D: Project Information Tables
Appendix E: Photographs
Appendix F: Off-Site Mitigation Plan
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MODIFIED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT
FOR
CANTON MOTORSPORTS AND EXPO PARK
As Part of the Application for
Section404/401 Authorization
Haywood County, North Carolina
ESI Project No. ER01-076
Prepared for:
Canton Motorsports and Expo Park
1969 Asheville Highway
Canton, NC 28716
Prepared by:
ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES, INC.
524 South New Hope Road
Raleigh, NC 27610
Tel [phone] Fax [phone]
February 2002
ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS
FOR
CANTON MOTORSPORTS AND EXPO PARK
HAYWOOD COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA
PART OF THE SECTIO N 404 INDIVIDUAL PERMIT APPLICATION
February 2002
1.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION
Canton Motorsports and Expo Park (CMSP) proposes to develop an approximately 500-
acre parcel of land located along US Highway 19/23 on Chestnut Mountain in Haywood
County, North Carolina. The proposed development plan includes the construction of a
one-half mile race track, a drag strip, a convention center, a go-cart track, a water park,
condominiums, a lodge/restaurant, two hotels, and camp sites. Mr. Steve Westmoreland
is the owner/applicant and Mr. Steve Michael is the on-site project manager. Vaughn
and Melton Consulting Engineers (V&M) of Asheville, North Carolina is the authorized
agent for this proposed project. Environmental Services, Inc. (ESI) of Raleigh, North
Carolina is the environmental consultant assisting V&M with natural resource issues and
permit acquisition.
The racing facility proposed within the CMSP is the keystone attraction of the
development and is proposed to replace the Asheville Motor Speedway, which closed in
1999. Over the past couple of years, there have been several attempts to construct a
new racetrack in the area to replace the Asheville track, but each of these prior attempts
has failed for various reasons. The economic impact of the proposed facility to the Town
of Canton and Haywood County will be positive due to employment opportunities for
local residents, money spent by tourists and vacationers visiting the site, and satellite
businesses that will likely choose the area because of the location and significance of
the CMSP. The expo center will draw people from all over the east coast who wish to
hold meetings or conventions in a mountain setting such as that found on the project
site. The water park, camp sites, and condominiums will encourage visitors to utilize
Haywood County as a vacation destination, thus improving the overall economic benefit
the local economy will derive from the project.
CMSP will be the keystone business within the Hominy Creek Corridor. The Town of
Canton recognizes the Corridor as a Natural Historic Heritage Corridor, an integral part
of the Historic Heritage Trail System of Western North Carolina.
CMSP is submitting a permit application to the US Army Corps of Engineers (ACOE)
requesting authorization to pipe approximately 4,662 linear feet of first and second order
stream channel pursuant to Section 404 of the Clean Water Act of 1972 (33 USC 1344).
This action will also require water quality certification from the State of North Carolina
through the Division of Water Quality (DWQ) (NCGS 143-215) pursuant to Section 401
of the Clean Water Act.
The purpose of this document is to provide an evaluation of three general criteria which
will be considered as part of the permit process: 1) the relative extent of the public and
private need for the proposed activity; 2) the practicability of using reasonable alternative
locations and methods to accomplish the objective of the proposed activity; and 3) the
extent of the effects which the proposed activity is likely to have on the public and private
uses to which the area is suited. This document is intended for use by ACOE and DWQ
as the basis for determining the applicant's compliance with the Section 404 (b) (1)
guidelines and other Section 404 permitting requirements, and Section 401 water quality
certification.
1.1 Previous Application
This Environmental Analysis (EA) and the accompanying permit application represent a
revised submittal to the ACOE and the DWQ. Comments by the regulatory community
led the applicant to revise his proposed development plans. The proposed landing strip
and 10-acre lake that was to be part of Phase II have been eliminated from the proposed
development plan. The remaining infrastructure associated with Phase II is included in
this submittal.
The applicant has made every attempt to configure the development to have the minimal
effect on the natural environment. Revisions to the site plans have been made, and
revenue-generating features have been dropped (landing strip & lake).
Additional problems have arisen regarding the previously proposed mitigation. The
applicant was originally proposing to restore a reach of Hyatt Creek, which is listed as an
"Impaired water" by the State of North Carolina. Landowner cooperation had been
secured; however, they decided to withdraw their cooperation in the fall of 2001. The
search for suitable mitigation has been the main factor causing delay in this new
submittal.
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2.0 PURPOSE AND NEED
2.1 Overall Purpose and Function of the Project
The overall purpose of the project is to provide a multi-functional facility that will attract
local interest as well as visitors from all over the country. The motorsports complex will
replace Asheville Motor Speedway, which closed in 1999 after 39 continuous seasons.
At that time, the Asheville Motor Speedway was acquired by Riverlink, Inc. with a grant
from the Clean Water Management Trust Fund (CWMTF), the Janirve Foundation, and
others. The property was then donated to the City of Asheville as an extension to its
greenway system and for the development of a public riverside park.
There is a tremendous racing fan base in western North Carolina as evidenced by the
popularity of the Asheville Motor Speedway. The closure of the Asheville track made a
dramatic impact on the local economy and there is a tremendous amount of local
interest in bringing auto racing back to this part of the state. Since its closing, several
attempts have been made by different parties to construct a new racetrack, but all of
these previous attempts have failed. The proposed racing facility will serve to bring
racing back to the large fan base of this under-served market. The racing facility will
also 1) provide jobs (project expected to provide up to 300 jobs); and 2) increase the tax
base (project expected to generate $25 million annually for the local economy). These
figures do not include the revenue and jobs created by the remainder of the
development, therefore the potential for improving the local economy is tremendous.
The proposed expo center will draw people from the entire east coast and will maintain
revenue during racing's off-season. The water park, go-cart track, condominiums,
hotels, and camping facilities will provide entertainment opportunities for local residents
as well as visitors to the area who may be visiting other tourist attractions in western
North Carolina. The project will balance economic factors (such as ensuring reasonable
return on investment, employment opportunities, and tax revenues) with environmental
factors such as minimizing impacts and providing compensatory mitigation for
unavoidable surface water impacts by improving the water quality of Hominy Creek,
which is the receiving water body of the project site.
2.2 Economic Impact
Haywood County is currently experiencing a period of economic depression. There is a
tremendous need for economic improvement in this county due to recent plant closings.
The Town of Canton and Haywood County have shown tremendous support for the
CMSP. Appendix A contains letters from Mr. Patrick Smathers, Mayor of the Town of
Canton, and Mr. James Stevens of the Haywood County Board of Commissioners, who
believe that the benefits derived from the project will greatly improve the quality of life for
citizens of Haywood County, the Town of Canton, and the surrounding areas by bringing
an influx of revenue, new jobs, and the potential for new businesses catering to the
patrons of the the CMSP. The Town of Canton is also depending on the success of the
CMSP to generate a much needed economic base for the area as well as providing the
opportunity to restore the presently dilapidated and water polluted area within Hominy
Creek Corridor.
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The economic impact to the region will be immediate in terms of providing jobs and local
revenue. However, by the fifth year of operation CMSP will be providing the following
benefits to the region (Smathers 2001):
• Direct project employment will be over 300 full-time jobs.
• Expected employee payroll will be 7.6 million annually.
• Economic impact to the region will be almost 400 million annually.
• Tourism numbers to the area should increase by 1.2 million annually.
• An increase in corporate participation the area by means of product exhibits,
corporate retreats, sponsorships.
2.2.1 Recent Plant Closings in Haywood County
DAYCO, located in Waynesville, closed two years ago and 800 jobs were lost. The
DANA Corporation, located in Canton, closed in March 2001 and 400 jobs were lost.
Paxar, a textile company, closed in October 2001, and 80 to 90 jobs were lost. Industrial
jobs are disappearing at an alarming rate in Haywood County and the Economic
Development Commission of Haywood County expects the current trend to continue.
The positive economic impact that the CMSP will have on Haywood County should be
closely investigated during this review process.
2.3 Project Needs
The following criteria were examined in detail during market analysis for the project:
Size of Project Site - The comprehensive development plan incorporates several
different facilities into the approximately 500-acre site. The facility that will cause the
most impact is, of course, the race track, drag strip, and expo center along with the
necessary parking areas. The remainder of the site will be developed in such a way as
to preserve the natural beauty of Chestnut Mountain. Minimal land clearing will be
required for the go-cart track, water-park, condominiums, equestrian center, and
camping areas. No additional jurisdictional impacts will result from these additional
facilities, with the exception of replacing existing culverts under the roads. The size of
the site lends itself well to a development of this type. Visitors coming to the CMSP will
expect to see a facility that has retained its mountain setting as much as possible.
Tourists come to the mountains because they enjoy them, and successful developments
incorporate this factor into their plans. Therefore, keeping the project site as natural as
possible is of extreme importance to the applicant is a reason to utilize the full acreage
of the site.
Population Base - Market analyses prepared by CMSP showed that the population
base within a 70-mile radius can support the project as it is currently proposed. This
analysis does not include the use of the expo center, which will draw people from the
entire east coast.
Highway Access / Visibility - The ease of access to the project site and visibility along
major highways or interstates are vital elements for success and provide constant
promotional tools. The CMSP will initially provide parking for up to 2,900 vehicles, not
. including the larger trucks used to transport race cars and associated equipment. The
vehicles must be able to quickly access the project site to prevent detrimental impacts to
the local traffic patterns. Adjacency to US Highway 19/23 and is less than 2 miles from
. an exit off Interstate 40 are undeniable positive attributes of this proposed project site.
Additionally, the site is visible from 1-40. It is important for patrons who may travel long
distances to be able to find the project with ease and without wandering around on
secondary roads. The current location will satisfy this project need.
Tourism - Close proximity to major tourist destinations, such as the Great Smoky
Mountains and the Blue Ridge Parkway, is also a positive attribute of this site location.
Major tourist centers are located both to the east and to the west. Highways 19/23 and
1-40 are two major arteries that tourists utilize in this part of the state. The activities
proposed by CMSP will provide additional leisure activities for tourists staying in
Asheville, Maggie Valley, or Cherokee, and thus will generate additional revenue for the
local economy.
Competition - With the closing of the Asheville Motor Speedway, there is currently no
competition within the immediate area. The next closest race tracks are located in
Bristol, Tennessee and in Hickory, North Carolina. The Bristol Speedway is
approximately 90 miles away and is used primarily as a NASCAR Winston Cup Series
and Bush Series facility. The NASCAR Winston Cup Series and Bush Series are the
two top series in the sport of stock car racing. The Hickory Speedway is located 80
miles away and is primarily used for local and regional racing events. The Canton
Speedway will serve to bridge the gap between local amateur events and the "top of the
line" NASCAR Winston Cup Series and Bush Series events.
Use as a Testing Facility - There exists the possibility of the Canton Speedway being
used as a test track for race teams from various racing circuits. Testing will also
enhance the area's economy through the use of restaurants, hotels, and other services
by the race team members.
2.4 Town of Canton's Proposed Plans
In August 1997, the Town of Canton extended its extraterritorial jurisdiction one mile
eastward along the south side of Hominy Creek and Highway 19/23. The Town's long
term plan is to annex the CMSP and extend its corporate limits and infrastructures along
19/23 to the Haywood-Buncombe County line. This area is known as Hominy Creek
Gap. Because of the area's outstanding historic, natural, and cultural features, it is now
recognized by Canton as a Natural Historic Heritage Corridor, and is an integral part of
the Historic Heritage Trail System of Western North Carolina (Smathers 2001).
The Town of Canton is committed to protecting, preserving, restoring, and interpreting
the significant natural and cultural resources in the Natural Historic Heritage Corridor.
The Town's present and future action programs are as follows:
Moving forward in getting historic features registered and recognized by the North
Carolina Department of Archives and History. Recently, North Carolina Historic
Signs were placed in the Corridor to mark the 1776 Rutherford Expedition along
Hominy Creek and for Arnold Guyot, who was the first to measure and map the
western North Carolina mountains.
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• Development of infrastructures such as water and sewer lines to accommodate
developments at the CMSP as well as for other businesses that may locate to the
area because of the Natural Historic Heritage Corridor. Landscaping and design of
facilities in the Corridor will be in accordance with early natural and historic features,
preferably pioneer and colonial motifs. Also included will be live
demonstrations/reenactments of early pioneer life during the colonial period.
The center piece of the Natural Historic Heritage Corridor will be a Greenway Trail
throughout the Corridor along Hominy Creek. This stream has been heavily
impacted with storm-water runoff from Highway 19/23, adjacent businesses, shops,
garages, and other impervious surfaces. Engineered filters will be installed at storm-
water discharges to remove contaminants consisting of heavy metals, oils and other
toxic substances. The Town also proposes to eventually reestablish native trout
populations in this section of Hominy Creek. The Greenway Trail will be a
recreational and educational facility unique to the area. Natural and historic heritage
features will be interpreted with a self-guided booklet, wayside shelter exhibits,
kiosks, and signs.
2.4.1 History of Hominy Creek Gap
Starting with the first white explorers and settlers, the Corridor has been, and still is, the
major ground transportation route from the French Broad Basin into the interior river sub-
basins of western North Carolina. It is the gateway for all of western North Carolina's
main east-west highways (19/23 and 1-40), and the Southern Railroad.
• The 1776 Rutherford Expedition against the Cherokee nation during the Revolutionary
War followed the route along Hominy Creek Gap. Later the army's path became known
as the Rutherford Trace, which is known to have followed Hominy Creek through the
Gap.
The Hominy Creek Gap was the route for the first transportation system from Asheville
to Murphy. It consisted of a stagecoach line beginning around 1850. The Gap was also
the route of the first railroad into interior western North Carolina in 1880. At that time,
the Corridor railroad had the highest trestle and the deepest cut in North America.
U
• 3.0 ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING
This section presents existing environmental conditions of the proposed project site and
discusses environmental impacts anticipated as a result of the proposed project. The
CMSP site has visited several times by ESI personnel from November 2000 through July
2001 to evaluate existing conditions and to document physical and biological resources.
The site is located adjacent to NC Highway 19/23 on a portion of Chestnut Mountain.
Total size of the site is approximately 500 acres. The race track, drag strip, and expo
center are proposed in an area that was disturbed due to historic livestock and
agricultural activities.
3.1 Physical Resources
3.1.1 Physiography, Topography, Geology, and Land Use
The CMSP site is located in the southeast quadrant of the United States Geological
Survey (USGS) Canton, NC 7.5-minute topographic map. More specifically, the site is
located on Chestnut Mountain, on the south side of Hominy Creek in Haywood County
(Figure 1). This area is locally known as Hominy Creek Gap.
Topographically, Haywood County has a typical eastern mountain landscape
characterized by mountain ranges, intermountain hills, coves, floodplains, and stream
terraces. The project site consists of mountain and intermountain hill topography with
• small, steep streams. Elevations on the site range from a low of approximately 2350
feet above mean sea level (MSL) along Hominy Creek to a high of approximately 3400
feet above MSL on top of Chestnut Mountain. Several small streams originate on the
site and provide surface drainage into Hominy Creek.
The project site is located in the Ashe Metamorphic Suite and Tallulah Falls Formation of
the Blue Ridge physiographic region. The Ashe Formation is a sequence of layered
mica gneiss, quartzo-feldspathic gneiss, mica schist, and amphibolite exposed along the
eastern flank of the Blue Ridge. The Tallulah Falls Formation consists of a basal
graywacke-schist-amphibolite member overlain by a garnet-aluminous schist member
overlain by a graywacke-schist member (Horton & Zullo 1991).
The race track site will occupy a deep mountain cove at a 2,600 feet elevation. The
track will be surrounded by relatively steep slopes, which are up to 800 feet higher than
the track elevation. The physiographic location of the race track makes it an ideal
location to help buffer the Hominy Creek Corridor from the sight and sound of the race
track operation (Smathers 2001).
3.1.2 Soils
Existing soils mapping by the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) shows
that the project site contains six mapping units (Figure 2). These include: Evard-
Cowhee Complex, Trimont gravelly loam, Hayesville clay loam, Cullowhee-Nikwasi
Complex, Saunook loam, and Udorthents (USDA 1997). Evard-Cowhee Complex (Ev)
• consists of steep, well-drained soils. Trimont gravelly loam Jr) consists of very steep,
very deep, well-drained soil. Hayesville clay loam (Ha) consists of moderately steep,
• very deep, well-drained soil. Saunook loam (Sd) consists of moderately steep, very
deep, well-drained soil. Udorthents (Ud) consist of areas where the natural soil layers
have been destroyed by earthmoving activities. Cullowhee-Nikwasi Complex (CxA) is
the only hydric soil on the project site and is nearly level and somewhat poorly drained to
very poorly drained. This soil series is located along the floodplain of Hominy Creek. No
hydric soils occur in any of the proposed impact areas. All of the upland soils are
moderately acidic to strongly acidic.
The slopes of these soil units range from a low of 0% to 2% for the Cullowhee-Nikwasi
Complex to a high of 50% -95% for Trimont Gravely Loam.
3.1.3 Water Resources
Two major cataloging systems are used in North Carolina to identify surface water
drainage areas: one developed by USGS and the other by DWQ. The project site is
located within USGS's hydrologic unit 06010105 (Seaber et al. 1987). The DWQ system
places the site in sub-basin 040302 (806 square miles) of the French Broad River Basin
and the Stream Index Number (SIN) is 6-76. The major tributaries of the French Broad
River in this sub-basin include Mud Creek, Cane Creek, Hominy Creek, Swannanoa
River, and Turkey Creek. Most tributaries in this watershed have unstressed, high
elevation headwaters (DWQ 1994).
The property contains several unnamed tributaries of Hominy Creek. These tributaries
consist of first and second order streams that were classified as perennial by Mr. Dave
Penrose of the DWQ. They were called perennial based on benthic macroinvertebrates
. that were found in several random sampling locations. ESI has witnessed that that all
sections of these streams do not flow year round.
ESI mapped the majority of the on-site streams in November and December 2000, and
they were subsequently surveyed by V&M (Figure 3A &3B). Approximately 16,616
linear feet of streams (flagged and unflagged) occur on the site including Hominy Creek.
Hominy Creek and its tributaries located on the project site are assigned best usage
classification of C. Class C waters are freshwaters protected for fishing, aquatic life
propagation and survival, wildlife, and secondary recreation, which includes wading,
boating, other uses not involving human body contact with water where such activities
take place on an infrequent, unorganized, or incidental basis. Additionally, Hominy
Creek is not considered a Designated Trout Water.
Water quality is assessed by DWQ through several programs, including benthic macro-
invertebrate monitoring, fish community structure, and aquatic toxicity monitoring. Three
benthic macroinvertebrate stations were monitored in 1992 along Hominy Creek
downstream from the project site. Water quality was rated as "Fair" to "Poor" and was
substantiated by the macroinvertebrate results (DWQ 1994). Fish community structure
was sampled in Hominy Creek in 1993 resulting in a "Good" rating (DWQ 1994).
Overall, benthic macroinvertebrate and fish community structure indicated "Good" water
quality in headwater reaches of Hominy Creek. However, both point and nonpoint
source pollution contributed to a "Poor" bio-classification of the lower reaches of this
stream (DWQ 1994). Additional benthic macroinvertebrate sampling was conducted in
• Hominy Creek in 1997. Results indicated an improvement in bio-classification of Hominy
Creek from "Poor" to "Fair" in the lower reaches (DWQ 1998 & 2000). In 1994 there
were 153 known point-source dischargers in Hominy Creek. As of 1997, the number of
10 known point-source dischargers had decreased to 83.
The estimated flow rate of Hominy Creek through the Corridor has been projected by
Smathers (2001). The flow rates range from a low of 6.9 million gallons per day (MGD)
in September to a high of 24.0 MGD in February. The piping of some of the on-site
streams and the use of storm water detention systems should not have any detrimental
effects on the normal flow rates of Hominy Creek in this area.
3.2 Biological Resources
3.2.1 Plant Communities
The study of aerial photographs of Hominy Creek Corridor reveals impacts on the
original vegetation through logging, pasture creation, row crops, and urban development.
Past studies have shown that all of the original virgin stands of forest throughout western
North Carolina, except for a few stands located in the Great Smoky Mountain Park and
Joyce Kilmer National Forest, were removed by logging up to elevations of 5000 feet
MSL by the turn of the twentieth century (Smathers 2001).
Three general plant communities have been identified within the project site: Chestnut
Oak Forest and Acidic Cove Forest (Schafale & Weakley 1990) and Rural Disturbed.
These plant communities represent assemblages of plant species which vary according
to soil type, topographic position, past land use, and level of human disturbance.
Descriptions of these communities are provided below. Scientific nomenclature is
• typically in accordance with Radford et al. (1968).
Chestnut Oak Forest - Chestnut oak forests are found on slopes and ridgetops at low
to moderate elevations up to around 4000 feet above MSL. Rocky, acidic, upland soils
are required for this vegetative community. This community type is abundant on the
project site, although logging has resulted in the loss of many of the larger trees.
Dominant tree species include: chestnut oak (Quercus prinus), scarlet oak (Q. coccinea),
white oak (Q. alba), red oak (Q. rubra), tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), mockernut
hichory (Carya cordiformis), pignut hickory (Carya glabra), and scattered pines (Prnus
spp). The shrub layer includes such species as mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia), great
laurel (Rhododendron maximum), and red maple (Acer rubrum). Herbaceous species
consist primarily of Christmas fern (Polystichum acrostichoides) and galax (Galax
aphylla).
Acidic Cove Forest - Acidic cove forests are found on sheltered, low and moderate
elevation sites. Often they are found on both steep ravines and low, gentle ridges within
coves. Acidic cove forest often occurs low on steep slopes near streams, and on this
site, it grades up into the Chestnut oak forest on the higher slopes and ridges. Acidic
Cove Forest is common on the project site. Dominant tree species include: tulip poplar,
eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), sweet birch (Betula lenta), silverbell (Halesia
carolina), black cherry (Prunus serotina), umbrella tree (Magnolia frasen), and red
maple. The dominant shrubs include serviceberry (Amelanchier sp.) and great laurel.
Herbaceous species include galax and partridge berry (Mitchella repens). Some thickets
of multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora), blackberry (Rubus argutus), and red raspberry
. (Rubus idaeus var. canadensis) were present along stream edges, especially in larger
canopy gaps.
• Rural Disturbed - The rural disturbed community consists of land along US Highway
19/23 that has been previously disturbed, and the area on the project site where some
land clearing has occurred. The trail roads within the project site also fall into this
category. Vegetation within this community is composed primarily of successional
species such as broomsedge (Andropogon scoparius), blackberry, red raspberry,
multiflora rose, and various grasses.
3.2.1.1 American Chestnut Reintroduction
The American Chestnut Foundation is breeding surviving generations of the American
chestnut (Castanea dentata) with a blight-resistant Chinese chestnut in hopes that the
blight resistance will transfer. Plantings of the crossed seedings are currently being
planted in a few selected forest stands in western North Carolina. By the third
generation the nuts will produce a tree that is 7/8 American chestnut and 1/8 Chinese
chestnut. Geneticists believe that these trees will produce seedlings that will survive the
fungus (Endothia parasitica) and that American chestnut can eventually be restored to
the Appalachain forests. The undisturbed forests located on the CMSP site can be
planted with the blight resistant seedlings once the nuts are available. The Town of
Canton is currently cooperating with the American Chestnut Foundation to help establish
the blight resistant strain in the Rough Creek Watershed ecosystem (Smathers 2001).
3.2.2 Wildlife
The location of the project site is in a generally rural setting between two expanding
areas (Asheville and Canton). One benefit the site has is that its eastern boundary is in
close proximity to the Pisgah National Forest, thus allowing for a very large natural area
for any on-site wildlife to utilize.
3.2.2.1 Terrestrial Wildlife
The project site is known to contain both game and non-game species. Resources used
to research species distributions and habitat requirements include text by Webster et a/.
(1985); Simpson (1992); and Martof et aL (1980).
Game species known or expected to occur on-site include: white-tailed deer (Odocoileus
virginianus), wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo), bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus),
ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus), raccoon (Procyon lotor), eastern cottontail (Sylvilagus
floridanus), and grey squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis). Non-game species expected to
occur on the site include: oppossum (Didelphis virginiana), smokey shrew (Sorex
fumeus), eastern chipmunk (Tamias striatus), red squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus),
deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus), golden mouse (Ochrotomys nuttalli), eastern
spotted skunk (Spilogale putorius), and striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis).
Additional avian species observed or expected to occur on-site include species
commonly occurring in forested and disturbed areas of the region. These species
include: common crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos), turkey vulture (Cathartes aura), red-
tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis), eastern screech owl (Otus asio), great horned owl
(Bubo virginianus), downy woodpecker (Picoides pubescens), pileated woodpecker
(Dryocopus pileatus), eastern phoebe (Sayornis phoebe), blue jay (Cyanocitta cristata),
10
• carolina chickadee (Parus carolinensis), tufeeted titmouse (Parus bicolor), American
robin (Turdus migratorius), yellow warbler (Dendroica petechia), northern cardinal
(Cardinalis cardinalis), and chipping sparrow (Spizella passerina).
L
3.2.2.2 Aquatic Wildlife
Aquatic wildlife species consist primarily of salamanders and benthic macro-
invertebrates inhabiting the on-site streams. A biological assessment of the on-site
streams was conducted by ESI on January 9-10, 2001, with limited oversight by Mr.
Dave Penrose of DWQ and Ms. Becky Fox of the Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA). Sampling was conducted pursuant to current DWQ protocol and benthic macro-
invertebrate samples were collected from the streams proposed for impact based upon
the proposed site plan. No fish were collected from any of the proposed impact areas.
The following table shows the taxonomy of the benthic macro-invertebrates that were
collected:
Table 1. Taxonomy of the benthic macro-invertebrates collected from the streams
proposed for impact on the CMSP site.
Class Order Family
Insecta Diptera Tipulidae
Diptera Chironimidae
Trichoptera Rhyacophilidae
Trichoptera Hydropsychidae
Trichoptera Rhyacophilidae
Trichoptera Limnephilidae
Plecoptera Peltoperlidae
Plecoptera Perlodidae
Ephemeroptera Heptageniidae
Ephemeroptera Leptophlebiidae
Coeoptera Psephenidae
Odonata Gomphidae
Oligochaeta
Gastropoda
All specimens were keyed to family with the exception of Class Oligochaeta and Class
Gastropoda. In addition to the benthic macro-invertebrates, other aquatic species
documented include seal salamanders (Desmognathus monticola). It is likely that frogs
also utilize some of these streams; however, none were observed during the sampling
event.
is
4.0 CULTURAL RESOURCES
• The term "cultural resources" refers to prehistoric or historic archaeological sites,
structures, or artifact deposits over 50 years old. "Significant" cultural resources are
those sites that are eligible or potentially eligible for inclusion in the National Register of
Historic Places. Evaluations for cultural resources are required whenever a Section 404
permit application is submitted to ACOE. Evaluations of site significance are made with
reference to the eligibility criteria of the National Register (33 CFR 60) and in
consultation with the North Carolina State Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO).
Mr. Scott Seibel, a Registered Professional Archaeologist with ESI, conducted a
preliminary cultural resources assessment to determine if any known cultural resources
are located on or in the vicinity of the project site, and to assess the potential of the
project site to contain significant cultural resources. Research was conducted at the
North Carolina Office of State Archaeology (OSA) and the World Wide Web site of the
National Park Service (NPS). Limited field investigations included a walkover of the
project site focusing on exposed ground surfaces on logging roads and on ridge toes.
Areas adjacent to Hominy Creek were also examined. No subsurface examinations
were made. The preliminary assessment revealed that no known cultural resources are
located on or in the vicinity of the project site.
Upland ridge toes in the northwestern portion of the project site have been heavily
disturbed by clearing and grading activities. Similar landforms in the eastern and
southern portions of the project site have been disturbed by logging activities. Exposed
areas on these landforms revealed erosion down to red clay subsoil. Additionally,
relatively level portions of these landforms are much more narrow (<33 feet) than they
appear on the USGS topographic quadrangle.
A portion of the floodplain of Hominy Creek in the far northwest corner of the project site
has been covered in fill, a practice observed along much of the length of the creek. A
small toe slope adjacent to Hominy Creek in the far northern portion of the project site
appears to have the best potential to contain significant cultural resources. This
landform is relatively level and raised above the floodplain of the creek. However, two
mid- to late 20th century houses and two outbuildings are located on this landform. Their
construction likely disturbed any subsurface deposits. Several houses, trailers, and
buildings along Hominy Creek were removed by the applicant in an effort to clean up the
area.
A formal letter was submitted to SHPO to inform them of the proposed project and to
request comments. SHPO replied in a letter dated January 23, 2001 that a cultural
resource survey must be performed and submitted for review. Copies of these letters
are provided in Appendix B. The results of the cultural resources survey were submitted
to SHPO, and their reply dated October 11, 2001 is also in Appendix B. SHPO had no
comment on the proposed project based upon the survey report.
•
12
5.0 ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS
Headquarters of the US Army Corps of Engineers (HQUSACE) guidance from 22 April
1986 requires that alternatives be practicable to the applicant and that the purpose and
need for the project must be the applicant's purpose and need. This guidance also
states that project purpose is to be viewed from the applicant's perspective rather than
only from the broad, public perspective. The essential point of the HQUSACE policy
guidance of 22 April 1986 is that under the Section 404 (b)(1) Guidelines, an alternative
must be available to the applicant to be a practicable alternative. Pursuant to 40 CFR
230.10(a)(2) practicable alternatives are those alternatives that are "available and
capable of being done after taking into consideration cost, existing technology, and
logistics in light of overall project purpose".
As part of the development process, the applicant must be able to demonstrate that
alternate sites have been investigated. We are showing in the following sections that
numerous attempts have been made to permit a new track, although not all by the
current applicant. The current applicant has examined the possibility of additional 450 to
500-acre parcels being available in the project area and this information is presented in
Appendix C.
Previous Race Track Ventures
Since the closing of the Asheville Motor Speedway in 1999, there have been several
attempts by other developers to site and construct a replacement racing facility in
western North Carolina. None of these previous ventures have been successful due to
• various reasons, all of which are not known. Previous race track ventures include those
put together by Dan Jones of the Jones Tobacco Outlets, Andy Petree Racing, Paul
Young of Kounty Line TM convenience stores, and John Huffman of Hickory Speedway.
Mr. Huffman is now in full support of the CMSP.
Henderson County
After the closing of the Asheville Motor Speedway, Dan Jones of the Jones Tobacco
Outlets announced a plan to construct a replacement racetrack near the community of
Naples in Henderson County, North Carolina. The site selected for the race track was
owned by Mr. Brownlow Hyder and was located near Interstate 26. From the onset,
there was a considerable amount of opposition from citizens, the county government,
and nearby Park Ridge Hospital. Citizens were concerned that the race track would
cause a decrease in property values and would lower their overall quality of life as
conveyed by Henderson County Commissioner Don Ward. Park Ridge Hospital was
concerned about the amount of noise that would be generated by the race track and the
increased traffic volume. An acoustical consultant, Davis Purcell, was contracted by
Henderson County to study the potential noise problem. He concluded that the race
track would cause what the county considered unacceptable noise levels. In addition to
the public opposition for the project, Mr. Jones also had to contend with on-site streams,
wetlands, and the floodplain of nearby Mud Creek. After much negotiation, Mr. Jones
dropped his proposal for the new race track in Henderson County due to public outcry
and environmental concerns.
•
13
Buncombe County
A replacement race track proposal for Buncombe County was also met with opposition
from local residents and the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). The proposed site
was to be located on property owned by the City of Asheville near the Asheville Regional
Airport. The FAA wrote the airport saying it would have to approve any use of the parcel
not mentioned in the airport layout plan because the land was purchased with federal
money. The land was part of the airport's original layout because of the likely need for
future airport expansion. Mr. James Young was one of the developers wanting to build
the track.
Other Ventures
There have been other replacement race track ventures in addition to the two described
above. Little information was released about these ventures due to the competitive
nature of the operations and it is not known why these other ventures also failed.
These previous development plans should be taken into account by the regulatory
community. Each of these ventures failed for various reasons. The main culprit
responsible for the failure was public dislike of the proposed projects. This is not an
issue with the CMSP. The local community and the local governments have
demonstrated complete support for this project. During the public comment period
required for the original CMSP application, no negative comments were received by
COE from the general public. All negative comments originated with various state and
federal regulatory agencies.
A common complaint against the previous race track ventures was that it would be a
devastating impact on the sight and sound of a community. The proposed project site
located east of Canton represents the only viable alternative property in this area where
these impacts would be eliminated or virtually reduced because of the surrounding
terrain.
5.1 Alternative Property Search
Previous searches for alternate sites were conducted by V&M and the applicant. A new
search for alternate properties was conducted by Foster Real Estate Appraisers, Inc of
Asheville, NC in January 2002. A list of project needs was given to Foster Appraisers in
order for them to define the search criteria. The specific project needs consist of the
following.
• The site must be close to an area that is willing to provide and can provide
comprehensive water and sewer services. The Town of Canton has pledged to do
this.
• The site must be near a major highway and preferably near an exit off Interstate 40. The
current site is less than 2 miles from an 1-40 exit.
• The site must also be visible from a major highway. The current site can be seen from I-
40.
• • The site must be the appropriate size (at least 450 acres).
14
• The site needs to be located in a corridor between major tourist destinations (i.e.
Asheville and the Smokey Mtns.) and close to lodging and food.
• Due to the amenities the completed project will offer, we need a site that will maintain
most of its natural mountain appeal. In other words, we need a site that can still maintain
a natural appearance even after the project is completed. A site that has been
completely cleared or disturbed would not be appropriate for a project of this type.
The preamble to the Guidelines states that "if an alleged alternative is unreasonably
expensive to the applicant, the alternative is not practicable". Section 40 CFR 230.10 (a)
of the Guidelines state that " no discharge of dredged or fill material shall be permitted if
there is a practicable alternative to the proposed discharge which would have less
adverse impact on the aquatic ecosystem, so long as the alternative does not have other
significant environmental consequences".
Appendix C contains the full report from Foster Appraisers regarding the alternate site
search and a sheet prepared by ESI documenting the highlights of the report.
5.2 No Action Alternative
A "No Action" alternative is here considered to be one that avoids all wetland and
surface water impacts. Due to the constraints dictated by site topography and land-
grading requirements, this project can not be down-sized or shifted to avoid all
jurisdictional areas and still satisfy project purpose and need. Additionally, due to the
necessary area needed for a development such as this, it has proven to be extremely
difficult, if not impossible, to locate a different site where no jurisdictional areas occur.
A "No Action" decision at this location would result in negative economic impacts to the
CMSP, shareholders, and would likely merely forestall the inevitable. The fact that this
site has a history of disturbance from previous agriculture and livestock activities also
leads to the conclusion that utilizing this site would be more appropriate than attempting
this venture on an undisturbed property. The "No Action" alternative is not capable of
achieving the basic purpose and need of the proposed project and, therefore, is not a
reasonable alternative.
Ol
15

0 6.0 JURISDICTIONAL ISSUES
6.1 Wetlands and Surface Waters
Within the project site, wetlands and surface waters are subject to jurisdictional
consideration under the Section 404 program as "Waters of the United States" (33 CFR
328.3). Jurisdictional wetlands and surface waters were delineated in November and
December 2000. Approximately 16,616 linear feet of stream channel occurs on the
project site. These streams have had over 150 years of adverse anthropogenic
disturbances through removal of original forest timber, development of farm home sites,
development of pasture land for livestock, and development for row crops or orchards
(Smathers 2001).
The streams and wetland were surveyed and platted by V&M following delineation. The
streams proposed for piping were reviewed by Dave Baker of ACOE. All on-site
streams, with the exception of Hominy Creek, comprise first and second order channels.
Hominy Creek is at least a third order stream. Figures 3A & 3B depict the on-site
jurisdictional surface waters and wetlands. Each stream that may be impacted is labeled
according to its flagging sequence. Hominy Creek was not delineated nor was a stream
located against the far western boundary.
6.2 Stream Characteristics and Function
Stream characteristics were evaluated for use in classifying the stream channels
according to Rosgen (1996). The classification stratifies streams into comparable
groups based on pattern, dimension, profile, and substrate characteristics. Primary
components of the classification include degree of entrenchment, width/depth ratio,
sinuosity, channel slope, and stream bed substrate composition. A total of 16,616 linear
feet of stream channel occurs on the project site. Level 1 Stream characterizations were
performed on the streams proposed for impact by Mr. Brian Hayes and Mr. Jan Gay of
ESI. Both Mr. Hayes and Mr. Gay have completed all four levels of the Rosgen Stream
Morphology courses as taught by Mr. Dave Rosgen of Wildland Hydrology, Inc.
Streams that may be subject to impact are labeled according to the flag sequence used
during the delineation (i.e. SJA, SZA, SWB). Streams SJA and SZA are much longer
than the other on-site stream channels, and two reaches were characterized in these
two stream channels in order to obtain more data. Individual flag numbers are included
with each stream label, however, each location is not necessarily within an impact zone.
The different locations merely serve to give a more accurate description of the stream
channel as a whole. The source of each stream located on the site is groundwater being
expressed from springs located on Chestnut Mountain. Table 2 contains the
morphological characteristics of the streams proposed for impact. Also included is the
DWQ score for each stream resulting from the DWQ Stream Classification Form. The
streams were scored in November 2000 during the delineation effort. As can be seen
from the DWQ scores, most of the stream channels barely score a 19, which is the
minimum necessary to be called an intermittent channel. One segment scored a 16,
which is below that of an intermittent channel, and should be classified as an ephemeral
channel. However, the perennial stream call made my Mr. Penrose has been upheld by
DWQ and has been generally accepted by ACOE, although requests to modify the
stream designations have been made by the applicant and ESI.
16
•
•
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Foster Real Estate Appraisers, Inc. 12
AERIAL MAP - PROPERTY #3 (PIN:7675-88-3694)
•
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PROPERTY #3
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Topography (60'), Elevation 3,120' - 5,160'
FLOOD PLAIN MAP (FEMA MAP # 370120 0135B)
Foster Real Estate Appraisers, Inc.

13
PROPERTY #4
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Location Map
PARCEL I. D.
LOCATION
CURRENT OWNER
DEED BOOK/PAGE
SIZE IN ACRES
7677-48-0748
Property Photo
Sheepback Mountain Road
Barbara & Arthur Chenoweth
467/1571
561
WATER/SEWER Currently unavailable. Current lines extend approximately 100 -
200 yards up Sheepback Mountain Road. Neil Carpenter with
Maggie Valley Water Department states there are no plans to extend
service to this area.
PROXIMITY TO I-40
INTERSTATE VISABILITY
12 miles to closest I-40 exit (Exit 20)
No
PROXIMITY TO LODGING/FOOD 2-3 miles
ACCESS From I-40, south on US 276 - four-lane asphalt paved (6 miles),
west on US 19 - four-lane asphalt (5 miles), Frank Mehaffey Road
to Sheepback Mountain Road.
DESCRIPTION OF SITE Elevations from 3,960' to 5,460'. Access is average and site is
within 2-3 miles of Maggie Valley. Site is primarily wooded with
some cleared areas. Carpenter Creek runs through the site with Bald
Branch, Indian Creek, and Jonathan Creek in close vicinity.
AVAILABILITY
Foster Real Estate Appraisers, Inc.
According to the legal records the current owner acquired the site in
1998. The current property owner states the site might possibly be
available for sale. Inquires to: Chip Chenoweth @ [phone].
14
•
•
•
Foster Real Estate Appraisers, Inc. 12
AERIAL MAP - PROPERTY #3 (PIN:7675-88-3694)
0
•
•
PROPERTY #3
FLOOD PLAIN MAP (FEMA MAP # 370120 0135B)
,
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Foster Real Estate Appraisers, Inc.
13
Topography (60'), Elevation 3,120' - 5,160'
PROPERTY #4
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CURRENT OWNER
DEED BOOK/PAGE
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7677-48-0748
Sheepback Mountain Road
Barbara & Arthur Chenoweth
467/1571
561
WATER/SEWER Currently unavailable. Current lines extend approximately 100 -
200 yards up Sheepback Mountain Road. Neil Carpenter with
Maggie Valley Water Department states there are no plans to extend
service to this area.
PROXIMITY TO 140 12 miles to closest I40 exit (Exit 20)
INTERSTATE VISABILITY No
PROXIMITY TO LODGING/FOOD 2-3 miles
ACCESS From I-40, south on US 276 - four-lane asphalt paved (6 miles),
west on US 19 - four-lane asphalt (5 miles), Frank Mehaffey Road
to Sheepback Mountain Road.
DESCRIPTION OF SITE Elevations from 3,960' to 5,460'. Access is average and site is
within 2-3 miles of Maggie Valley. Site is primarily wooded with
some cleared areas. Carpenter Creek runs through the site with Bald
Branch, Indian Creek, and Jonathan Creek in close vicinity.
AVAILABILITY
Foster Real Estate Appraisers, Inc.
According to the legal records the current owner acquired the site in
1998. The current property owner states the site might possibly be
available for sale. Inquires to: Chip Chenoweth @ [phone].
14
Location Map
PARCEL I. D.
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r

Foster Real Estate Appraisers, Inc. 15
AERIAL MAP - PROPERTY #4 (PIN:7677-48-0748)
PROPERTY #4
•
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FLOOD PLAIN MAP (FEMA MAP # 370120 0075B)
Foster Real Estate Appraisers, Inc. 16
Topography (60'), Elevation 3,960' - 5,460'

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•
Location Map
PARCEL I. D.
LOCATION
CURRENT OWNER
DEED BOOK/PAGE
SIZE IN ACRES
WATER/SE WER
PROXIMITY TO I40
INTERSTATE VISABILITY
PROXIMITY TO LODGING/FOOD
ACCESS
DESCRIPTION OF SITE
AVAILABILITY
Foster Real Estate Appraisers, Inc.

7684-29-3356
US Hwy 23/74
Major Land and Timber Comp
295/081
991
Currently unavailable. Current lines extend to the intersection of
US 23/74 and Hyatt Creek Road. Robert Hyatt with Waynesville
Public Works Department states there are no plans to extend service
to this area.
17 miles to closest I-40 exit (Exit 27)
No
2-3 miles
From I-40, south on US 23/74 - four-lane asphalt paved highway,
west on Walker Road. The site has above average access and is
located approximately 6 miles southwest of Waynesville off US
23/74.
Elevations from 3,900' to 5,580'. Access is above average. Site is
primarily wooded with some cleared areas.
According to the legal records the current owner acquired the site in
1977. Owner of this site is unknown and the tax records indicate a
post office box in Brevard. Therefore, attempts to contact the
property owner were unsuccessful.
17
PROPERTY #5
•
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Foster Real Estate Appraisers, Inc. 18
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•
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PROPERTY #5
R 77 07 f)
N 70 N N N
N )f of of N n -
Topography (60'), Elevation 3,900' - 5,580'
FLOOD PLAIN MAP (FEMA MAP # 370120 0145B)
MAP PANEL NOT PRINTED
Foster Real Estate Appraisers, Inc.

19
PROPERTY #6
•
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Location Map
PARCEL I. D. 8671-17-1374
LOCATION Hwy 276
CURRENT OWNER Haywood Rod & Gun Club, Inc.
DEED BOOK/PAGE 140/147
SIZE IN ACRES 1132
WATER/SEWER Currently unavailable. This property is located in a remote area, and
Robert Hyatt with Waynesville Public Works Department states
there are no plans to extend service to this area.
PROXIMITY TO I40 17 miles to closest I-40 exit (Exit 31)
INTERSTATE VISABILITY No
PROXIMITY TO LODGING/FOOD 13-14 miles
ACCESS US 276 is a two lane asphalt paved road that connects Waynesville
to Brevard. Access from Waynesville is considered average.
DESCRIPTION OF SITE Elevations from 3,360' to 5,040'. Access is average via SR 209.
Site is primarily wooded with some cleared areas. This tract is
located in the southeast portion of Haywood County and the site
borders Transylvania County. The Blue Ridge Parkway borders the
southeast boundary of the site. This tract is located in a remote area
with minimal development in the surrounding area. The East Fork
Pigeon River borders the site to the southwest and Bee Branch runs i
through the tract as well as several other branches.
AVAILABILITY According to the legal records the current owners acquired the site
in 1948. The current owner states the site is not available for sale.
Foster Real Estate Appraisers, Inc.
20
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Foster Real Estate Appraisers, Inc. 21
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PROPERTY #6
`N' 'W\ .

Topography (60'), Elevation 3,360' - 5,040'
FLOOD PLAIN MAP (FEMA MAP # 370120 035B)
i
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Foster Real Estate Appraisers, Inc.
22
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•
•
PROPERTY #7
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CURRENT OWNER
DEED BOOK/PAGE
SIZE IN ACRES
WATER/SEWER
PROXIMITY TO I40
INTERSTATE VISABILITY
PROXIMITY TO LODGING/FOOD
ACCESS
DESCRIPTION OF SITE
AVAILABILITY
Foster Real Estate Appraisers, Inc.
8730-24-5022
Mulbrook Lane
John & Jane Kirkpatrick
467/2508
628
Currently unavailable. Current lines extend approximately to the
intersection of Hwy 209 and Ridgedale Road. Robert Hyatt with
Waynesville Public Works Department states there are no plans to
extend service to this area.
5 miles to closest I-40 exit (Exit 24)
No
7-8 miles
From I-40, north on SR 209 - two-lane asphalt paved road (5 miles)
Elevations from 2,460' to 3,840'. Access is average via SR 209.
Site is primarily wooded with some cleared areas. Mulbrook
Branch as well as several other branches run through the tract.
According to the legal records the current owners acquired the site
in 1998, however this transaction appears to be within the family.
The current owner states the site is not available for sale.
23
40"w- rni
Location Map
PARCEL I. D.
LOCATION
•
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Foster Real Estate Appraisers, Inc. 24
AERIAL MAP - PROPERTY #7 (PIN: 8730-24-5022)
C7
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PROPERTY #7
10o ,
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Topography (60'), Elevation 2,460' - 3,840'
I'
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Foster Real Estate Appraisers, Inc.
25
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PARCEL I. D. 8731-33-2231
LOCATION Rush Fork Road
CURRENT OWNER Ruth Robeson Howell
DEED BOOK/PAGE 158/305
SIZE IN ACRES 957
WATER/SEWER Currently unavailable. Current lines extend approximately to the
intersection of Hwy 209 and Ridgedale Road. Robert Hyatt with
Waynesville Public Works Department states there are no plans to
extend service to this area.
PROXIMITY TO I-40 5 miles to closest I-40 exit (Exit 24)
INTERSTATE VISABILITY No
PROXIMITY TO LODGING/FOOD 7-8 miles
ACCESS From I-40, north on SR 209 - two-lane asphalt paved road (5 miles)
DESCRIPTION OF SITE Elevations from 2,640' to 5,040'. Access is average, and the site
has frontage on SR 209. Site is primarily wooded with some cleared
areas. Silver Cove Creek borders the site to the southeast and Rush
Fork runs through the site.
AVAILABILITY According to the legal records the current owner acquired the site in
1954. Attempts to contact the property owner were unsuccessful.
Foster Real Estate Appraisers, Inc.
26
I
PROPERTY #8
•
•

Foster Real Estate Appraisers, Inc. 27
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PROPERTY #8
FLOOD PLAIN MAP (FEMA MAP # 370120 0085B)
fr i
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VIA"
1/1V !
Foster Real Estate Appraisers, Inc.
28
Topography (60'), Elevation 2,640' - 5,040'
PROPERTY #9
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PARCEL I. D.
LOCATION
CURRENT OWNER
DEED BOOK/PAGE
SIZE IN ACRES
8741-164533

SR 1505, Bald Creek Road
Folsom and Charles E. Messer
99E/165
611
WATER/SEWER Currently unavailable. Current lines extend approximately to the
intersection of Hwy 209 and Ridgedale Road. Robert Hyatt with
Waynesville Public Works Department states there are no plans to
extend service to this area.
PROXIMITY TO 140
INTERSTATE VISABILITY
PROXIMITY TO LODGING/FOOD
9 miles to closest I40 exit (Exit 24)
No
10-12 miles
ACCESS From I-40, north on SR 209 - two-lane asphalt paved road (5 miles),
east on Upper Crabtree Road - two-lane asphalt paved road with
considerable curves (2.5 miles), north on Bald Creek Road - two-
lane asphalt (2.0 miles)
DESCRIPTION OF SITE Elevations from 3,240' to 4,860'. Access is fair with several miles
of curved roads. Site is primarily wooded with some cleared areas.
Bald Creek and several branches border the site or run through the
site.
AVAILABILITY According to the legal records this property was acquired in 1999
through inheritance. Attempts to contact the current owner were
unsuccessful.
Foster Real Estate Appraisers, Inc.
29
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Foster Real Estate Appraisers, Inc. 30
AERIAL MAP - PROPERTY #9 (PIN: 8741-164533)
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•
SUMMARY OF PROPERTY CRITERIA
•
Deed Size in Water/ Proximity to interstate Proximity to Wooded
No. Parcel ID Owner Address Book/Page Acres Sewer I40 Exit Visability Lodging/Food Site
1 7667-85-0871 Williams SR 1301 Indian Creek Road 152/450 728 No 13 Miles No 2-3 Miles Yes
2 7675-544563 Major Land & Timber SR 1214 (Joe Campbell ) 1571288 1,368 No 13 Miles No 2-3 Miles Yes
3 7675-88-3694 Campbell Campbell Creek Road 286/062 758 No 12 Miles No 2-3 Miles Yes
4 7677-48-0748 Chenoweth Sheepback Mountain 467/1571 561 No 12 Miles No 2-3 Miles Yes
5 7684-29-3356 Major Land & Timber Hwy 19/23 295/081 991 No 17 Miles No 2-3 Miles Yes
10 8671-17-1374 Haywood Rod & Gun Hwy 276 140/147 1,132 No 17 Miles No 13-14 Miles Yes
11 8730-24-5022 Kirkpatrick 114 Mulbrook Lane 467/2508 628 No 5 Miles No 7-8 Miles Yes
12 8731-33-2231 Howell Rush Fork Road 158/305 957 No 5 Miles No 7-8 Miles Yes
13 8741-164533 Messer SR 1505 99E/165 611 No 9 Miles No 10-12 Miles Yes
w
N
CONCLUSION
• The purpose of this report is to identify alternate tracts suitable for development of a multi-purpose recreational
facility as described earlier in this report. A search of Haywood County revealed nine properties (non-
governmental) of sufficient size for this type of project. It is important to note this search considered intact parcels
with a minimum of 450 acres. The information collected is presented in this report and indicates none of the nine
properties meet the stated criteria. It is the opinion of the appraisers that of the nine properties examined, Properties
#7 and #8 would be most suitable for this type of development. The suitability can primarily be attributed to the
location. These two properties are in close proximity to one another and are located on State Highway 209,
approximately five miles north of Interstate 40. Highway 209 is a two-lane asphalt road with average access.
All nine of the properties examined are considered to be inferior to the subject in availability of public utilities,
interstate access, and visibility. Some of the tracts may be unsuitable due to topography. All properties are
considered mountain land with varying amounts of steep slopes. Attempts were made to contact all property
owners. Four property owners were firm in stating the tract was not available for sale. The fifth owner (of Property
#4) indicated there is potential for sale. Three property owners could not be reached (Property #2 and #5 are owned
by the same party).
A similar search of western Buncombe County was also conducted. This searched revealed several intact tracts of
450 acres or greater. These tracts are considered unsuitable for this type project due to poor access, poor visibility,
lack of public utilities, and unsuitable topography.
• ;: ? t'
Z?;e?
Mickey ster, MAI, CCIM
North 'Carolina State Certification A-1071
•
_Z
?Li_ll Kendall S. Wright,
North Carolina State License A-4540
Foster Real Estate Appraisers, Inc. 33
01/10/2002 14:02 9192121707
•
PAGE 02
ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES, .INC.
524 New Hope Road
Raleigh, North Carolina 27610
[phone] Fax[phone]
[e-mail]
IVIFIgORANDUM
TO: Ms. Kendall Wright - Foster Appraisers
FROM: Jeff Harbour
DATE:January 110, 2002
RE: Canton Speedway Property Search
As we discussed, I am listing below the most important criteria to keep in mind while
performing your property search. These criteria axe based on a detailed market analysis
performed in the early stages of this project. In addition to the criteria below there are several
non-market driven reasons for the project being located in, Haywood County and/or new the
Town of Canton.. Mr Westmoreland has close family ties to the Canton area and wants to
bring new jobs and opportunities to the area. The recent closings of several manufacturers in
Canton has brought about economic problems for the area, and the project will provide
numerous jobs during construction and the day to day operation of the completed facility.
The following are the most important criteria that are necessary for the success of the project
based on the market analysis,
• The site steeds to be close to an area that is willing to and can. provide comprehensive
water and sewer services. The Town of Canton has pledged to do this.
• The site must be near. a major highway and preferably near an exit off Interstate 40. The
current site is less than 2 miles from an I-40 exit"
• The site must also be visible from a major highway. The current site can be seen from I-
40.
• The site must be the appropriate size (at least 45o acres).
• The site needs to be located in. a corridor between major tourist destinations (i.e. AshcviUc
and the Smokey Mtns.) and close to lodging and food.
0
QUALIFICATIONS OF APPRAISER
• Kendall S. Wright
55 Craven Street
Asheville, North Carolina 28806
Phone: [phone] Fax: [phone]
Sanctioned by the State of North Carolina Appraisal Board as a Licensed Residential Real Estate
Appraiser. Satisfied all qualifications to practice in the state of North Carolina under the Supervision of a
State Licensed or Certified Appraiser. License Number A-4540.
Date of Birth: June 28, 1958, Hastings, Michigan.
Education:
Graduate of Rowan County High School, Morehead, Kentucky, May 1976.
Bachelor of Science Degree in Social Work, University of Tennessee, May 1992.
Master of Science Degree in Social Work, University of Tennessee, May 1994.
Other Qualifications:
Completion of 90 classroom hours of real estate appraisal education (North Carolina R-1, R-2, and
R-3 courses).
Successful completion of the following Appraisal Institute Courses:
• 1) Basic Income Capitalization (Course 310) - 39 hours
2) Standards of Professional Practice, Part A (Course 410) - 16 hours
3) Advanced Income Capitalization (Course 510) - 40 hours
Completion and passing of the State of North Carolina Appraiser Trainee examination.
Completion and passing of the State of North Carolina Licensed Real Estate Appraiser
examination.
Affiliate Member of the Appraisal Institute.
Continued supervision by a State Certified General Appraiser.
Partial Client List:
Asheville Savings Bank
Bank of Asheville
Blue Ridge Savings Bank
BB&T
Carolina Community Bank
Cendant Mobility
Centura Bank
Chase Manhattan Mortgage Corporation
Clyde Savings & Loan
Conti Mortgage
First Charleston Mortgage Corporation
First Citizens Bank
First Union
• High Street Banking Company
Mountain Bank
Norwest Financial
Prudential Relocation
South Trust Bank of North Carolina
United States Government - FDIC
United States Government - Postal Service
Valuation Administrators
Wachovia Bank
Types of Properties Appraised
•
Apartment Complexes
Automobile Dealerships
Bed & Breakfasts
Churches
Commercial Subdivisions
Condominiums
Convenience Stores
Fast Food Restaurants
Historical Properties
Lumber Facilities
Manufacturing Warehouses
Medical Office Facilities
Mini Storage Facilities
Mobile Home Parks
Office Buildings
Residential Apartment Complexes
Residential Properties
Residential Subdivisions
Retail Facilities
Post Office Sites
Schools
Service Garages
Shopping Centers
Specialty Properties
Vacant Commercial Land
Warehouse/Storage Facilities
L`
• QUALIFICATIONS OF APPRAISER
Mickey Foster, MAI, CCIM
55 Craven Street
Asheville, North Carolina 28806
Phone: [phone] Fax: [phone]
Email: [e-mail]
Mickey Foster holds the "MI" designation from the Appraisal Institute and the "CCIM" designation from the
Commercial Investment Real Estate Institute. He has served as an instructor of real estate appraising courses at
Southwest Missouri State University and has over 30 years of experience in appraising, leasing, acquisition, and
disposition of income producing and industrial properties. Mr. Foster has served on the National Review Committee
of the Appraisal Institute and has been Chairman of the Candidate Guidance Committee for many years.
Date of Birth: January 10, 1942, Asheville, North Carolina.
Education
Graduate of Lee Edwards High School, Asheville, North Carolina, in May of 1959.
Graduate of Mars Hill College, Mars Hill, North Carolina, in May of 1964, with a Bachelor of Science
degree in mathematics.
American Institute of Real Estate Appraiser's Course IA, Basic Appraisal Principles, Methods and
Techniques, at Tulane University, Louisiana.
• American Institute of Real Estate Appraiser's Course IB, Capitalization Theory and Techniques, at the
University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado.
American Institute of Real Estate Appraisers Course II, Urban Properties, at the College of St. Thomas, St.
Paul, Minnesota.
American Institute of Real Estate Appraisers Course VI, Investment Analysis, at the University of Colorado,
Boulder, Colorado.
American Institute of Real Estate Appraisers Course IV, Condemnation, at the University of Virginia,
Charlottesville, Virginia.
American Institute of Real Estate Appraisers Course VII, Industrial Properties, at the University of Tampa,
Tampa, Florida.
American Institute of Real Estate Appraisers Course III, Rural Valuation, at the University of Colorado,
Boulder, Colorado.
International Institute of Ammonia Refrigeration (IIAR), Kansas State University, Industrial Refri eration
Workshop, Manhattan, Kansas
Commercial Investment Real Estate Institute Course CI-101, Financial Analysis for Commercial Real Estate,
Atlanta, Georgia
Commercial Investment Real Estate Institute Course CI-201. Market Analvsis for Commercial Real Estate,
Greensboro, North Carolina
Commercial Investment Real Estate Institute Course CI-301, Market Analysis for Commercial Real Estate,
Charlotte, North Carolina
Employment
• Employed with the Chrysler Corporation in Huntsville, Alabama as a Vibration and Acoustical Test
Engineer in 1964 and later with Brown Engineering Company.
Entered the general real estate business in 1967 as a real estate salesman and gradually moved into real estate
appraising.
Staff Appraiser for Federal Housing Administration, Housing and Urban Development, in Seattle,
Washington, and Boise, Idaho from 1970 through 1973.
Realty Management and Acquisition Specialist for the U. S. Postal Service in St. Louis, Missouri and in
Springfield, Missouri from 1974 through 1979. I was responsible for all real estate pertaining to the U. S.
Postal Service in Missouri and southwest Kansas. Duties included lease negotiations, selling and
acquisitions of land and facilities for conversion to post office, advertising and negotiating for new
construction of postal facilities as well as miscellaneous duties pertaining to real estate including tax appeals.
Foster Real Estate Appraisers, Inc., located in Springfield, Missouri; Raleigh, North Carolina, and Asheville,
North Carolina, from 1980. Duties included mostly appraising of industrial and income properties
throughout the southeastern United States.
Foster Refrigerated Warehouse Appraisers, Inc., located in Asheville, North Carolina from 1991, covering a
national geographical area specializing in the appraisal of refrigerated warehouses (cold stores as know in
Europe).
Instructor of Real Estate Appraising at Southwest Missouri State University in Springfield, Missouri.
is Consultant to First Franklin Financial Group, Austin, Texas.
Members hips/Certifications
General Certified Appraiser, North Carolina A-1071
General Certified Appraiser, South Carolina CG-1792
Member of Appraisal Institute - "MAP" designation
Member of Appraisal Institute - "SRA" designation
Member of Commercial Investment Real Estate Institute - "CCIM"
Member of Asheville Board of Realtors
Member of National Board of Realtors
North Carolina Real Estate Broker
National Review Committee for Appraisal Institute
Member of Hoot Owl Club
Member of International Association of Refrigerated Warehouses (1ARW)
Member of The Refrigeration Research Foundation
Member of International Institute of Ammonia Refrigeration (IIAR)
Rotary Member, Austin, Texas
Lions Club, Enka, North Carolina
Elks Lodge, Springfield, Missouri
0
PARTIAL CLIENT LIST
is
Atlantic Coast Foods, Inc.
Arbor National Commercial Mortgage Corporation
Bank of St. Louis
BB&T
Burlington Northern Railroad
Central Bank of Lake of the Ozarks
Central Carolina Bank
Centura Bank
CXS
Falcon Management Corporation
Firestone Company
First American Savings Bank
First Citizens Savings & Loan
First Commercial Bank
First Union National Bank
Fulton Federal Savings Bank
General Electric Company
Hibernia National Bank
113M
Mellon Bank
Merrill Lynch Relocation Management, Inc.
NationsBank
NCNB
North Carolina Department of Administration
Palms and Associates, Inc.
Penn Central Railroad
Piedmont State Bank
Price Waterhouse, CPA
Raleigh Federal Savings & Loan
Resolution Trust Corporation
Southwestern Bell
Southeastern Savings & Loan
SouthTrust Bank of North Carolina
The Boatmen's National Bank of St. Louis
The Central and Southern Bank of Georgia
United States Department of Agriculture - Forest Service
United States Department of the Interior - National Park Service
United States Department of Justice - U. S. Marshall
United States Government - General Services Administration
U. S. Postal Service
Van Wingerden International
Wachovia Mortgage Company
West One Bank - Idaho
Williams Furniture Company
9
TYPES OF PROPERTIES APPRAISED
is Adult Congregate Living Facilities
Apartment Complexes (25-350 Units)
Appraisal Report Reviews
Assisted Living Facilities
Automobile Sales Dealerships
Commercial Bank Facilities
Commercial/Retail Facilities
Convenient Stores
Continuing Care Retirement Communities
Eminent Domain (Condemnation) Appraisals
Food Processing Plants
Gasoline Service Stations
Golf Courses
Hotels
Hospitals
Heavy Manufacturing
Light Manufacturing
Industrial Parks
Industrial Warehouses
Independent Care Facilities
Large Acreage, Recreational Land
Leased Fee Analysis
Medical Office Buildings
Mobile Home Parks
Motels
Nursing Homes (50-300 Beds)
Office Condominiums (Individual and Bulk)
Office Buildings (Single and Multi-tenant)
Office Buildings (CBD)
Psychiatric Hospitals
Refrigerated Warehouses (Cold Stores)
Residential Subdivisions
Residential Condominiums (Bulk)
Rest Homes
Fast Food Restaurants
Retail Strip Centers (Anchored Multi-Tenant)
Regional Shopping Centers (Malls)
Truck Stops
Vacant Commercial Land, Farms, Subdivision, etc.
0
• Table 2. Morphological Characteristics of Streams Proposed for Direct Impact by Piping.
Stream Locations
•
•
Parameter SJA SJA SZA SZA SWB SZE SBB SJC
15 60 18 65 8 13 16 10
Length of 1500 2700 1600 665 feet 353 feet 45 feet
Stream On- feet feet feet
site
Entrenchment 1.2 3.5 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.7 1.2
Ratio a
Width/Depth 11 4 23 8 19 7 11 33
Ratio b
Stream 0.103 0.193 0.159 0.185 0.216 0.180 0.379 0.393
Slope
Channel Aa+ Aa+ Aa+ Aa+ Aa+ Aa+ Aa+ Aa+
Type
Bedrock Bedrock Bedrock Bedrock Bedrock Bedrock
Substrate and and Sand Sand Sand Sand
sand gravel Gravel Gravel Gravel Gravel
DWQ Scored 24 26.25 16 22 23.5
(Nov. 2000)
a Ratio of the width of the flood-prone area to the surface width of the bankfull channel.
b Ratio of the bankfull surface width to the mean depth of the bankfull channel.
Rise over run of water surface slope.
d Scores of 19 and higher are considered at least intermittent by DWQ.
17
Table 3. Surface Water Impacts Resulting from Piping Activity.

Stream Impact Stream Order Total Length Proposed Reason for Length of Stream
Label Number On-site (ft) Piping (ft) Impact Left Undisturbed
SBB 1 1st 353 353 road & parking 0
SZE 2 1st 665 599 road & parking 66
SWD/SJC 3 1st 45 30 road 15
SWB 4 1st 1600 691 parking & track 909
SZA 5 1st & 2nd 2700 1767 parking, track and road 933
SJA 6 1 st 1500 1022 parking & road 478
7 See Note Below parking, track and road
SWC 8 1st 550 45' culvert replacement 505
SZB 9 1st & 2nd 1727 64' culvert replacement 1663
SBA 10 1st 1420 75* culvert replacement 1345
SJB 11 1 st 1556 16 ' culvert replacement 1540
Hominy Creek N/A 3rd 3700 0 80 feet of rip-rap 3700
Unflagged stream N/A 1st 800 0 N/A 800

Direct Impacts Fro m Site Plan 4462
Impacts From Culvert Repla cement 200
Project Totals 16616 4662 11954
Impacts associated with culvert replacements do not include the existing footprint of the road and existing culverts.
Note: This table does not include the 0.04 acre wetland impact that is proposed in the vicinity of the racetrack.
0 Table 4. Positive vs. Negative Economic, Social and Environmental Considerations.
Ol
Positive Economic,Social and Negative Environmental Impacts
Environmental Improvements Associated Associated With Construction of CMSP
With Construction of CMSP
Keystone development for the Town of Approximately 45 to 50 acres of land cleared
Canton. CMSP will encourage the future for race track and parking.
development of the Historic Heritage Trail
envisioned b the Town of Canton.
Regional economic impact of approximately 4,662 feet of 15' and 2nd order stream
$400 million dollars. channel piped.
300 employees with a payroll of Loss of seasonal aquatic habitat in 4,662
approximately $7.6 million dollars. feet of 15` and 2nd order stream channel due
to piping.
Comprehensive water and sewer service to 80 feet of rip-rap stabilization along Hominy
residents of Hominy Creek Gap. Creek.
Potential Greenway Trail along Hominy
Creek.
Polluting businesses along Hominy Creek
have already been removed including
underground storage tanks.
Trailer park and associated septic systems
have been removed from edge of Hominy
Creek.
No impacts to threatened or endangered
species.
No impacts to downstream flows or water
quality due to engineered stormwater system
and bio-filtration.
1,500 feet of stream preserved along with
buffers in addition to a +!- 20-acre area
proposed for a natural heritage display.
Potential restoration of degraded streams as
compensatory mitation.
0
i
• ('ANTON MOTORSPORTS AND FXPO PARK (CMSP)
HAYWOOD MUNTY, NOl?"I'll CAROLINA
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H:01575:012501
Stream Restoration Program for
Warren Wilson College,
Swannanoa, North Carolina
Steven I. Apfelbaum
Applied Ecological Services, Inc
17921 Smith Rd.
Brodhead, WI 53550
608-897-8641
and
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Neil Thomas
Resource Data, Inc.
34 Wall Street Suite 400
Asheville, NC 28801
828-251-1658
January 24, 2002
APPLIED
ECOLOGICAL
SERVICES
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Bull Creek Dam
0 TABLE OF CONTENTS
WARREN WILSON COLLEGE LETTER OF INTEREST ................................... FAX COPY
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................ . 1
DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSED ACTIVITY ........................................................................................................ ..2
OVERVIEW OF RESTORATION ACTIVITIES .................................................................................................... ..3
STREAM MITIGATION CREDIT REQUEST ....................................................................................................... ..5
CONCLUSION ...................................................................................................................................................... ..6
WARREN WILSON COLLEGE STREAM MITIGATION PLAN ......................................................................... ..7
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................... ..8
STREAM RESTORATION AND MITIGATION CREDIT ..................................................................................... ..8
PURPOSE AND GOALS ..................................................................................................................................... ..9
DETAILED PLANS ............................................................................................................................................... 11
THE GENERAL STREAM CONDITIONS IN THE FRENCH BROAD RIVER BASIN AND IN THE
SWANNANOA VALLEY WATERSHED .............................................................................................. 11
LANDSCAPE COMPARISONS OF THE CMREC SITE AND THE MITIGATION SITE AT WWC .................. 12
EXISTING CONDITIONS AT WWC ..................................................................................................................... 14
RESTORATION SITES AT WWC ........................................................................................................................ 16
Site 1. Alexander Branch at Clingman, Little-Berea ....................................................................... 16
Site2. Alexander Branch at the Pine Plantation .............................................................................. 17
Site 3. Alexander Branch at Stokes Pasture .................................................................................... 17
Site 4. Forbats Field ............................................................................................................................. 18
Site 5. Pigpen Creek ............................................................................................................................ 18
Site 6. Bull Creek Dam Removal ........................................................................................................ 19
SUMMARY OF FUNCTIONAL RESTORATIONICREATION ............................................................................ 19
CONTRIBUTING WATERSHED ASSESSMENT ............................................................................................... 20
THE RESTORATION PROCESS ........................................................................................................................ 20
1. NATIVE GRASSLAND BUFFER PLANTINGS ............................................................................... 20
2. RESTORED/CREATED RIPARIAN WETLANDS ........................................................................... 20
3. ERODING BANK STABILIZATION METHODS .............................................................................. 21
4. TOE OF ERODED BANK PROTECTION AND REDIRECTED THALWEG IN STREAM
LOCATIONS .......................................................................................................................................... 21
5. WILLOW POST FOR PROTECTION OF RIP RAP AND OUTLET PIPES AND WEIR WALL .... 21
6. CREATION OF IN-STREAM HABITAT STRUCTURE ................................................................... 22
7. OVERVIEW OF GRADING AND EXCAVATION PLANS ............................................................... 22
8. CREATED NATIVE GRASSLAND BUFFER PLANTINGS ............................................................ 23
9. ERODING BANK STABILIZATION METHODS .............................................................................. 23
10. FARM AND DEVELOPED LAND RUNOFF BIOFILTER WETLAND .......................................... 24
PLANTING CONCEPTS ...................................................................................................................................... 24
Depth Requirements Of Wetland Species ........................................................................................ 24
Water Level Fluctuation ...................................................................................................................... 24
Plant Species Suitability Of Appearance .......................................................................................... 24
Aesthetic Considerations ................................................................................................................... 24
Wildlife Value ........................................................................................................................................ 24
Rate Of Establishment ........................................................................................................................ 25
Availability Of Species ........................................................................................................................ 25
SPECIES SELECTION ......................................................................................................................................... 25
Species Not Included .......................................................................................................................... 25
Selected Species Descriptions .......................................................................................................... 25
MANAGEMENT, EDUCATION, AND MONITORING PROGRAMS .................................................................. 27
ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT ................................................................................................................................ 27
REGULATORY MONITORING PROGRAM ........................................................................................ 28
EDUCATIONAL MONITORING PROGRAM ....................................................................................... 29
FINANCIAL ASSURANCE AND PERPETUAL STEWARDSHIP ..................................................................... 31
SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................................................31
IMPLEMENTATION TIME LINE SUMMARY ......................................................................................................32
APPENDIX A. WARREN WILSON COLLEGE STREAMS .............................................. 33
APPENDIX B. LAND USE CHANGE SINCE 1951 ......................................................... 34
APPENDIX C. AERIAL PHOTOS OF EACH SITE .......................................................... 36
APPENDIX D. CONTRIBUTING AREA WATERSHEDS ................................................ 50
APPENDIX E. WETLAND DELINEATION ...................................................................... 51
APPENDIX F. SOILS MAPPING UNITS ON AERIAL PHOTOS ...................................... 60
APPENDIX G. THREATENED AND ENDANGERED SPECIES INQUIRY .....................................................66
APPENDIX H. STUDY OF EXISTING STREAM FLOOD WATER CONVEYANCE ........................................67
APPENDIX I. ARCHEOLOGICAL REPRESENTATION ....................................................................................69
APPENDIX J. BIBLIOGRAPHY ...........................................................................................................................70
APPENDIX K. RESTORATION AND MANAGEMENT SCHEDULE ................................................................75
APPENDIX L. SPECIFICATION REPORT ..........................................................................................................77
APPENDIX M. RESTORATION DETAIL DRAWINGS .....................................................................................135
FIGURES
MAIN DOCUMENT
FIGURE 1. This figure shows the 8 digits HU 06010105 (subbasin FBR2, 04-03-02).
FIGURE 2. A land use map of the Swannanoa Valley where WWC is located.
APPENDIX A.
FIGURE 3. There are over 40,624 feet of streams located on the WWC campus.
APPENDIX B.
FIGURE 4.1951 NRCS photography of the highlights the southern portion of WWC and the surrounding area.
FIGURE 5. 1998 Buncombe County photography shows the land use change that has occurred since 1951.
APPENDIX C.
FIGURE 6. Site 1--Alexander Branch at Clingman, Little-Berea
FIGURE 7. Site 2. Alexander Branch at the Pine Plantation
FIGURE 8. Site 3--Land use for Alexander Branch at Stokes Pasture
FIGURE 9. Site 4-Forbats Field
FIGURE 10. Site 5-Pigpen Creek
FIGURE 11. Site 6-Bull Creek
APPENDIX D.
FIGURE 12. The map shows ownership characteristics in the Alexander Branch watershed.
FIGURE 13. Higher slopes are found around the upper rim of the watershed. These slopes affect many of the
larger parcels.
FIGURE 14. The 1998 aerial shows the near current land uses of the watershed.
FIGURE 15. This 1998 aerial shows the small 80+ acre contributing drainage area for the Forbat Field
restoration.
FIGURE 16. The contributing area watershed for the Pigpen Site Is shown below.
FIGURE 17. The Bull Creek contributing watershed is about 6,600 acres contained within just over 900
different parcels.
APPENDIX E.
FIGURE 18. There is one NWI site on the Warren Wilson College campus.
APPENDIX F.
FIGURE 19. Soils--Site 1-Alexander Branch at Clingman, Little-Berea
FIGURE 20. Soils--Site 2. Alexander Branch at the Pine Plantation
FIGURE 21. Soils--Site 3-Land use for Alexander Branch at Stokes Pasture
FIGURE 22. Soils-Site 4--Forbats Field
FIGURE 23. Soils--Site 5-Pigpen Creek
9
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
WARREN WILSON COLLEGE STREAM RESTORATION PROJECT
Warren Wilson College (WWC) seeks to restore streams on their 1,000-acre campus.
The stream restoration work will be accomplished through the sale of stream and wetland
mitigation credit, as a multi-user offsite stream mitigation project. Applied Ecological Services,
Inc. (AES) and Resource Data, Inc. (RDI) will act as agents for the college to restore the streams
and to sell or broker the mitigation credits. These agents will work closely with State and Federal
regulatory agencies to gain credit approval for the stream restoration and with WWC to supply
stream mitigation credit to parties who have received regulatory agency approval for purchase of
said stream mitigation credit.
A field analysis and supporting GIS calculations have identified over 34,000 lineal feet of
degraded streams on campus. Approximately 2 miles of this stream footage traces the main
channel of the Swannanoa River while the remaining portions are 1st and 2nd order tributaries of
the Swannanoa. A figure of the WWC streams is located in Appendix A of this document.
The WWC restoration will proceed in two phases. Phase 1 of this project has been
designed to supply anticipated off-site stream mitigation credit needs specifically for the Canton
Motorsport Racetrack and Expo Center (CMREC). We have been told by the CMREC
consultants that this project will require around 4200-4500 lineal feet of stream mitigation credit.
This document accommodates this credit need and includes additional stream mitigation
opportunities if credit adjustments are required during the CMREC permit application
negotiations. Phase 2 will be developed and presented at a later date to expand the Warren
Wilson College program and will incorporate other streams on the WWC campus.
The CMREC site and the WWC campus are both located within the same 8 digit
hydrologic unit (HU 06010105, Sub-basin ). The sites are approximately 20 miles apart. Streams
impacted by the CMREC project and streams targeted for phase 1 restoration are both 1 St and
2" order streams. The WWC streams are badly degraded from channelization and agricultural
activities. These streams are reasonably similar to the CMREC streams in geological context,
slope, and aspect. The WWC site is slightly lower in elevation by about 600 feet and the slopes
are significantly less.
The WWC restoration proposal to accommodate the CMREC mitigation needs has been
prepared as a stand-alone document (the mitigation proposal) and is intended to accompany the
CMREC permit application. The mitigation proposal requests 4,500 lineal feet (or the total
number of feet of mitigation required of the CMREC project) of stream mitigation credit resulting
from WWC stream and wetland restoration and enhancement activities. A summary of WWC
restoration sites, site characterizations, proposed credit ratios and proposed mitigation credits is
shown in Table 1.
The mitigation proposal outlines the goals of the restoration activities. A monitoring
program is presented that measures the performance of the restoration against the goals.
Success criteria include 1) measurable improvement in channel stability, 2) increase of
biodiversity, 3) improvement in water quality, 4) training and educational opportunities, and 5)
regional contributions to stream restoration understanding, technology, and science.
Regional hydraulic geometry curves have been utilized along with physical measurements
on the property and other information for design of the stream restoration proposed. Reference
reaches have been utilized to the extent possible in this design. Detailed quality control and
planting specifications are provided to articulate the methods, timelines, plant materials
(including development of native local-source genetic nursery for plant materials production for
the project) monitoring and other activities. Wetland delineations, rare species surveys, and
literature review, and much additional information were utilized in development of site restoration
programs at WWC. The contributing watersheds for each of the sites have been assessed for
H:01575:012501 1 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
each of the restoration sites with regard to future build-out and subsequent runoff problems.
Detailed grading plans, erosion control plans and specifications, seed bed and soil
preparation specifications are presented in the mitigation proposal. A long-term management and
stewardship plan is included that addresses direct human impacts to the restored sites, livestock
and wild herbivore impacts to plants, and other maintenance of the buffer lands and the riparian
stream course.
This restoration is designed to improve the ecological, hydraulic, and hydrological settings
of streams, water quality leaving campus property and streams, and reduce contributions from
current degraded streams to downstream flooding. Greatly enhanced opportunities for native
fishes, mollusks, native vegetation, macro-invertebrates, and additional stream biodiversity are
part of the proposed outcomes of this program.
All restored stream courses will continue to be owned and managed by WWC, and will be
impressed with a conservation easement. After the 5th year of the restoration (after all
performance standards and monitoring requirements have been met) WWC staff and the
appropriate student crews will maintain these lands. Outside assistance and expertise will be
available on an as-needed basis.
Funding for perpetual stewardship has been provided in the form of a financial
endowment that will be managed by WWC who will maintain the principle value of the
endowment and utilize the interest generated annually to fund perpetual stewardship.
Based on our analysis of site conditions, prior experience with similar projects, we are
confident that the stream restoration programs at WWC College will meet or exceed all program
goals. All contingency plans are in place, including an a-priori "adaptive management" strategy
and annual requirement to refine programs. We anticipate full program success.
WWC and it agents will use this restoration process as an educational forum for the
students and the community at large. The restoration sites will be used to demonstrate
alternative ways to stabilize and restore streams. WWC is anxious to use this project as a
centerpiece of its strong institutional focus on environment and ecology.
The proposed project will not fill, negatively impact, nor compromise existing wetlands,
special-status plants or animal species, or waters of the United States. The proposed program
will also not reduce the present floodwater conveyance and water storage capacities of the
Warren Wilson College stream channels and floodplain environment. In addition, because of the
previously highly disturbed nature of the stream corridors included in this restoration program,
this proposed program will impact no archeological sites or historic settings. Detailed planting
specifications, and construction plans are attached to this program package
Specifications and plans will be developed and provided at a later date to address other
specific needs of stream reaches found in highly developed areas of the WWC campus including
within and between campus buildings, reaches with parking lots at key tributary areas, and
currently buried reaches for which day-lighting may be proposed in the future. This additional
work will be developed as a stream mitigation bank. Because these activities do not relate
directly to the CMREC mitigation needs they will not be described here.
DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSED ACTIVITY
Warren Wilson College's (WWC) agents have designed and will conduct all tasks
necessary to restore streams and stabilize riparian systems initially along degraded streams in
the Warren Wilson College Campus property. Restoration of selected stream reaches on the
campus will result in the development of thousands of linear feet of re-meandered stream. In
addition to restoration, areas of upland vegetation native grassland buffers will be planted.
Riparian wetland areas will be restored/created by excavation, removal of livestock, riparian
gramnoids and (orbs plantings and tree and shrub plantings. Along the remeandered stream
'10 channels, stream banks, beds and channel will be planted with soil bioengineering strategies
H:01-575:010201 2 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
including brush layering techniques, seeding, and planting techniques. In the re-meandered
channels, pools and riffles and other in-stream structures will be constructed along selected
reaches of each stream. All restoration strategies have followed the hydraulic geometry design
criteria that is focused on restoration of dimension and form developed by Luna Leopold (Dunne
and Leopold 1979; Leopold 1994 and further developed by Rosgen (1996). Field measurements
of existing degraded and reference stream reaches (and adjacent landforms) of geometry and
dimension were prepared and describe the existing conditions. Historic aerial photographs
provided insights into land use and stream modification since the 1950s.
All plantings will use locally derived native plant materials. As a part of this project WWC
and its agents will establish a native plant nursery for locally sourced genetic plant materials.
Initially, the production of seed and plants will focus on meeting phase 1 needs, but thereafter,
WWC and its agents intend to serve a growing regional demand for these native plant products
through wholesale and retail sales.
OVERVIEW OF RESTORATION ACTIVITIES
Stream restoration proposed in this document will fall within the general definition below.
Other stream reaches included in this program will be addressed through stream enhancement.
Stream activities proposed in this document will fall within the general definitions below.
• Stream Restoration - The process of converting an unstable, altered, or degraded stream
corridor, including adjacent riparian zone and flood-prone areas, to its natural stable condition
considering recent and future watershed conditions. This process will be based on a
reference condition/reach for the valley type and includes rebuilding the appropriate
geomorphic dimension (cross-section), pattern (sinuosity), and profile (channel slopes), as
10 well as re-establishing the biological and chemical integrity, including transport of the water
and sediment produced by the stream's watershed in order to achieve dynamic equilibrium.
• Stream Enhancement - Stream rehabilitation activities undertaken to improve water quality
or ecological function of a fluvial system. Any proposed stream enhancement activity must
demonstrate long term stability. Enhancement activities are generally a subset of the
activities required to receive acknowledgment for restoration. These activities may include
instream or streambank activities.
• Enhancement Level I - Mitigation category which generally includes improvements to the
stream channel and riparian zone by making adjustments to dimension and profile and
including other appropriate practices that provide improved channel stability, water quality
and stream ecology. Work will be based on reference reach information.
• Enhancement Level II - Mitigation category for activities that augment channel stability,
water quality and stream ecology in accordance with a reference condition but fall short of
restoring both dimension and profile. Examples of enhancement level II activities may include
stabilization of streambanks through sloping and revegetating a riparian zone that is
protected from livestock by fencing, construction of instream structures to improve channel
cross-section or slope according to a reference reach and, when appropriate, reattaching to
an adjacent floodplain.
• Streambank Stabilization - The in-place stabilization of an eroding streambank without
consideration of reference conditions. Stabilization techniques, which include primarily
natural materials, like root wads and log crib structures may be considered, as well as sloping
stream banks and revegetating the riparian zone. However, stream stabilization techniques
that consist primarily of "hard" engineering, such as concrete lined channels, rip rap, or
gabions, while providing bank stabilization, will not be considered for mitigation. An exception
to this may be considered for short reaches when mitigating for urban stream impacts.
H:01575:012501 3 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
The specific strategies defined below will be utilized in the Warren Wilson College stream
systems. The specific locations where each would be utilized are shown in plan sets provided as
an attachment to this document.
• Brush Management: Removal of exotic shrubs, vines and trees in stream bank environment
to allow greater light availability for the growth of ground cover-soil stabilizing vegetation such
as grasses, sedges, and wildflowers.
• Soil Bioengineering: Plantings of native wetland shrubs and other native plant species to
increase the structural integrity of stream banks, channels, ravines, and other locations.
These plantings are weakest on day of installation and get progressively stronger in contrast
to riprap or hard structural engineering solutions, which have the opposite performance.
• Install Upland Buffers: These would be physical separations between agricultural
landscapes and the stream environment and would be plantings of native herbaceous
vegetation and tree cover. In most locations buffers would be 50 feet in width minimum, on
both sides of a stream.
• Re-Meander Stream: Channelized reaches of streams have been highly altered. Re-
meandering these reaches will restore channel morphometry, profile, and instream structure
and hydraulic geometry.
• Re-construct pool and Riffle: In-stream structural changes have occurred both as a result of
channelizing and dredging of streams, and also because of the hydraulic changes associated
with upland land-use changes and increased runoff. Restoration of pool and riffle series,
vortex weirs, and other structures to support stable channel dimension will be constructed.
• Parking lot BMP's: In several locations stormwater detention, retention, infiltration systems,
and buffers will be installed to reduce the total volume, rate, and quality of water entering the
stream from parking lots.
• Livestock fencing: Reducing and eliminating the now freely mobile access of grazing
livestock (cattle and horses) from the stream will be accomplished with fencing, and perhaps
provision of off-stream auxiliary potable water supplies such as solar pumps and tanks.
• Alternative Water Access: Livestock access to the stream will be eliminated or reduced
and localized with controlled carefully designed access. Where access is eliminated or
restricted, off-channel water is usually provided by solar-pumps that provide water to a
watering tank where livestock access to water can be provided without damaging the stream
courses.
• Wetland, step-pools/riparian restorations: In re-meandered channelized reaches, and in
locations where adequate streamside acreage with appropriate soil types (e.g. hydric soils)
exists, streamside and off-channel riparian wetland restoration will occur. Some will be
restored in naturally occurring depressional areas (old currently drained abandoned channel
meanders) by installing rock and log grade controls to create pools.
• Preservation: This BMP will occur in stream, wetland, and upland locations where the
existing ecological setting has high resource value and is worthy of protection. Protection will
also involve impression of a permanent conservation easement impressed over preservation
areas.
1i
H:01-575:010201 4 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
• . Perpetual Conservation Easements: Warren Wilson College will impress permanent
conservation easements on the land included in the stream restoration areas, including
upland buffers. Buffers easements will honor the intent of the State and Federal agency
guidelines for these easements with regard to use, access, and management and monitoring.
It is likely that WWC will propose to explore the use of short term rotational grazing in some
buffer areas as a strategy to control invasive woody vegetation such as multiflora rose, and
other shrubs, trees that could shade suppress stream bank planted native grasses, sedges
and wildflowers. WWC college farm manager will need to work closely with the agencies to
determine acceptability of use of grazing which is typically not an approved use in buffer
easement areas.

•
STREAM MITIGATION CREDIT REQUEST
The following table summarizes the characteristics of the targeted stream restoration
sites and submits proposed credit rations and mitigation credit for each site. More than the
requested 4,500 feet of credit are identified in this table providing some flexibility to the credit
negotiation process and demonstrating that all of the mitigation requirements can be
accommodated on the WWC campus and in this mitigation proposal.
Table 1. Miti ation O ortunities in the Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Program
Existing New
Reach stream Proposed
length Restoration length stream
Site name Feet Notes Credit ratio type Feet credit
Alexander
Branch at Channeled, bermed banks,
Little Berea floodplain, significant bank
Clin man 2,058 failures, wetland remnants 0.75:1 Restoration 2,215 2768
Culverted at either end at
Alexander roads, access-road impacts
Branch at stream, wetland remnants,
Pine ailing banks, active re- Restoration,
Plantation 1,149 meandering 0.75:1 Enhancement 1,284 1,605
Upper portion more stable,
Alexander middle and lower portions
Branch at eroding pasture, wetland
Stokes remnants, bank failures, Restoration,
Pasture 2,011 confluence with Swannanoa 0.75:1 Enhancement 2,893 3,616
Forbats Channelized, bermed, filled
Field 1,028 wetlands 0.75:1 Restoration 1,637 2,046
Pigpen
Creek Channelized, wetland
below the remnants, heavy agricultural
farm shop 1,010 land uses surrounding site 0.75:1 Restoration 1,087 1,359
dam exists along Bull
Creek in WWC forest land.
Bull Creek The dam was partially
Dam removed in the 1920s but a 6 Dam removal,
Removal 3,300 foot drop still remains 0.25:1 restoration 3,300 5,775
ALL 10,556 12,416 17,169
H:01575:012501
Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
• Perpetual Conservation Easements: Warren Wilson College will impress permanent
conservation easements on the land included in the stream restoration areas, including
upland buffers. Buffers easements will honor the intent of the State and Federal agency
guidelines for these easements with regard to use, access, and management and monitoring.
It is likely that WWC will propose to explore the use of short term rotational grazing in some
buffer areas as a strategy to control invasive woody vegetation such as multiflora rose, and
other shrubs, trees that could shade suppress stream bank planted native grasses, sedges
and wildflowers. WWC college farm manager will need to work closely with the agencies to
determine acceptability of use of grazing which is typically not an approved use in buffer
easement areas.
0
•
STREAM MITIGATION CREDIT REQUEST
The following table summarizes the characteristics of the targeted stream restoration
sites and submits proposed credit rations and mitigation credit for each site. More than the
requested 4,500 feet of credit are identified in this table providing some flexibility to the credit
negotiation process and demonstrating that all of the mitigation requirements can be
accommodated on the WWC campus and in this mitigation proposal.
ti ation ortunities in the Warren Wilson Colle a Stream estoratioPro ram
F Existing New
Reach stream Proposed
length Restoration length stream
Feet Notes Credit ratio type Feet credit
Alexander
Branch at Channelized, bermed banks,
Little Berea odplain, significant bank
Clin man 2,058 failures, wetland remnants 0.75:1 Restoration 2,215 2768
Culverted at either end at
Alexander roads, access-road impacts
Branch at stream, wetland remnants,
Pine iling banks, active re- Restoration,
Plantation 1,149 meandering 0.75:1 Enhancement 1,284 1,605
Upper portion more stable,
Alexander middle and lower portions
Branch at eroding pasture, wetland
Stokes remnants, bank failures, Restoration,
Pasture 2,011 confluence with Swannanoa 0.75:1 Enhancement 2,893 3,616
Forbats Channelized, bermed, filled
Field 1,028 wetlands 0.75:1 Restoration 1,637 2 046
Pigpen
Creek Channelized, wetland
below the remnants, heavy agricultural
farm shop 1,010 land uses surrounding site 0.75:1 Restoration 1,087 1,359
dam exists along Bull
Creek in WWC forest land.
Bull Creek The dam was partially
Dam removed in the 1920s but a 6 Dam removal,
Removal 3,300 foot drop still remains 0.25:1 restoration 3,300 5,775
ALL 10,556 12,416 17,169
H:01575:012501
Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
C?
Warren Wilson College Mitigation Plan
-- A Stream Restoration Program for Warren Wilson College
Swannanoa, North Carolina
INTRODUCTION
Warren Wilson College (WWC) seeks to restore streams on their 1,000-acre campus.
The stream restoration work will be accomplished through the sale of stream and wetland
mitigation credit, as a multi-user offsite stream mitigation project. Applied Ecological Services,
Inc. (AES) and Resource Data, Inc. (RDI) will act as agents for the college to restore the streams
and to broker the mitigation credits. These agents will work closely with State and Federal
regulatory agencies to gain credit approval for the stream restoration and with WWC to supply
stream mitigation credit to parties who have received regulatory agency approval for purchase of
said stream mitigation credit.
The first phase of this project and the focus of this mitigation plan is to supply Canton
Motorsport Racetrack and Expo Center (CMREC) with the required off-site mitigation for
proposed impacts to streams on its property in Haywood County. WWC proposes to provide all
off-site stream mitigation credit needed for the project which has been estimated at 4,500 feet of
credit.
The document addresses in detail the current landscape concerns, stream conditions,
applicable restoration concepts and designs, construction details, and long term maintenance
plans. The document also incorporates a discussion of the ecological and educational benefits of
a restoration project at WWC.
STREAM RESTORATION AND MITIGATION CREDIT
H:01-575:010201 8 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
This program will restore streams from existing degraded conditions. WWC and its
agents are intending to fund this restoration program by the sale of stream mitigation credit
created by this restoration program. For the CMREC mitigation project locations, the following
table characterizes the existing stream lengths, and proposed restored lengths of streams and
acreages of riparian wetlands to be restored. The table also proposes credit replacement ratios
and a proposed total credit to be generated by the CMREC restoration program sites.
It has been estimated by the CMREC consultants that this project will require around
4200-4500 lineal feet of stream mitigation credit. The available restoration credit should exceed
the estimated need significantly. The entire collection of sites includes over 9,000 linear feet of
stream which should generate more than 9000 lineal feet of stream mitigation credit. We will
prioritize the sites for restoration based on the final mitigation needs defined by the regulatory
agencies and as a result of the agency review of these sites.
•

Table 1. Miti ation O ortunities in the Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Program
Existing New
Reach stream Proposed
length Restoration length stream
Site name Feet Notes Credit ratio type Feet credit
Alexander
Branch at Channelized, bermed banks,
Little Berea odplain, significant bank
Clin man 2.058 failures wetland remnants 0.75:1 Restoration 2,215 2768
Culverted at either end at
Alexander roads, access-road impacts
Branch at stream, wetland remnants,
Pine failing banks, active re- Restoration,
Plantation 1,149 meandering 0.75:1 Enhancement 1,284 1,605
Upper portion more stable,
Alexander middle and lower portions
Branch at eroding pasture, wetland
Stokes remnants, bank failures, Restoration,
Pasture 2,011 confluence with Swannanoa 0.75:1 Enhancement 2,893 3,616
Forbats Channelized, bermed, filled
Field 1,028 wetlands 0.75:1 Restoration 1,637 2,046
Pigpen
Creek Channelized, wetland
below the remnants, heavy agricultural
farm shop 1,010 land uses surrounding site 0.75:1 Restoration 1,087 1,359
dam exists along Bull
Creek in WWC forest land.
Bull Creek The dam was partially
Dam removed in the 1920s but a 6 Dam removal,
Removal 3,300 foot drop still remains 0.25:1 restoration 3,300 5,775
ALL 10,556 12,416 17,169
PURPOSE, GOALS AND PLANS
The purpose of this document is to provide a detailed description of the WWC stream
restoration project. The program will include all work necessary to restore and stabilize streams,
upland buffers, the technical monitoring to document program results and an educational
program to integrate the WWC restoration work into the college's educational programs. It is
currently envisioned that all site work, and site preparation will be undertaken for the CMREC
mitigation will begin at WWC in the summer of 2002. Upland buffer areas will also be planted in
2002-3.
This plan includes six basic elements:
1. Stream restorations will demonstrate various methods to restore and re-establish
dimension, form, and hydraulic geometry, and biological system restorations to
address unstable, channelized streams and highly destabilized stream systems, and
associated uplands.
2. Upland buffer creations will use native grassland grass and wildflower buffer plantings
that will be aesthetically pleasing, attract wildlife, and serve to enhance water quality
in the adjacent Warren Wilson College streams. In addition, some of the planted
buffer areas will be used for seed production for native plant species.
3. Creation of riparian wetlands will be used to increase the acreage of wetland and
aquatic habitats and the opportunities for water quality enhancement, wildlife habitat
H:01575:012501 9 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
and educational benefits in association with the river system.
4. The integration of wetland biological filters will function to reduce sediment and
contaminant entry into the Warren Wilson College streams from the adjacent property
runoff.
5. Educational Programs will serve to demonstration stream restoration methods and
increase awareness of stream issues. Educational programs will involve both the
campus community and the public for certain aspects of the installation. Seminars
and workshops will provide a better understanding of the different techniques used
for streambank stabilization. Warren Wilson College, AES, Inc. and RD[ look forward
to developing, hosting, facilitating, and co-implementing said educational programs
with State and Federal Regulatory agencies, and others with interest. WWC provides
a facility, resource and an unprecedented opportunity to train others in the region on
stream stewardship and restoration issues.
6. Volunteerism and Transfer of Expertise: The project will seek to involve the WWC
staff, faculty, and students and the larger community in the restoration program to
provide hands-on learning opportunities and to transfer the understanding gained
from this project to other Swannanoa valley projects.
The goals of this document are to provide guidelines for the management, monitoring and
conservation of stream resources and educating interested WWC managers and the public about
the process and methods required to maintain stable river banks and vegetation. This document
provides the fundamental structure and rationale for addressing the ecological problems
identified in the preceding section.
Specifically the goals are as follows:
1. Provide and implement programs that will restore and maintain targeted riparian
systems on WWC campus that will provide for the immediate and long-term needs of
the ecological system
a. Develop a credible scientific basis to guide present and future conservation and
restoration programs at WWC.
b. Implement a program to restore degraded streams and related landscapes and to
manage the restored landscapes using a scientific process and methods.
c. Provide a plan to maintain a buffer system to alleviate potential intrusions (i.e.
adverse hydrological changes, contaminants, noise, light, naturalized species,
etc.)
i. Minimize human intervention, labor and costs
ii. Integrate spatial and temporal aspects of the landscape
iii. Incorporate existing WWC work crews into long-term maintenance
d. Consider and provide for a balanced interaction between the human and
ecological systems in all designs.
e. Deploy and integrate a monitoring program to provide feedback on the
effectiveness of management strategies programs that will measure key
parameters that will alert managers of Warren Wilson College streams of
problems in a timely and accurate.
i. Evaluate and update the long-term maintenance strategies annually
2. Provide educational and demonstration opportunities to the WWC community and to
the larger community
a. Provide access to the restoration sites by regulators and stream restoration
engineers
b. Sponsor stream restoration workshops
c. Integrate outdoor stream laboratory opportunities with academic courses
H:01-575:010201 10 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
•
DETAILED PLANS
With these goals, a series of detailed plans were developed for this project including the
following. These plans focused on addressing the goals of the project.
1. Grading plans,
2. Construction plans,
3. Erosion sedimentation control plans and
4. Detailed planting plans
THE GENERAL STREAM CONDITIONS IN THE FRENCH BROAD RIVER BASIN AND IN THE
SWANNANOA VALLEY WATERSHED
Streams and wetlands in western North Carolina are seriously impacted by storm water
runoff from urban and agricultural areas. This runoff contributes to water quality degradation due
to high loading of pollutants, such as heavy metals, pesticides, nutrients, salts, bacteria, and
sediments. Many land-use changes such as from urban areas, can contribute to storm water
runoff related adverse changes in downstream flow rates in streams and rivers. The higher and
lower flow rates contribute to erosion of stream channels and banks, which further contribute to
downstream water quality problems including plugging of channels, storm sewers, and billions of
dollars of additional flooding problems and property damages nationally. As the physical steam
setting deteriorates, so too has the biological environment. Fish, macro-invertebrates, aquatic
and riparian vegetation systems have declined. Exotic species have often replaced desirable
native species. Regional water quality issues are described in some detail in the French Broad
River Basinwide Water Quality Plan. (French Broad River Basinwide Water Quality Plan. North
Carolina Division of Water Quality. May 2000.
http://h2o.enr.state.nc.us/basinwide/french/frenchbroad wq management plan.htm.)
The Warren Wilson College (WWC) streams are greatly modified. Stream margins on
adjacent uplands are currently dominated by introduced cool season grasses and associated
non-native forbs. Few native plant species are present and few of the existing non-native plants
are deep rooted. Existing dominant plants are rooted in the upper 3-10 inches. Dominant
species include bluegrass (Poa Pratensis), Tall fescue (Festuca elatior), European brome
grasses (Bromus inermis) and such forbs as the noxious weed, Canada thistle (Cirsium
canadensis) and typical lawn weeds including dandelions, chicory, and others. In wetter stream
margins dominant plants include the introduced Southeast Asian reed canary grass (Phalaris
arundinacea) whose ecology and management has been problematic and documented
(Apfelbaum, S. and C. Sams 1987 Ecology and Management of Reed Canary Grass, Natural
Areas Journal). Several native species are found in this zone including blue vervain,
smartweeds, and a few others. Restoration of both the uplands and stream margin vegetation
will require major intervention strategies to reduce existing vegetation and introduce desirable
deep-rooted native grassland and wetland species.
In some of the WWC streams, vegetation is restricted to algae primarily dominated by two
genera (Cladophora and Spirogyra), which adhere to rocks and branches. Exposed banks
experience regular destabilization events and have cut faces of 1-6 feet height; most eroded
banks are low relief (i.e. 1-3 feet).
Almost 90% of the existing destabilized banks result as flood waters recede. The non-
native, shallow rooted plants cannot support the weight of the water-saturated (heavy) soils on
the stream banks. Mass wasting and solufluction evidence is obvious along most of the Warren
Wilson College streams. In only a few areas is direct water (velocity and turbulence) related
erosion the cause of the bank erosion. These causes of destabilization are key to design of
stabilization methods and strategies.
The Alexander Branch at Clingman pasture has very recently been entrenched (10-15
H:01575:012501 11 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
years) by 1-3 feet as is indicated by exposed tree roots and saplings of 10-15 years of age and
younger. Exposed pipes (previously below grade) also provide evidence of the vertical dynamics
of the Warren Wilson College streams.
These observations suggest clearly that the Warren Wilson College streams are vertically
and horizontally dynamic. The changing hydraulic geometry of the stream system has been
studied to develop stream restoration and stabilization programs that provide long-term solutions.
The changing hydraulic geometry of the channelized channels must be understood to develop
achievable and stable stream channel dynamics, associated banks, and other fluvial features.
For many years, engineering solutions have been used to "address" unstable riverbanks
and channels. In most locations these hard engineering solutions have provided relatively short-
lived and very expensive treatments. The typical engineering solution has been to use broken
concrete, rock rubble, or steel sheet pylons, to armor eroding banks. These strategies are the
strongest on the day of installation and get progressively weaker as water works over and behind
the materials. In most locations, these treatments may cost several times more than what have
been termed "soil bioengineering" techniques.
This project provides a demonstration of stream restoration techniques that will re-
establish channel hydraulic geometry, dimension and form, using grading, and soil
bioengineering and other planting strategies for stabilizing stream beds and banks. These
techniques use native plant materials that are installed into the banks and beds of a stream using
often low-technology methods (e.g. hand work or light duty machinery). As the root systems
grow together, these plantings become more stable and thus these treatments are the weakest
on the day of installation. In addition, and in contrast, these plantings provide wildlife habitat
benefits, are more aesthetically appealing than rock, broken cement, and steel pylons, and, they
work to stabilize eroding stream channels.
This project will use a series of soil bioengineering techniques that can be implemented
by most landowner with property along the Western North Carolina stream systems. As with the
WWC mitigation project we encourage other stream project managers to assemble the
necessary team of experts who understand stream systems and their physical and biological
environment, soil bioengineering and ecological engineering disciplines, ecological issues, and
planning and permitting (regulatory) requirements. Although these projects use easily gathered
plant materials, their selection and proper installation require an understanding of the physical
and biological systems. This project will also document the experiences with stream restoration
at the Warren Wilson College and make this information available to promote others regionally to
learn about and become involved with stream restoration. Opportunities will also be provided so
visitation to the WWC stream restoration project sites can be used to educate others in western
Carolina.
LANDSCAPE COMPARISONS OF THE CMREC SITE AND THE MITIGATION SITE AT WWC
The CMREC site and the WWC campus are both located within the same 8 digit
hydrologic unit (HU 06010105, Sub-basin ). The sites are approximately 20 miles apart. The
CMREC site is in the Hominey Valley watershed (11 digit HU 06010105060) which flows into the
French Broad River from the west. The mitigation sites are in the Swannanoa Valley (11 digit HU
06010105070) which flows into the French Broad River from the east.
•
H:01-575:010201 12 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
Streams impacted by the CMREC project and streams targeted for restoration are both
1 st and 2°d order streams. The WWC streams are badly degraded from channelization,
agricultural activities and more recently subdivision runoff. These streams are reasonably similar
to the CMREC streams in geological context, slope, and aspect. The WWC landscape is slightly
lower in elevation by about 600 feet. The slopes measured on the CMREC property exceed those
at WWC according to GIS calculations.
Table 2. The table presents landscape comparison of CMREC and WWC sites based on
USGS 7.5" DEM data. The higher values in all cases are shown in bold.

Property
Acreage Minimum
Elevation Maximum
Elevation Average
Elevation Minimum
%Slope Maximum
%Slo e
MREC 467 2333 3429 2815 0.32 41.57
C 949 2077 2719 2225 0.00 31.56
Differences 482 256 710 590 0 10
Figure 1. This figure shows the 8 digits HU 06010105 (subbasin FBR2, 04-03-02).The 11 digit HU are
distinguished by color. The 14 digit HU are outlined in a dark gray color. WWC and the
CMREC are approximately 20 miles apart.
• w
14 digit HU
0601 r,"050
0
•
1-1:01575:012501 13 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
EXISTING CONDITIONS AT WWC
The Warren Wilson College streams are seriously degraded from their pre-settlement
conditions. Early maps and notes and oral history of the Swannanoa River, Cane Creek and
other local streams suggests they have changed substantially. Where now exist deeply
entrenched stream corridors with highly eroding banks, historically were found gentler water entry
slopes, narrower stream channels, open to semi-open communities of tree and shrub vegetation
on stream banks and adjacent uplands. Many streams were dredged and contained in
channelized reaches to move the channel and reduce the flooding and floodplain capacity of
existing streamside lands once agricultural-uses of the land began.
Subdivisions have followed agriculture in the Swannanoa Valley landscape. In the early
1900s there were only a scattering of homes within the Swannanoa Valley. By 1965 there were
approximately 9,300 homes in the valley. From 1965 through 2001 the number of homes has
doubled to nearly 19,000. Impacts due to runoff have replaced agricultural impacts within the
Swannanoa Valley streams in recent years. At this time WWC is the largest agricultural property
left in the watershed. (ref. RDI unpublished data compiled for RiverLink, Inc. based on 2001
Buncombe County land records data). Appendix B includes aerial photographs showing the
change in land use from 1951 to 1998 across and around the southern portion of the WWC
property.
•
•
H:01-575:010201 14 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
Figure 2. The Swannanoa Valley functions primarily as a bedroom community for Asheville. The
watershed still contains several large properties which are protected from
development. These include several public properties(federal and local), religious
•
Both agricultural and runoff impacts affect WWC streams. These straightened channels
are horizontally and vertically unstable. Exposed utility pipes, previously below channel elevation
and eroded stream banks, combined within channel hydraulic volatility, sediments and water
quality typify the watershed and streams at WWC. Based on our research in similar settings and
that of Leopold (ibid) the stream hydraulics in receiving waters such as the Swannanoa River
have changed dramatically in recent years and in other studies, annual average peaks
discharges have also changed significantly.
Associated with the changing hydraulics and water quality problems are the deteriorations
of biological elements. Sediment, and green and blue-green algae instead of desirable native
plant species cover stream cobbles, and the native fishery more recently has declined and in
some cased has been replaced by nonnative species (e.g. carp) or by the most tolerant of native
fish species (e.g. Gizzard shad). Adjacent upland vegetation is often dominated by European
weeds and escaped cultivated plants such as Multiflora rose, Japanese knotweed, reed canary
grass, redtop grass, blue grass and others. These shallow rooted plants contribute little to
stabilization of stream banks or upland biological filtration and buffering for water quality
enhancement even when left unmowed. They also provide little habitat benefit compared to the
desirable native species that used to dominate these landscapes.
H:01575:012501 15 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
At WWC upland native grassland buffers and a variety of stream bank stabilization
techniques will contribute to the goals of this program. An educational component will "spread
the word" about alternative methods of stream bank stabilization and water quality enhancement
programs used at Warren Wilson College in this program.
RESTORATION SITES AT WWC
At this time there are 5 restoration sites for consideration for which plans have been
developed, and a 6th site, Bull Creek, available for restoration, but requiring additional design
work prior to submittal for regulatory review as a restoration reach. The entire collection of sites
includes over 9,000 linear feet of stream which should generate more than 9000 lineal feet of
stream mitigation credit. We will prioritize the sites for restoration based on the final mitigation
needs defined by the regulatory agencies and as a result of the agency review of these sites.
The first three sites are found along Alexander Branch which flows into the Swannanoa
River. These sites are the first three consecutive reaches from the Swannanoa River. The first
site reaches from the Swannanoa River to Old Farm School Road (Stokes Pasture). The second
reaches from Old Farm School Road to Riceville Road. The third reaches from Riceville Road to
the northern edge of WWC property. The existing channel length for the three reaches sum to
over 5,400 feet of stream. By restoring the three continuous reaches the ecological benefit of the
restoration will be greater than if three separate sites were chosen that were not linked.
Ecologically speaking, the benefit of the 3-reach restoration is greater than that of the sum of its
parts. Two additional sites have been identified nearer the main campus, the Forbat Field and
the Pigpen Creek sites. These two sites have additional benefit as outdoor laboratories. The sixth
site, the Bull Creek site, involves a dam removal and restoration opportunity along a 3,300 foot
reach of stream in the northwest portion of the WWC properties. Details plans for this stream
reach will be developed at a later date. Appendix C show the aerial view of each site.
SITE DESCRIPTIONS AND ECOLOGICAL FUNCTION TO BE RESTORED
Site 1. Alexander Branch at Clingman, Little-Berea 2300 feet
The pasture lies on either side of Alexander Branch from the north end of the property to
Riceville Road. The stream is fenced and there are a scattering of trees along the riparian zone,
particularly in the lower portions of the stream. The floodplain widens the further south along this
reach. Several low spots in the pasture stay wet and could be considered agricultural wetlands.
At the very bottom of the reach the floodplain is particularly wet. Many different bird species have
been identified in this area.
This stream reach has been channelized in the past and is included in a highly
entrenched channel that is no longer connected to its floodplain. Side-cast dredge spoil piles
parallel the channel prevent floodplain inundation. The existing channel is over-steepened and
about 1/3 the bankfull width required for channel stabilization. The plan proposed for this stream
is intended to provide the following.
1) Stabilize channel dimension, form, and profile.
2) Restore riffle and pool systems that support instream biological and hydraulic geometry
structure. Reconnect the stream to a flood plain environment that will include upland
buffer plantings of native grassland and forbs. Riparian wetlands would be created and
restored.
3) This stream section is the upper reach of the Alexander Branch restoration and flows into
the "Pine Plantation Site Reach" and then into the "Stokes Pasture Reach". Stabilization
of this upper reach will facilitate and enhance the opportunity for stability and secondary
benefits therefrom in these downstream reaches.
4) Currently, the existing dredged channel has minimum to no pool and riffle features, banks
are eroding and densely vegetated with multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora). These exotic will
H:01-575:010201 16 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
10 be removed by manual cutting, root grubbing, etc. The new channels will then be
constructed with instream structures and treatments. Finally bank treatments will be
installed.
5) Opportunity for water quality enhancement will be provided by installation of a stable
channel system that contributes less to habitat sedimentation for fish, amphibian, and
other organisms, improving quality of habitat for spawning, staging, and foraging.
Site 2. Alexander Branch at the Pine Plantation - 1150+ feet
The area below the pine plantation is a narrow floodplain of about 1150+ feet in length.
Slopes to the west and east are relatively steep and Alexander Branch is defined at either end by
road culverts. The upper slopes to the west are in pine. A road borders the floodplain to the east.
The stream meanders through poorer quality hardwoods. Currently this reach is the recipient of
the flows from Site 1. Alexander Branch at Clingman, Little-Berea. This reach will benefit from
the upstream restoration. However, this reach is currently destabilized with heavy undercut
banks, entrenchment and channel overwidening occurring. The plan for this reach will be as
follows.
1. Reduce heavy growth and shade suppression from exotic shrubs.
2. Install in-channel energy dissipating vortex weirs ("j" hook weirs) to redirect thalwegs
away from undercuts. Streambank plantings of native cane, and wetland grasses, sedges
and forbs will help stabilize the banks.
3. Channel form will be modified in severely destabilized areas with reshaping, instream
native stream washed stone/rock structures, and plantings.
4. Like the above reach this, area has been disconnected from it's floodplain from prior
dredging in some locations, filling and dumping of materials, redirecting of the channel
into new channels which has left abandoned channel reaches now not utilized by the
stream course. We will reconnect stream and floodplain through use of instream rock
weirs to raise water levels in the stream to surcharge the stream during more frequent
flows into the floodplain, and into abandoned channel reaches.
Similar functional benefits are anticipated as with the Clingman and Little Berea reach.
The entire surrounding woodland area will become effective buffer and the shade suppressed
bare ground conditions that currently exist in most of the surrounding uplands will be reduced
and soils will be stabilized with the planted native wetland and forest understory herbaceous and
graminoids cover.
This channel reach will (and does) contain woody debris, including salvaged logs from the
adjacent upland forests that were recently thinned. Log materials used in some of the bank and
channel work will provide additional opportunities for macroinvertebrates, amphibians and other
groups of organisms than simply contributed by rock materials used in creation of vortex weir
features.
Site 3. Alexander Branch at Stokes Pasture 2011+ feet
Stokes Pasture is an open, grassed floodplain area, which is currently grazed. The
southeast side of the stream rises steeply into wooded uplands with rhododendron and hardwood
forest. The forest is managed by WWC.
The Stokes Pasture site, includes an entrenched stream that has been modified by
channelization, channel creation (excavation and re-location) to the margins of the existing
pasture (and former row cropped agricultural land). Here some reaches of the existing channel
would be retained, and in other locations, a newly meandered channel would be created by
• excavation, planting, installation of in-stream structure, etc.
This reach has been previous relocated to the edge of the pasture which has changed
H:01575:012501 17 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
the stream slope and width in some locations. The new channel is also geologically constrained
by bedrock and cobble in certain locations after which the stream has responded by violent
dynamic lateral and verticle cutting.
In this reach we propose to work with the existing channel location, and reconnect the
stream to its more frequent floodplain, by grading riparian wetlands, and by building surcharge
capabilities by installation of vortex rock weirs. A great deal of bank stabilization, rock weir and
"J" hook installations will be installed. The dimension of the channel will be changed significantly
in key locations by installation of the currently absent and disconnected floodplains. The resulting
riparian wetlands will be planted with the appropriate species.
Site 4. Forbats Field 1028+ feet
Forbats field is a recent WWC acquisition. It is located in an historic floodplain. The area
around the field has been quarried since the 1950s. A few years ago before WWC acquired the
land the trees were cut and the ground was leveled and filling. A first order stream was diverted
and ditched. There is a grassed agricultural wetland in the southern portion of the property that
has been separated from the Swannanoa River floodplain and from the Swannanoa River. The
small stream has a cool baseflow discharge and can provide habitat reintroduction opportunities
for wetland plants, and perhaps some stream fishes, macroinvertebrates and mollusks.
The ditch is no longer connected to its historic floodplains, nor to the remnant wetland.
This plan would re-meander the stream and back fill the entire ditch within the WWC property.
The remeandering stream would be integrated with new riparian wetland restorations, and
reconnect it to the existing riparian wetland along much of it's course. The uplands would be
planted with native grassland plantings.
• This project site provides a unique opportunity for restoration of upland, stream, and
wetland habitat. The entire field, and all planting in which the stream is integrated will become
defector buffer areas. Upland buffers would also function as a WWC grassland nursery.
Site 5. Pigpen Creek 1250+ feet
Pigpen creek is another WWC channelized stream reach. Dredge spoils are present
along some locations of this stream. The entire reach has been highly altered. A multitude of
agricultural land uses surround the lower reach of the stream. Several field swales contribute to
its flow. The pig pond is located adjacent to the upper end of the restoration area, followed by the
pigpen on the east side. Drainage from the recycling center enters the stream from the west
along and through the blueberry field. A few horses are pastured down from the blueberry field. A
wooded riparian zone separates the Swannanoa River from the more intensive agricultural
operations.
At this site several treatments are required.
1. Re-meandering of the stream.
2. Re-establishing a floodplain environment.
3. Install upland native grasslands and riparian forested buffers.
4. Install a wetland biofiltration system to intercept parking lot runoff prior to its entry into the
stream.
5. Development and enhance important habitats including riparian forest copses, wetlands,
native grassland buffers, and cane plantings along the Swannanoa river.
?J
H:01-575:010201 18 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
Functional benefits will include a stabilized hydraulic geometry, reconnection to the
historic floodplain, buffering of pig pen and pig pond areas, and buffering of field-tributary runoff
and parking lot runoff. Additionally, habitat, fishery, and wildlife benefits are anticipated as
functional outcomes of the restoration in this area. At this site, model farming practices already
employed at WWC in the surrounding fields, will provide for the demonstration of compatible
agricultural and ecological practices. Because of the site's proximity to the campus it will also be
used to support the environmental and ecological programs offered at the college.
Site 6. Bull Creek Dam Removal 3300+ feet
Bull Creek was the site of a small dam and reservoir (Dodge Lake) in the early 1900's.
The system was used to generate hydropower. Around the 1920s the dam was partially breached
and the lake drained. The upstream reach was not reconnected to the lower reach at historic
grades because a portion of the base of the dam was not removed. Currently, there is about a six
foot drop from the pool above the dam to the stream surface below the dam. This remaining
portion of the dam functions to inhibit the movement of fish and other groups of organisms from
traveling upstream from the dam. The present impounded area harbors several fishes of logic
environments that currently restrict stream fishes, macroinvertebrates from utilizing the former
deeper impounded reach.
Sediments that were deposited above the dam now influence the stream reach through
the old impoundment area. In some locations wetlands have developed in these sediments. The
wetlands could be greatly enhanced if the stream was lowered to match elevations of the current
downstream reaches.
The dam is located about 2800 feet downstream of the Warren Wilson north property line.
• The upper reach of about 1300 feet is defined as an NWI site (PF01A) leaving a 1500 foot reach
above the dam. Below the dam the stream runs over 800 feet until it reaches the property line. At
this point the stream serves as the property line between WWC and the adjacent landowner for
another 1200 feet.
Potential impacts to the existing upstream NWI site would require more study, and the
design of a restoration plan to address stabilization of these wetlands and these former sediment
deposits in which they grow.
The removal of the dam would serve to facilitate fish passage into a large reach of
upstream river that has for over 100 years been disconnected because of the barrier represented
by the dam. Additional study of the stream reach above and below the dam would be required to
fully understand and document the restoration strategies in this stream reach.
To date credit ratios for dam removals have not been defined but we propose a 0.25 to 1
ratio because this type of restoration would require substantial technical work beyond the normal
stream restoration methods. For example, the removal of the structural elements of the dam
would require further engineering review to develop demolition plans. It is also necessary to
characterize sediment chemistry, map depth, extensiveness and volumes, perform detailed
hydraulic modeling and sediment yield modeling, and determine how to restore (construct, plant,
maintain, monitor, etc.) stream-side wetlands that could be restored and enhanced in these
sediment deposits.
SUMMARY OF FUNCTIONAL RESTORATION/CREATION
In short, this program intends to improve functions of the stream systems by reducing the
throughput of stormwater, by biofiltering and infiltrating runoff in the upland buffers, by restoring
and creating riparian wetlands functions, and slowing the water velocity the system. In addition,
the reconnection of stream with floodplain will contribute to substantial functional benefits for
• each stream reach and downstream receiving waters. The creation of pool and riffle systems will
also provide biological opportunities for improved and increased stream functions.
H:01575:012501 19 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
The natural re-invasion of the streams by fishes, macroinvertebrates, mollusks, and
amphibians is anticipated from the restoration of a more biologically predictable and dynamic
stream hydraulic environment. Re-introductions are also possible and subject to further
discussion and planning, we would propose to work closely with regulatory agencies to
implement reintroduction.
An initial removal of exotic species would be required. A longer term stewardship program
of the stream systems will help to reduce exotic plant species and remove shade suppression
influences to stream banks. These efforts will allow a diversity of native plants to thrive which will
be of great benefit to the stream environment. Educational, demonstration, and hand-on learning
opportunities in restoration and ecological sciences are also anticipated outcomes of this
program.
CONTRIBUTING WATERSHED ASSESSMENT
There are four primary contributing watersheds which drain through the five restoration
sites. Contributing watershed for Forbats Field and Pigpen Creek are very small and lie primarily
on WWC property and have limited or no potential impacts from future runoff resulting from new
development. The headwaters of Alexander Branch are located in the Dillingham area. This area
has been built-out appreciably in one to three acre lots but there are several large properties still
undeveloped. Higher slopes will restrict development on most of these larger parcels however,
about 15% build-out of the watershed is still possible.
Appendix D shows a set of maps of the contributing watersheds, WWC property, and the
approximate location of restoration sites. A second figure of the Alexander Branch watershed
identifies high slope areas. Parcel size and the current build-out is visible for each of the
• watersheds.
All restoration designs will account for potential future development. In the case of the
Alexander Branch the restoration in the Clingman, Little Berea pasture will serve additionally to
protect the restorations in the Pine Plantation and Stokes Pasture.
The contributing watershed for the Bull Creek dam removal is significantly larger than the
other contributing watersheds. Over 40% of this watershed is already in conservation
management (including property from USFS, US Park Service, and local drinking-water
watersheds).
THE RESTORATION PROCESS
Restoration strategies planned for WWC include plantings and excavations to re-meander
currently channelized stream reaches. The following description provides a summary of this
process.
1. NATIVE GRASSLAND BUFFER PLANTINGS: Currently from the top of the Warren
Wilson College stream banks to the start of row-cropped agricultural fields and
pasture vegetation is un-mowed invasive woody plants (e.g. multiflora rose, various
exotic honeysuckles), and non-native grasses and weeds. This entire acreage will be
treated by killing and replacing the existing plants with an upland native grassland
vegetation buffer. This buffer planting will consequently be planted along both sides
of the restored streams where they exist in pastured or agricultural lands, with an
average width of 30 feet perpendicular to the top of bank of the restored channels.
2. RESTORED/CREATED RIPARIAN WETLANDS: Existing grade will be excavated to
create 2-3 feet maximum depth in 10-40 foot width shallow swales where currently
upland weedy vegetation exists. The riparian areas will be planted with wet native
grassland and emergent vegetation zones. Excavated fill materials will be used in
• land forming on adjacent agricultural uplands, or elsewhere in upland settings on the
WWC campus.
H:01-575:010201 20 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
a. A wet native grassland and emergent wetland plantings will be conducted in
excavated stream margin riparian wetland restorations zones. These riparian
wetland areas will include sedges and bulrushes (3'- 15' wide at 0" to 6"
depth) outside of a band of emergent plantings (2' - 10' wide at 6" to 12"
depth). All plants will be installed on staggered centers in rows several feet
apart.
b. The emergent shelf will be planted with arrowhead, white water lily, cord
grass, wild calamus and iris and others for diversity of color and texture
consistent with a low profile. Arrowhead will be planted only in depths from 6"
to 12". Lilies will extend to depths of 24". Clumps of other species may be
planted within these zones for diversification.
c. Excavation of the riparian areas to be restored and created to
ri paria n/flood plain wetlands will involve the removal of 1-3 foot depth of
existing substrates in locations identified on the construction plans. This
project will create riparian and floodplain wetlands as is shown on the plans.
After removal, topsoil or available wetland substrates from offsite areas will be
imported into the site and spread to a nominal depth of up to 6 inches. A
suitable wetland substrate from a wetland that has been (or is about to be)
destroyed will be sought as a source. Careful inspection of the site will be
done to verify that noxious weeds are not likely to be present in the seed bank
of the wetland substrates.
d. The excavation will allow for the creation of wetland features with very gentle
water entry grades and final elevations generally 6 inches to 1-2 feet above
existing channel bottom elevations depending on location.
e. All areas to be graded will be field staked and careful and watchful attention
will be given to the construction activities to make sure the finished product is
to desired grades and appropriately topsoiled. The plan and enlargement of
the individual riparians and other locations to be excavated illustrate the
grading and elevations desired after construction.
3. ERODING BANK STABILIZATION METHODS: Shoreline stabilizing shrub (e.g.
brush layering) growths will be created by using willow and dogwood cuttings inserted
into the eroding stream banks along with native grassland plantings to stabilize
eroding banks. This planting will produce a 1-4 meter height but very flexible (and
offering low resistance to flood water movement) shrub and grass cover. The
planting will only be planted on top and side slopes of existing eroded banks and not
within the river channel.
4. TOE OF ERODED BANK PROTECTION AND REDIRECTED THALWEG IN
STREAM LOCATIONS In several locations, we will install embedded rock, riffles, "J"
hook riffles, live booms, and a slowly decomposing BIOLOG (coconut fiber cylinder)
will be used to stabilize bank toes. The biolog will be staked to the toe of steeply
eroding banks to protect the banks. This biolog will be planted with native grassland
and emergent wetland plants that will eventually grow into the soils at the bank toe.
5. WILLOW POST FOR PROTECTION OF RIP RAP AND OUTLET PIPES AND WEIR
WALL: In several locations, existing rock rip rap is eroding into the stream, and
severe erosion is occurring in association with plunge pools and in turbulence areas
behind cement wing walls. In these locations 1-3 inch diameter live willow posts and
smaller diameter willow branches will be installed within the stream channel and up
onto the adjacent banks to provide stability to the eroding soils.
6. CREATION OF IN-STREAM HABITAT STRUCTURE: In many locations, riffle
habitats will be created in the newly re-meandered channels by the addition of a
H:01575:012501 21 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
• gravel and sand subgrade, then construction of cobble vortex wiers and "W" wiers,
using native cobble and boulders.
7. OVERVIEW OF GRADING AND EXCAVATION PLANS The creation of treatments
(vegetation types) 2 and 3 above will require excavation to re-meander existing
channelized stream reaches. Some eroded bank areas will require modest regrading
to create stable angles of repose, and water entry angles. This will be accomplished
with use of a backhoe or comparable earthmoving equipment. A Contractor will be
responsible for conducting the excavation work under the supervision of AES and
Warren Wilson College staff. All excavated substrates will be removed and properly
disposed of as a responsibility of the Contractor.
a. Construction plan details provide the existing topography, representative
channel cross-sections and other metrics, and proposed alignments of the re-
meandered channels and/or the cross sections (dimension and other metrics).
In addition, planting plans and in-stream structural attributes of the restored
channels are also shown in the construction plans.
b. Survey layout of the alignment of the proposed channels is shown in the
plans. Prior to excavation, all exotic woody and herbaceous vegetation will be
cut and the appropriate herbicide will be applied to the stumps (see
specifications) to reduce and kill these plant materials. After approximately 2-
4 weeks (allowing time for herbicide mortality effects to be measured, and re-
treatment to occur if necessary), machine and hand-labor brush removal
(grubbing and hoeing) will occur. Then excavation and grading of the new
channel alignment to meet the cross sections in the plans will be completed.
Topsoils will be stripped and stock piled and protected for later use and re-
spread. The new channel bottom elevation will be cut 3 tenths of a foot below
the final grades to accommodate gravel and sand bed material placement
which will then be implemented. Following bed material placement, cobble
and riffle placement and installation will occur. It is very likely that some of the
bed and riffle materials will be salvaged from the existing channelized
reaches. Bank grading will then occur.
c. The grading work identified above would create the new meandering channel
location in all locations except for where the existing channelized streams
occur. The new meanders would be created to either side of the existing
channelized stream reaches. After all new meandering channel areas are
constructed and after 2-3 weeks of cover crop vegetation growth has been
established, the existing channelized stream reach will be backfilled and
compacted. This backfilling operation will begin by connecting the lowest
stream meanders where they intersect with the existing channelized stream.
Backfilling and connecting the meanders would continue to upstream until the
old channelized stream bed has been completely filled. This approach will
result in the stream channel being surcharged with water entering the new
channel from the lower end of the stream restoration project and progressing
upstream. The relatively small cross over locations where the new meanders
are connected across the old channel bed, will be promptly graded to final
dimension, and elevation, and channel bed materials and other materials
called for in the plans will be installed in these locations. Final plantings in
these cross over locations and erosion control will also be promptly
conducted.
d. Back filled soils that are placed into the existing channels will be
compacted to prevent water piping and future erosion, and will be elevated
H:01-575:010201 22 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
above high water elevations by mounding so that short circuiting does not
occur in the future.
8. CREATED NATIVE GRASSLAND BUFFER PLANTINGS
a. This planting will cover all non-forested uplands along both sides of the stream
reaches addressed in this plan. The species seed mix is designed to provide a
native grassland grass cover and early successional forb cover. The species will
provide quick establishment, attractive coloration and will reduce exotic plant
species invasions. It is also intended that this area will receive additional native
grassland species over time by direct seeding and plugging. This planting will be
accomplished with use of a no-till drill. AES will apply herbicide treatment (and
perhaps prescribed burning) of this zone prior to planting. Seed density is
planned to provide 40-120 seeds per square foot and the weight of seed per acre
as presented in the planting plans.
9. ERODING BANK STABILIZATION METHODS
Several methods will be used to stabilize the most eroded stream banks. Appropriate
locations for each method have been identified on the plan. Eroding stream banks
will be planted with brush layers (parallel rows of willow and dogwood cuttings
inserted into eroding stream banks) using a grade-all for excavation. The earth
moving equipment will excavate ledges starting several inches above the stream
water level. Cut brush of 24-36" length will be layered on the benches to protrude 6-
12" beyond the bank. Thirty cuttings will be layered side by side, after which each
layer is covered with one foot of compacted soil (the soil originally removed during
bench excavation) and the next bench 1 foot higher on the bank will be excavated and
. planted until the top of bank is reached. At WWC 5 layers will be needed depending
on location. Cut stems will sprout roots and shoots when soil temperatures reach 60-
65 degrees Fahrenheit. Plantings of native grassland cord grass and other native
grasses and forbs will be interplanted with willow layers. This project will require
substantial grass plugs and willow and dogwood cutting.
a. WILLOW POSTS Willow posts (1-3" diameter by 3-6' long) will be installed
into 1" diameter punched holes into eroding banks where there is not ample
room for the earth moving equipment to install brush layers. Willow posts will
be installed over a stream length.
b. IN-STREAM HABITAT STRUCTURES A series of riffles and pools will be
created in each re-meandered stream channel. Riffles will be created in
accordance with design details in the plans. We envision creating various
sized vortex weirs, including single and double "W" and "J" hook shaped
structures. In addition, simple irregular shaped scatters of cobbles will be
used to create longer riffle systems. Riffles will be associated with created
pools.
c. Pools and riffle sequences have been located on the re-meandered channels
at intervals of 5-10 bankfull stream widths. In some locations, point bars will
be created with the same cobble and gravel and sand sized materials at
thalwag cross over points but riffle features may not be created. The plans
show the details envisioned.
•
H:01575:012501 23 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
10. FARM AND DEVELOPED LAND RUNOFF BIOFILTER WETLAND
a. In future phases of stream restoration at WWC, we envision the development
of several wetlands that would be specifically designed and sized to capture
and biofilter runoff from farm fields, the farm feed lot and pig manure lagoons
at the College. These created wetlands would be integrated along the existing
upland drainage ways from the Farm and developed land to capture runoff
prior to entry into tributary streams and the Swannanoa River directly.
b. The proposed planting scheme includes a sedge and grass mix in created
shallow (0-6") zones of these basins. The deeper zone to 24" depth will be
planted with Sparganium, and arrowhead and other species.
PLANTING CONCEPTS
All stream and riparian areas will be planted with native riparian, upland or wetland
species. Planting schemes for each site have been developed to follow these concepts, while at
the same time providing plant diversity. Certain limitations which have driven the final design
include:
1. DEPTH REQUIREMENTS OF WETLAND SPECIES Successful establishment of
wetland species is primarily a function of hydro period and water depth. Most of the
species with preferred growth and appearance characteristics are restricted to water
depths of less than 6" or 12". Few species are capable of successful establishment
in water depths of greater than 18" to 24". Only a few species such as several
bulrushes, arrowheads (Sagittaria spp)), and water lilies are expected to perform at
depths greater than 12" to 18".
• 2. WATER LEVEL FLUCTUATION Planting zones have been designed to have minimal
water level fluctuation. Water levels are expected to have seasonal and post storm
event high levels and then to gradually drop to low flow levels. Most planted species
perform best with a predictable fluctuating water levels. The maintenance of constant
water and high water levels restricts to some degree the variety of species that can
establish in each vegetative zone.
3. PLANT SPECIES SUITABILITY OF APPEARANCE Appearance of the vegetation
along the stream margins is important in creating aesthetic conditions appropriate at
WWC. Although ecological focused solutions have been basic to the design, some
species with rank growth forms, unmanageable spreading characteristics, uneven
aging characteristics and coloration, excessive size or which harbor unwanted insect
pests have been de-emphasized for use. Species which are highly susceptible to
drought, planned water level fluctuations, or insect predation also are largely unsuited
for these sites.
4. AESTHETIC CONSIDERATIONS Species combinations have been selected to
coordinate within and between zones. Factors such as color of foliage, flower color,
heights, and thickness of stems or leaves has been considered. This project will
create vistas of native plantings along the restored stream corridors.
5. WILDLIFE VALUE Plant species have been selected which have value as wildlife
cover or food. Upland buffer plantings have been placed to help screen created
habitats from areas of high human activity. In areas where human activity may be
farther removed, vistas toward areas of probable wildlife utilization have been
incorporated for aesthetic and educational purposes. Plant species utilized as food
by various wildlife have been incorporated throughout the plantings.
is
H:01-575:010201 24 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
• 6. RATE OF ESTABLISHMENT It is necessary that 2002 planting areas be rapidly
vegetated to have an acceptable appearance and to control erosion. In these areas,
planting of plant plugs is planned to give the best and quickest success. Planting and
seeding densities have been increased to provide rapid fill, to inhibit the
establishment of nuisance species, and to control erosion such as on the stream
banks.
7. AVAILABILITY OF SPECIES Because of the short time frame of the planting period,
it may be difficult to obtain or produce certain species. Plants have been selected
that are native species for which seed can be collected in fairly large quantities in the
region. Allowance has been made for some substitution of other native plants with
similar growth forms, if necessary. Species not available in 2002 can be collected for
embellishment and replacement for use during 2003 planting tasks. Every species
intended for use is native in western North Carolina and chosen to be appropriate to
the habitats to be created.
SPECIES SELECTION
SPECIES NOT INCLUDED
Several species have not been included in this project. In several cases, this is because
of the limited occurrence of these species, both naturally and the resultant inability to obtain
sufficient numbers for the scope of this project. We will not use native species that lack the
ability to compete aggressively with the exotic plant species.
SELECTED SPECIES DESCRIPTIONS
• The following discussion provides descriptions of example plant species (or plant groups)
to be used in the restoration and stabilization efforts along the WWC streams. Descriptions are
designed to provide an appreciation for aesthetics, habitat needs and adaptability and other key
information.
1. S ike rushes (Eleocharis spa.) Eleocharis species are expected to volunteer in
riparian and the floodplain wetland. The spike rushes generally form a low turf-like
mat or tufts from 3" to 12" in height. These dense mats often exclude other species
and spike rushes will survive periods of surface dryness. Growth is generally
restricted to less than 5" of water.
2. Soft rushes Juncus sppj These species grows to a height of approximately 1-3'
and have a clumped growth form. Stems are thin, round green spikes with no leaves.
A plant clump may reach 8" to 12" in diameter, with a diameter at the top of the plant
of 24". Soft rushes are also expected to volunteer in the site. Color ranges from light
green in spring through dark green in late summer. Plants turn brown uniformly in fall
and are persistent through spring. Best growth is in water from 2" to 10", but should
tolerate depths to 12". This species maintains a very even appearance and has been
selected as a border or marginal plant along most edges.
3. Arrowheads (Sagittaria §p .Z There are several species of arrowhead or duck
potato, of which Sa sittaria latifolia will be used. These have triangular or arrowhead
shaped leaves extending up to 24" above the water surface. Long flowering stems in
summer have several white flowers. These species grow best in depths from 6" to
12", but may persist in depths to 24". These are good food for ducks.
4. Whi a Water Lgy (Nymphaea odorata This floating leaf plant may grow in water as
shallow as a few inches, but reaches its best appearance in depths from 18" to 30".
Several 6" to 12" floating leaves or pads are produced per plant, and flowers are
• white, globular and about 5" across. These provide good cover and also tend to
inhibit the growth of submerged weeds in shallow water by shading the surface.
1-1:01575:012501 25 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
• Combined with arrowheads, this species can form a zone with a fairly short height
and consistent white flowers.
5. American bulrush Scir us americanus) This is the smallest of the proposed
bulrushes, reaching a height of 2' to 4'. It is similar to soft rush in appearance, with
similar height and color. It has triangular green stems with no leaves, but unlike soft
rush, forms even stands spreading from runners rather than clumps of tufts. It should
tolerate deeper depths than soft rush (12" to 18"). Thus it has been used to
supplement or duplicate soft rush in deeper water or in areas where a wider band of a
single species is desirable. Flowers are brownish heads held close to the side of the
stems about 6" to 12" below the tips.
6. Green Bulrush Scir us atrovirens) This looks like a somewhat larger and coarser
version of American bulrush. It reaches heights of 4' to 5' and has larger looser
flower heads. It is a vigorous plant and often forms solid stands. Water depths may
extend slightly deeper than American bulrush to about 24".
7. Soft stem bulrush Scir us validus Soft stem bulrush has round soft stems up to 1"
in diameter and 8' to 10' in height. The stems often appear to come from different
plants, causing an open and less than uniform look when seen up close. From a
distance, stands may appear very solid. This species grows in the greatest depth of
the bulrushes, to 30", and is most hardy. The excessive height and uneven growth
form are the main drawbacks. It provides good waterfowl cover.
8. Blue flag Iris Iris vir inicus Similar to ornamental Irises, this species grows 2' to 3'
with dark green, fattened leaves. It has blue flowers on tall spikes. This iris can be
planted in dense clumps or ornamental and accent purposes in water depths from 0'
• to 5". It has moderate wildlife value.
9. Native grassland cordgrass S artina ectinata This is a turf forming cordgrass
which does best in saturated to moist soils, but can tolerate some periodic inundation
and dry down. It has a pale to grey-green color and grows to 5' in height with leaves
about 0.5" wide. The flower resembles oats or wheat, and it turns yellow or straw-
colored in the fall. It is a wet native grassland grass and will be used as a border
along wetland and stream margins.
10. Water Plantain Alisma sap.) The two species of water plantain are similar to
arrowheads with similar white flowers. Leaves are rounded or lance-shaped, and
water depth range is similar to that of the arrowheads.
11. Smartweeds (Polygonum ss,Q.) These are annual and perennial species which are
usually planted by seed. Due to the short time frame required, they may be planted
as roots or plants. This species is a prime duck food, and provides good cover for
many species. It is proposed primarily in isolated areas which are intended as wildlife
centers. Smartweeds generally need exposed soil for germination, so persistence will
depend on water level fluctuation.
12. Burreed (Sparganium americanum) This species has an appearance similar to
cattails or iris with a size intermediate between them. The flowers are globular white-
yellow heads on zigzagging stalks. It grows best in 0" to 4" of water. If water levels
drop, it may soon turn yellow or brown. This is one of the best food species for
wildlife.
13. Sweetflag Acorus calamus Similar in size and appearance to Iris and Burreed, this
species has small cone shaped creamy yellow flowers which project from the sides of
the stem. The leaves and stems have a sweet smell when crushed. It also is a good
wildlife food that can also be planted in small clumps for ornamental effect.
•
H:01-575:010201 26 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
MANAGEMENT, EDUCATION, AND MONITORING PROGRAMS
ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT
Management plans need to be flexible because of the variability exhibited by the temporal
and spatial resources addressed by a plan. Plans also need at time to be changed in response
to new data and derived insights. For these reasons, this plan should be viewed as being neither
conclusive nor absolute. This plan is a starting point in an ongoing process. The process relies
on monitoring to provide feed back on program effectiveness and for evaluation of the need for
and justification of changes. Thus process of evaluation, adjustment, refinement and change is
adaptive management. This process is fundamental to the future management, maintenance,
and restoration at Warren Wilson College.
Structure of a management and Restoration Program and Implementation
The restoration and management program plan will be comprised of two primary parts
as follows:
a. Remedial Phase:
This phase of the program requires the most human intervention and generally is
accomplished in 2-3 years in smaller sites, or subunits of larger sites. This phase
is generally the most costly and labor intensive of the restoration program.
The remedial phase is the period during which major efforts to restore vegetation
and habitat structure and biological diversity is undertaken to begin the process of
restoring ecological and bio-geochemical functions. Typical tasks undertaken
during this phase may include reducing introduced nonnative and other
undesirable brush, removal of previous debris and substrate fill areas, addressing
erosion and contamination problems, and other general tasks. In some projects
this phase may involve machine/mechanical planting of native plants including
larger trees, and other plants. At Warren Wilson College this phase includes the
period and techniques associated with stream bank stabilization and restoration.
b. Maintenance Phase:
After major investments of human energy and money are expended to achieve
initial goals, restoration shifts to a low-intervention program. This is less costly,
provides an excellent opportunity for long-term community and student
involvement.
Once established, the maintenance phase is guided by both regular management
techniques and by strategies that are implemented on a rotation through identified
subunits at Warren Wilson College. Typically, an area like the Warren Wilson
College streams would be divided into ecologically motivated units (i.e. separated
into surface hydrologic units) or into units that are convenient to manage (i.e.
prescribed burning units demarcated by existing and convenient hiking trails that
serve as safe fire breaks).
2. Scheduling _Monitoring and Management For Ecological Restoration Projects:
a. In most land management programs, the tasks to be undertaken are relatively
simple, and most are repetitive. Often the most difficult part of the restoration
program is organization of the tasks in a clear and easily understood format. It is
also important that the program and schedule be designed to be flexible.
Flexibility is a requisite anytime activities are planned that require complimentary
and facilitating meteorologic conditions, and to allow for feedback from the
monitoring program to identify changes in strategy, techniques, and timing that
H:01575:012501 27 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
may be necessary or desirable to satisfy the restoration goals.
b. WWC's agent, Applied Ecological Services, Inc. (AES) typically uses a simple
time line oriented format for displaying and scheduling tasks . This approach
provides all tasks in the left hand column and quarterly scheduling of each task
over at least a 5-year period in check off columns. During each quarter, specific
target dates for implementation are identified with ample time to provide
appropriate notice for scheduling personnel, volunteers, and equipment needs.
Annually, budget projections are created for each task and level of effort
expected. Maps for each task, identifying limits of the work effort, and
corresponding in-field markings are also provided to personnel organizing the
restoration fieldwork.
3. Specialized Training for Restoration and Management
For many of the restoration tasks (i.e. prescribed burning, herbicide use, monitoring
and research, etc.) specialized training, often licensing or certification, and oversight
and guidance are required well in advance of the dates for commencement of the
restoration program. Personnel and volunteers involved in prescribed burning, brush
control, monitoring, seed collection, etc. should all receive training commensurate
with the activity they would be involved. Training is especially important for those
activities that may have risk and safety implications (i.e. prescribed burning) but also
for monitoring where an accurate assessment of the ecological performance of the
ecological system to the restoration treatments is required.
Training for conducting prescribed burning is best taken by Warren Wilson College's
staff initially who in coordination with other regional experts can provide training to
other Warren Wilson College's staff and volunteers. Because of the past stigma
associated especially with use of fire, it is very important to offer good training;
credible schooling is essential to assist in bringing comfort to community members
who might otherwise not support use of this essential restoration tool.
4. Ecological Monitoring:
The process of ecological monitoring provides important and regular data and
information on the effectiveness of the restoration program. Effectiveness is to be
judged against the original (and new) goals and measurable objectives designed by
the project. Goals are generally refined during project design phases and over time
as project performance is measured.
At WWC, we propose that there be two monitoring programs as follows:
Regulatory Monitoring Program:
Educational Monitoring Program:
REGULATORY MONITORING PROGRAM
Monitoring will use standard methods of measurement and provide a systematic record of
important and key variables that directly or indirectly measure the ecological system and
restoration performance. The plan for monitoring at Warren restored and baseline conditions in
Warren Wilson College streams are included in the Specifications plan set for this project.
H:01-575:010201 28 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
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APPIJED ECOLOGICAL. SERVICES, INC.
17921 SMITH ROAD, PO BOX 256 Warren Wilson College
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BRODHEAD, WI 53520
PIL 608-897-8641 FAX: [phone]
EMAIL: info Oappliedecoxorn Swannanoa, North Carolina

Resource Data, Inc.
34 Wall Street, Suite 400
Asheville, North Carolina 28801
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EMAIL: info(jappliuluo.com
Resource Data, Inc.
34 Wall Street, Suite 400
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PH: 608-897_9641 FAX: [phone]
EMAIL: [e-mail] Resource Data, Inc.
34 Wall Street, Suite 400
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Input data
NOfemhed metnca !from USGS or Euui r aD
- �'- Tdhutary area(square mics)
% alley Slope (Ft W ft hot)
Vertioe drop wer Valley slope (ftlft)
- Valley Length (ft)
Stream Length(ft)
CAaz meBivs (Feld measured)
BankfuA Wdth(ft)
Banktull mean depth (h)
Sankfull cross secDonal area (ft 2)
Bankfull Dm&wge (CFS)
Mean stream velooty (fVsec)
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Input data
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- �'- Tdhutary area(square mics)
% alley Slope (Ft W ft hot)
Vertioe drop wer Valley slope (ftlft)
- Valley Length (ft)
Stream Length(ft)
CAaz meBivs (Feld measured)
BankfuA Wdth(ft)
Banktull mean depth (h)
Sankfull cross secDonal area (ft 2)
Bankfull Dm&wge (CFS)
Mean stream velooty (fVsec)
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Radius of Curvatva (measured frrpn sedal -Rt
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Input data
-nbutary area(square rules)
Channel slope ft^ nor)
valley Shape (Ft Yf ft hor)
Verocle drop war Valley slope (ftlft)
Valley Length :ft)
Stream Length(ft)
Cnanrrr,^rinei (FeAd nean.xed.
Sanldull w cth(ft)
BarWull mean depth (ft)
3aridu!I truss sect anaI area (ft 2)
3ariduU Discharge ;GFS)
Mean wean veiooty (Iti
We= pen7eter. (ft)
Radius of Cur, ature (rreasred `rom aerial -Ft)
Wilh Dep4h r do (Wdih BINDepth (Skf mean)
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Sinuosity (Stream IengthiNalay Length) FUFI)
Water Surface Slope Nertiue distance (hyLinear Distance (ft)
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Fhid Measured Existing Conditions Calculations Proposed Condhlen Calculatlens
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sjntiExotic Species Removal -4.27 Ac.
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Restored Pasture -8.85 Ac.
Remeandered Stream
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Toe and Bank Treatments
Notes:
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REVISIONS:
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PII:608-897-8641 PAX: 608-897-8486
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Location Map
PARCEL I. D. 7675-88-3694
LOCATION Campbell Creek Road
CURRENT OWNER Hazel F. & William B. Campbell
DEED BOOK/PAGE 286/062
SIZE IN ACRES 758
WATER/SEWER Currently unavailable. Current lines extend to Campbell Creek
Road and then turn left to Johnson Branch Road. Neil Carpenter
with Maggie Valley Water Department states there are no plans to
extend service to this area.
PROXIIVIITY TO I40 12 miles to closest I40 exit (Exit 20)
INTERSTATE VISABILITY No
PROXIMITY TO LODGING/FOOD 2-3 miles
ACCESS From I40, south on US 276 - four-lane asphalt paved (6 miles),
west on US 19 - four-lane asphalt (5 miles), south on Campbell
Creek Road.
DESCRIPTION OF SITE Elevations from 3,120' to 5,160'. Access is average and site is
primarily wooded with some cleared areas. This tract is bordered to
the south by tract #2. Campbell Creek borders the tract to the west
and Jonson Branch runs through the site.
AVAILABILITY According to the legal records the current owner acquired the site in
1976. The current property owner states the site is not available for
sale.
Foster Real Estate Appraisers, Inc.
11

Property Photo
PROPERTY #2
PARCEL I. D. 7675-54-4563
LOCATION SR 1214 (Joe Campbell)
CURRENT OWNER Major Land and Timber Comp
DEED BOOK/PAGE 157/288
SIZE IN ACRES 1,369
WATER/SEWER Currently unavailable. Current lines extend to Campbell Creek
Road and then turn left to Johnson Branch Road. Neil Carpenter
with Maggie Valley Water Department states there are no plans to
extend service to this area.
PROXIMITY TO I-40 13 miles to closest I40 exit (Exit 20)
INTERSTATE VISABILITY No
PROXIMITY TO LODGING/FOOD 2-3 miles
ACCESS From I-40, south on US 276 - four-lane asphalt paved (6 miles),
west on US 19 - four-lane asphalt (5 miles), south on Campbell
Creek Road.
DESCRIPTION OF SITE Elevations from 3,540' to 5,400'. Access is average and site is
primarily wooded with some cleared areas. Jackson County borders
this tract to the southwest. This tract is bordered to the north by
tract #3.
AVAILABILITY According to the legal records the current owner acquired the site in
1953. Owner of this site is unknown and the tax records indicate a
post office box in Brevard. Therefore, attempts to contact the
property owner were unsuccessful.
Foster Real Estate Appraisers, Inc. 8
Property Photo
•
•

PROPERTY #2
!"IE 1;P f

Topography (60'), Elevation 3,540' - 5,400'

FLOOD PLAIN MAP (FEMA MAP # 370120 0135B)
Foster Real Estate Appraisers, Inc.
10
•
?J
•
Foster Real Estate Appraisers, Inc.
I
AERIAL MAP - PROPERTY #2 (PIN:7675-54-4563)
At Warren Wilson College, monitoring for most variables can utilize study transect(s) to
be installed (and permanently field marked). Repeating the sampling methods for vegetation
would provide measures of the response of the vegetation community to restoration treatments.
Stream biological monitoring is a very useful strategy for documenting and understanding
the stability of the stream banks, sediment loads, and sediment deposition effects on the stream
system.
Photographic monitoring, including 35 millimeter color slide and color video coverage of
the restoration treatment process and results is useful. We would propose that permanently
installed photographic stations be identified and regularly visited during the course of the
restoration process. This documentation when coordinated with vegetation monitoring (also
birds, insects, etc.) will be immensely useful in development of interpretative and educational
materials for the general public and for training volunteers that may become involved in
restoration.
At Warren Wilson College the monitoring program will focus on measurement of the
following variables:
* Monitor effectiveness of management/restoration strategies on vascular
vegetation and breeding birds.
* Monitor erosion control effectiveness and sedimentation rates and water quality
downstream and upstream of the restored stream reaches.
* Monitor attainment of the management/restoration goals and objectives.
* Photographic monitoring to visually document existing conditions and changes
that occur once restoration and management programs are implemented.
• EDUCATIONAL MONITORING PROGRAM
Some of the following monitoring programs would be easily implemented by staff and/or
volunteers at WWC.
1. Water Quality
A. Measurements of specific Ion conductivity, suspends solids, turbidly, above and
below the restored stream reaches and baseline (pre-project monitoring).
B. Dissolved oxygen, temperature, PH, turbidity and salinity can also be measured.
Hand held (field portable) meters may be most useful for this purpose. Rain event
sampling and monthly "grab" sampling may be most useful for evaluating trend in
water chemistry, substrate chemistry, and in correlating with vegetation changes.
2. Biological Activity
A. Monitor and document bird, mammal, herptile, fish and other macro-vertebrate
activity in the streams pre and post restoration and in association with the specific
bioengineering applications and in-stream habitats created by this project.
B. Conduct fish and macro-invertebrate sampling in created riffles and areas with
comparable substrates but no riffles.
3. Erosion and Stability
A. Establish benchmarks from which repeat sampling of stream cross sections can
be made. This should be done in a minimum of five locations and should
definitely include upstream and lower stream reach locations in the restored
reaches, and if possible in several reference stream reaches. Surveys should be
surveyed accurately for both horizontal and vertical control to ensure comparability
between future survey data.
H:01575:012501 29 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
4. Vegetation Success
A. Establish permanent 50 meter long transects that bisect each of the created
wetlands and riparian buffer areas that paralleled stream bank treatments.
Measure annually, at the same time during each growing season, plant species
cover and frequency. Cover intercept and density are most appropriate for
measurement of woody plant. Cover and frequency are most appropriate
measurements for all ground cover vegetation less than a meter height.
Groundcover vegetation can best be measured in circular meter square quadrats
placed at 5 meter intervals along the 50 meter transects. Woody vegetation is
best measured in 1 meter wide by 50 meter belt transects.
5. Reintroduction
A. Because Warren Wilson College streams are not in a "natural area" a policy for
determining which species of plants and animals are appropriate for reintroduction
or introduction needs may be not as important as in a natural area. However, we
would propose that introductions be limited to species for which data suggests a
likely historic occurrence exists. This does not rule out the opportunities for
display gardens with regional native grassland, that may or may not have occurred
on the campus. Nor should this rule out opportunities for use of short-lived
nonnative species (i.e. annual rye grass Lolium multiflorum) which may assist in
stabilizing badly eroding slopes.
B. Plant propagation and introduction of seeds (and perhaps plants) for local species
should continue concurrently with other management and restoration strategies.
Our observations suggest soil seed banks are lost to soil erosion and previous
construction of the site in most locations along Warren Wilson College streams
and elsewhere. To restore these areas, seeds from native species (either
propagated and cultivated for seed production or wild picked seeds) should be
gathered or produced in ample quantity (and quality) to enable prompt introduction
during the early years of restoration. For species that are no longer present in the
property, appropriate and closest locations should be identified for seed
harvesting, propagation, cultivation and eventual introduction purposes. We
generally recommend that seed come from as close to the site of introduction as
possible. We generally limit the bounds for collection for any introduction program
to the physiographic province (i.e. natural area division) of the recipient location.
The magnificent greenhouse facilities and enthusiasm of propagation experts at
Warren Wilson College provides an ideal setting for undertaking a meaningful
program to cultivate the many native species that are now declining regionally.
We encourage that priority be given to native grasses and sedges initially (to
provide seed that can be used to quickly stabilize slopes in degraded savanna
areas) followed by the annual, biennial and perennial flowers.
C. There may be opportunities during this program to involve citizens in seed
collection and local nurseries in contract growing for key species. We would
recommend that seed of known origin be supplied to contract growers (and even
volunteers) should Warren Wilson College decide to involve others in this
process.
6. Reporting
A. Every year, one report should be prepared for this restoration program. This
report should detail all tasks, labor, costs, and locations and dates of all
management and restoration efforts undertaken. The report should also detail
. monitoring data collected to identify trends in the status and condition of the
ecological variables. Public perception information such as that generated in
H:01-575:010201 30 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
• association with this demonstration projects may best be reported in
memorandum format (if this surveying is intermittent) or perhaps as a separate
report if a standard (survey form) program for assessment of perception is
implemented. Generally, we recommend that every 5 years a detailed technical
analysis and summary of all the previous data be completed. This report may
best be termed "ECOLOGICAL STATUS REPORT". It would be designed to
assimilate all previous data and prepare easily understood graphics and summary
materials. This is a very useful report for identifying achievement of important
milestones.
FINANCIAL ASSURANCE AND PERPETUAL STEWARDSHIP
WWC agents propose to set-aside a sum of money from the sale of stream mitigation
credits as an endowment to finance the perpetual management of the stream corridors. This
method has been used successfully by AES in similar projects elsewhere. WWC would manage
the endowment for perpetual stewardship and monitoring of the stream restoration program
sites. A portion of the fees paid for the sale of stream credits will be committed to the
endowment. The interest generated by the endowment would be used to support the annual
stewardship requirements. The stewardship program would begin after the performance and
monitoring requirements by the regulatory agencies had been met in full.
SUMMARY
Based on our analysis of site conditions, prior experience with similar projects, we are
confident that the stream restoration programs at WWC college will meet or exceed all program
goals! All contingency plans are in place, including an a-priori "adaptive management" strategy
and annual requirement to refine programs. We anticipate full program success.
C
H:01575:012501 31 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
•
IMPLEMENTATION TIME LINE SUMMARY
The Warren Wilson College streams Restoration Program
General Schedule and Tasks
2002-2003 Spring -Fall
•

1) Do survey and layout staking of stream reaches to be restored.
2) Establish baseline monitoring program and photographic stations (February 2002).
3) Conduct herbicide treatment(s) of buffer areas (March - May 2002).
4) Grub and hoe all exotic woody vegetation by machine with hand support (May 2002).
5) Create new channel meanders by earth moving. (May-July 2002)
6) Roll over all slightly undercut banks with bulldozer before brush layering and toe
protection is conducted (March - April 2002).
7) Create riffle and pool work, and other in-stream embellishments (May - July 2002).
8) Collect dormant willow and other native shrub stocks for brush layering (and other
techniques) and store submerged in pond at WWC (February- May 2002, 2003)
9) Install fortification with willow posts at upstream end, at water control structures and
in association with riprap and in locations on new channels (April - June 2002,2003).
10) Brush layering and cord grass installation in bank locations, (May-July 2002,2003).
11) Create and do initial plantings(cover crops and native species) in all riparian areas,
(July - August 2002).
12) Install biologs in locations, steep cut bank at meander, in demonstration stabilization
area (June, 2002).
13) Produce all plant materials and be prepared to over winter materials for replanting
and replacement in riparian and other areas, with key final species (April - July
2002,2003).
14) Collect, store, and clean seeds for 2003 replacement and enrichment plantings (June
- October 2002,2003).
15) Continue monitoring and produce annual program accomplishments report.
16) Refine program implementation plan as desirable based on first year results and
experience.
2003
17) Embellish all plantings and fortify any failed areas (April - June 2003).
18) Plant cord grass and other native stream bank and streamside grasses and forbs to
replace, fortify, and diversify the banks (April - June 2003).
19) Produce embellishment plant materials (April - July 2003).
20) Continue monitoring and produce annual program accomplishments report.
H:01-575:010201
32 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
•
•
•
APPENDIX A.
Figure 3. There are over 40,624 feet of streams located on the WWC campus. Of this about
11,478 feet is of the Swannanoa River. The remaining 29,146 feet are 1 St and 2nd order
tributaries.
H:01575:012501
Streams on the
Warren Wilson College Campus
Tributaries
I
Swanna noa..
Rimer
0 0.26 0.6 0.76 1 Miles
33 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report

•
•
APPENDIX B.
Change in the Swannanoa Valley have been sigr
Warren Wilson Road show how land use has shi
a suburban landscape in 1998. WWC is the last
the area around
scape in 1951 into
the watershed.
i
•
H:01-575:010201

•
•
•
Figure 5. 1998 Buncombe County photography shows reside
farmland in 1951 has been converted to residential
of the
H:01575:012501 35 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
i
0
•
•
Appendix C.
Figure 6. Site 1--Alexander Branch at Clingman, Little-Berea
The pasture lies on either side of Alexander Branch from top of
Riceville Road. The stream is fenced and there are a scattering
the riparian zone, particularly in the lower portions of the stream
widens the further south along this reach. Several low spots in tl
wet and could be considered agricultural wetlands. At the very I
reach the floodplain is particularly wet. Many different bird spec
1-1:01-575:010201
property to
rees along
Warren Wilson College Stream
•
•
•
Figure 7
Site 2--Alexander Branch at the Pine Plantation
The area below the pine plantation is a narrow fl,
Slopes to the west and east are relatively steep ;
defined at either end by road culverts. The upper
A road borders the floodplain to the east. The SO
I+ feet.
is
in pine.
i poorer
H:01-575:010201 37 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
I
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•
Figure 8. Site 3--Land use for Alexander Branch at Stokes Pasture
1-1:01-575:010201 38 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
I
I ?
•
•
•
Figure 9. Site 4-Forbats Field
Forbats field is a recent WWC acquisition. It is located in a historic floodplain.
The area around the field has been quarried since the 1950s. A few years ago
before WWC acquired the land the trees were cut and the ground was leveled,
removing most of the wetland components from the property. There is an
grassed agricultural wetland in the southern portion of the property that has
been separated from the Swannanoa River floodplain and from the Swannanoa
1-1:01-575:010201 39 Warren Wilson college Stream Restoration Report
Figure 10. Site 5--Pigpen Creek
Pigpen creek has been highly altered the
agricultural land uses surround the lower
swales contribute to its flow. The pig por
restoration area, followed by the pig pen
recycling center enters the stream from t
blueberry field. A few horses are pasture
wooded riparian zone separates the Swe
•
E
H:01-575:010201 40
length of the stream
reach of the stream.
I sits adjacent to the
>n the east side. Dre
e west along and thi
down from the blue
manoa River from tt
A multitude of
)everal field
Ipper end of the
cage from the
)ugh the
perry field. A
more intensive
Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
I ? I i
•
•
•
Figure 11. Site 6--Bull Creek
The Bull Creek area is currently under timber management at WWC. It is
located west off of Riceville Road near the Berea Baptist Church. Sediments
have been heavily distributed across the old lake bottom creating wetland
pockets. The only WWC NWI site is located along the upper reach of the creek.
H:01-575:010201 41 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
•
•
•
Appendix D Contributing Area Watersheds
Site 1, 2 and 3. Alexander Branch Contributing Watershed
The Alexander Branch contributing area watershed is approximately 79
includes or intersects 201 properties. Of these, Warren Wilson College
landowner with 187 acres or about 24% of the watershed. David and JI
are the second largest landowners with 117 acres or about 15% of the 1
of their acreage is in slopes greater than 15%. Eight additional landow
more acres accounting for about 24°x6 of the watershed. Most of these
include considerable areas of high slopes. The remaining 191-property
for about 37% of the watershed are primarily homeowners in the waters
case about 15% more of the watershed could be built out in the future.
will be used in generating the designs for the sites along Alexander Bre
Land Owner Acres Percent
WARREN WILSON COLLEGE
INC
188
24%
DILLINGHAM C DAVID & JUDY
S
117
15%
8 LANDOWNERS with >10 acres 194 24%
199 LANDOWNERS <10 Acres 293 37%
TOTALS 792 100%
acres in size. It
the largest
Natershed. Much
ners own 10 or
arger parcels
owners account
hed. In the worst
These estimates
Below are three figures showing various aspects of the Alexander Branch watershed.
1-1:01-575:010201 42 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
Figure 12. The map shows ownership characteristics in the Alexande
watershed. The larger parcels are obvious. The Warren WN
properties are labeled and are show in brown in the lower p(
watershed. The Dillingham properties are shown in brown in
of the watershed. There are several other 10+ acre parcels I
the Dillingham properties and north and east of the WWC pr,
23-acre parcel in the center of the figure that is currently in a
be developed.
•
DIIIIngl
Branch
V
1
I
Branch
in College
tion of the
he upper reaches
)rth and east of
perties. There is a
riculture but could
i-Berea
•
H:01-575:010201
43 Warren Wilson College Stream Reston
I ! 1

Figure 13. Higher slopes are found around the upper rim of the watershed. These slopes
affect many of the larger parcels. Housing developments in these areas would
require large lots to accommodate road development and large septic systems.
Dlllingl
Branch
•
•
H:01-575:010201 44
Figure 14. The 1998 aerial shows the near current land uses of the watershed. The
Warren Wilson agricultural and timber lands show clearly in the lower portion of
the watershed. The open agricultural, timber and vacant lands show
development opportunities.
Dillingl
Alexande
Branch
is
V
P-Berea
1-1:01-575:010201
45 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
I

Site 4. Forbats Field Contributing Watershed
The watershed is approximately 83 acres and much of the eastern portion of the
watershed drains directly into the Swannanoa River. The Wallace' s own a 17
acre parcel bordering along the south side of the Swannanoa Rive r which
accounts for 21 percent of the watershed. Under normal condition the property
would drain directly into the Swannanoa but under flood condition s waters from
this and eastern properties may flow across the restoration site.
The pastures adjacent to the Swannanoa are within the floodplain and have
hydric inclusion soils. Some of this area has been quarried. Some may be
considered jurisdictional wetlands. If the land was developed the runoff would
most likely find its way into the Swannanoa and would not affect the restoration
site.
Warren Wilson is the second largest property owner with 12 acres of land
accounting for about 14% of the watershed.
The upper portion of the watershed has already been developed and likely will
not be further built out. In any case portions of this area have been built upon. It
is not likely that development of any sort would affect the restoration area.
E
•
1-1:01-575:010201 46 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
Figure 15. This 1998 aerial shows the small 80+ acre contributing drainage area for the
Forbat Field restoration. Most of the uplands have already been developed and
are not likely to change. The pasture land located in the floodplain may
possible be developed but runoff from any development would likely be ditched
directiv into the Swannanoa River. WWC properties are shown in orange.
wwc
•
•
H:01-575:010201
•
•
•
Figure 16. The contributing area watershed for
dot represents the general location of
WWC controls 78% of the watershed
from development in the future. The c
H:01-575:010201
below. The red
gyration site.
i relatively inert
I
49 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
I I I?
Site 6. Bull Creek Contributing Watershed
The Bull Creek contributing watershed is by far the largest of the watersheds. Much of
the land is protected. Another 36% could be developed. Additional review of the
watershed and its slopes is necessary before site plans will be initiated.
Figure 17. The Bull Creek contributing watershed is about 6,600 acres contained within
just over 900 different parcels. Of this area about 44% of the property is under
some form of conservation management. The largest landowner in the
watershed is the US government (Blue Ridge Parkway and US Forest Service)
controlling more than 2,500 acres or 36% of the watershed. Other property
owners who use conservation management include the Woodfin Watershed,
Conservation Trust for NC and Warren Wilson College. Approximately 36% of
the land is in parcels greater than 10 acres and could be further developed.
The remaining 10% of the properties are already developed and will not
appreciable change the landscape in the future.
•
•
H:01-575:010201
50 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
i
ERO IOT6ielfe_re V leetl. e0st.0pn
i,
1101al
LM
SZE
SWD/SJC
""rm° Ir?wiyr? 4` \ ?? SZB > j? -
SBB
h hrr?l, q +'r?n ? y ? \
H I I G F 4, E
[K CFNTE-
i ?
?z F I( WC SBA
?? ? I% Impact e - ? ' (
SZB )
EE 9 J N 1
II,
-
SJB
Impoct 11 '.?
HERITAGE \\
PROPERTY
19.72 ACRES
SITE IMPACTS
IMPACT 11353' PIPING
IMPACT 21599' PIPING
IMPACT 3130' PIPING
IMPACT 41691' PIPING
IMPACT 511767' PIPING
IMPACT 611022' PIPING
IMPACT 710.04 ACRE WET SEEP AREA
IMPACT 8145' CULVERT REPLACEMENT
IMPACT 9164' CULVERT REPLACEMENT
IMPACT 1875' CULVERT REPLACEMENT
IMPACT 11116' CULVERT REPLACEMENT
IMPACT 1280' RIP-RAP STABILIZATIO
PROPERTY BOUNDARY
STREAMS
SJA STREAM FLAG SEQUENCE
Lllj STREAM PRESERVATION
(1500') l'-600'
0 300 600 Feet
K4P SOURCE. VAUGHN AND MELTON. CONSULTING ENGINEERS
PROPOSED STREAM IMPACT
4662 FEET
PROPOSED WETLAND IMPACT
0.04 ACRES
Figure: 4A
Environmental Proposed Site Plan
Canton Motorsports and Expo Park pr._ _ ?• rpJ1076
services, Inc. Haywood County, North Carolina
Date: November 2001
I
80' of rip-rap atablllzaflon
BRIDGE Impoct I2 Horniny C
I I ,
SITE IMPACTS
IMPACT 1- 353' PIPING
IMPACT 2-599' PIPING
IMPACT 3:30' PIPING
IMPACT 41691 PIPING
IMPACT 5:1767' PIPING
IMPACT 611022' PIPING
IMPACT 7: 0.04 ACRE WET SEEP AREA
IMPACT 8? 45' CULVERT REPLACEMENT
IMPACT 9- 64' CULVERT REPLACEMENT
IMPACT 1005' CULVERT REPLACEMENT
IMPACT I1d6' CULVERT REPLACEMENT
IMPACT 1260' RIP-RAP STABILIZATIO
PROPERTY BOUNDARY
r PROPOSED STREAM IMPACT
4662 FEET
O PROPOSED WETLAND IMPACT
0.04 ACRES
STREAMS
SJA STREAM FLAG SEQUENCE
1'-600'
0 300 600 Feet
0 100 200 Meters
MAP SOURCE. VAUGNN AND MELTON. CONSULTING ENGI R
Environmental
Services, Inc.
VNTOR s t7? r ,
CENTER
WALL
Head
L Ulna
EE 3
Imp°" 6 SWD/SJC
SZA WALL
Impoct 5 ???'\`
MINMW"n'm:m I ? 1? 1 i (? RA"E ?6ALC_ ?`, h \?,1 N
Impoct 7
RES 8JX - I
SWB
Impoct 4 1 -
5 ?
? cnel/,;
nER
?/ LI C IwWE
- GA8M5 - w
/BODGE b ? \???_/ '
ES'AURAN?
/ i
Figure: 4B
Proposed Site Plc)'-
Canton Motorsports and Pal- I Pr-oiect: ER01076
Haywood County, North Carolina
Date: November 2001
STA. 12+40.41 -
FILL FACE END B
G.P. EL. 2373.76
STA. 11+35.89 -L3-
FILL FACE END BENT 1
G.P. EL. 2368.66 1'-0" MIN.
EARTH BERM
i'-0" MIN GROUND LINE
.
EARTH M 4" DIA. PVC NORMAL TO CAP
NORMAL TO CAP PIPES
TOP OF CAP
TOP OF CAP ELEV. 2367.130
ELEV. 2363.040
----- :.
1
OP
'o
?q --- -------- G S\ Z
-HIGH WATER EL
2362
9
\`??? Fl
?X?S
" .
.
y
A
b
DIA. STD. m ?
18 HOMINY CREEK
STEEL PIPE, TYP. 3 HP12x53 STEEL
24" DIA
STD _
UNCLASSIFIED - - -- - -' PILES
.
.
STEEL PIPE, TYP. STRUCTURE 2' THICK
EXCAVATION
MID)
HP12x53
STEEL PILES
END BENT 1
END BENT 2
SECTION ALONG ? OF BRIDGE
i
PROPOSED ENTRANCE BRIDGE CROSS SECTION FIGURE: 4C
Consulting Engineers CANTON MOTORSPORTS AND EXPO PARK PROJECT: ER01075
HAYWOOD COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA DATE: FEB. 2002
APPENDIX E.
WETLAND DELINEATION OF
SELECT RECONNAISANCE STREAMS CORRIDOR IN THE
WARREN WILSON COLLEGE PROPERTY,
SWANNANOA, NORTH CAROLINA
•
Prepared by
Steven I. Apfelbaum
Applied Ecological Services, Inc.
17921 Smith Road
P.O. Box 256
Brodhead, Wisconsin 53520-0256
608/897-8641
December 23, 2001

H:01575:012501 51 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
i
WETLAND DELINEATION OF
SELECT RECONNASIANCE STREAMS CORRIDORS IN THE
WARREN WILSON COLLEGE PROPERTY,
SWANNANOA, NORTH CAROLINA
INTRODUCTION
In December 2001, Applied Ecological Services, Inc. conducted a reconnaissance
wetland delineation of the acreage along selected Warren Wilson College streams included in
this stream restoration program, Swannanoa, Buncombe County, North Carolina.
METHODS
Wetland delineation techniques and criteria for evaluation of results used here followed
the "Army Corps of Engineers Wetland Delineation Manual" (1987). In summary, the property
was subjected to a preliminary survey using a soils map and plat of survey. Boundaries of the
property were confirmed using a plat of survey made available by Warren Wilson College.
Property boundaries were confirmed during a field survey conducted December, 2001.
During the survey, the entire selected stream reach was walked to identify locations
characteristic of wetland systems. Hydrologic settings, soils, and vegetation were analyzed as
defined and determined by methods detailed in the above-mentioned wetland delineation
manual. All major vegetation types were identified, described, and summarized in the data forms
from the Delineation Manual.
All findings were field mapped on an aerial photo.
RESULTS
Five different land cover or vegetation types were evaluated for wetland characteristics in
the property. The investigation showed that no wetlands were present in areas 1, 2 and 5.
Areas 3 and 4 were determined to be wetland. Area 3 is a depressional wetland surrounded by
pastured uplands and it also has been farmed and pastured in the past. A small tributary
channel of the stream was previously channelized through this wetland. Area 4 are the gravel,
cobble, and silt bottom streams which do not qualify as wetland but instead are typically
considered "waters of the U.S. "or" aquatic habitat".
DISCUSSIONS
Area 3 met the criterion for soils, hydrology, and vegetation of wetlands. Area 4 are
existing channelized stream reaches supporting hydric soils, and the hydrology is sufficient
during the growing season to support the wetland vegetation. Area 1 has received historic fill,
which supports upland ruderale vegetation and planted pasture grasses and was determined to
be non-wetland area. The depth of the fill exceed 2-3 feet. Areas 2 and 5 are upland forests,
grasslands and agricultural settings.
The soils map (USDA, Appendix L) suggested some wetland soil was present on site.
However, hydric soil was found only in areas 3 and 4 during the field investigations.
Impacts to Jurisdictional Wetlands and Waters of the U.S.
The Stream restoration programs proposed at WWC will not adversely impact
jurisdictional wetlands. Backfilling of the existing channelized reaches of the streams will occur
as a part of the stream re-meandering and restoration program. The actual waters of the U.S.
that occupies the channel bottom of these highly unstable and degraded channelized stream
H:01-575:010201 52 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
reaches is a very small acreage. The restoration program proposed at WWC will substantially
ry increase the acreage associated with the proposed channel backfilling. Because of the WWC
program having a focus on habitat restoration, and conservation, no adverse impacts are
anticipated to occur as a result of this restoration program. The program is proposed to improve
existing highly degraded conditions, and consequently because both the acreage and ecological
quality of waters of the U.S. will substantially increase, the restoration activities proposed at
WWC will over-compensate and be self-compensating for any jurisdictional impacts that would
be associated with a comparable project that was simply proposing to impact waters of the U.S.
without the significant restoration program commitments at Warren Wilson College. This stream
restoration program at WWC follows the guidelines for stream restoration in North Carolina
where de-channelization is recommended and an anticipated benefit to waters of the U.S. and
under North Carolina jurisdiction.
REFERENCES CITED
Department of the Army. 1987. Corps of Engineers Wetland Delineation Manual. Technical
Report 4-87-1.
Reed, P.B., Jr. 1988. National list of plant species that occur in wetlands: National Summary.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Biol. Rep. 88(24). 244 pp.
USDA, SCS. 1979. Soil Survey of Buncombe County, North Carolina. USDA, SCS in
cooperation with North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station.

•
H:01575:012501 53 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
Ol
Figure 18. NWI map of the Warren Wilson College streams restoration area indicates that there
is only one NWI site on WWC campus. It is located in the Bull Creek mitigation area.
WWC is located on the Oteen USGS 7.5" quad map.
d
•
0
H:01-575:010201 54 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
ATTACHMENT A
DATA FORM
ROUTINE ONSITE DETERMINATION METHOD
is
Field Investigator(s): _S. Apfelbaum_ Date: 29 Oct/16 Dec 2001 _
Project Site: -Warren Wilson College, Forbat Field- State: _NC County: -Buncombe
Applicant/Owner (Warren Wilson College): -Warren Wilson College_ Plant Community #/Name: -#I-
Do normal environmental conditions exist at the plant community?
Yes/No _No_ (If no, explain)
Has the vegetation, soils, and/or hydrology been significantly disturbed?
Yes/No _Yes_ (If yes, explain) Made land, entire stream channel and adjacent uplands graded and filled
previously
VEGETATION
Dominant Plant Species Indic. Stat. Strat.
1. Acer negundo FACW SA
2. Salix interior OBL SA
3. 4. Bromus inermis FACU H
5. Robinia pseudo-acacia FACU- SA
6. Prunus serotina FACU SA
7. Rhamnus cathartica FACU SH
8. Lonicera tatarica FACU" SH
9. Morus alba FACU SA
10. Daucus carota UPL H
11. Phalaris arundinacea FACW+ H
12. Aster pilosus FACU+ H
13. Dactylis glomerata FACU H
14. Solidago canadensis FACU H
15. Aster sp. NI H
16. 17. Poa pratensis FAC H
18. Rosa multiflora FACU SH
19. Rumex crispus FAC+ H
20. 21. Festuca elatior FACU H
Percent of dominant species that are OBL, FACW, and/or FAC -<50%
Is the hydrophytic vegetation criterion met? Yes/No _No_
Rationale: < 50% FAC, FACW, and/or OBL
SOILS
Seriestphase: -Made land and other soil types apparently present-
Is the soil on the hydric soils list? Yes/No _No Undetermined
Is the soil a Histosol? Yes/No _No_ Histic epipedon present? Yes/No _No
Is the soil: Mottled? Yes/No _-_ Gleyed? Yes/No _No_
Matrix color: Mottle Colors:
Other hydric soil indicators: _-
Is the hydric soil criterion met? Yes/No _No_
Rationale:
HYDROLOGY
Is the ground surface inundated? Yes/No _No_ Surface Water Depth:
Is the soil saturated? Yes/No _No_
Depth to free-standing water in pit/soil probe hole: _>18"
List other field evidence of surface inundation or soil saturation.
Is the wetland hydrology criterion met? Yes/No _No_
Rationale: Hydrology criteria is not met. No saturation or inundation
JURISDICTIONAL DETERMINATION AND RATIONALE
Is the plant community a wetland: Yes/No _No_
Rational for jurisdictional decision: Three criterion are not met.
H:01575:012501 55 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
• DATA FORM
ROUTINE ONSITE DETERMINATION METHOD
Field Investigator(s): - S. Apfelbaum_ Date: 29 Oct/16 Dec 2001 _
Project Site: -Warren Wilson College streams, Alexander Branch, Clingman Pasture
State: NC County: _Buncombe_
Applicant/Owner (Warren Wilson College): -Warren Wilson College_ Plant _Community #/Name: _#2_
Do normal environmental conditions exist at the plant community?
Yes/No _No_ (If no, explain)
Has the vegetation, soils, and/or hydrology been significanty disturbed?
Yes/No _No_ (If yes, explain) Currently being used for pasturage with fenced off stream buffer dominated by
exotic shrubs and brush.
VEGETATION
Dominant Plant Species Indic. Stat. Strat.
1. Daucus carota UPL H
2. Trifolium repens FACU+ H
3. Potentilla recta UPL H
4. Poa pratensis FAC- H
5. Setaria sp. FACU+ H
6. Plantago lanceolata FAC H
7. Solidago canadensis FACU H
8. Aster pilosus FACU+ H
9. Bromus inermis UPL H
10. Dactylis glomerata FACU H
11.Rosa multiflora Facu SH
12. Lonicera japonicus Facu sh
13.Rubus allegiances Facu sh
• Percent of dominant species that are OBL, FACW, and/or FAC _<10%
Is the hydrophytic vegetation criterion met? Yes/No _No_
Rationale: < 50% FAC, FACW, and/or OBL
SOILS
Series/phase: -Made land-and buried lands-
Is the soil on the hydric soils list? Yes/No _No Undetermined
Is the soil a Histosol? Yes/No _No_ Histic epipedon present? Yes/No _No
Is the soil: Mottled? Yes/No _No_ Gleyed? Yes/No _No_
Matrix color: _ F indicators: Colors:
Other hydric soil indicators: _-
Is the hydric soil criterion met? Yes/No _No_
Rationale: Hydric soil indicator criterion is not met
HYDROLOGY
Is the ground surface inundated? Yes/No _No_ Surface Water Depth:
Is the soil saturated? Yes/No _No_
Depth to free-standing water in pit/soil probe hole: _>18"
List other field evidence of surface inundation or soil saturation.
Is the wetland hydrology criterion met? Yes/No _No_
Rationale: Hydrology criterion is not met, no saturation within 18"
JURISDICTIONAL DETERMINATION AND RATIONALE
Is the plant community a wetland: Yes/No _No_
Rational for jurisdictional decision: Three criterion are not met.
•
H:01-575:010201 56 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
DATA FORM
•
ROUTIN E ONSITE DETERMINATION METHOD
Field Investigator(s): - S. Apfelbaum_ Date: 29 Oct/16 Dec 2001 _
Project Site: -Warren Wilson College s treams, Forbats Field and Pig pen
State: _NC_ County: -Buncombe-
Applicant/Owner (Warren Wilson College): -Warren Wilson College_ Plant Community #/Name: _#3_
Do normal environmental conditions exist at the plant community?
Yes/No _No_ (If no, explain)
Has the vegetation, soils, and/or hydrology been significantly disturbed?
Yes/No _Yes_ (If yes, explain) Made land, pastured with depressional wetlands present
VEGETATION
Dominant Plant Species Indic. Stat. Strat.
1. Corpus amomum FACW+ SH
2. Phalaris arundinacea FACW+ H
3. Acer negundo FACW T/SA
4. Rosa multiflora FACU SH
5. Verbena hastata FACW H
6. Vitis riparia FACW- V
7. Arctium minor UPL H
8. Juncus effuses OBL H
10. Salix interior FACW SH
11. Geum canadensis FAC H
12. Agrostis alba FACW SH
13. Rhamnus cathartica FACU SH
14. Phleum pratense FAC- H
15. 16. Solidago gigantea FACW H
17. Carex lanuginosa OBL H
•
18. Juncus torreyi OBL H
19.
20.
Percent of dominant species that are OBL, FACW, and/or FAC _>_78_
Is the hydrophytic vegetation criterion met? Yes/No _Yes_
Rationale: > 50% FAC, FACW, and/or OBL
SOILS
Series/phase: -Made land (and other soil types present 33-loA, 169-FrA, 12-RoA)_
Is the soil on the hydric soils list? Yes/No _No_ Undetermined
Is the soil a Histosol? Yes/No _No_ Histic epipedon present? Yes/No _No_
Is the soil: Mottled? Yes/No _No_ Gleyed? Yes/No _Yes_
Matrix color: Mottle Colors:
Other hydric soil indicators: _-
Is the hydric soil criterion met? Yes/No _Yes_
Rationale: Hydric soil indicator criterion is met
HYDROLOGY
Is the ground surface inundated? Yes/No _No_ Surface Water Depth:
Is the soil saturated? Yes/No _Yes_
Depth to free-standing water in pit/soil probe hole: _8-15"
List other field evidence of surface inundation or soil saturation.
Is the wetland hydrology criterion met? Yes/No _Yes_
Rationale: Hydrology criterion Is met, saturation within 18", Flotsam, evidence of inundation
JURISDICTIONAL DETERMINATION AND RATIONALE
Is the plant community a wetland: Yes/No _Yes_
• Rational for jurisdictional decision: Three criterion are met
H:01575:012501 57 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
DATA FORM
ROUTINE ONSITE DETERMINATION METHOD
Field Investigator(s): - S. Apfelbaum_ Date: 29 OcV16 Dec 2001 _
Project Site: -Warren Wilson College streams, All existing channel bottom State: _NC County: -Buncombe.
Applicant/Owner (Warren Wilson College): -Warren Wilson College_ Plant Community#/Name: _#4_
Do normal environmental conditions exist at the plant community?
Yes/No _Yes_ (if no, explain)
Has the vegetation, soils, and/or hydrology been significantly disturbed?
Yes/No _Yes_ (If yes, explain) Bottom of created stream channel
VEGETATION
Dominant Plant Species Indic. Stat. Strat.
1. Cladophora spp. OBL H
2. Spirogyra spp. OBL H
3. Phalaris arundinacea FACW H
4. Juncus effusus OBL H
Percent of dominant species that are OBL, FACW, and/or FAC _100_
Is the hydrophytic vegetation criterion met? Yes/No _Yes_
Rationale: > 50%
SOILS
Series/phase: -Made land and stream bottoms (soil types apparently present 12-120A,169-FrA, 33-loA)_
Is the soil on the hydric soils list? Yes/No _Yes_ Undetermined
Is the soil a Histosol? Yes/No _No_ Histic epipedon present? Yes/No _No_
Is the soil: Mottled? Yes/No _Yes_ Gleyed? Yes/No _Yes_
Matrix color: _ Mottle Colors:
Other hydric soil indicators: ---
Is the hydric soil criterion met? Yes/No -Yes-
Rationale: Gleyed, Low chroma mottles
HYDROLOGY
Is the ground surface inundated? Yes/No _Yes_ Surface Water Depth: -4-10"-
Is the soil saturated? Yes/No _Yes_
Depth to free-standing water in pit/soil probe hole: _0_
List other field evidence of surface inundation or soil saturation.
Is the wetland hydrology criterion met? Yes/No _Yes_
Rationale: Saturation and Inundation
JURISDICTIONAL DETERMINATION AND RATIONALE
Is the plant community a wetland: Yes/No _Yes_
Rational for jurisdictional decision: Three criterion are met.
•
H:01-575:010201 58 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
• DATA FORM
ROUTINE ONSITE DETERMINATION METHOD
Field Investigator(s): - S. Apfelbaum_ Date: 29 Oct/16 Dec 2001 _
Project Site: -Warren Wilson College streams, Upland Forested reaches- State: _NC_ County: -Buncombe-
Applicant/Owner (Warren Wilson College): -Warren Wilson College_ Plant Community #/Name: _#5_
Do normal environmental conditions exist at the plant community?
Yes/No _No_ (If no, explain)
Has the vegetation, soils, and/or hydrology been significantly disturbed?
Yes/No _Yes_ (If yes, explain) Drainage area from Farm and developed land runoff biofilter into Warren
Wilson Colleges, mowed lawns
VEGETATION
Dominant Plant Species Indic. Stat. Strat.
1. Quercus alba FACU T
2. Festuca elatior FACU H
3. Pinus strobes FACU T/SH
4. Rubus occidentale FACU SH
5. Daucus carota FACU H
6. Smilax sp. FACU V
7. Solidago canadensis FACU H
Percent of dominant species that are OBL, FACW, and/or FAC -<50%
Is the hydrophytic vegetation criterion met? Yes/No _No_
Rationale: < 50°x, FAC, FACW, and/or OBL
SOILS
Series/phase: -SEVERAL UPLAND SOILS
• Is the soil on the hydric soils list? Yes/No -No- Undetermined
Is the soil a Histosol? Yes/No _No_ Histic epipedon present? Yes/No -No-
Is the soil: Mottled? Yes/No _No_ Gleyed? Yes/No _No_
Matrix color: Mottle Colors:
Other hydric soil indicators: _-
Is the hydric soil criterion met? Yes/No _No_
Rationale: Hydric soil indicators are met
HYDROLOGY
Is the ground surface inundated? Yes/No _No_ Surface Water Depth: _
Is the soil saturated? Yes/No _NO
Depth to free-standing water in pit/soil probe hole: _>18"
List other field evidence of surface inundation or soil saturation.
Is the wetland hydrology criterion met? Yes/No _NO_
Rationale: Hydrology criterion is not met, saturation >18", no inundation
JURISDICTIONAL DETERMINATION AND RATIONALE
Is the plant community a wetland: Yes/No _No_
Rational for jurisdictional decision: Three criterion are met.
•
H:01575:012501 59 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
• Appendix F. Soils
Map key:
Code IR Soil TYPO H/NH
233B DeB Dillard loam NH
12 RoA Rosman fine sandy loam H
13 BmA Biltmore fine sandy loam NH
169 FrA French loam H
121 B TeB Tate loam NH
244C BoC Braddock loam NH
313C HaCz Hayesville loam NH
313C Haft Hayesville loam NH
313U HuCz Urban land complex NH
33 IoA lotia loam H
340B CuB Cumberland clay loam NH
U
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APPENDIX G. THREATENED AND ENDANGERED SPECIES INQUIRY
A. REVIEW OF LISTING OF FEDERAL ENDANGERED AND THREATENED SPECIES OF
NORTH CAROLINA.
AES, Inc. has reviewed the listing of Federal special status plants and animals (created
September 2000) made available at the U. S. Fish and Wildlife office In Asheville, NC. None of
the listed species are or have been documented to occur on WWC property nor specifically
within the stream restoration project reaches.
B SUMMARY OF FIELD SURVEYS:
Considerable casual surveys of the uplands and the Warren Wilson College streams and
stream channels have been conducted by Warren Wilson College staff, Applied Ecological
Services, Inc., and others. The authors of this document are not aware of the presence of any
special status plants or animals on the project sites. It is unlikely that the created landscape and
severely degraded environments present includes habitat appropriate for special status species.
Casual observations by S. Apfelbaum in fall 2001 corroborate this supposition.
C. REVIEW OF NATURAL HERITAGE DATA BASE
Review of the North Carolina Natural Heritage Data Base has revealed no known
locations of rare, threatened or endangered plant or animal species in the Swannanoa river
tributaries included in this stream restoration project at Warren Wilson College. The available
data was reviewed for this project. Based on this review, and existing conditions in the field, we
conclude this project will not compromise state listed special status species or their habitat.
See report.
SUMMARY
Based on this information, this project does not compromise or threaten special status
species of plants or animals.
•
1-1:01-575:010201 66 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
APPENDIX H.
STUDY OF EXISTING STREAM FLOOD WATER CONVEYANCE
AND PROTABLE AFFECTS OF PROPOSED
STREAMBANK STABILIZATION PROGRAM, ON FLOOD WATER CONVEYANCE
INTRODUCTION
This report provides an evaluation of current flood water conveyance characteristics for
representative floods in the existing channel, floodway, and floodplain of the Warren Wilson
College streams in the Warren Wilson College. These characteristics were studied to determine
the potential effects on conveyance by stream bank stabilization proposals for this stream reach
within the Warren Wilson College project area(s) and property.
Currently, there are no mapped floodplains with structures, dwellings, or non-Warren
Wilson College Property located within the proposed project areas. Most of the Warren Wilson
College stream reaches included in this program do not have mapped floodplains. The only
reach that does, is the Swannanoa River, and no plans are included in this program to augment
the Swannanoa river floodplain environment.
Consequently, because of the absence of mapped floodplains (or absence of plans to
modify lands within the Swannanoa River floodplains) no impacts to floodplains are anticipated
by this project. Typically, implementation of plans as envisioned in this program would provided
positive benefits to the floodplain environment, reduce flood elevations, improve water quality
and woody debris contributions from tributaries that can exacerbate flooding, and will also
provide biological benefits.
OVERVIEW OF STREAM STABILIZATION METHODS
The stream restoration and stabilization project proposal focuses on remaindering 1st and
2nd order channelized streams, installation of pools and riffle features in these new channels, and
use of native vegetation plantings in upland buffers to stabilize new banks along the new
channels. Upland buffer plantings with native grassland vegetation is to be planted in the stream
side environment where rank and dense non-native grasses and weeds now grow. Excavations
in non-wetland areas to create depressional storage and stream side riparian wetlands and
emergent vegetation plantings are also to be created by this plan. Modest in-stream (Vortex
weirs, "J" hook weirs, and riffles) structures are also proposed by the project plan. This plan
proposes to create riffles by addition of cobbles and boulders and careful placement to create
enhanced water quality by aeration.
HYDRAULIC METHODS
This analysis has focused on understanding potential changes in the conveyance of the
Warren Wilson College streams flood waters the Warren Wilson Colleges potentially resulting
from this streambank stabilization project. This study was undertaken by doing the following:
a) Surveying stream and floodplain cross sections in representative locations along the
stream reach where the various methods of stabilization are proposed.
Surveying was done using bench mark data provided by the Warren Wilson, North
Carolina. Bench marks were relocated and served as horizontal and vertical control for
establishment of stream cross sections used in the modeling analysis.
All x-sections were computer punched and drawn with CADD.
b) Study of the existing flood water conveyance characteristics of the existing channel where
H:01575:012501 67 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
•

the representative channel cross sections occur.
Studies to determine potential changes in flood water conveyance characteristics of the
streams with proposed restoration and stabilization strategies are being modeled using
the HECRAS or other similar model. Studies focused on testing several design storms
and floods including 2, 10, and 100 year events as defined in the reference. Results and
assumptions used in this analysis will be presented in a forthcoming report. This report
will not be generated until after concept plans for restoration are approved by the
regulatory agencies.
C) Studies of the flood water conveyance with the proposed grading and vegetation
(planting) changes as proposed by the project.
d) Determination of significance of the changes in hydraulic performance was made
pursuant to the guidance provided by the North Carolina Department of Transportation -
Division of Water Resources report and regulations.
RESULTS
Based on other similar analyses that we have conducted on similar stream restorations
no negative impacts have been identified by the modeling analyses. Based on the changes
proposed to stream form, dimension, and hydrology and hydraulics, and vegetation and shoreline
stabilization, on other similar studies this analyses has indicated that no reductions in flood water
conveyance will occur. In fact, this study for other sites has indicated that reduced contributions
to downstream flooding can occur as a result of the storage provided by this restoration project.
Increased depressional storage in created riparians and other excavated areas will occur. In-
stream structures like riffles will not change in-stream higher flow, flood dynamics or conveyance
levels.
H:01-575:010201
68 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
APPENDIX I. ARCHEOLOGICAL REPRESENTATION
Justification for not conducting archeological surveys
The project Phase I stream reaches have previously been modified by earthwork during
construction of the channelized stream reaches at Warren Wilson College.
The stream project location contains no untrammeled top and subsoils. All existing
grades and sub-grades were created by earth moving. This project will involve excavation of
previously excavated and placed topsoils and subsoils.
For these reasons, we believe there is no archeological importance at the stream
restoration project locations.
0
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H:01575:012501 69 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
APPENDIX J.
1. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Apfelbaum, S.I. 1985. Cattail (Typha spp.) management. Natural Areas Journal 5(3):9-17.
Apfelbaum, S. I. and C. Sams 1987. Ecology and control of reed canary grass (Phalaris
arundinacea L.). Natural Areas Journal 7(2):69-74.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 1984. The ecological impacts of wastewater on wetlands.
an annotated bibliography. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Kregion V,
Water Division, 230 S. Dearborn St. Chicago, IL EPA-905/3-84-002.
II. ECOLOGICAL BUFFERS
Adams, L. W. and L. e. Dove. 1989. Wildlife reserves and corridors in the urban environment.
A guide to ecological landscape planning and resource conservation. U. S. Department
of Interior. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D. C. 91 pp.
Apfelbaum, S. 1. 1991. Summary of the potential environmental impacts of the proposed
Pleasant View development, Middleton, Wisconsin. Unpublished report by Applied
Ecological Services, Brodhead, WI. 177 pp.
Brady, N. C. 1974. The nature of properties of soils. 8th edition. Macmillan Publishing Co.,
Inc., NY. 639 pp.
Budd, W. W., P. L. Cohen, P. r. Saunders, and F. R. Steiner. 1987. Stream corridor
management in the Pacific Northwest: I. Determination of Stream-Corridor Widths.
Environmental Management 1 1(5):587:597.
Darlington, P. J. 1957. Zoogeography. Wiley, New York, N. Y. 676 pp.
Erwin, R. M. 1989. Responses to human intruders by birds nesting in colonies: Experimental
results and management guidelines. Colonial Waterbirds 12(1):104-108.
Gillick, T. and B. D. Scott. 1975. Buffer strips and the protection of fishery resources: An
economic analysis. Washington Department of Natural Resources. DNR Report. 30 pp.
Goldstein, E. L., M. Gross, and R. M. DeGraaf. 1983. Wildlife and greenspace planning
medium-scale residential developments. Urban Ecology 7(1982/1983):201-214.
Grubb, T. G. and R. M. King. 1991. Assessing human disturbance of breeding bald eagles with
classification tree models. J. Wild[. Manage. 55(3):500-511.
Hargrove, W. L., editor. 1991. Cover crops for clean water. Proceedings of an international
conference. Soil and Water Conservation Society, Ankeny, IA. 198 pp.
Howard, R. J. and J. A. Allen. 1989. Streamside habitats in southern forested wetlands: their
role and implications for management. Pages 97-106 in D. Hook and R. Lea, editors.
forested Wetlands of the Southern United States. U. S. Forestry Service General Tech.
Rep Se-50. 168 pp.
0
H:01-575:010201 70 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
Karr, J. R. and I. J. Schlosser. 1977. Impact of near stream vegetation and stream morphology
on water quality and stream biota. Environmental Research Laboratory, Office of
Research and Development, Athens, GA. Contract No. 68-01-3584.
Leeper, G. W. 1978. Managing the heavy metals on the land. Marcel Dekker, Inc., NY. 121 pp.
Mariner, R. D. and L. Mertz-Irwin. 1991. Landscaping techniques and materials for urban Illinois
stream corridors and wetland edges. Illinois Department of Energy and Natural
Resources, Office of Research and Planning, Springfield, IL. 111 pp.
Palfrey, R. and E. Bradley. The buffer area study. Maryland Department of Natural Resources,
Tidewater Administration. 31 pp.
Schechter, H. R. 1980. A study of impact of man-made noise on natural sound. Final Report.
Volume III. U. S. Department of the Interior. National Park Service, Indiana Dune
National Lakeshore. Prepared by [IT Research Institute, Chicago, IL.
Schnick, R. A., J. M. Morton, J. C. Mochalski, and J. T. Beall. 1982. Mitigation and
enhancement techniques for the upper Mississippi River system and other large river
systems. United States Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service,
Washington, D. C. 714 pp.
Schueler, T. R. 1992. Design of stormwater wetland systems: guidelines for creating diverse
and effective stormwater wetlands in the Mid-Atlantic Region. Anacostia Restoration
Team, Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments, Washington, D. C. Review
Draft.
Steinblums, I. J., H. A. Froehlich, and J. K. Lyons. 1984. Designing stable buffer strips for
stream protection. Barriers to logging debris, erosion control, environmental factors,
Cascade Mountains of western Oregon. J. For. Bethesda; Society of American
Foresters. 82(1):49-52.
Streeby, L. 1971. Buffer strips - some considerations in the decision to leave. Page 194-198 in
Proceedings of a Symposium: Forest Land Uses and Stream Environment.
Swanson, G. A., coordinator. 1979. The mitigation symposium: a national workshop of
mitigation losses of fish and wildlife habitats. Symposium held at Colorado State
University, Fort Collins, CO, 684 pp.
Trimble, G. R., Jr., and R. S. Sartz. 1957. How far from a stream should a logging road be
located. Journal of Forestry. Vol. 55.
United states Environmental Protection Agency. 1984. Literature Review of wetland evaluation
methodologies. Technical Report. 120 pp. plus appendices. U. S. EPA, Region 5,
Chicago, IL.
Whitcomb, R. C., C. Robbins, J. Lynch, B. Whitcomb, M. Klimkiewicz, and D. Bystrak. 1981.
Effects of forest fragmentation on avifauna of the eastern deciduous forest. Pages 125-
205 in R. Burgess and D. Sharpe, editors. Forest Island dynamics in man-dominated
landscapes. Springer-Verlag, New York.
0 Wong, S. L. and R. H. McCuen. 1981. Design of vegetative buffer strips for runoff and sediment
H:01575:012501 71 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
control. Research Paper. Department of Civil Engineering, University of Maryland,
College Park, MD.
III. STREAM HYDROLOGY AND NON-POINT SOURCE CONTAMINANTS
Apfelbaum, S. I. (In preparation) Unpublished data and manuscripts. A. Hydrological data from
1886-1904. From: United States of America vs. Economy Power and Light, Case 2525,
U. S. circuit Court of Appeals, 7th Circuit, 1908. Daily stage data at Riverside, IL 1886-
1904 and stage discharge calibration data.
Apfelbaum, S. I. (In preparation) Unpublished data and manuscripts. B. Hydrological data from
1943-1988. From: U. S. Geological Survey data base and annual water resources data
reports.
Bonini, A. P., N. G. Bhowmik, R. L. Allgire, and D. K. Davie. 1983. Statewide in stream
monitoring program for North Carolina. SWS Contract Report 318A, North Carolina State
Water Survey, Champaign, North Carolina.
Crews, W. 1983. Erosion in the Upper Mississippi River Systems: an analysis of the problem.
Upper Mississippi River Basin Association, St. Paul, Minnesota.
Dunne, T. and L. B. Leopold. 1979. Water in environmental planning. W. H. Freeman and
Company. 818 pp.
Crosson, P. 1985. Implementation policies and strategies for agricultural non-point pollution.
Resources for the Future, Report in #223, Washington, D. c. Reprinted from The
Southwestern Review of Management and Economics, Vol. 4, No. 1, Spring, 1985.
Hadley, R. F., R. Lal, C. A. Onstad, D. E. Walling, and A. Yair. 1985. Recent developments in
erosion and sediment yield studies. Technical Documents in Hydrology, International
Hydrological Programme, UNESCO, Paris. 1985.
Illinois Environmental Protection Agency. 1988a. Assessment of non-point source impacts on
North Carolina water resources. Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, Division of
Water Pollution Control, Springfield, IL. 113 pages.
Lake, J. and J. Morrison, eds. 1977. Environmental impact of land use on water quality: final
report on the Black Creek project. Vol. 4, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Chicago, IL EPA-905/9-77-007-B.
Miller, E. A., T. C. Daniel, and S. J. Berkowitz. 1979. Computer programs for calculating soil
loss on a watershed basis. Environmental Management 3:237-270.
Schlosser, I. J. and J. R. Karr. 1981. Riparian vegetation and channel morphology impact on
spatial patterns of water quality in agricultural watersheds. Environmental Management,
Vol. 5, No. 3, Pages 233-243.
Soil Conservation Society of America. 1977. Soil Erosion: Prediction and Control. The
Proceedings of a National Conference on Soil Erosion, May 24-26, 1976. Purdue
University, West Lafayette, Indiana.
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H:01-575:010201 72 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
IV. BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS AND METHODS FOR BIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENTS
Fausch, K. D., J. Lyons, J. R. Karr, and P. L. Angermeier. 1990. Fish communities as indicators
of environmental degradation. Bioindicators of stress in fish. Special Symposium
Publication, American Fisheries Society. Bethesda, MD. In press.
Ford, J. 1989. The effects of chemical stress on aquatic species composition and community
structure. Pages 99-144 in S. A. Levin, M. A. Harwell, J. R. Kelly, and K. D. Kimball,
editors. Ecotoxicology: problems and approaches. Springer-Verlag, NY.
Hirsch, R. M., E. M. Alley, and W. G. Wilber. 1988. Concepts for a national water quality
assessment program. United States Geological Survey c\Circular 1021. Washington, D.
C.
Hite, R. L. 1988. Overview of stream quality assessments and stream classification in Illinois.
Pages 98-119 in t. P. Simon, L L. Hoist, and L. J. Shepard, editors. Proceedings of the
first national workshop on biocriteria, 1987. Lincolnwood, North Carolina. EPA 905/9-
89/003. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Chicago, Illinois.
Karr, J. R. 1981. Assessment of biotic integrity using fish communities. Fisheries 6(6):21-27.
Karr, J. R. 1987. Biological monitoring and environmental assessment: a conceptual framework.
Environmental Management 11:249-256.
Karr, J. R. 1990. Bioassessment and non-point source pollution: an overview. Pages 4-1--4-
18, in Second national symposium on water quality assessment. Office of Water, United
is States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D. C.
Levin, S. A., M. A. Harwell, J. R. Kelly, and K. D. Kimball, editors. 1989. Exotoxicology:
problems and approaches. Springer-Verlag. NY.
Miller, D. L., P. M. Leonard, R. M. Hughes, et al. 1988. Regional applications of an index of
biotic integrity of use in water resource management. Fisheries 13(5):12-20.
Office of Technology Assessment. 1987. Technologies to maintain biological diversity. OTA-F-
330. Office of Technology Assessment, Congress of the United States, Washington, D.
C.
Ohio Environmental Protection Agency. 1988. Users manual for biological field assessment of
Ohio surface waters. Three volumes. Surface Water Section, Division of Water Quality
Monitoring and Assessment, Ohio Environmental Protection Agency, Columbus, Ohio.
Plafkin, J. L., M. T. Barbour, K. D. Porter, S. K. Gross, and H. Hughes. 1989. Rapid
bioassessment protocols for use in streams and rivers: benthis macroinvertebrates and
EPA/444/4-89-001. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D. C.
Reid, W. V., and K. R. Miller. 1989. Keeping options alive scientific basis for conserving
biodiversity. World Resources Institute, Washington, D. C.
Scheuer. J. H. 1989. The National Biological Diversity Conservation and Environmental
Research Act (H. R. 1268): approach to save the environment. Bulletin of the Ecological
Society of America 70:194-195.
Steedman, R. J. 1988. Modification and assessment of an index of biotic integrity to quantify
H:01575:012501 73 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
stream quality in southern Ontario. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
45:492-501.
Taub, F. B. 1987. Indicators of change in natural and human-impacted ecosystems: status.
Pages 115-144 in S. Draggan, J. J. Cohrssen, and R. E. Morrison, editors. Preserving
ecological systems - the agenda for long-term research and development. Praeger, NY.
Thurston, R. V., R. C. Russo, C. M. Fetterolf, Jr., T. A. Edsall, and Y. M. Barber, Jr., editors.
1979. A review of the EPA Red Book: quality criteria for water. water Quality Section,
American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, MD.
•

H:01-575:010201 74 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
APPENDIX K. WARREN WILSON COLLEGE STREAMS STREAMBANK STABILIZATION RESTORATION AND MANAGEMENT
SCHEDULE
MAINTENANCE -1
I. MANAGEMENT UNIT: MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVE: MANAGEMENT ACTIVITY:
' 2006 2007
2nd 3rd 4th ' 1 st 2nd 3rd 4th ' 1 st 2nd 3rd 4th
a. Native grassland Buffer -Restore natural systems -Remove shrubs and stump treat with Garton 4
X - - - X - - -
-Enhance habitat for native plants and animals -
-Reduce cover and frequency of naturalized plants by 95% -Prescribed burning
- X - - - - - -
in 5 growing seasons Seed harvesting and hand dispersal
- -Seed area by hand dispersal for enrichment purposes
- - - X -
in 5 yrs
-Increase frequency of dominant native species
b. Created Riparian Excavations -Restore natural systems -Remove shrubs and stump treat with Garton 4
X - - - X - - -
-Enhance habitat for native plants and animals -
-Reduce cover and frequency of naturalized plants by 95% -Prescribed burning
- X - - - - - -
in 5 growing seasons -Seed harvesting and hand dispersal
- -Seed area by hand dispersal for enrichment purposes
- - - X -
in5yrs
-Increase frequency of dominant native species
-Reduction/control of noxious weeds -Prescribed burning

Selected herbicide applications
- - - X - - - X -
e. Restored Floodplain Wetlands -Restore natural systems -Remove shrubs and stump treat with Garton 4
X - - - X - - -
-Enhance habitat for native plants and animals -
-Reduce cover and frequency of naturalized plants by 95% -Prescribed burning
- X - - - - - -
in 5 growing seasons Seed harvesting and hand dispersal
- -Seed area by hand dispersal for enrichment purposes
- - - X -
in5yrs
-Increase frequency of dominant native species
-Restore natural systems -Remove shrubs and stump treat with Garton 4
X - - - X - - -
-Enhance habitat for native plants and animals -
-Reduce cover and frequency of naturalized plants by 95% -Prescribed burning
- X - - - - - -
in 5 growing seasons -Seed harvesting and hand dispersal
- Seed area by hand dispersal for enrichment purposes
- - - X -
in5yrs
-Increase frequency of dominant native species
-Reductionlcontrol of noxious weeds -Prescribed burning

Selected herbicide applications
- --X - --X -
d. Eroding Bank Stabilization Wetl ands -Reduce dense shrub growth to allow light to ground
cover vegetation -Thin brush stems

- -Prescribed burning

2002 2003 2002 2003 2004
1 st 2nd 3rd 4th ' 1 st 2nd 3rd 4th ' 1 st 2nd 3rd 4th ' 1 st 2nd 3rd 4th . 1 st
-- - - X - - - X - - - -- - - -- - -
- - - - - X -- - X - - - - - - - X - -
- - - - - - X - - - X - - - X - - - X -
- - X - -Increase native ground cover vegetation to 70-100% cover
-- - - X - - - X - - - -- - - -- - -
- - - - - X -- - X - - - - - - - X - -
---- --X - -- X - --- X - -- X -
- - X - -Increase native ground cover vegetation to 70-100% cover
- X - - - - - - - X - - - - -
- - X - - - X - - - X - - - X - - - X
-- - - X - - - X - - - -- - - -- - -
- - - - - X -- - X - - - - - - - X - -
- - - - - - X - - - X - - - X - - - X -
- - X - -Increase native ground cover vegetation to 70-100% cover
-- - - X - - - X - - - -- - - -- - -
- - - - - X -- - X - - - - - - - X - -
- - - - X - - - X - - - X - - - X -
- - X - -Increase native ground cover vegetation to 70-100% cover
- - - X - - - - - - - X - - - - -
- - X - - - X - - - X - - - X - - - X
- - - - - - - - - - X - - -
- - - - - X - - - - - - - X - - - - -
H:01575:012501 75 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
0 0
L_?
a. Willow Posts Areas -Prepare documentary video and slides showing restoration -Document all major tasks in stream bank stabilization and X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
X X X X X X X X X
-Reduce dense shrub growth to allow light to ground
cover vegetation -Thin brush stems - - - - - - - - - - - -

- -Prescribed burning - - - - - X - - - - - - - X - - - - -

11. MONITORING
a. Monitoring photo document process -Prepare documentary video and slides showing restoration -Document al l major tasks in streambank stabilization restoration
and program.
video - 35mm slides process and success -Human use
Success (immediate and after several years) - X X - - X X - - - - - - X X - - - -
- - X X - - X X -
b. Ecological monitoring -Develop quantitative datum useful for evaluation of success -Repeat surveying of monitoring transacts for repeated samp ling and
1. Vegetation associations of restoration and stabilization activities and for characterization analysis of trend - X X - - X X - - X X -
- - X X- - X X- - X X- - X X-
of problems.
Rare plants -Establish plant cover monitoring protocol
2. Hydrology -Establish bank monitoring program x X X X X X X X X- X- X- X- X- X-
X - X - X - X -
3. Water quality
4. Bank stabilization
Ili. Student INVOLVEMENT
a. Publiclstudant education -Develop newsletter for informing residents of local natural -Develop newsletter goals and format x X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
X X X X X X X X X
history to assist in their development of an appreciation -Design copy and art, prepare layout and draft for review
for the savanna -Prepare 2-4 copiestyear
b. Human perceptions and attitudes -Develop assessment of park user attitudes of stream restoration Surveys - X X - - X X - - X X - - - -
- - X X - - - - - _x X -
-Develop focus groups to assess park visitor feelings -Develop newsletter contributions - X - - - X - - - X - - - X - - - X - -
- - X - - - X - -
c. Tours and public relations Show off the process -Press releases _x X - - X X - - X X - - X X - - X X -
- - X X - - X X -
-Organized tours and events
-Work shops - - X - - X - - - X - - - X - - X_
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76 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report

0
X X X
- - X-
0 APPENDIX L.
SPECIFICATIONS FOR:
SEEDING, PLANTING AND MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING FOR THE WARREN
WILSON COLLEGE
STREAM RESTORATION PROJECTS
Prepared by:
Steven I. Apfelbaum
Applied Ecological Services, Inc.
17921 Smith Road
P.O. Box 256
Brodhead, Wisconsin 53520
608/897-8641 Phone
608/897-8486 Fax
[e-mail] E-mail
December 18,2001
•
H:01575:012501 77 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
0 SPECIFICATIONS FOR:
SEEDING, PLANTING AND MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING FOR THE WARREN WILSON
COLLEGE STREAM RESTORATION PROJECTS
GENERAL PROVISIONS
PART 1 DEFINITIONS
Wherever in these specification and plans the following terms are used, the intent and meaning
shall be interpreted as follows:
Contractor (AES, Inc.). Applied Ecological Services, Inc. (AES, Inc.) shall be the
Contractor responsible for the performance of the work described in these specifications and
plans.
Owner (Warren Wilson College). The land owner, Warren Wilson College, (WWC) on whose
property the work addressed in this specifications will. The term may also refer to the Owner's
(WWC) authorized representative.
Plans. The approved plan drawings, profiles, typical cross-sections, working drawings, etc., and
exact reproductions thereof, which show the location, character, dimensions, and details of the
work to be done.
Work. Work shall mean the furnishing of all labor, materials, equipment, and other incidentals
necessary or convenient to the successful completion of the project.
PART2 GENERAL
The work described herein consists of furnishing, transporting, and installing all seeds, plant
materials, and other materials as required for the establishment of native upland forest,
grassland plantings and all soil bioengineering vegetation and plantings, earth work,
geotechnical protection strategies, surveying, and; furnishing, transporting, and installing shallow
ground water monitoring wells and recording devices; vegetation and hydrological monitoring
services; and management of planting areas after final acceptance. The Contractor (AES, Inc.)
shall perform all planting, soil preparation, well installation, monitoring, management, and such
additional, extra and incidental work as may be necessary to complete the work in accordance
with the specifications and plans. The Contractor (AES, Inc.) shall furnish all required materials,
equipment, tools, labor, and incidentals, unless otherwise provided in the specifications or plans.
PART 3 LEGAL RESPONSIBILITIES
The Contractor (AES, Inc.) shall at all times observe and comply with all Federal and State laws,
local laws, ordinances, and regulations which in any manner affect the conduct of the work, and
all such orders or enactments as exist at the present and which may be enacted later, of
legislative bodies or tribunals having legal jurisdiction or which may have affect over the work.
PART 4 FAMILIARITY WITH JOB SITE
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•
The Contractor (AES, Inc.) shall familiarize himself with conditions at the job site prior to the
commencement of work. The Contractor (AES, Inc.) shall notify the Owner (WWC) immediately
if site conditions are such that inhibit progress of the work.
The Contractor (AES, Inc.) shall be responsible for having all underground utilities located by
servicing agency. The Contractor (AES, Inc.) shall take all necessary precautions for the
protection of utility facilities. The Contractor (AES, Inc.) shall be responsible for any damage or
destruction of utility facilities resulting from negligence or misconduct in the Contractor (AES,
Inc.)'s manner or method of execution of the work, or caused by defective work or the use of
unsatisfactory materials. Whenever any damage or destruction of a utility facility occurs as a
result of work performed by the Contractor (AES, Inc.), the utility company and Owner (WWC)
will be immediately notified.
PART 5 VEGETATION MONITORING
The Contractor (AES, Inc.) shall conduct monitoring of revegetation success, as measured by
plant cover and species richness, twice annually. The first measurement shall be made in early
summer (Mid-June) and shall identify erosion locations, areas with failed plantings needing
remedial plantings, areas needing weed management which shall be mapped and documented in
memoranda and made available to the Owner (WWC) and the site management team and
Contractor (AES, Inc.) responsible for management. During the second measurement period, in
Mid-late August of each of 5 years after site plantings are complete, measurements of vegetation
cover and frequency, and a listing of all plant species present shall be collected from 7-12
transects (100 meters in length) that shall be placed in each plant community. These transects
shall be studied by placement of one square meter sample quadrats every 10 meters along each
transect. Data shall be compiled and summarized in absolute and relative values for frequency
and cover for each species encountered in the study quadrats. A minimum of 70 quadrats will be
utilized. Transect locations shall be permanently marked to allow for repetition.
Timed-meander searches shall be conducted in each plant community twice annually to measure
changes in diversity and dominance of plant communities.
Annual photographic monitoring shall be completed to document changes in each planting zone.
Color slides or photographs showing planting zones shall be taken annually from the same
location. Time, date, and location shall be identified on each photo or slide.
The Contractor (AES, Inc.) shall submit a brief memorandum report annually by July 1, that
summarizes erosion risks, locations needing remedial plantings, maps and documents weed
species growths needing management and identifies management recommendations for each
area. This report shall also provide hydrological data in summary form, and records from up to 3
Time Meander Searches throughout the restored park site. A second report shall be submitted
annually by November 15th for each of the 5 years after plantings are complete, that will be titled
"Restoration and Management accomplishments and performance of the WARREN
WILSON COLLEGE STREAM RESTORATION PROJECTS
This vegetation monitoring report shall be provided to the Owner (Warren Wilson College) and
will include all data and analyses discussed above for each year of the contract period.
H:01575:012501 79 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
PART 6 HYDROLOGICAL MONITORING
•
The Contractor (AES, Inc.) shall monitor hydrology in all plant communities during the growing
season (April 1 to December 10). Shallow ground water monitoring wells, both with and without
automatic water level recorders, shall be installed at the project site as described in these
specifications and on the plans. Each automatic water level recorder will provide a constant
record of water level through electronic measurements via a pressure sensitive transducer.
Shallow ground water monitoring wells without automatic water level recorders shall be manually
monitored twice a month. Water level shall be defined as elevation of the water surface or
elevation of ground water, stated relative to the elevation of surrounding ground. The data from
automatic water level recorders and monitoring wells shall be plotted as hydrographs.
The Contractor (AES, Inc.) shall submit to the Owner (WWC) one annual hydrological monitoring
report summarizing the entire past growing season for each of the 5 years of the contract period.
All data and analyses discussed above shall be included in the report.
1-1:01-575:010201
END OF GENERAL PROVISIONS
80 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
EA
SITE WORK
SECTION - PROTECTION OF EXISTING VEGETATION
PART 1. GENERAL
1.1 DESCRIPTION
A. This section includes the protection of all vegetation to remain undisturbed during
completion of the earthmoving work on this project.
1.2 RELATED SECTIONS
A. Selective woody brush removal, Herbaceous species removal, Grading and
earthworks, Soil preparation.
1.3 QUALITY ASSURANCE
A. Qualifications of workmen: provide at least one person who shall be present at all
times during execution of this portion of the work, who shall be thoroughly familiar
with the type of materials being installed and best methods for their installation.
Said person shall direct all work performed under this section.
B. Standards: all materials used during this portion of the work shall meet or exceed
applicable federal, state, county and local laws and regulations.
1.4 SUBMITTALS
A. Materials: Prior to delivery of any materials to the site, submit to the Owner
(WWC) a complete list of all materials to be used during this portion of the work.
Include complete data on source, size and quality. This submittal shall in no way
be construed as permitting substitution for specific items described on the plans
or in these specifications unless approved in writing by the Owner (WWC).
PART 2. PRODUCTS
2.1 MATERIALS
A. Fencing shall be 48" tall high density polyethylene (HDPE) with a nominal mesh
opening size of 1.25 " x 1.25" and shall be colored orange.
B. Fence posts shall be metal T posts at least 72" in length.
PART 3. EXECUTION
3.1 METHOD
A. Fencing shall be installed in locations shown on the plans, as staked in the field
by the Owner (WWC).
B. Metal T posts shall be driven 24" into the ground, and spaced not more than eight
(8) feet on center. Fencing shall be secured to posts with plastic zip ties. A
minimum of two ties shall be used per fence post.
C. No work shall be performed within protected (fenced) area. No vehicles,
equipment, or material shall be stored, placed, deposited, etc. in protected areas.
D. Fencing shall be maintained in an upright position at all times during the course of
the work. Fence shall be promptly re-secured and fence posts re-driven as
needed to maintain fencing in an upright position.
3.2 CLEAN-UP, REMOVAL AND REPAIR
H:01575:012501 81 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
A. Clean up: after installation of fencing is complete, clean up any remaining
materials, debris, trash, etc. Keep the protected area free from construction and
other debris at all times.
B. Removal: after all work has been completed remove fence, posts, ties and all
other debris. Restore the ground to a condition similar to prior to work, or the
condition of surrounding ground after work is complete.
C. Repair: Repair any damages caused by the Contractor (AES, Inc.) during
completion of the work described in this Section.
3.3 INSPECTION
A. Prior to the commencement of any other work, the Contractor (AES, Inc.) shall
schedule with the Owner (WWC) a provisional acceptance inspection of fencing.
B. The Contractor (AES, Inc.) shall conduct daily inspections of all fencing to ensure
that it is maintained in an upright position.
3.4 ACCEPTANCE AND GUARANTEE
A. Provisional acceptance: the work must be accepted by the Owner (WWC) prior to
any other work commencing. If fencing is found to be per the plans and
specifications, this portion of the work shall be provisionally accepted, and
considered 75% complete.
B. Final acceptance: this portion of the work shall be considered 100% complete
after the Contractor (AES, Inc.) has completed all clean up, removal, and repair as
described in 3.2C of this section.
END OF SECTION
H:01-575:010201 82 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
0 SITE WORK
SECTION - SELECTIVE WOODY BRUSH REMOVAL
PART 1. GENERAL
1.1 DESCRIPTION
A. This section includes the selective cutting and disposal of woody brush including
trees and shrubs.
1.2 RELATED SECTIONS
A. Herbaceous species removal, seedling, herbaceous perennial planting.
1.3 QUALITY ASSURANCE
A. Qualifications of workmen: provide at least one person who shall be present at all
times during execution of this portion of the work, who shall be thoroughly familiar
with this type of work and the type of materials being used. Said person shall be
competent at identification of plant materials to be cut and to be preserved during
the season (summer, winter) work is to be completed. Said person shall also
direct all work performed under this section.
B. Standards: all materials used during this portion of the work shall meet or exceed
applicable federal, state, county and local laws and regulations. The use of any
herbicide shall follow directions given on the herbicide label. In the case of a
. discrepancy between these specifications and the herbicide label, the label shall
prevail.
1.4 SUBMITTALS
A. Materials: Prior to delivery of any materials to the site, submit to the Owner
(WWC) a complete list of all materials to be used during this portion of the work.
Include complete data on source, amount and quality. This submittal shall in no
way be construed as permitting substitution for specific items described on the
plans or in these specifications unless approved in writing by the Owner (Warren
Wilson College)'s representative.
B. Licenses: Prior to any herbicide use the Contractor (AES, Inc.) shall submit to the
Owner (WWC) a current copy of the State of North Carolina commercial pesticide
applicator's license, with certification in the Forestry category, for each person
who will be applying herbicide at the project site. A copy of each commercial
pesticide applicator's license must be maintained on site at all times during
completion of the work.
C. Equipment: Prior to commencement of any work, submit to the Owner (WWC) a
written description of all mechanical equipment and its intended use during the
execution of the work.
D. After the work is complete submit to the Owner (WWC) "as-built" plans including a
listing of all species installed, and quantities installed. Mark in red ink on the
original planting plan any field changes or deviations from the original plans.
U
H:01575:012501 83 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
0 PART 2. PRODUCTS
2.1 MATERIALS
A. Herbicide to be used for basal applications shall be triclopyr: 3,5,6-trichloro-2-
pyridinyloxyacetic acid, butoxyethyl ester, trade name Garlon 4 or equivalent as
approved in writing by the Owner (WWC).
B. Herbicide to be used for foliar applications shall be triclopyr: 3,5,6-trichloro-2-
pyridinyloxyacetic acid, butoxyethyl ester, trade name Garlon 3 or equivalent as
approved in writing by Owner (WWC).
PART 3. EXECUTION
3.1 METHOD
A. The Contractor (AES, Inc.) will cut all woody species designated for removal in up
to approximately 12.5 acres of woods with hand tools including, but not
necessarily limited to, gas powered chain saws, gas powered clearing saws, bow
saws, and loppers.
B. All stumps shall be cut flat with no sharp points, and to within two inches of
surrounding grade.
C. Removal of undesirable woody species shall preferentially occur when the ground
is frozen.
D. Stumps shall be left in the ground and not removed. All stumps shall be treated
with an approved herbicide mixed with a marking dye.
E. Girdling may also be used in combination with cutting and stump herbicide
• treatment if approved in writing by the Owner (WWC). Trees to be girdled shall
have a one inch deep notch cut completely around the trunk approximately 36"
above surrounding grade. A basal application of an approved herbicide shall also
be used following label directions.
F. Stack cut brush in piles not to exceed eight (8) feet in height by twelve (12) foot in
diameter. Piles shall be spaced as necessary to minimize dragging of cut material
over long distances. Piles shall be located in open areas without canopy
branches of preserved trees overhanging the piles. Piles shall be burned on site.
Ensure no debris (rubble, plastic, etc.) other than the cut brush is placed in the
burn piles.
G. A supply of chemical absorbent shall be maintained at the project site. Any
chemical spills shall be properly cleaned up and reported to the Owner (WWC)
within 24 hours.
H. The Contractor (AES, Inc.) shall maintain copies at the project site of all current
pesticide applicator's licenses, herbicide labels, and MSDS's (Material Safety Data
Sheets) for all chemicals utilized during completion of the work.
•
H:01-575:010201 84 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
0 I. Species designated for removal are:
COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME DISPOSITION
Boxelder Acer ne undo Remove all
Common buckthorn Rhamnus cathartica Remove all
Tartarian Honeysuckle
Amur Honeysuckle
Showy fly honeysuckle Lonicera tatarica
Lonicera maackii
Lonicera x bella Remove all
Remove all
Remove all
Prickly ash Xanthox lum americanum Reduce by 50%
Red elm Ulmus rubra Reduce by 50%

Multiflora Rose Rosa Multiflora Reduce by 100%
Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica
subinte errima Reduce by 50%
Gray dogwood Corpus racemosa Reduce by 50%
3.2 CLEAN-UP, REMOVAL AND REPAIR
A. Clean up: the work area shall be kept free of debris by the Contractor (AES, Inc.).
At no time shall empty herbicide containers, trash, or other material be allowed to
accumulate at the project site. All tools shall be kept in appropriate carrying
cases, tool boxes, etc. Parking areas, roads, sidewalks, paths and paved areas
shall be kept free of mud and dirt.
B. Removal: after work has been completed remove tools, empty containers, and all
other debris generated by the Contractor (AES, Inc.).
C. Repair: Repair any damages caused by the Contractor (AES, Inc.) during
completion of the work described in this Section. Said damages may include, but
are not limited to, tire ruts in the ground, damage to lawn areas, damage to trails,
etc. In the event any vegetation designated to be preserved is damaged, notify
the Owner (Warren Wilson College) within 24 hours. The Contractor (AES, Inc.)
shall be liable for remedying said damages to plant materials.
3.3 INSPECTION
A. After completion of selective woody brush removal, the Contractor (AES, Inc.)
shall schedule with the Owner (WWC) a provisional acceptance inspection of the
work.
B. After provisional acceptance of selective woody brush removal, the Contractor
(AES, Inc.) shall conduct a year end inspection of work areas. Within five business
days of the inspection, the Contractor (AES, Inc.) shall notify the Owner (WWC) in
writing of the results of the inspection, and noting any stumps that have re-
sprouted.
3.4 ACCEPTANCE AND GUARANTEE
A. Provisional acceptance: the work shall be provisionally accepted by the Owner
(WWC) after initial selective woody brush removal is completed per the given plans
and specifications, and the Contractor (AES, Inc.) has completed all clean up,
removal, and repair as described in 3.2 of this section. Selective woody brush
removal shall be considered 75% complete at the time of provisional acceptance.
•
H:01575:012501 85 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
B. Final acceptance: selective woody brush removal shall be considered 100%
complete after the Contractor (AES, Inc.) has complied with all provisions of the
Guarantee described in 3.4C. of this section.
C. Guarantee: the Contractor (AES, Inc.) guarantees not more than 10% of the cut
stumps shall be re-sprouting at any time. The Contractor (AES, Inc.) shall
guarantee the work until one full year after brushing.
.7

END OF SECTION
H:01-575:010201 86 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
0 SITE WORK
SECTION - HERBACEOUS SPECIES REMOVAL
PART 1. GENERAL
1.1 DESCRIPTION
A. This section includes the eradication of herbaceous species, including grasses
and forbs. This work will occur in the areas to be restored to native grasslands,
areas to be restored to wetlands and areas to receive native landscaping
treatments.
1.2 RELATED SECTIONS
A. Soil preparation, Seeding, Herbaceous perennial planting.
1.3 QUALITY ASSURANCE
A. Qualifications of workmen: provide at least one person who shall be present at all
times during execution of this portion of the work, who shall be thoroughly familiar
with this type of work and the type of materials being used. Said person shall be
competent at identification of plant materials to be removed and to be preserved
during the season (summer, winter) work is to be completed. Said person shall
also direct all work performed under this section.
B. Standards: all materials used during this portion of the work shall meet or exceed
• applicable federal, state, county and local laws and regulations. The use of any
herbicide shall follow directions given on the herbicide label. In the case of a
discrepancy between these specifications and the herbicide label, the label shall
prevail.
1.4 SUBMITTALS
A. Materials: Prior to delivery of any materials to the site, submit to the Owner
(WWC) a complete list of all materials to be used during this portion of the work.
Include complete data on source, amount and quality. This submittal shall in no
way be construed as permitting substitution for specific items described on the
plans or in these specifications unless approved in writing by the Owner (WWC)'s
representative.
B. Licenses: Prior to any herbicide use the Contractor (AES, Inc.) shall submit to the
Owner (WWC) a current copy of the State of North Carolina commercial pesticide
applicator's license, with certification in the appropriate categories, for each
person who will be applying herbicide at the project site. A copy of each
commercial pesticide applicator's license must be maintained on site at all times
during completion of the work.
C. Equipment: Prior to commencement of any work, submit to the Owner (WWC) a
written description of all mechanical equipment and its intended use during the
execution of the work.
D. After the work is complete submit to the Owner (WWC) "as-built" plans of actual
completed work. Mark in red ink on the original plan any field changes or
deviations from the original plans.
is
H:01575:012501 87 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
0 PART 2. PRODUCTS
2.1 MATERIALS
A. Herbaceous species to be removed in areas without standing water or saturated
soils shall be treated with Glyphosate, N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine, trade name
Roundup or equivalent as approved in writing by Owner (WWC).
B. Herbaceous species to be removed in areas with standing water or saturated soils
shall be treated with Glyphosate, N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine in a form approved
for aquatic applications such as Rodeo or equivalent as approved in writing by
Owner (WWC).
C. Selective grass herbicides and other specialty herbicides may also be used in
appropriate locations.
PART 3. EXECUTION
3.1 METHOD
A. The Contractor (AES, Inc.) will treat all vegetation within targeted areas with an
approved herbicide. Herbicide application instructions given on the label shall be
followed at all times.
B. Targeted areas may be shown on plans or located in the field by the Owner
(WWC).
C. Care shall be taken not to affect vegetation outside of target areas.
D. A supply of chemical absorbent shall be maintained at the project site. Any
chemical spills shall be properly cleaned up and reported to the Owner (WWC)
within 24 hours.
E. The Contractor (AES, Inc.) shall maintain copies at the project site of all current
pesticide applicator's licenses, herbicide labels, and MSDS's (Material Safety Data
Sheets) for all chemicals utilized during completion of the work.
F. Herbicide may be applied using a backpack sprayer, a hand-held wick applicator,
or a vehicle mounted high pressure spray unit.
3.2 CLEAN-UP, REMOVAL AND REPAIR
A. Clean up: the work area shall be kept free of debris by the Contractor (AES, Inc.).
At no time shall empty herbicide containers, trash, or other material be allowed to
accumulate at the project site. All tools shall be kept in appropriate carrying
cases, tool boxes, etc. Parking areas, roads, sidewalks, paths and paved areas
shall be kept free of mud and dirt.
B. Removal: after work has been completed remove tools, empty containers, and all
other debris generated by the Contractor (AES, Inc.).
C. Repair: Repair any damages caused by the Contractor (AES, Inc.) during
completion of the work described in this Section. Said damages may include, but
are not limited to, tire ruts in the ground, damage to lawn areas, damage to trails,
etc. In the event any vegetation outside of targeted areas is damaged, notify the
Owner (Warren Wilson College) within 24 hours. The Contractor (AES, Inc.) shall
be liable for remedying said damages to plant materials.
LJ
H:01-575:010201 88 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
• 3.3 INSPECTION
A. After completion of herbaceous species removal, the Contractor (AES, Inc.) shall
schedule with the Owner (WWC) a provisional acceptance inspection of the work.
B. After provisional acceptance of herbaceous species removal, the Contractor
(AES, Inc.) shall conduct monthly inspections of work areas until the end of the
current growing season. Within five business days of the inspection, the
Contractor (AES, Inc.) shall notify the Owner (WWC) by telephone of the results of
the inspection.
3.4 ACCEPTANCE AND GUARANTEE
A. Provisional acceptance: the work shall be provisionally accepted by the Owner
(WWC) after initial herbaceous species removal is completed per the given plans
and specifications, and the Contractor (AES, Inc.) has completed all clean up,
removal, and repair as described in 3.2 of this section. Herbaceous species
removal shall be considered 90% complete at the time of provisional acceptance.
B. Final acceptance: Herbaceous species removal shall be considered 100%
complete after the Contractor (AES, Inc.) has complied with all provisions of the
Guarantee described in 3.4C. of this section.
C. Guarantee: the Contractor (AES, Inc.) guarantees not more than 10% vegetative
cover within the treated area at any time. The Contractor (AES, Inc.) shall
guarantee the work until provisional acceptance of Seeding, Herbaceous
perennial planting, and/or tree and shrub planting in the targeted area.
J
•
END OF SECTION
1-1:01575:012501 89 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
SITE WORK
SECTION - SOIL PREPARATION
PART 1. GENERAL
Soil preparation is applicable in areas to be planted to upland grasslands, nursery areas,
reforested, and in regarded channel areas.
1.1 DESCRIPTION
A. This section includes preparation of soil prior to seeding and/or planting, including
areas to be planted to a native plant seed production nursery including areas that
are created or regarded stream channels.
1.2 RELATED SECTIONS
A. Herbaceous species removal, Seeding, Herbaceous perennial planting, Tree and
shrub planting.
1.3 QUALITY ASSURANCE
A. Qualifications of workmen: provide at least one person who shall be present at all
times during execution of this portion of the work, who shall be thoroughly familiar
with the type and operation of equipment being used. Said person shall direct all
work performed under this section.
• B. Standards: all materials used during this portion of the work shall meet or exceed
applicable federal, state, county and local laws and regulations.
1.4 SUBMITTALS
A. Equipment: Prior to commencement of any work, submit to the Owner (WWC) a
written description of all mechanical equipment and its intended use during the
execution of the work.
PART 2. PRODUCTS
2.1 MATERIALS
A. None specified.
PART 3. EXECUTION
3.1 METHOD For seedbed preparation and subsoiling
A. Prior to seeding and planting, check compaction of topsoil (0-6" depth) and normal
subsoil depths(6-12" depth), and for projects where deep subsoiling (12-36"
depth) is required by the project plans.
B. Soils shall not have a measured compaction greater five pounds per square inch,
based on Lang or Cone penetrometer measurements, at the time of seeding or
planting unless otherwise stated on the plans or in the specifications. If ten
• percent or more of penetrometer readings are greater than five pounds per square
inch, disc, rotovate, and/or chisel plow said areas as necessary to reduce
compaction.
H:01-575:010201 90 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
C. Re-check soil compaction as described above after tillage. Repeat treatment until
ninety percent or more of penetrometer readings are less than five pounds per
square inch.
D. The Contractor (AES, Inc.) shall submit a report including test locations and
penetrometer readings to the Owner (Warren Wilson College).
E. Remove all foreign matter larger than one inch in any dimension from the areas to
be seeded and/or planted.
3.2 CLEAN-UP, REMOVAL AND REPAIR
A. Clean up: after soil preparation is complete, clean up any remaining materials,
debris, trash, etc. Avoid driving over the area to minimize additional compaction.
B. Repair: Repair any damages caused by the Contractor (AES, Inc.) during
completion of the work described in this section.
3.3 INSPECTION
A. After completion of soil preparation, the Contractor (AES, Inc.) shall schedule with
the Owner (WWC) a final acceptance inspection of soil preparation.
3.4 ACCEPTANCE
A. Final acceptance: this portion of the work shall be considered 100% complete
after the Contractor (AES, Inc.) has completed soil preparation, and completed all
required clean up as described in 3.2 of this section.
END OF SECTION
H:01575:012501 91 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
•
e
E
PART 1. GENERAL
1.1 DESCRIPTION
A. This section includes installation of seed in the restoration areas, and in the native
seed nursery.
1.2 RELATED SECTIONS
A. Herbaceous species removal, Soil preparation, Herbaceous perennial planting,
Tree and shrub planting, Soil bioengineering.
1.3 QUALITY ASSURANCE
A. Qualifications of workers: provide at least one person who shall be present at all
times during execution of this portion of the work, who shall be thoroughly familiar
with the type and operation of equipment being used. Said person shall direct all
work performed under this section.
B. Standards: all materials used during this portion of the work shall meet or exceed
applicable federal, state, county and local laws and regulations. All seed shall be
free from insects and disease. Species shall be true to their scientific name as
specified.
1.4 SUBMITTALS
A. Materials: Prior to delivery of any materials to the site, submit to the Owner
(WWC) a complete list of all seed to be used during this portion of the work.
Include complete data on source, quantity and quality. This submittal shall in no
way be construed as permitting substitution for specific items described on the
plans or in these specifications unless approved in writing by the Owner (Warren
Wilson College).
B. Equipment: Prior to commencement of any work, submit to the Owner (WWC) a
written description of all mechanical equipment and its intended use during the
execution of the work.
C. After the work is complete submit to the Owner (WWC) "as-built" plans including a
listing of all species installed, and quantities installed. Mark in red ink on the
original planting plan any field changes or deviations from the original plans.
SITE WORK
SECTION - SEEDING
PART 2. PRODUCTS
2.1 DRY NATIVE GRASSLAND SPECIES LIST
SCIENTIFIC NAME
COMMON NAME
Heath aster
Showy tick trefoil
False sunflower
Wild bergamot
Common evening primrose
Black-eyed susan
Stiff goldenrod
OUNCES/ACRE
Aster ericoides
Desmodium canadense
Heliopsis helianthoides
Monarda fistulosa
Oenothera biennis
Rudbeckia hirta
Solidago rigida
H:01-575:010201
1.50
2.00
1.00
2.00
1.00
8.00
5.00
92 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
•
0 Lobelia siphilitica
Andropogon scoparius
Tridens flavus
Tripsacum dactyloides
Bouteloua curtipendula
Avena sativa
Little bluestem grass
Purple top grass
Gamma grass
Side oats gramma
Seed Oats
120.00
5.00
5.00
120.00
800.00
2.2. MESIC NATIVE GRASSLAND SPECIES LIST
SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME OUNCES/ACRE
Andropogon gerardii Big bluestem grass 80.00
Asclepias syriaca Common milkweed 0.50
Aster novae-angliae New England aster 1.50
Carex vulpinoidea Fox Tail Sedge 5.00
Elymus canadensis Canada wild rye 48.00
Heliopsis helianthoides False sunflower 1.00
Monarda fistulosa Wild bergamot 2.00
Oenothera biennis Common evening primrose 1.00
Panicum virgatum Switch grass 16.00
Penstemon digitalis Bearded foxglove 1.00
Rudbeckia hirta Black-eyed Susan 8.00
Solidago rigida Stiff goldenrod 5.00
Sorghastrum nutans Indian grass 24.00
Vernonia fasciculata Ironweed 0.25
Avena sativa Seed Oats 800.00
Tridens flavus Purple top grass 5.00
Tripsacum dactyloides Gamma grass 5.00
Uniola latifolia Flat seed grass 1.00
2.3 WET NATIVE GRASSLAND SPECIES LIST
SCIENTIFIC NAME
Andropogon gerardii
Asclepias incarnata
Aster novae-angliae
Aster puniceus
Carex Vulpinoidea
Carex hystricina
Cicuta maculata
Cinna cinnoides
Cinna arundinacea
Elymus canadensis
Elymus virginicus
Elymus villosa
Glyceria striata
Helenium autumnale
Juncus dudleyi
Juncus effusus
Lycopus americanus
Rush
COMMON NAME
Big bluestem grass
Swamp milkweed
New England aster
Marsh aster
Fox sedge
Bottlebrush sedge
Water hemlock
Wood reed
Wood reed
Canada wild rye
Virginia Wildrye
Silky Wildrye
Manna grass
Sneezeweed
OUNCES/ACRE
H:01575:012501
80.00
0.50
1.00
0.50
32.00
4.00
0.10
1.00
1.00
8.00
64.00
24.00
.1
1.00
1.00
Common spike rush 1.00
Great blue lobelia 0.20
Common water horehound 0.10
93 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
Leersia o oides
Mimulus ringens
Monarda fistulosa
Panicum virgatum
Pycnanthemum virginianum
Rudbeckia laciniata
Scirpus atrovirens
Scirpus lineatus
Scirpus validus
Spartina pectinata
Teucrium canadense
Verbena hastata
Echinochloa crusgalli
2.4 EMERGENT SPECIES LIST
SCIENTIFIC NAME
Acorus calamus
Alisma subcordatum
Bidens cernua
Carex Vulpinoidea
Carex hystricina
Echinochloa crusgalli
Eupatorium maculatum
Eupatorium perfoliatum
Helenium autumnale
Iris virginica shrevei
Juncus effusus
Leersia oryzoides
Lobelia siphilitica
Mimulus ringens
Polygonum pensylvanicum
Rumex orbiculatus
Sagittaria latifolia
Scirpus americanus
Scirpus atrovirens
Scirpus validus
Sparganium Americanum
2.5 SAVANNA SPECIES LIST
SCIENTIFIC NAME
Andropogon scoparius
Aquilegia canadensis
Bromus pubescens
Carex blanda
Carex rosea
Carex sparganioides
Corylus americana
Rice cut grass 1.0
Monkey flower 0.05
Wild bergamot 2.00
Switch grass 16.00
Common mountain mint 0.25
Wild golden glow 0.25
Dark green rush 1.00
Red bulrush 0.50
Great bulrush 1.00
Native grassland cord grass 2.00
Germander, Wood sage 0.10
Blue vervain 2.00
Barnyard grass 6.00
COMMON NAME OUNCES/ACRE
Wild calamus 1.00
Common water plantain 12.00
Nodding bur marigold 5.00
Fox sedge 16.00
Bottlebrush sedge 4.00
Barnyard grass 6.00
Spotted joe pye weed 2.00
Common boneset 6.00
Sneezeweed 1.00
Blue flag 0.50
Common spike rush 1.00
Rice cut grass 0.50
Great blue lobelia 0.05
Monkey flower 0.10
Smart weed 16.00
Great water dock 1.00
Common arrowhead 1.00
Chairmaker's rush 0.50
Dark green rush 2.00
Great bulrush 0.50
Common bur reed 2.00
COMMON NAME OUNCES/ACRE
Little Bluestem 24.00
Wild columbine 0.50
Woodland brome 2.00
Woodland sedge 1.00
Wood sedge 1.00
woodland sedge .25
Hazelnut 16.00
1-1:01-575:010201 94 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report

Elymus virginicus Virginia wild rye 6.00
Elymus canadensis Canada wild rye 8.00
Hystrix patula Bottlebrush grass 2.00
Quercus alba White oak 80.00
Quercus macrocarpa Bur oak 80.00
Quercus rubra Red oak 80.00
2.6 NATIVE PLANT SEED NURSERY SPECIES LIST
SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME OUNCES/ACRE
TO BE DEVELOPED LATER
2.7 MATERIALS
A. All grass species shall be supplied as pure live seed. Submit to the Owner
(Warren Wilson College) lab germination test results.
B. Seed of all species native to Western North Carolina shall be from within a 150
mile radius of the project site.
C. Straw or hay for erosion control shall be clean, seed-free hay or threshed straw of
wheat, rye, oats, or barley.
PART 3. EXECUTION
3.1 METHOD
A. Seeds shall have proper stratification and/or scarification to break seed dormancy
for spring planting.
B. All legumes shall be inoculated with proper rhizobia at the appropriate time prior to
planting.
C. Seeding shall be preferentially conducted as a late fall dormant seeding (after
November 1) or in early spring (as soon as the soil is free of frost and in a
workable condition but no later than June 15).
D. All seed shall be preferentially installed with a rangeland type grain drill or no-till
planter, such as by Truax, or equivalent or broadcast into a lightly tilled soil
surface, followed by impressing seed into the soil with a cultipacker roller. All
methods shall be approved in writing by the Owner (Warren Wilson College).
E. If soil is too wet to install seed as described in 3.1 D. above, a mechanical
broadcast seeder, such as by Cyclone, shall be used. Hand broadcasting of seed
may also be employed. Within 24 hours, or as soon as site conditions permit,
broadcast seeded areas shall be rolled or dragged perpendicular to the slope.
F. Within seven days of seeding, crimp 2,000 pounds per acre of straw or hay for
erosion control onto slopes greater than one foot horizontal to five foot vertical
(1:5).
G. If area to be seeded was treated with herbicide, seeding shall occur no less than
14 days after herbicide application.
H. THE NATIVE SEED NURSERY SHALL RECEIVE FINE SOIL PREPARATION
TYPICALLY ASSOCIATED WITH PREPARATION OF ANY AGRICULTURAL
FIELD PREPARED FOR ROW CROPS. Native Grasses shall be direct seeded in
rows on 24 inch centers at a rate that delivers approximately 2 seeds per 4-6
lineal inches of row. Rows shall be mechanically cultivated once weekly after
germination occurs to minimize weed competition with planted native crop
H:01575:012501 95 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
species.
1. The Native seed nursery shall also receive live plantings of plugs and sprouted
rhizomes for species identified in this seeding specifications (see sections 2.6 in
this specifications, and section 2.5 of Herbaceous plantings specifications):
plugs and sprouted rhizomes shall be planted on 1-2 foot centers in rows on 24
Inch centers. These plantings shall also be cultivated once weekly to minimize
weed competition with native crop species.
3.2 CLEAN-UP, REMOVAL AND REPAIR
A. Clean up: the work area shall be kept free of debris by the Contractor (AES, Inc.).
After seed installation is complete, clean up any remaining materials, debris,
trash, etc. Avoid driving over seeded areas to minimize disturbance
B. Removal: after work has been completed remove any tools, equipment, empty
containers, and all other debris generated by the Contractor (AES, Inc.).
C. Repair: repair any damages caused by the Contractor (AES, Inc.) during
completion of the work described in this section.
3.3 INSPECTION
A. After completion of seeding, the Contractor (AES, Inc.) shall schedule with Owner
(Warren Wilson College) a provisional acceptance inspection of the work.
3.4 ACCEPTANCE AND GUARANTEE
A. Provisional acceptance: the work shall be considered 90% complete after all
seed has been installed and the Contractor (AES, Inc.) has completed all required
clean up, removal, and repair as described in 3.2 of this section.
B. Final acceptance: the work shall be considered 100% complete after the
Contractor (AES, Inc.) has met or exceeded the performance standards given in
3.4C. of this section, and completed all required clean up, removal, and repair as
described in 3.2 of this section.
C. The Contractor (AES, Inc.) shall guarantee seeded areas will meet or exceed the
following performance criteria one full growing season after provisional
acceptance: 70% plant cover, seedlings of three planted grass/sedge species
found, and seedlings of three planted forb species found.
D. The Contractor (AES, Inc.) shall guarantee seeded areas will meet or exceed the
following performance criteria two full growing seasons after provisional
acceptance: 80% plant cover, 5% cover by planted native grass/sedge species,
10% cover by planted forb species, and 20% of planted species are found.
E. The Contractor (AES, Inc.) shall guarantee seeded areas will meet or exceed the
following performance criteria four full growing seasons after provisional
acceptance: 95% plant cover, 20% cover by planted native grass/sedge species,
40% cover by planted forb species, and 50% of planted species are found.
END OF SECTION

H:01-575:010201 96 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
•
SITE WORK
SECTION - COVER CROP SEEDING
PART 1. GENERAL
1.1 DESCRIPTION
A. This section includes installation of cover crop seed in any area of disturbed soil
that may or may not be final planted to native, plantings and species.
1.2 RELATED SECTIONS
B. Herbaceous species removal, Soil preparation, Herbaceous perennial planting.
1.3 QUALITY ASSURANCE
A. Qualifications of workmen: provide at least one person who shall be present at all
times during execution of this portion of the work, who shall be thoroughly familiar
with the type and operation of equipment being used. Said person shall direct all
work performed under this section.
B. Standards: all materials used during this portion of the work shall meet or exceed
applicable federal, state, county and local laws and regulations. All seed shall be
free from insects and disease. Species shall be true to their scientific name as
specified.
• 1.4 SUBMITTALS
A. Materials: Prior to delivery of any materials to the site, submit to the Owner
(Warren Wilson College) a complete list of all seed to be used during this portion
of the work. Include complete data on source, quantity and quality. This submittal
shall in no way be construed as permitting substitution for specific items described
on the plans or in these specifications unless approved in writing by the Owner
(Warren Wilson College).
B. Equipment: Prior to commencement of any work, submit to the Owner (Warren
Wilson College) a written description of all mechanical equipment and its intended
use during the execution of the work.
C. After the work is complete submit to the Owner (Warren Wilson College) "as-built"
plans including a listing of all species installed, and quantities installed. Mark in
red ink on the original planting plan any field changes or deviations from the
original plans.
PART 2. PRODUCTS
2.1 NATIVE GRASSLAND COVER CROP SPECIES LIST
•
SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME POUNDS/ACRE
Avena saliva (Spring) Oats 30.00
Lolium multiflorum (Spring) Annual rye 30.00
Secale cereale (Fall) Winter rye 20.00
H:01575:012501
97 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
9 2.2. WETLAND COVER CROP SPECIES LIST
SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME POUNDS/ACRE
Echinochloa crus alli Barnyard grass 0.50
Lolium multiflorum Annual rye 20.00
Pol onum s pp. Smartweed 0.50
2.3. SWALES COVER CROP/BIOENGINEERING
SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME POUNDS/ACRE
Echinochloa crus alli (Spring) Barnyard grass 5.00
Lolium multiflorum (Spring) Annual rye 60.00
Secale cereale Fall Winter rye 60.00
2.4 TREE PLANTING COVER CROP
SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME POUNDS/ACRE
Lolium multiflorum Annual a 30.00
Phleum ratense Timothy 2.00
2.5 MATERIALS
A. All grass species shall be supplied as pure live seed. Submit to the Owner
(Warren Wilson College) lab germination test results.
10 B. Straw or hay for erosion control shall be clean, seed-free hay or threshed straw of
wheat, rye, oats, or barley.
PART 3. EXECUTION
3.1 METHOD
A. Seeds shall have proper stratification and/or scarification to break seed dormancy
for spring planting.
B. Seeding shall be preferentially conducted as a late fall dormant seeding (after
November 1) or in early spring (as soon as the soil is free of frost and in a
workable condition but no later than July 15).
C. All seed shall be preferentially installed with a rangeland type grain drill or no-till
planter, such as by Truax, or equivalent as approved in writing by the Owner
(Warren Wilson College).
D. If soil is too wet to install seed as described in 3.1 D. above, a mechanical
broadcast seeder, such as by Cyclone, shall be used. Hand broadcasting of seed
may also be employed. Within 24 hours, or as soon as site conditions permit,
broadcast seeded areas shall be rolled or dragged perpendicular to the slope.
E. Within seven days of seeding, crimp 2,000 pounds per acre of straw or hay for
erosion control onto slopes greater than one foot horizontal to five foot vertical
(1:5).
F. If area to be seeded was treated with herbicide, seeding shall occur no less than
14 days after herbicide application.
3.2 CLEAN-UP, REMOVAL AND REPAIR
A. Clean up: the work area shall be kept free of debris by the Contractor (AES, Inc.).
H:01-575:010201 98 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
After seed installation is complete, clean up any remaining materials, debris,
trash, etc. Avoid driving over seeded areas to minimize disturbance
B. Removal: after work has been completed remove any tools, equipment, empty
containers, and all other debris generated by the Contractor (AES, Inc.).
C. Repair: repair any damages caused by the Contractor (AES, Inc.) during
completion of the work described in this section.
3.3 INSPECTION
A. After completion of seeding, the Contractor (AES, Inc.) shall schedule with Owner
(WWC) a provisional acceptance inspection of the work.
3.4 ACCEPTANCE AND GUARANTEE
A. Provisional acceptance: the work shall be considered 90% complete after all
seed has been installed and the Contractor (AES, Inc.) has completed all required
clean up, removal, and repair as described in 3.2 of this section.
B. Final acceptance: the work shall be considered 100% complete after the
Contractor (AES, Inc.) has met or exceeded the performance standards given in
3.4C. of this section, and completed all required clean up, removal, and repair as
described in 3.2 of this section.
C_ The Contractor (AES, Inc.) shall guarantee seeded areas will meet or exceed the
following performance criteria one full growing season after provisional
acceptance: 70% plant cover.
• END OF SECTION
E
H:01575:012501 99 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
SITE WORK
SECTION - HYDROMULCHING
PART 1. GENERAL
1.1 DESCRIPTION
A. This section includes hydromulching-seeded areas.
1.2 RELATED SECTIONS
A. Seeding
1.3 QUALITY ASSURANCE
A. Qualifications of workmen: provide at least one person who shall be present at all
times during execution of this portion of the work, who shall be thoroughly familiar
with the type and operation of equipment being used. Said person shall direct all
work performed under this section.
B. Standards: all materials used during this portion of the work shall meet or exceed
applicable federal, state, county and local laws and regulations.
1.4 SUBMITTALS
A. Materials: Prior to delivery of any materials to the site, submit to the Owner
(WWC) a complete list of all materials to be used during this portion of the work.
Include complete data on source, quantity and quality. This submittal shall in no
way be construed as permitting substitution for specific items described on the
plans or in these specifications unless approved in writing by the Owner (Warren
Wilson College)'s representative.
B. Equipment: Prior to commencement of any work, submit to the Owner (WWC) a
written description of all mechanical equipment and its intended use during the
execution of the work.
C. After the work is complete submit to the Owner (WWC) "as-built" plans including a
listing of all quantities installed. Mark in red ink on the original plan any field
changes or deviations from the original plans.
PART 2. PRODUCTS
2.1 MATERIALS
A. Wood fiber mulch shall be 100% recycled wood fiber, minimum 99% organic
content, such as Re-Fiber Wood manufactured by Wood Recycling, Inc. (800-982-
8732) or equivalent if approved in writing by the Owner (WWC).
B. Tackifier shall be a Polyacrylamide-based product (PAM), with more than 100,000
monomer units per molecule, moderately anionic (18% active sites), such as cfm
2000 by Construction Fabrics and Materials (608-839-8031) or equivalent if
approved in writing by the Owner (WWC).

H:01-575:010201 100 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
9 PART 3. EXECUTION
3.1 METHOD
A. The Contractor (AES, Inc.) shall use 25 pounds of tackifier and 1,000 pounds of
wood fiber mulch per acre to be treated. A minimum of 1,000 gallons of slurry,
mixed in a tank with a mechanical agitator shall be applied per acre.
B. Hydromulch designated areas with a uniform, even coat of slurry after seeding.
Take care not to spray adjacent areas, existing vegetation, pavement, and open
water.
3.2 CLEAN-UP, REMOVAL AND REPAIR
A. Clean up: Contractor (AES, Inc.) shall keep the work area free of debris. After the
work is complete, clean up any remaining materials, debris, trash, etc. Avoid
driving or walking over area to minimize disturbance.
B. Removal: after work has been completed remove any tools, equipment, empty
containers, and all other debris generated by the Contractor (AES, Inc.).
C. Repair: repair any damages caused by the Contractor (AES, Inc.) during
completion of the work described in this section.
3.3 INSPECTION
A. After completion of hydromulching, the Contractor (AES, Inc.) shall schedule with
the Owner (WWC) a final acceptance inspection of the work.
3.4 ACCEPTANCE AND GUARANTEE
is A. Final acceptance: the work shall be considered 100% complete after
hydromulching, and the Contractor (AES, Inc.) has completed all required clean
up, removal, and repair as described in 3.2 of this section.
END OF SECTION

H:01575:012501 101 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
0 SITE WORK
SECTION - HERBACEOUS PERENNIAL PLANTING
PART 1. GENERAL
1.1 DESCRIPTION
A. This section includes installation of live herbaceous perennial plants, tubers,
bulbs, and dormant rootstocks of herbaceous perennial plants.
1.2 RELATED SECTIONS
A. Soil preparation, Seeding, Tree and shrub planting, Soil bioengineering.
1.3 QUALITY ASSURANCE
A. Qualifications of workers: provide at least one person who shall be present at all
times during execution of this portion of the work, who shall be thoroughly familiar
with the type and operation of equipment being used. Said person shall direct all
work performed under this section.
B. Standards: all materials used during this portion of the work shall meet or exceed
applicable federal, state, county and local laws and regulations. All live
herbaceous perennial plants, tubers, bulbs, and dormant rootstocks of
herbaceous perennial plants shall be free from insects and disease.
1.4 SUBMITTALS
A. Materials: Prior to delivery of any materials to the site, submit to the Owner
(Warren Wilson College) a complete list of all live herbaceous perennial plants,
tubers, bulbs, and dormant rootstocks of herbaceous perennial plants to be used
during this portion of the work. Include complete data on source, quantity and
quality. This submittal shall in no way be construed as permitting substitution for
specific items described on the plans or in these specifications unless approved in
writing by the Owner (WWC)'s representative.
B. Equipment: Prior to commencement of any work, submit to the Owner (WWC) a
written description of all mechanical equipment and its intended use during the
execution of the work.
C. After the work is complete submit to the Owner (WWC) "as-built" plans including a
listing of all species installed, and quantities installed. Mark in red ink on the
original planting plan any field changes or deviations from the original plans.

H:01-575:010201 102 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
PART 2. PRODUCTS
2.1 DRY NATIVE GRASSLAND SPECIES LIST
SCIENTIFIC NAME
Echinacea pallida
COMMON NAME PLANTS/ACRE
Purple coneflower 200
2.2. WET NATIVE GRASSLAND SPECIES LIST
SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME PLANTS/ACRE
Aster puniceus Marsh aster 50
Aster umbellatus Flat top aster 100
Arundinaria gigantea Cane 250
Iris virginica shrevei Blue flag iris 250
Mentha arvensis villosa Wild mint 25
Physostegia virginiana Obedient plant 25
Rudbeckia laciniata Goldenglow 100
Spartina pectinata Native grassland cord grass 250
2.3 EMERGENT SPECIES LIST
SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME PLANTS/ACRE
• Acorus calamus Wild calamus 250
Iris virginica shrevei Blue flag 250
Sagittaria latifolia Common arrowhead 250
Sparganium Americanum Common bur reed 250
2.4 SAVANNA SPECIES LIST
SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME PLANTS/ACRE
Carex rosea Wood sedge 500
Geranium macu/atum Wild geranium 100
Helianthus strumosus Woodland sunflower 500
Verbisina occidentalis Wingstem 200
Verbisina alternifolia Wingstem 200
2.5 NATIVE PLANT SEED NURSERY SPECIES LIST
SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME PLANT/100 ft of row
TO be developed later
2.6 MATERIALS
A. Live herbaceous perennial plants, tubers, bulbs, and dormant rootstocks of
herbaceous perennial plants shall be from within a 150 mile radius of the project site.
Species shall be true to their scientific name as specified.
0
H:01575:012501 103 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
PART 3. EXECUTION
3.1 METHOD
A. Planting of all live herbaceous perennial plants, tubers, bulbs, and dormant
rootstocks of herbaceous perennial plants shall be completed after May 15 but no
later than July 15.
B. All live herbaceous plants shall be potted, two year old nursery grown stock
unless approved in writing by the Owner (Warren Wilson College).
C. All live herbaceous perennial plants, tubers, bulbs, and dormant rootstocks of
herbaceous perennial plants shall be approved by the Owner (Warren Wilson
College) prior to installation.
D. Provide healthy, vigorous live herbaceous perennial plants; provide freshly dug
tubers, bulbs, and dormant rootstocks of herbaceous perennial plants. Do not use
materials that have been in cold storage for longer than 45 days.
E. Deliver live herbaceous perennial plants, tubers, bulbs, and dormant rootstocks of
herbaceous perennial plants to project site after preparations for planting have
been completed.
F. Live herbaceous perennial plants, tubers, bulbs, and dormant rootstocks of
herbaceous perennial plants shall be packed in such a manner as to insure
adequate protection against wind damage, desiccation, and other physical
damage while in transit.
G. If planting is delayed more than four hours after delivery, keep plants in
refrigerated container or set plants in shade protected from weather and
mechanical damage, and keep moist and cool.
•
H. Live herbaceous perennial plants, tubers, bulbs, and dormant rootstocks of
herbaceous perennial plants shall be installed in 0-6" depth of water.
1. Emergent live herbaceous perennial plants, tubers, bulbs, and dormant rootstocks
of herbaceous perennial plants shall be clustered into groups of 75-125 individuals
of the same species.
J. Dry native grassland, wet native grassland, and savanna live herbaceous
perennial plants, tubers, bulbs, and dormant rootstocks of herbaceous perennial
plants shall be clustered into groups of 10-20 individuals of randomly mixed
species from the species lists given in PART 2 of this section.
K. All live herbaceous perennial plants, tubers, bulbs, and dormant rootstocks of
herbaceous perennial plants shall be adequately healed in to prevent desiccation.
L. All groupings of live herbaceous perennial plants, tubers, bulbs, and dormant
rootstocks of herbaceous perennial plants shall be protected from wildlife
herbivory on all four sides by 36-48" high fencing attached to wooden stakes. The
Contractor (AES, Inc.) shall submit shop drawings, including a materials list, to the
Owner (Warren Wilson College) for approval prior to installation. Said fencing
shall be removed by the Contractor (AES, Inc.) one full growing season after
installation or as otherwise directed by the Owner (Warren Wilson College).
M. If planting into an area treated with herbicide, plant materials shall be installed not
less than 14 days after herbicide treatment.
3.2 CLEAN-UP, REMOVAL AND REPAIR
A. Clean up: the work area shall be kept free of debris by the Contractor (AES, Inc.).
After the work is complete, clean up any remaining materials, plant containers,
debris, trash, etc. Avoid driving or walking over planted areas to minimize
disturbance.
B. Removal: after work has been completed remove any tools, equipment, empty
H:01-575:010201 104 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
containers, and all other debris generated by the Contractor (AES, Inc.).
C. Repair: repair any damages caused by the Contractor (AES, Inc.) during
completion of the work described in this section.
3.3 INSPECTION
A. After completion of planting and fencing, the Contractor (AES, Inc.) shall schedule
with the Owner (Warren Wilson College) a provisional acceptance inspection of
the work.
3.4 ACCEPTANCE
A. Provisional acceptance: the work shall be considered 90% complete after initial
planting and construction of fencing, and after the Contractor (AES, Inc.) has
completed all required clean up, removal, and repair as described in 3.2 of this
section.
B. Final acceptance: the work shall be considered 100% complete after the
Contractor (AES, Inc.) has met or exceeded the performance standards given in
3.4C. of this section, completed all required clean up, removal, and repair as
described in 3.2 of this section, and removed fencing as described in 3.2K. of this
section.
C. The Contractor (AES, Inc.) shall guarantee planted areas will meet or exceed the
following performance criteria one full growing season after provisional
acceptance: 10% survivorship of all planted species
END OF SECTION
H:01575:012501 105 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report

0
•
SITE WORK
SECTION - TREE AND SHRUB PLANTING
PART 1. GENERAL
1.1 DESCRIPTION
A. This section includes planting of trees and shrubs.
1.2 RELATED SECTIONS
A. Soil preparation, Seeding, Herbaceous perennial planting, Soil bioengineering.
1.3 QUALITY ASSURANCE
A. Qualifications of workmen: provide at least one person who shall be present at all
times during execution of this portion of the work, who shall be thoroughly familiar
with the type and operation of equipment being used. Said person shall direct all
work performed under this section.
B. Standards: all materials used during this portion of the work shall meet or exceed
applicable federal, state, county and local laws and regulations. All plant
materials shall be free from insects and disease. Species shall be true to their
scientific name as specified.
1.4 SUBMITTALS
A. Materials: Prior to delivery of any materials to the site, submit to the Owner
(Warren Wilson College) a complete list of all trees and shrubs to be installed
during this portion of the work. Include complete data on source, quantity and
quality. This submittal shall in no way be construed as permitting substitution for
specific items described on the plans or in these specifications unless approved in
writing by the Owner (Warren Wilson College).
B. Equipment: Prior to commencement of any work, submit to the Owner (Warren
Wilson College) a written description of all mechanical equipment and its intended
use during the execution of the work.
C. After the work is complete submit to the Owner (Warren Wilson College) "as-built"
plans including a listing of all species installed, and quantities installed. Mark in
red ink on the original planting plan any field changes or deviations from the
original plans.
PART 2. PRODUCTS
2.1 SAVANNA SPECIES LIST
SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME PLANTS/ACRE
Carya ovata Shagbark Hickory 50
Celtis occidentalis Hackberry 50
Corylus americana Hazelnut 100
Juglans nigra Black Walnut 50
Quercus alba White oak 100
Quercus macrocarpa Bur oak 100
Quercus imbricaria Shingle oak 25
Quercus velutina Black oak 50
H:01-575:010201
106 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
2.2 MATERIALS
A. Seedling protection tubes shall be 4" diameter, 24" tall, photodegradable plastic,
with a 2-year life span, such as Pro/Gro tubes manufactured by Protex, or
equivalent with written approval by the Owner (Warren Wilson College).
B. Trees and shrubs shall be from within a 150 mile radius of the project site.
C. All trees and shrubs shall be 1-0 and/or 2-0 bare root nursery grown stock unless
approved in writing by the Owner (Warren Wilson College).
PART 3. EXECUTION
3.1 METHOD
A. Planting of trees and shrubs shall be completed as soon as the soil is free of frost
and in a workable condition but no later than July 15.
B. All trees and shrubs shall be approved by the Owner (Warren Wilson College)
prior to installation.
C. Provide healthy, vigorous, freshly dug plant materials. Do not use materials that
have been dug more than 30 days in advance.
D. Deliver trees and shrubs to project site after preparations for planting have been
completed.
E. Trees and shrubs shall be packed in such a manner as to insure adequate
protection against wind damage, desiccation, and other physical damage while in
transit.
F. If planting is delayed more than four hours after delivery, keep plants in
• refrigerated container or set plants in shade protected from weather and
mechanical damage, and keep moist and cool.
G. Trees and shrubs shall be clustered into groups of 10 to 20 individuals of
randomly mixed species from the species lists given in PART 2 of this section.
Individual trees and shrubs shall be planted six to eight feet on center.
H. A seedling protection tube shall be installed around every tree and shrub within
seven days of planting. Seedling protection tubes shall be secured to the ground
with a 3/8"x36" bamboo stake and plastic cable tie. Seedling protection tubes
shall not be removed by the Contractor (AES, Inc.) unless directed by the Owner
(Warren Wilson College).
1. If planting into an area treated with herbicide, plant materials shall be installed not
less than 14 days after herbicide treatment.
3.2 CLEAN-UP, REMOVAL AND REPAIR
A. Clean up: the work area shall be kept free of debris by the Contractor (AES, Inc.).
After the work is complete, clean up any remaining materials, plant containers,
debris, trash, etc. Avoid driving or walking over planted areas to minimize
disturbance.
B. Removal: after work has been completed remove any tools, equipment, empty
containers, and all other debris generated by the Contractor (AES, Inc.).
C. Repair: repair any damages caused by the Contractor (AES, Inc.) during
completion of the work described in this Section.
3.3 INSPECTION
40 After completion of the work, the Contractor (AES, Inc.) shall schedule with the Owner (Warren
Wilson College) a provisional acceptance inspection of the work. 3.4 ACCEPTANCE
A. Provisional acceptance: the work shall be considered 90% complete after initial
H:01575:012501 107 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
planting and installation of seedling protection tubes, and after the Contractor
(AES, Inc.) has completed all required clean up, removal, and repair as described
in 3.2 of this section.
B. Final acceptance: the work shall be considered 100% complete after the
Contractor (AES, Inc.) has met or exceeded the performance standards given in
3AC. of this section, and has completed all required clean up, removal, and repair
as described in 3.2 of this section.
C. The Contractor (AES, Inc.) shall guarantee planted areas will meet or exceed the
following performance criteria one full growing season after provisional
acceptance: 50% survivorship of all planted species.
•
•
END OF SECTION
H:01-575:010201 108 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
• SITE WORK
SECTION - SOIL BIOENGINEERING
PART 1. GENERAL
1.1 DESCRIPTION
A. This section includes the installation of unrooted live stakes.
1.2 RELATED SECTIONS
A. Soil preparation, Seeding, Herbaceous perennial planting, Tree and shrub
planting.
1.3 QUALITY ASSURANCE
A. Qualifications of workers: provide at least one person who shall be present at all
times during execution of this portion of the work, who shall be thoroughly familiar
with the type and operation of equipment being used. Said person shall direct all
work performed under this section.
B. Standards: all materials used during this portion of the work shall meet or exceed
applicable federal, state, county and local laws and regulations. All plant
materials shall be free from insects and disease. Species shall be true to their
scientific name as specified.
1.4 SUBMITTALS
A. Materials: Prior to delivery of any materials to the site, submit to the Owner
(Warren Wilson College) a complete list of all plant materials to be used during
this portion of the work. Include complete data on source, quantity and quality.
This submittal shall in no way be construed as permitting substitution for specific
items described on the plans or in these specifications unless approved in writing
by the Owner (Warren Wilson College).
B. Equipment: Prior to commencement of any work, submit to the Owner (Warren
Wilson College) a written description of all mechanical equipment and its intended
use during the execution of the work.
C. After the work is complete submit to the Owner (Warren Wilson College) "as-built"
plans including a listing of all species installed, and quantities installed. Mark in
red ink on the original planting plan any field changes or deviations from the
original plans.
PART 2. PRODUCTS
2.1 LIVE STAKES
SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME % of mix
Amorpha fruticosa Indigo Bush 10
Corpus amomum Silky dogwood 10
Corpus stolonifera Redtwig dogwood 10
Salix Sericea Silky willow 60
Salix nigra Black willow 10
H:01575:012501 109 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
2.2 MATERIALS
A. Live stakes shall be from within a 150 mile radius of the project site.
PART 3. EXECUTION
3.1 METHOD
A. Soil bioengineering consists of installing live stakes on 18" centers, triangulated
layout. Species shall be a random mix of those given in 2.1 of this section.
B. Live stakes shall be cut and collected when the plants are in a dormant condition.
C. Live stakes shall be cut no more than seven days prior to installation. If cut
earlier, said material shall be kept in a cold moist condition for a period not to
exceed 30 days.
D. Live stakes shall be unrooted cuttings 18-24" in length and 1/2 - %" in diameter.
E. Live stakes shall be installed when they are still in a dormant condition.
F. Live stakes shall be buried a distance equal to 70-80% of their length.
G. Live stakes shall be installed with the terminal end of the stake skyward.
3.2 CLEAN-UP, REMOVAL AND REPAIR
A. Clean up: the work area shall be kept free of debris by the Contractor (AES, Inc.).
After the work is complete, clean up any remaining materials, debris, trash, etc.
Avoid driving or walking over soil bioengineering areas to minimize disturbance.
B. Removal: after work has been completed remove any tools, equipment, empty
containers, and all other debris generated by the Contractor (AES, Inc.).
C. Repair: repair any damages caused by the Contractor (AES, Inc.) during
completion of the work described in this Section.
3.3 INSPECTION
A. After completion of the work, the Contractor (AES, Inc.) shall schedule with the
Owner (Warren Wilson College) a provisional acceptance inspection of the work.
3.4 ACCEPTANCE AND GUARANTEE
A. Provisional acceptance: the work shall be considered 90% complete after initial
installation of live stakes, and after the Contractor (AES, Inc.) has completed all
required clean up, removal, and repair as described in 3.2 of this section.
B. Final acceptance: the work shall be considered 100% complete after the
Contractor (AES, Inc.) has met or exceeded the performance standards given in
3.4C. of this section, and has completed all required clean up, removal, and repair
as described in 3.2 of this section.
C. The Contractor (AES, Inc.) shall guarantee soil bioengineering work will meet or
exceed the following performance criteria one full growing season after provisional
acceptance: 50% survivorship of all live stakes.
END OF SECTION
•
H:01-575:010201 110 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
•

•
SITE WORK
SECTION - EROSION CONTROL BLANKET
PART 1. GENERAL
1.1 DESCRIPTION
A. This section includes installation of a straw/coconut fiber erosion control blanket.
1.2 RELATED SECTIONS
A. Grading, Seeding
1.3 QUALITY ASSURANCE
A. Qualifications of workmen: provide at least one person who shall be present at all
times during execution of this portion of the work, who shall be thoroughly familiar
with the type and operation of equipment being used. Said person shall direct all
work performed under this section.
B. Standards: all materials used during this portion of the work shall meet or exceed
applicable federal, state, county and local laws and regulations.
1.4 SUBMITTALS
A. Materials: Prior to delivery of any materials to the site, submit to the Owner
(Warren Wilson College) a complete list of all materials to be used during this
portion of the work. Include complete data on source, quantity and quality. This
submittal shall in no way be construed as permitting substitution for specific items
described on the plans or in these specifications unless approved in writing by the
Owner (Warren Wilson College)'s representative.
B. Equipment: Prior to commencement of any work, submit to the Owner (Warren
Wilson College) a written description of all mechanical equipment and its intended
use during the execution of the work.
C. After the work is complete submit to the Owner (Warren Wilson College) "as-built"
plans including a listing of all quantities installed. Mark in red ink on the original
plan any field changes or deviations from the original plans.
PART 2. PRODUCTS
2.1 MATERIALS
A. Erosion control blanket shall be made from 70% weed-free straw, 0.35 Ib./SY and
30% coconut fiber, 0.15 Ib./SY, with lightweight (1.65 Ib./1000SF) photo
degradable polypropylene netting on bottom, heavyweight (3 Ib./1000SF) UVI-
treated polypropylene netting on top, sewn on two inch centers with 750 denier
photo-degradable polypropylene thread, such as Bon Terra CS2 or equivalent if
approved in writing by the Owner (Warren Wilson College).
H:01575:012501 111 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
0 PART 3. EXECUTION
3.1 METHOD
A. Fine grade slope and remove all foreign debris greater than one inch in any
dimension.
B. Apply seed prior to installing erosion control blanket.
C. Anchor erosion control blanket at top of slope as shown on the plans.
D. Allow the erosion control blanket to slowly unroll down the slope.
E. Place erosion control blanket loosely but in full intimate contact with topsoil.
F. Secure erosion control blanket with staples as indicated on the plans.
G. Overlap erosion control blanket edges not less than two inches and install six-inch
staples over seem every 36 inches. Seems shall overlap in the downstream
direction.
H. Bury bottom of erosion control blanket at toe of slope as shown on the plans.
3.2 CLEAN-UP, REMOVAL AND REPAIR
A. Clean up: Contractor (AES, Inc.) shall keep the work area free of debris. After the
work is complete, clean up any remaining materials, debris, trash, etc. Avoid
driving or walking over area to minimize disturbance.
B. Removal: after work has been completed remove any tools, equipment, empty
containers, and all other debris generated by the Contractor (AES, Inc.).
C. Repair: repair any damages caused by the Contractor (AES, Inc.) during
completion of the work described in this section.
3.3 INSPECTION
A. After installation of erosion control blanket, the Contractor (AES, Inc.) shall
schedule with the Owner (Warren Wilson College) a provisional acceptance
inspection of the work.
3.4 ACCEPTANCE AND GUARANTEE
A. Provisional acceptance: the work shall be considered 100% complete after
installation of erosion control blanket, and after the Contractor (AES, Inc.) has
completed all required clean up, removal, and repair as described in 3.2 of this
section.
END OF SECTION
0
H:01-575:010201 112 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report

SITE WORK
SECTION - BRUSH LAYERING
PART 1. GENERAL
1.1 DESCRIPTION
A. This section includes the installation of unrooted willow cuttings between adjacent
geotextile encapsulated soil lifts.
1.2 RELATED SECTIONS
A. Geotextile Encapsulated Soil Lifts, Seeding.
1.3 QUALITY ASSURANCE
A. Qualifications of workmen: provide at least one person who shall be present at all
times during execution of this portion of the work, who shall be thoroughly familiar
with the type and operation of equipment being used. Said person shall direct all
work performed under this section.
B. Standards: all materials used during this portion of the work shall meet or exceed
applicable federal, state, county and local laws and regulations. All plant materials
shall be free from insects and disease. Species shall be true to their scientific name
as specified.
1.4 SUBMITTALS
• A. Materials: Prior to delivery of any materials to the site, submit to the Owner (Warren
Wilson College) a complete list of all plant materials to be used during this portion of
the work. Include complete data on source, quantity and quality. This submittal shall
in no way be construed as permitting substitution for specific items described on the
plans or in these specifications unless approved in writing by the Owner (Warren
Wilson College).
B. Equipment: Prior to commencement of any work, submit to the Owner (Warren
Wilson College) a written description of all mechanical equipment and its intended
use during the execution of the work.
C. After the work is complete submit to the Owner (Warren Wilson College) "as-built"
plans including a listing of all species installed, and quantities installed. Mark in red
ink on the original planting plan any field changes or deviations from the original
plans.
PART 2. PRODUCTS
2.1 UNROOTED CUTTINGS
SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME DIAMETER LENGTH
Salix sercea Silky willow 3/8-3/4" 18-24"
Salix ni ra Black willow 3/8-3/4" 18-24"
2.2 MATERIALS
A. Unrooted cuttings shall be from within a 150-mile radius of the project site.
• PART 3. EXECUTION
H:01575:012501 113 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
•
3.1 METHOD
A. Brush layering consists of installing a minimum of 10 unrooted cuttings per linear foot
between adjacent geotextile encapsulated soil lifts.
B. Unrooted cuttings shall be preferentially cut and collected when the plants are in a
dormant condition.
C. Unrooted cuttings shall be collected no more than two days prior to installation. If cut
earlier, said material shall be kept in a cold moist condition for a period not to exceed
7 days.
D. Unrooted cuttings shall be preferentially installed when they are still in a dormant
condition.
E. Unrooted cuttings shall be buried a distance equal to 70-80% of their length.
F. Unrooted cuttings shall be installed with the bottom end of the cutting buried and
terminal end of the cutting exposed.
3.2 CLEAN-UP, REMOVAL AND REPAIR
A. Clean up: the work area shall be kept free of debris by the Contractor (AES, Inc.).
After the work is complete, clean up any remaining materials, debris, trash, etc.
Avoid driving or walking over soil bioengineering areas to minimize disturbance.
B. Removal: after work has been completed remove any tools, equipment, empty
containers, and all other debris generated by the Contractor (AES, Inc.).
C. Repair: repair any damages caused by the Contractor (AES, Inc.) during completion
of the work described in this Section.
• 3.3 INSPECTION
A. After completion of the work, the Contractor (AES, Inc.) shall schedule with the
Owner (Warren Wilson College) a provisional acceptance inspection of the work.
3.4 ACCEPTANCE AND GUARANTEE
A. Provisional acceptance: the work shall be considered 90% complete after initial
installation of brush layering, and after the Contractor (AES, Inc.) has completed all
required clean up, removal, and repair as described in 3.2 of this section.
B. Final acceptance: the work shall be considered 100% complete after the Contractor
(AES, Inc.) has met or exceeded the performance standards given in 3.4C. of this
section, and has completed all required clean up, removal, and repair as described in
3.2 of this section.
C. The Contractor (AES, Inc.) shall guarantee brush layering work will meet or exceed
the following performance criteria one full growing season after provisional
acceptance: 50% sprouting of all unrooted cuttings.
END OF SECTION
•
H:01-575:010201 114 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
SITE WORK
SECTION - FIBER ROLL
PART 1. GENERAL
1.1 DESCRIPTION
A. This section includes the installation of coir fiber rolls.
1.2 RELATED SECTIONS
A. Earthwork, Herbaceous perennial planting, Seeding.
1.3 QUALITY ASSURANCE
A. Qualifications of workmen: provide at least one person who shall be present at all
times during execution of this portion of the work, who shall be thoroughly familiar
with the type and operation of equipment being used. Said person shall direct all
work performed under this section.
B. Standards: all materials used during this portion of the work shall meet or exceed
applicable federal, state, county and local laws and regulations. All plant
materials shall be free from insects and disease. Species shall be true to their
scientific name as specified.
1.4 SUBMITTALS
A. Materials: Prior to delivery of any materials to the site, submit to the Owner
(WWC) a complete list of all plant materials to be used during this portion of the
• work. Include complete data on source, quantity and quality. This submittal shall
in no way be construed as permitting substitution for specific items described on
the plans or in these specifications unless approved in writing by the Owner
(WWC).
B. Equipment: Prior to commencement of any work, submit to the Owner (WWC) a
written description of all mechanical equipment and its intended use during the
execution of the work.
C. After the work is complete submit to the Owner (WWC) "as-built" plans including a
listing of all species installed, and quantities installed. Mark in red ink on the
original planting plan any field changes or deviations from the original plans.
PART 2. PRODUCTS
2.1 MATERIALS
A. Fiber rolls shall be 12 " diameter, have an outer 2'x2' mesh made of bristle coir
twine with 80 pound dry tensile strength, and 7 pound per cubic foot density inner
core made of compacted mattress coir, such as BioD-Roll by RoLanka or
equivalent if approved in writing by the Owner (WWC).
B. Rope shall be bristle coir machine spun twine 0.2-0.3 inches in diameter, with a
minimum dry tensile strength of 70 pounds.
C. Wood stakes shall be 2"x2"x48" kiln dried southern yellow pine, APP grade, with a
pencil point on one end, solid, free of rot or other flaws.
•
H:01575:012501 115 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
s
PART 3 ......................................................................................................... EXECUTION
3.1 METHOD
A. Complete earthwork as necessary to achieve level subgrade. Fiber rolls shall be
75% submerged at normal water level.
B. Fiber rolls shall be placed at a constant elevation with a maximum of 0.1' vertical
variation.
C. Fiber rolls shall be aligned straight and true, creating smooth arcs and linear
tangents. Maximum horizontal deflection of fiber rolls at time of installation shall
be one foot in ten linear feet unless otherwise approved in writing by the Owner
(Warren Wilson College).
D. Drive wood stakes a minimum of 30" deep, 24" O.C. water side, 48" O.C. land
side, immediately adjacent to but not through fiber rolls.
E. Secure fiber roll with rope lashed between wood stakes. Notch all wood stakes to
minimize rope slipping off.
F. Sew adjacent ends of fiber rolls together with at least 18" of rope to create
continuous mass.
G. Bury exposed ends of fiber roll a minimum of 18" into streambank or shoreline.
H. Apply a thin coating (approximately 1/8") of mud to fiber rolls and seed with
emergent zone seed mix.
3.2 CLEAN-UP, REMOVAL AND REPAIR
A. Clean up: the work area shall be kept free of debris by the Contractor (AES, Inc.).
After the work is complete, clean up any remaining materials, debris, trash, etc.
Avoid driving or walking over soil bioengineering areas to minimize disturbance.
B. Removal: after work has been completed remove any tools, equipment, empty
containers, and all other debris generated by the Contractor (AES, Inc.).
C. Repair: repair any damages caused by the Contractor (AES, Inc.) during
completion of the work described in this Section.
3.3 INSPECTION
A. After completion of the work, the Contractor (AES, Inc.) shall schedule with the
Owner (WWC) a final acceptance inspection of the work.
3.4 ACCEPTANCE AND GUARANTEE
A. Final acceptance: the work shall be considered 100% complete after the
Contractor (AES, Inc.) has completed all work described in this section, and has
completed all required clean up, removal, and repair as described in 3.2 of this
section.
END OF SECTION
r?
H:01-575:010201 116 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
L ,

•
SITE WORK
RAVINE GRADING
PART 1. GENERAL
1.1 DESCRIPTION
A. Ravine grading shall include all excavation, clay seal construction, and topsoil
placement as shown on the plans and detailed in these specifications derived
from geotechnical investigations conducted by the developer in each location as
identified to need such an investigation which may include critical side slopes, the
detention pond(s) locations, water conveyance locations, and ravine locations with
steep side slopes.
1.2 RELATED SECTIONS
A. Seeding, Erosion Control Blanket, Temporary Barrier Fencing.
1.3 QUALITY ASSURANCE
A. Qualifications of workmen: provide at least one person who shall be present at all
times during execution of this portion of the work, who shall be thoroughly familiar
with the type of equipment being used. Said person shall direct all work
performed under this section.
B. Standards: all materials and equipment used during this portion of the work shall
meet or exceed applicable federal, state, county and local laws and regulations.
1.4 SUBMITTALS
A. Materials: Prior to delivery of any materials to the site, submit to the Owner
(WWC) a complete list of all materials to be used during this portion of the work.
Include complete data on source, size and quality. This submittal shall in no way
be construed as permitting substitution for specific items described on the plans
or in these specifications unless approved in writing by the Owner (WWC).
PART 2. PRODUCTS
2.1 MATERIALS
A. Silt filter fence shall be in accordance AES, INC.
B. SPECIFICATIONS Standard Specifications.
PART 3. EXECUTION
3.1 GENERAL
A. A geotechnical investigation report of the ravine side slopes, any overland water
conveyance routes, and the detention pond locations will be prepared by Ron
Clark and will be included as an Appendix in these specifications. It shall be the
responsibility of the Contractor (AES, Inc.) to carefully read this report and
become thoroughly familiar with the findings.
B. The Contractor (AES, Inc.) shall provide temporary means of preventing erosion
of excavated materials into any watercourse. Such measures shall be subject to
the approval of the Owner (WWC).
H:01575:012501 117 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
C. Owner (WWC) shall provide control and grade stakes for the ravine restoration
grading. The Contractor (AES, Inc.) shall arrange for staking with the Owner
(WWC) and will be responsible for protecting the stakes. Cost of replacing stakes
lost or destroyed through negligence of the Contractor (AES, Inc.) shall be
deducted from the Contractor (AES, Inc.)'s payment request.
D. All grading of subgrades shall be constructed to +/- 0.1 feet of the grades shown
on the drawings. Topsoil respread can be constructed to +/- 0.3 feet if the topsoil
elevations do not conflict with site drainage or infrastructure grading needs.
3.2 TOPSOIL EXCAVATION, STOCKPILING, BORROW AND REPLACEMENT
A. Topsoil excavation shall consist of the stripping of any existing topsoil from the
excavation areas and the stockpiling of the topsoil material necessary to provide
topsoil replacement shown on the plans. The stockpile locations shall be provided
by and approved by the Owner (WWC).
B. Topsoil replacement shall consist of respreading the topsoil to depths shown on
the plans and the preparation of this topsoil for planting. Topsoil borrow shall
include the furnishing of additional topsoil material from offsite sources and
transport of this material to the project site as required to complete the
respreading of the topsoil to depths shown on the plans.
3.3 UNCLASSIFIED EXCAVATION
A. Unclassified excavation shall consist of the excavation of all materials (except
topsoil) lying above the topsoil replacement or clay seal elevation shown on the
plans. This excavation shall include cut, unclassified fill and stockpiling. Material
19 shall be stockpiled as directed by the Owner (WWC).
3.4 CLAY SEAL
A. If any clay seals are needed, recommendations in the geotechnical investigation
shall be used to design the specifications for implementation..
3.5 CLEAN-UP, REMOVAL AND REPAIR
A. Clean up: after grading is complete, clean up any remaining materials, debris,
trash, etc. Keep area free from construction and other debris at all times.
B. Removal: after all work has been completed remove all debris. Restore the
ground to a condition similar to prior to work, or the condition of surrounding
ground after work is complete. Disposal locations for any unused excavated
materials shall be provided and/or approved by the Owner (WWC).
C. Repair: Repair any damages caused by the Contractor (AES, Inc.) during
completion of the work described in this Section.
3.6 INSPECTION
A. Prior to the commencement of seeding, the Contractor (AES, Inc.) shall schedule
with the Owner (WWC) a provisional acceptance inspection of grading.
3.7 ACCEPTANCE AND GUARANTEE
A. Provisional acceptance: the work must be accepted by the Owner (WWC) prior to
any seeding or additional work. If grading is found to be per the plans and
specifications, this portion of the work shall be provisionally accepted, and
considered 75% complete.
H:01-575:010201 118 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
•
SITE WORK
SECTION - SWALE GRADING
PART 1. GENERAL
1.1 DESCRIPTION
A. Swale grading shall include all excavation and topsoil and stream bed material
placement as shown on the plans and detailed in these specifications.
1.2 RELATED SECTIONS
A. Seeding, Erosion Control Blanket, Temporary Barrier Fencing.
1.3 QUALITY ASSURANCE
A. Qualifications of workmen: provide at least one person who shall be present at all
times during execution of this portion of the work, who shall be thoroughly familiar
with the type of equipment being used. Said person shall direct all work
performed under this section.
B. Standards: all materials and equipment used during this portion of the work shall
meet or exceed applicable federal, state, county and local laws and regulations.
1.4 SUBMITTALS
A. Materials: Prior to delivery of any materials to the site, submit to the Owner
(WWC) a complete list of all materials to be used during this portion of the work.
Include complete data on source, size and quality. This submittal shall in no way
be construed as permitting substitution for specific items described on the plans
or in these specifications unless approved in writing by the Owner (WWC).
PART 2. PRODUCTS
2.1 MATERIALS
A. Silt filter fence shall be in accordance with North Carolina Department of
Transportation Standard Specifications.
•
PART 3. EXECUTION
3.1 GENERAL
A. The Contractor (AES, Inc.) shall provide temporary means of preventing erosion
of excavated materials into any watercourse. Such measures shall be subject to
the approval of the Owner (WWC).
B. Owner (WWC) shall provide control and grade stakes for the Swale restoration
grading. The Contractor (AES, Inc.) shall arrange for staking with the Owner
(WWC) and will be responsible for protecting the stakes. Cost of replacing stakes
lost or destroyed through negligence of the Contractor (AES, Inc.) shall be
deducted from the Contractor (AES, Inc.)'s payment request.
C. All grading shall be constructed to +/- 0.1 feet of the grades shown on the
drawings.
H:01-575:010201 120 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
3.2 TOPSOIL EXCAVATION, STOCKPILING, BORROW AND REPLACEMENT
A. Topsoil excavation shall consist of the stripping of any existing topsoil from the
excavation areas and the stockpiling of the topsoil material necessary to provide
topsoil replacement shown on the plans. The stockpile locations shall be provided by
and approved by the Owner (WWC).
B. Topsoil replacement shall consist of respreading the topsoil to depths shown on the
plans and the preparation of this topsoil for planting. Topsoil borrow shall include the
furnishing of additional topsoil material from offsite sources and transport of this
material to the project site as required to complete the respreading of the topsoil to
depths shown on the plans.
3.3 UNCLASSIFIED EXCAVATION
A. Unclassified excavation shall consist of the excavation of all materials (except topsoil)
lying above the topsoil replacement or clay seal elevation shown on the plans.
This excavation shall include cut, unclassified fill and stockpiling. Material shall be
stockpiled as directed by the Owner (WWC).
3.4 STREAM BED MATERIALS
A. Cobble, gravel, sand and larger rock used for construction of rock vanes, vortex weirs
shall all meet requirements of design drawings and calculation.
B. In Warren Wilson College streams, cobble shall refer to rock of igneous or
metamorphic origin of minimum 15 cm in any dimension. Gravel shall be anything
smaller in any dimension than 15 cm, most in the 5-10 cm size range. Sand shall be
• less than 5mm in any dimension.
C. In constructing stream beds, the sand, then gravel, then cobble materials shall be
installed in repeated layers. Then the specific instream and bank stabilization
structures shall be installed and constructed to specifications.
D. Vortex weirs and other in-stream structures constructed from cobble sized rock, shall
be installed to meet the imbeddedness requirements of the design drawings. This
would involve pushing at least the first basement layer of cobbles down into the
channel bottom so that no more than % of the rock diameter is exposed at the stream
channel bottom.
3.5 CLEAN-UP, REMOVAL AND REPAIR
A. Clean up: after grading is complete, clean up any remaining materials, debris,
trash, etc. Keep area free from construction and other debris at all times.
B. Removal: after all work has been completed remove all debris. Restore the
ground to a condition similar to prior to work, or the condition of surrounding
ground after work is complete. Disposal locations for any unused excavated
materials shall be provided and/or approved by the Owner (WWC).
C. Repair: Repair any damages caused by the Contractor (AES, Inc.) during
completion of the work described in this Section.
3.6 INSPECTION
A. Prior to the commencement of seeding, the Contractor (AES, Inc.) shall schedule
with the Owner (WWC) a provisional acceptance inspection of grading.
0
H:01575:012501 121 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
3.7 ACCEPTANCE AND GUARANTEE
A. Provisional acceptance: the work must be accepted by the Owner (WWC) prior to
any seeding or additional work. If grading is found to be per the plans and
specifications, this portion of the work shall be provisionally accepted, and
considered 75% complete.
B. Final acceptance: this portion of the work shall be considered 100% complete
after the Contractor (AES, Inc.) has completed all clean up, removal, and repair as
described in 3.5 of this section.
END OF SECTION
•
•
H:01-575:010201 122 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
SITE WORK
SECTION - MANAGEMENT
PART 1. GENERAL
1.1 DESCRIPTION
A. This section includes the management of planted areas, including prescribed
burning, herbicide application, and mowing.
1.2 RELATED SECTIONS
A. Herbaceous species removal.
1.3 QUALITY ASSURANCE
A. Qualifications of workmen: provide at least one person who shall be present at all
times during execution of this portion of the work, who shall be thoroughly familiar
with this type of work and the type of materials being used. Said person shall be
competent at identification of plant materials to be removed and to be preserved
during the season (summer, winter) work is to be completed. Said person shall
also direct all work performed under this section.
B. Standards: all materials used during this portion of the work shall meet or exceed
applicable federal, state, county and local laws and regulations. The use of any
herbicide shall follow directions given on the herbicide label. In the case of a
discrepancy between these specifications and the herbicide label, the label shall
prevail.
1.4 SUBMITTALS
A. Materials: Prior to delivery of any materials to the site, submit to the Owner
(WWC) a complete list of all materials to be used during this portion of the work.
Include complete data on source, amount and quality. This submittal shall in no
way be construed as permitting substitution for specific items described on the
plans or in these specifications unless approved in writing by the Owner's (WWC)
representative.
B. Licenses: Prior to any herbicide use the Contractor (AES, Inc.) shall submit to the
Owner (WWC) a current copy of the State of Kansas commercial pesticide
applicator's license, with certification in the appropriate categories, for each
person who will be applying herbicide at the project site. A copy of each
commercial pesticide applicator's license must be maintained on site at all times
during completion of the work.
C. Equipment: Prior to commencement of any work, submit to the Owner (WWC) a
written description of all mechanical equipment and its intended use during the
execution of the work.
D. After the work is complete submit to the Owner (WWC) an annual report
summarizing management activities completed during the past calendar year by
the Contractor (AES, Inc.).
E. Permits: Prior to the commencement of any prescribed burning, the Contractor
(AES, Inc.) shall submit copies of all required open burn permits to the Owner
(WWC).
0 PART 2. PRODUCTS
1-1:01575:012501 123 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
•
2.1 MATERIALS
A. Herbaceous species to be removed in areas without standing water or saturated
soils shall be treated with Glyphosate, N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine, trade name
Roundup or equivalent as approved in writing by Owner (WWC).
B. Herbaceous species to be removed in areas with standing water or saturated soils
shall be treated with Glyphosate, N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine in a form approved
for aquatic applications such as Rodeo or equivalent as approved in writing by
Owner (Warren Wilson College).
C. Herbicide to be used for treating woody species shall be triclopyr: 3,5,6-trichloro-
2-pyridinyloxyacetic acid, butoxyethyl ester, trade name Garlon or equivalent as
approved in writing by the Owner (Warren Wilson College).
PART 3. EXECUTION
3.1 METHOD - HERBICIDE APPLICATION
A. The Contractor (AES, Inc.) will treat all undesirable species with an approved
herbicide. Herbicide application instructions given on the label shall be followed
at all times.
B. Undesirable species include all vascular species not native to this locations in
Kansas.
C. Care shall be taken not to affect surrounding vegetation. The Contractor (AES,
Inc.) may be required to replant any vegetation affected by herbicide outside of
• targeted species.
D. A supply of chemical absorbent shall be maintained at the project site. Any
chemical spills shall be properly cleaned up and reported to the Owner (Warren
Wilson College) within 24 hours.
E. The Contractor (AES, Inc.) shall maintain copies at the project site of all current
pesticide applicator's licenses, herbicide labels, and MSDS's (Material Safety Data
Sheets) for all chemicals utilized during completion of the work.
F. Herbicide may be applied using a backpack sprayer, a hand-held wick applicator,
or a vehicle mounted high pressure spray unit.
G. Wick Application With Rodeo: Reed canary grass, teasel, buckthorn, thistles,
sweet clover, and purple loosestrife, etc. are present in the project corridor.
These should be addressed by direct working with 50-70% solutions of Rodeo.
Timing is everything; generally, best application period is just before or during the
very earliest stages of flowering. Where large patches of target weeds are
present it may be necessary to use a larger wick unit that can be attached to an
all-terrain-vehicle or tractor. Several back to back treatments may be useful in
greatly reducing these plants.
3.2 METHOD - MOWING
A. The Contractor (AES, Inc.) shall mow all seeded areas to a height of 8-12" after
vegetation in said areas reach a height of 30" and before non-native species go to
seed during the first two growing seasons after planting.
C]
H:01-575:010201 124 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
- B. Mowing of upland native grassland buffers will be essential during the first 2-3
years after planting. We recommend mowing annually to a height of no shorter
than 10" height when plant cover reaches a height of 2-3 feet. Mowing should be
done with a rotary bush hog style mower to ensure clippings are dispersed rather
than deposited in dense mats which smother vegetation. Removal of
clippings/branches is another option. Mowing is usually only required once
annually during the first several years of establishment and usually in mid July of
the growing season.
3.3 METHOD - PRESCRIBED BURNING
A. Prescribed burning shall be the primary method of long-term ecological
management and weed control of planting areas at the project site. Burning shall
be conducted annually after the second full growing season or as directed by the
Owner (Warren Wilson College).
B. Prior to the commencement of prescribed burning, the Contractor (AES, Inc.) shall
compile a burn plan that outlines a plan of action, identifies contingencies, and
lists the names and phone numbers of emergency agencies (fire department,
police department, etc.). Proper notice of intent to burn shall be given.
C. The Contractor (AES, Inc.) shall apply for and receive all required permits prior to
the commencement of prescribed burning.
D. Weed control for target species can be addressed partly by use of prescribed
burning. Again, timing is everything! Early spring burns (March-April) may reduce
cover of target plants but in general, early burns stimulate perennating buds which
results in greater density and cover by undesirable species. We recommend
burning late spring or at any time during summer or early fall. Late spring burns in
early to mid May are the most effective. Also, if burning can be conducted
following herbicide mortality the benefits of the combined treatments are very
effective. All Warren Wilson College streams Restoration treatments (wetlands,
marshes, buffer-native grasslands, bank stabilization projects) should be burned
annually for 2-3 years then every other or every 3 years.
Fire will be essential n the no-till drill native grassland buffer plantings. It will also
be essential in maintenance of a balance of shrubs (willows) and native grasses
in the stream bank environments.
3.4 CLEAN-UP, REMOVAL AND REPAIR
A. Clean up: the work area shall be kept free of debris by the Contractor (AES, Inc.).
At no time shall empty herbicide containers, trash, or other material be allowed to
accumulate at the project site. All tools shall be kept in appropriate carrying
cases, tool boxes, etc. Parking areas, roads, sidewalks, paths and paved areas
shall be kept free of mud and dirt.
B. Removal: after work has been completed remove tools, empty containers, and all
other debris generated by the Contractor (AES, Inc.).
D. Repair: Repair any damages caused by the Contractor (AES, Inc.) during
completion of the work described in this Section. Said damages may include, but
are not limited to, tire ruts in the ground, damage to lawn areas, damage to trails,
etc. The Contractor (AES, Inc.) shall be liable for remedying damages to plant
materials and property at no cost to the Owner (Warren Wilson College) caused
by Contractor (AES, Inc.) negligence during completion of the work.
E. Replanting. Areas of planting failure will need to be replanted. Follow the planting
H:01575:012501 125 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
plan if an assessment of the reason(s) for failure identify the original planting plan
to still be valid, then follow the original planting plans for replanting efforts.
3.5 INSPECTION
A. At the request of the Owner (Warren Wilson College), the Contractor (AES, Inc.)
shall schedule an inspection with the Owner (Warren Wilson College) to review
the work completed by the Contractor (AES, Inc.) pursuant to this section.
3.6 ACCEPTANCE AND GUARANTEE
A. Final acceptance: Management shall be considered 100% complete after the
Contractor (AES, Inc.) has complied with all parts of this section.
END OF SECTION
•
•
H:01-575:010201 126 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
•
SITE WORK
SECTION - SHALLOW GROUND WATER MONITORING WELL
PART 1. GENERAL
1.1 DESCRIPTION
A. This section includes the installation of shallow ground water monitoring wells.
1.2 RELATED SECTIONS
A. Shallow ground water monitoring wells with automatic recording device.
1.3 QUALITY ASSURANCE
A. Qualifications of workmen: provide at least one person who shall be present at all
times during execution of this portion of the work, who shall be thoroughly familiar
with the type and operation of equipment being used. Said person shall direct all
work performed under this section.
B. Standards: all materials used during this portion of the work shall meet or exceed
applicable federal, state, county and local laws and regulations.
1.4 SUBMITTALS
A. Materials: Prior to delivery of any materials to the site, submit to the Owner
(Warren Wilson College) a complete list of all plant materials to be used during
this portion of the work. Include complete data on source, quantity and quality.
This submittal shall in no way be construed as permitting substitution for specific
items described on the plans or in these specifications unless approved in writing
by the Owner (Warren Wilson College).
B. Equipment: Prior to commencement of any work, submit to the Owner (Warren
Wilson College) a written description of all mechanical equipment and its intended
use during the execution of the work.
C. After the work is complete submit to the Owner (Warren Wilson College) "as-built"
plans including a listing of all equipment installed, and quantities installed. Mark
in red ink on the original plan any field changes or deviations from the original
plans.
PART 2. PRODUCTS
2.1 MATERIALS
A. Monitoring well shall be 48" long, 2" I.D. PVC pipe with a well point on the lower
end. The lower 24" of the well shall be screened with 10/1,000 inch slots.
B. Bentonite chips shall be medium size (1 cm), pure bentonite clay.
C. Sand shall be 40-60 mesh silica sand.
•
H:01575:012501 127 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
0 PART 3. EXECUTION
3.1 METHOD
A. Auger a hole, minimum 4" wide - maximum 6" wide, to a depth of 36".
B. Examine and record description of soil profile, including texture and soil colors
using Munsell Soil Color Charts. Provide a written report of findings to the Owner
(Warren Wilson College).
C. Place 6" of sand in bottom of hole and lightly tamp.
D. Place well, with well point down, into center of hole, backfill with sand to within 6"
of surrounding grade, and lightly tamp.
E. Fill remainder of hole with bentonite chips to level of surrounding ground.
F. Place PVC cap over open (top) end of well.
G. The Contractor (AES, Inc.) shall survey the elevation of the ground surface at
each well, (relative to given bench marks). Provide a written report to the Owner
(Warren Wilson College) documenting said elevation.
3.2 CLEAN-UP, REMOVAL, AND REPAIR
A. Clean-up: the work area shall be kept free of debris by the Contractor (AES, Inc.).
At no time shall empty containers, trash, or other material be allowed to
accumulate at the project site. All tools shall be kept in appropriate carrying
cases, tool boxes, etc. Parking areas, roads, sidewalks, paths and paved areas
shall be kept free of mud and dirt.
B. Removal: after work has been completed remove tools, empty containers, and all
other debris generated by the Contractor (AES, Inc.).
C. Repair: Repair any damages caused by the Contractor (AES, Inc.) during
completion of the work described in this Section. Said damages may include, but
are not limited to, tire ruts in the ground, damage to lawn areas, damage to trails,
etc. In the event any vegetation is damaged, notify the Owner (Warren Wilson
College) within 24 hours. The Contractor (AES, Inc.) shall be liable for remedying
said damages to plant materials.
3.3 INSPECTION
A. After installation is complete, the Contractor (AES, Inc.) shall schedule with the
Owner (Warren Wilson College) a final acceptance inspection of the work.
3.4 ACCEPTANCE AND GUARANTEE
A. Final acceptance: Shallow ground water monitoring well installation shall be
considered 100% complete after the Contractor (AES, Inc.) has completed all
work as described in 3.1 and 3.2 of this section.
END OF SECTION
•
H:01-575:010201 128 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
• SITE WORK
SECTION - SHALLOW GROUND WATER MONITORING WELL
WITH AUTOMATIC RECORDING DEVICE
PART 1. GENERAL
1.1 DESCRIPTION
A. This section includes the installation of shallow ground water monitoring wells with
automatic recording devices.
1.2 RELATED SECTIONS
A. Shallow ground water monitoring wells.
1.3 QUALITY ASSURANCE
A. Qualifications of workmen: provide at least one person who shall be present at all
times during execution of this portion of the work, who shall be thoroughly familiar
with the type and operation of equipment being used. Said person shall direct all
work performed under this section.
B. Standards: all materials used during this portion of the work shall meet or exceed
applicable federal, state, county and local laws and regulations.
1.4 SUBMITTALS
A. Materials: Prior to delivery of any materials to the site, submit to the Owner
• (Warren Wilson College) a complete list of all plant materials to be used during
this portion of the work. Include complete data on source, quantity and quality.
This submittal shall in no way be construed as permitting substitution for specific
items described on the plans or in these specifications unless approved in writing
by the Owner (Warren Wilson College).
B. Equipment: Prior to commencement of any work, submit to the Owner (Warren
Wilson College) a written description of all mechanical equipment and its intended
use during the execution of the work.
C. After the work is complete submit to the Owner (Warren Wilson College) "as-built"
plans including a listing of all equipment installed, and quantities installed. Mark
in red ink on the original plan any field changes or deviations from the original
plans.
PART 2. PRODUCTS
2.2 MATERIALS
A. Monitoring well shall be 48" long, 2" I.D. PVC pipe with a well point on the lower
end. The lower 24" of the well shall be screened 10/1,000 inch slots.
B. Bentonite chips shall be medium size (1 cm), pure bentonite clay.
C. Sand shall be 40-60 mesh silica sand.
D. Automatic recording device shall be a pressure sensitive transducer with
automatic recorder, such as Level Tracker, manufactured by Telog Instruments,
or equivalent as approved in writing by the Owner (Warren Wilson College).
Include all batteries, cables, and other supplies as necessary.
E. Security cover shall be a 4" I.D. metal pipe with lockable cap.
•
H:01575:012501 129 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
PART 3. EXECUTION
3.1 METHOD
A. Auger a hole, minimum 4" wide - maximum 6" wide, to a depth of 36".
B. Examine and record description of soil profile, including texture and soil colors
using Munsell Soil Color Charts. Provide a written report of findings to the Owner
(Warren Wilson College).
C. Place 6" of sand in bottom of hole and lightly tamp.
D. Place well, with well point down, into center of hole, backfill with sand to within 6"
of surrounding grade, and lightly tamp.
E. Place security cover around shallow ground water monitoring well.
F. Install automatic water level recorder in shallow monitoring well as per the
manufacturer's instructions. Device shall be programmed to record once an hour,
with readings averaged every eight hours.
G. Fill remainder of hole with bentonite chips to level of surrounding ground.
H. Lock top of security cover with a keyed padlock. Key shall be retained by the
Contractor (AES, Inc.).
1. The Contractor (AES, Inc.) shall survey the elevation of the ground surface at
each well (relative to given benchmarks). Provide a written report to the Owner
(Warren Wilson College) documenting said elevations.
3.2 CLEAN-UP, REMOVAL, AND REPAIR
A. Clean-up: the work area shall be kept free of debris by the Contractor (AES, Inc.).
At no time shall empty containers, trash, or other material be allowed to
accumulate at the project site. All tools shall be kept in appropriate carrying
cases, tool boxes, etc. Parking areas, roads, sidewalks, paths and paved areas
shall be kept free of mud and dirt.
B. Removal: after work has been completed remove tools, empty containers, and all
other debris generated by the Contractor (AES, Inc.).
C. Repair: Repair any damages caused by the Contractor (AES, Inc.) during
completion of the work described in this Section. Said damages may include, but
are not limited to, tire ruts in the ground, damage to lawn areas, damage to trails,
etc. In the event any vegetation is damaged, notify the Owner (Warren Wilson
College) within 24 hours. The Contractor (AES, Inc.) shall be liable for remedying
said damages to plant materials.
3.3 INSPECTION
A. After installation is complete, the Contractor (AES, Inc.) shall schedule with the
Owner (Warren Wilson College) a final acceptance inspection of the work.
3.5 ACCEPTANCE AND GUARANTEE
A. Final acceptance: Shallow ground water monitoring well with automatic recording
device installation shall be considered 100% complete after the Contractor (AES,
Inc.) has completed all work as described in 3.1 and 3.2 of this section, and has
demonstrated to the Owner (Warren Wilson College) that recording devices have
properly worked for 30 consecutive days.
END OF SECTION
H:01-575:010201 130 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
SECTION -ECOLOGICAL MONITORING: SITE WORK
EGETATION, FISHERIES, AMPHIBIAN,
MACROINVERTEBRATES, BIRDS, AND MAMMALS; WATER QUALITY AND EROSION
PROCESSES
PART 1. GENERAL
1.1 DESCRIPTION
A. This section includes the installation of monitoring systems to document
biological, physio-chemical responses to restoration treatments.
1.2 RELATED SECTIONS
A. Shallow ground water monitoring wells.
1.3 QUALITY ASSURANCE
A. Qualifications of workmen: provide at least one person who shall be present at all
times during execution of this portion of the work, who shall be thoroughly familiar
with the type and operation of methods, equipment and data QA/QC requirements
and methods being used. Said person shall direct all work performed under this
section.
B. Standards: all materials used during this portion of the work shall meet or exceed
applicable federal, state, county and local laws and regulations.
1.4 SUBMITTALS
A. Materials: Prior to delivery of any materials to the site, submit to the Owner
(Warren Wilson College) a complete list of all plant materials to be used during
this portion of the work. Include complete data on source, quantity and quality.
This submittal shall in no way be construed as permitting substitution for specific
items described on the plans or in these specifications unless approved in writing
by the Owner (Warren Wilson College).
B. Equipment: Prior to commencement of any work, submit to the Owner (Warren
Wilson College) a written description of all mechanical equipment and its intended
use during the execution of the work.
C. After the work is complete submit to the Owner (Warren Wilson College) "as-built"
plans including a listing of all equipment installed, and quantities installed. Mark
in red ink on the original plan any field changes or deviations from the original
plans.
PART 2. PRODUCTS
PART 3. EXECUTION
3.1 METHOD
A. Ve etation: At WWC for this stream project we recommend the use of permanent
installed 25 -50 meter transects installed perpendicular to the channel alignments
along which woody vegetation would be measured in nested belt transects of 1 x
25(-50) meter quadrats for measurement of cover intercept, density, and species
(in alive and dead categories) by size class; herbaceous vegetation less than 1
H:01575:012501 131
Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
meter in height would be measured for cover, frequency by species in square
meter quadrats installed every 3 meters along the transect line; ground cover
litter, including exposed substrate type, bryophytes, etc would also be measured
for % cover in these quadrats.
In addition, timed meander search methods will also be employed (Goff 1982) to
development a quantification of species richness along each transect, and overall
in each restored stream reach.
B. Birds: At WWC for this stream project, we propose that minimum avian sampling
be conducted. We propose to use timed-point surveys at the end point locations
of vegetation study transects. At each location following methods modified after
GOFF 1982, avian richness, and relative abundance will be quantified over a 10-
15 minutes period on a minimum of 4- 5 consecutive days( without winds over 5
mph, and only on clear or partly cloudy rather than rainy mornings) during the
breeding season (late may- mid-June) starting at first light. The birds heard or
observed each minute during the survey shall be recorded, and surveying shall
continue until no additional species are recorded each morning. At WWC we will
coordinate methods and surveying with statewide initiatives such as partners in
flight efforts.
C. Mammals: Mammals will not be quantitatively surveyed as a part of this
monitoring program at WWC. We will informally document mammal use by direct
observation, scat, and using track counting methods to understand relative
abundance guided by methods in Skalski (1991) and Warren and Hurst( 1980).
This casual and informal monitoring will document mammal use of riparian
corridors restored during this project.
D. Lepidoptera and Odonata: For both groups, we will do timed- surveys for
determination of species richness and relative abundance within restored riparian
corridors. The sampling will be conducted along the same vegetation sampling
transects used in the project areas. Both will be sampled in June and then again
in late August to record early and later season flights.
No sampling is currently proposed for nocturnal insects, such as moths.
E. Amphibians: Amphibians will be sampled in spring and early summer breeding
seasons using two methods. First, nocturnal breeding amphibian surveys (biased
toward frogs and toads) will be conducted over a minimum of 4-5 nights from
beginning through the end of the breeding season. Species and relative
abundance measures will be derived from these surveys.
Standard methods for salamander surveys will include habitat searches, and use
of up to 3 drift fences per spring season in representative locations of the riparian
restorations. Standard methods for sampling will follow Heyer et al (1994).
•
H:01-575:010201 132 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
F. Fishes and Macro-invertebrates: Fishes will be sampled 3 times annually using
standard seining techniques in each restored and reference stream reach.
Representative sections of each stream will be sampled, captured species
enumerated by type of stream reach, and these data will be used as a basis for
trend analysis. Early spring, early summer and mid fall sampling periods are
proposed for fishes. Meador et al. (1993) will be used in program design and
standardization.
In each stream reach and at the same time of fish sampling, macroinvertebrates
will be sampled to assess richness and relative abundance of the taxa present.
We will follow standard reference methods used in North Carolina for this
sampling and analysis.
G. Water Quality: AES, Inc. uses several methods for monitoring of conductivity,
turbidity, macronutrients, salts, oils and grease, sulfates, dissolved oxygen, and
numerous other parameters. We typically encourage that all water quality
sampling following rigorous QA/QC guidelines for sample collection, processing,
lab delivery and data analysis. We encourage three types of sampling strategies
as follows from least to most rigorous.
At Warren Wilson College we recommend use of grab samples and field metering
of key water quality parameters including suspended solids, temperature,
temperature using the °Tid-Bit" or "Stow-a-way" continuous measurement devices.
We recommend that sampling be stage correlated, and occur during the growing
season to represent up to three distinctly different flow regiments. Sampling
• should occur during low flow, close to median flows, and during high flow
conditions.
Grab samples are samples collected of in-stream water column water condition by
simply collecting required volumes of water for the specific tests to be preformed.
The water is collected at representative locations in the stream reaches. We
measure stage at the time and location of water sample collection to provide
some measure of discharge calibration and correlation. Grab samples are to be
collected to represent the range of flows discharges and stages and to represent
seasonal variance present in the study site.
Depending the nature of the analysis needed, grab samples can be shipped to a
laboratory for analysis, or can be field analyzed using portable field equipment
including portable meters and field-portable wet chemistry laboratories. Field
metering typically is focused on conductivity, turbidity, ph, dissolved oxygen,
temperature, and a few other parameters. Field wet labs can generally address
these and many other parameters. Grab sampling and field analysis are good for
diagnostic monitoring.
Datasonde samples are continuous samples collected with automated data
collection apparatus. These methods require skilled practioneers and people that
can maintain the complex datasonde equipment. Many if not most of the data that
can be collected with field meters can also be gathered with datasondes.
•
H:01575:012501 133 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
Continuous Integrated discharge sampling typically uses SIGMA sampling
apparatus to collect water samples for projects requiring time equated samples
correlated with stream discharge. This automated sampling equipment starts
sampling water on a pre-set time increment, after precipitation events when the
stream reaches a pre-stage level. Thereafter, bottles are filled over each time
increment to capture for example the nature of the water during the entire
hydrograph performance. After the event, the samples are collected, fixed and
delivered to a laboratory for rigorous analysis.
H. Stream Gauging: Integrated pressure sensitive transducer units (e.g. datasonde,
telog name brands) are encouraged where continuous records of stage are
desirable. In applications where less rigorous records are needed we
recommended the installation of staff gages and a recording schedule that
adequately characterizes water level dynamics. U.S. Geological Survey standard
methods can be used for rigorous data collection needs. In these projects, use of
the rigorous installation and maintenance specifications of the USGS should be
followed.
1. Stream Erosion: Standard Erosion Measurement Methods: That will be
acceptable include repeat sampling of surveyed cross-sections of the channel and
longitudinal profiles. Use of bank-pins for measurement of erosion rates would
also be acceptable.
J. Stream Temperature: Standard methods for monitoring shall including installation
of various devices that provide continuous or time equated temperature
measurements. This can include but is not limited to the use of devices such as
the "stow-a-way" data loggers, and other similar products.
3.2 Finalization of a Monitoring Plan:
AES shall finalize a monitoring program plan, schedule, and methods manual upon
acceptance of the stream restoration programs at WWC. We will schedule the necessary
discussions with regulatory agents to ensure that their interests in project monitoring are
being addressed. We will also coordinate with WWC staff and students to finalize their
level of commitment and involvement to the overall monitoring program.
3.3 Annual Appraisal of Monitoring Program Refinement and Need:
AES proposes annually after submittal of the annual year-end report and including
monitoring data presentation and analysis, to meet with regulatory agents to discuss
monitoring program refinements.
END OF SECTION
H:01-575:010201 134 Warren Wilson College Stream Restoration Report
Applied Ecological Services, Inc.
17921 Smith Road, P.O. Box 256
Brodhead, Wisconsin 53520
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Email: [e-mail]
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Units:
Pool Area Channel Brush Layer Detail Sheet Number
6 of 6

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MM~i N~ S~ 401 R~
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APR 8 2003
W T SEDIMENTATIO E R Q U~ LI S ~ENTATION
E G tl 0 N BASIN I
STORMSEWER MSEWER DISSIPATOR OUTLET
SEE DETAIL 0~ DETAIL ON SHEET 16)
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BEGIN BRUSH _ . 3 a ~ ~ a~
/ 1215' :,:2120 r LAYER SECTION B4 2 ~ - 0 ~ ~ ? ~ STORMSEWER DISSIPATOR OUTLET
iii/ I J "(0 - ~ `2119: , 1 STATION 10+00 , - Z °
o - - 0~ Z p ° w Z (SEE DETAIL ON SHEET 16)
~ i j i ~ - - 0 r- / ~ ~ a O M END E5b SECTION
i ~ ~ ~ „N ; --2~ I-" U Z ~ ~ Q o ~ + STATION 22+g$.39 i
~ ~ , 2119.5 O x2119.5 x ~ W (n U W Z j U m
f cn END BRUSH LAYER SECTION B4 _ ~ 0
~ Q , , ~ w ~
BEGIN E5 SECTION ~ ~ ~ w ` ..2120- ~ Z fA W Z~ (~j ~Z ~ W W O
STATION 11+61.02 ,•,2119- ~ ~ J p -
, 2118. Z . , i ' i W W w W ~ Z a ~
~ m 60.00 1a.-~ ~ 1 ; m Q m~
2 , 3.1 ~
-2119 60.00 FW / ---2120- FP FP 50.00 VARIES Z ~
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FW EXISTING 24" CMP
5
3 / 2. $ 1 A~ (TO REMAIN AND BE CLEARED)
~ '1~ , 2
~I ~ EXISITING CULVERT TO BE REMOVED STORMSEWER DISSIPATOR OUTLET
E~ ; (SEE DETAIL ON SHEET 16) ~I
F AND REPLACED WITH BRIDGE
REPLACEMENT BY OWNER) ;
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RESTORATION AREA
SEE PLANTING PLAN -
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8 2003
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SEDIMENTATIO ~ENTATION
BASIN I
STORMSEWER MSEWER DISSIPATOR OUTLET
(SEE DETAIL 0~ DETAIL ON SHEET 16)

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LAYER /21215,? 212° ~ SECTION B4 , p ~ . ~ ~ ~ STORMSEWER DISSIPATOR OUTLET
STATION 10+00 ~ _ _ - Z o
o ~ ' ~ Z + 0 ~ Z Z ° w (SEE DETAIL ON SHEET 16) ~ d Z
' ~ - ? % ~ f ~ ~ r ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ a O r, END E5b SECTION
~ ti ~ ~ F- --2~ U Z i ~ ti - 20
' ~ ; 2119.5 ~ U W x x 2119.5 t W (f) U w p j c~j co STATION 22+98.39 w cn z w +
r END BRUSH LAYER SECTION B4 ~ ~ m ~ (A ~j N Q (A N
Q E-- ~
BEGIN E ~ - , , ~ 5 SECTION - W _.21zo---- y Z c~
STATION 11+ -.2119-------------~~ ~ o _ 61.02 ~ 0 Z~ W WO
2118, z ~ + ~ , W - ~ W 1 - ~
60.00 = m 1
3:1 ,,,-i1 , ~ - -2119---- ~ 60.00 o m ~
FW / ---21zo- FP FP 50.00 VARIES z ~
iii~iii~~i i~iii~iu~ii~ ni~iii~~ii~iii~in~iii~iii~iii~i~n~~iii~iii~in~iii~L~~~LIi~Jl~ u
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ii~iu~i ~"IIiT~~'ii ~~~iii~iii~iii~iii~iii~iii~ni iu~in~iii~iii~iii~iii~iii~u~ iii iu~
FW FP
EX~STWG 24" CMP
3~
2~ ~ 1 E 12 (TO REMAIN AND BE CLEARED)
~ ; 1~- , 2 ~ ~
I ~ EXISITING LVERT TO BE REM V ~ CU 0 ED STORMSEWER DISSIPATOR OUTLET
F AND R ACED WITH EPL BRIDGE
(SEE DETAIL ON SHEET 16}
(REPLACEMENT BY OWNER
0
P N ~0
G E S
y P
0 0 ~ 20.0
FL -
RESTORATION AREA
EE PL - (S ANTING PLAN
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Legend
NOTES: 1. CONTRACTOR SHALL HAVE WARREN I~LSON COLLEGE
LOCATE ALL UTILITY LINES PRIOR TO STARTING Proposed Existing
~;+r ~";~~'i P CONSTRUCTION. THERE ARE PRIVATE WATER LINES
S 401 G RpU IN THE VICINITY OF THE CONSTRUCTION AREA WHICH Contour Elevation
SHOULD NOT BE DISTURBED. 2. CONTRACTOR SHALL MAINTAIN ACCESS ACROSS THE
APR S 2003 CREEK FOR COLLEGE EQUIPMENT AND PERSONNEL Limit of Grading
AT ALL TIMES DURING CONSTRUCTION. Applied ECOIO ICaI SeNICeS, InC.
iNr~T I l~~l I ~ 3. SPECIFIC NUMBER AND LOCATION OF GRADE CONTROL g
SEDIMENTATION AND STABILIZATION STRUCTURES TO BE DETERMINED IN Bonkfull Limit 17921 Smith Road, P.O. Box 256 THE FIELD BY THE CONSTRUCTION SUPERVISOR. BI'odhead, Wisconsin 53520
BASIN 4. NO FILL MATERIAL WILL BE PLACED WITHIN THE EXISTING
STORMSEWER DISSIPATOR OUTLET FLOODPLAIN AREA AS A RESULT OF THE PROPOSED Centerline Thalweg Phone: [phone] Fax: [phone]
(SEE DETAIL ON SHEET 16) CONSTRUCTION OF PIGPEN CREEK, Email; info ap liedeco.cam ~ p
Paal
~ ~ w W Floodprone limit
BEGIN BRUSH
LAYER SECTION B4 X12 1; ; ; - s, Q ? ~ ~ z11 ' STORMSEWI STORMSEWER DISSIPATOR OUTLE f '
STATION 10+00 , - - - ° ~ (SEE DETAIL ON SHEET 1ti) ~ Riffle Areas [
END E5b SECTION I o p STATION 22+98.39 ~
~ x2119.52119.x ~i W ~ O Z W+ ~ Conservation Easement Limit O
END BRUSH LAYER SECTION 64 ~ , ~ ; _ _ _ ~ rn ~ 0 cn N _ - _ N
BEGIN E5 SECTION ,,_-2120___- ; ~ Z ~ U .21ts------------"} i 0 W W O z 0 ~ Brush Layer
STATION 11+61.02 z11a 0 N z ~ / z W _Q ,1 - W m ~ _ ' Q ~ N
60.00 ~ ,,2„a~ ' W W ~ _ z n ~ N
3:1~ " - : -------z11s----' % 60.00 o m FW / ; ---21~--' ~ FP 50.00 VARIES Z ~ CMP Culverts ,~„r ~ I
~~ni~ni~ii~ni~~ui~ia ius_in~ni~ni~ni~ni~in~iii~ii~ni~in~ni~m~iu~lnltLilLiL u W 1 _ ~ ui~ui~w~iu~ni~ni in~ni~u ui~iu~ ~ . ? - a I / - U N , N r'
~ X3:1 ~ ~r- ~ 3.1 3:1 Modified Cross Vane L I
o x 17+ „~I
MORPHOLOGICAL MEASUREMENT TABLE L ~ 0 ~ui~uu~ 2B.aD _ LL.
~ _ i . ~ ~c - -3:1 _ ~ - warren Wilson streams z
Q~ UPP6t PKiPBI GRANTEE Pa•L
iii_iii_i„~iii~iii ii_iii_iii_ui_u,_ui_iii_iii Ciii_iii_iii_iii_iii_iii_iii_iii iii (1g+1`r21+e1) Pine Knob ~ Variables Existing Proposed Reference I„ I„ I ~
FW ~ FP EXISTING Chanrcel Channel Reach ¦ ~ EXISTING 24" CMP ~ Q
3y a (TO REM ~ 12• ~2~ (TO REMAIN AND BE CLEARED) Stream7ype (Rasgenl Ditch _ E5b E4b upper pigpen riffle (11-19-02} Dmina Area 0.15 0.15 .O9
~E~,~,~ EXISITING CULVERT TO BE REMOVED STORMSE Rich Len Sucre
~ F AND REPLACED WITH BRIDGE (SEE DET STORMSEWER DISSIPATOR OUTLET area DIMENSION DATA 0 100 bkf 0.15 Bankfull width 3 5.5 s.s (SEE DETAIL ON SHEET 16) 0.5 99.4 0.325 BanlduOMeanDe o.75 rs .6z ~
(REPLACEMENT BY OWNER) 1 99.3 0.4825 wi Ratio _7.D_,____ __N.6 _ L BanWull Cmss Sectional Area 4.3 7.95 '
1.5 98.77 0.6375 Banldull Max De th 1.32 t.OS ¦ ~ 2 98.68 0.6525 Width of Fload are Arm wetted rim 6.5 22.0 35
Entrenchment Rffiio 4.0 3.63 2.5 98.71 0.5725 veloc wd s ~ s s~
.0 ON P 3 99 0.4625 Discha a bkf 2s.s 2s.7• 54.a
>GG~~ P,I S 3.5 99.15 0.3875 ` 4 99.3 0.35 PATTERN DATA _ _
00~ F,,o 2o.a 4.5 99.3 0.225 Meander le _50 _ 70.5 (6180 ~ n 1 Radius of Curvature 17 10.6 10.3-11 ~ V/
5 99.8 0.05 BettWidth 19 33 3135 W Ratio:Meander Len IBankfull Width 9.1 7.3 5.5 100 bkf
6 Ratio: Radius of Curvaturel6ankrull Width _ 3.1 1.1 0 Meander Width Ratio 3.5 3.42 U
6.5 4.295 Sinuos 1.27 1.31 ^
7 PROFILE DATA ~ W l.i 7.5 Valle ten th a30 430 235
8 Verticald overvalle 12 12 8.1 Q Valle Slo 0.0279 D279 .035
Stream Len th surre 445 544.9 31D PooISb a 0.003 0.64
RESTORATION AREA _ Riffle Slope O.L1506 _ Upp91' Plgperi Typlr.~l Riffle avem eSlo o.oza7 D.D3s5 025
(SEE PLANTING PLAN) - (7~ Ratio: Pool S Avere a Slo _ 0.~ 0.25 117f1.~ ~ ~ Ratio: Riffle elAvera eSlo 1.~
Max Pool De h 1.8 1.92 Pool Width 6.3 10
Pool to Poal acin 16.5 30 Ratio: Max Pcol h~anldull Mean De 2 2.34
~ Ratio: Pool WidthlBanldull Width 1.15 1.04 Ratio: Pool to Poal acin nldull Width 3 4.3 1.76
CHANNEL MATERIALS ~
D15 <D.O6 mm D.17 mm ~
D35 0.10 4.4 mm 9$.~J D50 _ 0.12 11mm ~
D84 0.18 72 mm tj. 1 ~ ~ 6 D95 D.20 109 mm
Sher Stress ~ Stream Power Idft-sec
n
~
~J
z z ~
~ ~ AVERAGE SL PE=3.45°~ ¦ ~ ^ ~
U w RIFFLE SLO E=6.61 % uWi ~ POOL SLO E=0.30°k
w W EXISTING 24 CMP
(TO REMAIN ~ ; r
2130 2130
EXISTING AVERAGESLO E=1.20°k , TA 22+98.39
RIFFLE SLOP =1.59 % y i ELEV 2133.0
z POOL SLOPE 0.30 % ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i ~ I i i v
0 /i I ~ ~ l i l i yr ~ ~ r f i i l i 1i
U N
EXISTI G ~
SURF E w ~ ~ i , ~ ~ h ~ y ~ ~ ~ ~ f ` 1 I ~ 4 fi ~r ii ' ~ ~ 1 ~ r/r' : r
AVERAGE SLO E=1.43 /o ~ ~ ~ ~ ~^~~I t! ~ i-~ ;1~ a r :I ~ Y ~ ~r ~ r 1/
RIFFLE SLOP 1.92 /o ^ ~ ~ ~ . r• VI 20+8131
0 0 BANKFULL POOL SLOPE 0.30°h ~ ~ • 2120 - - 212 .5 2120
rn rn '
m w ~ ~ . ~ PVI ? ~ 17+06.15
i ~ ! ~ ~ , + 2121.0
I ~ i 1 i ~ ~ +
i 1 ~ PROPOSED Revisions:
MATCH ~ i ~ ? EXISTING ~ ~ j PROFILE
STA 10+00 / ' ~ ~ No. By Date Description
ELEV 2111.5 1.06% . ~ 4~ - 1 ~e. ~e~07-31-02 dw comments q
.~r.:.._
PVI 2 2110
2110 2113.2
4
5
.
oor ina e s em
°o °o °o o° °o °o °o °o °o O ~ N M ~ N c+D r to 0 o a o o o + N ~ s em: a e ane
r N N N ~ N N
one:
a um:
llnitS~ FP_P.t
0 5 Sheet Number
0 25' 50' 3of18
_ _ _

LegE~nd
NOTES: 1. CONTRACTOR SHALL HAVE WARREN WILSON COLLEGE
LOCATE ALL UTILITY LINES PRIOR TO STARTING Proposed Existing
T~;~yS~11 t ~ ~ CONSTRUCTION, THERE ARE PRIVATE WATER LINES
IN THE VICINITY OF THE CONSTRUCTION AREA WHICH Contour Elevation
APR ~ E~ 20D3 SHOULD NOT BE DISTURBED.
2. CONTRACTOR SHALL MAINTAIN ACCESS ACROSS THE CREEK FOR COLLEGE EQUIPMENT AND PERSONNEL Limit of Grading
~U~L~TY AT ALL TIMES DURING CONSTRUCTION. lied Ecolo ical Services Inc.
3. SPECIFIC NUMBER AND LOCATION OF GRADE CONTROL pp g '
SEDIMENTATION AND STABILIZATION STRUCTURES TO BE DETERMINED IN Bankfull Limit 17921 Smith Road, P.o. BOX 256
BASIN THE FIELD BY THE CONSTRUCTION SUPERVISOR. Brodhead WISCOnSIn 53520 4. NO FILL MATERIAL WILL BE PLACED WITHIN THE EXISTING '
STORMSEWER DISSIPATOR OUTLET FLOODPLAIN AREA AS A RESULT OF THE PROPOSED Centerline Thalweg Phone: [phone] Fax: [phone]
(SEE DETA?L ON SHEET 16) CONSTRUCTION OF PIGPEN CREEK. Email: info a liedeco.com
~ pp Paal
~ ~
BEGIN BRUSH W d I2~ 51 ;':120 - \,1 ~ d ~n Floodprone Limit Q
LAYER SECTION 64 ~ ' , ~ 0 ~ STOf STORMSEWER DISSIPATOR OUTLET
STATION 1O+00 II ~ . 2_"9''~j v vo ~ - Z ~ i ~ ~ Q f• d w (SEE DETAIL ON SHEET 16) ® Riffle Areas o_ z ~ ~ ~
. 1 _0 ~~ti, ---2, ~ UZ ~ a 0 M END E5b SECTION 1 0
ti , - zQ ~ U ~ r 2119.5 ~ W 0 U ~ , x2119.5 z 1 W - Z W+ ~ ~ STATION 22+98.39 Q z w + Conservation Easement Limit
END BRUSH LAYER SECTION B4 ~ _ ~ rn ~ ~ O N N Q 0 N° Q
BEGIN E5 SECTION - W ~ ~ ~ z ~ ~z L ' • N w w 0 ~ Brush La er o
STATION 11+61.02 --2 - / ,z11a, ~ ~ Z t7 UWi Z I- -1 - ` W W ~ Q N Z 1- `b Y 0 ~ ~ Q ~ Q
~ , 60.00 _ ' ;e m W C7 3:1\ 2 -------211 ~ 60.00 m m w w~ Z U N
s----= o FW ~ ~ ---21~ : l FP 50.00 VARIES Z Z m ~ CMP Culverts ~ ` 1
~~nir_ni~~ ~,~iur_ni~iu nir_in~inr_ui~in~iu~inr_ni~i~y~iu~in~ni~iur_ni~Lu?~LilLill W w - U N ~ ~ ~
Modified Cross Vane ~ 1
o Q
N X - ~ MORPHOLOGICAL MEASUREMENT TABLE L' ca o 2.00 ~
warren saeerrts z
r - ~ uPVel r'ICS~a1 cHL w.L
FW ~ FP I>?«rsz,.el~ Pine Knob ~ var;~eS aiming Proposed Rererence W -
E; Channel Channel Reach ¦ a>_ EXISTING 24" CMP ~ Q
123 (T (TO REMAIN AND BE CLEARED) sum T Ditch Ese ~ _ upper pigpen riffle (11-19-02) Drain Ala 0.15 a15 .os
~ J• / ~~E EXISITING CULVERT TO BE REMOVED 8~2 Reach Le Su
~ ~ 5 F AND REPLACED WITH BRIDGE (S STORMSEWER DISSIPATOR OUTLET 0 100 bkf o.~5 DIMENSION DATA Bankfull Width 3 5.5 9.6 (SEE DETAIL ON SHEET 16) 0.5 99.4 0.325 BankfullMeanDe 0.75 T8 .82
(REPLACEMENT BY OWNER) 1 99.3 0.4825 widtnroe Rado 7.D t t s _ V ~ Banldull Cross Sectional Area q,3 7,yg
1.5 98.77 0.6375 BanldullMaxDe m 1.32 t.t~ ¦ a>_
2 98.68 0.6525 Width of Floodprone Arm welted rimete GS 22.0 35 2.5 98.71 0.5725 FstrenchmentRatio 4.0 3.s3 ~
0 0~ P Veloci bkf 6.20 6.87 3 99 0.4625 Disch a bkf 26.9 26.T' 54.4
EG~~ P.{ S 3.5 99.15 0.3875 4 99.3 0.35 PATTERN DATA
00`N FLO 20.0 4.5 99.3 0.225 Minder l - - 50 70.5 61.80 ~ ~ ^ Radius of Curvature 17 10.610.3-11 W
5 99.8 0.05 senwroth is 33 3135 W 5.5 100 bkf Ratio:Meander Len nkfull Width 9.1 z3
Ratio: Radius of CurvatureRankfullWidth 3.1 1.1 6 Meander Width RaBO o 3.5 3.42 U
6.5 4.295 Sinuos' t.27 1.3t 7 rt W
PROFILE DATA _ `V 7.5 Vail ten 430 430 235 L ~ ~.i.
$ Verticaldro overvall 12 12 8.1 Vail Sloe _ 0.0279 .0279 .035
Stream Len lh curve 445 544.9 310 Pact Sb 0.003 0.0064
RESTORATION AREA _ RifneSlope_------_-- 0.0506.-- UpperPigpen TVpit~l Rlfl`IF Avers eSl D.0247 D.o3s5 as
(SEE PLANTING PLAN) - 1 pd. J Ratio: Pool Slo Avers a Slo _ 0.08 0.25 Ratio: Ri(De Slo Aoera a Slope.. 1.39
Max Pool De th _ _ 1.6 1.92 Pool Width 6.3 10
PooltoPod acin 16.5 30 - - Ratio: Max Pool D thlBankfull Mean De th 2 2.34
~ Ratio: Pool WidlhlBankfull Widfh 1.16 1.04
Ratio: Pool to Pool acin anldull Width 3 4_3 (1.76
9g CHANNEL MATERIALS ¦ 015 <D.D6mm 0.17 mm _
D35 0.1D 4.4 mm , D50 0.12 17 mm ~
D84 0.18 i I]'.. ~ L 4 5:. 6 D95 0.20 109 mm ¦ ~ _
Shear Stress ~ Strom Power IbIR-sec
n
¦ .
n
Z Z ~ i
O F AVERAGE SL PE=3.45°h M ~ ^
w W RIFFLE SLO E=6.61 %
yr ~ POOLSLO E=0.30% w w EXISTING 24 CMP r•~
; (TO REMAIN
2130 r ~ ~ A • 2130
I . 'r' EXISTING AVERAGE SLO E=1.20 % ~ r TA ZZ+98.39 ^
r RIFFLE SLOP =1.59% ~ r, Vii' i ELEV2133.0
z POOL SLOPE 0.30°h ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ !
O F j i ' l i j~ i v ~ ~
U 1 ' ' 1 ( 1 1 ~1 ~ '
EXISTI G ~ w 1 . tr 1.1
SURF E ' ~
i 1 AVERAGESLO E=1.43% 1 ~ , ~ /^r ~ \ i ~ ;t~~ r • • r
RIFFLE SLOP 1.92°h .~1 i 1 r 0 O_ BANKFULL POOL SLOPE 0.30°~ r /G' VI 20+8131
2120 - 21 .5 2120
m w ; ~ ~ PVI
i t ~ ? ~ i 17 06.15 r ' r 1 e' 2121.0
I ~ ; li
1^`e ~ ~ ~ ~ PROPOSED MATCH ~t i t Revisions:
EXISTING ~ ~ j f~;~.. PROFILE
o. By Date Description
ELEV 2111.5 1.06% ' t.~ 1 ~e. ~Q~07-31-02 dw comments q
PVI 2110 2 .
2113.2 2„a 3
4
5
oor ins e s em
°o °o °o °o °o °o °o $ °o + + + + + + O O O O O M W 01 O N ~ s em. a e one
° ~ ~ ~ a ~ m ~ ~ N N N + N
N one:
a um:
I Inite• Fast
vI nw. I vv16
w Sheet Number
0 25' 50' 100' g - -E 3 of 18
_ _ _