20041666 Ver 1_COMPLETE FILE_20040910

Ddb United States Forest National Forests in 160A Zillicoa Street
Department of Service North Carolina P.O. Box 2750
Agriculture Asheville, NC 28802
File Code: 2530-3
NC DENR/Division of Water QualFILE
Wetlands Unit
1621 Mail Service Center
Raleigh, NC 27699-1621
Dear DWQ,
Date: July 28, 2004
COPY
a3nssc mo%t
This letter is to notify the Division of Water Quality of the stream restoration project proposed
by the U.S. Forest Service. The project is called the Sycamore Flats Project and is located on the
Pisgah National Forest in Transylvania County, NC. The stream restoration proposed does not
disturb wetlands and it is not conducted for compensatory mitigation or mitigation credit. This
project proposes to construct three rock vanes within the channel of the Davidson River, a major
tributary to the French Broad River. The intent is to convert unstable stream banks to a more
stable condition by reducing foot traffic and directing flow away from banks. The rock vanes
will be designed by the Biological and Agricultural Engineering Department at NC State
University. Work will include the excavation of both the channel bed and banks to securely
place the vanes, and placement of boulder size rock into the channel. Overhanging banks
adjacent to the vanes will be pulled back and planted with riparian type vegetation.
The proposed work falls under the Nationwide Permit #27, and does not require written
application to and approval from the Division of Water Quality since it is a stream restoration
project not being conducted for compensatory mitigation or mitigation credits, as per General
Certification WQC #3399 number two. Therefore, we are sending three copies of this cover
letter, plans, and specifications to your office. A 404 permit application and a TVA 26A permit
have been requested, and a copy of the 404 permit material has been submitted to Mr. David
McHenry of the NC Wildlife Resources Commission.
Sincerely,
BRADY N. DODD
National Forests in NC, Hydrologist
Caring for the Land and Serving People Printed on Recycled Paper%$
Environmental Assessment Sycamore Flats Project
Sycamore Flats Project
Vicinity Map
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Environmental Assessment Sycamore Flats Project

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Proposed Rock Vane 12 Proposed
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Proposed River Access

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Proposed Rock Vane #3
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Proposed Bus Parking
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Sycamore Flats Project
Alternative "B"
0 200 400
Feet
10
SINEEE VANE DETAIL
SCALE NTS
Top O? B
ank
PLOW
T ?
0 p OP hQ Approx. 100'
L? n k /
Weathered Boulders /
Channel Bed
BankfuU Elevation mmTl_
Flow L-1 I I-1 I I-1 I I
Footer Boulders
PROFILE
Notes:
L Exact vane location shall be determined in the field,
2. Filter fabric shall be placed on the upstream side of the vane to
minimize piping.
3. Weathered boulders shall be used in visible areas.
4. Footer boulders shall extend a minimum of 5' below channel bed.
5. Dimensions shown on the plans are approximet, actual dimensions
will be field determined based on material and channel conditions.
6. Vane shall be securely tied into the channel bank.
7. Channel bank shall be graded to a 21 slope around the vane
8. Material excavated for the vane installation shall be used
to backfill the upstream side of the vane.
?-'\
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9?
39
73'
USDA
Environmental Assessment
United
States
Department
Sycamore Flats Project
Agriculture
A
Forest
Service Pisgah Ranger District, Pisgah National Forest
July 2004 Transylvania County, North Carolina
R!14T"
Environmental Assessment Sycamore Flats Project
Sycamore Flats Project
Environmental Assessment
Location of Action: Pisgah Ranger District
Pisgah National Forest
Transylvania County, North Carolina
Lead Agency: USDA Forest Service
Responsible Official: Randall Burgess
District Ranger
1001 Pisgah Highway
Pisgah Forest, NC 28768
For More Information: Diane Bolt & Lode Stroup
Project Leaders
[phone]
[phone] (fax)
Michael Hutchins
ID Team Leader
[phone]
Send Electronic Comments to: comments-southem-north-carolina-pisgah-pisgah
The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the
basis of race, color, national origin, gender, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, and
marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who
require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.)
should contact USDA's Target Center at [phone] (voice and TDD).
To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326-W, Whitten
Building, 14th and Independence Avenue, SW, Washington DC 20250-9510 or call [phone] (voice or
TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.
Environmental Assessment Sycamore Flats Project
Table of Contents
SUMMARY ......................................................................................................................................................i
CHAPTER 1- PURPOSE AND NEED ..................................................................................................... .....1
1.1 Document Structure ........................................................................................................................ .... 1
1.2 Background ..................................................................................................................................... .... 1
1.3 Proposed Action .............................................................................................................................. .... 2
1.4 Purpose and Need for Action .......................................................................................................... .... 2
1.5 Decision Framework ....................................................................................................................... .... 3
1.6 Public Involvement .......................................................................................................................... .... 3
1.7 Issues .............................................................................................................................................. .... 3
CHAPTER 2 - ALTERNATIVES ............................................................................................................... .....6
2.1 Range of Alternatives ...................................................................................................................... .... 6
2.2 Alternatives Considered in Detail .................................................................................................... .... 6
2.3 Alternatives Considered but Eliminated from Detailed Study .......................................................... .... 8
2.4 Mitigation Measure .......................................................................................................................... .... 8
2.5 Comparison of Alternatives ............................................................................................................. .... 9
CHAPTER 3 - ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES ...............................................................................12
3.1 Effects Related to Key Issue #1; Scenic Resources ....................................................................... ...12
3.2 Effects Related to Key Issue #2; Aquatic Habitat ............................................................................ ...19
3.3 Effects Related to Key Issue #3; HydraulicsMater Quality ............................................................. ...22
CHAPTER 4 - PREPARERS AND PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT .....................................................................29
4.1 ID Team Members .............................................................................................................................29
4.2 Federal, State, and Local Agencies ................................................................................................ ...29
4.3 Others ............................................................................................................................................. ...29
APPENDIX A - BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION .............................................................................................30
Environmental Assessment Sycamore Flats Project
SUMMARY
The Pisgah National Forest proposes to install three rock vanes in the Davidson River at the
Sycamore Flats Recreation Area; construct an approximate %2 mile walking path hardened
with asphalt; construct two new picnic shelters; install about 3,500 linear feet of perforated
drain material; construct parking to accommodate 15 additional vehicles and one bus;
construct a handicap accessible fishing pier; replace the existing bathrooms with handicap
accessible ones; and remove the existing wells. The project area is located at the Sycamore
Flats Recreation Area along the Davidson River and is within the Pisgah Ranger District,
Pisgah National Forest, Transylvania County, North Carolina.
This action is needed, because the flow of the Davidson River is causing erosion and
sedimentation of the river bank; safety of daily walkers from vehicles is at risk; and there is a
need to improve the recreational experience for users of the facility.
The proposed action may alter the hydraulics of the Davidson River and increase potential
for sediment delivery; impact aquatic habitat; and may adversely affect scenic resources.
In addition to Alternative B - Proposed Action, the Forest Service also evaluated the
following alternatives:
o Alternative A -No-action Alternative
o Alternative C -Similar to the Proposed Action except a retaining wall would be
constructed in lieu of the middle rock vane (#2) at the wading area and a water
permeable material would be used to harden the -% mile walking trail constructed
Based upon the effects of the alternatives, the responsible official will decide to select the no-
action alternative, an action alternative, or a modification of an action alternative.
Environmental Assessment Sycamore Flats Project
CHAPTER 1- PURPOSE AND NEED
1.1 Document Structure
The Forest Service has prepared this Environmental Assessment (EA) in compliance with the
National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) and other relevant Federal and State laws and
regulations. This EA discloses the direct, indirect, and cumulative environmental impacts
that would result from the proposed action and alternatives. The document is organized into
four chapters and Appendices:
o Chapter 1- Purpose and Need: This section includes information on the history of the
project proposal, the purpose of and need for the project, and the agency's proposal for
achieving that purpose and need. This section also details how the Forest Service
informed the public of the proposal and how the public responded.
o Chapter 2 -Alternatives: This section provides a more detailed description of the
agency's proposed action as well as alternative methods for achieving the stated
purpose. These alternatives were developed based on key issues raised by the public
and other agencies. This section also provides a summary table of the alternatives.
o Chapter 3 - Environmental Consequences: This section describes the environmental
effects of implementing the proposed action and other alternatives. This analysis is
organized by key issues. Within each section, the affected environment is described
first, followed by the effects of the No Action Alternative that provides a baseline for
evaluation and comparison of the other alternatives that follow.
o Chapter 4 - Preparers and Public Involvement: This section provides a list of preparers
and members of the public consulted during the development of the environmental
assessment.
1.1.1 Project Record
This EA incorporates by reference the project record (40 CFR 1502.21). The project record
contains specialist reports and other technical documentation used to support the analysis and
conclusions in this EA.
Relying on specialist reports and the project record helps implement the CEQ Regulations'
provision that agencies should reduce NEPA paperwork (40 CFR 1500.4), and that NEPA
documents be analytic rather than encyclopedic and kept concise and no longer than absolutely
necessary (40 CFR 1502.2). The objective is to furnish enough site-specific information to
demonstrate a reasoned consideration of the environmental impacts of the alternatives and how
these impacts can be mitigated, without repeating detailed analysis and background
information available elsewhere. The project record is located at the Pisgah Ranger District
Office in Pisgah Forest, North Carolina.
1.2 Background
The proposed action is located in the Sycamore Flats Recreation Area along Highway 276 in
Compartment 80 (see Figure 1-1 - Sycamore Flats Project Vicinity Map). Sycamore Flats
Recreation Area is located within Management Area (MA) 12 (developed recreation areas -
Environmental Assessment Sycamore Flats Project
Forest Plan Amendment 5, pgs. III-140 - III-143), while the Davidson River is located within
MA 2C (visually pleasing scenery - Forest Plan Amendment 5, pgs. III-63 -111-70) and MA
18 (riparian areas - Forest Plan Amendment 5, pgs. III-179 -111-189). MA 18 is embedded
within other MAs. The Davidson River is also identified as eligible for classification as a
"Recreation" Wild and Scenic River (Forest Plan Amendment 5, pgs. III-11 and III-14 - III-
19).
Unless stated otherwise in this document, the project area is the Sycamore Flats Recreation
Area. The analysis area is the range cumulative effects can reasonably be analyzed, may
vary by resource, and unless stated otherwise in this document, is downstream of the analysis
area to the Forest boundary. The analysis area is slightly larger than the project area.
1.3 Proposed Action
The Proposed Action has been developed by the Forest Service to meet the Purpose and
Need of this project. A more detailed discussion on the Proposed Action. is located in
Chapter 2, Section 2.2.1. The Proposed Action would:
o Install three rock vanes on the picnic area side of the Davidson River at Sycamore Flats
Recreation Area;
o Construct a paved -'/2 mile walking path around Sycamore Flats Recreation Area;
o Construct two new picnic shelters with a new design but of similar dimensions as the
existing shelter;
o Install about 3,500 linear feet of perforated drain material;
o Construct additional parking spaces to accommodate 15 automobiles and 1 bus;
o Construct an accessible fishing pier downstream of the eastern-most rock vane;
o Replace the existing bathrooms with accessible bathrooms of similar dimensions; and
o Remove the existing wells.
1.4 Purpose and Need for Action
The objectives of this proposal are to:
o Change the Davidson River's direction of flow back into the middle of the channel to
reduce undercutting of the streambank;
o Increase the safety of daily walkers in the recreation area; and
o Improve the recreational experiences for users of the facility
1.4.1 Why Here, Why Now?
This action is needed because the Davidson River's direction of flow is causing the river
bank to erode and sedimentation to occur; there is risk to daily walkers in the facility from
vehicles; and the recreational experience at the facility is limited due to: existing parking,
number of shelters, "puddling" of water; opportunities for handicap accessible fishing;
outdated and handicap accessible bathroom facilities; and potential for ground water
contamination from abandoned wells. This action responds to the goals and objectives
outlined in the Nantahala and Pisgah National Forests Land and Resource Management Plan
as amended, (Forest Plan Amendment 5, 1994) and helps move the project area towards
desired Forest goals and objectives (pages III-1 and III-2).
Environmental Assessment Sycamore Flats Project
1.5 Decision Framework
Based on the analysis disclosed in this EA, the Responsible Official will make a decision and
document it in a Decision Notice and Finding of No Significant Impact. The Responsible
Official can:
Select an action alternative that has been considered in detail, or
Select a modified action alternative, or
Select the No-action Alternative.
1.6 Public Involvement
The proposal was listed in the January 2004 and April 2004 Schedule of Proposed Actions.
The proposal was provided to the public and other agencies for a 30-day comment period
during scoping on February 13, 2004. Five letters were received as a result of this scoping.
Using comments received from the public, agencies, and organizations during this period, the
interdisciplinary team (IDT) developed a list of issues to address.
1.7 Issues
Issues are defined as a point of discussion, debate, or dispute about environmental effects.
Issues are used to develop alternatives, mitigation measures, or analyze environmental
effects. The Forest Service separated issues into two groups: key and non-key issues.
The Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) regulations specifies that environmental
analysis focus on significant (key) issues. Issues determined not to be significant (non-key)
shall be discussed only briefly and eliminated from detailed study [40 CFR 1500.1(b),
1500.2(b), 1500.4(c), 1501.7(3), and 1502.2(b)J. The key issues will be analyzed in Chapter
3 of this EA and will also help form the decision. The non-key issues will be disclosed here
in Chapter 1, but not in Chapter 3. They will not be used to form the decision.
1.7.1 Key Issues
1.7.1.1 Key Issue #1: Scenic Resources - Design and placement of rock vanes may adversely
affect scenic resources
Indicators
o Method of stream bank stabilization
1.7.1.2 Key Issue #2: Aquatic Habitat - Constructing trails and picnic shelters, and removing
vegetation near the Davidson River could impact aquatic habitat
Indicators
o Proximity of newly constructed trails and shelters to the Davidson River
o Types of stream bank stabilization
o Timing of proposed actions
1.7.1.3 Key Issue #3: Hydraulics/Water Quality - Placing rock vanes and hardening newly
constructed trails and parking areas may both alter the hydraulics of the
Davidson River and increase potential for sediment delivery
Environmental Assessment Sycamore Flats Project
Indicators
o Number and location of rock vanes
o Type of hardening material used on newly constructed trails and parking areas
o Method of stream bank stabilization
1.7.2 Non-Key Issues
1.7.2.1 Non-key Issue A - Heritage Resources: Constructing stream structures and additions to
the recreation facility may impact heritage resources
o Non-key Issue due to field review of the project area and avoidance of
identified heritage sites.
1.7.2.2 Non-key Issue B - Soils: Constructing stream structures and additions to the recreation
facility may impact soils
o Non-key Issue due to implementation of Forest Plan standards and guidelines and best
management practices (BMPs).
1.7.2.3 Non-key Issue C - Botanical Resources: Constructing stream structures and additions to the
recreation facility may impact federally threatened, endangered, or Forest
sensitive botanical resources
o Non-key Issue due to site-specific field verification. The Sycamore Flats Recreation
Area is predominantly anthropomorphic and is frequently mowed. There would be no
effect to federally listed threatened, endangered, or Regionally sensitive (TES)
botanical species, or Forest Concern botanical species because there are either no
species present in the project area, suitable habitat is very marginal, and the proposal is
so small in scale it would have little effect on potential populations of any species.
1.7.2.4 Non-key Issue D - Safety of Rock Vanes: The use and placement of rock vanes may decrease
safety to some recreation users
o Non-key Issue because rock vanes do not increase flow through the structures as J-
Hook vanes do. Based on the general USGS safety standard (depth x velocity <6) the
summertime average flows would be safe for wading up to four feet of water depth (see
also Sections 3.3.3.1 and 3.3.4.1, Chapter 3).
1.7.2.5 Non-key Issue E - Wildlife Resources: Constructing stream structures and additions to the
recreation facility may impact federally threatened, endangered, or Forest
sensitive wildlife species and their habitat
o Non-key Issue due to site-specific field verification. There is only one threatened,
endangered, or Forest sensitive (TES) wildlife species that could be affected by the
proposal (bog turtle, Clemmys muhlenbergii, a threatened species), but it is not likely to
occur in the project or analysis area. As a result, there would be no effect to TES
wildlife species by the proposal.
Environmental Assessment Sycamore Flats Project
Sycamore Flats Project
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Environmental Assessment Sycamore Flats Project
CHAPTER 2 - ALTERNATIVES
This chapter describes and compares the alternatives considered for the Sycamore Flats
project. It includes a description and map of each alternative considered. This section also
presents the alternatives in comparative form, defining the differences between each
alternative and providing a clear basis for choice among options by the Responsible Official
and the public.
2.1 Range of Alternatives
The range of alternatives developed and analyzed by the interdisciplinary team (IDT) was
driven by the purpose and need underlying the proposed action, and by the key issues
responding to the proposed action. An alternative to the proposed action must (1) reasonably
respond to the purpose and need and (2) address one or more key issues. The only exception
is the No-action Alternative, which is required under 40 CFR 1502.14(d).
The IDT considered five alternatives. Following internal review, three alternatives were
developed in detail and two were eliminated from detailed study.
2.2 Alternatives Considered in Detail
2.2.1 Alternative A - No Action
Under the No Action Alternative, current plans would continue to guide management of the
project area.
2.2.2 Alternative B - Proposed Action
Alternative B would:
Install three rock vanes on the picnic area side of the Davidson River at Sycamore Flats
to redirect the river's flow away from stream banks where it is causing down cutting
and erosion, and back into the middle of the channel (see Alternative "B" map at the
end of the Chapter). The three rock vanes would be comprised of several boulders
generally 3 feet x 4 feet x 5 feet placed next to each other with some irregularity to
improve scenic integrity, and three layers deep from the stream bank. They would be
visible to at most half of the way across the river. The vanes would extend subsurface
(below water and stream bed) to the other bank. The boulders on the top row and those
in view would be native rock where practicable. Backfilling with rock of various sizes
and shapes would be placed on the upstream side of the vanes to make a more naturally
appearing structure. Stream banks would be sloped upstream and downstream of each
vane and would be seeded, mulched, and planted with "riparian" type vegetation.
Where feasible, existing large streambank trees would be retained.
Construct an approximate %2 mile walking path around Sycamore Flats Recreation Area
to reduce safety hazards to walkers who currently walk on the road intended for
vehicles. The path would be 4-6 feet wide and hardened with asphalt. Some trees less
than 16 inches in diameter and vegetation would be cut, but larger trees would remain.
Environmental Assessment Sycamore Flats Project
The trail would be designed to control runoff and promote infiltration where potential
connectivity of the runoff from the trail could reach the river. Several access routes to
the river would be constructed off the trail, and a wooden fence would be constructed
between the access points along the river to discourage use that increases downcutting
of the stream banks.
o Construct two new picnic shelters with a new design but of similar dimensions as the
existing shelter. The new shelters would be placed on a concrete slab.
o Install about 3,500 linear feet of perforated drain material. The drain material is about
1 inch thick by 6-8 inches deep and would be installed with a 6 inch trencher to
minimize damage to tree roots. It would help drain areas within the recreation area that
currently hold standing water after rain storms. The drain material would be filtered to
eliminate sediment reaching the river. The outflow would be routed to infiltration areas
or pass through native vegetation before reaching the river.
o Construct additional parking spaces to accommodate 15 automobiles and 1 bus.
o Construct an accessible fishing pier downstream of the eastern-most rock vane. The
footings for the pier would be above the annual high water mark and the deck would be
cantilevered over the water in a similar fashion as the pier upstream at the North
Carolina State fish hatchery.
o Replace the existing bathrooms with accessible bathrooms of similar dimensions.
o Remove the existing wells to reduce potential for ground water contamination.
2.2.3 Alternative C
Alternative C would:
Install a retaining wall in lieu of rock vane #2 (middle vane) at the wading area of
Sycamore Flats to reduce down cutting and erosion occurring on the stream banks. The
retaining wall would be about 4-5 foot high and constructed with naturally-weathered
boulders. A 2-3 foot boulder wall of the same material would be constructed in front of
it to retain a pebble beach area for swimmers and waders. This lower wall would be
placed in the location of the river's edge prior to severe bank erosion. Where feasible,
existing large streambank trees would be retained.
Install one rock vane upstream of the retaining wall and one rock vane upstream of the
fishing pier (see Alternative "C" map at the end of the Chapter). The rock vanes would
be constructed similarly as the rock vanes described in Alternative B. Stream banks
would be sloped upstream and downstream of each vane and would be seeded,
mulched, and planted with "riparian" type vegetation. Where feasible, existing large
streambank trees would be retained.
Construct an approximate %2 mile walking path around Sycamore Flats Recreation Area
to reduce safety hazards to walkers who currently walk on the road intended for
vehicles. The path would be 4-6 feet wide and hardened with a water permeable
material (e.g. brick or concrete pavers). Some trees less than 16 inches in diameter and
vegetation would be cut, but larger trees would remain. The trail would be designed to
control runoff and promote infiltration where potential connectivity of the runoff from
the trail could reach the river. Several access routes to the riVl r would be constructed
off the trail, and a wooden fence would be constructed between the access points along
the river to discourage use that increases downcutting of the stream banks.
Environmental Assessment Sycamore Flats Project
o Construct two new picnic shelters with a new design but of similar dimensions as the
existing shelter. The new shelters would be placed on a concrete slab.
o Install about 3,500 linear feet of perforated drain material. The drain material is about
1 inch thick by 6-8 inches deep and would be installed with a 6 inch trencher to
minimize damage to tree roots. It would help drain areas within the recreation area that
currently hold standing water after rain storms. The drain material would be filtered to
eliminate sediment reaching the river. The outflow would be routed to infiltration areas
or pass through native vegetation before reaching the river.
o Construct additional parking spaces to accommodate 15 automobiles and I bus.
o Construct an accessible fishing pier downstream of the eastern-most rock vane. The
footings for the pier would be above the annual high water mark and the deck would be
cantilevered over the water in a similar fashion as the pier upstream at the North
Carolina State fish hatchery.
o Replace the existing bathrooms with accessible bathrooms of similar dimensions.
o Remove the existing wells to reduce potential for ground water contamination.
2.3 Alternatives Considered but Eliminated from Detailed Study
2.3.1 No Rock Vanes Placed
This alternative proposed using rip rap and other "armoring" instead of rock vanes. It was
eliminated from detailed study because it would not meet the purpose of "Changing the
direction offlow back into the middle of the Davidson River to reduce scouring of stream
banks and decrease sedimentation." Armoring without vanes would address sedimentation
and erosion in the short-term but not over the long-term. The river would begin to undercut
the structure, causing sedimentation and erosion or continual maintenance.
2.3.2 Relocate the Existing Trail
This alternative proposed all actions listed in the Proposed Action except the existing trail
near the Davidson River would have been relocated to ensure it was at least 25 feet away
from the River. It was eliminated from detailed study because the area is currently
compacted and after relocating would require actions to "decompact" it, possibly allowing
for additional sedimentation. Hardening the existing trail and constructing wooden fences to
ensure users only access the river in certain areas would reduce existing impacts.
2.4 Mitigation Measure
The following mitigation measure should be incorporated for Alternatives B and C:
o To ensure adherence to Forest Plan standards for scenery, a Forest Service Landscape
Architect should be consulted in the final design and construction phases of the rock
vanes.
Environmental Assessment
2.5 Comparison of Alternatives
The following table compares the actions proposed for each alternative:
Flats
Table 2-1. Alternative
Action Item Alternative Alternative Alternative
A B C
Installs 3 rock vanes No Yes No
Installs 2 rock vanes and a retaining wall No No Yes

Constructs an approximate V2 mile walking path

No
Yes Yes

(permeable
around Sycamore Flats Recreation Area (asphalt) material)
Constructs access points along the river and a wooden
fence between access points No Yes Yes
Constructs 2 new picnic shelters No Yes Yes
Installs about 3,500 linear feet of perforated drain

material and infiltration area No Yes Yes
Constructs additional parking for 15 cars and 1 bus No Yes Yes
Constructs an accessible fishing pier downstream of No Yes Yes
eastern-most rock vane
Replaces the existing bathrooms with accessible
No
Yes
Yes
bathrooms of similar dimensions
Removes existing wells No Yes Yes
Environmental Assessment Sycamore Flats Project
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Environmental Assessment Sycamore Flats Project
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Environmental Assessment Sycamore Flats Project
CHAPTER 3 - ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES
This chapter forms the scientific and analytical basis for the comparison of alternatives as
required by NEPA. Included in this chapter are disclosures of direct, indirect, and
cumulative effects of the alternatives on the different resources relevant to the key issues.
Direct and indirect effects occur at, or near the same time and place as a result of the action
[40 CFR 1508.8 (a) and (b)]. They have been combined in this chapter, as it is difficult to
completely separate between the two effects. Cumulative effects result "...from the
incremental impact of the action when added to other past, present, and reasonably
foreseeable future actions regardless of what agency or person undertakes such action.
Cumulative impacts can result from individually minor but collectively significant actions
taking place over a period of time" (40 CFR 1508.7). Reports from different resource
specialists supplied information for portions of the analysis in this chapter. The project area
is the location of the proposal-Sycamore Flats Recreation Area. The analysis area is the
anticipated extent of effects by resource and is generally larger than the project area.
Effects analyses are disclosed by key issue in this chapter. The key issues associated with
this proposed project were identified through a public participation process, which included
input from Forest Service resource specialists, other government agencies, organizations, and
individuals (see Section 1.7.1, Chapter 1). The key issues were determined to be relevant to
the decision to be made concerning the Sycamore Flats Project. Other resources and issues
(non-key issues) were eliminated from discussion in this chapter (see Section 1.7.2, Chapter
1).
3.1 Effects Related to Key Issue #1; Scenic Resources
Issue Statement: Design and placement of rock vanes may adversely affect scenic resources
Indicator:
o Method of stream bank stabilization
3.1.1 Alternative A - No Action
3.1.1.1 Existing Condition
Scenery
Sycamore Flats project area is located on the Pisgah Ranger District of the Pisgah National
Forest, and includes Sycamore Flats Recreation Area and a segment of the Davidson River.
The recreation area is accessed by US 276 near the Pisgah National Forest entrance. This
highway is part of the Mountain Heritage Scenic Byway. Sycamore Flats is situated in a
low-lying area adjacent to the Davidson River. Management Areas (MA) in the project area
include 2C, 12, and 18 (see Section 1.2, Chapter 1). All proposed management activities are
located within these management areas.
Management area 2C comprises a corridor along the Mountain Heritage Scenic Byway; this
corridor includes parts of the Davison River. This MA has an emphasis on scenic quality and
is assigned a Visual Quality Objective (VQO) of Retention (R) for all distance zones (DZ)
and sensitivity levels (SL), except SL 3 which is assigned Partial Retention. The entire
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Environmental Assessment Sycamore Flats Project
project area is in a SL 1 - foreground distance zone; therefore all activities in MA 2C are
required to meet R VQO. Retention VQO provides for management actives which are not
visually evident. Activities only repeat form, line, color, and texture which are frequently
found in the characteristic landscape. Changes in size, amount, intensity, direction, pattern,
etc., should not be evident. This objective should be met within one full growing season
after completion of proposed activities.
Management Area 12 includes the developed recreation area, and extends to the maintained
perimeter of Sycamore Flats Recreation Area and to the river's edge. This MA has assigned
VQOs ranging from Retention to Modification, depending on the characteristics of each site.
Sycamore Flats Recreation Area is characterized as a highly developed recreation area, with
a paved loop road and parking areas, a picnic shelter, and restrooms. All management
activities must be in character with existing structures and setting of the developed recreation
site.
Management Area 18 is the riparian zone embedded within other Management Areas. Visual
Quality Objectives for MA 18 are Retention if the adjacent MA is assigned R VQO, and PR
if any other VQO. In the Sycamore Flats projects area, activities within MA 18 should not
generally be a dominant feature of the landscape and are required to meet R VQO as in
adjacent MA 2C.
Recreation
The Mountain Heritage Scenic Byway corridor and associated parts of the Davidson River
are classified as Roaded Natural 1 (RN 1) in the Recreation Opportunity Spectrum (ROS).
Roaded Natural 1 areas have a natural-appearing environment with evidence of the sights and
sounds of people, and are within %2 mile of improved roads. Opportunities to interact with
nature exist, but encounters with other users are common. Sycamore Flats Recreation Area
has a ROS classification of "Rural". "Rural" areas are characterized by substantially
modified natural environments, which enhance specific recreation activities, but maintain
vegetative cover. Sights and sounds of humans are readily evident and the interaction
between users is often moderate to high.
Recreational uses in the project area include picnicking, wading, swimming, tubing, fishing,
and walking for exercise. Currently there are a %2 mile loop road, 61 car parking spaces, 38
picnic tables, one picnic shelter, and two restrooms at Sycamore Flats Recreation Area. The
number of parking spaces is inadequate when compared to a site capacity based on number
of picnic tables. Spacing and distribution of picnic sites provides opportunities for large
group gatherings, and for smaller groups or individuals wanting to get away from the crowds.
However, some picnic sites are located too close to the river bank and should be moved.
There are two open grass areas of I to 1 %2 acres each which are used for volley ball, Frisbee,
etc., but most of the site is wooded with many trees in excess of 30 inches in diameter.
Though large trees are a predominant feature of the site, the most attractive feature of
Sycamore Flats is the Davidson River. It is a very scenic river with clear waters, large
boulders and outcrops, and a pebble or sand bottom. To recreation users, the river is like a
magnet. Wkether they get in the water or not, almost everybody who visits Sycamore Flats
Recreation Area is attracted to the river's edge. They wade, fish, swim, or just walk the
banks and enjoy the sights, sounds, and smells of the river. These outstanding values earned
the Davidson River consideration as "eligible" for Wild and Scenic River (WSR)
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Environmental Assessment Sycamore Flats Project
designation. These values qualify it for a potential classification of "recreation" from its
headwaters to the National Forest boundary (Forest Plan Amendment 5, pg. III-18). Forest
Plan direction is to provide interim protection for the Davidson River until designated or
formally released from further study (Forest Plan Amendment 5, pg. III-11). This protection
ensures proposed activities do not reduce potential for WSR classification. The river must be
maintained in a free-flowing condition, but minor fish habitat structures such as log
deflectors and boulder placement is allowed (Forest Plan Amendment 5, pg. III-15).
Currently there is no constructed access from the picnic area to the water, so users scramble
down eroding banks and over exposed tree roots. One section of the river is particularly
popular with waders, especially families with small children. This broad, shallow section of
river is centrally located along its border with the picnic area, and has become a focal point
for users. In the summer it is common to see children playing in these shallow waters, while
parents picnic at the tables above. This undeveloped "access point" is so popular that foot-
traffic has denuded most of the bank. With years of user impacts, storm runoff, and high-
water events, much of the stream bank has been lost. The erosive forces of human feet and
water have made access to the river difficult, and contribute to degradation of water quality.
Large group gatherings are common in the picnic area, and parking facilities are often filled
to capacity. Many of these groups travel by bus, even though buses have difficulty
negotiating the tight turning radius at the western end of the loop road. Typically buses
parallel park across several car spaces or on the grass shoulder, since there are no bus parking
spaces provided. The single picnic shelter can be used without reservation, although the
district has allowed users to reserve the shelter for special events. With the popularity of this
site, use of the shelter is highly sought-after by picnickers and has even resulted in user
disputes.
The most popular year-round activity at Sycamore Flats is walking the loop road for exercise.
The area is scenic, convenient to Brevard, well patrolled by law enforcement, and the road is
almost exactly %i mile in length-with no inclines. The narrow-lane, loop road was designed
for one-way vehicular traffic. Although motorists and walkers are generally respectful of one
another, there is an obvious conflict of uses in this situation. Motorists must pass within
inches of pedestrians while driving through the picnic area, and frequently have to drive off
the road to avoid them. In nice weather, it is not unusual to see 20 or 30 walkers on the road
at a time.
Bathroom facilities at Sycamore Flats were built in 1971. They both utilize city water and
sewer; one unit has been upgraded for accessibility and is open year-round. At 33 years old,
these units are near the end of their functional life-span.
As mentioned, Sycamore Flats is a low-lying area along the Davidson River. The "flat"
terrain does not allow for adequate storm water drainage through surface swales. After a
rain, water stands in the numerous shallow depressions throughout the picnic area. With
poor drainage and constant foot traffic to and from picnic sites, it's difficult to maintain a
grass cover in these areas. Exposed soils are more subject to erosion in flood events, and
detract from the recreation user experience.
3.1.1.2 Direct and Indirect Effects
Under this alternative, river access would continue to deteriorate as foot traffic and
environmental conditions erode river banks. Pedestrian and vehicular conflicts would
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Environmental Assessment Sycamore Flats Project
continue on the loop road. Parking and drainage problems would persist. Facilities would be
maintained as operational but would not fully address public need. The Davidson River
would maintain its WSR eligibility status. Recreation Opportunity Spectrum classifications
would not change. Scenery objectives would be met, except along eroded river banks where
scenic quality and user experience would continue to degrade.
3.1.1.3 Cumulative Effects
As there are no direct or indirect effects with this alternative, there would be no cumulative
effects as related to Scenery, Recreation, or WSR management under the Forest Plan. There
is a future opportunity to provide a bike trail on the opposite side of the Davidson River from
the Forest boundary up to the bridge that accesses the Davidson River Campground. This
future action would increase visitor use in the area, but should have minimal cumulative
impact on the MA 2C and MA 12 lands.
3.1.2 Alternative B - Proposed Action
3.1.2.1 Direct and Indirect Effects
Under this alternative, the proposed activities would improve site conditions, safety, and user
experience while meeting all Forest Plan standards for recreation and scenery management.
The structures would be of a design and materials which would be compatible with the site
and ROS classification.
Direct and indirect effects are analyzed by the two affected MAs.
MA 2C Activities (Davidson River)
Rock Vanes - The three rock vanes would be constructed by excavating the river bottom and
stacking large boulders three courses high. Each course would be horizontally offset
upstream %2 the width of the underlying course. The line of boulders would begin at the near
bank and be angled upstream at a 30 degree angle; at mid-channel the line would curve
downstream forming a "V", and terminate in the far bank. Each vane would be 100 feet to
150 feet in length and about 6 feet in width. The structure would be sloped 2%-3% over its
length. At the near bank, vanes would be approximately 4 feet above river bottom and
visible above water during typical flows. The vanes would then gradually slope down to the
water. From mid-channel to the far bank, the top course of boulders would be at grade and
typically covered by water. At normal flow levels, the visible portion of each vane would
extend from the near bank out 60 feet to 80 feet into the river channel (at most half way
across the river). Spacing between vanes #1 and #2 would be approximately 250 feet, with
vane #3 approximately 500 feet downstream from vane #2. The three vanes would be
arranged on an approximately 750 linear foot segment of river. The visible top course of
each vane would be "natural weathered" rock with rounded edges (where practicable), lower
courses would be quarry-rock with a rectangular shape and angular edges. Each vane would
be back-filled on the upstream side and pools would form on the downstream side. Water
flow would be redirected to center channel and somewhat concentrated at the vertex of each
vane. At center channel, vanes may increase water velocity as compared to existing
velocities at the same location - this is more likely at vane #2 where the river is now broad
and shallow. However, water velocities through these vanes might be comparable to
narrower segments of the river which exist in the vicinity (see also Section 3.3.3.1). River
banks between each vane would be sloped, seeded, and planted with tree and shrub species.
15
Environmental Assessment Sycamore Flats Project
The sloping would be achieved by grading denuded banks, or filling around exposed tree
roots in vegetated areas.
Management activities in the Davidson River must meet a Retention VQO, which means
activities cannot be visually evident to the typical viewer, i.e. vanes should be natural-
appearing. This objective can be achieved by mimicking characteristics of the surrounding
natural landscape--considering design elements of form, line, color, texture and scale. This
would require that visible portions of each vane use weathered boulders of varying size and
shape, which are similar in appearance to naturally occurring rock in the area. Orientation
and placement of boulders should appear random and natural, avoiding repetitive forms or
parallel rows. Obvious and unnatural-appearing structures in the river channel would be
inappropriate and would not meet Retention VQO. To insure adherence to these criteria, a
Forest Service Landscape Architect should be consulted in the final design and construction
phases of this project. If these design considerations are not used, the vanes may appear
"engineered" and be obvious modifications to the natural landscape. An example of typical
vane construction with an "engineered" appearance can be seen on the French Broad River at
Champion Park in Rosman, NC. Photographs of the Rosman vane and a photo-simulation of
what an "engineered" vane might look like at Sycamore Flats can be found in the Scenery
and Recreation Impact Analysis located in the project record (see Section 1.1.1, Chapter 1).
Proposed vanes would allow the river to maintain its "free-flowing" condition, but would
redirect flow to center channel. Use of natural-appearing boulder vanes, such as described
above, would allow the Davidson River to maintain its WSR eligibility status, and be
compatible with RN1 ROS setting. A rock vane structure with an obvious engineered
appearance may adversely affect WSR eligibility. Regardless of the appearance, the three
rock vanes would change the river's character - especially vane #2. As mentioned, the river
is broad and shallow in this area and is very popular with waders and children too young to
swim in the deeper, faster water. Rock vanes are specifically designed to eliminate this
"over-wide" river condition by redirecting and concentrating flows in the center of the
channel. On the upstream side of each vane, there would be an area of shallow, slow-moving
water which undiscernibly increases in velocity as one approaches center channel. These
shallow areas between the vane and the upstream bank are designed to collect debris and silt,
and tend to fill with a fine mix of sand, organic "muck" and trash washed down from
upstream. Collection of these sediments and flotsam are what restores and protects the river
bank, but the character of a shallow, broad river with a "clean" pebble bottom would be
changed. With rock vanes, wading opportunities would still exist, but the experience may
not be as pleasant. However, rock vanes might provide a more satisfying experience for
fishermen, tubers, and capable swimmers.
Accessible Fishing Pier - An accessible fishing pier would be an asset to Sycamore Flats by
providing fishing opportunities to impaired users. However, a pier with footings constructed
in the river channel may not be consistent with WSR direction. The pier should be designed
and located so that it is within casting range of good fish habitat (deep pool, rock ledge,
undercut bank, habitat structure, etc.), but has no footings or supports in the river. A deck
constructed on the bluff above the annual high-water mark and cantilevered over the water
would be acceptable, i.e. similar to the accessible fishing deck upstream at the North
Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission Pisgah Center for Wildlife Education (Pisgah Fish
Hatchery).
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Environmental Assessment
MA 12 Activities (Sycamore Flats Recreation Area)
Flats
Accessible Exercise Trail - The proposed -%2 mile paved trail would allow a separation
between pedestrians and vehicles, thus providing a more enjoyable and safer experience for
all. The trail would also serve to connect accessible parking spaces, with restrooms, shelters
and accessible picnic sites. The firm and stable asphalt surface would meet Forest Service
Outdoor Recreation Accessibility Guidelines (FSORAG). Construction of a fence paralleling
the river bank will help keep walkers off slopes, promote re-vegetation, and provide an
additional measure of safety where the trail is near steep river banks.
Picnic Shelters - Construction of two additional picnic shelters would address public needs
and be appropriate to the site capacity of Sycamore Flats Recreation Area. The FS Built
Environment Image Guide (BEIG) will be used as a reference in evaluating shelter designs.
Storm water Drainage - Installation of a sub-surface draining system would help move
standing water off the picnic area after rain events, and allow a grass cover which will reduce
soil movement. Perforated pipe with a fabric filter sleeve would be laid in narrow trenches at
a 6-8 inch depth. A series of sub-surface drain pipes would feed to a collector pipe which
empties into infiltration areas off-site or into existing surface swales. Collected storm water
would be filtered through 6-8 inches of soil and a filter fabric. No effluent would be emptied
directly into the river. Trenches would be located and dug to minimize soil disturbance and
tree root damage. After installation, disturbed areas would be sown with an appropriate grass
seed mix.
Parking - Construction of 15 additional car parking spaces and 1 bus space would
accommodate user's needs and be consistent with site capacity for picnicking, fishing,
walking and river use.
Accessible Fishing Pier - An accessible fishing pier would be compatible with MA 12
objectives.
Restrooms - Replacement of restroom facilities would be consistent with recreation
management direction for this site. New buildings should be built on or near the location of
existing facilities. Structure design should follow BEIG and current accessibility guidelines.
Well Removal - Removal and capping of unused wells will reduce chances of ground water
contamination, and would be consistent with recreation management direction.
3.1.2.2 Cumulative Effects
If implemented to meet all design considerations, directions, guides, standards, and
objectives discussed under the effects analysis above, this alternative would have no adverse
cumulative effects as related to Scenery, Recreation, or WSR management under the Forest
Plan. There is a future opportunity to provide a bike trail on the opposite side of the
Davidson River from the Forest boundary up to the bridge that accesses the Davidson River
Campground. This future action would increase visitor use in the area, but should have
minimal cumulative impact on the MA 2C and MA 12 lands.
a-:.4
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Environmental Assessment Sycamore Flats Project
3.1.3 Alternative C
3.1.3.1 Direct & Indirect Effects
Under this alternative, the proposed activities would improve site conditions, safety, and user
experience while meeting all Forest Plan standards for recreation and scenery management.
The structures would be of a design and materials which would be compatible with the site
and ROS classification.
Developed recreation site improvements proposed for the picnic area in Alternative C are the
same as those in Alternative B. The two alternatives differ in the proposed river bank
restoration methods and the surface material proposed for the exercise trail. This alternative
proposes one rock vane upstream (vane #1) and one downstream (vane #3). In place of vane
#2, individual boulders would be placed in-stream to protect banks, a "natural-appearing"
boulder retaining wall with integrated river access would be constructed, and a "river-
pebble" beach area would be developed for waders and swimmers.
Direct and indirect effects are analyzed by the two affected MAs.
MA 2C Activities (Davidson River)
Boulder Deflectors and Rock Vanes - Under this alternative, individual boulders would be
used in place of, and in the same location as rock vane #2. These individual boulders would
be 6-8 feet in length, and 3-5 feet high and wide. Location, quantity and orientation would
be determined by a hydrologist. Individual boulder placement would help divert the river's
energy away from the bank, yet retain existing river characteristics valued by waders in this
area - shallow water and a clean pebble bottom. Rock vanes #1 and #3 would be the same as
in Alternative B. These activities would be subject to the same design criteria discussed in
Alternative B above, and would therefore meet all associated guides, standards and
objectives.
MA 12 Activities (Sycamore Flats Recreation Area)
Boulder Retaining Wall, River Access & Pebble Beach - This alternative proposes a 4-5 foot
high naturally-weathered boulder retaining wall to restore the river bank and provide river
access in a centrally located area. It also proposes a 2-3 foot high boulder wall of the same
material to retain a pebble beach area for swimmers and waders. This lower wall would be
placed in the location of the river's edge prior to severe bank erosion. Approximately 15-20
feet has been lost from Sycamore Flats Recreation Area because of this erosion, and this wall
would restore the river edge to its natural location. A depiction of how this treatment may
appear is shown as a photo-simulation in the Scenery and Recreation Impact Analysis located
in the project record (see Section 1.1.1, Chapter 1). This simulation also shows how in-
stream boulder placement may appear in the MA 2C river zone.
Accessible Exercise Trail - Construction of a trail under this alternative is the same as
Alternative B; however, the surfacing material would be permeable. A wood chip, aggregate
or native soil trail would not provide a firm and stable surface as required to meet
accessibility standards. Porous pavement, brick, or concrete pavers are impractical due to
initial cost and/or maintenance. Asphalt is the most cost efficient, durable, and easily
maintained surface material for this application.
All other proposed activities and effects are the same as Alternative B.
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Environmental Assessment Sycamore Flats Project
3.1.3.2 Cumulative Effects
If implemented to meet all design considerations, directions, guides, standards and objectives
discussed under the effects analysis above, this alternative would have no adverse cumulative
effects as related to Scenery, Recreation, or WSR management under the Forest Plan. There
is a future opportunity to provide a bike trail on the opposite side of the Davidson River from
the Forest boundary up to the bridge that accesses the Davidson River Campground. This
future action would increase visitor use in the area, but should have minimal cumulative
impact on the MA 2C and MA 12 lands.
3.2 Effects Related to Key Issue #2; Aquatic Habitat
Issue Statement: Constructing trails and picnic shelters, and removing vegetation near the
Davidson River could impact aquatic habitat
Indicators:
o Proximity of newly constructed trails and shelters to the Davidson River
o Types of stream bank stabilization
o Timing of proposed actions
3.2.1 Alternative A - No Action
3.2.1.1 Existing Condition
In terms of aquatic habitat in the Sycamore Flats area, it consists of primarily riffle habitat
with large cobble as the dominant substrate. There is one large pool within the recreation
area that is frequented during the summer months by swimmers and the occasional
fisherman. The Sycamore Flats side of the river is heavily disturbed with very little riparian
vegetation. Several undesignated access areas have become worn to bare soil and heavily
compacted allowing little to no surface water to infiltrate rather sheet down directly into the
river. During the seven year drought that brought the Davidson River and other area streams
to record low levels, many rocks were moved by people attempting to float down the river.
Evidence of this rock displacement into chutes and dammed areas is still apparent at
Sycamore Flats. It is reasonable to believe that hellbenders move upstream of this area to
avoid contact with humans and to fleet to the less disturbed areas of the Davidson River.
Federally Threatened and Endangered and Forest Sensitive (TES) species were originally
considered from the Forest's species list. Several of the species were considered for further
analysis because they were listed by the North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission,
North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service as occurring or
probably occurring in Transylvania County. The Appalachian elktoe, (Alasmidonta
raveneliana), is the only listed species for Transylvania County. Extensive surveys
conducted by the US Fish and Wildlife Service, US Forest Service, NC Wildlife Resources
Commission, the NC Department of Transportation and other private environmental groups
and organizations have studied the distribution of this freshwater mussel. This species, nor
any other freshwater mussel, has ever been documented in the Davidson River. The
following table displays the status of the aquatic species analyzed in this document:
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Environmental Assessment Sycamore Flats Project
Table 3-1. Potential Threatened, Endangered, Sensitive (TES) and Management Indicator Species (MIS) Evaluated
for the Proposed Improvements to the Sycamore Flats Recreation Area
Species Type Brief Habitat Description Occurrence
Federally Threatened and Endangered species
Alasmidonta raveneliana Larger streams and rivers
Appalachian elktoe mussel with moderately clean Does Not Occur
substrates
2002 Regional Forester's Sensitive Species
None
Forest Concern Species
Cryptobranchus alleganiensis amphibian Larger streams and rivers Does Occur
Hellbender with clean substrates
Management Indicator Species
Oncorhynchus nlykiss fish Cold to cool water streams Does Occur
Rainbow trout
Evaluated Species Survey Information
Information for this analysis was collected in several ways: (1) reviewing the list of TES
species on the Pisgah National Forest and their habitat preferences, (2) consulting element
occurrence records of TES species as maintained by the North Carolina Natural Heritage
Program, (3) conducting field surveys in areas designated for ground disturbing activities,
and (4) consulting with individuals both in the private and public sector who are
knowledgeable about the area and its flora and fauna.
A quantitative survey of the population of hellbenders was conducted by the USFS in 1992
and 1993. Surveys within the Davidson River indicated a stable population from the USFS
property boundary to Cove Creek (a tributary to the Davidson River) where there is an
obvious gradient change in the River. Additional information on TES species is located in
Appendix A, Biological Evaluation.
3.2.1.2 Direct & Indirect Effects
Under this alternative, placement of rock vanes and improvements to the recreation area
would not occur. Erosion of the river's stream banks would continue to contribute sediment
to the Davidson River, adversely affecting aquatic habitat. Water would continue to
"puddle" in the grassy area inside the paved loop after rain storms, increasing potential for
sedimentation, and ready access to the Davidson River would continue to cause erosion of
stream banks.
3.2.1.3 Cumulative Effects
Cumulative effects would be similar to the direct and indirect effects as the analysis area is
only slightly larger than the project area. Outside the analysis area on private lands, the
continuation of sediment contribution to the Davidson River could continue to impact
downstream aquatic habitat and users. In 2003, a decision was made that identified about 20
separate locations for river bank stabilization from Sycamore Flats upstream to the Coontree
Picnic Area. The decision authorized placing boulders, log deflectors, and fill material to
better ensure the river bank would be stabilized, reducing annual sediment contribution to the
river. To date, about 9-12 log deflectors have been anchored (using rebar) along the river
near Sycamore Flats.
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Environmental Assessment Sycamore Flats Project
3.2.2 Alternative B - Proposed Action
3.2.2.1 Direct & Indirect Effects
The proposed activities would have no effect on any TES species. The habitat for
Cryptobranchus alleganiensis (Appalachian elktoe) may improve once the project is
implemented as off-site movement of soil will decrease and important interstitial space
(space between rocks) will recover. No individuals will be impacted by project
implementation as the project area will be inventoried the day before implementation and
individuals will be moved upstream away from disturbance. Instream structures would be
implemented outside the North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission's designated trout
spawning moratorium of October 15 through April 15.
Aquatic MIS, Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout) would not be adversely impacted by
project implementation. It is likely that any individuals directly within the project area
would move upstream from disturbance during the short time placement of the vanes occurs.
Habitat for aquatic organisms, including salmonids or trout, will improve in the long-term as
the off-site movement of soil from the existing recreation area decreases with project
implementation of either alternative. Aquatic habitat would be increased more with
implementation of Alternative B than Alternative C. The No Action Alternative would
facilitate the continued decline of aquatic habitat for aquatic species.
Alternative B would have additional positive impacts on aquatic habitat within the project
area. These benefits include reconnecting the Davidson River to a riparian area and
floodplain. This area is beneficial for movement of semi-aquatic organisms to and from the
river channel. This riparian area and floodplain are also critical for nutrient (or leaf material)
input and shade for aquatic organisms. Alternative B would address those needs by planting
native vegetation along the river within the recreation area. In addition, under Alternative B
pools, which are currently lacking within this stretch of river, would be replenished as a
result of the three rock vanes. There would be displacement of sediment causing a temporary
fluctuation of turbidity during installation of the rock vanes, however this displacement is
expected to be short-term (less than a week) and long-term benefits of stabilizing stream
banks and reducing chronic sediment pulses are expected to more than off-set these short
impacts.
Hardening the existing trail along the Davidson River and placing wooden fences to restrict
users from accessing the River except in designated areas would reduce potential for erosion
of the stream banks and sedimentation to occur. The trail would be within 25 feet of the
River in places, but through project design, the fencing should reduce adverse effects.
3.2.2.2 Cumulative Effects
Cumulative effects would be similar to the direct and indirect effects as the analysis area is
only slightly larger than the project area. Outside the analysis area on private lands, the
contribution of sediment to the Davidson River would be reduced as a result of the placement
of the vanes, increasing aquatic habitat downstream. In 2003, a decision was made that
identified about 20 separate locations for river bank stabilization from Sycamore Flats
upstream to the Coontree Picnic Area. The decision authorized placing boulders, log
deflectors, and fill material to better ensure the river bank would be stabilized, reducing
annual sediment contribution to the river. To date, about 9-12 log deflectors have been
anchored (using rebar) along the river near Sycamore Flats. The cumulative effects of this
21
Environmental Assessment Sycamore Flats Project
alternative combined with implementation of the 2003 decision, would be beneficial for the
river system.
3.2.3 Alternative C
3.2.3.1 Direct & Indirect Effects
Alternative C would have positive impacts on aquatic habitat within the project area but less
than Alternative B. As with Alternative B, sediment entering the Davidson River would
decrease with Alternative C. The planned retaining wall for Alternative C, however, would
disconnect the floodplain from the river and decrease the likelihood of any semi-aquatic
organisms (such as salamanders) from moving to and from the river in that location. Also,
the section of the river with the retaining wall would be less likely to transport nutrients (or
leafy material) into the Davidson River. The two rock vanes that would be constructed
would improve pool habitat within the area, but less than the three planned for Alternative B.
Instream structures would be implemented outside the North Carolina Wildlife Resources
Commission's designated trout spawning moratorium of October 15 through April 15. There
would be displacement of sediment causing a temporary fluctuation of turbidity during
installation of the rock vanes, however this displacement is expected to be short-term (less
than a week) and long-term benefits of stabilizing stream banks and reducing chronic
sediment pulses are expected to more than off-set these short impacts.
3.2.3.2 Cumulative Effects
Cumulative effects would be similar to the direct and indirect effects as the analysis area is
only slightly larger than the project area. Outside the analysis area on private lands, the
contribution of sediment to the Davidson River would be reduced as a result of the placement
of the vanes, increasing aquatic habitat downstream. However, the reduction in sediment and
improvement downstream would be slightly less than Alternative B. In 2003, a decision was
made that identified about 20 separate locations for river bank stabilization from Sycamore
Flats upstream to the Coontree Picnic Area. The decision authorized placing boulders, log
deflectors, and fill material to better ensure the river bank would be stabilized, reducing
annual sediment contribution to the river. To date, about 9-12 log deflectors have been
anchored (using rebar) along the river near Sycamore Flats. The cumulative effects of this
alternative combined with implementation of the 2003 decision, would be beneficial for the
river system.
3.3 Effects Related to Key Issue #3; HydraulicsMater Quality
Issue Statement: Placing rock vanes and hardening newly constructed trails and parking
areas may both alter the hydraulics of the Davidson River and increase
potential for sediment delivery
Indicators:
o Number and location of rock vanes
o Type of hardening material used on newly constructed trails and parking areas
o Method of stream bank stabilization
22
Environmental Assessment Sycamore Flats Project
3.3.1 Existing Condition
The current streamflow regime of the Davidson River is likely modified from pre-
management conditions by the presence of roads and other compacted areas in the watershed.
These streamflow modifications, associated with the transportation network, are likely to
occur as increases in storm flow magnitude and decreases in response time of such flows.
Changes in the streamflow regime can result in channel modification where channels are
susceptible to such influences. The reach of Davidson River at the Sycamore Flats
Recreation Area is one such area. This reach of stream is particularly susceptible to channel
modification because of past management of the river. It appears as though the river was
dammed just downstream from the Sycamore Flats area. A lake-type environment was
created that encouraged deposition of finer-sized sediments in this area than would occur
under natural streamflow conditions. When the dam was removed and the local base-level
lowered, the channel responded by cutting down into the deposited sediments in an attempt
to form a stable channel. During this period of relatively rapid channel adjustment, rates of
channel erosion were likely high.
What remains today is a channel without access to its normal floodplain with a high rate of
bank erosion on one bank in the reach along Sycamore Flats. As a result, flood flows are
largely contained in the channel and bank erosion continues because of excessive flow
energy. Therefore, much of the reach is over-widened or wider than normal because of
continued bank erosion. Bank erosion from the Sycamore Flats area is promoted further by
heavy use from the public to access Davidson River. These activities are widespread along
the bank and contribute to trampled banks and reduced vegetation establishment.
Eroded soil from stream banks becomes sediment when entrained by flow or deposited
directly in the stream channel. The sediment derived from stream banks at Sycamore Flats
becomes incorporated in the water column and inevitably deposited within the Davidson
River and downstream. Sedimentation in streams is a natural process in North Carolina, and
the stream channel can efficiently process a range of amounts and sizes within a given
capacity, defined by many factors such as flow and channel morphology. When inputs
exceed the capacity of the stream to move sediment, it will begin to fall out of suspension
and deposit in places that it would not under a more natural sediment load. This can cause
embedding or covering of larger substrate and filling of pools, thus resulting in a reduction in
aquatic habitat quality.
Protected water uses (or best uses) are designated by the State of North Carolina, Department
of Environment and Natural Resources for all state waters, including those in the Davidson
River drainage. These are inclusive of the following: aquatic life propagation and
maintenance of biological integrity, wildlife, primary recreation (swimming on a frequent
basis), agriculture, and water supply for drinking, culinary, or food processing. In addition to
these protected water uses, water quality in the Davidson River is to be maintained and
protected to sustain and allow for trout propagation and survival of stocked trout on a year-
round basis.
The Davidson River is not listed as "water quality limited" by the N.C. Department of
Environment and Natural Resources, Division of Water Quality (NCDENR 2003a) as of the
latest 303(d) listing of stream channels impaired from meeting State water quality standards.
Therefore, all protected water uses are currently identified as "supported" at some level. The
23
Environmental Assessment Sycamore Flats Project
Division of Water Quality (NCDENR 2003b) Basinwide Assessment Report for the French
Broad River Basin reported an excellent rating for benthic macroinvertebrates in the
Davidson River. The classifications however reflect the influence of chemical pollutants
only and do not address sediment. Although the data does not make clear the current
condition of the Davidson River relative to sediment impacts, it is apparent that erosion at the
Sycamore Flats site does not support maintenance of channel integrity, and desired
conditions in a riparian area.
3.3.2 Alternative A - No-action
3.3.2.1 Direct & Indirect Effects
Under a "no action" alternative the current rate of bank erosion is expected to continue or
increase due to unstable bank conditions. A slight increase in the current rate of erosion
could occur as the undercut trees on the bank fall over and expose more soil. The public use
on this reach of the Davidson River would continue to be unmanaged and adverse effects to
channel integrity would continue, putting water quality at risk.
3.3.2.2 Cumulative Effects
The direct and indirect adverse effects to channel integrity and water quality associated with
this alternative would continue to add to cumulative effects within the Davidson River
watershed. Public use of the area is likely to increase over time, resulting in further
degradation if unmanaged. The sediment produced from this reach would continue to add to
that produced from the current transportation system. In 2003, a decision was made that
identified about 20 separate locations for river bank stabilization from Sycamore Flats
upstream to the Coontree Picnic Area. The decision authorized placing boulders, log
deflectors, and fill material to better ensure the river bank would be stabilized, reducing
annual sediment contribution to the river. To date, about 9-12 log deflectors have been
anchored (using rebar) along the river near Sycamore Flats.
3.3.3 Alternative B - Proposed Action
3.3.3.1 Direct & Indirect Effects
Overall, this alternative would have positive direct and indirect effects on hydrology and
water quality of the Davidson River.
Under this alternative, three rock vanes (vanes 1, 2, and 3 as viewed from upstream looking
downstream) would be constructed on the picnic area side of the Davidson River at
Sycamore Flats to redirect the river's flow away from stream banks where it is causing
erosion, and back into the middle of the channel. The rock vanes would be comprised of
several rectangular boulders 3 feet x 4 feet x 5 feet placed next to each other and three layers
deep from the stream bank and would be visible to at most half of the way across the river.
The boulders on the top row and those in view would be native rock where practical. An
Army Corp of Engineers 404 permit, NC Dept. of Water Quality 401 certification, and a
Tennessee Valley Authority Section 26"A" permit would be require for this work. Stream
banks would be sloped back to a stable angle upstream and downstream of each vane where
necessary. Stream banks would be seeded and mulched, planted with "riparian" type
vegetation, and fenced to direct public use to designated areas.
24
Environmental Assessment Sycamore Flats Project
The first two vanes would be constructed on the outside of the gentle meander bend where
stream energy is typically highest. The third vane would be located downstream on the
inside of a gentle meander bend, a less typical location for such a structure. The lower vane
is being proposed since the channel is over-wide and the vane will reduce channel width
while directing storm flows away from the bank. The meander is very gentle (e.g., it has a
large radius of curvature) and the vanes are aligned to gently roll the flow toward the middle
of the channel. The other option in the area is to build the bank out to narrow the channel.
However, this is not a good option because of the high shear stress along that bank as evident
of the lack of depositional features along the bank. The high shear stress or "energy on the
banks" is largely the result of a loss of floodplain accessibility.
The vanes would be installed to work with the existing streambed form of the channel.
Therefore, location of the vanes would generally coincide with existing riffle and pool
habitats. Much of the bed material removed from the channel during construction would be
placed on the upstream side of the vanes against the stream bank to enhance the deposition
that would naturally occur there. The areas along the bank, both up stream and down stream
of the vanes, would build subsequent to construction as deposition occurs over the years. By
doing so, the channel would narrow and generally improve water quality and aquatic habitat.
A narrower channel would be deeper and thus impacted to a lesser degree by solar inputs and
water temperature warming. Pools and riffles would be well defined and of better quality
than currently since the vanes would store sediment and encourage pool formation and
maintenance.
The vanes are not likely to increase peak flow levels or the risk of flooding since they are
designed to increase channel efficiency by increasing velocity. Also, the vanes are located
downstream from the sharp meander bend that would do much more to control flood flows
upstream of it than the proposed structures below. Following construction of the vanes, the
wetted channel width is expected to narrow by approximately 10 feet on average and deepen
by about 0.2 feet. As a result, streamflow velocity is expected to increase slightly through
the reach. Using flow data from the U.S. Geological Survey Davidson River Gauging
Station (#03441000) an estimated average flow velocity in the Davidson River Sycamore
Flats reach would be less than 1.5 feet per second during the months of May through
October. Based on the general USGS safety standard (depth times velocity less than six) the
summertime average flows would be safe for wading up to four feet of water depth. Higher
than average flows and velocities are likely during the summer due to the natural variability
of streamflow; however, the need to educate the public of river safety would not be elevated
due to the implementation of this alternative.
Additionally, the proposed rock vanes and the associated bank work would notably help
stabilize the Davidson River channel along the Sycamore Flats area. Stabilizing the bank
would reduce the existing chronic source of sediment, improve aquatic habitat, and establish
riparian vegetation. It is expected that during, and just following the construction of the
vanes, that sediment would be introduced to the river from the proposed work. Overall, the
short-term pulse of sediment created from the construction of the vanes would be outweighed
by the long-term benefit of a stable stream channel. Implementation of Forest Plan standards
and guidelines requiring erosion control while working in riparian areas would further reduce
sediment input.
25
Environmental Assessment Sycamore Flats Project
This alternative also proposes to do the following: 1) construct an approximate %a mile
walking path, 4 to 6 feet wide, hardened with asphalt around the Sycamore Flats Recreation
Area; 2) construct a new picnic shelter; 3) replace the existing bathrooms; and 4) construct
additional parking spaces. These types of facilities reduce water infiltration into the soil and
therefore, can increase surface runoff volumes and rates. Under this proposal however,
runoff from the proposed sites would be routed to areas that promote water infiltration to the
soil. Additionally, the runoff control from existing compacted sites would be improved and
infiltration promoted. Therefore, there is likely to be a net reduction in surface runoff to the
Davidson River from the Sycamore Flats area from this alternative.
This alternative proposes the installation of a drain field to help drain areas within the picnic
area that currently hold standing water after rainstorms and snowmelt. The drain would
discharge to a well vegetated area that would act as a detention basin where infiltration and
evapotranspiration could occur. Discharge from this drain would not enter the Davidson
River as surface flow, but as subsurface flow, and therefore would not be a point source of
discharge.
A fishing pier is proposed to be constructed downstream more than 100 feet from the lower
rock vane. Since pilings would not be constructed on the channel bank, there is a low risk of
sedimentation to the Davidson River during construction. Implementing BMPs promoting
soil retention would reduce any potential impacts. Following construction, this site would
stabilize within the first year and the risk of impacts from construction would further
diminish and not have adverse effects on the channel.
Finally this alternative proposes to remove the existing groundwater wells. This would
reduce the potential for groundwater contamination, and would be beneficial.
3.3.3.2 Cumulative Effects
Since this alternative would have positive direct and indirect effects on hydrology and water
quality of Davidson River, it is expected to have beneficial cumulative effects, particularly
on the sediment regime. In 2003, a decision was made that identified about 20 separate
locations for riverbank stabilization from Sycamore Flats upstream to the Coontree Picnic
Area. The decision authorized placing boulders, log deflectors, and fill material to better
ensure the river bank would be stabilized, reducing annual sediment contribution to the river.
To date, about 9-12 log deflectors have been anchored (using rebar) along the river near
Sycamore Flats. The cumulative effects of this alternative combined with implementation of
the 2003 decision, would be beneficial for the river system.
3.3.4 Alternative C
3.3.4.1 Direct & Indirect Effects
Overall, this alternative would have positive direct and indirect effects on hydrology and
water quality of the Davidson River, but to a lesser degree than Alternative B.
Under this alternative, two rock vanes (vanes #1 and #3) would be constructed on the picnic
area side of the Davidson River at Sycamore Flats to redirect the river's flow away from
stream banks where it is causing erosion, and back into the middle of the channel. The rock
vanes. would be comprised of several rectangular boulders 3 feet x 4 feet x 5 feet placed next
to each other and three layers deep from the stream bank to at most half of the way across the
26
Environmental Assessment Sycamore Flats Project
river. The boulders on the top row and those in view would be native rock where practical.
Stream banks would be sloped back to a stable angle upstream and downstream of each vane
where necessary. Stream banks would be seeded and mulched, planted with "riparian" type
vegetation, and fenced to direct public use to designated areas.
In lieu of the rock vane #2 proposed in Alternative B, Alternative C would construct a 4-5
foot high, dry-stacked, naturally-weathered boulder retaining wall and a river access area (see
also Section 3.1.3 above). The retaining wall would protect eroding banks, and incorporate
rock stairs and/or ramp connecting the picnic area and river. A second row of boulders
approximately 2-3 feet in height would be placed in the river about 15-20 feet from the bank.
The area between the two walls would be filled with river pebbles to form a low elevation
terrace one to two feet above the average summer water level. This constructed feature
would act as a floodplain if put at bankfull elevation and would provide a relatively large
access area for public use. Boulders would also be placed upstream and downstream of the
access area to deflect water flow. Both walls and boulder deflectors would use natural-
appearing, weathered boulders. An Army Corp of Engineers 404 permit, NC Dept. of Water
Quality 401 certification, and a Tennessee Valley Authority Section 26"A" permit would be
require for this work as well as the rock vanes.
The vanes would be installed to work with the existing streambed form of the channel.
Therefore, location of the vanes will generally coincide with existing riffle and pool habitats.
Much of the bed material removed from the channel during construction would be placed on
the upstream side of the vanes against the stream bank to enhance the deposition that would
naturally occur there. The areas along the bank, both up and down stream of the vanes,
would build subsequent to construction as deposition occurs over the years. The constructed
access area would also narrow the bankfull channel width at that site. A narrower channel
would be deeper and thus impacted to a lesser degree by solar inputs and water temperature
warming. Pools and riffles would be well defined and of better quality than currently since
the vanes would store sediment and encourage pool formation and maintenance.
The rock vanes and access area are not likely to increase peak flow levels and the risk of
flooding since the vanes are designed to increase channel efficiently efficiency by increasing
velocity. Also, the structures are located downstream from the sharp meander bend that
would do much more to control flood flows upstream of it then the proposed structures
below. Following construction of the vanes and access area, the wetted channel width is
expected to narrow by approximately 10 feet on average and deepen by about 0.2 feet. As a
result, streamflow velocity is expected to increase through the reach. Change in flow
velocities is expected to be similar to that presented in Alternative B.
The proposed rock vanes, access area, and the associated bank work would notably help
stabilize the Davidson River channel along the Sycamore Flats area. Stabilizing the bank
would reduce the existing chronic source of sediment, improve aquatic habitat, and establish
riparian vegetation. It is expected that during and just following the construction of the vanes
that sediment would be introduced to the river from the proposed work. Overall, the short-
term pulse of sediment created from the construction of the vanes and access area would be
outweighed by-the long-term benefit of a stable stream channel. Implementation of Forest
Plan standards and guidelines requiring erosion control while working in riparian areas
would further reduce sediment input. The largest difference hydrologically between
Alternatives B and C is that Alternative C does less to address the issue of channel instability
27
Environmental Assessment Sycamore Flats Project
in the reach. Although the access area would harden an approximate length of 150 feet of
stream bank, it would not dissipate stream energy as efficiently as the second vane proposed
in Alternative B. Therefore, this energy would be deflected downstream where bank erosion
could continue.
This alternative also proposes to do the following: 1) construct an approximate %2 mile
walking path, 4 to 6 feet wide, hardened with water-permeable material around Sycamore
Flats Recreation Area, 2) construct a new picnic shelter, 3) replace the existing bathrooms,
and 4) construct additional parking spaces. These types of facilities reduce water infiltration
into the soil and therefore, can increase surface runoff volumes and rates. The walking path
constructed with water-permeable material would minimize runoff by providing direct water
infiltration. However, it is likely that over time infiltration capacity would decrease as
compaction occurs and would eventually become ineffective. To reduce the impact of an
increase in compacted area, this alternative would construct drainage that would route water
to areas that promote water infiltration to the soil. Additionally, the runoff control from
existing compacted sites would be improved and infiltration promoted. Therefore, there is
likely to be a net reduction in surface runoff to the Davidson River from the Sycamore Flats
area from this alternative.
This alternative proposes the installation of a drain field to help drain areas within the picnic
area that currently hold standing water after rainstorms and snowmelt. The drain would
discharge to a well vegetated area that would act as a detention basin where infiltration and
evapotranspiration could occur. Discharge from this drain would not enter the Davidson
River as surface flow, but as subsurface flow, and therefore would not be a point source of
discharge.
A fishing pier is proposed to be constructed downstream more than 100 feet from the lower
rock vane. Since pilings would not be constructed on the channel bank, there is a low risk of
sedimentation to the Davidson River during construction. Implementing BMPs promoting
soil retention would reduce any potential impacts. Following construction, this site would
stabilize within the first year and the risk of impacts from construction would further
diminish and not have adverse effects on the channel.
Finally this alternative proposes to remove the existing groundwater wells. This would
reduce the potential for groundwater contamination, and would be beneficial.
3.3.4.2 Cumulative Effects
Since this alternative would have positive direct and indirect effects on hydrology and water
quality of Davidson River, it is expected to have beneficial cumulative effects, particularly
on the sediment regime. In 2003, a decision was made that identified about 20 separate
locations for river bank stabilization from Sycamore Flats upstream to the Coontree Picnic
Area. The decision authorized placing boulders, log deflectors, and fill material to better
ensure the river bank would be stabilized, reducing annual sediment contribution to the river.
To date, about 9-12 log deflectors have been anchored (using rebar) along the river near
Sycamore Flats. The cumulative effects of this alternative combined with implementation of
the 2003 decision, would be beneficial for the river system.
28
Environmental Assessment Sycamore Flats Project
CHAPTER 4 - PREPARERS AND PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT
The Forest Service consulted the following individuals, Federal, State, and local agencies,
tribes and non-Forest Service persons during the development of this environmental
assessment:
4.1 ID Team Members
4.1.1 Core IDT:
Diane Bolt - District Other Resource Assistant, Project Co-Leader
Erik Crews - Forest Landscape Architect
Dave Danley - Zone Botanist
Brady Dodd - Forest Hydrologist
Steve Hendricks - Recreation Planner
Michael Hutchins - Zone NEPA Coordinator, IDT Leader
Chris Kelly - District Ecologist
Bob Noel - Zone Archaeologist
Lorie Stroup - Zone Fisheries Biologist, Project Co-Leader
4.1.2 Other Forest Service Personnel Providing Input:
Randy Burgess - Pisgah District Ranger
Tim Chesley - Facility Engineer
4.2 Federal, State, and Local Agencies
David Baker - Army Corps of Engineers
Freddie Bennett - Tennessee Valley Authority
Eric Caldwell - North Carolina State University
Daniel Clinton - North Carolina State University
Brian Cole - USDI Fish and Wildlife Service
Dave McHenry -North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission
4.3 Others
Dr. Richard Burns
Ann Bury
Harry Hafer - Cradle of Forestry Association in America
Scot Waring - Southern Appalachian Biodiversity Project
29
Environmental Assessment Sycamore Flats Project
APPENDIX A - BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION
30
Environmental Assessment Sycamore Flats Project
Sycamore Flats Project Biological Evaluation
Purpose of Biological Evaluations
The purpose of this biological evaluation is to ensure maintenance of species viability for
federally threatened, endangered and sensitive (TES) species.
Proposed Action
The Sycamore Flats Project would implement the following improvements (see also
Section 2.2.2, Chapter 2 above):
1. Install three rock vanes on the picnic area side of the Davidson River at Sycamore
Flats Recreation Area;
2. Construct a paved -%2 mile walking path around Sycamore Flats Recreation Area;
3. Construct two new picnic shelters with a new design but of similar dimensions as
the existing shelter;
4. Install about 3,500 linear feet of perforated drain material;
5. Construct additional parking spaces to accommodate 15 automobiles and 1 bus;
6. Construct an accessible fishing pier downstream of the eastern-most rock vane;
7. Replace the existing bathrooms with accessible bathrooms of similar dimensions;
and
8. Remove the existing wells.
This recreation area is used by an array of groups including (but not limited to) persons
picnicking, walkers, bikers, fisherman, swimmers, and tubers. All construction would be
located inside and near the Sycamore Flats Recreation Area.
Purpose and Need for the Proposed Action
The objective of these improvements is to prevent further damage to the Davidson River
and provide an updated recreation site that would accommodate the existing and growing
needs of the public. Implementation of this project would improve water quality of the
Davidson River and prevent further erosion of the river banks at Sycamore Flats while
also providing a more safe and enjoyable recreational experience for the public.
Location and Description of the Project Area
The project area is located adjacent to the Davidson River and is within Transylvania
County on the Pisgah Ranger District, Pisgah National Forest. Sycamore Flats lies within
the Davidson River drainage basin (LRMP watershed #74). Sycamore Flats is located off
Highway 276 near the entrance of the Pisgah National Forest.
Species Evaluated
Proposed, endangered, threatened, and sensitive species considered are those included in
the National Forests in North Carolina species list. The North Carolina Natural Heritage
Program Biological Conservation Database was queried for any element occurrence (EO)
records of these species in the project area.
31
Environmental Assessment Sycamore Flats Project
Chris Kelly, USFS Ecologist, evaluated the proposed Sycamore Flats Project and
prepared a report documenting her findings dated May 10, 2004. She determined the
effects of this proposed project to TES terrestrial species. Clemmys muhlenbergii, (bog
turtle) a federally listed threatened species, was identified for further analysis as a result
of likelihood of occurrence and based on filed records. In terms of habitat, the site has a
history of disturbance and consists of anthropogenic vegetation communities within
acidic cove forest and alluvial forest natural communities. Historically, the surrounding
landscape included forested swamps and bogs (including areas on the adjacent privately-
owned land). The area was cleared for agriculture and transformed to wet agricultural
pastures. These habitat conditions would have supported Clemmys muhlenbergii. Since
that time, much of the area surrounding Sycamore Flats has reforested, and open boggy
areas are no longer apparent. The picnic area itself is primarily open, mowed lawn.
Potential habitat for Clemmys muhlenbergii has not occurred at this site since the early
20th century.
Dave Danley, USFS Botanist, evaluated the proposed Sycamore Flats Project and
prepared a report documenting his findings dated February 12, 2004. He determined the
effect of this proposed project to TES plant species. Since the site proposed is
predominantly anthropogenic and a frequently mowed grassy area, there will be no effect
to any threatened, endangered, or sensitive plant species.
Lorie Stroup, USFS Fisheries Biologist, evaluated the proposed Sycamore Flats Project
and prepared a report documenting her findings dated May 16, 2004. She determined the
effects of this proposed project to TES aquatic species. No TES aquatic species are
known to occur within the project area nor have any been documented within the
Davidson River. Aquatic habitat in the Davidson River will improve by the
implementation of this project as bank stabilization is achieved and natural riparian
vegetation reestablishes the area. There would also be an improved pool to riffle ratio re-
established within the Davidson River at Sycamore Flats. Also, flow would be
concentrated in the center of the channel which creates a more natural aquatic
environment for aquatic organisms while protecting the stream banks from erosion.
There will be no effect to aquatic threatened, endangered or sensitive species.
Determination of Effect
The proposed Sycamore Flats Project on the Davidson River would have no effect on any
federally threatened or endangered aquatic, botanical, or wildlife species including
federally listed species Clemmys muhlenbergii. Implementation of these projects would
have no impact on any sensitive species. Consultation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service is not required.
Prepared by:
lsl ,Cone L Stroup
?Srfa
,Y 16, zoo4
Lorie L. Stroup Date
Fisheries Biologist
Pisgah National Forest
32
0 $11O United States Forest National Forests in 160A Zillicoa Street
Department of Service North Carolina P.O. Box 2750
Agriculture Asheville, NC 28802
File Code: 2530-3
Date: July 28, 2004
NC DENR/Division of Water Quality
Wetlands Unit
1621 Mail Service Center
Raleigh, NC 27699-1621
Dear DWQ,
This letter is to notify the Division of Water Quality of the stream restoration project proposed
by the U.S. Forest Service. The project is called the Sycamore Flats Project and is located on the
Pisgah National Forest in Transylvania County, NC. The stream restoration proposed does not
disturb wetlands and it is not conducted for compensatory mitigation or mitigation credit. This
project proposes to construct three rock vanes within the channel of the Davidson River, a major
tributary to the French Broad River. The intent is to convert unstable stream banks to a more
stable condition by reducing foot traffic and directing flow away from banks. The rock vanes
will be designed by the Biological and Agricultural Engineering Department at NC State
University. Work will include the excavation of both the channel bed and banks to securely
place the vanes, and placement of boulder size rock into the channel. Overhanging banks
adjacent to the vanes will be pulled back and planted with riparian type vegetation.
The proposed work falls under the Nationwide Permit #27, and does not require written
application to and approval from the Division of Water Quality since it is a stream restoration
project not being conducted for compensatory mitigation or mitigation credits, as per General
Certification WQC #3399 number two. Therefore, we are sending three copies of this cover
letter, plans, and specifications to your office. A 404 permit application and a TVA 26A permit
have been requested, and a copy of the 404 permit material has been submitted to Mr. David
McHenry of the NC Wildlife Resources Commission.
&SincerelDD
National Forests in NC, Hydrologist
Caring for the Land and Serving People Printed on Recycled Paper
Environmental Assessment Sycamore Flats Project
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?..•'`-?,•,?? ! _`r?_- ? .+""'„ et as 147{ Yo ®Sycamore Flats Picnic Area
. t1 "? ?sgah F P
Figure 1-1 a r t •" ': Scale =1:24,000 h1
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5
Environmental Assessment Sycamore Flats Project
N
W E
^?p fl
S
Y
Existing Welihouse G??
Proposed 112 Mile a'
Accessible Exercise Trail
G,y
y , 0 Proposed Parking Spaces ?
O y,?
Sc,
O Sycamore Rats
Picnic Area may
Proposed Rock Vane #1 Existing Picnic Site (Typical)
(gray portion below water)' Q---?J --
o Existing Picnic
Shelter
Existing Toilets
Proposed Fence
O
©O O
Proposed Rock Vane #2 O Proposed
(gray portion below water) p Picnic
p Shelters
Proposed River Access
F
Proposed Rock Vane #3
(gray portion below water)
Proposed Bus Parking
Proposed Accessible
Fishing Pier
Sycamore Flats Project
Alternative "B"
0 200 400
monnol Feet
10
SINGLE VANE DETAIL
SCALE: NTS
Top of,
B
ank
F-L p
Top ? 39
O F Approx. 100'
?Ba n k l /C
Weathered Boulders
Channel B-
PROFILE
Footer Boulders
Notes
L Exact vane location shall be determined in the field.
2. Filter fabric shall be placed on the upstream side of the vane to
minimize piping,
3, Weathered boulders shall be used in visible areas,
4. Footer boulders shall extend a minimum of 5' below channel bed.
5. Dimensions shown on the plans are approximet, actual dimensions
will be field determined based on material and channel conditions,
6. Vane shall be securely tied into the channel bank.
7. Channel bank shall be graded to a 2:1 slope around the vane,
8. Material excavated for the vane installation shall be used
to backfill the upstream side of the vane,
0
9?
73'
USDA
Environmental Assessment
United
States
Department
Sycamore Flats Project
Agriculture
A
Forest
Service Pisgah Ranger District, Pisgah National Forest
July 2004 Transylvania County, North Carolina
C?fi??
Environmental Assessment Sycamore Flats Project
Sycamore Flats Project
Environmental Assessment
Location of Action: Pisgah Ranger District
Pisgah National Forest
Transylvania County, North Carolina
Lead Agency: USDA Forest Service
Responsible Official: Randall Burgess
District Ranger
1001 Pisgah Highway
Pisgah Forest, NC 28768
For More Information: Diane Bolt & Lode Stroup
Project Leaders
[phone]
[phone] (fax)
Michael Hutchins
ID Team Leader
[phone]
Send Electronic Comments to: comments-southem-north-carolina-pisgah-pisgah
The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the
basis of race, color, national origin, gender, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, and
marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who
require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.)
should contact USDA's Target Center at [phone] (voice and TDD).
To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326-W, Whitten
Building, 14th and Independence Avenue, SW, Washington DC 20250-9510 or call [phone] (voice or
TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.
Environmental Assessment Sycamore Flats Project
Table of Contents
SUMMARY ......................................................................................................................................................I
CHAPTER 1- PURPOSE AND NEED .................................................................................................... ......1
1.1 Document Structure ....................................................................................................................... .....1
1.2 Background .................................................................................................................................... .....1
1.3 Proposed Action ............................................................................................................................. ..... 2
1.4 Purpose and Need for Action ......................................................................................................... ..... 2
1.5 Decision Framework ...................................................................................................................... ..... 3
1.6 Public Involvement ......................................................................................................................... ..... 3
1.7 Issues ............................................................................................................................................. ..... 3
CHAPTER 2 - ALTERNATIVES .............................................................................................................. ......6
2.1 Range of Alternatives ..................................................................................................................... ..... 6
2.2 Alternatives Considered in Detail ................................................................................................... ..... 6
2.3 Alternatives Considered but Eliminated from Detailed Study ......................................................... ..... 8
2.4 Mitigation Measure ................................. ....... ................................................................................. ..... 8
2.5 Comparison of Alternatives ............................................................................................................ ..... 9
CHAPTER 3 - ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES ........................................................................... ....12
3.1 Effects Related to Key Issue #1; Scenic Resources ...................................................................... ....12
3.2 Effects Related to Key Issue #2; Aquatic Habitat ........................................................................... ....19
3.3 Effects Related to Key Issue #3; HydraulicsMater Quality ............................................................ ....22
CHAPTER 4 - PREPARERS AND PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT .....................................................................29
4.1 ID Team Members ......................................................................................................................... ....29
4.2 Federal, State, and Local Agencies ................................................................................................ ...29
4.3 Others ............................................................................................................................................. ...29
APPENDIX A - BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION .............................................................................................30
Environmental Assessment Sycamore Flats Project
SUMMARY
The Pisgah National Forest proposes to install three rock vanes in the Davidson River at the
Sycamore Flats Recreation Area; construct an approximate %2 mile walking path hardened
with asphalt; construct two new picnic shelters; install about 3,500 linear feet of perforated
drain material; construct parking to accommodate 15 additional vehicles and one bus;
construct a handicap accessible fishing pier; replace the existing bathrooms with handicap
accessible ones; and remove the existing wells. The project area is located at the Sycamore
Flats Recreation Area along the Davidson River and is within the Pisgah Ranger District,
Pisgah National Forest, Transylvania County, North Carolina.
This action is needed, because the flow of the Davidson River is causing erosion and
sedimentation of the river bank; safety of daily walkers from vehicles is at risk; and there is a
need to improve the recreational experience for users of the facility.
The proposed action may alter the hydraulics of the Davidson River and increase potential
for sediment delivery; impact aquatic habitat; and may adversely affect scenic resources.
In addition to Alternative B - Proposed Action, the Forest Service also evaluated the
following alternatives:
o Alternative A - No-action Alternative
o Alternative C -Similar to the Proposed Action except a retaining wall would be
constructed in lieu of the middle rock vane (#2) at the wading area and a water
permeable material would be used to harden the -Y mile walking trail constructed
Based upon the effects of the alternatives, the responsible official will decide to select the no-
action alternative, an action alternative, or a modification of an action alternative.
Environmental Assessment Sycamore Flats Project
CHAPTER 1- PURPOSE AND NEED
1.1 Document Structure
The Forest Service has prepared this Environmental Assessment (EA) in compliance with the
National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) and other relevant Federal and State laws and
regulations. This EA discloses the direct, indirect, and cumulative environmental impacts
that would result from the proposed action and alternatives. The document is organized into
four chapters and Appendices:
o Chapter 1- Purpose and Nee& This section includes information on the history of the
project proposal, the purpose of and need for the project, and the agency's proposal for
achieving that purpose and need. This section also details how the Forest Service
informed the public of the proposal and how the public responded.
o Chapter 2 -Alternatives: This section provides a more detailed description of the
agency's proposed action as well as alternative methods for achieving the stated
purpose. These alternatives were developed based on key issues raised by the public
and other agencies. This section also provides a summary table of the alternatives.
o Chapter 3 - Environmental Consequences: This section describes the environmental
effects of implementing the proposed action and other alternatives. This analysis is
organized by key issues. Within each section, the affected environment is described
first, followed by the effects of the No Action Alternative that provides a baseline for
evaluation and comparison of the other alternatives that follow.
o Chapter 4 - Preparers and Public Involvement: This section provides a list of preparers
and members of the public consulted during the development of the environmental
assessment.
1.1.1 Project Record
This EA incorporates by reference the project record (40 CFR 1502.21). The project record
contains specialist reports and other technical documentation used to support the analysis and
conclusions in this EA.
Relying on specialist reports and the project record helps implement the CEQ Regulations'
provision that agencies should reduce NEPA paperwork (40 CFR 1500.4), and that NEPA
documents be analytic rather than encyclopedic and kept concise and no longer than absolutely
necessary (40 CFR 1502.2). The objective is to furnish enough site-specific information to
demonstrate a reasoned consideration of the environmental impacts of the alternatives and how
these impacts can be mitigated, without repeating detailed analysis and background
information available elsewhere. The project record is located at the Pisgah Ranger District
Office in Pisgah Forest, North Carolina.
1.2 Background
The proposed action is located in the Sycamore Flats Recreation Area along Highway 276 in
Compartment 80 (see Figure 1-1 - Sycamore Flats Project Vicinity Map). Sycamore Flats
Recreation Area is located within Management Area (MA) 12 (developed recreation areas -
Environmental Assessment Sycamore Flats Project
Forest Plan Amendment 5, pgs. III-140 -111-143), while the Davidson River is located within
MA 2C (visually pleasing scenery - Forest Plan Amendment 5, pgs. III-63 - III-70) and MA
18 (riparian areas - Forest Plan Amendment 5, pgs. III-179 -111-189). MA 18 is embedded
within other MAs. The Davidson River is also identified as eligible for classification as a
"Recreation" Wild and Scenic River (Forest Plan Amendment 5, pgs. III-11 and III-14 - III-
19).
Unless stated otherwise in this document, the project area is the Sycamore Flats Recreation
Area. The analysis area is the range cumulative effects can reasonably be analyzed, may
vary by resource, and unless stated otherwise in this document, is downstream of the analysis
area to the Forest boundary. The analysis area is slightly larger than the project area.
1.3 Proposed Action
The Proposed Action has been developed by the Forest Service to meet the Purpose and
Need of this project. A more detailed discussion on the Proposed Action is located in
Chapter 2, Section 2.2.1. The Proposed Action would:
o Install three rock vanes on the picnic area side of the Davidson River at Sycamore Flats
Recreation Area;
o Construct a paved -%a mile walking path around Sycamore Flats Recreation Area;
o Construct two new picnic shelters with a new design but of similar dimensions as the
existing shelter;
o Install about 3,500 linear feet of perforated drain material;
o Construct additional parking spaces to accommodate 15 automobiles and 1 bus;
o Construct an accessible fishing pier downstream of the eastern-most rock vane;
o Replace the existing bathrooms with accessible bathrooms of similar dimensions; and
o Remove the existing wells.
1.4 Purpose and Need for Action
The objectives of this proposal are to:
o Change the Davidson River's direction of flow back into the middle of the channel to
reduce undercutting of the streambank;
o Increase the safety of daily walkers in the recreation area; and
o Improve the recreational experiences for users of the facility
1.4.1 Why Here, Why Novi
This action is needed because the Davidson River's direction of flow is causing the river
bank to erode and sedimentation to occur; there is risk to daily walkers in the facility from
vehicles; and the recreational experience at the facility is limited due to: existing parking,
number of shelters, "puddling" of water; opportunities for handicap accessible fishing;
outdated and handicap accessible bathroom facilities; and potential for ground water
contamination from abandoned wells. This action responds to the goals and objectives
outlined in the Nantahala and Pisgah National Forests Land and Resource Management Plan
as amended, (Forest Plan Amendment 5, 1994) and helps move the project area towards
desired Forest goals and objectives (pages III-1 and III-2).
Environmental Assessment Sycamore Flats Project
1.5 Decision Framework
Based on the analysis disclosed in this EA, the Responsible Official will make a decision and
document it in a Decision Notice and Finding of No Significant Impact. The Responsible
Official can:
o Select an action alternative that has been considered in detail, or
o Select a modified action alternative, or
o Select the No-action Alternative.
1.6 Public Involvement
The proposal was listed in the January 2004 and April 2004 Schedule of Proposed Actions.
The proposal was provided to the public and other agencies for a 30-day comment period
during scoping on February 13, 2004. Five letters were received as a result of this scoping.
Using comments received from the public, agencies, and organizations during this period, the
interdisciplinary team (IDT) developed a list of issues to address.
1.7 Issues
Issues are defined as a point of discussion, debate, or dispute about environmental effects.
Issues are used to develop alternatives, mitigation measures, or analyze environmental
effects. The Forest Service separated issues into two groups: key and non-key issues.
The Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) regulations specifies that environmental
analysis focus on significant (key) issues. Issues determined not to be significant (non-key)
shall be discussed only briefly and eliminated from detailed study [40 CFR 1500.1(b),
1500.2(b), 1500.4(c), 1501.7(3), and 1502.2(b)]. The key issues will be analyzed in Chapter
3 of this EA and will also help form the decision. The non-key issues will be disclosed here
in Chapter 1, but not in Chapter 3. They will not be used to form the decision.
1.7.1 Key Issues
1.7.1.1 Key Issue #1: Scenic Resources - Design and placement of rock vanes may adversely
affect scenic resources
Indicators
o Method of stream bank stabilization
1.7.1.2 Key Issue #2: Aquatic Habitat - Constructing trails and picnic shelters, and removing
vegetation near the Davidson River could impact aquatic habitat
Indicators
o Proximity of newly constructed trails and shelters to the Davidson River
o Types of stream bank stabilization
o Timing of proposed actions
1.7.1.3 Key Issue #3: Hydraulics/Water Quality - Placing rock vanes and hardening newly
constructed trails and parking areas may both alter the hydraulics of the
Davidson River and increase potential for sediment delivery
Environmental Assessment Sycamore Flats Project
Indicators
o Number and location of rock vanes
o Type of hardening material used on newly constructed trails and parking areas
o Method of stream bank stabilization
1.7.2 Non-Key Issues
1.7.2.1 Non-key Issue A - Heritage Resources: Constructing stream structures and additions to
the recreation facility may impact heritage resources
o Non-key Issue due to field review of the project area and avoidance of
identified heritage sites.
1.7.2.2 Non-key Issue B - Soils: Constructing stream structures and additions to the recreation
facility may impact soils
o Non-key Issue due to implementation of Forest Plan standards and guidelines and best
management practices (BMPs).
1.7.2.3 Non-key Issue C - Botanical Resources: Constructing stream structures and additions to the
recreation facility may impact federally threatened, endangered, or Forest
sensitive botanical resources
Non-key Issue due to site-specific field verification. The Sycamore Flats Recreation
Area is predominantly anthropomorphic and is frequently mowed. There would be no
effect to federally listed threatened, endangered, or Regionally sensitive (TES)
botanical species, or Forest Concern botanical species because there are either no
species present in the project area, suitable habitat is very marginal, and the proposal is
so small in scale it would have little effect on potential populations of any species.
1.7.2.4 Non-key Issue D - Safety of Rock Vanes: The use and placement of rock vanes may decrease
safety to some recreation users
o Non-key Issue because rock vanes do not increase flow through the structures as J-
Hook vanes do. Based on the general USGS safety standard (depth x velocity <6) the
summertime average flows would be safe for wading up to four feet of water depth (see
also Sections 3.3.3.1 and 3.3.4.1, Chapter 3).
1.7.2.5 Non-key Issue E - Wildlife Resources: Constructing stream structures and additions to the
recreation facility may impact federally threatened, endangered, or Forest
sensitive wildlife species and their habitat
o Non-key Issue due to site-specific field verification. There is only one threatened,
endangered, or Forest sensitive (TES) wildlife species that could be affected by the
proposal (bog turtle, Clemmys muhlenbergii, a threatened species), but it is not likely to
occur in the project or analysis area. As a result, there would be no effect to TES
wildlife species by the proposal.
Environmental Assessment Sycamore Flats Project
Sycamore Flats Project
Vicinity Map
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?\ - '? r V fpf`yl RJ
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5
Environmental Assessment Sycamore Flats Project
CHAPTER 2 - ALTERNATIVES
This chapter describes and compares the alternatives considered for the Sycamore Flats
project. It includes a description and map of each alternative considered. This section also
presents the alternatives in comparative form, defining the differences between each
alternative and providing a clear basis for choice among options by the Responsible Official
and the public.
2.1 Range of Alternatives
The range of alternatives developed and analyzed by the interdisciplinary team (IDT) was
driven by the purpose and need underlying the proposed action, and by the key issues
responding to the proposed action. An alternative to the proposed action must (1) reasonably
respond to the purpose and need and (2) address one or more key issues. The only exception
is the No-action Alternative, which is required under 40 CFR 1502.14(d).
The IDT considered five alternatives. Following internal review, three alternatives were
developed in detail and two were eliminated from detailed study.
2.2 Alternatives Considered in Detail
2.2.1 Alternative A - No Action
Under the No Action Alternative, current plans would continue to guide management of the
project area.
2.2.2 Alternative B - Proposed Action
Alternative B would:
Install three rock vanes on the picnic area side of the Davidson River at Sycamore Flats
to redirect the river's flow away from stream banks where it is causing down cutting
and erosion, and back into the middle of the channel (see Alternative "B" map at the
end of the Chapter). The three rock vanes would be comprised of several boulders
generally 3 feet x 4 feet x 5 feet placed next to each other with some irregularity to
improve scenic integrity, and three layers deep from the stream bank. They would be
visible to at most half of the way across the river. The vanes would extend subsurface
(below water and stream bed) to the other bank. The boulders on the top row and those
in view would be native rock where practicable. Backfilling with rock of various sizes
and shapes would be placed on the upstream side of the vanes to make a more naturally
appearing structure. Stream banks would be sloped upstream and downstream of each
vane and would be seeded, mulched, and planted with "riparian" type vegetation.
Where feasible, existing large streambank trees would be retained.
Construct an approximate %2 mile walking path around Sycamore Flats Recreation Area
to reduce safety hazards to walkers who currently walk on the road intended for
vehicles. The path would be 4-6 feet wide and hardened with asphalt. Some trees less
than 16 inches in diameter and vegetation would be cut, but larger trees would remain.
Environmental Assessment Sycamore Flats Project
The trail would be designed to control runoff and promote infiltration where potential
connectivity of the runoff from the trail could reach the river. Several access routes to
the river would be constructed off the trail, and a wooden fence would be constructed
between the access points along the river to discourage use that increases downcutting
of the stream banks.
o Construct two new picnic shelters with a new design but of similar dimensions as the
existing shelter. The new shelters would be placed on a concrete slab.
o Install about 3,500 linear feet of perforated drain material. The drain material is about
I inch thick by 6-8 inches deep and would be installed with a 6 inch trencher to
minimize damage to tree roots. It would help drain areas within the recreation area that
currently hold standing water after rain storms. The drain material would be filtered to
eliminate sediment reaching the river. The outflow would be routed to infiltration areas
or pass through native vegetation before reaching the river.
o Construct additional parking spaces to accommodate 15 automobiles and 1 bus.
o Construct an accessible fishing pier downstream of the eastern-most rock vane. The
footings for the pier would be above the annual high water mark and the deck would be
cantilevered over the water in a similar fashion as the pier upstream at the North
Carolina State fish hatchery.
o Replace the existing bathrooms with accessible bathrooms of similar dimensions.
o Remove the existing wells to reduce potential for ground water contamination.
2.2.3 Alternative C
Alternative C would:
Install a retaining wall in lieu of rock vane #2 (middle vane) at the wading area of
Sycamore Flats to reduce down cutting and erosion occurring on the stream banks. The
retaining wall would be about 4-5 foot high and constructed with naturally-weathered
boulders. A 2-3 foot boulder wall of the same material would be constructed in front of
it to retain a pebble beach area for swimmers and waders. This lower wall would be
placed in the location of the river's edge prior to severe bank erosion. Where feasible,
existing large streambank trees would be retained.
Install one rock vane upstream of the retaining wall and one rock vane upstream of the
fishing pier (see Alternative "C" map at the end of the Chapter). The rock vanes would
be constructed similarly as the rock vanes described in Alternative B. Stream banks
would be sloped upstream and downstream of each vane and would be seeded,
mulched, and planted with "riparian" type vegetation. Where feasible, existing large
streambank trees would be retained.
Construct an approximate %2 mile walking path around Sycamore Flats Recreation Area
to reduce safety hazards to walkers who currently walk on the road intended for
vehicles. The path would be 4-6 feet wide and hardened with a water permeable
material (e.g. brick or concrete pavers). Some trees less than 16 inches in diameter and
vegetation would be cut, but larger trees would remain. The trail would be designed to
control runoff and promote infiltration where potential connectivity of the runoff from
the trdial could reach the river. Several access routes to the river would be constructed
off the trail, and a wooden fence would be constructed between the access points along
the river to discourage use that increases downcutting of the stream banks.
Environmental Assessment Sycamore Flats Project
o Construct two new picnic shelters with a new design but of similar dimensions as the
existing shelter. The new shelters would be placed on a concrete slab.
o Install about 3,500 linear feet of perforated drain material. The drain material is about
1 inch thick by 6-8 inches deep and would be installed with a 6 inch trencher to
minimize damage to tree roots. It would help drain areas within the recreation area that
currently hold standing water after rain storms. The drain material would be filtered to
eliminate sediment reaching the river. The outflow would be routed to infiltration areas
or pass through native vegetation before reaching the river.
o Construct additional parking spaces to accommodate 15 automobiles and 1 bus.
o Construct an accessible fishing pier downstream of the eastern-most rock vane. The
footings for the pier would be above the annual high water mark and the deck would be
cantilevered over the water in a similar fashion as the pier upstream at the North
Carolina State fish hatchery.
o Replace the existing bathrooms with accessible bathrooms of similar dimensions.
o Remove the existing wells to reduce potential for ground water contamination.
2.3 Alternatives Considered but Eliminated from Detailed Study
2.3.1 No Rock Vanes Placed
This alternative proposed using rip rap and other "armoring" instead of rock vanes. It was
eliminated from detailed study because it would not meet the purpose of "Changing the
direction of flow back into the middle of the Davidson River to reduce scouring of stream
banks and decrease sedimentation." Armoring without vanes would address sedimentation
and erosion in the short-term but not over the long-term. The river would begin to undercut
the structure, causing sedimentation and erosion or continual maintenance.
2.3.2 Relocate the Existing Trail
This alternative proposed all actions listed in the Proposed Action except the existing trail
near the Davidson River would have been relocated to ensure it was at least 25 feet away
from the River. It was eliminated from detailed study because the area is currently
compacted and after relocating would require actions to "decompact' it, possibly allowing
for additional sedimentation. Hardening the existing trail and constructing wooden fences to
ensure users only access the river in certain areas would reduce existing impacts.
2.4 Mitigation Measure
The following mitigation measure should be incorporated for Alternatives B and C:
o To ensure adherence to Forest Plan standards for scenery, a Forest Service Landscape
Architect should be consulted in the final design and construction phases of the rock
vanes.
Environmental Assessment Sycamore Flats Project
2.5 Comparison of Alternatives
The following table compares the actions proposed for each alternative:
Table 2-1. Alternative Comparison
Action Item Alternative Alternative Alternative
A B C
Installs 3 rock vanes No Yes No
Installs 2 rock vanes and a retaining wall No No Yes
Constructs an approximate 1/2 mile walking path
No Yes Yes
(permeable
around Sycamore Flats Recreation Area (asphalt)
material)
Constructs access points along the river and a wooden No Yes Yes
fence between access points
Constructs 2 new picnic shelters No Yes Yes
Installs about 3,500 linear feet of perforated drain

material and infiltration area No Yes Yes
Constructs additional parking for 15 cars and 1 bus No Yes Yes
Constructs an accessible fishing pier downstream of
No
Yes
Yes
eastern-most rock vane
Replaces the existing bathrooms with accessible No Yes Yes
bathrooms of similar dimensions
Removes existing wells No Yes Yes
Environmental Assessment Sycamore Flats Project
t
N
w E X
g
S
9
Existing Wellhouse J?
_ Proposed 112 Mile 6'
Accessible Exercise Trail o
Proposed Parking Spaces
F Sycamore Flats Picnic Area may
Pd Rock Vane #1 - Existing Picnic Site (Typical)
ortion b
elow water) G1--?-
0 Existi
ng Picnic
x .
Existi Shelter.
? ng Toilets
Proposed Fence - "
o Q
0
Proposed Rock Vane #2 Proposed
(gray portion below water) # p Picnic
D Shelters
r Q
P(o osed River Access -?
Proposed Rock Vane #3
(gray portion below water)
Proposed Bus Parking
Proposed Accessible
Fishing Pier
Sycamore Flats Project
Alternative "B"
0 200 400
iiiiii@ Feet
10
Environmental Assessment Sycamore Flats Project
11
Environmental Assessment Sycamore Flats Project
CHAPTER 3 - ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES
This chapter forms the scientific and analytical basis for the comparison of alternatives as
required by NEPA. Included in this chapter are disclosures of direct, indirect, and
cumulative effects of the alternatives on the different resources relevant to the key issues.
Direct and indirect effects occur at, or near the same time and place as a result of the action
[40 CFR 1508.8 (a) and (b)]. They have been combined in this chapter, as it is difficult to
completely separate between the two effects. Cumulative effects result "...from the
incremental impact of the action when added to other past, present, and reasonably
foreseeable future actions regardless of what agency or person undertakes such action.
Cumulative impacts can result from individually minor but collectively significant actions
taking place over a period of time " (40 CFR 1508.7). Reports from different resource
specialists supplied information for portions of the analysis in this chapter. The project area
is the location of the proposal-Sycamore Flats Recreation Area. The analysis area is the
anticipated extent of effects by resource and is generally larger than the project area.
Effects analyses are disclosed by key issue in this chapter. The key issues associated with
this proposed project were identified through a public participation process, which included
input from Forest Service resource specialists, other government agencies, organizations, and
individuals (see Section 1.7.1, Chapter 1). The key issues were determined to be relevant to
the decision to be made concerning the Sycamore Flats Project. Other resources and issues
(non-key issues) were eliminated from discussion in this chapter (see Section 1.7.2, Chapter
1).
3.1 Effects Related to Key Issue #1; Scenic Resources
Issue Statement: Design and placement of rock vanes may adversely affect scenic resources
Indicator:
o Method of stream bank stabilization
3.1.1 Alternative A - No Action
3.1.1.1 Existing Condition
Scenery
Sycamore Flats project area is located on the Pisgah Ranger District of the Pisgah National
Forest, and includes Sycamore Flats Recreation Area and a segment of the Davidson River.
The recreation area is accessed by US 276 near the Pisgah National Forest entrance. This
highway is part of the Mountain Heritage Scenic Byway. Sycamore Flats is situated in a
low-lying area adjacent to the Davidson River. Management Areas (MA) in the project area
include 2C, 12, and 18 (see Section 1.2, Chapter 1). All proposed management activities are
located within these management areas.
Management area 2C comprises a corridor along the Mountain Heritage Scenic Byway; this
corridor includes parts of the Davison River. This MA has an emphasis on scenic quality and
is assigned a Visual Quality Objective (VQO) of Retention (R) for all distance zones (DZ)
and sensitivity levels (SL), except SL 3 which is assigned Partial Retention. The entire
12
Environmental Assessment Sycamore Flats Project
project area is in a SL 1 - foreground distance zone; therefore all activities in MA 2C are
required to meet R VQO. Retention VQO provides for management actives which are not
visually evident. Activities only repeat form, line, color, and texture which are frequently
found in the characteristic landscape. Changes in size, amount, intensity, direction, pattern,
etc., should not be evident. This objective should be met within one full growing season
after completion of proposed activities.
Management Area 12 includes the developed recreation area, and extends to the maintained
perimeter of Sycamore Flats Recreation Area and to the river's edge. This MA has assigned
VQOs ranging from Retention to Modification, depending on the characteristics of each site.
Sycamore Flats Recreation Area is characterized as a highly developed recreation area, with
a paved loop road and parking areas, a picnic shelter, and restrooms. All management
activities must be in character with existing structures and setting of the developed recreation
site.
Management Area 18 is the riparian zone embedded within other Management Areas. Visual
Quality Objectives for MA 18 are Retention if the adjacent MA is assigned R VQO, and PR
if any other VQO. In the Sycamore Flats projects area, activities within MA 18 should not
generally be a dominant feature of the landscape and are required to meet R VQO as in
adjacent MA 2C.
Recreation
The Mountain Heritage Scenic Byway corridor and associated parts of the Davidson River
are classified as Roaded Natural 1 (RN 1) in the Recreation Opportunity Spectrum (ROS).
Roaded Natural 1 areas have a natural-appearing environment with evidence of the sights and
sounds of people, and are within %2 mile of improved roads. Opportunities to interact with
nature exist, but encounters with other users are common. Sycamore Flats Recreation Area
has a ROS classification of "Rural". "Rural" areas are characterized by substantially
modified natural environments, which enhance specific recreation activities, but maintain
vegetative cover. Sights and sounds of humans are readily evident and the interaction
between users is often moderate to high.
Recreational uses in the project area include picnicking, wading, swimming, tubing, fishing,
and walking for exercise. Currently there are a %2 mile loop road, 61 car parking spaces, 38
picnic tables, one picnic shelter, and two restrooms at Sycamore Flats Recreation Area. The
number of parking spaces is inadequate when compared to a site capacity based on number
of picnic tables. Spacing and distribution of picnic sites provides opportunities for large
group gatherings, and for smaller groups or individuals wanting to get away from the crowds.
However, some picnic sites are located too close to the river bank and should be moved.
There are two open grass areas of 1 to 1 %2 acres each which are used for volley ball, Frisbee,
etc., but most of the site is wooded with many trees in excess of 30 inches in diameter.
Though large trees are a predominant feature of the site, the most attractive feature of
Sycamore Flats is the Davidson River. It is a very scenic river with clear waters, large
boulders and outcrops, and a pebble or sand bottom. To recreation users, the river is like a
magnet. Whether they get in the water or not, almost everybody who visits Sycamore Flats
Recreation Area is attracted to the river's edge. They wade, fish, swim, or just walk the
banks and enjoy the sights, sounds, and smells of the river. These outstanding values earned
the Davidson River consideration as "eligible" for Wild and Scenic River (WSR)
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Environmental Assessment Sycamore Flats Project
designation. These values qualify it for a potential classification of "recreation" from its
headwaters to the National Forest boundary (Forest Plan Amendment 5, pg. III-18). Forest
Plan direction is to provide interim protection for the Davidson River until designated or
formally released from further study (Forest Plan Amendment 5, pg. III-11). This protection
ensures proposed activities do not reduce potential for WSR classification. The river must be
maintained in a free-flowing condition, but minor fish habitat structures such as log
deflectors and boulder placement is allowed (Forest Plan Amendment 5, pg. III-15).
Currently there is no constructed access from the picnic area to the water, so users scramble
down eroding banks and over exposed tree roots. One section of the river is particularly
popular with waders, especially families with small children. This broad, shallow section of
river is centrally located along its border with the picnic area, and has become a focal point
for users. In the summer it is common to see children playing in these shallow waters, while
parents picnic at the tables above. This undeveloped "access point" is so popular that foot-
traffic has denuded most of the bank. With years of user impacts, storm runoff, and high-
water events, much of the stream bank has been lost. The erosive forces of human feet and
water have made access to the river difficult, and contribute to degradation of water quality.
Large group gatherings are common in the picnic area, and parking facilities are often filled
to capacity. Many of these groups travel by bus, even though buses have difficulty
negotiating the tight turning radius at the western end of the loop road. Typically buses
parallel park across several car spaces or on the grass shoulder, since there are no bus parking
spaces provided. The single picnic shelter can be used without reservation, although the
district has allowed users to reserve the shelter for special events. With the popularity of this
site, use of the shelter is highly sought-after by picnickers and has even resulted in user
disputes.
The most popular year-round activity at Sycamore Flats is walking the loop road for exercise.
The area is scenic, convenient to Brevard, well patrolled by law enforcement, and the road is
almost exactly %2 mile in length-with no inclines. The narrow-lane, loop road was designed
for one-way vehicular traffic. Although motorists and walkers are generally respectful of one
another, there is an obvious conflict of uses in this situation. Motorists must pass within
inches of pedestrians while driving through the picnic area, and frequently have to drive off
the road to avoid them. In nice weather, it is not unusual to see 20 or 30 walkers on the road
at a time.
Bathroom facilities at Sycamore Flats were built in 1971. They both utilize city water and
sewer; one unit has been upgraded for accessibility and is open year-round. At 33 years old,
these units are near the end of their functional life-span.
As mentioned, Sycamore Flats is a low-lying area along the Davidson River. The "flat"
terrain does not allow for adequate storm water drainage through surface swales. After a
rain, water stands in the numerous shallow depressions throughout the picnic area. With
poor drainage and constant foot traffic to and from picnic sites, it's difficult to maintain a
grass cover in these areas. Exposed soils are more subject to erosion in flood events, and
detract from the recreation user experience.
3.1.1.2 Direct and Indirect Effects
Under this alternative, river access would continue to deteriorate as foot traffic and
environmental conditions erode river banks. Pedestrian and vehicular conflicts would
14
Environmental Assessment Sycamore Flats Project
continue on the loop road. Parking and drainage problems would persist. Facilities would be
maintained as operational but would not fully address public need. The Davidson River
would maintain its WSR eligibility status. Recreation Opportunity Spectrum classifications
would not change. Scenery objectives would be met, except along eroded river banks where
scenic quality and user experience would continue to degrade.
3.1.1.3 Cumulative Effects
As there are no direct or indirect effects with this alternative, there would be no cumulative
effects as related to Scenery, Recreation, or WSR management under the Forest Plan. There
is a future opportunity to provide a bike trail on the opposite side of the Davidson River from
the Forest boundary up to the bridge that accesses the Davidson River Campground. This
future action would increase visitor use in the area, but should have minimal cumulative
impact on the MA 2C and MA 12 lands.
3.1.2 Alternative B - Proposed Action
3.1.2.1 Direct and Indirect Effects
Under this alternative, the proposed activities would improve site conditions, safety, and user
experience while meeting all Forest Plan standards for recreation and scenery management.
The structures would be of a design and materials which would be compatible with the site
and ROS classification.
Direct and indirect effects are analyzed by the two affected MAs.
MA 2C Activities (Davidson River)
Rock Vanes - The three rock vanes would be constructed by excavating the river bottom and
stacking large boulders three courses high. Each course would be horizontally offset
upstream %2 the width of the underlying course. The line of boulders would begin at the near
bank and be angled upstream at a 30 degree angle; at mid-channel the line would curve
downstream forming a "V", and terminate in the far bank. Each vane would be 100 feet to
150 feet in length and about 6 feet in width. The structure would be sloped 2%-3% over its
length. At the near bank, vanes would be approximately 4 feet above river bottom and
visible above water during typical flows. The vanes would then gradually slope down to the
water. From mid-channel to the far bank, the top course of boulders would be at grade and
typically covered by water. At normal flow levels, the visible portion of each vane would
extend from the near bank out 60 feet to 80 feet into the river channel (at most half way
across the river). Spacing between vanes #1 and #2 would be approximately 250 feet, with
vane #3 approximately 500 feet downstream from vane #2. The three vanes would be
arranged on an approximately 750 linear foot segment of river. The visible top course of
each vane would be "natural weathered" rock with rounded edges (where practicable), lower
courses would be quarry-rock with a rectangular shape and angular edges. Each vane would
be back-filled on the upstream side and pools would form on the downstream side. Water
flow would be redirected to center channel and somewhat concentrated at the vertex of each
vane. At center channel, vanes may increase water velocity as compared to existing
velocities at the same location - this is more likely at vane #2 where the: river is now broad
and shallow. However, water velocities through these vanes might be comparable to
narrower segments of the river which exist in the vicinity (see also Section 3.3.3.1). River
banks between each vane would be sloped, seeded, and planted with tree and shrub species.
15
Environmental Assessment Sycamore Flats Project
The sloping would be achieved by grading denuded banks, or filling around exposed tree
roots in vegetated areas.
Management activities in the Davidson River must meet a Retention VQO, which means
activities cannot be visually evident to the typical viewer, i.e. vanes should be natural-
appearing. This objective can be achieved by mimicking characteristics of the surrounding
natural landscape--considering design elements of form, line, color, texture and scale. This
would require that visible portions of each vane use weathered boulders of varying size and
shape, which are similar in appearance to naturally occurring rock in the area. Orientation
and placement of boulders should appear random and natural, avoiding repetitive forms or
parallel rows. Obvious and unnatural-appearing structures in the river channel would be
inappropriate and would not meet Retention VQO. To insure adherence to these criteria, a
Forest Service Landscape Architect should be consulted in the final design and construction
phases of this project. If these design considerations are not used, the vanes may appear
"engineered" and be obvious modifications to the natural landscape. An example of typical
vane construction with an "engineered" appearance can be seen on the French Broad River at
Champion Park in Rosman, NC. Photographs of the Rosman vane and a photo-simulation of
what an "engineered" vane might look like at Sycamore Flats can be found in the Scenery
and Recreation Impact Analysis located in the project record (see Section 1.1.1, Chapter 1).
Proposed vanes would allow the river to maintain its "free-flowing" condition, but would
redirect flow to center channel. Use of natural-appearing boulder vanes, such as described
above, would allow the Davidson River to maintain its WSR eligibility status, and be
compatible with RN1 ROS setting. A rock vane structure with an obvious engineered
appearance may adversely affect WSR eligibility. Regardless of the appearance, the three
rock vanes would change the river's character - especially vane #2. As mentioned, the river
is broad and shallow in this area and is very popular with waders and children too young to
swim in the deeper, faster water. Rock vanes are specifically designed to eliminate this
"over-wide" river condition by redirecting and concentrating flows in the center of the
channel. On the upstream side of each vane, there would be an area of shallow, slow-moving
water which undiscernibly increases in velocity as one approaches center channel. These
shallow areas between the vane and the upstream bank are designed to collect debris and silt,
and tend to fill with a fine mix of sand, organic "muck" and trash washed down from
upstream. Collection of these sediments and flotsam are what restores and protects the river
bank, but the character of a shallow, broad river with a "clean" pebble bottom would be
changed. With rock vanes, wading opportunities would still exist, but the experience may
not be as pleasant. However, rock vanes might provide a more satisfying experience for
fishermen, tubers, and capable swimmers.
Accessible Fishing Pier - An accessible fishing pier would be an asset to Sycamore Flats by
providing fishing opportunities to impaired users. However, a pier with footings constructed
in the river channel may not be consistent with WSR direction. The pier should be designed
and located so that it is within casting range of good fish habitat (deep pool, rock ledge,
undercut bank, habitat structure, etc.), but has no footings or supports in the river. A deck
constructed on the bluff above the annual high-water mark and cantilevered over the water
would be acceptable, i.e. similar to the accessible fishing deck upstream at the North
Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission Pisgah Center for Wildlife Education (Pisgah Fish
Hatchery).
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Environmental Assessment Sycamore Flats Project
MA 12 Activities (Sycamore Flats Recreation Area)
Accessible Exercise Trail - The proposed -V2 mile paved trail would allow a separation
between pedestrians and vehicles, thus providing a more enjoyable and safer experience for
all. The trail would also serve to connect accessible parking spaces, with restrooms, shelters
and accessible picnic sites. The firm and stable asphalt surface would meet Forest Service
Outdoor Recreation Accessibility Guidelines (FSORAG). Construction of a fence paralleling
the river bank will help keep walkers off slopes, promote re-vegetation, and provide an
additional measure of safety where the trail is near steep river banks.
Picnic Shelters - Construction of two additional picnic shelters would address public needs
and be appropriate to the site capacity of Sycamore Flats Recreation Area. The FS Built
Environment Image Guide (BEIG) will be used as a reference in evaluating shelter designs.
Storm water Drainage - Installation of a sub-surface draining system would help move
standing water off the picnic area after rain events, and allow a grass cover which will reduce
soil movement. Perforated pipe with a fabric filter sleeve would be laid in narrow trenches at
a 6-8 inch depth. A series of sub-surface drain pipes would feed to a collector pipe which
empties into infiltration areas off-site or into existing surface swales. Collected storm water
would be filtered through 6-8 inches of soil and a filter fabric. No effluent would be emptied
directly into the river. Trenches would be located and dug to minimize soil disturbance and
tree root damage. After installation, disturbed areas would be sown with an appropriate grass
seed mix.
Parking - Construction of 15 additional car parking spaces and 1 bus space would
accommodate user's needs and be consistent with site capacity for picnicking, fishing,
walking and river use.
Accessible Fishing Pier - An accessible fishing pier would be compatible with MA 12
objectives.
Restrooms - Replacement of restroom facilities would be consistent with recreation
management direction for this site. New buildings should be built on or near the location of
existing facilities. Structure design should follow BEIG and current accessibility guidelines.
Well Removal - Removal and capping of unused wells will reduce chances of ground water
contamination, and would be consistent with recreation management direction.
3.12.2 Cumulative Effects
If implemented to meet all design considerations, directions, guides, standards, and
objectives discussed under the effects analysis above, this alternative would have no adverse
cumulative effects as related to Scenery, Recreation, or WSR management under the Forest
Plan. There is a future opportunity to provide a bike trail on the opposite side of the
Davidson River from the Forest boundary up to the bridge that accesses the Davidson River
Campground. This future action would increase visitor use in the area, but should have
minimal cumulative impact on the MA 2C and MA 12 lands.

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Environmental Assessment Sycamore Flats Project
3.1.3 Alternative C
3.1.3.1 Direct & Indirect Effects
Under this alternative, the proposed activities would improve site conditions, safety, and user
experience while meeting all Forest Plan standards for recreation and scenery management.
The structures would be of a design and materials which would be compatible with the site
and ROS classification.
Developed recreation site improvements proposed for the picnic area in Alternative C are the
same as those in Alternative B. The two alternatives differ in the proposed river bank
restoration methods and the surface material proposed for the exercise trail. This alternative
proposes one rock vane upstream (vane #1) and one downstream (vane #3). In place of vane
#2, individual boulders would be placed in-stream to protect banks, a "natural-appearing"
boulder retaining wall with integrated river access would be constructed, and a "river-
pebble" beach area would be developed for waders and swimmers.
Direct and indirect effects are analyzed by the two affected MAs.
MA 2C Activities (Davidson River)
Boulder Deflectors and Rock Vanes - Under this alternative, individual boulders would be
used in place of, and in the same location as rock vane #2. These individual boulders would
be 6-8 feet in length, and 3-5 feet high and wide. Location, quantity and orientation would
be determined by a hydrologist. Individual boulder placement would help divert the river's
energy away from the bank, yet retain existing river characteristics valued by waders in this
area - shallow water and a clean pebble bottom. Rock vanes #1 and #3 would be the same as
in Alternative B. These activities would be subject to the same design criteria discussed in
Alternative B above, and would therefore meet all associated guides, standards and
objectives.
MA 12 Activities (S)fcamore Flats Recreation Area)
Boulder Retaining Wall, River Access & Pebble Beach - This alternative proposes a 4-5 foot
high naturally-weathered boulder retaining wall to restore the river bank and provide river
access in a centrally located area. It also proposes a 2-3 foot high boulder wall of the same
material to retain a pebble beach area for swimmers and waders. This lower wall would be
placed in the location of the river's edge prior to severe bank erosion. Approximately 15-20
feet has been lost from Sycamore Flats Recreation Area because of this erosion, and this wall
would restore the river edge to its natural location. A depiction of how this treatment may
appear is shown as a photo-simulation in the Scenery and Recreation Impact Analysis located
in the project record (see Section 1.1.1, Chapter 1). This simulation also shows how in-
stream boulder placement may appear in the MA 2C river zone.
Accessible Exercise Trail - Construction of a trail under this alternative is the same as
Alternative B; however, the surfacing material would be permeable. A wood chip, aggregate
or native soil trail would not provide a firm and stable surface as required to meet
accessibility standards. Porous pavement, brick, or concrete pavers are impractical due to
initial cost and/or maintenance. Asphalt is the most cost efficient, durable, and easily
maintained surface material for this application.
All other proposed activities and effects are the same as Alternative B.
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Environmental Assessment Sycamore Flats Project
3.1.3.2 Cumulative Effects
If implemented to meet all design considerations, directions, guides, standards and objectives
discussed under the effects analysis above, this alternative would have no adverse cumulative
effects as related to Scenery, Recreation, or WSR management under the Forest Plan. There
is a future opportunity to provide a bike trail on the opposite side of the Davidson River from
the Forest boundary up to the bridge that accesses the Davidson River Campground. This
future action would increase visitor use in the area, but should have minimal cumulative
impact on the MA 2C and MA 12 lands.
3.2 Effects Related to Key Issue #2; Aquatic Habitat
Issue Statement: Constructing trails and picnic shelters, and removing vegetation near the
Davidson River could impact aquatic habitat
Indicators:
o Proximity of newly constructed trails and shelters to the Davidson River
o Types of stream bank stabilization
o Timing of proposed actions
3.2.1 Alternative A - No Action
3.2.1.1 Existing Condition
In terms of aquatic habitat in the Sycamore Flats area, it consists of primarily riffle habitat
with large cobble as the dominant substrate. There is one large pool within the recreation
area that is frequented during the summer months by swimmers and the occasional
fisherman. The Sycamore Flats side of the river is heavily disturbed with very little riparian
vegetation. Several undesignated access areas have become worn to bare soil and heavily
compacted allowing little to no surface water to infiltrate rather sheet down directly into the
river. During the seven year drought that brought the Davidson River and other area streams
to record low levels, many rocks were moved by people attempting to float down the river.
Evidence of this rock displacement into chutes and dammed areas is still apparent at
Sycamore Flats. It is reasonable to believe that hellbenders move upstream of this area to
avoid contact with humans and to fleet to the less disturbed areas of the Davidson River.
Federally Threatened and Endangered and Forest Sensitive (TES) species were originally
considered from the Forest's species list. Several of the species were considered for further
analysis because they were listed by the North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission,
North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service as occurring or
probably occurring in Transylvania County. The Appalachian elktoe, (Alasmidonta
raveneliana), is the only listed species for Transylvania County. Extensive surveys
conducted by the US Fish and Wildlife Service, US Forest Service, NC Wildlife Resources
Commission, the NC Department of Transportation and other private environmental groups
and organizations have studied the distribution of this freshwater mussel. This species, nor
any other freshwater mussel, has ever been documented in the Davidson River. The
following table displays the status of the aquatic species analyzed in this document:
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Environmental Assessment Sycamore Fiats Project
Table 3-1. Potential Threatened, Endangered, Sensitive (TES) and Management Indicator Species (MIS) Evaluated
for the Proposed Improvements to the Sycamore Flats Recreation Area
Species Type Brief Habitat Description Occurrence
Federally Threatened and Endangered species

A
eliana Larger streams and rivers

palachian elktoe
Appalachian elkto
mussel
with moderately clean
Does Not Occur
substrates
2002 Regional Forester's Sensitive Species
None
Forest Concern Species
Cryptobranchus alleganiensis amphibian Larger streams and rivers Does Occur
Hellbender with clean substrates
Management Indicator Species
Oncorhynchus mykiss fish Cold to cool water streams Does Occur
Rainbow trout
Evaluated Species Survey Information
Information for this analysis was collected in several ways: (1) reviewing the list of TES
species on the Pisgah National Forest and their habitat preferences, (2) consulting element
occurrence records of TES species as maintained by the North Carolina Natural Heritage
Program, (3) conducting field surveys in areas designated for ground disturbing activities,
and (4) consulting with individuals both in the private and public sector who are
knowledgeable about the area and its flora and fauna.
A quantitative survey of the population of hellbenders was conducted by the USFS in 1992
and 1993. Surveys within the Davidson River indicated a stable population from the USFS
property boundary to Cove Creek (a tributary to the Davidson River) where there is an
obvious gradient change in the River. Additional information on TES species is located in
Appendix A, Biological Evaluation.
3.2.1.2 Direct & Indirect Effects
Under this alternative, placement of rock vanes and improvements to the recreation area
would not occur. Erosion of the river's stream banks would continue to contribute sediment
to the Davidson River, adversely affecting aquatic habitat. Water would continue to
"puddle" in the grassy area inside the paved loop after rain storms, increasing potential for
sedimentation, and ready access to the Davidson River would continue to cause erosion of
stream banks.
3.2.1.3 Cumulative Effects
Cumulative effects would be similar to the direct and indirect effects as the analysis area is
only slightly larger than the project area. Outside the analysis area on private lands, the
continuation of sediment contribution to the Davidson River could continue to impact
downstream aquatic habitat and users. In 2003, a decision was made that identified about 20
separate locations for river bank stabilization from Sycamore Flats upstream to the Coontree
Picnic Area. The decision authorized placing boulders, log deflectors, and fill material to
better ensure the river bank would be stabilized, reducing annual sediment contribution to the
river. To date, about 9-12 log deflectors have been anchored (using rebar) along the river
near Sycamore Flats.
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Environmental Assessment Sycamore Flats Project
3.2.2 Alternative B - Proposed Action
3.2.2.1 Direct & Indirect Effects
The proposed activities would have no effect on any TES species. The habitat for
Cryptobranchus alleganiensis (Appalachian elktoe) may improve once the project is
implemented as off-site movement of soil will decrease and important interstitial space
(space between rocks) will recover. No individuals will be impacted by project
implementation as the project area will be inventoried the day before implementation and
individuals will be moved upstream away from disturbance. Instream structures would be
implemented outside the North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission's designated trout
spawning moratorium of October 15 through April 15.
Aquatic MIS, Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout) would not be adversely impacted by
project implementation. It is likely that any individuals directly within the project area
would move upstream from disturbance during the short time placement of the vanes occurs.
Habitat for aquatic organisms, including salmonids or trout, will improve in the long-term as
the off-site movement of soil from the existing recreation area decreases with project
implementation of either alternative. Aquatic habitat would be increased more with
implementation of Alternative B than Alternative C. The No Action Alternative would
facilitate the continued decline of aquatic habitat for aquatic species.
Alternative B would have additional positive impacts on aquatic habitat within the project
area. These benefits include reconnecting the Davidson River to a riparian area and
floodplain. This area is beneficial for movement of semi-aquatic organisms to and from the
river channel. This riparian area and floodplain are also critical for nutrient (or leaf material)
input and shade for aquatic organisms. Alternative B would address those needs by planting
native vegetation along the river within the recreation area. In addition, under Alternative B
pools, which are currently lacking within this stretch of river, would be replenished as a
result of the three rock vanes. There would be displacement of sediment causing a temporary
fluctuation of turbidity during installation of the rock vanes, however this displacement is
expected to be short-term (less than a week) and long-term benefits of stabilizing stream
banks and reducing chronic sediment pulses are expected to more than off-set these short
impacts.
Hardening the existing trail along the Davidson River and placing wooden fences to restrict
users from accessing the River except in designated areas would reduce potential for erosion
of the stream banks and sedimentation to occur. The trail would be within 25 feet of the
River in places, but through project design, the fencing should reduce adverse effects.
3.2.2.2 Cumulative Effects
Cumulative effects would be similar to the direct and indirect effects as the analysis area is
only slightly larger than the project area. Outside the analysis area on private lands, the
contribution of sediment to the Davidson River would be reduced as a result of the placement
of the vanes, increasing aquatic habitat downstream. In 2003, a decision was made that
identified about 20 separate locations for river bank stabilization from Sycamore Flats
upstream to the Coontree Picnic Area. The decision authorized placing boulders, log
deflectors, and fill material to better ensure the river bank would be stabilized, reducing
annual sediment contribution to the river. To date, about 9-12 log deflectors have been
anchored (using rebar) along the river near Sycamore Flats. The cumulative effects of this
21
Environmental Assessment Sycamore Flats Project
alternative combined with implementation of the 2003 decision, would be beneficial for the
river system.
3.2.3 Alternative C
3.2.3.1 Direct & Indirect Effects
Alternative C would have positive impacts on aquatic habitat within the project area but less
than Alternative B. As with Alternative B, sediment entering the Davidson River would
decrease with Alternative C. The planned retaining wall for Alternative C, however, would
disconnect the floodplain from the river and decrease the likelihood of any semi-aquatic
organisms (such as salamanders) from moving to and from the river in that location. Also,
the section of the river with the retaining wall would be less likely to transport nutrients (or
leafy material) into the Davidson River. The two rock vanes that would be constructed
would improve pool habitat within the area, but less than the three planned for Alternative B.
Instream structures would be implemented outside the North Carolina Wildlife Resources
Commission's designated trout spawning moratorium of October 15 through April 15. There
would be displacement of sediment causing a temporary fluctuation of turbidity during
installation of the rock vanes, however this displacement is expected to be short-term (less
than a week) and long-term benefits of stabilizing stream banks and reducing chronic
sediment pulses are expected to more than off-set these short impacts.
3.2.3.2 Cumulative Effects
Cumulative effects would be similar to the direct and indirect effects as the analysis area is
only slightly larger than the project area. Outside the analysis area on private lands, the
contribution of sediment to the Davidson River would be reduced as a result of the placement
of the vanes, increasing aquatic habitat downstream. However, the reduction in sediment and
improvement downstream would be slightly less than Alternative B. In 2003, a decision was
made that identified about 20 separate locations for river bank stabilization from Sycamore
Flats upstream to the Coontree Picnic Area. The decision authorized placing boulders, log
deflectors, and fill material to better ensure the river bank would be stabilized, reducing
annual sediment contribution to the river. To date, about 9-12 log deflectors have been
anchored (using rebar) along the river near Sycamore Flats. The cumulative effects of this
alternative combined with implementation of the 2003 decision, would be beneficial for the
river system.
3.3 Effects Related to Key Issue #3; HydraulicsMater Quality
Issue Statement: Placing rock vanes and hardening newly constructed trails and parking
areas may both alter the hydraulics of the Davidson River and increase
potential for sediment delivery
Indicators:
o Number and location of rock vanes
o Type of hardening material used on newly constructed trails and parking areas
o Method of stream bank stabilization
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Environmental Assessment Sycamore Flats Project
3.3.1 Existing Condition
The current streamflow regime of the Davidson River is likely modified from pre-
management conditions by the presence of roads and other compacted areas in the watershed.
These streamflow modifications, associated with the transportation network, are likely to
occur as increases in storm flow magnitude and decreases in response time of such flows.
Changes in the streamflow regime can result in channel modification where channels are
susceptible to such influences. The reach of Davidson River at the Sycamore Flats
Recreation Area is one such area. This reach of stream is particularly susceptible to channel
modification because of past management of the river. It appears as though the river was
dammed just downstream from the Sycamore Flats area. A lake-type environment was
created that encouraged deposition of finer-sized sediments in this area than would occur
under natural streamflow conditions. When the dam was removed and the local base-level
lowered, the channel responded by cutting down into the deposited sediments in an attempt
to form a stable channel. During this period of relatively rapid channel adjustment, rates of
channel erosion were likely high.
What remains today is a channel without access to its normal floodplain with a high rate of
bank erosion on one bank in the reach along Sycamore Flats. As a result, flood flows are
largely contained in the channel and bank erosion continues because of excessive flow
energy. Therefore, much of the reach is over-widened or wider than normal because of
continued bank erosion. Bank erosion from the Sycamore Flats area is promoted further by
heavy use from the public to access Davidson River. These activities are widespread along
the bank and contribute to trampled banks and reduced vegetation establishment.
Eroded soil from stream banks becomes sediment when entrained by flow or deposited
directly in the stream channel. The sediment derived from stream banks at Sycamore Flats
becomes incorporated in the water column and inevitably deposited within the Davidson
River and downstream. Sedimentation in streams is a natural process in North Carolina, and
the stream channel can efficiently process a range of amounts and sizes within a given
capacity, defined by many factors such as flow and channel morphology. When inputs
exceed the capacity of the stream to move sediment, it will begin to fall out of suspension
and deposit in places that it would not under a more natural sediment load. This can cause
embedding or covering of larger substrate and filling of pools, thus resulting in a reduction in
aquatic habitat quality.
Protected water uses (or best uses) are designated by the State of North Carolina, Department
of Environment and Natural Resources for all state waters, including those in the Davidson
River drainage. These are inclusive of the following: aquatic life propagation and
maintenance of biological integrity, wildlife, primary recreation (swimming on a frequent
basis), agriculture, and water supply for drinking, culinary, or food processing. In addition to
these protected water uses, water quality in the Davidson River is to be maintained and
protected to sustain and allow for trout propagation and survival of stocked trout on a year-
round basis.
The Davidson River is not listed as "water quality limited" by the N.C. Department of
Environment and Natural Resources, Division of Water Quality (NCDENR 2003a) as of the
latest 303(d) listing of stream channels impaired from meeting State water quality standards.
Therefore, all protected water uses are currently identified as "supported" at some level. The
23
Environmental Assessment Sycamore Flats Project
Division of Water Quality (NCDENR 2003b) Basinwide Assessment Report for the French
Broad River Basin reported an excellent rating for benthic macroinvertebrates in the
Davidson River. The classifications however reflect the influence of chemical pollutants
only and do not address sediment. Although the data does not make clear the current
condition of the Davidson River relative to sediment impacts, it is apparent that erosion at the
Sycamore Flats site does not support maintenance of channel integrity, and desired
conditions in a riparian area.
3.3.2 Alternative A - No-action
3.3.2.1 Direct & Indirect Effects
Under a "no action" alternative the current rate of bank erosion is expected to continue or
increase due to unstable bank conditions. A slight increase in the current rate of erosion
could occur as the undercut trees on the bank fall over and expose more soil. The public use
on this reach of the Davidson River would continue to be unmanaged and adverse effects to
channel integrity would continue, putting water quality at risk.
3.3.2.2 Cumulative Effects
The direct and indirect adverse effects to channel integrity and water quality associated with
this alternative would continue to add to cumulative effects within the Davidson River
watershed. Public use of the area is likely to increase over time, resulting in further
degradation if unmanaged. The sediment produced from this reach would continue to add to
that produced from the current transportation system. In 2003, a decision was made that
identified about 20 separate locations for river bank stabilization from Sycamore Flats
upstream to the Coontree Picnic Area. The decision authorized placing boulders, log
deflectors, and fill material to better ensure the river bank would be stabilized, reducing
annual sediment contribution to the river. To date, about 9-12 log deflectors have been
anchored (using rebar) along the river near Sycamore Flats.
3.3.3 Alternative B - Proposed Action
3.3.3.1 Direct & Indirect Effects
Overall, this alternative would have positive direct and indirect effects on hydrology and
water quality of the Davidson River.
Under this alternative, three rock vanes (vanes 1, 2, and 3 as viewed from upstream looking
downstream) would be constructed on the picnic area side of the Davidson River at
Sycamore Flats to redirect the river's flow away from stream banks where it is causing
erosion, and back into the middle of the channel. The rock vanes would be comprised of
several rectangular boulders 3 feet x 4 feet x 5 feet placed next to each other and three layers
deep from the stream bank and would be visible to at most half of the way across the river.
The boulders on the top row and those in view would be native rock where practical. An
Army Corp of Engineers 404 permit, NC Dept. of Water Quality 401 certification, and a
Tennessee Valley Authority Section 26"A" permit would be require for this work. Stream
banks would be sloped back to a stable angle upstream and downstream of each vane where
necessary. Stream banks would be seeded and mulched, planted with "riparian" type
vegetation, and fenced to direct public use to designated areas.
24
Environmental Assessment Sycamore Flats Project
The first two vanes would be constructed on the outside of the gentle meander bend where
stream energy is typically highest. The third vane would be located downstream on the
inside of a gentle meander bend, a less typical location for such a structure. The lower vane
is being proposed since the channel is over-wide and the vane will reduce channel width
while directing storm flows away from the bank. The meander is very gentle (e.g., it has a
large radius of curvature) and the vanes are aligned to gently roll the flow toward the middle
of the channel. The other option in the area is to build the bank out to narrow the channel.
However, this is not a good option because of the high shear stress along that bank as evident
of the lack of depositional features along the bank. The high shear stress or "energy on the
banks" is largely the result of a loss of floodplain accessibility.
The vanes would be installed to work with the existing streambed form of the channel.
Therefore, location of the vanes would generally coincide with existing riffle and pool
habitats. Much of the bed material removed from the channel during construction would be
placed on the upstream side of the vanes against the stream bank to enhance the deposition
that would naturally occur there. The areas along the bank, both up stream and down stream
of the vanes, would build subsequent to construction as deposition occurs over the years. By
doing so, the channel would narrow and generally improve water quality and aquatic habitat.
A narrower channel would be deeper and thus impacted to a lesser degree by solar inputs and
water temperature warming. Pools and riffles would be well defined and of better quality
than currently since the vanes would store sediment and encourage pool formation and
maintenance.
The vanes are not likely to increase peak flow levels or the risk of flooding since they are
designed to increase channel efficiency by increasing velocity. Also, the vanes are located
downstream from the sharp meander bend that would do much more to control flood flows
upstream of it than the proposed structures below. Following construction of the vanes, the
wetted channel width is expected to narrow by approximately 10 feet on average and deepen
by about 0.2 feet. As a result, streamflow velocity is expected to increase slightly through
the reach. Using flow data from the U.S. Geological Survey Davidson River Gauging
Station (#03441000) an estimated average flow velocity in the Davidson River Sycamore
Flats reach would be less than 1.5 feet per second during the months of May through
October. Based on the general USGS safety standard (depth times velocity less than six) the
summertime average flows would be safe for wading up to four feet of water depth. Higher
than average flows and velocities are likely during the summer due to the natural variability
of streamflow; however, the need to educate the public of river safety would not be elevated
due to the implementation of this alternative.
Additionally, the proposed rock vanes and the associated bank work would notably help
stabilize the Davidson River channel along the Sycamore Flats area. Stabilizing the bank
would reduce the existing chronic source of sediment, improve aquatic habitat, and establish
riparian vegetation. It is expected that during, and just following the construction of the
vanes, that sediment would be introduced to the river from the proposed work. Overall, the
short-term pulse of sediment created from the construction of the vanes would be outweighed
by the long-term benefit of a stable stream channel. Implementation of Forest Plan standards
and guidelines requiring erosion control AA file working in riparian areas would further reduce
sediment input.
25
Environmental Assessment Sycamore Flats Project
This alternative also proposes to do the following: 1) construct an approximate %2 mile
walking path, 4 to 6 feet wide, hardened with asphalt around the Sycamore Flats Recreation
Area; 2) construct a new picnic shelter; 3) replace the existing bathrooms; and 4) construct
additional parking spaces. These types of facilities reduce water infiltration into the soil and
therefore, can increase surface runoff volumes and rates. Under this proposal however,
runoff from the proposed sites would be routed to areas that promote water infiltration to the
soil. Additionally, the runoff control from existing compacted sites would be improved and
infiltration promoted. Therefore, there is likely to be a net reduction in surface runoff to the
Davidson River from the Sycamore Flats area from this alternative.
This alternative proposes the installation of a drain field to help drain areas within the picnic
area that currently hold standing water after rainstorms and snowmelt. The drain would
discharge to a well vegetated area that would act as a detention basin where infiltration and
evapotranspiration could occur. Discharge from this drain would not enter the Davidson
River as surface flow, but as subsurface flow, and therefore would not be a point source of
discharge.
A fishing pier is proposed to be constructed downstream more than 100 feet from the lower
rock vane. Since pilings would not be constructed on the channel bank, there is a low risk of
sedimentation to the Davidson River during construction. Implementing BMPs promoting
soil retention would reduce any potential impacts. Following construction, this site would
stabilize within the first year and the risk of impacts from construction would further
diminish and not have adverse effects on the channel.
Finally this alternative proposes to remove the existing groundwater wells. This would
reduce the potential for groundwater contamination, and would be beneficial.
3.3.3.2 Cumulative Effects
Since this alternative would have positive direct and indirect effects on hydrology and water
quality of Davidson River, it is expected to have beneficial cumulative effects, particularly
on the sediment regime. In 2003, a decision was made that identified about 20 separate
locations for river bank stabilization from Sycamore Flats upstream to the Coontree Picnic
Area. The decision authorized placing boulders, log deflectors, and fill material to better
ensure the river bank would be stabilized, reducing annual sediment contribution to the river.
To date, about 9-12 log deflectors have been anchored (using rebar) along the river near
Sycamore Flats. The cumulative effects of this alternative combined with implementation of
the 2003 decision, would be beneficial for the river system.
3.3.4 Alternative C
3.3.4.1 Direct & Indirect Effects
Overall, this alternative would have positive direct and indirect effects on hydrology and
water quality of the Davidson River, but to a lesser degree than Alternative B.
Under this alternative, two rock vanes (vanes #1 and #3) would be constructed on the picnic
area side of the Davidson River at Sycamore Flats to redirect the river's flow away from
stream banks where it is causing erosion, and back into the middle of the channel. The rock
vanes would be comprised of several rectangular boulders 3 feet x 4 feet x 5 feet placed next
to each other and three layers deep from the stream bank to at most half of the way across the
26
Environmental Assessment Sycamore Flats Project
river. The boulders on the top row and those in view would be native rock where practical.
Stream banks would be sloped back to a stable angle upstream and downstream of each vane
where necessary. Stream banks would be seeded and mulched, planted with "riparian" type
vegetation, and fenced to direct public use to designated areas.
In lieu of the rock vane #2 proposed in Alternative B, Alternative C would construct a 4-5
foot high, dry-stacked, naturally-weathered boulder retaining wall and a river access area (see
also Section 3.1.3 above). The retaining wall would protect eroding banks, and incorporate
rock stairs and/or ramp connecting the picnic area and river. A second row of boulders
approximately 2-3 feet in height would be placed in the river about 15-20 feet from the bank.
The area between the two walls would be filled with river pebbles to form a low elevation
terrace one to two feet above the average summer water level. This constructed feature
would act as a floodplain if put at bankfull elevation and would provide a relatively large
access area for public use. Boulders would also be placed upstream and downstream of the
access area to deflect water flow. Both walls and boulder deflectors would use natural-
appearing, weathered boulders. An Army Corp of Engineers 404 permit, NC Dept. of Water
Quality 401 certification, and a Tennessee Valley Authority Section 26"A" permit would be
require for this work as well as the rock vanes.
The vanes would be installed to work with the existing streambed form of the channel.
Therefore, location of the vanes will generally coincide with existing riffle and pool habitats.
Much of the bed material removed from the channel during construction would be placed on
the upstream side of the vanes against the stream bank to enhance the deposition that would
naturally occur there. The areas along the bank, both up and down stream of the vanes,
would build subsequent to construction as deposition occurs over the years. The constructed
access area would also narrow the bankfull channel width at that site. A narrower channel
would be deeper and thus impacted to a lesser degree by solar inputs and water temperature
warming. Pools and riffles would be well defined and of better quality than currently since
the vanes would store sediment and encourage pool formation and maintenance.
The rock vanes and access area are not likely to increase peak flow levels and the risk of
flooding since the vanes are designed to increase channel efficiently efficiency by increasing
velocity. Also, the structures are located downstream from the sharp meander bend that
would do much more to control flood flows upstream of it then the proposed structures
below. Following construction of the vanes and access area, the wetted channel width is
expected to narrow by approximately 10 feet on average and deepen by about 0.2 feet. As a
result, streamflow velocity is expected to increase through the reach. Change in flow
velocities is expected to be similar to that presented in Alternative B.
The proposed rock vanes, access area, and the associated bank work would notably help
stabilize the Davidson River channel along the Sycamore Flats area. Stabilizing the bank
would reduce the existing chronic source of sediment, improve aquatic habitat, and establish
riparian vegetation. It is expected that during and just following the construction of the vanes
that sediment would be introduced to the river from the proposed work. Overall, the short-
term pulse of sediment created from the construction of the vanes and access area would be
outweighed by the long-term benefit of a stable stream channel. Implementation of Forest
Plan standards and guidelines requiring erosion control while working in riparian areas
would further reduce sediment input. The largest difference hydrologically between
Alternatives B and C is that Alternative C does less to address the issue of channel instability
27
Environmental Assessment Sycamore Flats Project
in the reach. Although the access area would harden an approximate length of 150 feet of
stream bank, it would not dissipate stream energy as efficiently as the second vane proposed
in Alternative B. Therefore, this energy would be deflected downstream where bank erosion
could continue.
This alternative also proposes to do the following: 1) construct an approximate %2 mile
walking path, 4 to 6 feet wide, hardened with water-permeable material around Sycamore
Flats Recreation Area, 2) construct a new picnic shelter, 3) replace the existing bathrooms,
and 4) construct additional parking spaces. These types of facilities reduce water infiltration
into the soil and therefore, can increase surface runoff volumes and rates. The walking path
constructed with water-permeable material would minimize runoff by providing direct water
infiltration. However, it is likely that over time infiltration capacity would decrease as
compaction occurs and would eventually become ineffective. To reduce the impact of an
increase in compacted area, this alternative would construct drainage that would route water
to areas that promote water infiltration to the soil. Additionally, the runoff control from
existing compacted sites would be improved and infiltration promoted. Therefore, there is
likely to be a net reduction in surface runoff to the Davidson River from the Sycamore Flats
area from this alternative.
This alternative proposes the installation of a drain field to help drain areas within the picnic
area that currently hold standing water after rainstorms and snowmelt. The drain would
discharge to a well vegetated area that would act as a detention basin where infiltration and
evapotranspiration could occur. Discharge from this drain would not enter the Davidson
River as surface flow, but as subsurface flow, and therefore would not be a point source of
discharge.
A fishing pier is proposed to be constructed downstream more than 100 feet from the lower
rock vane. Since pilings would not be constructed on the channel bank, there is a low risk of
sedimentation to the Davidson River during construction. Implementing BMPs promoting
soil retention would reduce any potential impacts. Following construction, this site would
stabilize within the first year and the risk of impacts from construction would further
diminish and not have adverse effects on the channel.
Finally this alternative proposes to remove the existing groundwater wells. This would
reduce the potential for groundwater contamination, and would be beneficial.
3.3.4.2 Cumulative Effects
Since this alternative would have positive direct and indirect effects on hydrology and water
quality of Davidson River, it is expected to have beneficial cumulative effects, particularly
on the sediment regime. In 2003, a decision was made that identified about 20 separate
locations for river bank stabilization from Sycamore Flats upstream to the Coontree Picnic
Area. The decision authorized placing boulders, log deflectors, and fill material to better
ensure the river bank would be stabilized, reducing annual sediment contribution to the river.
To date, about 9-12 log deflectors have been anchored (using rebar) along the river near
Sycamore Flats. The cumulative effects of this alternative combined with implementation of
the 2003 decision, would be beneficial for the river system.
28
Environmental Assessment Sycamore Flats Project
CHAPTER 4 - PREPARERS AND PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT
The Forest Service consulted the following individuals, Federal, State, and local agencies,
tribes and non-Forest Service persons during the development of this environmental
assessment:
4.1 ID Team Members
4.1.1 Core IDT:
Diane Bolt - District Other Resource Assistant, Project Co-Leader
Erik Crews - Forest Landscape Architect
Dave Danley - Zone Botanist
Brady Dodd - Forest Hydrologist
Steve Hendricks - Recreation Planner
Michael Hutchins - Zone NEPA Coordinator, IDT Leader
Chris Kelly - District Ecologist
Bob Noel - Zone Archaeologist
Lorie Stroup - Zone Fisheries Biologist, Project Co-Leader
4.1.2 Other Forest Service Personnel Providing Input:
Randy Burgess - Pisgah District Ranger
Tim Chesley - Facility Engineer
4.2 Federal, State, and Local Agencies
David Baker - Army Corps of Engineers
Freddie Bennett - Tennessee Valley Authority
Eric Caldwell - North Carolina State University
Daniel Clinton - North Carolina State University
Brian Cole - USDI Fish and Wildlife Service
Dave McHenry - North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission
4.3 Others
Dr. Richard Burns
Ann Bury
Harry Hafer - Cradle of Forestry Association in America
Scot Waring - Southern Appalachian Biodiversity Project
29
Environmental Assessment Sycamore Flats Project
APPENDIX A - BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION
30
Environmental Assessment Sycamore Flats Project
Sycamore Flats Project Biological Evaluation
Purpose of Biological Evaluations
The purpose of this biological evaluation is to ensure maintenance of species viability for
federally threatened, endangered and sensitive (TES) species.
Proposed Action
The Sycamore Flats Project would implement the following improvements (see also
Section 2.2.2, Chapter 2 above):
1. Install three rock vanes on the picnic area side of the Davidson River at Sycamore
Flats Recreation Area;
2. Construct a paved -%2 mile walking path around Sycamore Flats Recreation Area;
3. Construct two new picnic shelters with a new design but of similar dimensions as
the existing shelter;
4. Install about 3,500 linear feet of perforated drain material;
5. Construct additional parking spaces to accommodate 15 automobiles and 1 bus;
6. Construct an accessible fishing pier downstream of the eastern-most rock vane;
7. Replace the existing bathrooms with accessible bathrooms of similar dimensions;
and
8. Remove the existing wells.
This recreation area is used by an array of groups including (but not limited to) persons
picnicking, walkers, bikers, fisherman, swimmers, and tubers. All construction would be
located inside and near the Sycamore Flats Recreation Area.
Purpose and Need for the Proposed Action
The objective of these improvements is to prevent further damage to the Davidson River
and provide an updated recreation site that would accommodate the existing and growing
needs of the public. Implementation of this project would improve water quality of the
Davidson River and prevent further erosion of the river banks at Sycamore Flats while
also providing a more safe and enjoyable recreational experience for the public.
Location and Description of the Project Area
The project area is located adjacent to the Davidson River and is within Transylvania
County on the Pisgah Ranger District, Pisgah National Forest. Sycamore Flats lies within
the Davidson River drainage basin (LRMP watershed 974). Sycamore Flats is located off
Highway 276 near the entrance of the Pisgah National Forest.
Species Evaluated
Proposed, endangered, threatened, and sensitive species considered are those included in
the National Forests in North Carolina species list. The North Carolina Natural Heritage
Program Biological Conservation Database was queried for any element occurrence (EO)
records of these species in the project area.
31
Environmental Assessment Sycamore Flats Project
Chris Kelly, USFS Ecologist, evaluated the proposed Sycamore Flats Project and
prepared a report documenting her findings dated May 10, 2004. She determined the
effects of this proposed project to TES terrestrial species. Clemmys muhlenbergii, (bog
turtle) a federally listed threatened species, was identified for further analysis as a result
of likelihood of occurrence and based on filed records. In terms of habitat, the site has a
history of disturbance and consists of anthropogenic vegetation communities within
acidic cove forest and alluvial forest natural communities. Historically, the surrounding
landscape included forested swamps and bogs (including areas on the adjacent privately-
owned land). The area was cleared for agriculture and transformed to wet agricultural
pastures. These habitat conditions would have supported Clemmys muhlenbergii. Since
that time, much of the area surrounding Sycamore Flats has reforested, and open boggy
areas are no longer apparent. The picnic area itself is primarily open, mowed lawn.
Potential habitat for Clemmys muhlenbergii has not occurred at this site since the early
20' century.
Dave Danley, USFS Botanist, evaluated the proposed Sycamore Flats Project and
prepared a report documenting his findings dated February 12, 2004. He determined the
effect of this proposed project to TES plant species. Since the site proposed is
predominantly anthropogenic and a frequently mowed grassy area, there will be no effect
to any threatened, endangered, or sensitive plant species.
Lorie Stroup, USFS Fisheries Biologist, evaluated the proposed Sycamore Flats Project
and prepared a report documenting her findings dated May 16, 2004. She determined the
effects of this proposed project to TES aquatic species. No TES aquatic species are
known to occur within the project area nor have any been documented within the
Davidson River. Aquatic habitat in the Davidson River will improve by the
implementation of this project as bank stabilization is achieved and natural riparian
vegetation reestablishes the area. There would also be an improved pool to riffle ratio re-
established within the Davidson River at Sycamore Flats. Also, flow would be
concentrated in the center of the channel which creates a more natural aquatic
environment for aquatic organisms while protecting the stream banks from erosion.
There will be no effect to aquatic threatened, endangered or sensitive species.
Determination of Effect
The proposed Sycamore Flats Project on the Davidson River would have no effect on any
federally threatened or endangered aquatic, botanical, or wildlife species including
federally listed species Clemmys muhlenbergii. Implementation of these projects would
have no impact on any sensitive species. Consultation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service is not required.
Prepared by:
lsl.Cone L Group
May 1G, 2oo4
Lorie L. Stroup Date
Fisheries Biologist
Pisgah National Forest
32