20042031 Ver 1_Complete File_20041222

MEMORAN7UM
TO:' John Dorney Regional Contact:
Non-Discharge Branch WQ Supervisor:
Date:
SUBJECT:! WETLAND STAFF REPORT AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Barnett. Kevin
Forrest WPstall
Facility Name Zack's Fork Stream Restoration c/o Spaulding & County Caldwell
Proj?ecj Numbjer 04 2031
? edvd From APP
Red eiNed Date 12/22/04 Recvd By Region
Project Type stream restoration
County2
Region Asheville
Certificates Stream
Permit Wetlarjd Wetland Wetland Stream Class Acres
Typ Type, Impact Score Index Prim. Supp. Basin Req.
?? Stream P-7 -@)N F_ 11-39-1 r C F_ 3577 . F-
Mitigation Wetland
OitjgationType Type Acres Feet
Is Wetland Rating Sheet Attached? O Y ON
Stream Impacts (ft.)
Feet
Req.
900.00
I
Did you request more info? O Y f N
Have Project Changes/Conditions Been Discussed With Applicant? O Y (ON
Is Mi0gotion required? O Y (ON Recommendation: O Issue * Issue/Cond O Deny
Provided by Region: Latitude (ddmmss) Longitude (ddmmss)
Comments:
cc: Regional Office
Central Office Page Number 1
i
Triage Check List
d?n
D te: Project Name:
CL frs??
County: (01 A..I-P
To: ARO Kevin Barnett
? WaRO Tom Steffens and Kyle Barnes
? FRO Ken Averitte
? WiRO Noelle Lutheran
? MRO Alan Johnson ? WSRO Daryl Lamb
? RRO Mike Horan
From: Telephone : (919) `? ?? 7 b
The file attached is being fow r' arded to our for your evaluation.
?
Please call if you need assistance.
? Stream length impacted
? Stream determination
? Wetland determination and distance to blue-line surface waters on USFW topo maps
? Minimization/avoidance issues
? Buffer Rules (Meuse, Tar-Pamlico, Catawba, Randleman)
? Pond fill
? Mitigation Ratios
? Ditching
? Are the stream and or wetland mitigation sites available and viable?
? Check drawings for accuracy
? Is the application consistent with pre-application meetings?
? Cumulative impact concern
: l! UVIe_._
W

is
SPAULDING & NORRIS, PA
Planning • Civil Engineering • Environmental
December 21, 2004
Mrs. Amanda Jones
US Army Corps of Engineers
Asheville Regulatory Field Office
151 Patton Avenue
Room 208
Asheville, NC 28801-5006
SJ°????? lTy
Mr. John Dorney
NC Division of Water Quality
401 Wetlands Unit Central Office
2321 Crabtree Boulevard
Suite 250
Raleigh, NC 27604-2260
Re: Pre-Construction Notification Application Form for the Zack's Fork Creek
Stream Restoration Project -Lenoir, Caldwell County
Dear Mrs. Jones and Mr. Dorney, 042031
k Attached is the completed PCN Application Form for the proposed Zack's Fork Creek
Stream Restoration project in Lenoir (Caldwell County). This proposed project is the
result of a NC Ecosystem Enhancement Program full-delivery contract for 3,900 linear
feet of stream restoration. A "Geomorphologic Assessment and Stream Restoration
Preliminary Design Report" and construction design drawings are attached for your
review and for greater elaboration of the PCN Application.
The proposed stream restoration project will restore 3,900 linear feet of Zack's Fork
Creek that is currently entrenched, downcutting and excessively sinuous in some
locations. Bank failures are common along the entire reach with bank heights ranging
from six to ten feet. The stream is currently unable to access its floodplain, except in
extremely high flow events.
The restoration design separates the project into two separate reaches. The upstream
reach contains areas that are excessively sinuous. For this reason, the upstream reach will
be completely reconstructed with a new channel and floodplain.. In contrast, the lower
reach will have a new bankfull bench cut on the west side of the existing channel along
with realignment of bends where severe bank erosion has occurred. The design also calls
for the installation of strategically placed cross vanes for grade control and hook vanes,
log vanes and root wads for reduction of bank erosion on mender bends.
The entire restoration reach is contained on property owned by the City of Lenoir. The
City has agreed to record a permanent conservation easement once construction is
complete. The conservation easement boundaries will protect everything within 75-feet
of both sides of the restored channel centerline, with the exception of existing soccer

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VCEI VEi
Phone: [phone] • Fax: [phone] Trinity Road ? Raleigh, North Carolina 27607
s '
fields, parking lots, tennis courts, etc. Attached plans illustrate the proposed conservation
easement.
The reach currently has an existing concrete ford installed for vehicular passage across
Zack's Fork. The concrete ford will be removed and replaced by a bridge, during or
shortly after construction of the restored channel. The design and location of the
proposed replacement bridge is not yet known, however, it will span the entire channel.
An erosion control plan is currently in the design phase; hence, no decision has been
made regarding options for flow diversion at this time. Stream flows will either be
pumped around the work site or a temporary bypass channel will be constructed. Thank
you in advance for your time spent reviewing this PCN Application. Please do not
hesitate to contact me if you have questions, comments or concerns about this
application.
Sincerely,
Scott Mitchell, PE, LSS
Environmental Engineer / Scientist
Cc: Mr. Jeff Jurek, North Carolina Ecosystem Enhancement Program
t
Office Use Only: O tm Version May 2002
0423
USAGE Action ID No. DWQ No.
(If any particuh r item is not applicable to this project, please enter "Not Applicable" or "NIA".)
I. Processing
1. Check all of the approval(s) requested for this project:
® Section 404 Permit ? Riparian or Watershed Buffer Rules
? Section 10 Permit ? Isolated Wetland Permit from DWQ
® 401 Water Quality Certification
2. Nationwide, Regional or General Permit Number(s) Requested: Nationwide Permit #27
3. If this notification is solely a courtesy copy because written approval for the 401 Certification
is not required, check here: ?
4. If payment into the North Carolina Wetlands Restoration Program (NCWRP) is proposed for
mitigation of impacts (verify availability with NCWRP prior to submittal of PCN), complete
section VIII and check here: ?
R
5. If your project is located in any of North Carolina's twenty coastal counties (listed on page
4), and the project is within a North Carolina Division of Coastal Management Area of
" Environmental Concern (see the top of page 2 for further details), check here: ?
II. Applicant Information
1. Owner/Applicant Information
Name: Spaulding & Norris PA (Attn: Scott Mitchell)
Mailing Address: 972 Trinity Road
Raleigh. North Carolina 27607
Telephone Number: 919-854-7990 Fax Number: 919-854-7925
E-mail Address: scott Wauldmimorris.com
2. Agent/Consultant Information (A signed and dated copy of the Agent Authorization letter
must be attached if the Agent has signatory authority for the owner/applicant.)
Name: N/A
Company Affiliation:
Mailing Address:
Telephone Number: Fax Number:
E-mail Address:
Page 5 of 12
M. Project Information
Attach a vicinity map clearly showing the location of the property with respect to local
landmarks such as towns, rivers, and roads. Also provide a detailed site plan showing property
boundaries and development plans in relation to surrounding properties. Both the vicinity map
and site plan must include a scale and north arrow. The specific footprints of all buildings,
impervious surfaces, or other facilities must be included. If possible, the maps and plans should
include the appropriate USGS Topographic Quad Map and NRCS Soil Survey with the property
boundaries outlined. Plan drawings, or other maps may be included at the applicant's discretion,
so long as the property is clearly defined. For administrative and distribution purposes, the
USACE requires information to be submitted on sheets no larger than 11 by 17-inch format;
however, DWQ may accept paperwork of any size. DWQ prefers full-size construction
drawings rather than a sequential sheet version of the full-size plans. If full-size plans are
reduced to a small scale such that the final version is illegible, the applicant will be informed that
the project has been placed on hold until decipherable maps are provided.
1. Name of project: Zacks Fork Creek Stream Restoration
2. T.I.P. Project Number or State Project Number (NCDOT Only):
3. Property Identification Number (Tax PIN):
4. Location
County: Caldwell Nearest Town: City of Lenoir
Subdivision name (include phase/lot number):
Directions to site (include road numbers, landmarks, etc.): From Highway 321 in Lenoir,
turn right (north) onto Nuway Circle. Travel approximately 0.3 mile on Nuway Circle then
turn right (east) onto Zack's Fork Road. The site including; the soccer complex is on the right
(south) of Zack's Fork Road approximately 0.3 mile from Nuway Circle
5. Site coordinates, if available (UTM or Lat(Long): 350 56' 25" North (Latitude).
81- 31' 25" West (Longitude
(Note - If project is linear, such as a road or utility line, attach a sheet that separately lists the
coordinates for each crossing of a distinct waterbody.)
6. Property size (acres): 125.75 acres
7. Nearest body of water (stream/river/sound/ocean/lake): Zacks Fork Creek (Stream Index #
11-39-1. Classification: Q
8. River Basin: Catawba (Subbasin # 31)
(Note - this must be one of North Carolina's seventeen designated major river basins. The
River Basin map is available at http://h2o.enr.state.nc.us/admin/m".)
9. Describe the existing conditions on the site and general land use in the vicinity of the project
at the time of this application: The poject site is currently a forested area between two
Page 6 of 12

City of Lenoir recreational facilities Adjacent land uses include: an outdoor sporting
complex with multiple soccer fields to the west of the project arm an aquatics and fitness
center to the east, a recently constructed sanitary sewer to the east and residential
development to the north and east of the project area.
10. Describe the overall project in detail, including the type of equipment to be used:
The project will restore Zack's Fork Creek to a stable dimension, pattern and profile
Equipment to be used during construction includes track-hoe excavators, dump trucks bull-
dozers, etc. See attached construction plans for greater project detail.
11. Explain the purpose of the proposed work: The purpose of this project is to restore the
dimension, m m and profile for approximately 3.900 linear feet of Zacks Fork Creek and
enhance the adjacent vegetative buffers This project is a NC EEP fiill delivery, stream
restoration intended to provide stream restoration units for their In-Lieu Fee Mitigation
Program.
IV. Prior Project History
If jurisdictional determinations and/or permits have been requested and/or obtained for this
project (including all prior phases of the same subdivision) in the past, please explain. Include
the USACE Action ID Number, DWQ Project Number, application date, and date permits and
certifications were issued or withdrawn. Provide photocopies of previously issued permits,
certifications or other useful information. Describe previously approved wetland, stream and
buffer impacts, along with associated mitigation (where applicable). If this is a NCDOT project,
list and describe permits issued for prior segments of the same T.I.P. project, along with
construction schedules.
There is no prior project history for this project
V. Future Project Plans
Are any future permit requests anticipated for this project? If so, describe the anticipated work,
and provide justification for the exclusion of this work from the current application.
No future permit requests are anticipated for this project
VI. Proposed Impacts to Waters of the United States/Waters of the State
It is the applicant's (or agent's) responsibility to determine, delineate and map all impacts to
wetlands, open water, and stream channels associated with the project. The applicant must also
provide justification for these impacts in Section VII below. All proposed impacts, permanent
and temporary, must be listed herein, and must be clearly identifiable on an accompanying site
plan. All wetlands and waters, and all streams (intermittent and perennial) must be shown on a
delineation map, whether or not impacts are proposed to these systems. Wetland and stream
evaluation and delineation forms should be included as appropriate. Photographs may be
included at the applicant's discretion. If this proposed impact is strictly for wetland or stream
mitigation, list and describe the impact in Section VIII below. If additional space is needed for
listing or description, please attach a separate sheet.
Page 7 of 12
1. Provide a written description of the proposed impacts: Restoration of 3.900 linear feet
of Zack's Fork Creek.
2. Individually list wetland impacts below:
Wetland Impact
Site dumber
(indicate on map
Type of Impact* Area of
Impact
(acres) Located within
100-year Floodplain**
(yes/no) Distance to
Nearest Stream
(linear feet)
Type of Wetland***
None

' List each impact separately and identify temporary impacts. Impacts include, but are not limited to: mechanized clearing, grading, fill,
excavation, flooding, ditching/drainage, etc. For dams, separately list impacts due to both structure and flooding.
ss 100-Year floodplams are ids through the Federal Emergency Management Agency's (FEMA) Flood Insurance Rate Maps
(FIRM), Of FEMA-approved local floodplain maps. Maps are available through the FEMA Map Service Center at 1-800-358-9616, or
online at httpJ/www.fema.gov.
'** List 'a wetland type that best describes wetland to be impacted (e.g., freshwater/saltwater marsh, forested wetland, beaver pond,
Carolina Bay, bog, eta) Indicate if wetland is isolated (determination of isolation to be made by USACE only).
List the total acreage (estimated) of all existing wetlands on the property: None
Total area of wetland impact proposed: None
3. Individually list all intermittent and perennial stream impacts below:
Stream Impact
Site Number
(indicste on map)
Type of Impact* Length of
Impact
(linear feet)
Stream Name** Average Width
of Stream
Before Impact Perennial or
Intermittent?
lease specify)
N/A Restoration 3,900 Zack's Fork Creek 38 Perennial

last each impact separately and identify temporary impacts. Impacts include, but are not limited to: culverts and associated rip-tap,
dates (separately list impacts due to both strceUtre and flooding), relocation (include linear feet before and after, and net loss/gam),
stabilization activities (cent wall, rip-rap, crib wall, gabions, etc.), excavation, ditching/straightening, etc. If stream relocation is
proposed, plans and profiles showing the linear footprint for both the original and relocated streams must be included.
** Stream names can be found on USGS topographic maps. If a stream has no name, list as UT (unnamed tributary) to the neatest
downstream named stream into which it flows. USGS maps are available through the USGS at 14800-358-9616, or online at
www.usgs.¢ov. Several internet sites also allow direct download and printing of USGS maps (e.g., www.i%ozone.com,
www.mMuest.com etc.).
Cumulative impacts (linear distance in feet) to all streams on site: 3.900 linear feet
Page 8 of 12
4. Individually list all open water impacts (including lakes, ponds, estuaries, sounds, Atlantic
Ocean and any other water of the U.S.) below:
Open Water Impact
Site Number
(indicate on map)
Type of Impact* Area of
mph Name of Waterbody
(if applicable) Type of Waterbody
(lake's estumy cmod'
)
None

* last each impact separately and identify temporary impacts. Impacts include, but are not limited to: fill, excavation, dredging,
flooding, drainage, bulkheads, etc.
5. Pond Creation
If construction of a pond is proposed, associated wetland and stream impacts should be
included above in the wetland and stream impact sections. Also, the proposed pond should
be described here and illustrated on any maps included with this application.
Pond to be created in (check all that apply): ? uplands ? stream ? wetlands
Describe the method of construction (e.g., dam/embankment, excavation, installation of
draw-down valve or spillway, etc.): N/A
Proposed use or purpose of pond (e.g., livestock watering, irrigation, aesthetic, trout pond,
local stormwater requirement, etc.):
Size of watershed draining to pond: Expected pond surface area:
VII. Impact Justification (Avoidance and Minimization)
Specifically describe measures taken to avoid the proposed impacts. It may be useful to provide
information related to site constraints such as topography, building ordinances, accessibility, and
financial viability of the project. The applicant may attach drawings of alternative, lower-impact
site layouts, and explain why these design options were not feasible. Also discuss how impacts
were minimized once the desired site plan was developed. If applicable, discuss construction
techniques to be followed during construction to reduce impacts.
This project will restore currently degraded portions of Zack's Fork Creek.
VM. Mitigation
DWQ - In accordance with 15A NCAC 2H .0500, mitigation may be required by the NC
Division of Water Quality- for projects involving greater than or equal to one acre of impacts to
freshwater wetlands or greater than or equal to 150 linear feet of total impacts to perennial
streams.
Page 9 of 12
USACE - In accordance with the Final Notice of Issuance and Modification of Nationwide
Permits, published in the Federal Register on March 9, 2000, mitigation will be required when
necessary to ensure that adverse effects to the aquatic environment are minimal. Factors
including size and type of proposed impact and function and relative value of the impacted
aquatic resource will be considered in determining acceptability of appropriate and practicable
mitigation as proposed. Examples of mitigation that may be appropriate and practicable include,
but are not limited to: reducing the size of the project; establishing and maintaining wetland
and/or upland vegetated buffers to protect open waters such as streams; and replacing losses of
aquatic resource functions and values by creating, restoring, enhancing, or preserving similar
functions and values, preferable in the same watershed.
If mitigation is required for this project, a copy of the mitigation plan must be attached in order
for USACE or DWQ to consider the application complete for processing. Any application
lacking a required mitigation plan or NCWRP concurrence shall be placed on hold as
incomplete. An applicant may also choose to review the current guidelines for stream restoration
in' DWQ's Draft Technical Guide for Stream Work in North Carolina, available at
http://h2o.enr,state.nc.us/newetlands/strmpide.html.
1. Provide a brief description of the proposed mitigation plan. The description should provide
as much information as possible, including, but not limited to: site location (attach directions
and/or map, if offsite), affected stream and river basin, type and amount (acreage/linear feet)
of mitigation proposed (restoration, enhancement, creation, or preservation), a plan view,
preservation mechanism (e.g., deed restrictions, conservation easement, etc.), and a
description of the current site conditions and proposed method of construction. Please attach
a separate sheet if more space is needed.
This is a stream miti ion proiect for the NC EEP
2. Mitigation may also be made by payment into the North Carolina Wetlands Restoration
Program (NCWRP). Please note it is the applicant's responsibility to contact the NCWRP at
[phone] to determine availability and to request written approval of mitigation prior
to submittal of a PCN. For additional information regarding the application process for the
NCWRP, check the NCWRP website at http://h2o.enr.state.nc.us/wrp/index.htm. If use of
the NCWRP is proposed, please check the appropriate box on page three and provide the
following information:
Amount of stream mitigation requested (linear feet): None
Amount of buffer mitigation requested (square feet): None
Amount of Riparian wetland mitigation requested (acres): None
Amount of Non-riparian wetland mitigation requested (acres): None
Amount of Coastal wetland mitigation requested (acres): None
Page 10 of 12
III. Environmental Documentation (required by DWQ)
Does the project involve an expenditure of public (federal/state) funds or the use of public
(federallstate) land?
j' Yes ® No ?
If yes, does the project require preparation of an environmental document pursuant to the
requirements of the National or North Carolina Environmental Policy Act (NEPA/SEPA)?
Note: If you are not sure whether a NEPA/SEPA document is required, call the SEPA
coordinator at [phone] to review current thresholds for environmental documentation.
Yes ? No
Ifyes, has the document review been finalized by the State Clearinghouse? If so, please attach a
copy of the NEPA or SEPA final approval letter.
Yes ? No ?
X. Proposed Impacts on Riparian and Watershed Buffers (required by DWQ)
It is the applicant's (or agent's) responsibility to determine, delineate and map all impacts to
required state and local buffers associated with the project. The applicant must also provide
justification for these impacts in Section VII above. All proposed impacts must be listed herein,
and must be clearly identifiable on the accompanying site plan. All buffers must be shown on a
map, whether or not impacts are proposed to the buffers. Correspondence from the DWQ
Regional Office may be included as appropriate. Photographs may also be included at the
applicant's discretion.
Will the project impact protected riparian buffers identified within 15A NCAC 2B .0233
(Meuse), 15A NCAC 2B .0259 (Tar-Pamlico), 15A NCAC 2B .0250 (Randleman Rules and
Water Supply Buffer Requirements), or other (please identify )?
Yes ? No ® If you answered "yes", provide the following information:
Identify the square feet and acreage of impact to each zone of the riparian buffers. If buffer
mitigation is required calculate the required amount of mitigation by applying the buffer
multipliers.
:
Zone Impact
(square feet)
Multiplies Required
Miti
gation 3
2 1.5
Total
cone 1 extends out su lea perpendicular from near bank of Umnel; "Lone 2 extends an
additional 20 feet from the edge of Zone 1.
Page 1 I of 12
If buffer mitigation is required, please discuss what type of mitigation is proposed (i.e., Donation
of Property, Conservation Easement, Riparian Buffer Restoration / Enhancement, Preservation or
Payment into the Riparian Buffer Restoration Fund). Please attach all appropriate information as
identified within 15A NCAC 2B .0242 or.0260.
M. Stormwater (required by DWQ)
Describe impervious acreage (both existing and proposed) versus total acreage on the site.
Discuss stormwater controls proposed in order to protect surface waters and wetlands
downstream from the property.
The site currently contains three paved parking lots one small building, a tennis court and
stream restoration project. No stormwater controls are pronosed for the site.
XU. Sewage Disposal (required by DWQ)
Clearly detail the ultimate treatment methods and disposition (non-discharge or discharge) of
wastewater generated from the proposed project, or available capacity of the subject facility.
The proposed stream restoration project will not generate wastewater.
X1II. Violations (required by DWQ)
Is this site in violation of DWQ Wetland Rules (15A NCAC 211.0500) or any Buffer Rules?
Yes ? No
Is this an after-the-fact permit application?
Yes ? No
XIV. Other Circumstances (Optional):
,It is the applicant's responsibility to submit the application sufficiently in advance of desired
construction dates to allow processing time for these permits. However, an applicant may
choose to list constraints associated with construction or sequencing that may impose limits on
work schedules (e.g., draw-down schedules for lakes, dates associated with Endangered and
Threatened Species, accessibility problems, or other issues outside of the applicant's control).
ell 'PeGe:? ?&-, Z / 700
Applicant/Agent's Signature Date
(Agent's signature is valid only if an authorization letter from the applicant is provided.)
Page 12 of 12
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Photo 1 - Existing bank failure near midpoint of reach
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Photo 2 - Trees that have recently fallen into creek due to bank failure in the
upper reach
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Photo 3 - Existing bank failures, debris jams, central bars and an
excessively wide channel in the lower stream reach
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Photo 4 - Excessively wide channel with debris jams and bank failures in
the lower stream reach
REPORT
GEOMORPHOLOGIC ASSESSMENT & STREAM
RESTORATION PRELIMINARY DESIGN REPORT
ZACKS FORK CREEK
LENOIR, CALDWELL COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA

PREPARED FOR:
972 Trinity Road
Raleigh, NC 27607
Phone: [phone]
FAX: [phone]
PREPARED BY:
jWm
1901 Nelson Miller Parkway
Louisville, KY 40223-2177
Phone: [phone]
FAX: [phone]
December2004
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 GENERAL PROJECT AND SITE DESCRIPTION ............................................................................ 1
Figure 1. Zacks Fork Creek Location Map ...............................................1
2.0 SITE GEOLOGY AND TYPICAL SOILS ..................................................................................... 3
Figure 2. Soils Map of Project Area ........................................................3
3.0 STREAM CONDITION ............................................................................................... 4
3.1. IMPACTED REACHES ...................................................................................................... 4
Figure 3. Ford at Grade Change .............................................................. 4
3.1.1. Upstream Reach ............................................................................................. 4
Figure 4. Plan View of Upstream Reach Thalweg Survey Points .................. 4
3.1.2. Downstream Reach ......................................................................................... 5
Figure S. Plan View of Downstream Reach Thalweg Survey Points ............. 5
3.2. VALLEY DESCRIPTION ..................................................................................................... 5
3.3. SUMMARY OF CHANNEL CONDMON .................................................................................... 5
3.4 STREAM CLAssiFi :ATIoN ................................................................................................. 6
Table 1. Summary of Channel Conditions - Impacted Reach ..................... 6
Table 2. Summary of Stream Classification - Impacted Reach ................... 7
3.5. REGIONAL CuRvEs ........................................................................................................ 7
Table 3. Regional Curve Values for North Carolina Piedmont .................... 7
3.6. CHANNEL EVOLUTIONARY SEQUENCE FOR THE IMPACTED REACH ................................................... 8
Figure 6. Evolutionary Sequence of C{G)- - Streams ..............................8
4.0 PROPOSED CHANNEL IMPROVEMENTS ....................................................................9
4.1. RESTORATION vERSus ENHANCEMENT ................................................................................. 9
4.2. UPSTREAM REACH - STREAM RESTORATION .......................................................................... 9
4.2.2. Reference Reach .......................................................................................... 10
Figure 7. Reference Reach Located on Zacks Fork Creek ......................... 10
Table 4. Reference Reach Parameters .................................................. 10
4.2.3. Design Parameters ........................................................................................ 10
Table 5. Upstream Channel Design Parameters ..................................... 11
4.3. DOwNsTREAM REACH ................................................................................................. 11
Figure 8. Bankfull Bench shown on Actual Zacks Fork Cross Section From
Downstream Reach .............................................................. 12
4.4. SEDIMENT TRANsPORT ................................................................................................. 13
Figure 9. Shear Stress vs. Discharge in Upstream Reach .......................... 13
Figure 10. Shear Stress vs. Discharge in Downstream Reach With Bankfull
Bench ................................................................................. 13
4.5. OTHER DESIGN CONsiDERATIONS ...................................................................................... 14
5.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ..............................................................15
Page i
FA401 - 450 Projects\432-03 Caldwell County -Stream Restoration\NCDENR - WRP\12-7-2004_Report_Package\Reports\ZF Feasibility Study Report\ZF Fees. Study -App. C
(FMSM Prelim. Design Rpt) (Revised doc
GEOMORPHOLOGIC ASSESSMENT &
STREAM RESTORATION PRELIMINARY DESIGN REPORT
ZACKS FORK CREEK
LENOIR, CALDWELL COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA
1.0 GENERAL PROJECT AND SITE DESCRIPTION
The project site is located in Caldwell County to the north of Lenoir near Zacks Fork Road as shown in
Figure 1. The drainage area is 4.6 square miles at the upstream end of the reach and 7.7 square miles at
the downstream limits of the project. An outdoor sporting complex consisting of multiple soccer fields is
located to the west of the project. A new sanitary sewer was recently constructed to the east of the project.
Residential development has occurred to the north and east of the project area. Property immediately
adjacent to both banks is owned by the city of Lenoir.
Zacks Fork Creek
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Watershed
Figure 1. Zacks Fork Creek Location Map
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Page 1
F:\401 - 450 Projects\432-03 Caldwell County - Stream Restoration\NCDENR - WRP\12-7-2004_Report _Package\Reports\ZF Feasibility Study Report\ZF Fees. Study -App. C
(FMSM Prelim. Design Rpt) (Revised.doe
2.0 SITE GEOLOGY AND TYPICAL SOILS
Based on a review of available geologic mapping (Lenoir Quadrangle published by USGS), the project is
situated in the Inner Piedmont Geologic Belt. Metamorphic bedrock in the vicinity of the project typically
consists of inequigranular, locally abundant potassic feldspar and garnet; interlayered and gradational with
calc-silicate rock, sillimanite-mica schist, mica schist, and amphibolites. Small masses of granitic rock are
also present. Figure 2 illustrates the soil types found in the Zacks Fork Creek watershed. Soils in the
project area predominantly consist of Rion sandy loam (RnF) and Chewacla loam (Cm). Rion sandy loam
is a well-drained soil typical of those on the side slopes of the Piedmont uplands. These soils are highly
susceptible to erosion in unvegetated areas. Chewacla loam is poorly drained and holds
seasonal wetness.
Zacks Fork Creek Soils Map
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(FMSM Prelim. Design Rpt) (Revised doc
Figure 2. Soils Map of Project Area
3.0 STREAM CONDITION
3.1. IMPACTED REACHES
The project area was divided into two reaches based
on bankfull slope. A ford marks the dividing point
between the reaches. It appears the ford was
constructed with concrete on top of multiple 24-inch
culverts; however, over time, the streambed
immediately upstream and downstream of the ford
has aggraded with sand and sediment, filling the
culverts and effectively cutting off flow through them
to the point all water flow is over it. A condition of the
proposed improvements to Zacks Fork requires the
function of the ford be preserved. It is currently a
fortuitous, but functional, grade control structure.
f B4: ;. R
1

N
R` y 'se
_.oe.y

Figure 3. Ford at Grade Change

3.1.1. Upstream Reach
The upstream reach is a moderately entrenched channel, currently downcutting and likely to commence
the process of reestablishing a new floodplain in the near future. The entrenchment ratio, the ratio of the
flood prone area width to bankfull width, is approximately 2.1. The upstream section is highly sinuous as
shown in the RIVERMorph© output in Figure 4 below. The direction of flow in this figure is to the
southwest. Bank height throughout the project site is on the order of six to eight feet, and the banks
comprise primarily sand, silty sand and silt/clay. Active bank erosion, particularly in the vicinity of the two
successive tight meander bends, suggests instability, as does the occasional presence of central bars
formed as material sloughs from the banks. It is conceivable that if the banks continue to erode at their
current rates, the tight meander bends may be cut off from the rest of the channel, creating oxbow
features, which in turn will likely produce headcuts upstream.
.m
A.
V.
•-
o.e+
Figure 4. Plan View of Upstream Reach Thalweg Survey Points
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(FMSM Prelim. Design Rpt) (Revised.doc
3.1.2. Downstream Reach
The downstream reach is more entrenched, less sinuous and steeper than the upstream reach. This does
nab predude it from problems associated with bank instability and erasion. The entrenchment ratio of the
da nsbeam reach is approximately 1.2 and the stream is moderately sinuous. Bank height throughout the
reach site is on the order of six to ten feet, increasing downstream. The banks comprise primarily sand,
silly sand, and sift/day. Alive bank erosion throughout the project area suggests instability, as does the
presence of occasional central bars formed as material sloughs from the banks. A plan view plot of the
r?
Am
0.
Figure 5. Plan View of Downstream Reach Thalweg Survey Points
3.2. VALLEY DESCRIPTION
The gently sloping valley of the project section of Zadcs Fork (Valley Type VIII) exhibits a moderately wide
flood plain confined on both sides by moderately steep slopes. Valleys similar to this section of Zadcs Fork
Cr0ek most commonly have "C", "E', and "DA° stream types although in many instances "Ga and "F"
stream Types are found where streams have been c hannelized (Rosgen 1996). This valley, however, has
a gradient too low for a "G" stream to be exp.
3.4. SUMMARY OF CHANNEL CONDITION
The condition of the Zacks Folic Creek project does not suggest recent realignment or overall
augmentation of the channel alignment impacts affecting the channel are due to secondary effects of
urban development within the watershed and in the floodplain. The channel itself is moderately incised,
but will likely continue downcutting until completely abandoning its fkoodplain. Significant bank erosion and
cater bars suggest excess shear stress often associated with incising streams. As Zadcs Fork continues
to incase, it will lower from its floodplain thereby confining higher-energy flood flows to the channel. When
Page FW01-450 Pmpctst4V. -W Caktwetl County - Stream Resto MaMCDEW - WRP112 7 2004 RepW PackaWWaport OF Feasibility Study RewhZF Fear. St,* --App C
RAW Prelim. Design Rpt) (Revised .d-
I
a strearn can access the floodplain, velocity is deceased at flooding stage as water spreads across the
floodplain; however in incised streams, flows normally reaching the floodplain are confined to the channel
and cannot dissipate energy in this manner, instead, they impart the energy produced by flood flows on
the channel banks.
The stream channel will likely continue to incise and as elevated shear stresses increasingly act on the
banks, more soil will erode. The upstream section with tight meander bends shown in Figure 4 may
continue to slough maw until a cut through is formed seating an oxbow lake at the c went bend. When
a cut-through is formed, the hydraulic slope in the immediate vicinity becomes steeper seating higher
velocity flaws. The higher velocity creates a situation where a head-cut propagates upstream and
additional soil erodes.
3A STREAM CLASSIFICATION
The project reach of Zadcs Fork Creek classifies as a C5 reach upstream and an F5 reach downstream,
according to the Rosgen Classification system. The difference is the entrenchment ratio, which is higher
upstream. Over time, however, it is expected that the upstream section will evolve into an F-type channel
as the stream continues to incise. Bed materiel consists primarily of sand and gravel, while sand and
siilyklay comprise the banks. The banks are intermittently vegetated up to the top; a condition likely
responsible for the sporadic sections with little or no bank erosion. Large trees lay across the channel at
several locations seating debris jams. Table 1 summarizes channel conditions of the impacted readies of
Z2 cks Fork Creek.
Table 1. Summary of Channel Conditions - Impacted Reach
Stream Classification
Riparian Vegetation
Reach Width
Reach Length
Meander Pattern
Flow Regime
D"onal Pattern
Deoris/Channel Blockages
Chjannel Stability Rating
Noed Channel State
Sediment Supply
Stroambed Stability
Width/Depth Ratio
Condition
Stroambank Erosion
Potential
Upstream Reach
C54F5
Deciduous with brush/grass
cnderstory
Bankfull width of 35-40 feet
940 feet
Highly Sinuous
Perennial
Diagonal, Side and Delta bars
(sand)
Large debris jams present
throughout
Fair (Phankuch)
Channelized
Very High
Degrading
Average
High - sandy, silty clay soils on
steep banks
Downstream Reach
F5
Deciduous with brush/grass
understory
Bankfull width of 35-40 feet
3546 feet
Sinuous
Perennial
Diagonal, Side and Delta bars
(sand)
Large debris jams present
throughout
Fair (Phankuch)
Channelized
Very High
Degrading
Average
High - sandy, silty clay soils on
steep banks
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F:4W9 - 450 Pralecffi1 V-03 CaldweII Cou* - Steam ReslarabonWCDEW - WRPN2 7-200, Report Pa&AgelReporWZF Feosibilq Sk* ReporW F-. SW*- AM. C
(FMSM Prelim. O-W IW) (Revised .doa
tuore detailed geomorphic measurements and the stream classification for the impacted reach are listed
below in Table 2.
Table 2. Summary of Stream ClassiRtation - Impacted Reads
Upstream Ready Downstream Reach
V Iley Type
a Type 8 Type 8
V
lley Slope 0.0032 0.0042
Drainage Area 4.6 square miles 7.8 square miles
Bankfuli Width 37 feet 38 feet
Bankfuil Mean Depth 1.51 feet 2.2 feet
Flood-Prone Width 79.7 feet 45 feet
Channel Materials 5% silt/clay, 55% sand, 10% siltlclay, 48% sand,
40% gravel 40% gravel, 2% cobble
D16=0.13 mm D16=0.19 mm
D35 = 0.67 mm D35 = 0.51 mm
D50 = 0.97 mm D50 = 1.00 mm
D84=7.93 mm D84=6.19 mm
D95 = 14.56 mm D95 = 11.08 mm
Weber Surface Slope 0.00165 0.00309
Sinuosity 1.79 1.37
Bankfull Discharge 220 cfs 320 ds
Bankfull Velocity 3.9 fps 4.2 fps
Bankfull Area 56 ft2 76 fF
Entrenchment Ratio 2.15 1.2
W?dtit to Depth Ratio 24.57 17.11
Classification C5-->F5 F5
3.5. REGIONAL CuRvEs
Regional curves provide a means of comparison of streams within similar hydrophysiographic regions.
These curves are developed by compiling geomorphic data at gage stations and relating these data to
drainage area. Recently developed regional curves for the North Carolina Piedmont give the following
results for the upstream and downstream reaches:
Table 3. Regional Curare Values for North Carolina Pied
Upstream Reach Downstream Reach
Areal 60.1 85.2
Width 24.43 29.87
Mean Depth 2.33 2.71
These values are useful for confirming observed banldull conditions or as a means of predicting
appro)amal a dimensions; however, they are not necessarily suitable for use as design criteria alone.
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3.6. CHANNEL EVOLUTIONARY SEQUENCE FOR THE IMPACTED REACH
The project area consists of an actively incising C-type channel upstream and an F-type downstream with
fair channel stability ratings based on Phankuch scores of 96 and 97, respectively. Central bars and a
developing meandering pattern within the downstream channel suggest the stream is in various stages of
evolving from an F-channel to a C-type stream. Upstream, the channel will likely continue to incise and
become an F-channel similar to the downstream reach. Based on observed evolution of similar channels,
botch reaches are expected to continue evolving through a process of bed and bank erosion until
equilibrium is established at a lower base elevation and the stream type is converted to a stable G-channel
naturally found in this valley type. Based on a consideration of the valley type and historical record, the
evolutionary sequence shown below in Figure 6 represents a reasonable future for this reach if left
undisturbed. Currently, Zacks Fork Creek appears to be in the initial C and F phases.
Figure 6. Evolutionary Sequence of C{G>* C Streams
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FM01-450 Projec ftWW-W Catdwe® Cots* - Stream ResWra wnNdCDEM - VVW12-7 20DA Report Pa*agaYtopmist2F Feasibility Study RWml% F Fes. Shdy -AW. C
(FMSM Prebn- Design F" (Revised .doc
PROPOSED CHANNEL IMPROVEMENTS
For design; purposes, a portion of the downstream section was combined with the upstream stretch and
will be reconstructed as a single reach. The resulting lengths of the upstream and downstream readies
1,400 feet and 2,500 feet, respectively. Cross vanes will be installed for grade control, to help establish
a new channel at a slightly higher elevation in the downstream section, and habitat enhancement while J-
hook vanes, log vanes and root wads will serve to reduce bank erosion on meander bends.
4.1. RESTORATION VERSUS ENHANCEMENT
A joirrt venture of the Wilmington District USAGE, NC Division of Water Quality, EPA, NRCS and the NC
Wildlife Resources Commission produced a document entitled "S"tream Mitigation Guidelines," published
in April 2003. This document establishes definitions for stream restoration and two levels of stream
enhancement Stream restoration, as defined in this document, involves re-establishing appropriate
dimension, paten, profile, biological/chemical balance and sediment transport based on a reference
i reach. All of these factors are required to qualify as stream restoration. Stream rehabilitation efforts falling
short of addressing all the conditions listed above, were divided into two levels of enhancement. Level I
enhancernent involves improvements primarily to the stream channel and riparian zone and restore
dimension and profile. Level I enhancements are typically undertaken based on a reference condition.
Level II enhancements do not restore both dimension and profile but still provide improvements to channel
bank stability, water quality and stream ecology.
Thy; proposed design for Zacks Fork Credo consists of stream restoration, as improvements made to the
prdject area will address deficiencies in dimension, pattern and profile. In the upstream reach, a complete
rdgcation of the stream is proposed. In the downstream reach, the channel dimension will be re-
established by excavating a bankfutl bench to increase the entrenchment ratio and reduce shear stresses.
The profile will be adjusted by Ong cross vanes at an elevation higher than the existing bed. This
will induce aggradation, which will further improve the flood plain access and will help to control the
baikkill slope while reducing the potential for headcuts. It is felt that this is the most economical and
ecologically sensitive solution to achieve restoration in the downstream reach. A more comprehensive
restoration of Zadcs Fork would require relocation of utilities and other park features and would be
signtly more expensive. Additionally, the installed cross vanes will tend to result in a narrowing of the
barddull channel in both an upstream and downstream direction. Pattern, or plan-form, will be aclusted by
resigning meander bends that are judged to be too tight. This will help to provide appropriate energy
dissipation around the bend.
4.$. UPSTREAM REACH - STREAM RESTORATION
Thd proposed design for the upstream section of Zacks Fork Creek addresses dimension, pattern, profile,
biologicaUchemical balance and sediment transport. Improvements consist of the construction of a new
channel, cross vanes for grade contra and J-hook and log vanes for bank erosion protection along outside
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450 Prajecls1432-03 CaldwWCaurMy- Stem RestoratiordWCDEtHt • YYRPl12-7 2004 Report Fa*agelRePcft F FeasdxKy Sh* RWaRZF Fear. - C
Y ?WP
-
EheW Design f" (Revised -doc
meander bends. The new channel is designed using natural channel techniques whereby a stable
reference reach provides a blueprint for design of the new channel. The longitudinal profile will be
modified throughout as a consequence of the new planform geometry. Improvements to habitat are also
proposed for the upstream reach.
4.2.2. Reference Reach
The reference reach for the stream restoration
segment of Zacks Fork Creek is located upstream of
the impacted section. The reach is sufficiently far
upStream for the slope to be steeper and channel
materials coarser; however, utilizing a stream
segment upstream of the impacted reach is preferable
to going outside the watershed. The stream appears
to be stable in plan, profile and in cross section.
SeNded geomorphic parameters are shown in Table
4. batik heights are low and the stream has ample Figure 7.
access to its fioodplain. If is likely the reacts resembled
the impacted section of Zacks Fork Creek prior to the beginning of degradation processes.
Table 4. Reference Reach Parameters
Upstream Reach
Valley Type Type 8
Valley Slope 0.0098
Bankfull Width 22 ft
Bankfull Mean Depth 1.9 ft
Flood-Prone Width 52 ft
Channel Materials 5% siltfclay, 28% sand,
67% gravel
D16=0.40 mm
D35 = 2.95 mm
D50=6.95 mm
D84 = 29.83 mm
D95 = 44.28 mm
Water Surface Slope 0.00894
Sinuosity 1.1
Bankfull Discharge 200 cfs
Bankfull Velocity 4.8 fps
Bankfull Area 42 ft2
Entrenchment Ratio 2.33
Width to Depth Ratio 12
Classification C4
4.23. Design. Parameters
The, relocated upstream reach was designed using natural channel design techniques consisting of
establishing a stable plan, profile, and cross sectional geometry using information gathered from a
reference reach. Table 5 summarizes other design parameters for the upstream reach.
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(FMS4 Prelim. Design Rpt) (Revised .doe
Reference Reach Located on
Zadcs Fork Creek
Table S. Upstream Channel Design Parameters
Avg. Meander Wavelength (LM) 240 ft
Avg. Channel Length/Wavelength (Lc) 337 ft
Avg. Sinuosity (K) 1.4
Avg. Radius of Curvature (Rc) 48 ft
Avg. Flood-Prone Width (W") 66 ft
Avg. Belt Width (Wmj 111 ft
Width to Depth Ratio (W/D) 14.5
Entrenchment Ratio 2.2
Bankfull Width (WbW) 29 ft
Bankfull Mean Depth (Dw) 2 ft
Design Bankfull Area (Abw) 56 ft2
For most stream restoration designs, it is prudent to provide extra precautions against changes in the
design stream grade. To this end, a series of cross vane and J-hook structures are proposed for
construction of the upstream channel. The hydraulic structures will be used to establish riffle grades and
direct flows to the center of the channel thereby reducing bank erosion. Nine cross vane structures will be
built to maintain grade and will provide habitat. Six J-hook structures are proposed, which will protect the
m*Ade meander bends from erosion while allowing deep pools 10 form and mate habitat.
The upstream reach design is aimed at correcting existing deficiencies in channel form and the
consequent inability to move sediment through the systern. Specifically, there are a series of tortuous
curves that exhibit a law radius of curvature to bankfull width ratio. Without restoration, these curves will
likely continue to erode and a channel cut-off will likely form, which may result in upstream headcutting.
Bank erosion throughout the reach is also a significant problem that is resulting in significant washload
that is not present upstream. The redesigned cross section reduces the width to depth ratio by reducing
the. width and increasing the average depth. Since shear stress is a function of depth and slope, the
deeper channel will fl unction below bankUl flaws to remove finer sediment from the channel that is
presently not moving. Above bankkAl, however, the overall shear stresses will be lowered. The effect of
this is a reduction of near bank stresses, which should reduce bank erosion.
4.?. DowNsntEAM REACH
The proposed improvements for the downstream section of Zacks Fork Creek address dimension, plan
and profile deficiencies but in a different manner than the upstream mach. The downstream reach is more
incised than the upstream read so the effort will be to aggrade the channel slightly by raising the profile
from its current elevation and reduce entrenchment by constructing a barMAI bench. Aggradation will be
accomplished by the placement of grade control structures, placed above the elevation of the existing
s"arn bed. It has been our past experience that grade control structures can help translate cross
sectional scrape in both an upstream and downstream direction, while inducing aggradation. This will
further enhance the cross' sectional dimensions of the bankfdl channel in addition to the bankf ill bench
excavation. We feel that this approach will be much more effective in completing the evolutionary process
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F:%401 -4 PmieasWM-03 11
(F11SM Prelim. Design RpQ (Revised doe -Stream - WRP112 7 2004_Report PackspeYteporfs%zFFeasibility Study Reportl2FFees. Study -APP. C

from an F to a C stream type, without dramatically aging the in-stream habitat by completely rebuilding a
C-channel.
Additional improvements consist of the won .of a bankfull bench for the length of the reach, cross
vanes for grade control, J-hook vanes and log vanes for both bank erosion protection along outside
meander bends and habitat. Adjustments will be made to the pattern of the stream, particularly the radius
of curvature, in areas where severe bank erosion is causing the stream to encroach on adjacent
walkways, sewers, and other adjacent features located in the floodplain.
The downstream portion of Zacks Fork Creek appears to be in a dynamic state tending toward the re-
establishment of a C-type stream within the current channel. As discussed above, this is a destructive
process as the channel creates a meander pattern within an entrenched channel. Construction of cross
vanes at appropriate elevations and the banldull bench expedites the evolution process and reduces the
potential for future bank erosion by creating the floodplain needed to reduce moment A bankfull
bench like the one shown in Figure 8 will increase the entrenc rrient ratio above 2.2, the reference
condition minimuun for a Gtype charnel. In addition, the structures provide habitat and further bark
protection.
The banldull bench will vary from fifteen to
twenty-five feet wide at the current bankfull
elevation depending on the overall bank height.
From the outside of the bankkdl bench, the cut
will be laid back at a 3H:1 V slope until it meets
existing ground. The bench will be constructed on
the west bank where possible to avoid conflicts
wilh the sanitary sewer on the east bank The
shape of the channel below banWI will be
altered through narrowing of the channel which
will occur due to the construction of cross vanes.
In the vicinity of current severe bank erosion
conditions, the stream thalweg will be moved
away from the bank and the radius of curvature at
than point increased. Structures will also be
incorporated at these locations to prevent re-
migration of the charnel -towards the outside
bends.
XS6 with Bench
o OrouMPWft ? MOM 9 Wetersurracce
lndcelms PoMffi
Wbkf • 25.9 bbkf = 2.9 Abki • 71.5
a
c
0
0
W
Figure 8. BanWull Bench shown on Actual
Zadm Fork Cross Section From
Downstream Reach
Cross vane and J-hook structures are proposed for the downstream reach to establish riffle grades and
direct flows to the center of the channel thereby reducing bank erosion. Six cross vane structures will be
built to provide the requisite grade and provide habitat. Seven J4x)d og vane structures are proposed to
protect the outside meander bends from erosion while allowing deep pods to form and create habitat.
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WMW Prelim. Design Rpt) (Revised .doc
Ho iaontril Distance (ft)
The' improvements proposed for Zacks
Creek are designed to improve bank
stability and transport sediment more
efficiently. Bank stability is improved by
direpling flows to the center of the channel
and'', by reducing shear stress during
higher flows. For this project, two
approaches to achieving these goals are
employed. The first is the reconfiguration
of the upstream channel. The new
channel's shape permits sufficient shear Figure 9. Shear Stress vs. Discharge in
stresses to develop so that fine sediment Upstream Reach
can', be transported through the system while at the same time lowering shear stresses at higher flows.
The plot in Figure 9, created using RIVERMorpha, illustrates this condition. Bankfull flows are estimated
to be approximately 400 cfs. Note in the figure that below this flow, the new channel will have higher shear
stresses. These stresses should be sufficient to permit the finer sand material to be moved through the
system thereby reducing the accumulation of sand near riffies and in pools. Conversely, at flows above
bankfull, shear stress is reduced resulting in less bank erosion.
The second approach the' bankfull bench
is employed downstream and serves to r
0.9
reduce shear stresses only at discharges 08
M
above bankfull. Figure 10 illustrates the 07
0.6
change in shear stress with the addition of 0.5
a bonkfull bench at a bankfull discharge of 0.`
0 0.3
slightly greater than 400 cfs. Spreading out p 02 xS6 with Berch
0.1 x s6
water over a much larger cross section as p
flows increase above the bankfUll bench 0 5DO Y)00 1500 20DO 2500 Discharge (cfs)
causes the sudden reduction in spar
stresses. As flows increase, the cross Figure 10. Shear Stress vs. Discharge in
sectional area expands much more rapidly Downstream Reach With BankfuH Bench
than the discharge causing a sudden decrease in the velocity of water flowing through the channel.
Furthermore, the hydraulic radius and mean depth decrease as the stage rises above the
ban kfull bench. The result of the decreased velocity is a decrease in shear stress.
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(FMSM Prekm. Design Rpt) (Revised.doc

4.$. OTHER DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
In addition to the stream relocation and went, a dam-spanning vehicle and pedestrian bridge
will be installed in the vicinity of the existing ford crossing. The bridge will provide a means for
maintenance equipment to access the east bank of the project, while maintaining continuity of habitat by
providing a channel-spanning structure. Additionally, the wooden footbridge bridge currently located near
the, soccer fields will be removed during this project and a new footbridge will be installed by others
the construction of the new channel.
A permanent conservation easement has been granted by the City of Lenoir for the subject reach. The
conservation easement is offset 75 feet on either side of the post-construction thalweg of Zaclcs Fork
Ciro* except that the conservation easement extends at least 10 feet beyoW the top of the bankfull
bench slope in all locations and terminates at least 10 feet from all existing soccer fields, tennis courts, and
par" lots, as shown on %*et 2.
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(FMSM Prebm. Design RpQ (Revised .doc
1.0 CO NCILIL ShoMS AND REcommENDAmm
Loft unaltered, Zacks Folic Creek will likely continue to degrade in the upstream reach to an F-Charnel as
has previously occurred in the downstream reach. As the stream incises to achieve this condition, it will
further remove itself from its current floodplain tlmby confining higher discharges to the stream channel.
These higher energy flows will increase bank erosion and, consequently, raise levels of sediment further
d9wnstream. To improve channel conditions,; a two-component alternative has been proposed. The first
part consists of the construction of a new charnel for the upstream reach. The second component of
channel improvements is comprised of the construction of a bankli ill bench along the bank of the lower
reach. In addition to the bench, realignments of the channel will be incorporated in areas where radii of
curvature have decreased causing significant bank erosion and major bark sloughing. The proposed
channel improvements were designed using natural channel design techniques and constitute stream
restoration as defined in the "Stream Mitigation Guidelines' published jointly by the Wilmington District
USACE, NC Division of Water Quatily, EPA, NRCS and the NC Wildlife Resources Commission. Cross
vanes and J4xml Aog vanes will be incorporated into both reaches and will serve to provide grade control,
bank protection.

ftge is
F:AM - 490 ProieclsVIV-03 CaldwM Carly - Stream ReametioMMCDEM - WRP112 7 ZOO- Rapat PadwgMepone2F Feasft* Study ReporW Feas. Stu
dy - App C
(FMSM Prekm. Design Rpli (Revised .doe
If you have any questions concerning the findings of this report, please do not hesitate to contact Ms.
Ptephanie L. Norris, P.E. at (919) §547990.
Respectftly Submitted,
PULLER, MOSSBARGER, SCOTT & MAY ENGINEERS, INC.
J George Athanasakes, P. E.
Associate
I

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972 Trinity Road
Raleigh, North Carolina 27607
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TEL 91l
FAX [phone]' akry,y?h
Date: 12-21-2004 lob. No: 432-03
To: NC Division of Wafter Quality
401 Wetlands Unit - Central Office
Attn: Mr. iolm Dornev
Re: Zack's Fork Creek Stream Restoration PCN Application
PAYMENT Sending:
® Attached ? Under separate cover the following
RECEIVED via items:
® Prints/Plans ? Shop Drawings ? Specifications ? Samples
® Other. PCN Application Package
Copies Date Description
7 12-21-2004 PCN Application Packatre for ck's Fork Creek Restoration Plan
1 12-21-2004 k for Application Fee $4751

Transmitted, for:
? Your use ? Approved as submitted ? Resubmit ? Copies for approval
? As requested ? Approved as noted ? Submit ? Copies for distribution
Review and comment ? Returned for ? Return ? Corrected prints
Remarks
( 'onv tn*
PP. _T4'S
Transmittal %1%
_ _ _ _ _
~if~ g ~ ~
~ ~
= _ - N'~
~'r
f 11 ~ Boulders to rest on top of i ri n a Woody R pa a
Bank u root wad behind the anchor log Vegetation W
el e va tron vanes) ( and on top of the anchor log W
Groundline z Point Bar
= I Footrn Boulders
g ~ Bankfull Width WeKF ~
=l ~ Limits of excavation ) 1/2 Maximum z
Pro osed ~ P Bankfull Depth Maximum / W
Root wad channel bottom r ~ Bankfull /
Lo Vane ^••~t ' g _1-
Boulders to be placed on De th p
Footer log top of footer log & on both sides r--..y=~--=-~-~- Tree with ~ _ _ ~ _,-„!1 Surface Boulder
place top of footer log of root wad to (rest root wad on r o t fan ' 1 ' ~ 1---.,. intact o
9 even with invert elevation anchor log) - - Footin Bo Id r
of channel g u e
1 1 2_/
Cable Tie ~ ' 12" Minimum diameter
measured 5' from root
Typical Cross Section View fan N
Lo Vane Section A-A
v~
Wood Ri arian ~ ~
y p o ~ w
Ve etation 'c~ a 9
Root fans shall lap ~ ~
o ver a m inimum 2.0' , ~ ~
- r root Shrngle anchor logs (2 4 fans pe flush with one another 5 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
wad structure) f 1 ~ F v a a~ G
_ ~ f N
5 S~~ 1 Filter Fabric with ~
0 ~ ~ ,°o 2 , u~+ r 1r~
1. ( ~ I I 2 Gravel Backfill N 5 ~ ~tl
1 G 1 ~ ~ _
An le root wads 30° -60° upstream Footer logs 9 ~ - Vane Angle ~
towards flow of stream ~~A o ~ ~ ~ x /9 / L 20 30 , ,
Footing Boulders r 1\~~~ / / J T ~i Cabe re I ~?1 ~ / o ~ z
~ / x / U)
Stream Bank ~ / w A ~ a
/ b ~~~~11i~ o
Root wad ! x ~ Surface Boulder
to s / ,i i ~ ~ G
g H
Anchor to s g When backfrllrng over and around bottom / N i/ / /r rn
1 sin footer logs, pack boulders and og rl r ~o it ~I / ,
between all voids to firml secure y / - Root Wad ~ / A 2
all components including points, i i, ~h ~ Footing Boulder
connections and a s 9P i / e ~ . L
~yprcal Plan View ~/i ~ / ~d ~e Gravel Bed i J0~
V
15 Log Vane ~ 1
4 ROOT WADS -DETAIL 12
4 Not To Scale of Point Bar Z Plan t a minimum
hr 30 Irve stakes w e e
~ - log vane ties into F-
J vation.
bankfull ele Q Q Q
F- Z
Gravel W J f-
~
o° o o. '"'~---Bankfull Elevation Z W
Bankfull 'c~ Surface Boulders Q
Elevation f Bankfull Elevation ~ Approximate Limits
~ \ to rH! ~ 0- of Scou o e
I Non- Woven r- Type Q W Q 2
~ _WI- W
Geotextile Fabric T e 1 Non-Woven J yP Footing Boulders iers J ~
Geotextile Fabric \ _ , m Z
Gravel from existin stream if Gaps between boulders g to to - Z L o Vane PI an (n
available or crushed stone in Nook Portion approx. W ~L Q
1/2 boulder width ~~~ti I irk ~ ~
~i - ~W -
i' ~ LOG VANE -DETAIL LL 6 Z
Wood Ri arias y P ~ \ Q 4 Not To Scale W
~ s Ve e to tion /i / / Point Bar rl W J
g I Vane An I 9
20-30
u~ A Q
I / ( ~ ~ N
I - . = ~ ~ Surface Boulder
~ ~ e5 Bankfull Width (W id th (W )
~ ~ BKF ~ / J~ ~ BKF
/ i tr .
~ ~ ~9 Porn ~ ~ ~ ~e Approx. 1/2 Boulder Width Point Bar ~ U I~I,r~~ Construct to 2 times width , ,1~,I,ih PROJECT xo. LV2003009 • I~
e ~ ~ ~ ~ I~ DATE Se tember 2003 of Outlet Structure ~ 111 ~ ~
~ A ~ 0 ~ 1 DRANrN BY R. Petty \
_ Max. Ba Max. Bankfull i \ M. Adams , CHECKED BY 1.5 mrnlmum
~ ~ ~i ii Depth J ` Depth / \ CHECKED BY G. Athanasakes ~
0 _ boulders on scAr,E / / As Shown /
~ Footin Boulder If bedrock i~ , ( / erimeter \ p REVtsm
.L resent directl below surface _ ~ Plant a minimum of 3 live p y ~ ~ iy i~ a ~i~ / /i A rit ?9, 2004
boulders footin boulder will stakes per square yard 9 ~ ~ 1 Class 111 Channel Type INon-Woven z. October 13, 2004
f ~ ~ - where J-hook ties into not be necessary.) ~ 4 stone Linin ~ ~ Geotextile fabric 3• g 7 Mrnrmum
4.
bankfull elevation, Over an Thickness 5.
r ximatel Gravel Bed area defined by app o y A roxrmate pp Vane Len fh Hook 'ook Inside Sill a.
25 feet u stream and g p Lrmrts of Outsrde 7/3 Width Width Len th Varies 7 ENERGY D/SSIPATION POOL -DETAIL 7. 9
downstream of tie-in oint Scour Hole Bankfull Elevatron P Sill ¢ Not To Scale 8.
and the sill length. Note:
Backfill Around Footing SHEET
I Stones with Approved
\ Gravel Bed Material. J-Hook Section A ection A-A
of 7
K'5-\,,J-HOOK VANE -DETAIL 6Sectlon or L)etOll No. Sheet Where Shown
4 Not To Scale REFERENCE KEY

~Y~
~ F~ ~ ~
NOTE:
Zone 2 Streamside Trees Zone 3 Zone 9 Streamside Shrubs Zone 3 Floodplain Trees and Shrubs dl
erican hornbeam Car inus caroliniana) River birc River birch Betula ni ra) ~ ( g
Plan tin Schedule T rcal Common alder (Alnus serrulata Am p ) ( yp 9 Black walnut Ju lans nigra W
Paw aw Asimina triloba Black way Srlk do wood Cornus amomum) p y 9 ~ g
American holl llex o aca American p ) r benzorn y ( S rcebush Lmde a ) ( p erican s camore Platanus occidentalis) W Am Y
, tabs Box elder Acer ne undo Tulip pops crd en ) Buttonbush Ce halanthus oc ) g Tuli o lar Liriodendron tulipifera Z PPP
0 to 900 Varies Vanes p 5 Box elder Redtwi da hobble Leucothoe recurva) Box elder Acer ne undo) - ( g
( Zone 1 g g Zone 3 Flaod lam Zone 2 American P merican hornbeam Car inus caroliniana) c~ A ( P
Trees and Shrubs Streamside Streamside American American holly Ilex opaca z
Trees Shrubs
Spicebusl S icebush Lindera benzoin) Bankfull W P
Strawberr Strawberr bush Evon us americans) Elevation ( ym y
Approximate Excavation Limits A
°p Surface Boulder 0 0 o D ~ J ° c J, J` J`
~ J
' 2&. 0' 15' 15 /
r~ Vane
Bankfull Bench Bankfull Width Bankfull Bench ~ ' ~ min. ' /rr ~ i i to e i i S I) B P
' ( ) Th al weg ~ i r i~
Grass Seeding ~ . J' i, i i C ~r~r _
a ~ 4H:1 V or r C /~i ~ N
4H:1Vor - Flatter Slope ` \ \
Flatter Sloe ~ , ~ , / / Footin Boulder 9
~ ~ Erosion control blanket to be ~ ~ i,/~
Riffle laced over entire excavated area i3 p ~
.Z. Bankfull Water Surface 5 Armor from 6" below low flow channel to w
Low Flow Water Surface 12" above top of bank. Cross Vane Lon itudinal Profile
~ ~ h
RIFFLE L1
Area 56 ft 2
Max. Depth 3.3 ft ~ i'y ~ . rl
Mean Depth 2.2 ft ~ C
Bankful! Width a ~ ° 41 a
Max. Riffle ~ • D
° A Bankfull De th H ~ ~ P ~ N
i~ i~~ W
Approximate Excavation Limits / / / ~ ,-a d ~ a it a ~ i~ i
5' Bankful!
Bench (min.) Sill ~ _ i~ B C ~ x Sill i~ ~ ~ U ~ - i~ i~ i/ i/~ ~ Stone °
35.0' Bankfull Bench Stone ri it ii ii ii rr i z - i ~r -
Wid fh Varies Bankfull Width ~ ~ ~ ~ ' _ x ~
o o , Thalweg
~ ~ Surface ~ ~ Note. 7nket Extends 7 Boulder
~ 2 3 Wbkf 1 3 Wbkf .~.i Erosion Control Blanket Exter , ~ ~ ~ Be on d Top o f Bank Where 1 A and D denote Bankfull b
~ 3H:1 V or y ~k Where It is Footin ° g ark ~ Elevation, B and C m
3H.~1Vor „ - - - - - - - ~ Bused m a 6 Trench (Typrc Flatter Slope nch (Typical Boulder Vane Elevation at head ~c
Flatter Slope i
2H:1Vor3H:1V f van e N o
between low flow Cross Vane T ical Cross-Secfion
Erosion control blanket to be water surface and
laced over entire excavated area p bankfull banks
from 6 below low flow channel to Gr Gravel
12" above top of bank. o Bankfull Width WBKF)
a o o Surface Boulders 9 3 7 3 7/3
POOL f z Area 105 t / / i 1 i
Max. Depth 5.5 ft
Mean Depth 2.2 ff I ~ ~ . I • I~
NOTE.• /I
Construct channel cross-sections -Woven Type I Non Z -Woven Footin Boulders ~ I l
as shown at all Riffle and Pool g i C
Geotextile Fabrrc locations. Provide a smooth transition - - abric \ B ti (j~ . 1 11 r - ll.~ ~ i I ~ . . , 1 E--
i \ ,J I ~ _ Q
between Riffles and Pools. Q Q
A CH -TYPICAL CROSS- SECTIONS ~ UPSTREAM RELOCATED RE Z ~ _
3 NOT TO SCALE . ~ / / W : / J Grave! from ex~stmg ~ F- ~
3
ream if available ~ st o Offset surface boulders 7/3 to . ~ ~ - ~ W
or crushed stone ~ Z ~ 7/2 boulder width back from Q ~ ~ F-
~ ~ downstream face of footing _ t ~
I , o i~ boulder. f- 0-
4 W2 ~ Q ~ ~
sill fr _ W E- Srll i W
~ J ~
1-. Ili
Vane Angle ~ o ~ ~ - Z Sill o o ( ~ , o ~ U)
20 -30 ~ 20 30 (j~ Stone - ~ _4 Srll Q
~ ~ ~ ~~i , ~ , ~ Stone ~ (J,J l~ ~
s ~
Existin To of g P ~ ~ ~V ~ . ~ ~ Ir Z Q
Bank (Typ.) Ih, r ,
~i~ W ° ail/,~ to ~ i~ ~
- ~ ~ , ~ ~ ~ F-
i ~ a
Exist. Ground ~ A D d t ~
2-6Ft. T ~ Typ. yp 3 h~~ N
. ~ ~ ~ 3 Approximate Limits Footin Boulder (If bedrock
P of g Surface of Scour o present directly below surface
Boulder oulder Footin boulder will
Dmax = Erosion control Bankfull Bench e b ~ g on control blanket to b not be necessar RoJECT No. LV2003009
3.5 - 6.0 Ft. Typ. placed over en 'd over entire excavated area y P
15 - 30 Typ. » from 6 below 6 below DATE Se tember, " low flow channel to 2003
12" above top DRA~PN BY R. Petty rbove top of bank. Plant a minimum of 3 live stakes er
Exist. Channel P CHECKED BY M. Adams
square yard where cross-vane ties into NECKED BY G. Athonasakes Cross- Vane Plan View C
T (p y bankfull elevation both sides of vane), ~cAi,E As Shown (
over an area defined by approximately REVISED
25 feet upstream and downstream of i. April 79, 2004
tie-in point and the sill length. 2. October a3, 2004
3.
4.
a 5.
y LL BENCH EXCAVATION -DETAIL 2 TYPICAL BANKFU 3 CROSS- VANE -DETAIL B•
0 3 NOT TO SCALE a~ 3 NOT TO SCALE 7•
c s.
0 Section or Detail No. SHEET
0
0
0 Sheet Where Shown
a~ 3of7
REFERENCE KEY
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d C y y L O Qpi ~`'•C 0 ~ Oks C t d•C CLOC tnpG~'` yCUOQ^.~0>> t o '~.Ct; CC w bX U UObC 3~ .NCO V~0.C ,C .C 0 0`'~` O O.C 0 .C O+. ,C .O Ob\ b^ +w~ 0 0 ~ N bt1 b 0'N k bb 0 0•- C O ~ ~ b d 0 U,w.., ~ ^4I,~~0.UyZ~ NUdUO.;•UN 030~~J b~ b Ot+~.C,~b` N` UC'N.,, b3 0;~~pN Nk~O,N W
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U,C p p C I 3 Ua O.OS s 0 y•~ N b 0 y Ott N 41 ~ 0 b ~ y~ Jb UI,C~brt'~ U~„ N b \ U U t1 v. 0 ,N 0~ 3 VON t O by OO 3 b'~ N ~ by 0 0 b C
i Os ~A ~ C ~ Cp 4~.C N p 0 y ~w y xl t x ~ N .i U C r*) 0 .C z N b j .C y O b t; N O ,C ~ J C ^ ~ y 0 0 ^ C N O 0 001 ,N O y 0 L O v L ~ ~ y U ,C k p C N O Q, y 0 ti. ,0 0. ~ O E O~ ac 0~ N
~ r. ~ ~ 0 U b '~C`, w d 'C ~ a N ,c . 3 ~ 0 J ~ J ~ ,U ~ .rti, I ~ r. 0 C J ~ "r 0 .0 ~ ~ C ~ ~ ~ y ~ ~ r`C ~ Qtb 0 ~ QOj •C Qaj C w l N Z E ~ ,~'+~by~ ~ p~0 No Joyb~.Y~ v ~ 00 Upp ~~b ddb CN t)+.Cn~O O1ONOx,O
p y U ON ~ N» O O C p s U QO b u ~,C t: O y .C""`h"C O ~ L'0'~'~ b C Q p C Lw~ k~,> 0 0~,. 0 ,4V)'Ob L O 0 O C y 0 r~w ~ U U N W ~ b 0.ti;, ~ y 0 0 0. U Q O .C ,y •0 O ~ ~ O t1 (n ~ b ~ b y 0 U C L 0 0 y^ 0 p C 'C b y 0 y 0 0~ b 0 a~ t: J J C 3 , b Oi v ,C p
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to fh ` 0, U ~ I U 0'p 0~ 0 .C b,,, 0•~ 0 v ~ J C ^>`,~CS, d V~,C p..,w 0 b 0 0 Jb N Q' ~ 0 C C~ p .,,,tv O,~ 0~ v 0 0 a 0. N s 3 L,C~ O 4~ C y 4 ~c O y'~'O y'0 0 y^ O ,C O 41 N ,C O
IY a QN N 3 Ow o N OTC Gai C y 0 p b •00 0~ a O~ 0 E 0a N ~ ~'~s U x•~s > C •o `D a y o - a~ h a~ E v C E o .g a w 0. b .c w ~ o C O 0 ~ ~ y U U y b 0 C b y C O ~ U •0 U 0 y ti. ~ O O C Ob bw. y^~ C ~ O~U C y fi•. L C O a~b O,b b,. J.cb~ 0 b ~'Q J 0 N'0 ~ 0 C N ~ (n ^
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O p Z~ N° c.c~, o°'~oaa~ o~ o K 0 w k~ 0 C r0, b 3~~ 0 N d J~ b U C` ,C~~ ~ J O O> .C .`0 J O y> C ,C b k .q ~1 l J O O ~ 10 0 E ~n 0 ~ b~-b y•~'`, U 0 0,ti Obc-0t) C ~ w ~ U ~ 0 0 N... b y y 3 Q~\,~ -`y ''ter N '0 .C ~ 0~., yw 0~ N ~ C N ~ O V 0.C 0..,V C 4 O 0 pC `>~O b b p ~ C U b
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~I ~ 0 ~ ~Q v°r ~ ,0 wo ~ Ow k~ Uw: ~Q Urn ~~w ~ k ~ ~ w ~ Z w ~ ~ ~ - ~ ~ Se fember 2003
v ~ 0 UJ~ ~ N~ Wp O~. w O U ~ 3 ~ \ ~ \ DATE ,
C U ~ 0 ~ Uwe Q 0 b ~ ~ 0 o w U ~ ~ w \ ~ DRAYVN BY SG,B/R. Petfy
~ c ~ o ~ ~ ~ a~ d ~ v ~ ~ o W w ; xd CHECKED BY M, Adoms N \ ~h o
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1125 CHECKED HY M. Adams
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Proposed DATE Se tember, 2004
Bankfull 1120 DRAWN BY R, Petty
1120 Sc ur Pool CHECKED HY M. Adams
~ (T Nate: CHECKED BY G. Athanosokes
SCALE As Shown
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~ ~ w0 Ow Uw: U L ~ U-i~ N~ O~ ~ w ~ ~ ~ - t m er 2003 o w R R R DATE Se e b,
~ Q ~ 0 Uwe ~ ~ R R R R . ~ DRAWN BY S.G,B/R, Peffy R R R R R RO
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0 m O k Q Q ~ C > ~ ~ N ~ 0 ~ C ~ r, R R R R R R R R / \ N - J R ~ SCALE 1 - 100 R R R R R R R R R R 0
R R R R ~ 0 REVISED R
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Note
1. Install live stakes along W
outside of meander bend W
and along both banks of 3' 3' Streambank z
rrffle.
Install 3 Live Stakes A Live Stakes Yd. In A Sandba s
2. Install live stakes where Per Sq • \ / /
~ Random Pattern channel banks are reworked ~ • z
along Bankfull bench. ~ W
Extend to top of I, • • •
Pool - Bank or as directed ~ -1 3' I Section B-B
~ b Engineer ' ~ y
! ~ ~ 2 Rrff e ~
\ / ~ Banks Sandbags
Live Stakes \ \ • \ \ a~
\ \ Lrve Cutting (9/2 to ~I \ 2 m
/ \ 1 rn Diameter ~ \ ~
~ 3 Live Stakes o n o~
Pool = ; 10 > Erosion Control ~ , 3
5 Blanket Le end Buds Facia U ward) r a ~ g P ~ Section A-A N
Live Stakes---~i
Thalwe ?Bankfull ~ g , G ~ ~o
/ J p LOW FLOW U~
t B t N ~
Basal End Cut
Plan Cross-Sections At An An le g
• h
Pum Around Work Area P ~ ~
Pum ~ P
DORMANT LIVE STAKE ` Thalweg
~ C ~ ~
Sandbags ~ ~
o Live Stakes ~ W N
Riffl e o ,de 1 ~ G
R Pool Un ~ • ~ 0
TYPICA W TYPICAL PLAN A A ro U " Sfream fl ow x
Pool
Downstream Pool Upstream Pool z
10 DORMANT LIVE STAKE DETAIL A Alon Channel B AIL Pum P ~
Drstance g 5 Not To Scale ~ b
Profile 0 x
_ - G N
TRUCTED MEANDER -DETAIL W N Orscharge To Srlt n
TYPICAL RECONS 8 Trapping Device
5 Not To Scale PI an
11 PUMP-AROUND FLOW Dll/ERSION DETAIL
5 Not To Scale
Z
A Section or Detail No. U) -
J
Q Q Q
0 00 ~ ° Sheef Where Shown I- Z
0 0 0 ° p ~ c° ° °b o0 ~ N 0 D W J
0 0°4 °o °0 3 I-
0 0 0 ~ ~ o ~ ~ 0 REFERENCE KEY U~
~ o00 0 00 ° ° 0 W Z ~ A rox. 30 Q
o Entrance o ~ ~ o ~ ~
~ ° cn o o °O o 0 ~ Planting Bankfull Channel Width Typical - (n Plantin I- !L
~ 0° 0 0° ~ Width 9 Q W= Q
80 o Zone Fl w °o ° a~ Low o Zone ~ _WI- W
~ o P 8 0 n,~ ~1 ~ o ~°oaoo`b W Channel Width ~tn J ~
Slope varies throughout. F- E- Z
B m Refer to Sfream Profile. ~ ~ - Z Rrffle Armor (n
yy
9 7 A ~ ~ ~ ~ s ~ ~ Low Flow ~ ~ ~
3 ~ W ~ ~ Water Surface
900 ft. Mmrmum ~a ~ ~ Place 98 mrn. diameter
3 a s ~ N g ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Z LL ~ Q ~ b ~ ~ boulders at head of riffle. u,J
~ C PLAN ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ W ~ ~ ~ T f lders shall be ~ ~ ap o bou J
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ' 4 ~ ~~y~ , m o ~ F ~ ~ Q~ b d ~
~ ~ ~ \ 0 0 0 0~ o flush with channel invert. f- ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
Q ~ ~ 0 0 p d' ~ ~ ~ o ~ ~ fA ~ PROFILE B-B Q
00 ~ p o Q ~ N
~ 0 ~ V o ~ 4
Prpe as Necessary a #3 Stone ~ ~ ~ y ~ Bankfull Channel
~ o o
Geotextile Fabric ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ o ~ d Low Flow
SECTION A-A ~ o W L ~ Ex. Group dl rn e JECT No. L V2003O09 w ~ ~ ~ Channel PR0
NOTES ~ ~ ~ , ? ~ b ~ ~ A ~ ~ Varies A ~ DATE Au ust, 2003
9 ~ ~ RAYtrT BY R. Pett D Y
tail are recommended minimums. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1. All the drmensrons rn thrs de ~ ~ ~ ~ - CHECKED BY M. Adams
Bankfull CHECKED BY G. Athanosakes
all install 4 inches of No. 3 Stone with geotextile fabric. The Riffl 2. The contractor sh Riffle Armor Erosion Control SCALE As Shown Elevatron
' m of 100 feet in lea th and 14 feet in width for B entrance should be a mrnrmu g Blanket REV~sEn Vanes)
one-wa entrances or 24 feet in width for two-way entrances. PLAN Thalweg i 1 Arm v i hickness i. Aril 19 2004 R ff e or ar es rn f ,
y from 6 to 70 inches. Low point 2. October 13, 2004
make ever effort to minimize the amount of soil and mud
3. The contractor sha11 y shall be in center of channel 3• 4.
ruction sife. The stone in the entrance should be replaced or leaving the coast CROSS-SECTION A-A
entrance fails to reduce the mud on the construction cleaned whenever the B.
vehicles. COMPOSITION OF RIFFLE ~ F RIFFLE ARMOR 12 RIFFLE ARMOR -DETAIL 7.
5 Not To Scale 8.
TION ENTRANCE -DETAIL nd f5q TABILIZED CONSTRUC ~ Sa 9 S q 5 SHEET
q Gravel f5q) 5 Not To Scal e 5q) 75
~_L~~_ i~~ar~ _corl ~n
io uuuu/e t Rio/ cv
D50 (mm) a
D84 (MM) ~0 5 of 7
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