20050585 Ver 1_Complete File_20050406

JUL-21-2035 15:40 FROM:WAT 8282564663 T0:919197335893 P:2/7
a ?
Michael F. Easley. Governor
NVillian Q. Ross Jr„ Secretary
North Carolina r]cpsrtm-nt of Environment and Natural Rnaollrces
April 25, 2005
Sue Burrell
2930 Sunny Point Road
Murphy, NC 23906
Alan W Klimck P.E. I)ircctor
Division of Water Quality
DWQ Project4 OS-0535
Cherokee County
Subject Property: Burrell Property
PIN4's 454100930577000, 454100837369000, and 454100943232000
Approval of 401 Water Quality Certification with Additional Conditions
Dear Mrs. Burrell:
You have our approval, in accordance with the attached conditions and those listed below, to
place fill within or otherwise impact 2121 feet of streams for the purpose of stream bank
stabilization at the subject property, as described within your application received by the N.C.
Division of Water Quality (DWQ) on November 15, 2004. After reviewing your application, we
have decided that the impacts arc covered by General Water Quality Certification Number(s)
3399 (GC3399). The Certification(s) allows you to use Nationwide Pcrmit(s) 27 when issued by
the US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE). In addition, you should obtain or otherwise comply
with any other required federal, state or local permits before you go ahead with your project
including (but not limited to) Erosion and Sediment Control, Non-discharge, and buffer
regulations. Also, this approval to proceed with your proposed impacts or to conduct
impacts to waters as depicted W your application shall expire upon expiration of the 404 or
LAMA Permit,
This approval is for the purpose and design that you described in your application. If you change
your project, you must notify us and you may be required to send us a new application. Jf the
property is sold, the new owner must be given a copy of this Certification and approval letter and
is thereby responsible for complying with all conditions. If total fills for this project (now or in
the future) exceed one acre of wetland or 1.50 linear feet of stream, compensatory mitigation may
be required as described in 15A NCAC 2H .0506 (h). This approval requires you to follow the
conditions listed in the attached certification and any additional conditions listed below.
The Additional Conditions of the Certification are:
401 Wefand3 Cer9(lcatbn Unit
1650 Nail Servim Center, Raleigh, North Caroluna 27699-1650
2321 Crattran 90ulavard. Sulte.250, Ralorgh, tvarih CArclina 27604
Phony.; 919.733.17861 FAX [phone] / In'emet: ht i?enr.sta!ryrl?uslmmn j) n0
An Equal OppcrtunitylAfflrnatlvP Action Employer-50%Rocyc;eellD% Post ConsumerPapnr
JUL-21-2005 THU 14:17 TEL:[phone] NAME:DWQ-WETLANDS
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P: 2
I
JUL-21-2035 15:41 FROM:WAT 8282564663 TD:919197336893 P:3/7
Burrell Property:
Pafye 2 of 6
April 25, 2005:
1. Impacts Approved
The following impacts are hereby approved as long as all of the other specific and
general conditions of this Certi_tication (or Isolated Wetland Permit) are met. No other
impacts are approved including incidental impacts:
Amount Approved , flan Location or Reference
(Units)
Stream 2121 (feet) Persimon Creek
2. Erosion &: Sediment Control Practices
Erosion and sediment control practices must be in full compliance with all specifications
governing the proper design, installation and operation and maintenance of such Best
ylenagcmcnt Practices in order to protect surface waters standards.
a. The erosion and sediment control measures for the project must be designed,
installed, operated, and maintained in accordance with the mast recent version of the
North Carolina Sediment and Erosion Control Planning and Design Manual.
b. The design, installation, operation, and maintenance of the sediment and erosion
control measures must be such that they equal, or exceed, the requirements specified
in the most recent version of the North Carolina Sediment and Erosion Control
Manual. The devices shall be maintained on all construction sites, borrow sites, and
waste pile (spoil) projects, including contractor-owned or leased borrow pits
associated with the project.
c. For borrow pit sites, the.erosion and sediment control measures ;must be designed,
installed, operated, and maintained in accordance with the most recent version of the
North Carolina Surface Mining 11anual.
d. The reclamation measures and implementation must comply with the reclamation in
accordance with the requirements of the Sedimentation Pollution Control Act.
3. No Waste, Spoil, Solids, or Fill of Any Kind
No waste, spoil, solids, or fill of any kind shall occur in wetlands, waters, or riparian areas
beyond the footprint of the impacts depicted in the Prc-Construction Notification. All
construction activities, including the design, installation, operation, and maintenance of
sediment and erosion control Best Management Practices, shall be performed so that no
violations of state water quality standards, statutes, or rules occur.
4. No Sediment & Erosion Control Measures w/n Wetlands or Waters
Sediment and erosion, control measures shall not be placed in wetlands or waters to the
maximum extent practicable. If placement of sediment and erosion control devices in
wetlands and waters is unavoidable, they shall be removed and the natural grade restored
within six months of the date that the Division of Land Resources has released the
pre j ect.
JUL-21-2005 THU 14:17 TEL:[phone] NAME:DWQ-WETLANDS P.' 3
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Burrell Property:
Page 3 of 6
April 25, 2005:
5. Ccrtifi.eate of Completion
Upon completion of all work approved within the 401 Water Quality Certification or
applicable Buffer Rules, and any subsequent modifications, the applicant is required to
return the attached certificate of completion to the 401/Wetlands Unit. North Carolina
Division of Water Quality, 1650 Mail Service Ccnter, Raleigh, NC, 276991650.
6. Butler Mitigation (Preservation)
You arc required to mitigate for impacts to the protected riparian buffers. The required
area of mitigation to compensate for impacts to the protected riparian buffers is 30 linear
feet from each stream bank on the subject property. The DWQ has determined that your
proposal will satisfy this requirement if the following conditions are met.
Deed Notifications - Deed notifications or similar mechanisms shall be placed on
the lot to assure compliance with the conditions of this variance approval. These
mechanisms shall be put in place prior to impacting any buffers approved for
impact under this Minor Variance. The Deed Notifications shall include the
following paragraph.
"The areas shown on the recorded plat as Riparian Buffer Protection Areas
shall be maintained in perpetuity in their natural or mitigated condition.
No person or entity shall fill, grade, excavate, or perform' any other land
disturbing activities;. nor cut, remove, or harm any vegetation; nor
construct any structures or add any additional impervious surfaces, on
such protected areas without written authorization from the Division of
Water Quality (DWQ). This covenant is intended to ensure continued
compliance with authorizations issued by the State of North Carolina,
Division of Water Quality, DWQ Project Number 04-1847, and therefore
may be enforced by the State of North Carolina. This covenant is to run
with the land, and shall be binding on the Owner, and all parties claiming
under it."
7. Diffuse Flow (No Review)
All constructed stomtwater conveyance outlets shall be directed and maintained as
diffuse flow at non-erosive velocities through the protected stream buffers such that it
will not re-concentrate before discharging into a stream. If this is not possible, it may be
necessary to provide stormwatr-r facilities that are considered to remove nitrogen. This
may require additional approval from this Office.
8. Turbidity Standard
The turbidity standard of 50 NTUs (Nephelometric Turbidity Units) shall not be
exceeded as described in 15 A NCAC 2B. .0200. Appropriate sediment and erosion
control practices must be used to meet this standard.
JUL-21-2005 THU 14:18 TEL:[phone] NAME:DWQ-WETLANDS P. 4
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Burrell Property:
Page 4 of 6
April 25, 2005:
9. No Impacts Beyond those in Application
No waste, spoil, solids, or till of any kind shall occur in wetlands, waters, or riparian areas
beyond the footprint of the impacts depicted in the Pre-construction Notification. All
construction activities, including the design, installation, operation, and maintenance of
sediment and erosion control Best Management Practices, shall be performed so that no
violations of state water quality standards., statutes, or rules occur.
10. No Sediment and Erosion Control Measures in Wetlands
Sediment and erosion control measures shall not be placed in wetlands or waters to the
maximum extent practicable. If placement of sediment and erosion control devices in
wetlands and waters is unavoidable, they shall be removed and the natural grade restored
within six months of the date that the Division of Land Resources or locally delegated
program has released the project.
11. Certificate of Completion
Upon completion of all work approved within the 401 Water Quality Certification or
applicable Buffer Rules. and any subsequent modifications, the applicant is required to
return the attached certificate of completion to the 401AVetlands Unit, North Carolina
Division of Water Quality, 1650 Mail Service Center, Raleigh, NC, 27699-1650.
12. Deed Notifications
Decd notifications or similar mechanisms shall be placed on all retained jurisdictional
wetlands, waters and protective buffers in order to assure compliance for future wetland,
water and buffer impact. These mechanisms shall be put in place prior to impacting any
wetlands, waters andlor buffers approved for impact under this Certification Approval
and Authorization Certificate, A sample deed notification can be downloaded from the
401AVetlan.ds Unit web site at http://h2o.cnr.state,nc.us/ncwetlands. The text of the
sample decd notification may be modified as appropriate to suit to this project.
13. Temporary Fills
All temporary fill and culverts shall be removed and the impacted area returned to the
original grade, including each stream's original cross sectional dimensions, planform
pattern, and longitudinal bed and bed profile after construction is complete or within 6
months of the establishment of the crossing, which ever is sooner, and the various sites
shall be stabilized with natural woody vegetation (except for the maintenance areas of
permanent utility crossings) and restored to prevent erosion. If the crossings are not
completely removed and restored as described above within the specified time above,
additional written approval from this Office must be obtained to modify this condition,.
JUL-21-2005 THU 14:18 TEL:[phone] NAME:DWQ-WETLANDS P.I 5
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Burrell Property:
Page 5 of 6
April. 25, 2005:
14. Standard Condition for Stream and Wetland Projects Approved Under GC 3399
Based on the information provided this Office considers that all of tlae conditions of
General Certification (GC) No. 3353 have been met and that no additional written
approval is required in order to construct the above project. If the project design changes
or if the project is not constructed according to the design, then the approval is no longer
valid and the plans must be resubmitted per GC 3353. If the project is to be used for
compensatory mitigation credit in the future, then additional written concurrence by this
Office is required. Please be advised that if this Office has not reviewed the proposed
reference site or the construction site before construction begins, then it may be
impossible to determine whether or not mitigation credit can be awarded. Also, additional
information may be required to complete a review for compensatory mitigation purposes.
The Division of Water Quality (DWQ) is a participant in the Mitigation Banking Rcview
Team (MBRT) established by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. DWQ's approval of a
Nitigation Banking Instniment shall be the sole approval for compensatory mitigation
banking credit for the State as long as proper 401 Water Quality Certification, approvals
have been obtained. Please be advised that the additional information may require that the
project be redesigned and/or that the project not be used for compensatory mitigation
credit.
Violations of any condition herein set forth may result in revocation of this Certification and may
result in criminal and/or civil penalties. The authorization to proceed with your proposed
impacts or to conduct impacts to waters as depicted in your application and as authorized by this
Certification, shall. expire upon expiration of the 404 or CAMA Permit.
If you do not accept any of the conditions of this Certification (associated with the approved
wetland or stream impacts), you may ask for an adjudicatory hearing. You must act within 60
days of the date that you receive this letter. To ask for a hearing, send a written petition, which
conforms to Chapter 15013 of the North Carolina General Statutes to the Office of Administrative
Hearings, 6714 Mail Service Center, Raleigh, N.C. 27699-6714. This certification and its
conditions are final and binding unless you ask for a hearing.
JUL-21-2005 THU 14:19 TEL:[phone] NAME:DWQ-WETLANDS P.' 6
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Burrell Property:
Page 6 of 6
April 25, 2005;
This letter completes the review of the Division of Water Quality under Section 401 of the Clean
Water Act. If you have any questions, please telephone Cyndi Karoly in the Central office in
Raleigh at 919-7339721 or Kevin Barnett in the DWQ Asheville Regional Office at
823.296.4657.
Sincerely,
Alan W. Klimek, P,E.
AWKJk/2b
Enclosures: GC 3399
Certificate of Completion
cc: USACE Asheville Regulatory Field Office
DWQ Asheville Regional Office
DLR Asheville Regional Office
File Copy
Central Files
Filename: PersimonCreekStabilization.GC3399,approval
P: 7/7
JUL-21-2005 THU 14:20 TEL:[phone] NAME:DWQ-WETLANDS P. 7
MEMORANDUM
TO: John Dorney
Non-Discharge Branch
Regional Contact: Barnett. Kevin
WQ Supervisor: Rnppr Fdwnrds
Date:
SUBJECT: WETLAND STAFF REPORT AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Facility Name Persimmon Creek Stabilization for Sue Burrell
Project Number 05 0585
Recvd From APP
Received Date 4/6/05 Recvd By Region
Project Type Creel: stablization
County Cherokee
County2
Region Asheville
Certificates Stream
Permit Wetland Wetland Wetland Stream Class Acres Feet
Type Type Impact Score Index Prim. Supp. Basin Req. Req.
37 Stream PT -@N F- 1-63 F C r 40,502. F--F-2,121 -oc
O Y O N F F_-F__F__ F__F_-
Mitigation Wetland
MitigationType Type Acres Feet
Is Wetland Rating Sheet Attached? O Y 4N Did you request more info? O Y @N
Have Project Changes/Conditions Been Discussed With Applicant? O Y @ N
Is Mitigation required? O Y O N Recommendation: O Issue © Issue/Cond O Deny
Provided by Region: Latitude (ddmmss) 350259 Longitude (ddmmss) 841058
Comments:
Issued ARO - 04/25/2005 - KHB Awaiting ltr to fill in approved project
details
Dbase updated w/ apprvl date only
L Dennison
cc: Regional Office
Central Office Page Number 1
Triage Check List
Date: 4/8/05 Project Name: Persimmon Creels Stabilization
DWQ#: 05-0585
Kevin Barnett, Asheville Regional Office County: Cherokee
To: 60-day Processing Time: 4/6/05 to 6/4/05
We're not sure if this is EWP or not - they didn't say it was:''
From: Cyndi Karoly Telephone : [phone]
The file attached is being forwarded to your for your evaluation.
Please call if you need assistance.
? Stream length impacted
? Stream determination
Wetland determination and distance to blue-line surface waters on USFW topo maps
? Minimization/avoidance issues
? Buffer Rules (Neuse, Tar-Pamlico, Catawba, Randleman)
? Pond fill
Mitigation Ratios
? Ditching
? Are the stream and or wetland mitigation sites available and viable?
? Check drawings for accuracy
Is the application consistent with pre-application meetings?
? Cumulative impact concern

Comments: As per our discussion regarding revision of the triage and delegation processes,
please review the attached file. Note that you are the first reviewer, so this file will need to be
reviewed for administrative as well as technical details. If you elect to place this project on hold,
please ask the applicant to provide your requested information to both the Central Office in
Raleigh as well as the Asheville Regional Office. As we discussed, this is an experimental, interim
procedure as we slowly transition to electronic applications. Please apprise me of any
complications you encounter, whether related to workload, processing times, or lack of a "second
reviewer" as the triage process in Central had previously provided. Also, if you think of ways to
improve this process, especially so that we can plan for the electronic applications, let me know.
Thanks!
0@901619 D
APR 0 2005
Office Use Only' Forni Version May 2002
????tvJ osFJ o?sTO°ea?VcH ( Q J 8 J
USACE Action ID No. DWQ No.
_11 _ „AT,A I-
(If any particular item is not applicable to MIS project, picasc crier ,NUL rApt)I,I-au,U ,,, ..,- .,
f"7
I. Processing; C7
1. Check all of the approval(s) requested for this project:
X Section 404 Permit ? Riparian or Watershed Buffer Rules
? Section 10 Permit ? Isolated Wetland Permit from DWQ
? 401 Water Quality Certification
L3 q
2. Nationwide, Regional or General Permit Number(s) Requested Nationwide
3. If this notification is solely a courtesy copy because written approval for the 401 Certification
is not required, check here: X
4. If payment into the North Carolina Wetlands Restoration Program (NCWRP) is proposed for
mitigation of impacts (verify availability with NCWRP prior to submittal of PCN), complete
section VIII and check here: ?
5. If your project is located in any of North Carolina's twenty coastal counties (listed oil page
4), and the project is within a North Carolina Division of Coastal Management Area of
Environmental Concern (see the top of page 2 for further details), check here: ?
II. Applicant Information
1. Owner/Applicant Information
Name: Sue Burrell
Mailing Address: 2980 Sunny Point Road
Murphy N C 28906
Telephone Number: 828-644-0747 Fax Number:
E-mail Address:
2. Agent/Consultant Information (A signed and dated copy of the Agent Authorization letter
must be attached if the Agent has signatory authority for the owner/applicant.)
Name:Michael Stiles
Company Affiliation: Cherokee County Soil & Water
Mailing Address: 225 Valley River Avenue
Murphy N C 28906
Telephone Number: 828-837-6417 Ext. 3 Fax Number:
E-mail Address: [e-mail]
Page 5 of 13
III. Project Information
Attach a vicinity map clearly showing the location of the property with respect to local
landmarks such as towns, rivers, and roads. Also provide a detailed site plan showing property
boundaries and development plans in relation to surrounding properties. Both the vicinity map
and site plan must include a scale and north arrow. The specific footprints of all buildings,
impervious surfaces, or other facilities must be included. If possible, the maps and plans should
include the appropriate USGS Topographic Quad Map and NRCS Soil Survey with the property
boundaries outlined. Plan drawings, or other maps may be included at the applicant's discretion,
so long as the property is clearly defined. For administrative and distribution purposes, the
USACE,requires information to be submitted on sheets no larger than 11 by 17-inch format;
however, DWQ may accept paperwork of any size. DWQ prefers full-size construction
drawings rather than a sequential sheet version of the full-size plans. If full-size plans are
..,,d. ccd to small crnlr ciirh that the final version is illegible, the applicant will be informed that
the project has been placed on hold until decipherable maps are provided.
1. Name of project: Persimmon Creek Stabilization-Sue Burrell Property
2. T.I.P. Project Number or State Project Number (NCDOT Only): N/A
3. Property Identification Number (Tax PIN): 454100930577000, 454100837869000,
454100943232000
4. Location
County: Cherokee Nearest Town: Murphy N. C.
Subdivision name (include phase/lot number): N/A
Directions to site (include road numbers, landmarks, etc.): See attached vicinity man
5. Site coordinates, if available (UTM or Lat/Long): (35 02 59 Lat) (84 10 58 Long)
(Note - If project is linear, such as a road or utility line, attach a sheet that separately lists the
coordinates for each crossing of a distinct waterbody.)
6. Property size (acres): 39.68 Acres
7. Nearest body of water (stream/river/sound/ocean/lake):
8. River Basin: Hiwassee River Basin
(Note - this must be one of North Carolina's seventeen designated major river basins. The
River Basin map is available at littV://li2o.enr.state.iic.us/adiTiin/iiiips/.)
9. Describe the existing conditions on the site and general land use in the vicinity of the project
at the time of this application: See attached Stabilization Plan
Page 6 of 13
10. Describe the overall project in detail, including the type of equipment to be used: See
Attached Stabilization Plan for Project Description Equipment will include l track hole
excavator, 1 bulldozer
11. Explain the purpose of the proposed work: Stabilize eroding streambanks on Persimmon
Creek reduce overall sedimentation and enhance aquatic habitats.
IV. Prior Project History
If jurisdictional determinations and/or permits have been requested and/or obtained for this
project (including all prior phases of the same subdivision) in the past, please explain. Include
the USACE Action ID Number, DWQ Project Number, application date, and date permits and
certifications were issued or withdrawn. Provide photocopies of previously issued permits,
certifications or other useful information. Describe previously approved wetland, stream and
buffer impacts, along with associated mitigation (where applicable). If this is a NCDOT project,
list and describe permits issued for prior segments of the same T.I.P. project, along with
construction schedules.
N/A
V. Future Project Plans
Are any future permit requests anticipated for this project? If so, describe the anticipated work,
and provide justification for the exclusion of this work from the current application.
N/A
VI. Proposed Impacts to Waters of the United States/Waters of the State
It is the applicant's (or agent's) responsibility to determine, delineate and map all impacts to
wetlands, open water, and stream channels associated with the project. The applicant must also
provide justification for these impacts in Section VII below. All proposed impacts, permanent
and temporary, must be listed herein, and must be clearly identifiable on an accompanying site
plan. All wetlands and waters, and all streams (intermittent and perennial) must be shown on a
delineation map, whether or not impacts are proposed to these systems. Wetland and stream
evaluation and delineation forms should be included as appropriate. Photographs may be
Page 7 of 13
included at the applicant's discretion. If this proposed impact is strictly for wetland or stream
mitigation, list and describe the impact in Section VIII below. If additional space is needed for
listing or description, please attach a separate sheet.
1. Provide a written description of the proposed impacts: Temporal impacts will result from
the construction and installation of rock vanes '-hook vanes cross vanes and rootwads. The
structures will enhance the overall condition of Persimmon Creek.
2. Individually list wetland impacts below:

Wetland Impact
Site Number
(;-iiratr nn man)
Type of Impact* Area of
Impact
(acres) Located within
100-year Floodplain**
(yes/no) Distance to
Nearest Stream
(linear feet)
Type of Wetland***

h d ] in radin fill
* List each impact separately and identify temporary impacts. Impacts include, but are not hmrted to. mec anrze c ear g, g g,
excavation, flooding, ditching/drainage, etc. For dams, separately list impacts due to both structure and flooding.
** 100-Year floodplains are identified through the Federal Emergency Management Agency's (FEMA) Flood Insurance Rate Maps
(FIRM), or FEMA-approved local floodplain maps. Maps are available through the FEMA Map Service Center at 1-800-358-9616, or
online at littp://www.fema.eov.
*** List a wetland type that best describes wetland to be impacted (e.g., freshwater/saltwater marsh, forested wetland, beaver pond,
Carolina Bay, bog, etc.) Indicate if wetland is isolated (determination of isolation to be made by USACE only).
List the total acreage (estimated) of all existing wetlands on the property: N/A
Total area of wetland impact proposed: N/A
3. Individually list all intermittent and perennial stream impacts below:
Stream Impact
Site Number
(indicate on ma)
Persimmon Cr.
Type of Impact*

Temporary Length of
Impact
(linear feet)
2121
Stream Name**

Persimon Cr. Average Width
of Stream
Before Impact
30 ft Perennial or
Intermittent?
(please secif )
Perennial

d 1 is and associated rip-rap
* List each impact separately and identify temporary impacts. Impacts Include, but are not hlnlte to. cu ver
dams (separately list impacts due to both structure and flooding), relocation (include linear feet before and after, and net loss/gain),
stabilization activities (cement wall, rip-rap, crib wall, gabions, etc.), excavation, ditching/straightening, etc. If stream relocation is
proposed, plans and profiles showing the linear footprint for both the original and relocated streams must be included.
** Stream names can be found on USGS topographic maps. If a stream has no name, list as UT (unnamed tributary) to the nearest
downstream named stream into which it flows. USGS maps are available through the USGS at 1-800-358-9616, or online at
Page 8 of 13
\v'ww.US'L T0y. Several internet sites also allow direct download and printing of USGS maps (e.g., w\vw l(pn/onc.COn1,
www.maPquest.com, etc.).
Cumulative impacts (linear distance in feet) to all streams on site: 2121 ft
4. Individually list all open water impacts (including lakes, ponds, estuaries, sounds, Atlantic
Ocean and any other water of the U.S.) below:
Open Water Impact
Site Number
(indicate on ma )

Type of Impact* Area of
Impact
(acres) N
(if Name of Water applicable) body Type of Waterbody
lake, pond, estuary, sound,
bay, ocean, etc.)

?... ,n• fill eYravatinn_ dred Line.
* List each impact separately and identity temporary impacts. rmpau, ,uc,uuc, vuL
flooding, drainage, bulkhcads, etc.
5. Pond Creation
If construction of a pond is proposed, associated wetland and stream impacts should be
included above in the wetland and stream impact sections. Also, the proposed pond should
be described here and illustrated on any maps included with this application.
Pond to be created in (check all that apply): ? uplands ? stream ? wetlands
Describe the method of construction (e.g., dam/embankment, excavation, installation of
draw-down valve or spillway, etc.): N/A
Proposed use or purpose of pond (e.g., livestock watering, irrigation, aesthetic, trout pond,
local stormwater requirement, etc.): N/A
Size of watershed draining to pond: N/A Expected pond surface area: N/A
VII. Impact Justification (Avoidance and Minimization)
Specifically describe measures taken to avoid the proposed impacts. It may be useful to provide
information related to site constraints such as topography, building ordinances, accessibility, and
financial viability of the project. The applicant may attach drawings of alternative, lower-impact
site layouts, and explain why these design options were not feasible. Also discuss how impacts
were minimized once the desired site plan was developed. If applicable, discuss construction
techniques to be followed during construction to reduce impacts.
Stream stabilization will only be conducted in areas exhibiting active erosion. Construction will
be conducted duringlow flow events Any rises or increases in flows will require that equipment
exit channel. Streambanks disturbed via stabilization activities will be seeded and covered
immediately.
VIII. Mitigation
Page 9 of 13
DWQ - In accordance with 15A NCAC 2H .0500, mitigation may be required by the NC
Division of Water Quality for projects involving greater than or equal to one acre of impacts to
freshwater wetlands or greater than or equal to 150 linear feet of total impacts to perennial
streams.
USACE - In accordance with the Final Notice of Issuance and Modification of Nationwide
Permits, published in the Federal Register on March 9, 2000, mitigation will be required when
necessary to ensure that adverse effects to the aquatic environment are minimal. Factors
including size and type of proposed impact and function and relative value of the impacted
aquatic resource will be considered in determining acceptability of appropriate and practicable
mitigation as proposed. Examples of mitigation that may be appropriate and practicable include,
but are not limited to: reducing the size of the project; establishing and maintaining wetland
and/or upland vegetated buffers to protect open waters such as streams; and replacing losses of
c._...:..-... ,,,.,,7 ,all.. v .. l..r n "n.+hinrt rrr.onliqnr;n or --- - - - - -- - 0 nvino cunt ?r
0.11U0.11 1. 1l. JVUlI. ?+-1U11 \.uvuJ uuu . uau.i u) ... .. .... b, . -- -... -.-..... .D, - -.• . "- -- --o> - - 1 - - - - - --?
functions and values, preferable in the same watershed.
If mitigation is required for this project, a copy of the mitigation plan must be attached in order
for USACE or DWQ to consider the application complete for processing. Any application
lacking a required mitigation plan or NCWRP concurrence shall be placed on hold as
incomplete. An applicant may also choose to review the current guidelines for stream restoration
in DWQ's Draft Technical Guide for Stream Work in North Carolina, available at
http://h2o.enr.state.nc.us/ncwetlands/strin,gidc.bti-nl.
1. Provide a brief description of the proposed mitigation plan. The description should provide
as much information as possible, including, but not limited to: site location (attach directions
and/or map, if offsite), affected stream and river basin, type and amount (acreage/linear feet)
of mitigation proposed (restoration, enhancement, creation, or preservation), a plan view,
preservation mechanism (e.g., deed restrictions, conservation easement, etc.), and a
description of the current site conditions and proposed method of construction. Please attach
a separate sheet if more space is needed.
N/A
2. Mitigation may also be made by payment into the North Carolina Wetlands Restoration
Program (NCWRP). Please note it is the applicant's responsibility to contact the NCWRP at
[phone] to determine availability and to request written approval of mitigation prior
to submittal of a PCN. For additional information regarding the application process for the
NCWRP, check the NCWRP website at httl2://h2o.enr.state.nc.us/wrp/index.htm. If use of
the NCWRP is proposed, please check the appropriate box on page three and provide the
following information:
Amount of stream mitigation requested (linear feet): N/A
Amount of buffer mitigation requested (square feet): N/A
Page 10 of 13
Amount of Riparian wetland mitigation requested (acres): N/A
Amount of Non-riparian wetland mitigation requested (acres): N/A
Amount of Coastal wetland mitigation requested (acres): N/A
IX. Environmental Documentation (required by DWQ)
Does the project involve an expenditure of public (federal/state) funds or the use of public
(federal/state) land?
Yes x No ?
If yes, does the project require preparation of an environmental document pursuant to the
requirements of the National or North Carolina Environmental Policy Act (NEPA/SEPA)?
Note: If you are not sure whether a NF,PA/SFPA dncnmrnt is reniiired rail the .SFPA
coordinator at [phone] to review current thresholds for environmental documentation.
Yes ? No x
If yes, has the document review been finalized by the State Clearinghouse? If so, please attach a
copy of the NEPA or SEPA final approval letter.
Yes ? No ?
X. Proposed Impacts on Riparian and Watershed Buffers (required by DWQ)
It is the applicant's (or agent's) responsibility to determine, delineate and map all impacts to
required state and local buffers associated with the project. The applicant must also provide
justification for these impacts in Section VII above. All proposed impacts must be listed herein,
and must be clearly identifiable on the accompanying site plan. All buffers must be shown on a
map, whether or not impacts are proposed to the buffers. Correspondence from the DWQ
Regional Office may be included as appropriate. Photographs may also be included at the
applicant's discretion.
Will the project impact protected riparian buffers identified within 15A NCAC 2B .0233
(Neuse), 15A NCAC 2B .0259 (Tar-Pamlico), 15A NCAC 213 .0250 (Randleman Rules and
Water Supply Buffer Requirements), or other (please identify )?
Yes ? No x If you answered "yes", provide the following information:
Identify the square feet and acreage of impact to each zone of the riparian buffers. If buffer
mitigation is required calculate the required amount of mitigation by applying the buffer
multipliers.
Zone* Impact
(square feet) Multiplier Required
Mitigation
1 3
2 1.5
Total
zone 1 extends out 3U teet perpendicular from near bank of channel; Zone 2 extends an
additional 20 feet from the edge of Zone 1.
Page 11 of 13
If buffer mitigation is required, please discuss what type of mitigation is proposed (i.e., Donation
of Property, Conservation Easement, Riparian Buffer Restoration / Enhancement, Preservation or
Payment into the Riparian Buffer Restoration Fund). Please attach all appropriate information as
identified within 15A NCAC 213 .0242 or .0260.
N/A
XI. Stormwater (required by DWQ)
Describe impervious acreage (both existing and proposed) versus total acreage on the site.
Discuss stormwater controls proposed in order to protect surface waters and wetlands
downstream from the property.
Impervious acreage is limited to mainly the roadway associated with Bell Hill Road and two
residences nearby. Stormwater controls will include the application of coir fiber (excelsior)
matting, seeding and planting along all sloping and/or disturbed areas. Geotextile fabric will also
be placed aloe the upstream side of each rock structure.
XIL Sewage Disposal (required by DWQ)
Clearly detail the ultimate treatment methods and disposition (non-discharge or discharge) of
wastewater generated from the proposed project, or available capacity of the subject facility.
XIII. Violations (required by DWQ)
Is this site in violation of DWQ Wetland Rules (15A NCAC 2H.0500) or any Buffer Rules?
Yes ? No x
Is this an after-the-fact permit application?
Yes ? No x
XIV. Other Circumstances (Optional):
It is the applicant's responsibility to submit the application sufficiently in advance of desired
construction dates to allow processing time for these permits. However, an applicant may
choose to list constraints associated with construction or sequencing that may impose limits on
work schedules (e.g., draw-down schedules for lakes, dates associated with Endangered and
Threatened Species, accessibility problems, or other issues outside of the applicant's control).
Page 12 of 13

?/- /- 6)s
Applicant/Agent's Signature Date
(Agent's signature is valid only if an authorization letter from the applicant is provided.)
Page 13 of 13

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Table of Contents
Vicinity and Watershed Map
? Plan View, BOP to Sta. 7+00
? Plan View, Sta. 7+00 to Sta. 13+50
? Plan View, Sta. 13+50 to EOP
? Cross-section Details
? Optional Fish Habitat Structures
? RiverMorph Design Report
? Instream Structures Constructed of Rock Specification
? Root Wad Structure Specification
? Tree Revetment Structure Specification
? Riparian Seeding and Planting Guidelines
? Streamside Woody Vegetation Establishment
Streambank Vegetation
Y'M"nity and WateFshed Map
Watershed upstream of tributary is 10.5 square miles
Watershed downstream of tributary is 12 square miles
Legend
Ba"l
Rock Structure
J-hook
Rock Structure
Cross-vane
Root Wad Structure
(P Constructed Pool
Location
Fill, typically to

771 hankfull elevation
Cut for channel
realignment
Top of Bank
Proposed
Top of Bank
Existing
Notes
All field determinations by the Engineer shall be
guided by the principles of Natural Channel Design
Methodology and the results listed in the RiverMorph
design report.
The Contractor shall not undertake channel
construction activities without the supervision of the
Engineer.
"Engineer" refers to a representative of the Cherokee
County Soil and Water Conservation District.
Woody vegetation that must be removed from the
banks for channel realignment or sloping, shall be
removed in such a manner to make transplanting
possible at locations specified by the Engineer.
Sod shall be removed from all areas where
construction activities will destroy healthy stands of
turf. This sod shall be stockpiled and later used in
critical areas along the constructed channel.
Coarse channel bed materials from abandoned
sections of existing channel shall be excavated and
used for channel bed material in the constructed
channel. (Sta. 5+00 to Sta. 7+00)
All reconstructed streambanks shall be revegetated
with herbaceous and woody vegetation according to
the Riparian Seeding and Planting Guidelines
included. The species, pattern, and density of
plantings shall be determined by the Che ee County
SWCD. All other aSpr5 disturbed b onstruction
activities shall b epaired andx -seeded.
CS 495 /
cs aas
K
P„
/ (?

Sx

k

1?7
d-
l
N
Scale V = 40'
Persimmon Creek Stream Restoration
Cherokee County, North Carolina
Burrell Property
BOP to Sta. 7+00
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATIO A RVICE
Data
Designed JDS 1/05 App Jdey
Tme
Dra. JDS 1(05
Date
Laced STeetNa F0-nrgVF'!9 Name:
Checked ey.dwg
of

Le ettd
Rock Structure
!-hook
Rock Structure
Cross-vane
Root Wad Structure
(P Constructed Pool
Location
Ell- Fill, typically to
bankfull elevation
it 1?= -,I-
Cut for channel
realignment
Top of Bank
Proposed
Top of Bank
Existing
,;;
R301

J
} O
6X ? o

Notes
All field determinations by the Engineer shall be
guided by the principles of Natural Channel Design
Methodology and the results listed in the RiverMorph
design report.
The Contractor shall not undertake channel
construction activities without the supervision of the
Engineer.
"Engineer" refers to a representative of the Cherokee
County Soil and Water Conservation District.
Woody vegetation that must be removed from the
banks for channel realignment or sloping, shall be
removed in such a manner to make transplanting
possible at locations specified by the Engineer.
Sod shall be removed from all areas where
construction activities will destroy healthy stands of
turf. This sod shall be stockpiled and later used in
critical areas along the constructed channel.

Coarse channel bed materials from abandoned
sections of existing channel shall be excavated and
used for channel bed material in the constructed
channel. (Sta. 5+00 to Sta. 7+00) I?
X
All reconstructed streambanks shall be revegetate'd
with herbaceous and woody vegetation according to ,
the Riparian Seeding and Planting Guidelines
included. The species, pattern, and density of
plantings shall be determined by the Cherokee County
SWCD. All other areas disturbed by construction
activities shall be repaired and re-se ded.
0
i
R41
r? , O
RSpt + +
X
r 6>
R30' O
O
X&
S

zx?
k
f
R4

k
O

Scale P = 40'
Persimmon Creek Stream Restoration
Cherokee County, North Carolina
Burrell Property
Sta. 7+00 to 13+50
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION VICE
oate
CeegneA JDS 1l05 aPProveG Oy
Tue
JDS 1105
Cate
Traced Sheet No. Ca.,,g Het Name:
Checked Survey.dwg
- et
ross-vane shall Le ?j1
S - tie in as close as
?QP possible to the
bridge right-of--way Banks Flo. Rock Structure
2%A- ? J-hook
1
1 )
e +
co
ry
13 k ka
O - - ?T
t??
Notes Cj
a
All field determinations by the Engineer shall be
guided by the principles of Natural Channel Design
Methodology and the results listed in the RiverMorph
design report.
The Contractor shall not undertake channel
construction activities without the supervision of the
Engineer.
"Engineer" refers to a representative of the Cherokee
County Soil and Water Conservation District.
Woody vegetation that must be removed from the
banks for channel realignment or sloping, shall be
removed in such a manner to make transplanting
possible at locations specified by the Engineer.
Sod shall be removed from all areas where
construction activities will destroy healthy stands of
turf. This sod shall be stockpiled and later used in
critical areas along the constructed channel.
Coarse channel bed materials from abandoned
sections of existing channel shall be excavated and
used for channel bed material in the constructed
channel. (Sta. 5+00 to Sta. 7+00)
All reconstructed streambanks shall be revegetated
with herbaceous and woody vegetation according to
the Riparian Seeding and Planting Guidelines
included. The species, pattern, and density of
plantings shall be determined by the Cherokee County
SWCD. All other areas disturbed by construction
activities shall be repaired and re-seeded.
Scale 1 "=40'
Jos 1/0S 01
Persimmon Creek Stream R¢st.
Cherokee County, North Carolina
Burrell Property
Sta. 13+50 to EOP
Designed JDS 1105 +
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERV ON iRVICE
Date
Approd©y
Tine EAk! El 'M •?-
Drawn

1 ?+
0
0

I
II
X11
-+1
P +
' R40'
e ?
16ko9
XQ) C)
R50'
?x
Rock Structure
Cross-vane
Root Wad Structure
Constructed Pool
Location
-- t ,:
_- i - Fill, typically to
=_ ' I ( I ?:_ ?, ! bankfull elevation

Cut for channel
realignment

Top of Bank
Proposed
--?" Top of Bank
Existing
0
R35' 7
1p k P?
R30'
I Y)
Traced Sneel No. DravAng File Name
Date - I \ / ? ? ,r / -LR35'
Checked UNey_d Wg
_$

Proposed Cross-sections for
channel upstream of
confluence with the tributary
at proposed Sta. 13+90
Proposed Cross-sections for
channel downstream of
confluence with the tributary
at proposed Sta.13+90
Riffle Cross-section
Abkfl = 75.9 sq.fl.
Dbkfl = 2.5 ft.
Dmax = 4.6 ft.
Wbkfl = 30.0 ft.
W/D =12
- - -Wfpa = 66 ft. min.
- -
Bankfull
Pool Cross-section
Abkfl = 90.6 sq.ft.
Dbkfl = 3.6 ft.
Dmax = 5.8 ft.
Wbkfl = 25.4 ft.
WID =12
Wfpa = 56 ft. min.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Bankfull
/
Riffle Cross-section
Abkfl = 93.3 sq.ft.
Dbkfl = 2.8 ft.
Dmax = 5.1 ft.
Wbkfl = 35.0 ft.
W/D =12
Wfpa = 77 ft. min.
----------------------------
Bankfull /
Pool Cross-section
Abkfl =112.6 sq.ft.
Dbkfl = 4.0 ft.
Dmax = 6.7 ft.
1Vbkfl = 28.3 ft.
W/D =12
Wfpa = 63 ft. min.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Bankfull

r,I°e areasloPe3lmaXimum
I
FlOOd 4
?I D area s1°Qe 3.1 ??imum
Flo°d4tpII
NOTE
' Extensive flood prone area excavation will not be necessary
along most of the project where the top of the bank of the
existing channel is already at or near the bankfull elevation.
3-.1
od prone area slope mimum
Flo
Scale 1" = 6'
.? was
a ?r ?I l
j e3:lmyamucn Persimmon Creek Stream Restoration
tveateaslOQ Cherokee County, North Carolina
Burrell Property
Cross-section Details
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATIO ERVICE
Date
Dmi nec JDS 1/05 APPlo?d BY r
Ti e VT.
Otarm JDS 1105
Data Traced Sneer NO. 11 ..g File Name:
GNerkea _, xsec details.dwg
.
n AN It

STRIZAN FLOW
e,r `-
BANK
FIGURE 8-17. Submerged shelters. (Scchom, 19es
STREAM FLOW
BAI(K
?j^---
AIII
nANK
BANK
FIGURE 8-11. Boulder Placement. (uSDT, 19791
C? r, ,y,??•?•,
S

io

/
f
FIGURE 8.16. Floating log cover.

FLOW
1

?2?

FIGURE 8.18. Half-log cover. (hunt, 1977(

?=---

FIGURE 8.15. Bank cover. (White and Br •nildson, 19871
Persimmon Cr. Stream Rest.
Cherokee County, North Carolina
Burrell Property
Optional Fish Habitat Structures
I U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATIONS .RVICE
pale
Designed JDS 1/05
Drawn JDS 1/05
Approved
Traced
Checked
No. 0ravnr0 Fde Name:
habitat.dwg
Submerged Shelters
Whole trees, tree tops, shrubs, or brush piles placed in the channel and cabled to the
bank provide overhead cover. These structures also provide ideal substrate for aquatic
organisms. These are well suited for the straight sections of this stream and possibly in
some of the meanders.
Boulder Placement
2-3 foot diameter boulders placed in groups or singly in a "random" fashion increase
velocities around themselves such that a scour pool develops around the boulders.
Boulders can be placed in the middle of the stream or keyed into the bank. Boulders
keyed into the banks can also provide some protection to unstable banks. Boulders
keyed into the banks are suited for this stream, but boulders placed in the middle of the
stream are not.
Floating log cover
These structures consist of two or more logs fastened together and cabled to the bank
so that they are free to float and drift with rising and falling stage. Generally placed
over pools, backwater areas, or along meanders to provide overhead protection. This
structure is well suited for this stream.
Half log cover
These structures provide overhead cover for adult trout. They are built with 8-12"
diameter logs split lengthwise, placed upon 6" spacer blocks, and anchored to the
stream bed. They are placed parallel or at a slight angle to stream flow and positioned
at or adjacent to the thalweg. Generally placed in a riffle-run section with sufficient
depth to keep the structure submerged. These structures may be well suited for this
stream, depending on the local bed material and velocity vectors.
Bank Cover
These structures are installed to create an undercut bank effect providing cover for
adult trout. They are built either along the outside of meanders, or in a straight section
in conjunction with another structure that will ensure adequate water depth below.
There are several methods of construction. These are well suited for this stream if
placed in the lower 1/3 of the meander, but may not be necessary because this stream
type should provide sufficient bank cover.
These structures are optional and are not necessary for stream stability, but they will
be beneficial to fish habitat. However if these structures are installed incorrectly or
in the wrong locations in the stream, they could lead to future streambank instability.
Therefore, none of these practices should be undertaken without the supervision of
the Engineer.
Drawings and information are from Dave Rosgen's Applied River Morphology, Second
Edition 1996, Pages 8-16 to 8-30.
RIVERMORPH NATURAL CHANNEL DESIGN REPORT
River Name: Persimmon Creek
Reach Name: Upstream of Crib
--Reference Reach--
Raccoon Creek; Reach 1 ( E 5)
--Boundary conditions--
Drainage Area: 10.5 sq mi
valley slope: 0.005 ft/ft
Bankfull Discharge: 410 cfs
Bankfull cross sectional Area: 75.62 sq ft
mean Depth Calculation Tolerance: 0.2 ft
--Sediment Data--
Riffle Bed Material ID: 100 riffle count
Riffle Bed Material D84: 66.37 mm
Riffle Bed Material D50: 34.29 mm
Bar Sample ID: Bar sample
Bar Sample Dmax: 67 mm
Bar Sample D50: .10.37 mm
--Entrainment options--
shields Entrainment Function
---------------NCD Results---------------
--Alignment--
Meander wavelength: 145.38 ft
channel Length: 162.83 ft
Sinuosity: 1.12
Radius of curvature: 37.85 ft
Bankfull Slope: 0.00445
Meander Belt width: 36.58 ft
meander width Ratio: 1.22
Deflection Angle: .73 rad
--Riffle cross sectional Properties—
width to Depth Ratio: 11.91
Entrenchment Ratio: 6.29
Floodprone width: 188.76 ft
Bankfull width: 30.01 ft

Bankfull Mean Depth:
2.52 ,
ft
Bankfull velocity: 5.42 ft/s
Bankfull Hydraulic Radius: 2.16 ft
Bankfull Shear Stress: 0.6 lbs/sq ft
Required Roughness (n): 0.0305 ftA(1/6)
Entrainable Particle size: 35.9 mm
--Rosgen stream Classification--
Reference Reach
Proposed Reach
Existing Reach
--Sediment Transport Competency—
Ratio - Riffle Slope / Bankfull slope:
Ratio - D50bed / D50bar:
Critical Dimensionless Shear Stress (1):
Required Mean Depth (1):
Ratio - Di bar / D50bed:
Critical Dimensionless Shear Stress. (2):
Required Mean Depth (2):
Minimum Required Mean Depth:
E5
E5
E4
2.40 ft
1
3.307
0.0294
2.40 ft
1.954
0.0212
1.73 ft
------------------------------------------
River Name: Persimmon Creek
Reach Name: Downstream of trib
------------------------------------------
--Reference Reach--
Raccoon Creek; Reach 1 ( E 5)
--Boundary conditions--
Drainage Area: 11.9
valley slope: 0.004
Bankfull Discharge: 501
Bankfull cross sectional Area: 93.47
mean Depth Calculation Tolerance: 0.2
--Sediment Data--
sq mi
ft/ft
cfs
sq ft
ft
Riffle Bed material ID: 100 riffle count
Riffle Bed material D84: 66.37 mm
Riffle Bed material D50: 34.29 mm
Bar Sample ID: Bar sample
Bar Sample Dmax: 67 mm
Bar Sample D50: 10.37 mm
--Entrainment options--
Shields Entrainment Function
---------------NCD Results---------------
--Alignment--
meander wavelength: 161.71 ft
channel Length: 174.65 ft
sinuosity: 1.08
Radius of curvature: 49.28 ft
Bankfull slope: 0.0037
meander Belt width: 32.76 ft
meander width Ratio: 0.98
Deflection Angle: .6 rad
--Riffle cross sectional Properties—
width to Depth Ratio: 11.99
Entrenchment Ratio: 6.29
Floodprone width: 210.59 ft
Bankfull width: 33.48 ft
Bankfull mean Depth: 2.79 ft
Bankfull velocity: 5.36 ft/s
Bankfull Hydraulic Radius: 2.39 ft
Bankfull Shear stress: 0.552 lbs/sq ft
Required Roughness (n): 0.0302 ftA(1/6)
Entrainabie Particle size: 32.5 mm .
Reference Reach
Proposed Reach
Existing Reach
--Sediment Transport Competency--
Ratio - Riffle slope / Bankfull slope:
Ratio - D50bed / D50bar:
Critical Dimensionless Shear Stress (1):
Required Mean Depth (1):
Ratio - Di bar / D50bed:
Critical Dimensionless Shear Stress (2):
Required Mean Depth (2):
minimum-Required mean Depth:
E5
E5
E4
2.88 ft
1
3.307
0.0294
2.88 ft
1.954
0.0212
2.08 ft
--Rosgen stream classification--
CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATION
INSTREAM STRUCTURES CONSTRUCTED OF ROCK
1) SCOPE
This specification covers the installation of Rock Vanes, J-Hooks, and Cross Vanes at locations as
shown on the construction plans and as directed by the engineer.
2) PURPOSE
Redirect erosive velocities away from streambanks
Provide aquatic habitat
Cross Vanes may be used for grade control
3) DEFINITIONS
ROCK VANE -A deflective structure installed pointing upstream, beginning at bankfull sloping
down to the streambed. The angle at which the vane points upstream from the bank
shall be 20-30 degrees. The slope of the top surface of the vane will be 5-7 percent.
The vane should extend from the bank to approximately 1/3 of channel width. (See
fig. l)
J-HOOK - A rock vane with a hooked portion on the streambed. The hook provides additional
habitat. (See fig. 2)
CROSS VANE - A rock vane from both sides of the stream with a connecting bar on the
streambed. If this structure is used for grade control, the existing streambed
elevation may be increased by no more than 10 percent of bankfull, unless a greater
increase is provided for in the approved design. (See fig. 3)
ENGINEER - The USDA-NRCS and/or SWCD person(s) who have appropriate construction
approval authority for Practice Standard 580, Sreambank and Shoreline Protection
for the specific size and type of structure.
STREAMBANK - portions of intermittent or perennial streambanks which are eroding at an
accelerated rate due to the effects of stream flow near banks without adequate
vegetative cover and supporting riparian area.
BANKFULL - The stream flow level at which the stream channel is formed and maintained. The
term "bank-full" should not be confused with "the top of the bank". Persons who
have received training in Natural Stream Channel evaluation shall identify the
bank-full elevation.
USDA-NRCS
North Carolina
page 1 of 5 Rock Structures
August 1999
THALWEG - The deepest part of the channel where the highest channel velocities occur.
4) PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS
This practice should be applied as a part of a total Natural Stream Channel Restoration design.
These structures are not intended to be a total solution to the streambank erosion problem in
themselves. They are to be used as a component of a total streambank management plan, which may
require a number of associated practices. In some cases modification of the stream dimension,
pattern and profile may be required before structures are installed. The use of rock structures
without considering the stable dimension, pattern, and profile of the stream will most likely result in
failure.
5) PERMITTING
No work, which is covered by this specification, shall be performed until the Army Corp of
Engineers has issued a Section 404 permit and the Division of Water Quality has issued a Section
401 certification (if required). The final construction plans and specifications must be prepared and
approved prior to the beginning of construction.
6) EQUIPMENT
• A hydraulic excavator (trackhoe) with a hydraulic "thumb" shall be used to handle and install the
rocks
• All required safety equipment shall be available during construction. Safety equipment includes
but is not limited to hard hats, gloves, and eye and hearing protection.
7) SUPERVISION
The engineer must be on-site to supervise and inspect each operation as it is performed. No work,
which is covered by this specification, shall be perforined in the absence of the engineer except as
approved by the engineer. The work shall be conducted as directed by the engineer. The engineer
shall be notified a minimum of 24 hours before installation is performed.
8) INSTALLATION
The engineer shall place a marker at the point where the last rock of the structure will meet the
streambed. This marker shall be set at a point, which represents the planned angle from bank-full
and the planned slope of the structure. The engineer should check to see if this point is
approximately 1/3 of the total channel width.
Holes for footer rocks shall be excavated in the streambed at the location, elevation and
orientation as directed by the engineer.
A footer rock of the size and shape as directed by the engineer shall be installed in the hole.
Multiple footer rocks may be required, at the discretion of the engineer or as provided for in the
approved plan.
USDA-NRCS
North Carolina
page 2 of 5
Rock Structures
August 1999
• A structure rock of the size and shape as directed by the engineer shall be installed on top of the
footer rock.
• Streambed material will be removed as directed by the engineer if it is required to move the
thalweg of the stream to the point of the structure.
• Fabric filter cloth shall be placed on the upstream side of the rocks before backfill is placed (next
step).
• Streambed material shall be placed on the upstream side of the structure near the bank.
• Equipment shall be operated from the streambank whenever possible.
• Equipment which appears to be leaking fluids shall be removed to a safe site away from the
stream corridor until it is repaired and confirmed that no leaks exist.
g) ASSOCIATED PRACTICES
• ROOT WADS and related instream structures planned as an integral component of the natural
stream channel restoration design. `
• CRITICAL AREA SEEDING shall be applied on all disturbed areas.
• WOODY VEGETATION shall be established on the sloped bank above bankfull and on top of
the bank.
• RIPARIAN FOREST BUFFER should be considered.
• LIVESTOCK EXCLUSION shall be installed if livestock are pastured in the area.
10) FIGURES
Figures attached to this specification illustrate the placement and orientation of the various instream
rock structures which may be included in the plan. Figures are as follows:
Figure 1- Rock Vane
Figure 2 - J Hook
Figure 3 - Cross Vane
11) ITEMS OF WORK
Items of work to be performed in conformance with this specification and the construction details
therefore are:
a. Construct stream stabilization measures at the Burrell Property site on Persimmon Creek in
Cherokee County, NC at the locations as shown on the construction drawings and as directed by
the Engineer.
b. Ingress and egress of equipment and materials shall be only at locations and through routes as
approved by the Engineer.
USDA-NRCS page 3 of 5 Rock Structures
North Carolina August 1999
c. Provide all equipment, tools, materials and labor required to install 8 J Hook(s) which will
require approximately 250 4'x3'xl' rocks.
d. Provide all equipment, tools, materials and labor required to install 6 Cross Vane(s) which will
require approximately 200 4'x3'xl' rocks..
e. Provide all equipment, tools, materials and labor required to seed all disturbed areas, which will
be approximately 4 acres.
f. Provide all equipment, tools, materials and labor required to establish permanent woody
vegetation. The woody vegetation shall consist of plants listed in the Streambank Vegetation
Tables and the Riparian Seeding and Planting Guidelines included and as requested by the
landowners and the Cherokee County Soil and Water Conservation District.
g. Remove all construction debris associated with installation of these structures to an approved
location.
Angle
(in degrees)
Slope
(in percent)
Rock Vane
Cross Section
;k Vane
M View
Figure 1
(after Rosgen)
USDA-NRCS page 4 of 5 Rock Structures
North Carolina August 1999
Angle
/ (in degrees)

J
J Hook
Plan View
Angle
?(in degrees)
?, 1 I
Cross Vane
Plan View
US:
North Carolina
Slope
(in percent)
J
J Hook
Cross Section
Figure 2
(after Rosgen)
Slope
(in percent)
Cross Vane
Cross Section
Figure 3
(after Rosgen)
August 1999
CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATION
ROOT WAD STRUCTURE
1) SCOPE
This specification covers the installation of Root Wad Structures at locations as shown on the
construction plans and as directed by the engineer.
2) PURPOSE
Redirect erosive velocities away from streambanks
• Provide soil cover during the estabiishment of woody vegeta ioii
• Provide aquatic and terrestrial habitat
• This practice does not apply to streams that are highly entrenched.
3) DEFINITIONS
ROOT WAD STRUCTURE - Trees that have been uprooted with as much of the root system
intact as possible with a stem fourteen to twenty feet long. (See Fig 1) (**also see
note in Section 8)
ENGINEER - The USDA-NRCS and/or SWCD person(s) who have appropriate construction
approval authority for Practice Standard 580, Streambank and Shoreline Protection
for the specific size and type of structure.
STREAM BANK - Portions of intermittent or perennial stream banks which are eroding at an
accelerated rate due to the effects of stream flow near banks without adequate
vegetative cover and supporting riparian area.
BANKFULL - The stream flow level at which the stream channel is formed and maintained. The
term "bankfull" should not be confused with "the top of the bank". Persons who
have received training in Natural Stream Channel evaluation shall identify the
bankfull elevation.
4) PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS
This practice should be applied as a part of a total Natural Stream Channel Restoration design. Root
Wad Structures are not intended to be a total solution to the streambank erosion problem in
themselves. They are to be used as a component of a total streambank management plan, which may
require a number of associated practices. In some cases modification of the stream dimension,
pattern and profile may be required before structures are installed. The use of root wads without
considering the stable dimension, pattern, and profile of the stream will most likely result in failure.
USDA-NRCS page 1 of 4 Root Wads
North Carolina August 1999
5) PERMITTING
No work, -%vEch is covered by this specification, shall be performed until the Army Corp of
Engineers has issued a Section 404 permit and the Division of Water Quality has issued a Section
401 certification (if required). The final construction plans and specifications must be prepared and
approved prior to the beginning of construction.
6) EQUIPMENT
• A hydraulic excavator (trackhoe) with a hydraulic "thumb" shall be used to handle and install
root wads
• A chain saw shall be available on site during construction
• All required safety equipment shall be available during construction. Safety equipment includes
but is not limited to hard hats, chain saw chaps, gloves, and eye and hearing protection.
7) SUPERVISION
The engineer must be on-site to supervise and inspect each operation as it is performed. No work,
which is covered by this specification, shall be performed in the absence of the engineer except as
approved by the engineer. The work shall be conducted as directed by the engineer. The engineer
shall be notified a minimum of 24 hours before installation is performed.
8) INSTALLATION
Excavate a trench into the bank to embed the stem of the root wad. Excavate an area in the stream
bed and stream bank to provide for excess root mass. Excavate a trench in the stream bed to embed
the upper part of the log vane. Install root wad and log vane, cable together at the intersection of the
two root masses using a 20 ft long logging choker cable. Install rock for "J-Hook" (must have footer
rocks). All excavation will be performed at the location, elevation, and orientation and to the
dimensions as directed by the engineer. (See figure 1)
The streambank shall be sloped to 1'/x :1 or flatter from the top of the root wad stem at the junction
with the root system to the top of the bank.
Equipment which appears to be leaking fluids shall be removed to a safe site away from the stream
corridor until it is repaired and confirmed that no leaks exist.
**Note: This specification calls for the tree to buried into the bank to have a stem fourteen to
twenty feet long. The objective is to have fourteen to twenty feet of stem buried in existing bank
material. However, if the bank has been "built out" with fresh material, the stem must be longer in
order to have fourteen to twenty feet of stem buried in existing bank material.
9) ASSOCIATED PRACTICES
• ROCK VANES, CROSS VANES, J HOOKS, LOG VANES and related instream structures
planned as an integral component of the natural stream channel restoration design.
USDA-NRCS page 2 of 4 Root Wads
North Carolina August 1999
• CRITICAL AREA SEEDING shall be applied on all disturbed areas.
• WOODY VEGETATION shall be established on the sloped bank above bankfull and on top of
the bank.
• RIPARIAN FOREST BUFFER should be considered.
• LIVESTOCK EXCLUSION shall be installed if livestock are pastured in the area.
10) FIGURES
Figures attached to this specification illustrate the placement and orientation of the root wads.
Figures are as follows:
Figure 1- Root Wad Structure Cross Section
Figure 2 - Root Wad Structure Plan View
11) ITEMS OF WORK
Items of work to be performed in conformance with this specification and the construction details
therefore are:
a. Construct stream stabilization measures at the Burrell site on Persimmon Creek in Cherokee
County at the locations as shown on the construction drawings and as directed by the Engineer.
b. Ingress and egress of equipment and materials shall be only at locations and through routes as
approved by the Engineer.
c. Provide all equipment, tools, materials and labor required to install 11 root wad structures.
d. Provide all equipment, tools, materials and labor required to seed all disturbed areas, which will
be approximately four acres.
e. Remove all construction debris associated with installation of these structures to an approved
location.
f. Provide all necessary safety equipment.
g. Provide all equipment, tools, materials and labor required to establish permanent woody
vegetation. The woody vegetation shall consist of plants listed in the Streambank Vegetation
Tables and the Riparian Seeding and Planting Guidelines included and as requested by the
landowners and the Cherokee County Soil and Water Conservation District.
USDA-NRCS page 3 of 4 Root Wads
North Carolina August 1999
J
USDA-NRCS
North Carolina
Figure I
Root Wad Structure
Cross Section
(after Rosgen)

Figure 2
Root Wad Structure
Plan View
(after Rosgen)
page 4 of 4
rct
Root Wads
August 1999
Stream bed-/
CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATION - 485
mnr, r, " VL'1rnRr,
X...1li11111.1 1?? STABILIZATION CTi?L1CTIJTZE
11?iL1'L T 1
SCOPE OF WORK
This work shall consist of the placement of trees in severely eroded and scoured cavities in the
streambank to reduce flow velocities and trap sediment so that a stable soil medium is
established that will support permanent vegetation. The work will include transportation of trees,
preparation of trees prior to placement, placement of deadman anchors and cable connecting of
.trees to the anchor.
SITE CONSIDERATIONS
A tree revetment structure may not function properly if installed at a location where the stream
energy is attacking the toe of the bank. If this is the situation, an upstream structure such as a j-
hook or root wad structure should be installed to redirect the stream energy away from the bank.
Tree revetment stabilization structures shall be installed only on streams where sediment bedload
during storm flows is sufficient to generate significant deposits in the tree mass of the revetment.
Sites on streams with minimal sediment loads should be addressed using other measures. Sites
must have sufficient low lying adjacent area to permit installation of deadman anchors. Where
steep side slopes exist or rock formations would make installation of deadman anchors difficult,
other measures should be used. Tree revetment structures may not be practical where excessive
disturbance of streambank vegetation or removal of trees on the streambank is necessary. Soil
conditions at the site should be carefully considered.
SELECTION AND PREPARATION OF TREES FOR USE IN REVETMENT
Trees with dense, narrow crowns such as cedar, pine, or hemlock are preferred over other
species since their dense limb structure aids significantly in the deposition of sediment. Willows,
silky dogwoods, alders and other wet soil species may offer the added advantage of
resprouting if they are placed on the lower levels of the revetment in contact with water and soil.
Trees used in the revetment shall have limbs. Logs without limbs may be used for deadman
anchors. Trees such as large sycamores, whose limbs are large and spread widely, are poor
selections. When such trees are encountered, remove the bushy limbs and use the limbs in the
revetment while using the large trunk as a deadman anchor.
Trees shall be a minimum of 20 feet in length and the butt end shall be a minimum of 8 inches in
diameter. The limb extension shall not be so large as to create a restriction in the normal flow
area of the channel. Where trees are large and limb extension is excessive, limbs may be
removed on one or two sides of the tree trunk to improve placement. Limbs may be trimmed in
order to limit their encroachment on the flow area of the channel.
USDA-NRCS (485-1) Tree Revetment
NC Area 1 January 2005
PLACEMENT OF TREES
Trees shall be laid along the bank with the tops laid downstream. Trees shall be placed working
from 'lie most downstream point progressing upstream. Trees shall be overlapped so that the
bushy limbs of the top of one tree overlap the trunk of the tree placed just previous to it. Each
layer of trees shall be cabled prior to placement of the next layer of trees. Individual trees shall
be cabled to trees in the lower level. Trees should be piled to the hydrologic bank-full elevation.
Each layer shall be pressed firmly into the lower layer only enough to provide good density of
bushy limb material. Care should be taken by equipment operators not to break bushy tree limbs.
ANCHORING TREES IN THE REVETMENT
Trees will be anchored to existing trees or "deadman anchors" buried in the ground. Deadme
will be a minimum of 12 inches in diameter and a minimum of 4 feet long. All trees will be
anchored at a minimum of two locations - upstream from butt end and at the middle of the tree.
Steel cable at least 7116 inch in diameter will be used to anchor trees to deadmen. Cable shall be
cPrnrPd to the revetment trees and to the deadman anchors using cable clamps or other methods
as approved by the engineer. Multiple cables may be joined at a common point and a single
cable extended to the deadman anchor. Where more than four cables are thus connected, steel
cable one-half inch in diameter or larger shall be used as the extension cable. Cables shall be
connected and tightened using turnbuckles or come-alongs to a sufficient tension to prevent
movement of the trees.
Individual trees within the revetment shall be secured to trees in the lower next level. Nylon rope
at least three-eighths (318) inch in diameter may be used in lieu of steel cable to bind the trees
together.
INSTALLATION OF DEADMAN ANCHORS
Deadman anchors shall be buried in trenches in stable soil material and covered by a minimum of
4 feet of fill. Narrow connecting trenches shall be excavated from the anchor points within the
revetment to the deadman trench. Anchoring cable shall be placed in these trenches to connect
the trees within the revetment to the deadman anchors.
Deadman anchors shall be placed roughly parallel to the flow of the stream and slightly upstream
from the trees to which they are cabled. At least one deadman anchor shall be installed for each
25 linear feet of revetment constructed.
When all cable connections between the revetment and deadman anchors are properly secured
and tensioned the trenches shall be backfrlled. All fill material shall be well compacted in the
deadmen and cable trenches. Overfill the deadmen and cable trenches by at least 10% to allow
for settlement and to provide a small berm that will prevent concentrations of runoff along the
cable trench to the stream. Compact the fill in the deadmen and cable trenches in layers no
greater than 12 inches throughout the filling process.
PLACEMENT OF FILL MATERIAL IN TREE REVETMENT
It is not necessary to place any fill material in the tree revetment structure. A properly planned
and constructed site will accumulate significant volumes of sediment fill with each high water
event. However, if coarse grained soil material or rocks are available at the site, they may be
placed in the tree mass. Such material will quickly work its way to the bottom of the structure
and may aid in the rapid development of permanent vegetation and a stable stream bank. No
attempt should be made to compact soil or rock materials into the tree mass.
USDA-NRCS (485-2) Tree Revetment
NC Area 1 January 2005
Do not overfill the revetment structure with fine grained soils in an attempt to quickly develop a
graded surface appearance. Such material will gradually settle into the tree mass leaving voids at
the surface, and may be moved downstream as a source of sediment during rainfall events.
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS
Earth moving equipment will cross and operate in the stream flow only when necessary and only
when directed to do so by the construction inspector. Equipment shall be maintained to prevent
fuel, oil and lubricant spills in the vicinity of the stream. Refueling, repairs and lubrication will
be performed at safe distances from the stream and only at locations approved by the construction
inspectors.
Should fuel leaks, oil leakages or hydraulic pipe rupture occur during construction, the operators
WILI :,, :_ a:a« t., ro ,,A rhP ,ni inrnPnt to a "safe" area and nroceed with repairs. Construction
inspectors will direct operators to remove equipment from the stream whenever a leak
is observed or suspected.
RE' VEGETATION OF DISTURBED AREAS
All disturbed areas will be seeded to permanent vegetation after work is completed. See
construction specifications for permanent vegetation and mulching for details of seeding
operations.
LANDOWNER MAINTENANCE
Once sediment begins to accumulate significantly in the tree revetment structure, permanent
vegetation can be established. It shall be the responsibility of the landowner to encourage the
growth of permanent protective vegetation in the newly stabilized streambank.
Woody vegetation can be established by the use of "live stakes". Live stakes can be obtained
from willows, silver dogwood, button bush, alders or other locally available trees and shrubs
which lend themselves to rooting from the nodes. While trees are dormant (between October 15
and May 15, and preferably between February 15 and April 15) cut woody, hardened stems from
12 to 24 inches in length and from 318 inch to one inch in diameter. Remove branches up to at
least 8 inches from the bottom of the cutting using a sharp knife or pruning tool. Place these
branches a minimum of 8 inches deep into the collected sediment deposits near the edge of the
water. They should be placed on roughly 3 feet centers or as revetment tree limbs permit. As
additional sediment builds up, place new cuttings until the area is well established in permanent
woody vegetation.
As woody vegetation matures, prune it at least annually to prevent it from growing too large and
high. Trees which begin to lean or grow over the channel should be cut back to prevent their
being uprooted during high water flows. If trees are allowed to lean over and be washed out, the
cavity left by the movement of their root mass may become a source of streambank erosion and
scour.
ITEMS OF WORK
Items of work to be performed in conformance with this specification and the construction
details therefore are:
USDA-NRCS (485-3) Tree Revetment
NC Area 1 January 2005
a. Construct stream stabilization measures at the Burrell site on Persimmon Creek in
Cherokee County at the locations as shown on the construction drawings and as directed
by the Engineer.
b. Ingress and egress of equipment and materials shall be only at locations and through
routes as approved by the Engineer.
c. Provide all equipment, tools, materials and labor required to install 120 linear feet of
revetment structures.
d. Remove all construction debris associated with installation of these structures to an
approved location.
e. Provide all necessary safety equipment.

?\\e Ste--I Cable Anchoring
Tr
Trea to DeuSman nan

Log Used as Deadman
i
T
h
n
renc

USDA-NRCS
NC Area 1
(485-4)
J
Tree Revetment Structure
USDA-NRCS
Tree Revetment
January 2005
Revetment Structure
Seeding and Planting Guidelines
Riparian Seeding and Planting Guidelines
01/26/05
These guidelines will provide the methods to be used for reestablishing riparian vegetation.
They will include seedbed preparation, nutrient enhancement, temporary seeding, permanent
seeding, and erosion control. Methodology for planting sod mats, live stakes, and trees will also
be presented.
Herbaceous Vegetation
Sod mats
Prior to sloping stream banks within easement areas the sod on these banks will be removed.
Mats should be deep enough to contain a majority of the roots. These mats should be stockpiled
for later use. After banks are sloped the mats should be placed from the bank-full elevation down
t0 the noltIlal WalCr 11nC or UIiIU , u1. AAn+r c1,n„1ri {ke 1n;d as close to one
C iiiwlu?uu..,?...?..•?•? ?--?-- -
another as possible and pushed into the under laying soil. Openings between mats should be
filled with soil and seeded with temporary seed mix. Mats should be fertilized at a rate of 25 lbs.-
per 1000 sq. ft. and watered using a pump or by dipping water out of the creek with a clean
track-hoe bucket
Seed
Seedbed Preparation: On sites where equipment can be operated safely the seedbed shall be
adequately loosened and smoothed. This may require disking and dragging. On sites where
equipment cannot operated safely, the seedbed shall be prepared by hand scarifying to provide
a roughened surface so that seed will stay in place. If seeding is done immediately following
construction, seedbed preparation may be required only on areas where heavy equipment has
caused compaction of the ground.
Fertilizing: Evenly distribute lime and fertilizer over the area to be seeded using a tractor
mounted fertilizer spreader or with a hand held fertilizer spreader. Uniformly mix lime and
fertilizer into the top 3 inches of the soil using a drag or hand rake. Where surface materials
are predominately gravel and/or cobble, no incorporation is required. Apply lime and fertilizer
according to soil test or at the following rates.
Per 1000 sq. ft. Per Acre
Lime 100 lbs. 2 ton
18-46-00 Fertilizer* 12 lbs. 500 lbs.
*(half of fertilizer will be applied in fall at planting and other half in spring)
Seeding:
Temporary seeding - Use where needed for erosion control, when permanent vegetation
cannot be established due to planting season and where temporary ground cover is needed to
allow native or woody vegetation to become established. Apply the following vegetation at the
listed rates.
Seeding and Planting Guidelines 01/26/05
Fall, Winter, and Spring Seeding
Per 1000 s:. ft. Per Acre
Japanese Millet '/Z lb. 20 lbs.
Winter Wheat 1 lbs. 40 lbs.
Summer Seeding
Per 1000 sq ft Per Acre
Sudangrass l lb. 40 lbs.
Browntop Millet 1 lb. 40 lbs.
Permanent Seeding - Use in combination with woody plantings on the up-slope side of
-„ ,,,.., l.o ,.lonta? nt n71V t1TI1P_. }lilt
?? • Y• -• w ,
the riparian area and down to the bankfuii eieVUL10". 11113 111"L'
will do best in spring or late fall. Spring planted seed should be treated with a cold wet chill
process to maximize germination. Fall plantings should be planted with a lightly sown cool
season annual to hold soil and does not need to be chilled. Seeding should be done evenly over
the area using a mechanical or hand seeder. A drag should be used to cover the seed with no
more than % inch of soil. Where a drag can not safely be utilized the seed should be covered by
hand raking.
All seasons: WNC Riparian Diversity Mix (as described on the attached sheet)
'/4 lb. per 1000 sq. ft. and 10 lbs. per Acre
Erosion Control: All seeded areas, areas disturbed by heavy equipment, or other areas disturbed
by mitigation activities should be protected from erosion by installation of erosion control
blankets or matting.
Woodv Vel;etation
Live stakes (unrooted material)
Live stake material should be dormant and gathered locally or purchased from a reputable
commercial supplier. Stakes should be 1/2 to 3 inches in diameter and living based on the
presence of young buds and green bark. Stakes should be kept cool and moist to improve
survival and to maintain dormancy. Stakes should be driven into the ground using a rubber
hammer or by creating a hole and slipping the stake into it. The ground around the stake should
be firmed against the stake after planting. Stakes should be placed so that 75% of the stake is
below the ground and 2 or 3 buds are above ground. Stakes should be planted on a 2 - 3 foot
spacing and at a density of 160 - 360 stakes per 1000 sq. ft.
Bare rooted or pott ed stock
Care and handling: Desirable trees and shrubs on the construction site should be dug and stored.
These plants should be stored in a cool moist environment or heeled in. Roots of bareroot
stock should be kept moist during planting operations. Bareroot material should only be
planted during Winter and early Spring. Container or potted stock shall be kept moist at all
times. Do not let roots freeze or dry out prior to planting.
2
Seeding and Planting Guidelines 01/26/05 Seeding and Planting Guidelines 01/26/05
Site Preparation: The soil in the area of tree planting should be loosened to a depth of at least I
foot. This is only necessary on hard compacted soil.
Planting:
On site material - Transplants should be replanted to the same depth they were originally
growing.
Potted stock - Planting should be done mechanically or by hand using a shovel. The planting
trench or hole must be deep enough and wide enough to permit roots to spread out and down
without J-rooting. Potted stock should be planted in a hole 2-3 times the diameter of the root
ball and at the same depth as the root ball. When setting plants, be certain to plant them high.
Locate the root ball on solid soil and not loose backfill. Wire baskets do not need to be
completely removed from large field grown trees. Be sure to remove plastic liners or synthetic
+ + +- -- -...+ ,. dom.., d-F ;»e,>1Pc hicyh P -- rnlind the grin zone area of the
Uliliap iiiaUaGLLJ. Constn; .--111- --. - --o--- ---
plant after planting. This will allow for self watering and runoff will be minimized.
Bare rooted stock - Bare rooted material can be planted using a hoedad or a dibble bar (see
diagram below). Planting slits for bare rooted material should be 6-8 inches in diameter and
should be at least 8-12 inches deep. Damaged roots should be trimmed. Plants should be
placed with the root collar slightly below the soil surface. Holes and slits should be closed
completely, including and especially at the bottom of the hole.
Spacing of rooted Woody Vegetation - the following guidelines should be used for spacing
Guidelines for Planting Bare-Root Plant§
i'." f CJ yi W.FYpTp-ccts r0 t?0iv
ser,=.:e, the pi 4'rw aaru, ! r ?
cr,: up ;cak-' ccf Ikr'u; -,3:&rL Torrrreana
axe AML 'cr p ,,x?g, u e a pz ;,rg ta g N.d.
?y a rc?,a c e cwti eo 5`?a r=s -_-rai
and saczc an. va, , p=. fames n Te tee
-2 Set ?f SE£ui3 n Vle hC
3 CoSe t'-c2 a: Wr=.. aid cp r rv7
rsr,-_e tar Cr 6n-_hJ n dLt Et)c,e
rXt CD'2r.
4 M a-m -,hrkbsadtt
, i tamp the soil to eliminate
it -, -kets %t:-
rooted woody vegetation.

J .t

,,..t,,

J
r r'

Type spacing # per 1000 sq. ft.
Shrubs, less than 10 ft. in height 3 - 6 ft. 27 -111
Shrubs and Trees, 10 -25 ft. in height 6 - 8 ft. 15 - 27
Trees greater than 25 ft. in height 8 -15 ft. 4-15
Plant List
Herbaceous, permanent seed mixture labeled "WNC Riparian Diversity Mix"
Botanical Name Common Name % of Mix Lbs.

Acer rubrum Red Maple 2.5 025
Acer saccharium Silver Maple 2.5 0.25
Alisma subcordatum Water Plantain 2.5 0.25
Aronia arbutifolia Red Chokeberry 2.5 0.25
Asclepias incamata Swamp Milkweed 2.5 0.25
Carex lupilina Hop Sedge 5 0.5
Cephalanthus occidentalis Button Bush 7.5 0.75
Corpus amomum Silky Dogwood 5 0.5
Elymus virginicus Va. Wild Rye 10 1
Eupatorium frstulosa Joe Pye Weed 2.5 0.25
Fraxinus pennsylvanica Ureen Ash 2•5
Ilex verticillata Winterberry 2.5 0.25
Juncus effusus Soft Rush 2.5 0.25
Leersia oryzoides Rice Cut Grass 10 1
Lindera benzoin Spicebush 2.5 0.25
Nyssa sylvatica Black Gum 2.5 0.25
Onoclea sensibillis Sensitive Fern 5 0.5
Pontederia cordata Pickerelweed 2.5 0.25
Sagittaria latifolia Arrowhead 2.5 0.25
Sambucus canadensis Elderberry 5 0.5
Scirpus americanus 3 Square Bulrush 2.5 0.25
Scirpus atrovirens Green Bulrush 5 0.5
Scirpus cypemus Woolgrass 10 1
Scirpus validus Softstem Bulrush 2.5 0.25
Mix Seeding Rate (lbs./ac.) 10
This mixture was taken from the list of plants that begins on the following page. It was created
from a database compiled by TVA and distributed on CD format as a product called "Banks &
Buffers" (Tennessee Valley Authority. 1996. Banks & Buffers, A guide to selecting native
plants for streambanks and shorelines; Riparian Plant Selector, Version 1.0; Environmental
Research Center and Clean Water Initiative, Muscle Shoals, AL.). As more information .
becomes available we will add to this list in an effort to encompass as many riparian species
native to Western North Carolina as possible.
Shrub and tree species listed on the following pages will be planted at mitigation sites as either
live stakes, potted stock, balled stock or bare root stock. These plantings will take place in the
winter or early spring. Spacing suggestions should be used as guidelines, but can be varied
depending on species requirements and landscape objectives. For example species that are
commonly found growing in clumped distributions should be planted that way. It is desirable for
the final distribution of trees and shrubs to have a more natural, random appearance. In order to
accomplish this exact spacing should be avoided and mixing of various species should be done.
4
01/26/05 Seeding and Planting Guidelines 01126/05
Seedin g and Planting Guidelines
5 Silky Willow Salix sericea irreb reg sun-part. oblig 0-7 B,Sm,Lm all
5 Spikebush Lindera benzoin irreg-seas part: shade fac wet 0-7 birds all
Plants native to the ripa rian and wetland areas of Western North Carolina 5 Winterberry Ilex verticillata irreg-reg part: shade fac wet 0-7 B,Sm all
F
H L
5 Sweet Azalea Rhododendron arborescens . C,
irreg part fac wet acid B L ,
t
Type Common Name Scientific Name Flooding Light Wetland pH wildlife region 5 Rhododendron Rhododendron catawbiense
val.
1 American Pillwort Pilularia americana Reg sun obli 0-7 birds all
1 Cinnamon Fern Osmunda cinnamomea Irreg to reg Part to shade Fac.wet 0-7 birds all
ll
i
ll
facu
acid
Sm
B
all
1 Netted Chain Fern Woodwardia areolata seas to reg all obli less birds
bi
d a
ll 6 American Hornbeam Carpinus caroliniana rreg-seas
i a
shade
art Upl
fac 0-7 ,
B,Sm all
1 Royal Fern Osmunda regalis seas to reg Part to shade obli 0-7 s, sm
r a 6 Eastern Hornbeam Ostrya virginiana rreg :
p .
l Sensitive Fern Onoclea sensibilis Irreg to reg all facu 0-7 birds all
7 Baldcypress
Taxodium distichum
all
sun - part
oblig
0-7
birds
all
2 American Lotus Nelumbo lutea reg to perm sun oblig 0-7 birds,SM all 7 Black Walnut Juglans nigra irreg
rm sun - part
sun fac upl
oblig 0-7
0-7 Sm
B,Sm,Lm all
all
2 American Pondweed Potamogeton nodosus perm sun oblig 7 birds,SM all
ll 7 Black Willow
k
Bl Salix nigra
ssa sylvatica
N seas pe
irreg-reg all oblig-fac 0-7 B,Sm,Lm all
2 Arrowhead Sagittaria latifolia seas-perm sun to shade oblig all B, Sm a
ll ac
gurn
7
lder
7 B y
Acer negundo irreg all fac wet 0-7 birds all
2 Broad-leaf Cattail
_. Typha latifolia
, ,• ....?:__,:_ seas-perm
;RArt ?Aa? sun
„ oblig
fac
wet all
0-7 B, Sm
Sm
B a
all oxe
7 Eastern Cottonwood Populus deltoides irre? seas sun facu 0-7 birds all
2
2 Caramai rower
Hollow Joe-pye-weed Loot„a
Eupatoriadelphus fistulosus
irreb seas n
s
sun .
facu
0-7 ,
birds
all
7 Green Ash
rraxinus petmsyivai,ica
; ;cam rcb
as
i n
., -
sun fac wet

facu 0-7

0-7 B.Sm
-
B,Sm,Lm all

all
2 Narrow-leaf Cattail Typha angustifolia seas-perm sun oblig all B, Sm all _
ll 7 Honeylocust
immon
7 P Gleditsia triacanthos
Diospyros virginiana rreg-se
irreg-seas sun - part facu 0-7 B,Sm,Lm all
2 Pickerelweed. Pontederia cordata
i seas-perm
-seas
i sun-part.sh
sh
art oblig
wet
fac 0-7
0-7 B, Sm
Sm
B a
all ers
7 Red Maple Acer rubrum irreg-reg all obli-fac 0-7 B,Sm,Lm all
ll
2 Spotted Touch-me-not s
Impatiens capens
i
i rreg
irre
re .
p
sh
sun-
art .
oblig 0-7 ,
Sm
B all 7 Red Mulberry Morus rubra irreg-seas part - shade facu 0-7 B,Sm
d
bi a
ll
2
2 Swamp Milkweed
Swamp Rose Mallow ncamata
as
Asclep
Hibiscus moscheutos b
g
seas-reg .
p
sun-part.sh oblig 0-7 ,
B, Sm all 7 River Birch Betula nigra irreg - seas
i sun
all fac wet
fac wet 0-7
0-7 s
r
birds a
all
.2 Virginia Blueflag
11 Iris virginica seas perm
- sun oblig 0-7
7
0 birds
S
B all
ll 7 Silver Maple
um
7 Sweet Acer saccharinum
Liquidambar styraciflua rreg
irreg - reg sun facu 0-7 B,Sm all
2 Water Plantain Alisma subcordatum
i
i
i seas-perm
erm
re sun
sh
art
sun- oblig
oblig -
0-7 m
,
Sm
B a
all g
7 Sycamore Platanus occidentalis irreg -,seas sun - part fac wet 0-7 B,Sm
S all
Lt
F
H
2
2 Waterwillow
White Waterlily cana
a amer
Just
c
Nymphaea odorata ; p
reg-perm .
p
sun-part.sh oblig 0-7 ,
B, Sm all 7 American Basswood Tilia americana irreg all fac upl 0-7 m
B, ,
o,
2 Yellow Cowlily Nuphar luteum reb perm sun-part.sh oblig 0-7 B, Sm all 7 Eastern Hemlock Tsuea canadensis
3 Creeping Spikerush Eleocharis palustris seas-perm sun-part. oblig. 0-7 B,Sm all Plant Type
3 Green Bulrush Scirpus atrovi seas-reg sun oblig. 0-7 B,Sm all Fern or fern allies 1
3 Hop Sedge Carex lupulina seas-reg sun-part. oblig. 0-7 B,Sm all Em, float, or wetl herb 2
3 Rice Cutgrass Leersia oryzoides reg-perm sun oblig. 0-7 B,Sm all Grass, sedge, or rush 3
3 River Cane Arundinaria gigantea irreg-seas sun-part. fac.wet 0-7 B,Sm all Small Shrub 4
3 River Oats Chasmanthium latifolium irreg-seas part: shade facu 0-7 B,Sm all Large Shrub 5
3 Slender Spikerush Eleocharis acicularis seas-perm sun oblig. 0-7 B,Sm all Small Tree 6
3 Soft Rush Juncus effusus seas-perm sun-part. fac.wet 0-7 B,Sm all Large Tree 7
3 Softstem Bulrush Scirpus validus seas-perm sun oblig. 0-7 B,Sm all
3 Square-stem Spikerush Eleocharis quadrangulata seas-perm sun oblig. 0-7 B,Sm all
3 Three-square Bulrush Scirpus americanus seas-perm sun oblig. 0-7 B,Sm all
3 Virginia Wildrye Elymus virginicus irreg-seas part.-shade facu 0-7 B,Sm,Lm all
3 Woolgrass Scirpus cyperinus seas-reg sun oblig. 0-7 B,Sm all
Bluet Houstonia serpyllifolia
4 Bushy St. Johnswort Hypericum densiflorum irreg-seas sun-part fac.wet 0-7 birds all
4 Buttonbush Cephalanthus occidentalis seas-perm sun-part oblig all B,Sm,Lm all
4 Wild Hydrangea Hydrangea arborescens irreg part.-shade fac.upl 0-7 B,Sm all
4 Yellowroot Xanthorhiza simplicissima irreg-seas part.-shade fac.wet 0-7 birds all
5 American Witch-hazel Hamamelis virginiana irreg part fac upl 0-7 B,Sm,Lm all
5 Brookside Alder Alnus serrulata irreg-reg sun fac wet 0-7 birds all
5 Carolina Buckthorn Rhamnus caroliniana irreg part fac upl all B,Sm all
5 Carolina Willow Salix caroliniana seas-reg sun-part. oblig 0-7 B,Sm,Lm all
5 Common Pawpaw Asiminia triloba irreb seas part.-shade facu 0-7 Sm all
5 Elderberry Sambucus canadensis irreg-seas sun-part. fac wet 0-7 B,Sm,Lm all
5 Red Chokeberry Aronia arbutifolia irreg-seas sun-part. fac wet 0-7 B,Sm,Lm all
5 Silky Dogwood Comus amomuin irreg-seas sun-part. fac wet all B,Sm all
6
5
Streamside Woody Vegetation Establishment
This work consist of securing and planting permanent woody vegetation using rooted stock, unrooted stock and on site
transplants.
Care and Handling
Planting stock should be stored in a cool moist environment or heeled in. Roots of bareroot stock shall be kept moist
during planting operations. Container or potted stock shall be kept moist at all times. The root balls of transplanted stock
must be kept moist.
Site Preparation
Desirable trees and shrubs on the construction site should be dug and stored. On recently graded sites use temporary
seedings, anchored mulch or erosion control fabrics to provide surface protection until woody vegetation becomes
esrabilsned. Sod may be Killed by non-sulecllve neroiciucs flit yCar picV lua" io piaiiw,b 3LU%,A kiuuvrr aii 1?u?l u,, Jiuw
and local regulations in the use of herbicides). When hand planting; scalp an area at least 3 feet in diameter and 2-4
inches deep. Place plant in the center of the scalped area. On sites where equipment cannot be operated safely and there
are concerns about potential erosion use a non-selective herbicide to kill vegetation in a 36 inch wide circle or 36 inch
wide strip and plant in the center of the killed vegetation. If the site is a row crop site, reasonably free of weeds, plant
stock in the stubble without prior preparation. Sites with undesirable brush will need initial treatments to facilitate
planting and follow-up treatments to prevent reencroachment.
Planting
Transplants should be replanted to the same depth they were originally growing. Plant rooted stock in a vertical position
with the root collar approximately % inch below the soil surface. The planting trench or hole must be deep enough and
wide enough to permit roots to spread out and down without J-rooting. Insert dormant cuttings to the depth required to
reach adequate soil moisture, leaving 2 to 3 buds above ground. After planting pack soil around each plant firmly to
remove air pockets.
Plant List
Plant Typesl
Mature Height
Shrubs, less than 10
Feet in height
Shrubs and trees from
10 to 25 feet in height
Trees greater than 25
Feet in height
Plant to Plant Spacing Plant List
# Per Acre
ttPer 1000 Sq. Ft.
3 to 6 feet *Buttonbush, *9'Bankers' Dwarf Willow
1210-4840 *Elderberry, Highbush Blueberry,
28-110 Hazelnut
6 to 8 feet Alder, Deciduous Holly, Crabapple,
680-1742 Red Chokeberry, *Silky Dogwood,
15-28 *Silky Willow, Spicebush,
*9'Streameo' Willow, Serviceberry,
Washington Hawthorne, Witch Hazel
8 to 12 feet Black Cherry, *Black Willow,
302-680 Green Ash, Red Maple, River Birch
7-15 Sycamore, Yellow Poplar, Black Walnut
Persimmon
NOTES: * = Plants suitable for use as dormant cuttings, space cuttings 1.5-2.5 feet apart, 160-
445 cuttings per 1000 sq. ft. or 6970-19360 cuttings per acre;
4 = Non-native plants; Plants listed in bold have wildlife value
Source cientific Common name Native Commer, Plant type Root type Rooting Growth Rate Estab, Spread f an material otes
name cial ability from lishment potential Ipe
avail, cutting speed
abliti
I 9morpha False indigo Yes Yes Shrub Poor Fast Fast I ]ants, seeds Supposedly root suckers.
ruilcosa
1,2 4ronia Red chokeberry Yes Yes Shrub Poor Fast Fast I lants, seeds Rhizomatous
rbuti olio
1 lethera Sweet pepperbush Yes Yes Shrub Poor Slow I lants
lnifolia
I Hibiscus Hibiscus Yes Yes Shrub Poor Plants
aculeatus
I Hibiscus Common rose Yes Yes Shrub Poor Plants
noscherdos mallow
1,2 indera picebush Yes Yes Shrub Poor Slow Plants Prefers acid soils
enzoin
I Rhododendron Swamp azalea Yes Shrub Poor Slow Plants Has stolonniferous forms. Highly
susceptible to insects & diseases.
iscosum
I Spriraca Shinyleaf spires Yes hrub Plants Usually grown from seed.
belulifolia
1,2 41nus Smooth alder Yes Yes hrub large Shallow, spreading Poor Slow Medium Fair Plants Thicket forming. Needs full sun
serrrdala
1,2 ephalanthus Buttonbush Yes Yes Shrub large Fair to good Slow Medium Poor Brush mats, Will grow in sun or shade.
ceidentalis layering,
Plants
I ornus Roughleaf Yes Yes Shrub large Root suckering, Fair Fair Fascines, Roots sucker too.
rununondii logwood spreading takes,
layering, brush
inats, cuttings,
plants
lanramelis American hrub large
Vir iniana vitch,hazel
hanrnus Carolina buckthorn Shrub large
aroliniana
Rhododendron Sweet azalea Shrub large
rborescens
Rhododendron Rhododendron Shrub large
atavbiense
Saliz arolina willow Shrub large
aroliniana
Salix Silky willow Shrub large
ericea
I flex aupon Yes Yes Shrub large Poor Plants Roots sucker
anitoria
I ms Common Yes Yes Shrub large hallow, suckering Poor Medium Medium Fair Plants Use for forested wetland sites. Has
ru
iniana
,ir hokccherry hydrocyanic acid in most parts,
g specially the seeds. Usually grown
from seeds. Thicket forming. Plart
n 5 to 8 foot spacing. Reportedly
oisonous to cattle.
1 Rhus glabra Smooth sumac Yes Shrub large Fibrous, suckering Poor to fair Fast Fast Fair to good Root cuttings, Thicket forming.
root suckers,
]ants.
1 alir discolor Pussy willow Yes Yes Shrub large hallow, fibrous, V good Rapid Fascines, Use on sunny to partial shade.
spreading sakes, poles,
layering,
cuttings, plants
1,2 Styraz Japanese snowbell Yes Yes Shrub large Poor Plants

I n onica
Viburnum
annyberry
Yes
Yes
Shrub large
hallow
Fair to good
Fast
Fast
Fascines,
hicket forming. Tolerates full

i cuttings,
bade. Older branches often root
/enlago plants
stakes, when they touch the soil. Use in
combination with species with
rooting ability good to excellent.
I Viburnum Swamp haw Yes Shrub large Poor Plants
{
I rudron
oresliera Swamp privet Yes Yes Shrub large to Fair Slow Poor Plants (hicket forming
cuminata tree small
I lexdecidua Possomhaw Yes Yes Shrub large to Poor Slow Plants
tree small
1 alir Laurel willow No Yes Shrub large to Fibrous, spreading Good Fast Medium Poor Fascines, Sparingly escaped in the East.
beniandra tree small takes, poles, Insects may defoliate it regularly.
brush mats,
layering,
cuttings, lants
1 4alix Peachleaf willow Yes Yes Shrub large to Shallow to deep V good Fast Fast Fascines, Often roots only at callus cut. May
nrygdaloides tree small takes, poles, be short lived. Not tolerant of
brush mats, shade. Hybridized with several
layering, other willow species.
cuttings, plants
I ssa geeche lime Yes Shrub large to Sparse, fibrous Poor Slow Medium Poor Plants Only grows close to perennial
y
eeche rec, small wetland sites.
I Baccharis Eastern baccharis Yes Yes hrub medium Fibrous Good Fair Fast Fair Fascines,
uttin s, lants
I ralinri olio
Cornus tiff dogwood Yes Shrub medium Fair Fast Fascines,
]ants
1 oenrina
socarprs
h Common ninebark Yes Yes Shrub medium Shallow, lateral Fair Slow Slow Poor Fascines, Use in combination with other
y rush mats, species with rooting ability good to
prdifolhls layering, excellent
_ cuttings, plants
I Rhus Flameleaf sumac Yes Yes Shrub medium Fibrous, suckering Poor to fair Fast Fast Fair Root cuttings, (hicket forming
root suckers,
opallina plants
Salix exigua Coyote willow Yes Yes Shrub medium Shallow, suckering, Good Fast Fascines, Relished by livestock.
rhizomatous takes, poles,
brush mats,
layering,
uttin s, lants
2
1 Sambucus merican elder Yes Yes Shrub medium Fibrous & Good Fast Fast Poor Fascines, Softwood cuttings root easily in
, anadensis toloniferous cuttin s, lants rim or summer.
Source Scientific ommon name Native Commer, Plant type Root type Rooting Growth Rate Estab, Spread I'I:mt material , otes
cial ability from lishment potential ype
tame avail, cutting speed
abliti
I S ambncus R ed elderberry Yes Yes S hrub medium Good Medium Slow Fescines, S oftwood cuttings root easily in
tr.lsh mats, s pring or summer
acemosa
l
a Bering,
cuttings, plants
I S ambncus R ed elder Yes S hrub medium Deep laterals Fair to good Fi scines, S oftwood cuttings root easily in
I rots s pring or summer. Use in
acemosa ssp.
c
ombination with species with
P irbens r ooting aability good to excellent.
I I 'iburmrm E
ib iubblebush Yes S hrub medium hallow, fibrous Good Fr scines, Thicket forming. Branch tips root
takes, brush a t soil. Was V. alnifolium
noides ibumum rats, layering,
I ltin s, lints
Corms ray dogwood Yes Yes hrub medium hallow, fibrous Fair Medium Fair F,,scines, F orms dense thickets.
t o small takes, brush
acemosa Hats, layering,
t,ttings,
lints.
I Nburnum rrowwood Yes Yes Shrub medium hallow, fibrous Good Fast Slow Layering, Thicket forming.
/entalun
S
dogwood
ilk
Yes t
Yes o tall
Shrub small
hallow, fibrous
Fair
Past
1edium
Poor cuttings, lints
Fascines,
Tolerates partial shade
1,2 ormrs y takes, brush
rnonrum
mats, layering,
cnttin s, lints
1 f lex labra Bitter allber Yes Yes Shrub small Poor Slow 11.ants Evergreen
Hydrangea Wild hydrangea Shrub small
9rborescens
Yanihorhiza Ye11oWrn°t Shrub small
Sint licissima
Hypericum Bushy St. Yes Shrub small
Densi/lorutn ohnswort
di
Sl
Slow
Plants
Evergreen
A Southern Yes Yes Shrub small Fibrous Poor um
Me ow
1 fyrica

I eri era
Primus vaxm rtle
Wild plum
Yes
Yes
Shrub small
Fibrous, spreading,
Poor
Medium
Fast
Good
Plants, root
Thicket forming
n usti/blia suckering
P
t
F
Good by ittin s
Plants
Mat forming from suckers &
I Rhododendron oast azalea Yes Shrub small oor as stolons stolons.
tlanticurtt
Yes
Shrub small
hallow
Good
t
es,
1 Rosa vamp rose s
plan
ants
aluslris
d
tlants
propagation is by root
Normal
b Alle
hen Yes Shrub small Fibrous Goo
1 u
us g
y cuttings.
alle heniensis blackberry
Y
Shrub small
Fibrous
Good
I lints
Normal propagation is by root
1 ubus idaeus Red raspberry es cuttings.
Fs p. Strigosus
1L
S
Dwaft willow
No
Yes
Shrub small
'hallow
V good
Medium
Fast
Poor
es,
Plant on 2 to 6 foot spacing.
I V
a stakes,
brush
X mats, layering,
cotietii
utlin s, lasts
I piraea f lardhack spirea Yes hrub small Dense, shallow Poor to fair Plants Propagation by leafy softwood
cuttings in midsummer under mist.
otnentosa
id
F
t
Excellent
I
'
s

Propagation by
forming.
Ch
iraea Douglas spirea Yes Yes Shrub small Fibrous, suckering Good Rap as h
, f
i
i
d
p r
us
mats
I rush , y softwoo
n
cutt
ngs
leafy so
ou lasii
g ease layering, midsummer under mist.
uttings,
livision of
uckers, lints

Ilex
Winterberry
Yes
Yes
hrub small to
Poor
Slow Plants
Prefers seasonally flooded sites.
s
di
i
Pl
crticillala large 'lasts ou
oec
ants
Evergreen
1 Ilex coriacea Sweet gallberry Yes Yes shrub small to Poor
lar e
I Leucodroe Leucothoc Yes Yes hrub small to Poor Slow Slants Evergreen
large
rillaris 'lints Evergreen
I Lyonia lucida Fetterbush Yes Shrub small to Poor
large
Medium
ascin
Thicket forming
I a-Tx itumilis Prairie willow Yes Shrub Fibrous, spreading Good kes epoles,
;ta
medium
)rush mats,
ayering,
-uttings, plants
Sl Poor Plants Roots & stumps coppice. Does not
I arya Bitternut hickory Yes Yes Tree rap & dense laterals Poor ow tolerate flooding. Transplants with
ordiformis difficulty.
i
F Pair Poor Plants
I Catalpa Southern catalpa Yes Yes ree Poor a
r
i nonioides Plants
1 ralaegics Downy hawthom Yes Yes Free Cap Poor to fair (
Hollis
F
t Plants
I Ouercus Swamp laurel oak Yes Yes Free Tap Poor Past as
auri olio
Aforus rubra Red mulberry Free large
Tilia American basswood Free large
mericana
'
P
Slow
Medium
Good
Plants
Does not tolerate flooding
/
i Eastern redcedar Yes Yes free large Tap & dense fibrous oor
I perus
un laterals
it i.niana P Slow Fair Plants Use for forested wetlands sites
d
b wect
um Yes Yes Tree large Tap to fibrous oor
1,2 ar
am
Liqui g
styraciflita

F

Past

Past
Plants
Yard to transplant
Liriodendron Tulip poplar Yes Yes Free large Deep & or
uli i/era vide,s readin

P

SiO`v
Plants
Trees from the wild do not
r yssa Swamp tupelo Yes Yes Free large hallow, fibrous oor rans lant well.
natica
F
Fast
Medium
Plants
Use for forested wetland sites.
Plantanus Sycamore Yes Yes Free large Fibrous, Poor ast Plant on 10 to
Tolerates alkali soils
1,2 ide,spreading .
12 footacin .Trans lints well.
Slow Slow Slow Difficult to trnsplant larger
lb White oak Yes Yes
[ ree lar i
a
uercirs a ::: mns
ec
di Fast Poor
Plnts
Bur oak Yes um
M
e
erars
u
acrocar a F Fast Fair
Plants
lUse for forested wetland
Yes Yes Tree large Vell developed Poor ast acin
t
12 f
O
uercu
iterc s
Pin oak g.
sp
oo
plant oil I
to
fibrous laterals after
oalustris a root disintegrates
'humard oak Yes Yes Tree large hallow Poor Medium Slow Low Plants
uercus
shuniardii
P
Slow
Slow
Low
Plants
Tsuga Eastern hemlock Yes Yes Free large hallow fibrous oor
anadensis
di
M
Medium
Poor
Plants
sites.
Nvetland
Use for
d
American elm Yes Yes free large rap on dry sites to Poor um
e ade
sh
To
lerate of full
I Ulnnrs hallow fibrous on .
mericana
moist sites.
ll
h

Poor

Fast when

Medium

Good

Plants

e
2
1 cer rubnrm Red maple Yes Yes ree medium ow
a sites with high water table.
Prefers
, Young
Fair Plants
le
a
Sil Yes Yes Free medium hallow, fibrous Poor Fast when Medium
1,2 cer p
ver m our
echarinum
r l Slow Poor Plants Hard to transplant
-
a ya ovata Shagbark hickory Yes Yes Free medium a
Poor
ow
S
w
L
Plants
Yes -;Y-es Free medium Relatively shallow Poor Medium Slow o
1 ellis ugarberry
laevi ata
i
F
Poor
Plants
Forms dense thickets on d sites.
1,2 Dios Fos Persimmon Yes Yes Free medium Ta Poor Slow a
r
h R Estab read
S Plait material Notes
Source cientific ommon name Native Commer,
Val Plant type Root type Rooting
ability from ate
Growt ,
lishtnent p
potential yp:
lame avail,
cutting
speed
abliti
S toloniferous & to rooted
it iniana
t
F
Fast
Good P
la its
1,2 • ravinus G reen ash Yes Yes free medium hallow fibrous Poor ass

1,2 enn dvanica
leditsia I
loneylocust
Yes
Yes
Free medium D
eep & wide spread
Poor to fair
Fast
Fast
Medium [
']eats
riacandtos
i
F
Fair
Poor P
lants
Fhough drought tolerant, will not
1,2 h iglans nigra B lack walnut Yes Yes Free medium r ap & deep &
vide,spread laterals Poor r
a g
n row on poor or dry soil sites. Does
ot tolerate flooding.
I inns taeda L oblolly pine Yes Yes free medium S hort tap changes to
hallow spreading Poor Fast Fast Poor P lants
l aterals
1 opuhrs
remtdoides Quaking aspen Yes Yes free medium

u hallow, profuse
tickers, vigorous
nderground runners Poor to fair Fast Fast Fair
c La;,ering, root S
uttings, plants b hort lived. Normal propagation is
y root cuttings.
I uercus S wamp white oak Yes Yes free medium S omewhat shallow Poor Fast Medium Fair Plznts
l
or
ico
Sl
Slow
Slow
Plznts
I
l uercus
yrato vercup oak Yes Yes free medium
d
l rap deteriorates to
ense shallow
aterals Poor ow
d Sl Poor Plznts Easily transplanted.
I Qrrercus Water oak Yes Free medium S hallow & spreading Poor Fast on goo
sites ow
ti ra
i
F
ir
F
Poor I
lk nts
I uercus Swamp chestnut oak Yes Yes Free medium rap & deep laterals Poor r
a a

nichatIX((
di
t
F
Good
cuttings
Rc
r al o
oot
pagation i by
I obinia
)seuodoacacia Black locust Yes Yes Free medium Shallow Poor um to
Me
fast as nf
,
pli
f of
ra
or . Not tote
s
cuttings
looding. Reported toxic to
l ivestock.
alit Purpleosier willow Yes Yes free medium Shallow Excel Fast Fast Poor poles,
Iia;cines, Tolerates partial shade.
nrrpurea gush mats,
l ayering,
cWtings, plants
di
M Fast Poor Pl.mts
1,2 Taxodium Bald cypress Yes Yes Free medium rap with laterals for
knees for aeration Poor e
um
(istichtrm h
F Fast Poor Plants Plant coppice when cut.
1,2 enda nigra River birch Yes Yes Free medium
o large Poor ast w
en
young
F
Medium
Fair
Plants
Easily transplanted.
( uercus
h
ll Willow oak Yes Yes Free medium
to large Shallow, fibrous Poor ast
os
e di
t
M Slow Low PI rots
I
1 eltis
ccidentalis
piraea alba I Iackberry
Meadow,sweet
irea Yes
Yes Yes
Yes Free mediume
Free short,
dense Medium to deep
fibrous
Dense shallow,
lateral Poor
Fair to good um
o
e
fast
Medium

oor
I'1 ints

Root cuttings
Propagation by leafy softwood
cuttings in midsummer under mist.
Produces thickets. Can be
1,2 4simina Pawpaw Yes Yes 'Free small lap and root suckers Poor to fair Fast ,
III mts propagated by layering & root
tr((oba cuttings.
Sl Slow Poor Plants of tolerant of flooding.
1,2 arpinis
aroliniana American
lornbeam Ycs Yes,
limited Free small Poor ow
sources
Sl
Slow
Poor
Plants
Juvenile wood & roots will root.
1 ercis Redbud Yes Yes Free small rap Poor ow

anaden.ris Sl Poor Plants
? hionanthus Fringetree Yes Yes Free small Poor ow
it inicus
i
F
Fair
Poor
Plants
ba
re
[lard to transpla

1
ornnrs
orida
Flowering
dogwood
Yes
Yes
Free small
hallow, fibrous
Poor
a
r t of
Not
toleran
pp freely. flooding.
Pants Semievergreen
I .yrilla riti Yes Free small Poor
racenti ora
Sl
(\1edium
Poor
P ants
Easy to transplant when young
? flex opaca merican holley Yes Yes free small rap root & prolific
laterals Poor ow
Plants Occurs in swamps
I Magnolia weetbay Yes Yes Free small

Poor

ow
Sl
it iniana
Sl Plants Difficult to transplant. Tolerates
1,2 stry'a Hophom,beem Yes Yes Tree small Poor Slow ow
flooding
(r iniana
t
i
f
l Plants
1 lanera Water elm Yes tree small Poor as
Fa
r
y
uat(ca Good asc
i
ine un.
May be shrt
l s
l

1,2
SaliY nigra
Black willow
Yes
Yes
Cree small to
large
Dense, shallow,
prouts readily
Good to
excel!
Past
Fast ,
poles,
ak
gush mats,
&
sev raNdiseases
sceptible to
u
insects.
Inycring,
cuttings, root
cuttings, plants
P Slow Slow f lams
1 ersea
horbonia Redbay Yes Yes Free small to
large
oor
vet reen
tel
d
oor
Fast
Fast
Fair
1 jants rooted
Use in sun & part shade.
1,2 Acer negundo Boxelder Yes Yes Free small to
medium y
era
Fibrous, mo
deep, spreading, p

suckering
For
Plants
Used for forested wetland sites
?

? 2 arya
aquatic
yssa
rylvatica Water hickory

Blackgum Yes

Yes Yes

Yes Free tall

Free tall Tap to shallow
lateral
nd fibrous, very
scending Poor

Poor Slow

Medium Fast

Slow
Fair

I'lanats
and .
DUse ifficult to tratasplanlt but pleant in
un or shade on 10 to 12 foot
r pacing.
F P°or e 1
1,2 opuhrs
eltoicles Eastern cottonwood Yes Yes free tall fibrous,
g Fast a st poles,
takes,
)rush mats, Hybridizes with s veral otl er
hest
poplars. Plant roots may be
ayering,
;uttings, root invasive. May be sensitive to
aluminum in the soil.
;uckers, plant s
- t
F ascines

1
opuhrs
Balsam poplar
Yes
Yes
Tr,
,, tall
Deep, fibrous
V good
Fast
as ,
;takes, poles,
balsamifera brush mats,
layering,
uttings, plant
t
F Good [']ants
1 lemotis Western clematis Yes Yes Vine hallow & fibrous Poor Fast as
li ustici Olia
I USDA,NRCS Engineering Field Handbook Chapter 16 Streambank and Shoreline Protection. Native refers to Southeastern United States. May not grow in WNC
2 Angela Jessup/Dick Everhart Seeding and Planting Guidelines. Native refers to NC.