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HomeMy WebLinkAbout20070292 Ver 1_Application_20070212.s~a..SiAtEo ~f' - 'eowo~ STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF `1~tANSPORTATION MICHAEL F. EASLEY. GOVERNOR LYNDO TIPPETT SECRETARY FEBRUARY 19, 2007 NCDENR Division of Water Quality John Hennessy O 2321 Crabtree Blvd. Suite 250 Raleigh, NC 27604-2260 ~~ , RE: Minor Road Crossings /Bridge #13 - SR 2005 / Harnett County State Project WBS # 41360 USACOE NWP#14/33 i NCDENR WQC 34041 GC 3366 Dear Mr. Hennessy: Enclosed, please find seven (7) copies of a PCN and related documentation for a Minor Road Crossing for Bridge #13 (SR 2005) in Harnett County. The project consists of removing Bridge #13 and replacing it with a 38.11'x8.11' Structural Aluminum Arch Culvert that will be completed in compliance with NCDENR Division of Water Quality General Certification 3404, and, USACE Nationwide Permit #14. This project is being submitted under the 401 Automated Payment Procedure. The State Project Number is WBS# 41360 and, the permit fee is $200.00. A separate copy of this submission has been forwarded to Ken Averitte of the Fayetteville Regional Office. If you should have any questions or comments regarding this notification, please feel free to contact me. incerely, ~ '7r~°-5 ames . Rerko, PWS Division 6 Environmental Officer P. O. Box 1150, Fayetteville, NC 28302-1150 -Telephone (910) 437-0208 -Fax (910) 486-1959 e„aA~ r- ~~ a~~.`.,~s' STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA `o r ~p1/ ~~~~~~ n ~ ~~ ~'~. 1 l f,~T~9 - ~ ~ y ,~ ~j dz ~yj~s rr y .r ~~Jl" ,~` ~ ~a~% DEPARTMENT OF T~ZANSPORTATION ~~~`~~F~~L MICHAEL F. EASLEY W. LYNDO T~ GOVERNOR SECRETARY Febnlaly 19, 2007 U. S. Army Corps of Engineers Wilmington Regulatory Field Office P.O. Box 1890 Wilmington, North Carolina 28402-1890 ATTN: Mr. Richard Spencer NCDOT Coordinator Dear Sir: Subject: Notification for Permit -Nationwide Permit #14 / 33 Bridge #13 (SR 2005) / Harnett County State Project : WBS # 41360 07p2~2 The North Carolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT) proposes to replace Bridge # 13 along SR 2005 in Harnett County. During construction, traffic will be detoured ofd site using existing secondary roads. The existing bridge was built in 1950 and has a sufficiency rating of 41.3. Bridge #13 is considered structurally deficient or functionally obsolete, it does exhibit severe deterioration of all components. In addition, the bridge currently has a Prompt Action Notice that requires immediate repair of the structure. Bridge #13 /SR 2005 has been closed to all traffic effective 02/08/07. The superstructure is composed of reinforced concrete deck on I-beams. End bents and interior bents are timber caps on timber piles. Crutch bents have been added to support the structure. SR 2005 has been closed to traffic due to severely deteriorated timber piles. The exiting bridge is three-span 52.5 feet long and has a clear roadway width of 24 feet. Due to extraordinary circumstances at this bridge site, NCDOT proposes to replace the bridge with a 38.11 foot x 8.11-foot structural plate arch culvert with aluminum head walls. This is being pursued because of three - 270,000 volt transmission lines from Shearon Hams that have been installed over the bridge. Progress Energy cannot de-energize the lines. There is approximately 40 foot of vertical clearance between the roadway and KV lines. Piles cannot be driven for the bridge structure, thus eliminating bridge replacement. Richard Spencer (COE) and Ken Averitte (NCDENR DWQ) attended a field review of this project November 17, 2006. P. O. Box 1150, Fayetteville, NC 28302-1150 -Telephone (910) 437-0208- Fax (910) 486-1959 The existing bridge will be removed in accordance with the NCDOT Best Management Practices for Bridge Demolition and Removal (BMP-BDR). The proposed bridge replacement is a Case 3 demolition project. Removal of the end bents and fill material excavated to natural ground elevation will restore floodplain capacity. The timber components of the bridge will be removed without dropping any components into Waters of the U. S. There is potential for small amounts of concrete components of the bridge deck to be dropped into Waters of the U. S. during demolition. The resulting temporary fill associated with demolition of the concrete deck is estimated to be 7.5 cubic yards. Thortons Creek is a perennial stream that exhibits characteristics of a CS channel (Rosgen). Immediately upon closing offthe roadway to the motoring public, a Fabric Lined Diversion Channel will be installed just west of the existing bridge. The Fabric Lined Diversion Channel (Section 5.2.4 NCDOT BMP Manual for Construction and Maintenance Activities) will convey the expected flows during the life of the project in anon-erosive manner. All material excavated from the jurisdictional wetlands will be preserved within the floodplain. The material will be stockpiled upon fabric with silt fence wrapped around the material. The preserved material will be returned to the wetlands upon completion of the project and stabilized. Once the Fabric Lined Diversion Channel is installed, an Impervious Dike shall be installed in accordance with Section 5.3 of the NCDOT BMP Manual for Construction and Maintenance Activities. The preferred method of Impervious Dike will depend upon the availability of Jersey Barriers. Sand bags will also be utilized. The proposed 34'-11" x 8'-11" Aluminum Plate Arch Culvert with Aluminum Headwalls will be constructed within the footprint of the existing bridge. The culvert will be assembled on-site within the prepared bed. Once assembled, the culvert will be immediately backfilled and the roadway brought up to grade. With the roadway to grade, the Fabric Lined Diversion Channel will be removed. The Downstream Impervious Dike will first be removed so that the stream can backflow into the culvert and equalize. Then the upstream Impervious Dike will be removed, returning the stream back to the original channel. The Fabric Lined Diversion Channel will then be backfilled with the preserved material and stabilized with a temporary grass seed and mulch. Thortons Creek is located within the Lumber River Basin, subbasin 03-06-07, and hydrologic unit 03030004. The North Carolina Division of Water Quality (NCDWQ) has designated a best usage for Thortons Creek of WS-IV. There are currently no 303(d) impaired waters, high quality waters (HQW) outstanding resource waters (ORW), drinking water supply waters (WS-I and WS-II), or 3030(d) listed streams within one mile radius of the project study area. Jurisdictional wetlands are located adjacent to the existing bridge. There will be no Permanent impacts to Waters of the U. S.. Existing wood piles will either be pulled out of the channel or cut flush with the substrate. Measures will be taken to ensure that sediment releases from this activity will be contained to immediate location of the pile removal operation. Due to the dewatering of the construction area and Fabric-lined Diversion Channel, there will be temporary wetland impacts for the project. As discussed earlier in this report, the Fabric-lined Diversion channel will be excavated within the wetland area. It is expected that approximately 0.10 acre of emergent wetlands will be impacted by the installation of the Fabric-lined Diversion Channel and another 0.05 acres will be impacted by the stockpiling of the hydric soils. Construction equipment will be operated from the existing roadway and/or upland areas in order to install the proposed culvert.. The United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) has identified five endangered species (E) and one threatened species due to similarity of appearance (T(S/A) in Harnett County. No habitat was available within the project area for any of these species. We are requesting the issuance of a Nationwide Permit #14 /33 authorizing construction activities associated with the replacement of Bridge #13 in Harnett County. NCDOT will also comply with all conditions of the NCDENR DWQ 401 Water Quality Certification 3404 13376. If you should have any questions, or, need additional information please contact James J. Rerko, PWS at (910) 437-0208. incerely, Qcrr~ r nu'' ~ :James J. erko, PWS Division 6 Environmental Officer ATTACHMENTS cc: John Henessey (DWQ) Ken Averitte (DWQ) L.L. Sonny Upole, P.E. Offlce USe OIIIy: Form Version May 2002 2 ~ r -- -~ ~ 9 2 USACE Action ID No. DWQ No. (It any particular item is not applicable to this project, please enter "Not Applicable" or "NIA".) I. Processing Check all of the approval(s) requested for this project: ® Section 404 Permit ^ Riparian or Watershed Buffer Rules ^ Section 10 Permit ^ Isolated Wetland Permit from DWQ ^ 401 Water Quality Certification 2. Nationwide, Regional or General Permit Number(s) Requested: NWP#14/#33 3. If this notification is solely a courtesy copy because written approval for the 401 Certification is not required, check here: ^ 4. If payment into the North Carolina Wetlands Restoration Program (NCWRP) is proposed for mitigation of impacts (verify availability with NCWRP prior to submittal of PCN), complete section VIII and check here: ^ 5. If your project is located in any of North Carolina's twenty coastal counties (listed on page 4), and the project is within a North Carolina Division of Coastal Management Area of Environmental Concern (see the top of page 2 for further details), check here: ^ II. Applicant Information Owner/Applicant Information Name: Terry R Gibson, P.E. /NCDOT/Div 6/Division Engineer Mailing Address: P.O. Boz 1150 Fayetteville, NC 28302 Telephone Number: 910-486-1493 Fax Number: 910-486-1959 E-mail Address: tg'bson(a dot.state.nc.us 2. Agent/Consultant Information (A signed and dated copy of the Agent Authorization letter must be attached if the Agent has signatory authority for the owner/applicant.) Name: James J. Rerko. PWS Company Affiliation: NCDOT/Div G/Division Environmental Officer Mailing Address: Same Telephone Number: 910-437-0208 Fax Number: 910-486-1959 E-mail Address: jjrerko anr,dot.state.nc.us Page 1 of 8 III. Project Information Attach a vicinity map clearly showing the location of the property with respect to local landmarks such as towns, rivers, and roads. Also provide a detailed site plan showing property boundaries and development plans in relation to surrounding properties. Both the vicinity map and site plan must include a scale and north arrow. The specific footprints of all buildings, impervious surfaces, or other facilities must be included. If possible, the maps and plans should include the appropriate USGS Topographic Quad Map and NRCS Soil Survey with the property boundaries outlined. Plan drawings, or other maps may be included at the applicant's discretion, so long as the property is clearly defined. For administrative and distribution purposes, the USACE requires information to be submitted on sheets no larger than 11 by 17-inch format; however, DWQ may accept paperwork of any size. DWQ prefers full-size construction drawings rather than a sequential sheet version of the full-size plans. If full-size plans are reduced to a small scale such that the final version is illegible, the applicant will be informed that the project has been placed on hold until decipherable maps are provided. 1. Name of project: Bride # 13 along SR 2005 over Thortons Creek 2. T.I.P. Project Number or State Project Number (NCDOT Only): WBS# 41360 3. Property Identification Number (Tax PIl~: 4. Location County: Harnett Nearest Town: Bueis Creek Subdivision name (include phase/lot number}: Directions to site (include road numbers, landmarks, etc.): 1.3 mile east of the intersection of SR 2005 and NC 27 5. Site coordinates, if available (UTM or Lat/Long):Bridge # 34.3909°N 78.7150° W (Note - If project is linear, such as a road or utility line, attach a sheet that separately lists the coordinates for each crossing of a distinct waterbody.) 6. Property size (acres): less than 0.10 acre 7. Nearest body of water (stream/river/sound/oceanJlake): Thortons Creek 8. River Basin: Caae Fear River _ _ _ (Note -this must be one of North Carolina's seventeen designated major river basins. The River Basin map is available at http:/lh2o.enr.state.nc.us/admin/maps/.) 9. Describe the existing conditions on the site and general land use in the vicinity of the project at the time of this application: Floodulain surrounded with rural residential Page 2 of 8 10. Describe the overall project in detail, including the type of equipment to be used: The eaisting_bridge is a three-span structure with a total length of 52.5 feet and a clear roadway width of 24 feet. The bridge superstructure is composed of reinforced concrete deck on timber joists. End bents and interior bents are timber caps on timber wiles. Crutch bents have been installed. Currently Bridge #13 / SR 2005 is closed to all traffic. Due to site constraints, Bridge #13 will be replaced with a 45LF 38.11' 88.11' Aluminum Arch Culvert. Standard roadway and bridge construction equipment will be used including excavators and dump trucks. The culvert will be constructed at the ezisting bridge location. 11. Explain the purpose of the proposed work: Bridge #13 exhibits severe deterioration of several timber piles and bracing components. Replacing, the bridge with a culvert will result in a safer structure that conforms to the latest safety standards. Bridge #13 / SR 2005 is currently closed to a traffic. IV. Prior Project History If jurisdictional determinations and/or permits have been requested and/or obtained for this project (including all prior phases of the same subdivision) in the past, please explain. Include the USACE Action ID Number, DWQ Project Number, application date, and date permits and certifications were issued or withdrawn. Provide photocopies of previously issued permits, certifications or other useful information. Describe previously approved wetland, stream and buffer impacts, along with associated mitigation (where applicable). If this is a NCD~T project, list and describe permits issued for prior segments of the same T.I.P. project, along with construction schedules. Richard Saencer (COE) and Ken Averitte (NCDENR DWO) reviewed the project 11/17107. V. Future Project Plans Are any future permit requests anticipated for this project? If so, describe the anticipated work, and provide justification for the exclusion of this work from the current application. None VL Proposed Impacts to Waters of the United States/Waters of the State It is the applicant's (or agent's) responsibility to determine, delineate and map all impacts to wetlands, open water, and stream channels associated with the project. The applicant must also provide justification for these impacts in Section VII below. All proposed impacts, permanent and temporary, must be listed herein, and must be clearly identifiable on an accompanying site plan. All wetlands and waters, and all streams (intermittent and perennial) must be shown on a delineation map, whether or not impacts are proposed to these systems. Wetland and stream evaluation and delineation forms should be included as appropriate. Photographs may be included at the applicant's discretion. If this proposed impact is strictly for wetland or stream mitigation, list and describe the impact in Section VIII below. If additional space is needed for listing or description, please attach a separate sheet. Page 3 of 8 Provide a written description of the proposed impacts Permanent impacts to Waters of the U.S consists of 45LF of culvert installation. Temporary wetland impacts are expected (0.15 acre) Existing wood pilin~~ will either be pulled out of the channel or cut flush with the substrate. Construction eguipment will be operated from the existing road surface and/or upland areas. 2. Individually list wetland impacts below: Wetland Impact Area of Located within Distance to Site Number Type of Impact* Impact 100 year Floodplain** Nearest Stream Type of Wetland*** indicate on ma (acres) es/no) (linear feet) Temporary Diversion 0.15 Yes O LF PEMIE Im act - Channel * List each impact separately and identify temporary impacts. Impacts include, but are not limited to: mechanized clearing, grading, fill, excavation, flooding, ditching/drainage, etc. For dams, separately list impacts due to both structure and flooding. ** 100-Year floodplains are identified through the Federal Emergency Management Agency's (FEMA) Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRM), or FEMA-approved local floodplain maps. Maps are available through the FEMA Map Service Center at 1-800-358-9616, or online at http:!/www.fema.g_ov. *** List a wetland type that best describes wetland to be impacted (e.g., freshwater/saltwater marsh, forested wetland, beaver pond, Carolina Bay, bog, etc.) Indicate if wetland is isolated (determination of isolation to be made by USACE only). List the total acreage (estimated) of all existing wetlands on the property: OAc Total area of wetland impact proposed: Temporary 0.15acre 3. Individually list all intermittent and perennial stream impacts below: Stream Impact Site Number (indicate on ma Type of Impact* Length of Impact (linear feet Stream Name** Average Width of Stream Before Im ct Perennial or Intermittent? lease Bridge #13 Culvert 45 LF Thortons Creek 30ft Perennial List each impact separately and identify temporary impacts. Impacts include, but are not limited to: culverts and associated rip-rap, dams (separately list impacts due to both structure and flooding), relocation (include linear feet before and after, and net loss/gain), stabilization activities (cement wall, rip-rap, crib wall, gabions, etc.), excavation, ditching/straightening, etc. ff stream relocation is proposed, plans and profiles showing the lineaz footprint for both the original and relocated streams must be included. •" Stream names can be found on USGS topographic maps. If a stream has no name, list as UT (unnamed tributary) to the nearest downstream named stream into which it flows. USGS maps ate available through the USGS at 1-800-358-9616, or online at www.us sg~g. ov. Several Internet sites also allow direct download and printing of USGS maps (e.g., www.topozone.com, www.mapguest.com, etc.). Cumulative impacts (linear distance in feet) to all streams on site: 45 LF 4. Individually list all open water impacts (including lakes, ponds, estuaries, sounds, Atlantic Ocean and any other water of the U.S.) below: Page 4 of 8 Open Water Impact Area of Name of Waterbody Type of Waterbody Site Number Type of Impact* Impact (if applicable) (lake, pond, estuary, sound, (indicate on map) (acres) bay, ocean, etc.) N/A * List each impact separately and identify temporary impacts. Impacts include, but are not limited to: fill, excavation, dredging, flooding, drainage, bulkheads, etc. 5. Pond Creation If construction of a pond is proposed, associated wetland and stream impacts should be included above in the wetland and stream impact sections. Also, the proposed pond should be described here and illustrated on any maps included with this ap lication. Pond to be created in (check all that apply): ^ uplands [stream ^ wetlands Describe the method of construction (e.g., dam/embankment, excavation, installation of draw-down valve or spillway, etc.): N/A Proposed use or purpose of pond (e.g., livestock watering, irrigation, aesthetic, trout pond, local stormwater requirement, etc.): Size of watershed draining to pond: Expected pond surface area: VII. Impact Justification (Avoidance and Minimization) Specifically describe measures taken to avoid the proposed impacts. It may be useful to provide information related to site constraints such as topography, building ordinances, accessibility, and financial viability of the project. The applicant may attach drawings of alternative, lower-impact site layouts, and explain why these design options were not feasible. Also discuss how impacts were minimized once the desired site plan was developed. If applicable, discuss construction techniques to be followed during construction to reduce impacts. _ Impacts will be avoided by replacing the bridge in place, having an off-site detour.. NCDOT Policv on Bridge Demolition and Removal in conjunction with NCDOT's Best Management Practices for Protection of Surface Waters will minimize temporary impacts to water quality. The replacement of Bridge #13 is not feasible due to the location of high voltage electric line overhead of the ezisting bridge. Pile bents cannot be driven because a crane cannot stand under the lines. Bridge #13 / SR ZOOS is currently closed to traffic. VIII. Mitigation DWQ - In accordance with 15A NCAC 2H .0500, mitigation may be required by the NC Division of Water Quality for projects involving greater than or equal to one acre of impacts to freshwater wetlands or greater than or equal to 150 linear feet of total impacts to perennial streams. Page 5 of 8 USACE - In accordance with the Final Notice of Issuance and Modification of Nationwide Permits, published in the Federal Register on March 9, 2000, mitigation will be required when necessary to ensure that adverse effects to the aquatic environment are minimal. Factors including size and type of proposed impact and function and relative value of the impacted aquatic resource will be considered in determining acceptability of appropriate and practicable mitigation as proposed. Examples of mitigation that may be appropriate and practicable include, but are not limited to: reducing the size of the project; establishing and maintaining wetland and/or upland vegetated buffers to protect open waters such as streams; and replacing losses of aquatic resource functions and values by creating, restoring, enhancing, or preserving similar functions and values, preferable in the same watershed. If mitigation is required for this project, a copy of the mitigation plan must be attached in order for USACE or DWQ to consider the application complete for processing. Any application lacking a required mitigation plan or NCWRP concurrence shall be placed on hold as incomplete. An applicant may also choose to review the current guidelines for stream restoration in DWQ's Draft Technical Guide for Stream Work in North Carolina, available at http://h2o. enr.state. nc.us/ncwetlands/strmgide. html. Provide a brief description of the proposed mitigation plan. The description should provide as much information as possible, including, but not limited to: site location (attach directions and/or map, if offsite), affected stream and river basin, type and amount (acreage/linear feet) of mitigation proposed (restoration, enhancement, creation, or preservation), a plan view, preservation mechanism (e.g., deed restrictions, conservation easement, etc.), and a description of the current site conditions and proposed method of construction. Please attach a separate sheet if more space is needed. N/A 2. Mitigation may also be made by payment into the North Carolina Wetlands Restoration Program (NCWRP). Please note it is the applicant's responsibility to contact the NCWRP at (919) 733-5208 to determine availability and to request written approval of mitigation prior to submittal of a PCN. For additional information regarding the application process for the NCWRP, check the NCWRP website at http://h2o.enr.state.nc.us/wrp/index.htm. If use of the NCWRP is proposed, please check the appropriate box on page three and provide the following information: Amount of stream mitigation requested (linear feet): 0 LF Amount of buffer mitigation requested (square feet): 0 LF Amount of Riparian wetland mitigation requested (acres): 0 LF Amount ofNon-riparian wetland mitigation requested (acres): 0 LF Amount of Coastal wetland mitigation requested (acres): 0 LF IX. Environmental Documentation (required by DWQ) Does the project involve an expenditure of public (federaUstate) funds or the use of public (federaUstate) land? Page 6 of 8 Yes ® No ^ X. If yes, does the project require preparation of an environmental document pursuant to the requirements of the National or North Carolina Environmental Policy Act (NEPA/SEPA)? Note: If you are not sure whether a NEPA/SEPA document is required, call the SEPA coordinator at {919) 733-5083 to review current thresholds for environmental documentation. Yes ^ No If yes, has the document review been finalized by the State Clearinghouse? If so, please attach a copy of the NEPA or SEPA final approval letter. Yes ^ No ^ Proposed Impacts on Riparian and Watershed Buffers (required by DWQ) It is the applicant's {or agent's) responsibility to determine, delineate and map all impacts to required state and local buffers associated with the project, The applicant must also provide justification for these impacts in Section VII above. All proposed impacts must be listed herein, and must be clearly identifiable on the accompanying site plan. All buffers must be shown on a map, whether or not impacts are proposed to the buffers. Correspondence from the DWQ Regional Office may be included as appropriate. Photographs may also be included at the applicant's discretion. Will the project impact protected riparian buffers identified within 15A NCAC 2B .0233 (Meuse), 15A NCAC 2B .0259 (Tar-Pamlico), 15A NCAC 2B .0250 (Randleman Rules and Water Supply Buffer Requirements), or other (please identify )? Yes ^ No ® If you answered "yes", provide the following information: Identify the square feet and acreage of impact to each zone of the riparian buffers. If buffer mitigation is required calculate the required amount of mitigation by applying the buffer multipliers. * Zone Impact uare feet Multiplier Required rye tion I 3 2 I.5 Total * Zone 1 extends out 30 feet perpendicular from near bank of channel; Zone 2 extends an additiona120 feet from the edge of Zone 1. Page 7 of 8 If buffer mitigation is required, please discuss what type of mitigation is proposed (i.e., Donation of Property, Conservation Easement, Riparian Buffer Restoration /Enhancement, Preservation or Payment into the Riparian Buffer Restoration Fund). Please attach all appropriate information as identified within 15A NCAC 2B .0242 or .0260. XI. Stormwater (required by DWQ) Describe impervious acreage (both existing and proposed) versus total acreage on the site. Discuss Stormwater controls proposed in order to protect surface waters and wetlands downstream from the property. An erosion/sedimentation control elan will be incorporated into the construction plan XII. Sewage Disposal (required by DWQ) Clearly detail the ultimate treatment methods and disposition (non-discharge or discharge) of wastewater generated from the proposed project, or available capacity of the subject facility. N/A XIII. Violations (required by DWQ) Is this site in violation of bWQ Wetland Rules (15A NCAC 2H .0500) or any Buffer Rules? Yes. ^ No Is this anafter-the-fact permit application? Yes ^ No XIV. Other Circumstances (Optional): It is the applicant's responsibility to submit the application sufficiently in advance of desired construction dates to allow processing time for these permits. However, an applicant may choose to list constraints associated with construction or sequencing that may impose limits on work schedules (e.g., draw-down schedules for lakes, dates associated with Endangered and Threatened Species, accessibility problems, or other issues outside of the applicant's control). «. O Ai~plicant/Agent's Signature Date (Agent's signature is valid only if an authorization letter from the applicant is provided.) Page 12 of 12 ~. y •, -_ y ~, r ; ~ _ , s, „_ ~! ~ ~ '. i .~..-~'~~. f'r~. ,/~~ Bridge #13 ~' '~ ~ ~ ~ S f ' ~, ~' r "' ~ _ V ~ .~ a ~ a f f~t ~~. ~ ~ ~~ ~ i r• t ~ ' ..`~ C=. ~ ,. ,_ ,I ~, - - ~ t _ t,r ~ fA ~ ~, ' SSS ., ~ ~' _ +~.-' ~ ~~'~`.°`~" ,,,,gip -_.~, • ~ =~- t r .~ . ~ ~ ~~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ _ ~ ~ , . 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