20190531 Ver 1_17BP.4.R.97 Aquatic Species Survey Report_20190425

Aquatic Species Survey Report
Replace Bridge No. 64 on Faith Baptist Church Rd (SR 1126) over Town Creek
Edgecombe County, North Carolina
WBS Element # 17BP.4.R.97
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NC Department of Transportation
Raleigh, North Carolina
Contact Person:
Jared Gray
Biological Surveys Group
North Carolina Department of Transportation
j gray@ncdot. gov
1598 Mail Service Center
Raleigh NC 27699-1598
March 14, 2018
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Town Creek during the survey efforts

Prepared by:
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324 Blackwell Street, Suite 1200
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Contact Person:
Tom Dickinson
tom. dickinson@threeoaksengineering. com
919-732-1300

Table of Contents
1.0 Introducti on ................................................................. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 1
2.0 Waters Impacted .................................................................................................................. 1
2.1 303(d) Classification ........................................................................................................ 2
2.2 NPDES discharges ........................................................................................................... 2
3.0 Target Federally Protected Species Descriptions ................................................................ 2
3.1 Alasmidonta heterodon (Dwarf Wedgemussel) ............................................................... 2
3.1.1. Species Characteristics .............................................................................................. 2
3.1.2. Distribution and Habitat Requirements .................................................................... 3
3.1.3. Threats to Species ..................................................................................................... 3
3.2 Parvaspina steinstansana (Tar River Spinymussel) ........................................................ 4
3.2.1. Species Characteristics .............................................................................................. 4
3.2.2. Distribution and Habitat Requirements .................................................................... 5
3.2.3. Threats to Species ..................................................................................................... 6
3.3 Elliptio lanceolata (Yellow Lance) .................................................................................. 6
3.3.1. Species Characteristics .............................................................................................. 6
3.3.2. Distribution and Habitat Requirements .................................................................... 6
3.3.3. Threats to Species ..................................................................................................... 7
3.3.4. Species Listing .......................................................................................................... 7
4.0 Other Target Species Descriptions ....................................................................................... 7
4.1 Fusconaia masoni (Atlantic Pigtoe) ................................................................................. 7
4.1.1. Species Characteristics .............................................................................................. 7
4.1.2. Distribution and Habitat Requirements .................................................................... 8
4.1.3. Threats to Species ..................................................................................................... 8
4.1.4. Species Listing .......................................................................................................... 8
4.2 Necturus lewisi (Neuse River Waterdog) ......................................................................... 9
4.2.1. Species Characteristics .............................................................................................. 9
4.2.2. Distribution and Habitat Requirements .................................................................... 9
4.2.3. Threats to Species ................................................................................................... 10
4.2.4. Species Listing ........................................................................................................ 10
4.3 Noturus furiosus (Carolina Madtom) ............................................................................. 10
4.3.1. Species Characteristics ............................................................................................ 10
4.3.2. Distribution and Habitat Requirements .................................................................. 10
4.3.3. Threats to Species ................................................................................................... 11
4.3.4. Species Listing ........................................................................................................ 11
5.0 Survey Efforts .................................................................................................................... 11
5.1 Stream Conditions at Time of Survey: Town Creek ...................................................... 11
5.2 Methodology .................................................................................................................. 12
5.2.1. Mussel Habitat Evaluation ...................................................................................... 12
5.2.2. Neuse River Waterdog Surveys .............................................................................. 13
6.0 Results ................................................................................................................................13
6.1 Neuse River Waterdog Results ...................................................................................... 13
7.0 Discussion/Conclusions ..................................................................................................... 14
8.0 Literature Cited .................................................................................................................. 15

Appendix A. Figures:
Figure 1: Project Vicinity & Survey Reach
Figures 2-1 through 2-6: NCNHP Element Occurrences
Figure 3: 303(d) Listed Streams and NPDES Discharges

1.0 INTRODUCTION
The North Carolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT) proposes replace bridge number 64
on Faith Baptist Church Rd (SR 1126) over Town Creek in Edgecombe County (Appendix A,
Figure 1). The Federally Endangered Dwarf Wedgemussel (Alasmidonta heterodon, DWM) is
listed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) for Edgecombe County, although there are
no county records. The Federally Endangered Tar River Spinymussel (Pai^vaspina
steinstansana, TSM [formerly Elliptio steinstansana (Perkins et al. 2017)]) is listed by USFWS
and has current records. Additionally, the Yellow Lance (Elliptio lanceolata) was proposed for
listing by the USFWS on Apri15, 2017, and is known to occur in Edgecombe County as a
historical record. The Atlantic Pigtoe (Fusconaia masoni), Neuse River Waterdog (Nectur�us
lewisi), and Carolina Madtom (Noturus furiosus) are also being considered for listing by the
USFWS and are known to occur in the county.
Tables 1 lists the nearest element occurrence (EO) in approximate river miles (RM) for targeted
species for the project crossing. Data is according to the NC Natural Heritage Program database
(NCNHP 2018) most recently updated in January 2018.
Table 1—Element Occurrence
Distance
from
EO crossing First Last EO
S ecies Name EO ID Waterbod (RM) Observed Observed Status* Fi ure
Dwarf 20981 Stony Creek >50 May 1991 July 1992 C 2-1
Wed emussel
Tar River 21438 Tar River 19.9 May 1977 October C 2 2
S in mussel 2001
24418 Tar River 19.9 1970 1970 H 2-3
Yellow Lance 34945 Swift Creek >50 November November C 2-3
2011 2011
Atlanric Pigtoe 33242 Tar River 19.9 October October C 2-4
2013 2013
Neuse River Town Creek/ December January
Waterdo 12606 Tar River 10'8 1953 2015 C 2-5
Carolina Madtom 11292 Town Creek to 10.8 1887 June 2007 C 2-6
Tar River
*: C— NCNHP Current; H— NCNHP Historic
As part of the federal permitting process that requires an evaluation of potential project-related
impacts to federally protected species, Three Oaks Engineering (Three Oaks) was contracted by
NCDOT to conduct surveys targeting the DWM, TSM, Yellow Lance, Atlantic Pigtoe, Neuse
River Waterdog, and Carolina Madtom.
2.0 WATERS IMPACTED
The study bridge over Town Creek is in the Lower Tar subbasin of the Tar River basin (HUC#
03020103). Town Creek flows approximately 19.9 RM to its confluence with the Tar River.
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2.1 303(d) Classification
Town Creek is not on the North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality (NCDEQ,
formerly NC Department of Environment and Natural Resources, NCDENR) - Division of Water
Resources 2014 Fina1303(d) list of impaired streams. The 2016 Draft 303(d) list of impaired
streams does not propose changes to the 2014 list in the vicinity of this project. The closest
303(d) stream is an Unnamed Tributary (UT) to Town Creek approximately 10.9 RM above the
study bridge; it is listed for Benthos (Severe) (Figure 3).
2.2 NPDES discharges
There are no individual NPDES discharges upstream of the SR 1126 crossing of Town Creek.
The closest active individual permitted NPDES discharge is approximately 8.5 RM downstream
of the study bridge on Town Creek, Pinetops Waste Water Treatment Plant (NPDES Permit
#NC0020435) (Figure 3, USEPA 2018).
3.0 TARGET FEDERALLY PROTECTED SPECIES DESCRIPTIONS
3.1 Alasmidonta heterodon (Dwarf Wedgemussel)
311. Species Characte�istics
The DWM was originally described as Unio heterodon (Lea 1829). Simpson (1914)
subsequently placed it in the genus Alasmidonta. Ortmann (1919) placed it in a monotypic
subgenus Prolasmidonta, based on the unique soft-tissue anatomy and conchology. Fuller
(1977) believed the characteristics of Prolasmidonta warranted elevation to full generic rank and
renamed the species Prolasmidonta heterodon. Clarke (1981) retained the genus name
Alasmidonta and considered Prolasmidonta to be a subjective synonym of the subgenus
Pressodonta (Simpson 1900).
The specific epithet heterodon refers to the chief distinguishing characteristic of this species,
which is the only North American freshwater mussel that consistently has two lateral teeth on the
right valve and only one on the left (Fuller 1977). All other laterally dentate freshwater mussels
in North America normally have two lateral teeth on the left valve and one on the right. The
DWM is generally small, with a shell length ranging between 25 millimeters (mm) (1.0 inch) and
38 mm (1.5 inches). The largest specimen reported by Clarke (1981) was 56.5 mm (2.2 inches)
long, taken from the Ashuelot River in New Hampshire. The periostracum is generally olive
green to dark brown; nacre bluish to silvery white, turning to cream or salmon colored towards
the umbonal cavities. Sexual dimorphism occurs in DWM, with the females having a swollen
region on the posterior slope, and the males are generally flattened. Clarke (1981) provides a
detailed description of the species.
Nearly all freshwater mussel species have similar reproductive strategies; a larval stage
(glochidium) becomes a temporary obligatory parasite on a fish. Many mussel species have
specific iish hosts, which must be present to complete their life cycle. Based upon laboratory
infestation experiments, Michaelson and Neves (1995) determined that potential fish hosts for
the DWM in North Carolina include the Tessellated Darter (Etheostoma olmstedi) and the
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Johnny Darter (E. nig�um). McMahon and Bogan (2001) and Pennak (1989) should be consulted
for a general overview of freshwater mussel reproductive biology.
3.1.2. Distribution and Habitat Requirements
The historic range of the DWM is confined to Atlantic slope drainages from the Peticodiac River
in New Brunswick, Canada, south to the Neuse River, North Carolina. Occurrence records exist
from at least 70 locations, encompassing 15 major drainages, in 11 states and one Canadian
Province (USFWS 1993). When the recovery plan for this species was written, the DWM was
believed to have been extirpated from all but 361ocalities, 14 of them in North Carolina
(USFWS 1993). The most recent assessment (2013 5-Year Review) indicates that the DWM is
currently found in 16 major drainages, comprising approximately 75 "sites" (one site may have
multiple occurrences). At least 45 of these sites are based on less than five individuals or solely
on relict shells. It appears that the populations in North Carolina, Virginia, and Maryland are
declining as evidenced by low densities, lack of reproduction, or inability to relocate any
individuals in follow-up surveys. Populations in New Hampshire, Massachusetts, and
Connecticut appear to be stable, while the status of populations in the Delaware River watershed
affected by the multiple flood events between 2004 and 2006 are still being studied (USFWS
2013).
Strayer et al. (1996) conducted range-wide assessments of remaining DWM populations, and
assigned a population status to each of the populations. The status rating is based on range size,
number of individuals and evidence of reproduction. Seven of the 20 populations assessed were
considered "poor," and two others are considered "poor to fair" and "fair to poor," respectively.
In North Carolina, populations are found in portions of the Neuse and Tar River basins; however,
they are believed to have been extirpated from the main-stem of the Neuse River.
The DWM inhabits creeks and rivers of varying sizes (down to approximately two meters wide),
with slow to moderate flow. A variety of preferred substrates have been described that range
from coarse sand, to firm muddy sand, to gravel (USFWS 1993). In North Carolina, DWM often
occurs within submerged root mats along stable streambanks. The wide range of substrate types
used by this species suggests that the stability of the substrate is likely as important as the
composition.
3.1.3. Threats to Species
The cumulative effects of several factors, including sedimentation, point and non-point
discharge, stream modifications (impoundments, channelization, etc.) have contributed to the
decline of this species throughout its range. Except for the Neversink River population in New
York, which has an estimated population of over 80,000 DWM individuals, all the other
populations are generally small in numbers and restricted to short reaches of isolated streams.
The low numbers of individuals and the restricted range of most of the surviving populations
make them extremely vulnerable to eXtirpation from a single catastrophic event or activity
(Strayer et al. 1996). Catastrophic events may consist of natural events such as flooding or
drought, as well as human influenced events such as toxic spills associated with highways,
railroads, or industrial-municipal complexes.
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Siltation resulting from substandard land-use practices associated with activities such as
agriculture, forestry, and land development has been recognized as a major contributing factor to
degradation of mussel populations. Siltation has been documented to be extremely detrimental
to mussel populations by degrading substrate and water quality, increasing potential exposure to
other pollutants, and direct smothering of mussels (Ellis 1936, Marking and Bills 1979).
Sediment accumulations of less than one inch have been shown to cause high mortality in most
mussel species (Ellis 1936). In Massachusetts, a bridge construction project decimated a
population of the DWM because of accelerated sedimentation and erosion (Smith 1981).
Sewage treatment effluent has been documented to significantly affect the diversity and
abundance of mussel fauna (Goudreau et al. 1988). Goudreau et aL (1988) found that recovery
of mussel populations may not occur for up to two miles below points of chlorinated sewage
effluent.
The impact of impoundments on freshwater mussels has been well documented (USFWS 1992a,
Neves 1993). Construction of dams transforms lotic habitats into lentic habitats, which results in
changes in aquatic community composition. The changes associated with inundation adversely
affect both adult and juvenile mussels, as well as fish community structure, which could
eliminate possible fish hosts for upstream transport of glochidia. Muscle Shoals on the
Tennessee River in northern Alabama, once the richest site for naiads (mussels) in the world, is
now at the bottom of Wilson Reservoir and covered with 19 feet of muck (USFWS 1992b).
Large portions of all the river basins within the DWM's range have been impounded; this is
believed to be a major factor contributing to the decline of the species (Master 1986).
The introduction of exotic species such as the Asian Clam (Corbicula fluminea) and Zebra
Mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) has also been shown to pose significant threats to native
freshwater mussels. The Asian Clam is now established in most of the major river systems in the
United States (Fuller and Powell 1973), including those streams still supporting surviving
populations of the DWM. Concern has been raised over competitive interactions for space, food
and oxygen with this species and native mussels, possibly at the juvenile stages (Neves and
Widlak 1987, Alderman 1995). The Zebra Mussel, native to the drainage basins of the Black,
Caspian, and Aral Seas, is an exotic freshwater mussel that was introduced into the Great Lakes
in the 1980s and has rapidly expanded its range into the surrounding river basins, including those
of the South Atlantic slope (O'Neill and MacNeill 1991). This species competes for food
resources and space with native mussels, and is expected to contribute to the extinction of at least
20 freshwater mussel species if it becomes established throughout most of the eastern United
States (USFWS 1992b). The Zebra Mussel is not currently known to be present in any river
supporting DWM population, nor the Tar-Pamlico River basin.
3.2 Parvaspina steinstansana (Tar River Spinymussel)
3.2.1. Species Characteristics
The TSM grows to a maximum length of 60 mm. Short spines are arranged in a radial row
anterior to the posterior ridge on one valve and symmetrical to the other valve. The shell is
generally smooth in texture with as many as 12 spines that project perpendicularly from the
surface and curve slightly ventrally. However, adult specimens tend to lose their spines as they
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mature (USFWS 1992a). The smooth, orange-brown to dark brown periostracum may be rayed
in younger individuals. The shell is significantly thicker toward the anterior end and the nacre is
usually pink in this area. The posterior end of the shell is thinner with an iridescent bluish white
color. Two or more linear ridges, originating within the beak cavity and extending to the ventral
margin, can be found on the interior surface of the shell. The distance between these ridges
widens toward the ventral margin. Johnson and Clarke (1983) provide additional descriptive
material.
Little is known about the reproductive biology of the TSM (USFWS 1992c); however, nearly all
freshwater mussel species have similar reproductive strategies, which involve a larval stage
(glochidium) that becomes a temporary obligatory parasite on a fish. Many mussel species have
specific fish hosts, which must be present to complete their life cycle. The TSM is probably a
tachytictic (short-term) reproducer with gravid females present at some time from April through
August (Widlak 1987). The glochidia have not been described. Eads and Levine (2008), and
Eads et aL (2008) identified the following fish species as suitable hosts: Bluehead Chub
(Nocomis leptocephalus), Pinewoods Shiner (Lythi^urus matutinus), Satinfin Shiner (Cyprinella
analostana), and White Shiner (Luxilus albeolus). McMahon and Bogan (2001) and Pennak
(1989) should be consulted for a general overview of freshwater mussel reproductive biology.
3.2.2. Distribution and Habitat Requirements
Previously, this mussel was believed to be endemic to the Tar-Pamlico River basin and probably
ranged throughout most of the basin before the area was settled during the 1700s (NC Scientific
Council on Mollusks 2011). Historically, the TSM was collected in the Tar River from near
Louisburg in Franklin County to Falkland in Pitt County (approximately 78 RM). By the mid-
1960s, its known range had been reduced to the main channel of the Tar River from Spring Hope
in Nash County to Falkland in Pitt County (Shelley 1972, Clarke 1983). By the early 1980s, its
range in the Tar River was restricted to only 12 miles of the river in Edgecombe County (Clarke
1983). It was last observed (two individuals) in the river in 2001 within an extensive sandbar
habitat in Edgecombe County (unpublished data, NCWRC Aquatics Database). It is currently
found in three streams, Shocco, Sandy/Swift, and Fishing/Little Fishing creeks in the Tar-
Pamlico River basin (unpublished data, NCWRC Aquatics Database). In 1998, the species was
found in Johnston County in the Little River, a tributary to the Neuse River. Only a few
individuals have been found in the Little River in subsequent years (unpublished data, NCWRC
Aquatics Database).
The preferred habitat of the TSM in the Tar-Pamlico River basin was described as relatively fast
flowing, well-oxygenated, circumneutral pH water in sites prone to signiiicant swings in water
velocity, with a substrate comprised of relatively silt-free loose gravel and/ar coarse sand
(Adams et al. 1990). Various species associates, which are good indicators for the presence of
the TSM, include (in decreasing order of association) Atlantic Pigtoe, Yellow Lance, Yellow
Lampmussel (Lampsilis cariosa), Notched Rainbow (Villosa constricta), Triangle Floater
(Alasmidonta undulata), and Creeper (Strophitus undulatus) (Adams et al. 1990). Johnson
(1970) stated that the Atlantic Pigtoe appeared to be closely associated with the James River
Spinymussel (Par-vaspina collina) in the James River basin. This same close association is true
for the TSM and Atlantic Pigtoe. In habitats which have not been signiiicantly degraded in the
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Tar-Pamlico River basin, the presence of Atlantic Pigtoe is the best indicator of the potential
presence of TSM (NC Scientific Council on Mollusks 2011).
3.2.3. Threats to Species
Threats to the TSM are similar to those described for the DWM and have contributed to the
decline of this species throughout its range. All the remaining TSM populations are generally
small in numbers and restricted to short reaches of isolated streams. The low numbers of
individuals and the restricted range of most of the surviving populations make them extremely
vulnerable to extirpation from a single catastrophic event.
3.3 Elliptio lanceolata (Yellow Lance)
3.31. Species Characte�istics
The Yellow Lance was described from the Tar River at Tarboro, North Carolina in 1828, by I.
Lea (Lea 1828). Johnson (1970) synonymized this species with 25 other named species of lance-
shaped elliptio mussels into Elliptio lanceolata species complex. Genotypic and phenotypic
analysis suggests that some of these formally described species are valid, including Elliptio
lanceolata (Bogan et al. 2009). This species differs from other lanceolate Elliptios by having a
"waxy" bright yellow periostracum that lacks rays. Some older specimens are brown towards
the posterior end of the shell. The periostracum can also have brown growth rests. Yellow
Lance have a distinct pallial line and adductor muscle scars. The posterior ridge is distinctly
rounded and curves dorsally towards the posterior end. The nacre ranges from an iridescent blue
on the posterior end, sometimes becoming white or salmon colored on the anterior end. The
lateral teeth are long, with two on the left and one on the right. Each valve also has two
psuedocardinal teeth; on the left valve one tooth is before the other with the posterior tooth
tending to be vestigial, and on the right valve the two teeth are parallel and the mare anteriar one
is vestigial (Adams et al. 1990).
The Yellow Lance is a tachytictic (short-term) breeder, brooding young in early spring and
releasing glochidia in early summer. White Shiner and Pinewoods Shiner are potential fish hosts
for Yellow Lance (Eads and Levine 2009).
3.3.2. Distribution and Habitat Requirements
This species taxonomy has changed several times and therefore so has its range. The Yellow
Lance is currently thought to be distributed in the Atlantic Slope river basins from the Neuse
River Basin in North Carolina north to the Rappahannock River Basin in Virginia, except for the
Roanoke River Basin, the Patuxent River Basin in Maryland and possibly the Potomac River
Basin in Virginia and Maryland (USFWS 2017). It is in considerable decline throughout its
range; however, extant populations still occur in all the historic river basins, except possibly the
Potomac (USFWS 2017). This species has been found in multiple physiographic provinces,
from the foothills of the Appalachian Mountains, through the Piedmont and into the Coastal
Plain, in small streams to large rivers, in substrates primarily consisting of clean sand, and
occasionally gravel, with a high dissolved oxygen content (USFWS 2017, Adams et al. 1990).
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No remaining populations appear below point source pollution or other nutrient-rich areas
(Alderman 2003). Associate mussel species include Atlantic Pigtoe, Tar River Spinymussel,
Yellow Lampmussel, Notched Rainbow, Triangle Floater, Paper Pondshell (Utterbackia
imbecillis), Eastern Lampmussel (Lampsilis radiata), Creeper, and other Elliptio species (Adams
et al. 1990).
3.3.3. Threats to Species
Threats to the Yellow Lance and many other species are similar to those described above for the
DWM. Factors that influence long term viability of this species are discussed in detail in the
USFWS Yellow Lance Species Status Review (2017).
3.3.4. Species Listing
This species was petitioned for federal listing under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as
amended (ESA) within the 2010 Petition to List 404 Aquatic, Riparian and Wetland Species
from the Southeastern United States by the Center for Biological Diversity (CBD) (CBD 2010).
It became proposed for listing by USWFS on Apri15, 2017. Yellow Lance is listed as
Endangered in North Carolina.
4.0 OTHER TARGET SPECIES DESCRIPTIONS
4.1 Fusconaia masoni (Atlantic Pigtoe)
411. Species Characteristics
The Atlantic Pigtoe was described by Conrad (1834) from the Savannah River in Augusta,
Georgia. Although larger specimens exist, the Atlantic Pigtoe seldom exceeds 50 mm (2 inches)
in length. This species is tall relative to its length, except in headwater stream reaches where
specimens may be elongated. The hinge ligament is relatively short and prominent. The
periostracum is normally brownish, has a parchment texture, and young individuals may have
greenish rays across the entire shell surface. The posterior ridge is biangulate. The interdentum
in the left valve is broad and flat. The anterior half of the valve is thickened compared with the
posterior half, and, when fresh, nacre in the anterior half of the shell tends to be salmon colored,
while nacre in the posterior half tends to be more iridescent. The shell has full dentation. In
addition to simple papillae, branched and arborescent papillae are often seen on the incurrent
aperture. In females, salmon colored demibranchs are often seen during the spawning season.
When fully gravid, females use all four demibranchs to brood glochidia (VDGIF 2014).
The Atlantic Pigtoe is a tachytictic (short-term) breeder, brooding young in early spring and
releasing glochidia in early summer. The Bluegill (Lepomis macrochir�us) and Shield Darter
(Percina peltata) have been identified as potential fish hosts for this species (O'Dee and Waters
2000). Additional research has found Rosefin Shiner (Lythru�us ardens), Creek Chub (Semotilus
atromaculatus), and Longnose Dace (Rhynichthys cataractae) are also suitable hosts (Wolf
2012). Eads and Levine (2011) found White Shiner, Satiniin Shiner, Bluehead Chub, Rosyside
Dace (Clinostomus funduloides), Pinewoods Shiner, Creek Chub, Swallowtail Shiner (Notropis
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procne), and Mountain Redbelly Dace (Chrosomus oreas) to also be suitable hosts for Atlantic
Pigtoe.
4.1.2. Distribution and Habitat Requirements
Johnson (1970) reported the range of the Atlantic Pigtoe extended from the Ogeechee River
Basin in Geargia north to the James River Basin in Virginia; however, recent curation of the H.
D. Athearn collection uncovered valid specimens from the Altamaha River in Georgia (Sarah
McRae, USFWS, personal communication). It is presumed extirpated from the Catawba River
Basin in North and South Carolina south to the Altamaha River Basin. The general pattern of its
current distribution indicates that the species is currently limited to headwater areas of drainages
and most populations are represented by few individuals. In North Carolina, aside from the
Waccamaw River, it was once found in every Atlantic Slope river basin. Except for the Tar
River, it is no longer found in the mainstem of the rivers within its historic range (Savidge et al.
2011). It is listed as Endangered in Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina, and as
Threatened in Virginia. It has a NatureServe rank of G2 (imperiled).
The Atlantic Pigtoe has been found in multiple physiographic provinces, from the foothills of the
Appalachian Mountains, through the Piedmont and into the Coastal Plain, in streams less than
one meter wide to large rivers. The preferred habitat is a substrate composed of gravel and
coarse sand, usually at the base of riffles; however, it can be found in a variety of other substrates
and lotic habitat conditions.
41.3. Threats to Species
Threats to the Atlantic Pigtoe are similar to those described for the DWM and have contributed
to the decline of this species throughout its range. Atlantic Pigtoe appears to be particularly
sensitive to pollutants and requires clean, oxygen-rich water for all stages of life. All the
remaining Atlantic Pigtoe populations are generally small in numbers and restricted to short
reaches of isolated streams. The low numbers of individuals and the restricted range of most of
the surviving populations make them extremely vulnerable to extirpation from a single
catastrophic event.
41.4. Species Listing
This species was petitioned for federal listing under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as
amended (ESA) within the 2010 Petition to List 404 Aquatic, Riparian and Wetland Species
from the Southeastern United States by the CBD (CBD 2010), and is listed as Endangered in
North Carolina by NCWRC.
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4.2 Necturus lewisi (Neuse River Waterdog)
4.21. Species CharacteNistics
The Neuse River Waterdog is a fully aquatic salamander and was first described by C.S. Brimley
in 1924 as a subspecies of the Common Mudpuppy (N. maculosus); it was elevated to species
status in 1937 by Percy Viosca, Jr.
The Neuse River Waterdog ranges in size from 6-9 inches (15.24 — 22.86 cm) in length; record
length is 11 inches (27.94 cm). It has a somewhat stocky, cylindrical body with smooth skin, a
rather flattened, elongate head with a squared-off nose, and small limbs. The tail is vertically
flattened with fins on both the top and bottom. Distinct from most salamanders, the Neuse River
Waterdog, and other Necturus species, have four toes on each foot. The Neuse River Waterdog
is a rusty brown color on the dorsal side and dull brown or slate colored on the ventral side.
Both dorsal and ventral sides are strongly spotted but the ventral side tends to have fewer and
smaller markings; spots are dark bluish to black. They also have a dark line running through the
eye. Adults are neotenous and retain three bushy, dark red external gills usually seen in larval
amphibians. Both male and female are similar in appearance and can be distinguished only
through differences in the shape and structure of the cloaca (Beane and Newman 1996; Conant
and Collins 1998; EDGE of Existence 2016).
Individuals become sexually mature at approximately 5-6 years of age. Breeding normally
occurs in the spring. The male deposits a gelatinous spermatophore that is picked up by the
female and used to fertilize between 30-50 eggs. The fertilized eggs are attached to the
underside of flat rocks or other submerged objects and guarded by the female until they hatch in
June or July (Conant and Collins 1998; EDGE of Existence 2016).
4.2.2. Distribution and Habitat Requirements
The Neuse River Waterdog is found only in the Neuse and Tar River basins of North Carolina
(AmphibiaWeb 2006; Beane and Newman 1996; Frost 2016).
Neuse River Waterdogs inhabit rivers and larger streams, where they prefer leaf beds in quiet
waters. They need high levels of dissolved oxygen and good water quality. The Neuse River
Waterdog is generally found in backwaters off the main current, in areas with sandy or muddy
substrate. Adults construct retreats on the downstream side of rocks ar in the stream bank where
they remain during the day. They are active during the night, leaving these retreats to feed.
Neuse River Waterdogs are carnivorous, feeding on invertebrates, small vertebrates, and carrion.
Neuse River Waterdogs are most active during winter months even when temperatures are below
freezing. During summer months, they will burrow into deep leaf beds and are rarely found. It
has been suggested that this inactivity in summer may be an adaptation to avoid fish predators,
which are more active at these times. In addition, Neuse River Waterdogs produce a defensive,
toxic skin secretion that is assumed to be distasteful to predators (AmphibiaWeb 2006; Beane
and Newman 1996; Conant and Collins 1998; EDGE of Existence 2016; NatureServe Explorer
2016).
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4.2.3. Th�eats to Species
Any factors that reduce water quality are threats to the Neuse River Waterdog. These can
include changes that result in siltation and pollution reducing habitat quality (e.g. channelization,
agricultural runoff, and industrial and urban development). Impoundments are also a threat to
the dispersal of the species as it is unable to cross upland habitat; Neuse River Waterdogs do not
climb and are unlikely to use fish passages (NatureServe Explorer 2016).
4.2.4. Species Listing
This species was petitioned for federal listing under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as
amended (ESA) within the 2010 Petition to List 404 Aquatic, Riparian and Wetland Species
from the Southeastern United States by the CBD (CBD 2010) and is listed as a species of Special
Concern in North Carolina by NCWRC.
4.3 Noturus furiosus (Carolina Madtom)
4.31. Species Characte�istics
The Carolina Madtom (a small catfish) was described at Milburnie, near Raleigh, NC in the
Neuse River by Jordan and Meek (Jordan 1889). The Carolina Madtom reaches a maximum size
of 132 mm (5.2 inches). Compared to other madtoms within its range, it has a relatively short
stout body and a distinctive color pattern of three to four dark saddles along its back that connect
a long black stripe on the side running from the snout to the tail. The adipose fin is mostly dark,
making it appear that the fish has a fourth saddle. The Madtom is tan on the rest of its body and
yellow to tan between the saddles. The adipose fin and caudal fin are fused together, a
distinguishing characteristic from other members of the catfish family (Ictaluridae). There are no
speckles on the Madtom's belly, and the tail has two brown bands that follow the curve of the
tail. The Carolina Madtom, like other catfishes, has serrae on its pectoral fins and is thought to
have the most potent venom of any of the catfish species (NCWRC 2010).
4.3.2. Distribution and Habitat Requirements
The Carolina Madtom is endemic to the Piedmont/Inner Coastal Plain portion of the Tar/Pamlico
and Neuse River basins. It occurs in creeks and small rivers in habitats generally consisting of
very shallow riffles with little current over coarse sand and gravel substrate (Lee et al. 1980).
Burr et al. (1989) found most records came from medium to large streams, i.e. mainstem Neuse
and Tar Rivers and their major tributaries. The population in the Trent River system (part of the
Neuse River basin) is isolated from the rest of the Neuse River basin by salinity levels, so it is
therefore considered a separate population, though it has not been detected in Trent River in the
last five years (Sarah McRae, USFWS, personal communication). In the lower portions of these
rivers, Carolina Madtom is usually found over debris piles in sandy areas. During nesting
season, which is from May to July, Madtoms prefer areas with plenty of cover to build their nests
with shells, rocks, sticks, bottles, and cans, being suitable cover types. Males guard the nests, in
which females may lay between 80 and 300 eggs.
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Carolina Madtom is found in water that ranges from clear to tannin-rich, which is usually free-
flowing. It is generally rare throughout its range and is apparently in decline. The Tar River
population has historically been more robust than the Neuse River population (Burr et al. 1989),
which has shown declines in recent years (Midway 2008). The Little River of the Neuse River
Basin has the largest population of Madtom in the Neuse River Basin, with records from 2016
indicating the Madtom is present (Sarah McRae, USFWS, personal communication). A few
specimens have been collected from Swift Creek of the Neuse River Basin. Fishing Creek and
Swift Creek of the Tar River Basin are also productive systems in regard to Carolina Madtom
populations, with around 14 specimens collected in the mid-1980s from Swift Creek (water
levels in Fishing Creek prevented sampling during that study). In 2016, a total of 17 individuals
were recorded in Swift Creek, and a total of four individuals were recorded in Fishing Creek
(Sarah McRae, USFWS, personal communication). The Carolina Madtom has been observed in
at least 361ocalities (Burr et al 1989).
Carolina Madtom has a lifespan of about four years, with sexual maturity being reached around
two years in females and three years in males. Sampling for Carolina Madtom is most effective
at dawn and dusk when they are most active and feeding (Mayden and Burr 1981). Their diet
consists mostly of benthic macroinvertebrates, which they collect by scavenging for food on the
bottom of the stream.
4.3.3. Threats to Species
Identified threats to the species include water pollution and construction of impoundments (Burr
et al. 1989). Carolina Madtom is susceptible to threats due to its limited range and low
population densities (Angermeier 1995, Burr and Stoekel 1999). As a bottom-dwelling fish,
Carolina Madtom is susceptible to habitat loss when stream bottoms are impacted by
urbanization, impoundments, deforestation, etc.
4.3.4. Species Listing
Because of its limited distribution, Carolina Madtom is listed as Special Concern and is Proposed
Threatened in North Carolina. It was petitioned for federal listing under the Endangered Species
Act of 1973, as amended (ESA) within the 2010 Petition to List 404 Aquatic, Riparian and
Wetland Species from the Southeastern United States by the CBD (CBD 2010).
5.0 SURVEY EFFORTS
Neuse River Waterdog surveys were conducted by Tim Savidge (Permit # 18-ES0034), Evan
Morgan, John Roberts, Chris Sheats, Nancy Scott, Nathan Howell, and Lizzy Stokes-Cawley
from February 26 — March 2, 2018. Based on a lack of suitable habitat, mussel surveys were not
conducted (See Section 5.2.1).
5.1 Stream Conditions at Time of Survey: Town Creek
Habitat in Town Creek consisted of a defined 35-40 feet wide channeL The left descending
stream bank is one foot high or less and separates the channel from a large farested wetland
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system occurring throughout the reach. There are multiple areas with hydrologic connectivity
during base flow. The creek rose during the third and fourth survey days, and the distinction
between channel and wetland became obscured in the majority of the reach. The banks ranged
from siX to eight feet high along the right descending side of the channel. Within the channel,
the stream bottom sloped sharply from the bank to depths greater than five feet. The substrate
consisted of clay overlain with mud, silt, and detritus. There was no discernable flow and the
water was turbid (Photo 1). There were no Beaver (Castor canadensis) dams within the
evaluated portion of the stream; however, there were several gnawed sticks in the water
suggesting dams in the watershed.
5.2 Methodology
5.2.1. Mussel Habitat Evaluation
Habitat evaluations were conducted from approximately 1,312 feet (400 meters) downstream of
the respective bridge crossing to approximately 328 feet (100 meters) upstream of the crossing
for a total distance of approximately 1,640 feet (500 meters) (Figure 1) to determine if mussel
surveys were needed. In addition to characterizing the habitat conditions, tactile searches for
Town Creek SR 1126 Survey Report March 2018
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Photo 1. Conditions within Town Creek looking upstream (note: lack of divide between channel and floodplain on
left descending side of channel; untethered duck decoy was in essentially same locarion from day 1 to day 3)

mussels were performed at various locations throughout the reach, as the water was too turbid to
allow for visual surveys. The majority of the substrate was covered with detritus and other
organic material. Given the lack of flow, high turbidity during base flow (days 1-2), and heavy
detritus and silt accumulations, suitable habitat for the four targeted mussel species was
determined not to be present. Therefore, mussel surveys were not conducted. The lack of
suitable habitat determination also applies to the Carolina Madtom.
5.2.2. Neuse River Waterdog Surveys
Methods were developed by Three Oaks in consultation with the USFWS and NC Wildlife
Resources Commission (NCWRC) and were designed to replicate winter trapping efforts
conducted as part of the recent species status assessment undertaken by these agencies and
collaborators. A total of ten baited traps were set for four soak nights at the bridge crossing;
three traps were set upstream and seven were set downstream of the bridge. Trap sites were
selected based on habitat conditions and accessibility. Undercut banks, with some accumulation
of leaf pack, as well as back eddy areas within runs were the primary microhabitats selected;
however, all of the microhabitats (pool, riffle, run, etc.) occurring at a site were sampled with at
least one trap. Traps were baited with a combination of chicken livers and hot dogs and allowed
to soak overnight. The traps were checked daily, all species found within the traps were
recorded, and the traps were rebaited. If the targeted Neuse River Waterdog was found at a site,
trapping efforts were discontinued.
6.0 RESULTS
6.1 Neuse River Waterdog Results
The Neuse River Waterdog was not found at the project crossing during survey efforts. Two fish
species, Bluespotted Sunfish (Enneacanthus gloriosus) and Warmouth (Lepomis cyanellus) and
one aquatic snail species, Pointed Campeloma (Campeloma decisum) were found during the
trapping efforts (Table 2). Additionally, one Tadpole Madtom (Noturus gyrinus), one Sawcheek
Darter (Etheostoma serrifer), and multiple Eastern Mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) were
captured using dip nets.
Table 2. NRWD Survey: Species Found
Trap Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4
#
� � � � �
2 � � � �
3 � Blues otted Sunfish 1 � �
4 � � Blues otted Sunfish 2 �
5 � � Pointed Cam eloma 1 Blues otted Sunfish 1
6 � Blues otted Sunfish 1 � �
7 � � Pointed Cam eloma 2 �
8 � Blues otted Sunfish 1 Blues otted Sunfish 1 �
9 � Warmouth 1 � Blues otted Sunfish 1
10 � � Pointed Cam eloma 1 �
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7.0 DISCUSSION/CONCLUSIONS
Suitable habitat conditions for the four targeted freshwater mussel species and the Carolina
Madtom were not present within the study area. While there may be suitable habitat for these
species further downstream in Town Creek, and eventually the Tar River (19.9 RM
downstream), the deep water and lack of flow present within the evaluated portion of Town
Creek appear to extend well beyond the study area. Thus, given these conditions, potential
adverse effects from project construction (i.e. sedimentation and erosion) are not expected to be
transported downstream to potentially suitable habitat areas. Strict adherence to erosion control
standards should minimize the potential for any adverse impacts to occur. Biological
conclusions on potential impacts from the project to the target species are provided below.
While it is unclear whether the habitat conditions present within Town Creek would preclude the
Neuse River Waterdog from occurring in this section of the creek, the species was not found
during the targeted survey efforts. Given the questionable habitat and the survey results, the
Neuse River Waterdog is not expected to occur within the project area.
The USFWS is the regulating authority for Section 7 Biological Conclusions and as such, it is
recommended that they be consulted regarding their concurrence with the finding of this
document.
Biological Conclusion Dwarf Wedgemussel: No Effect
Biological Conclusion Tar River Spinymussel: No Effect
Biological Conclusion Yellow Lance: No Effect
While the following species are not currently federally protected and biological conclusions are
not necessary at the time of the writing of this report, if these species were to receive federal
protection, appropriate biological conclusions are as follows:
Biological Conclusion Atlantic Pigtoe: No Effect
Biological Conclusion Neuse River Waterdog: No Effect
Biological Conclusion Carolina Madtom: No Effect
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Virginia Tech Conservation Management Institute, Project No. 11-108. SSpp.
Town Creek SR 1126 Survey Report March 2018
Job# 17-108 Page 20

APPENDIX A
Figures
Town Creek SR 1126 Survey Report March 2018
Job# 17-108 Page 21

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Edgecombe County, North Carolina
6ate: M81'Ch 2018
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Baptist Church Rd (SR 1126)
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Edgecombe County, North Carolina
6ate: M81'Ch 2018
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Baptist Church Rd (SR 1126)
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Atlantic Pigtoe
Edgecombe County, North Carolina
6ate: M81'Ch 2018
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17-108
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Baptist Church Rd (SR 1126)
NCNHP Efement Occurrence:
Neuse River Waterdog
Edgecombe County, North Carolina
6ate: M81'Ch 2018
Scale� 0 0.5 1 Miles
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Job No_
17-108
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Baptist Church Rd (SR 1126)
NCNHP Efement Occurrence:
Carofina Madtom
Edgecombe County, North Carolina
6ate: M81'Ch 2018
Scale� 0 0.5 1 Miles
� � �
Job No_
17-108
Drawn By Checked By:
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Baptist Church Rd (SR 1126)
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Discharge Elimination System Discharges
Edgecombe County, North Carolina
6ate: M81'Ch 2018
Scale
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Job No_
17-108
Drawn By Checked By:
NMS TWS
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