alexanderNC1995 (2)

United States
Department of
Agriculture
Soil
Conservation
Service
In cooperation with
North Carolina
Department of
Environment, Health, and
Natural Resources; North
Carolina Agricultural
Research Service; North
Carolina Cooperative
Extension Service;
Alexander Soil and Water
Conservation District; and
Alexander County Board
of Commissioners
Soil Survey of
Alexander
County, North
Carolina

How To Use This Soil Survey
General Soil Map
The general soil map, which is the color map preceding the detailed soil maps, shows the survey area
divided into groups of associated soils called general soil map units. This map is useful in planning the
use and management of large areas.
To find information about your area of interest, locate that area on the map, identify the name of the
map unit in the area on the color -coded map legend, then refer to the section General Soil Map Units
for a general description of the soils in your area.
Detailed Soil Maps
The detailed soil maps follow the general soil map. These maps can
be useful in planning the use and management of small areas'.
To find information about
your area of interest,
locate that area on the
Index to Map Sheets,
which precedes the soil
maps. Note the number of
the map sheet, and turn to
that sheet.
Locate your area of
interest on the map
sheet. Note the map unit
symbols that are in that
area. Turn to the Index
to Map Units (see Con-
tents), which lists the map
units by symbol and
name and shows the
page where each map
unit is described.
N
f
INDEX TO MAP SHEETS
MAP SHEET
WaF
7
$ g�3
R.jfR 5
'S 6b Fa gaC
As8
/ f
BaC
CA
OF INTEREST
NOTE: Map unit symbols in a soil
survey may consist only of numbers or
letters, or they may be a combination
of numbers and letters.
MAP SHEET
The Summary of Tables shows which table has data on a specific land use for each detailed soil map
unit. See Contents for sections of this publication that may address your specific needs.

This soil survey is a publication of the National Cooperative Soil Survey, a
joint effort of the United States Department of Agriculture and other Federal
agencies, State agencies including the North Carolina Agricultural Research
Service, and local agencies. The Soil Conservation Service has leadership for
the Federal part of the National Cooperative Soil Survey.
Major fieldwork for this soil survey was completed in 1988. Soil names and
descriptions were approved in 1988. Unless otherwise indicated, statements in
this publication refer to conditions in the survey area in 1988. This soil survey
was made cooperatively by the Soil Conservation Service; the North Carolina
Department of Environment, Health, and Natural Resources; the North Carolina
Agricultural Research Service; the North Carolina Cooperative Extension
Service; Alexander Soil and Water Conservation District; and the Alexander
County Board of Commissioners. It is part of the technical assistance furnished
to the Alexander Soil and Water Conservation District. The Alexander County
Board of Commissioners provided financial assistance for the survey.
Soil maps in this survey may be copied without permission. Enlargement of
these maps, however, could cause misunderstanding of the detail of mapping. If
enlarged, maps do not show the small areas of contrasting soils that could have
been shown at a larger scale.
All programs and services of the Soil Conservation Service are offered on a
nondiscriminatory basis, without regard to race, color, national origin, religion,
sex, age, marital status, or handicap.
Cover: Rocky Face Mountain, a well known landmark In Alexander County. The mountain Is
in an area of the Cleveland-Ashe-Rock outcrop general soil map unit. The hayland In the
foreground Is In an area of the Rion general soil map unit.

Contents
Index to map units ............................... iv
Chewacla series ...............................
73
Summary of tables ...............................
v
Cleveland series ...............................
73
Foreword .......................................
vii
Cowee series..................................
74
General nature of the county .......................
1
Davidson series................................
75
How this survey was made .........................
3
Dogue series..................................
75
Map unit composition ............................
3
Evard series ...................................
76
General soil map units ............................
5
French series..................................
77
Broad land use considerations ..................
10
Hayesville series ...............................
78
Detailed soil map units ..........................
13
Hibriten series ............... :.................
78
Prime farmland ..................................
45
Masada series.................................
79
Use and management of the soils ................
47
Pacolet series .................................
80
Crops and pasture .............................
47
Rion series....................................
80
Woodland management and productivity .........
52
Riverview series ...............................
81
Recreation ....................................
56
Saluda series..................................
82
Wildlife habitat .................................
57
State series ...................................
82
Engineering ...................................
59
Tate series....................................
83
Soil properties ..................................
65
Udorthents....................................
84
Engineering index properties ....................
65
Wedowee series ...............................
84
Physical and chemical properties ................
66
Wehadkee series ..............................
85
Soil and water features .........................
67
Formation of the soils ...........................
87
Classification of the soils ........................
69
Factors of soil formation ........................
87
Soil series and their morphology ...................
69
Morphology of the soils .........................
88
Ashe series ....................................
70
Processes of horizon differentiation ..............
89
Bethlehem series ..............................
70
References......................................
91
Braddock series ................................
71
Glossary........................................
93
Buncombe series ..............................
72
Tables .......................................... 103
Cecil series ....................................
72
Issued March 1995

index to Map Units
AcD—Ashe-Cleveland
complex, 8 to 25 percent
EcD—Evard-Cowee
complex, 8 to 25 percent
slopes, stony ...............................
13
slopes, stony ...............................
28
AcE—Ashe-Cleveland
complex, 25 to 60
EcE—Evard-Cowee
complex, 25 to 60 percent
percent slopes, stony ........................
14
slopes, stony ...............................
29
BeB—Bethlehem
gravelly sandy loam, 2 to 8
HbC—Hibriten
very cobbly sandy loam, 8 to 15
percent slopes ..............................
15
percent slopes..............................
30
BeC—Bethlehem
gravelly sandy loam, 8 to 15
HbE—Hibriten
very cobbly sandy loam, 15 to 60
percent slopes ..............................
16
percent slopes..............................
31
BrC—Bethlehem-Urban
land complex, 2 to 15 -
MaB2—Masada sandy clay loam, 2 to 8 percent
percent slopes ..............................
17
slopes, eroded..............................
31
BsC2—Braddock and Hayesville clay loams, 6
MaC2—Masada sandy clay loam, 8 to 15
to 15 percent slopes, eroded .................
17
percent slopes, eroded ......................
32
BsD2—Braddock and Hayesville clay loams, 15
PaD—Pacolet
sandy loam, 15 to 25 percent
to 25 percent slopes, eroded .................
19
slopes......................................
33
BuA—Buncombe
loamy sand, 0 to 3 percent
PcB2—Pacolet
sandy clay loam, 2 to 8 percent
slopes, occasionally flooded ..................
20
slopes, eroded ..............................
34
CeB2—Cecil sandy clay loam, 2 to 8 percent
PcC2—Pacolet sandy clay loam, 8 to 15 percent
slopes, eroded ..............................
21
slopes, eroded....................... .....
34
CfB—Cecil-Urban
land complex, 2 to 8 percent
PuC—Pacolet-Urban
land complex, 2 to 15
slopes ......................................
21
percent slopes. ............................
36
ChA—Chewacla
loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes,
RnC—Rion
sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes .....
37
frequently flooded ...........................
23 RnD—Rion
sandy loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes ....
37
CnF—Cleveland-Rock
outcrop complex, 8 to 90
RnE—Rion
sandy loam, 25 to 45 percent slopes ....
38
percent slopes ..............................
23 RwB—Rion-Wedowee
complex, 2 to 8 percent
CsD—Cowee-Saluda
complex, 8 to 25 percent
slopes ......................................
39
slopes, stony ...............................
24 RxA—Riverview
fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent
CsE—Cowee-Saluda
complex, 25 to 60 percent
slopes, frequently flooded ....................
39
slopes, stony ...............................
25 StB—State
sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes ......
40
DaB2—Davidson clay loam, 2 to 8 percent
TfB—Tate-French
complex, 2 to 10 percent
slopes, eroded ..............................
26
slopes......................................
41
DaC2—Davidson clay loam, 8 to 15 percent
UdC—Udorthents-Urban
land complex, 0 to 15
slopes, eroded ..............................
27
percent slopes..............................
42
DoB—Dogue
sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes,
WeA—Wehadkee
loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes,
rarely flooded ...............................
27
frequently flooded ...........................
42
iv

Summary of Tables
Temperature and precipitation (table 1).................................. 104
Freeze dates in spring and fall (table 2).................................. 105
Growing season (table 3)............................................... 105
Acreage and proportionate extent of the soils (table 4) .................... 106
Land capability and yields per acre of crops and pasture (table 5) .......... 107
Woodland management and productivity (table 6) ......................... 110
Recreational development (table 7)...................................... 115
Wildlife habitat (table 8)................................................ 119
Building site development (table 9)...................................... 122
Sanitary facilities (table 10)................ :............................ 125
Construction materials (table 11)........................................ 129
Water management (table 12)........................................... 133
Engineering index properties (table 13).................................. 136
Physical and chemical properties of the soils (table 14).................... 141
Soil and water features (table 15)....................................... 144
Classification of the soils (table 16)...................................... 146
u

Foreword
This soil survey contains information that can be used in land -planning
programs in Alexander County. It contains predictions of soil behavior for
selected land uses. The survey also highlights limitations and hazards inherent
in the soil, improvements needed to overcome the limitations, and the impact of
selected land uses on the environment.
This soil survey is designed for many different users. Farmers, foresters, and
agronomists can use it to evaluate the potential of the soil and the management
needed for maximum food and fiber production. Planners, community officials,
engineers, developers, builders, and home buyers can use the survey to plan
land use, select sites for construction, and identify special practices needed to
ensure proper performance. Conservationists, teachers, students, and specialists
in recreation, wildlife management, waste disposal, and pollution control can use
the survey to help them understand, protect, and enhance the environment.
Great differences in soil properties can occur within short distances. Some
soils are seasonally wet or subject to flooding. Some are shallow to bedrock.
Some are unstable and need specially designed foundations for buildings or
roads. Wet soils are poorly suited to septic tank absorption fields. A high water
table makes a soil poorly suited to basements or underground installations.
These and many other soil properties that affect land use are described in this
soil survey. Broad areas of soils are shown on the general soil map. The location
of each soil is shown on the detailed soil maps. Each soil in the survey area is
described. Information on specific uses is given for each soil. Help in using this
publication and additional information are available at the local office of the Soil
Conservation Service or the North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service.
Richard A. Gallo
State Conservationist
Soil Conservation Service
vii

Soil Survey of
Alexander Coun
51 North Carolina
By Roy L. Mathis, Jr., Soil Conservation Service
Soils surveyed by Roy L. Mathis, Jr., Soil Conservation Service, and Robert M. Brown,
North Carolina Department of Environment, Health, and Natural Resources
United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service,
in cooperation with
North Carolina Department of Environment, Health, and Natural Resources; North Carolina
Agricultural Research Service; North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service; Alexander
Soil and Water Conservation District; and Alexander County Board of Commissioners
ALEXANDER COUNTY is a rural county In the
northwestern part of the Piedmont of North Carolina
(fig. 1). The county has a total surface area of 168,538
acres, or about 259 square miles. The 1980 census
reported the population of the county to be 24,999.
Taylorsville, the county seat and largest town, had a
population of 1,103.
General Nature of the County
This section gives general information about
Alexander County. It describes history and economic
development; physiography, relief, and drainage; water
resources; mineral resources; and climate.
History and Economic Development
The earliest settlers in Alexander County were of
Scotch -Irish descent. They came from Pennsylvania
and Maryland in the 1750's. Most of them were farmers
who settled along the Catawba and South Yadkin
Rivers or in the upper part of these river basins.
In 1847, the North Carolina General Assembly
passed two laws that formed Alexander County from
parts of Iredell, Wilkes, and Caldwell Counties. The
county was named in honor of the Alexander family,
who were leaders in colonial North Carolina.
In agricultural development the county ranked high in
the State long before the Civil War. The major crops
Figure 1.—Location of Alexander County In North Carolina.
were corn, wheat, rye, oats, tobacco, and cotton. Hogs,
cattle, and chickens were raised on most farms.
Early industries in the county were extensions of
agriculture. Flour and roller mills were a part of most
communities. Sawmills were common throughout the
county. A tannery was in operation in Taylorsville. The
first cotton mill was built in the 1850's (2).
The present agriculture in the county has changed
considerably from that of the past. Poultry, dairy, and
beef cattle operations account for a large part of the
gross farm income. Forest products, hay, tobacco, corn,
soybeans, and orchards make up most of the rest.

2
Although agriculture is important in the economy of
the county, furniture and textile manufacturing have
become increasingly important in recent years. Industry
is now the largest source of employment in the county,
with furniture manufacturing as the most important
sector. According to the North Carolina Department of
Revenue, retail sales reached about 100 million dollars
in 1987. North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service
figures show gross farm income was about 69 million
dollars in 1987 (14).
Physiography, Relief, and Drainage
Most of Alexander County is in the Southern
Piedmont major land resource area. The northern part
of the county, however, is in the Blue Ridge major land
resource area.
The topography of the county is predominantly gently
sloping to very steep uplands. Narrow, nearly level flood
plains are along most of the streams. Elevations range
from about 2,550 feet above sea level on Walnut Knob
in the northwestern part of the county to about 840 feet
above sea level where the Catawba and South Yadkin
Rivers exit the county.
The western and southeastern parts of the county
are drained by the Catawba River and its tributaries.
The northeastern part is drained by the South Yadkin
River and its tributaries.
Water Resources
Alexander County has an abundant supply of water
from rivers, streams, lakes, and ground water. Most
domestic water supplies are obtained from wells. Drilled
and bored wells are the two types of wells used in the
county. Most of the industrial and residential water for
Taylorsville, Hiddenite, and Stony Point is obtained from
a system that takes water from the South Yadkin River.
Springs are common in the mountainous areas west
and north of Taylorsville (12).
About 3,000 acres along the southern boundary of
the county is covered by Lake Hickory and Lookout
Shoals Lake on the Catawba River.
Mineral Resources
Alexander County is known for its variety of minerals
and gems. The first emerald mine in the United States
was opened near Hiddenite. In 1969, a 1,438-carat
emerald, the largest to date in North America, was
discovered in the Rist Mine near Hiddenite. The
"Carolina Emerald," valued at over half a million dollars,
also was discovered near Hiddenite (1).
Soil Survey
Climate
Alexander County has long, hot summers because
moist tropical air from the Gulf of Mexico persistently
covers the area. Winters are cool and fairly short. Cold
waves are rare and moderate in 1 or 2 days.
Precipitation is fairly heavy throughout the year, and
prolonged droughts are rare. Summer precipitation,
mainly in the form of afternoon thunderstorms, is
adequate for all crops.
Table 1 gives data on temperature and precipitation
for the survey area as recorded at Hickory, North
Carolina, in the period 1951 to 1984. Table 2 shows
probable dates of the first freeze in fall and the last
freeze in spring. Table 3 provides data on length of the
growing season.
In winter, the average temperature is 40 degrees F
and the average daily minimum temperature is 30
degrees. The lowest temperature on record, which
occurred at Hickory on January 17, 1977,'is -3 degrees.
In summer, the average temperature is 76 degrees and
the average daily maximum temperature is 86 degrees.
The highest recorded temperature, which occurred at
Hickory on July 28, 1952, is 105 degrees.
Growing degree days are shown in table 1. They are
equivalent to "heat units." During the month, growing
degree days accumulate by the amount that the
average temperature each day exceeds a base
temperature (50 degrees F). The normal monthly
accumulation is used to schedule single or successive
plantings of a crop between the last freeze in spring
and the first freeze in fall.
The total annual precipitation is about 49 inches. Of
this, about 25 inches, or 50 percent, usually falls in April
through September. The growing season for most crops
falls within this period. In 2 years out of 10, the rainfall
in April through September is less than 21 inches. The
heaviest 1-day rainfall during the period of record was
4.99 inches at Hickory on June 20, 1967.
Thunderstorms occur on about 42 days each year.
The average seasonal snowfall is 10 inches. The
greatest snow depth at any one time during the period
of record was 15 inches. On an average of 3 days, at
least 1 inch of snow is on the ground. The number of
such days varies greatly from year to year.
The average relative humidity in midafternoon is
about 55 percent. Humidity is higher at night, and the
average at dawn is about 80 percent. The sun shines
70 percent of the time possible in summer and 60
percent in winter. The prevailing wind is from the
southwest. Average windspeed is highest, 9 miles per
hour, in spring.
Severe local storms, including tornadoes, strike
occasionally in or near the county. They are short in

Alexander County, North Carolina
duration and cause variable and spotty damage. Every
few years in summer or autumn, a tropical depression
or remnant of a hurricane that has moved inland causes
extremely heavy rains for 1 to 3 days.
How This Survey Was Made
This survey was made to provide information about
the soils in Alexander County. The information includes
a description of the soils and their location and a
discussion of the suitability, limitations, and
management of the soils for specified uses. Soil
scientists observed the steepness, length, and shape of
slopes; the general pattern of drainage; the kinds of
crops and native plants growing on the soils; and the
kinds of bedrock. They studied many soil profiles. A soil
profile is the sequence of natural layers, or horizons, in
a soil. It extends from the surface down into the
unconsolidated material from which the soil formed.
Soils occur in an orderly pattern that results from the
combined influence over time of climate, parent
material, relief, and plants and animals. Each kind of
soil is associated with a particular kind of landscape or
with a segment of the landscape. By observing the soils
and relating their position to specific segments of the
landscape, soil scientists develop a concept, or model,
of how the soils were formed. This model enables the
soil scientists to predict with a considerable degree of
accuracy the kind of soil at a specific location on the
landscape.
Commonly, individual soils on the landscape merge
into one another as their characteristics gradually
change. To construct an accurate soil map, however,
soil scientists must determine the boundaries between
the soils. They can observe only a limited number of
soil profiles. Nevertheless, these observations,
supplemented by an understanding of the soil -
landscape relationship, are sufficient to verify
predictions of the kinds of soil in an area and to
determine the boundaries.
Soil scientists recorded the characteristics of the soil
profiles that they studied. They noted soil color, texture,
size and shape of soil aggregates, kind and amount of
rock fragments, depth to bedrock, distribution of plant
roots, reaction, and other features that enable them to
identify the soils. After describing the soils and
determining their properties, the soil scientists assigned
the soils to taxonomic classes (units). Taxonomic
classes are concepts. Each taxonomic class has a set
of soil characteristics with precisely defined limits. The
classes are used as a basis for comparison to classify
soils systematically. The system of taxonomic
classification used in the United States is based mainly
on the kind and character of soil properties and the
arrangement of horizons within the profile. After the soil
scientists classified and named the soils in the survey
area, they compared the individual soils with similar
soils in the same taxonomic class in other areas so that
they could confirm data and assemble additional data
based on experience and research.
While a soil survey is in progress, samples of some
of the soils in the area are generally collected for
laboratory analyses and for engineering tests. The data
from these analyses and tests and from field -observed
characteristics and soil properties are used to predict
behavior of the soils under different uses.
Interpretations are field tested through observation of
the soils in different uses under different levels of
management. Some interpretations are modified to fit
local conditions, and some new interpretations are
developed to meet local needs. Data are assembled
from other sources, such as research information,
production records, and field experience of specialists.
For example, data on crop yields under defined levels
of management are assembled from farm records and
from field or plot experiments on the same kinds of soil.
Soil conditions are predictable over long periods of
time, but they are not predictable from year to year. For
example, soil scientists can predict with a relatively high
degree of accuracy that a given soil will have a high
water table within certain depths in most years, but they
cannot assure that a high water table will be at a
specific level in the soil on a specific date.
Soil boundaries are drawn on aerial photographs and
each delineation is identified as a specific map unit.
Aerial photographs show trees, buildings, fields, roads,
and rivers, all of which help in accurately locating
boundaries.
Map Unit Composition
A map unit delineation on a soil map represents an
area dominated by one major kind of soil or an area
dominated by two or three kinds of soil. A map unit is
identified and named according to the taxonomic
classification of the dominant soil or soils. Within a
taxonomic class there are precisely defined limits for
the properties of the soils. On the landscape, however,
the soils are natural objects. In common with other
natural objects, they have a characteristic variability in
their properties. Thus, the range of some observed
properties may extend beyond the limits defined for a
taxonomic class. Areas of soils of a single taxonomic
class rarely, if ever, can be mapped without including
areas of soils of other taxonomic classes.
Consequently, every map unit is made up of the soil or
soils for which it is named and some soils that belong to

4
other taxonomic classes. In the detailed soil map units,
these latter soils are called inclusions or included soils.
In the general soil map units, they are called minor
soils.
Most inclusions have properties and behavioral
patterns similar to those of the dominant soil or soils in
the map unit, and thus they do not affect use and
management. These are called noncontrasting (similar)
inclusions. They may or may not be mentioned in the
map unit descriptions. Other inclusions, however, have
properties and behavior divergent enough to affect use
or require different management. These are contrasting
(dissimilar) inclusions. They generally occupy small
areas and cannot be shown separately on the soil maps
because of the scale used in mapping. The inclusions
of contrasting soils are identified in the map unit
descriptions. A few inclusions may not have been
observed and consequently are not mentioned in the
descriptions, especially where the soil pattern was so
complex that it was impractical to make enough
observations to identify all of the kinds of soils on the
landscape.
The presence of inclusions in a map unit in no way
diminishes the usefulness or accuracy of the soil data.
The objective of soil mapping is not to delineate pure
taxonomic classes of soils but rather to separate the
landscape into segments that have similar use and
management requirements. The delineation of such
landscape segments on the map provides sufficient
information for the development of resource plans, but
onsite investigation is needed to plan for intensive uses
in small areas.

General Soil Map Units
The general soil map at the back of this publication
shows broad areas that have a distinctive pattern of
soils, relief, and drainage. Each map unit on the general
soil map is a unique natural landscape. Typically, it
consists of one or more major soils and some minor
soils. It is named for the major soils. The soils making
up one unit can occur in another but in a different
pattern.
The general soil map can be used to compare the
suitability of large areas for general land uses. Areas of
suitable soils can be identified on the map. Likewise,
areas where the soils are not suitable can be identified.
Because of its small scale, the map is not suitable for
planning the management of a farm or field or for
selecting a site for a road or a building or other
structure. The soils in any one map unit differ from
place to place in slope, depth, drainage, and other
characteristics that affect management.
1. Pacolet-Rion
Gently sloping to steep, well drained soils that have a
predominantly clayey or loamy subsoil; on Piedmont
uplands
The landscape of this map unit is characterized by
winding ridgetops that are separated by short side
slopes. Slopes range predominantly from 2 to 45
percent. Creeks flow in winding courses through narrow
flood plains.
The less sloping parts of this map unit are used
mainly as cropland, pasture, or hayland. The steeper
side slopes generally are forested. Most roads run
parallel to the ridgetops.
This map unit makes up about 39 percent of the
county. It is about 72 percent Pacolet soils, 10 percent
Rion soils, and 18 percent soils of minor extent.
The gently sloping to moderately steep Pacolet soils
are on ridgetops and side slopes. These soils are very
deep and well drained. They have a predominantly
clayey subsoil and formed in material weathered from
gneiss or schist. Typically, the surface layer is sandy
clay loam and is eroded in areas where slopes are less
than 15 percent. The surface layer is typically sandy
5
loam in areas where slopes are more than 15 percent.
The strongly sloping to steep Rion soils are typically
on side slopes. In a few areas they are on ridgetops or
knobs. These soils are very deep and well drained.
They have a loamy subsoil and formed in material
weathered from gneiss or schist. They have a surface
layer of sandy loam.
The minor soils include Chewacla, Riverview, and
Masada soils. Chewacla and Riverview soils are on
flood plains and are frequently flooded. Masada soils
are on old stream terraces.
The major soils are moderately suited to woodland.
The Rion soils in areas that have slopes of less than 15
percent are well suited to woodland. Overstory trees are
scarlet oak, white oak, Virginia pine, southern red oak,
hickory, shortleaf pine, American beech, eastern white
pine, red maple, and yellow -poplar. The understory
plants include sourwood, flowering dogwood, American
holly, eastern redcedar, greenbrier, honeysuckle, wild
grape, poison ivy, and blackberry.
The slope in some areas of the Pacolet and Rion
soils where it exceeds 15 percent is a limitation
affecting woodland management. It increases the
hazard of erosion and limits the use of equipment.
Logging roads and skid trails should be designed on the
contour. Water bars can break the flow of water along
roads. In exposed areas applying lime and fertilizer and
seeding help to control erosion. Depth to the clayey part
of the subsoil and the texture of the surface layer also
are limitations affecting woodland management on the
Pacolet soils. The clayey part of the subsoil limits the
use of equipment. Logging equipment should be
operated only during dry periods. The sandy clay loam
surface layer in some areas of the Pacolet soils
increases the seedling mortality rate. Reinforcement
planting may be necessary.
The major soils are moderately suited to most of the
field and truck crops commonly grown in the county in
areas where slopes are less than 15 percent and are
unsuited in areas where slopes are more than 15
percent. The hazard of erosion and the slope are
management concerns. Clods form on the sandy clay
loam surface layer of the Pacolet soils if the soil is tilled

0
when it is too wet. The germination of seeds also may
not be uniform across the field. Conservation tillage,
contour farming, striperopping, cover crops, crop
residue management, grassed waterways, and field
borders improve tilth, conserve moisture, help to control
erosion, and minimize the offsite damage caused by
sedimentation.
The major soils are well suited to pasture and hay in
areas where slopes are less than 15 percent and are
moderately suited in areas where slopes are 15 to 25
percent. The Rion soils that have slopes of more than
25 percent are unsuited to pasture and hay. Depth to
the clayey subsoil and the texture of the surface layer
hinder the establishment of sod on the Pacolet soils.
Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, timely deferment
of grazing, and restricted use during wet periods help to
keep the pasture in good condition.
The major soils are moderately suited to most urban
uses in areas where slopes are less than 15 percent
and are poorly suited in areas where slopes are 15 to
25 percent. The Rion soils that have slopes of more
than 25 percent are unsuited to most urban uses. The
high content of clay and low strength in the subsoil are
limitations on the Pacolet soils. The moderate
permeability in the clayey part of the subsoil can be
overcome by increasing the size of the absorption area
in septic tank absorption fields.
If the Pacolet soils are used as a base for roads and
streets, a mixture of sand and gravel and proper
compaction are needed to increase strength and
stability. Providing a gravel base and an adequate
wearing surface improves the trafficability of roads and
streets on the major soils for year-round use. In areas
of the Pacolet and Rion soils that have slopes that
exceed about 8 percent, the slope also is a limitation for
roads and streets. The steep soils require extensive
cutting and filling and detailed site planning.
2. Pacolet-Cecil
Gently sloping to moderately steep, well drained soils
that have a predominantly clayey subsoil, on Piedmont
uplands
The landscape of this map unit is characterized by
broad, winding ridgetops that are separated by short
side slopes. Slopes range predominantly from 2 to 25
percent. The drainageways join and become creeks that
flow through narrow and moderately wide flood plains.
The less sloping parts of this map unit are used
mainly as cropland, pasture, or hayland. The steeper
side slopes generally are forested. Most roads run
parallel to the ridgetops.
This map unit makes up about 26 percent of the
county. It is about 54 percent Pacolet soils, 36 percent
Soil Survey
Cecil soils, and 10 percent soils of minor extent.
The strongly sloping to moderately steep Pacolet
soils are mainly on side slopes. These soils are very
deep and well drained. They have a predominantly
clayey subsoil and formed in material weathered from
gneiss or schist. Typically, the surface layer is sandy
clay loam and is eroded in areas where slopes are less
than 15 percent. The surface layer is typically sandy
loam in areas where slopes are more than 15 percent.
The subsoil in the Pacolet soils is thinner than that in
the Cecil soils.
The gently sloping Cecil soils are on broad ridgetops.
These soils are very deep and well drained. They have
a predominantly clayey subsoil and formed in material
weathered from gneiss or schist. Typically, they have
an eroded surface layer of sandy clay loam.
The minor soils include Riverview, Chewacla,
Masada, Davidson, and Rion soils. Riverview and
Chewacla soils are on flood plains and are frequently
flooded. Masada and Davidson soils are on old stream
terraces. Rion soils are on moderately steep or steep
side slopes and have a loamy subsoil.
The major soils are moderately suited to woodland.
Overstory trees are scarlet oak, white oak, Virginia pine,
southern red oak, hickory, shortleaf pine, American
beech, eastern white pine, red maple, and yellow -
poplar. Understory plants include sourwood, flowering
dogwood, American holly, eastern redcedar, greenbrier,
honeysuckle, wild grape, poison ivy, and blackberry.
Depth to the clayey part of the subsoil and the
texture of the surface layer are the main limitations
affecting woodland management. The Pacolet soils that
have slopes of 15 to 25 percent do not have a surface
texture limitation. The clayey part of the subsoil limits
the use of equipment. Logging equipment should be
operated only during dry periods. The sandy clay loam
surface layer increases the seedling mortality rate.
Reinforcement planting may be necessary. The slopes
that exceed 15 percent in some areas of the Pacolet
soils are a limitation affecting woodland management.
They increase the hazard of erosion and limit the use of
equipment. Logging roads and skid trails should be
designed on the contour. Water bars can break the flow
of water along roads. In exposed areas applying lime
and fertilizer and seeding help to control erosion.
The major soils are well suited to most of the field
and truck crops commonly grown in the county in areas
where slopes are less than 8 percent and are
moderately suited in areas where slopes are 8 to 15
percent. The Pacolet soils that have slopes of more
than 15 percent are poorly suited to cropland. The
texture of the topsoil, the hazard of erosion, and the
slope are management concerns. Clods form on the
sandy clay loam surface layer if the soil is tilled when it

Alexander County, North Carolina
is too wet. The germination of seeds may not be
uniform across the field. Conservation tillage, contour
farming, striperopping, cover crops, crop residue
management, grassed waterways, and field borders
improve tilth, conserve moisture, help to control erosion,
and minimize the offsite damage caused by
sedimentation.
The major soils are well suited to pasture and hay.
Depth to the clayey part of the subsoil and the texture
of the surface layer hinder the establishment of sod.
The Pacolet soils in areas where slopes are 15 to 25
percent do not have a surface texture limitation. Proper
stocking rates, pasture rotation, timely deferment of
grazing, and restricted use during wet periods help to
keep the pasture in good condition.
The major soils are moderately suited to most urban
uses in areas where slopes are less than 15 percent.
They are poorly suited in areas where slopes are 15 to
25 percent and in areas of the Pacolet soils that have
slopes of more than 15 percent. A high content of clay
and low strength in the subsoil are the main limitations.
The moderate permeability in the clayey part of the
subsoil can be overcome by increasing the size of the
absorption area in septic tank absorption fields.
If the major soils are used as a base for roads and
streets, a mixture of sand and gravel and proper
compaction are needed to increase strength and
stability. Providing a gravel base and an adequate
wearing surface improves the trafficability of roads for
year-round use. The slope is a limitation in areas where
it is more than about 8 percent and in areas of the
Pacolet soils that have 8 to 15 percent slopes. The
steep soils require extensive cutting and filling and
detailed site planning.
3. Evard-Cowee
Strongly sloping to steep, well drained soils that have a
loamy subsoil; in the uplands on mountains
The landscape of this map unit is characterized by
narrow mountain ridgetops separated by mountain side
slopes. Slopes range from 8 to 60 percent. Rock
fragments on the surface of these soils range from
boulders to cobbles, average about 1 foot in diameter,
and are about 25 to 80 feet apart. Rapidly flowing
streams follow winding courses through narrow flood
plains in the mountain valleys.
Most of this map unit is used as woodland. A small
acreage is used for orchards. Most roads run parallel to
the ridgetops or on the contour of side slopes.
This map unit makes up about 22 percent of the
county. It is about 40 percent Evard soils, 33 percent
Cowee soils, and 27 percent soils of minor extent.
The strongly sloping to steep Evard soils are on the
rN
smooth and wide parts of ridgetops and on the smooth
and lower parts of side slopes. These soils are very
deep and well drained. They have a loamy subsoil and
formed in material weathered predominantly from
gneiss or schist. Typically, they have a surface layer of
gravelly sandy loam.
The strongly sloping to steep Cowee soils are on
knobs, narrow ridgetops, shoulder slopes, nose slopes,
and side slopes. These soils are moderately deep over
soft bedrock and are well drained. They have a loamy
subsoil and formed in material weathered predominantly
from schist or gneiss. Typically, they have a surface
layer of gravelly sandy loam.
The minor soils include Hayesville, Ashe, Saluda,
Cleveland, Braddock, Tate, and French soils. Hayesville
soils are on strongly sloping ridgetops and have a
predominantly clayey subsoil. Ashe, Cleveland, and
Saluda soils are predominantly on side slopes. Ashe
soils are moderately deep over hard bedrock. Cleveland
soils are shallow over hard bedrock. Saluda soils are
shallow over soft bedrock. Braddock soils are
predominantly on colluvial foot slopes and have a
predominantly clayey subsoil. Tate soils are on stream
terraces and foot slopes. French soils are on narrow
flood plains and are somewhat poorly drained.
The major soils are moderately suited to trees.
Overstory trees include white oak, scarlet oak, yellow -
poplar, black locust, chestnut oak, northern red oak,
hickory, red maple, Virginia pine, blackgum, and
eastern white pine. Understory plants include mountain
laurel, blueberry, sourwood, flowering dogwood, Fraser
magnolia, Christmas fern, and greenbrier. The slope is
the main limitation affecting woodland management. It
increases the hazard of erosion. Logging roads and skid
trails should be designed on the contour. Water bars
can break the flow of water along roads. In exposed
areas applying lime and fertilizer and seeding help to
control erosion. The depth to bedrock results in a
moderate windthrow hazard on the Cowee soils.
Thinning should be held to a minimum on the Cowee
soils, or the stands should not be thinned at all. A plan
for the periodic removal of windthrown trees is
advisable.
The major soils are poorly suited to most cultivated
crops in areas where slopes are 8 to 25 percent and
are unsuited in areas where slopes are more than 25
percent. The slope increases the hazard of erosion and
limits the use of equipment. In areas used for orchards,
the trees should be planted on the contour. Establishing
a cover of grasses around the trees helps to control
erosion. Stones on the surface can hinder mowing.
The major soils are moderately suited to pasture and
hay in areas where slopes are less than 25 percent and
are unsuited in areas where slopes are more than 25

E.1
percent. The slope and the stones on the surface are
the main limitations. The slope increases the hazard of
erosion and limits the use of equipment. Stones hinder
the establishment of sod and mowing.
The major soils are poorly suited to most urban uses
because of the slope, the hazard of erosion, and rock
fragments on or near the surface. The depth to bedrock
also is a limitation in the Cowee soils. Areas used for
building site development should be carefully selected.
Most of the soils that have slopes of more than 15
percent require substantial cutting and filling and
detailed site planning. The Evard soils that have slopes
of less than 15 percent can be used for septic tank
absorption fields if the fields are properly installed and
designed.
4. Hibriten-Bethlehem-Pacolet
Gently sloping to steep, well drained soils that have a
loamy or predominantly clayey subsoil, on Piedmont
uplands
The landscape of this map unit is characterized by
narrow ridgetops that are separated by side slopes.
Slopes range predominantly from 2 to 60 percent.
Creeks flow in winding courses through narrow flood
plains.
The less sloping parts of this map unit are used
mainly as cropland, pasture, or hayland. The steeper
side slopes generally are forested. Most roads run
parallel to the ridgetops.
This map unit makes up about 9 percent of the
county. It is about 44 percent Hibriten soils, 26 percent
Bethlehem soils, 23 percent Pacolet soils, and 7
percent soils of minor extent.
The strongly sloping to steep Hibriten soils are
typically on side slopes. In some places they are on
strongly sloping ridgetops or on knobs. These soils are
moderately deep and well drained. They have a loamy
subsoil with many gravel and cobbles and formed in
material weathered from sillimanite schist. They
average more than 35 percent coarse fragments, by
volume, throughout. Typically, they have a surface layer
of very cobbly sandy loam.
The gently sloping to strongly sloping Bethlehem
soils are on narrow ridgetops and side slopes. These
soils are moderately deep and well drained. They have
a predominantly clayey subsoil and are weathered
predominantly from sillimanite schist. Typically, they
have a surface layer of gravelly sandy loam.
The gently sloping to moderately steep Pacolet soils
are on narrow ridgetops and side slopes. These soils
are very deep and well drained. They have a
predominantly clayey subsoil and formed in material
weathered from gneiss or schist. Typically, the surface
Soil Survey
layer is sandy clay loam and is eroded in areas where
slopes are less than 15 percent. The surface layer is
typically sandy loam in areas where slopes are more
than 15 percent.
The minor soils include Chewacla, Riverview,
Masada, and Rion soils. Chewacla and Riverview soils
are on flood plains and are frequently flooded. Masada
soils are on old stream terraces and have a
predominantly clayey subsoil. Rion soils are on side
slopes and are very deep.
The major soils are moderately suited to woodland.
Overstory trees are chestnut oak, Virginia pine, black
oak, scarlet oak, hickory, shortleaf pine, eastern white
pine, white oak, and red maple. Understory plants
include sourwood, flowering dogwood, American holly,
sassafras, eastern redcedar, greenbrier, honeysuckle,
wild grape, poison ivy, and blackberry.
The depth to bedrock is the main limitation affecting
woodland management on the Bethlehem and Hibriten
soils. It results in a moderate windthrow hazard,
particularly for pine and other trees that have a taproot.
Thinning should be held to a minimum, or the stands
should not be thinned at all. A plan for the periodic
removal of windthrown trees is advisable. Rock
fragments in the surface layer of the Hibriten soils limit
the amount of water available for plant growth and
increase the seedling mortality rate. Reinforcement
planting may be necessary. Depth to the clayey part of
the subsoil and the texture of the surface layer are
limitations affecting woodland management on the
Pacolet soils. The clayey part of the subsoil limits the
use of equipment. Logging equipment should be
operated only during dry periods. The sandy clay loam
texture of some of the Pacolet soils increases the
seedling mortality rate. Reinforcement planting may be
necessary. The slope in areas where it is more than 15
percent also is a limitation affecting woodland
management. The steep slopes increase the hazard of
erosion and limit the use of equipment. Logging roads
and skid trails should be designed on the contour.
Water bars can break the flow of water along roads. In
exposed areas applying lime and fertilizer and seeding
help to control erosion.
The Pacolet and Bethlehem soils in areas that have
slopes of less than 15 percent are moderately suited to
most of the field and truck crops commonly grown in the
county. The Pacolet soils in areas that have slopes of
more than 15 percent and the Hibriten soils in areas
that have slopes of 8 to 15 percent are poorly suited to
cropland. The Hibriten soils in areas that have slopes of
more than 15 percent are unsuited to cropland. The
slope and the hazard of erosion are the main
management concerns. Conservation tillage, contour
farming, striperopping, cover crops, crop residue

Alexander County, North Carolina
management, grassed waterways, and field borders
improve tilth, conserve moisture, help to control erosion,
and minimize the offsite damage caused by
sedimentation. The texture of the surface layer also is a
limitation affecting field crops on the Pacolet soils.
Clods form on the sandy clay loam surface layer of
some of the Pacolet soils if the soil is tilled when it is
too wet. The germination of seeds also may not be
uniform across the field. The large amount of coarse
fragments in the soil limits the amount of water
available for plant growth.
The Bethlehem and Pacolet soils that have slopes of
less than 25 percent are moderately suited to pasture
and hay. The Hibriten soils that have slopes of less
than 25 percent are poorly suited to pasture and hay
and are unsuited in areas where slopes are more than
25 percent. Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation,
timely deferment of grazing, and restricted use during
wet periods help to keep the pasture in good condition.
The large amount of coarse fragments in the soil limits
the amount of water available for plant growth on the
Hibriten soils.
The Bethlehem and Pacolet soils that have slopes of
less than 15 percent are moderately suited to most
urban uses. The slope, a high content of clay, and low
strength in the subsoil are the main limitations. The
moderate permeability in the clayey part of the subsoil
in the Pacolet soils can be overcome by increasing the
size of the absorption area in septic tank absorption
fields. The Bethlehem soils are poorly suited to septic
tank absorption fields because of the depth to bedrock.
If the Pacolet and Bethlehem soils are used as a
base for roads and streets, a mixture of sand and
gravel and proper compaction are needed to increase
strength and stability. Providing a gravel base and an
adequate wearing surface improves the trafficability of
roads for year-round use. The slope also is a limitation
in areas of these soils where the slope exceeds about 8
percent. The Pacolet soils that have slopes of more
than 15 percent and the Hibriten soils that have slopes
of less than 15 percent are poorly suited to most urban
uses. The Hibriten soils that have slopes of more than
15 percent are unsuited to most urban uses. The depth
to bedrock and the high content of coarse fragments
are the main limitations on the Hibriten soils.
5. Rion
Gently sloping to moderately steep, well drained soils
that have a loamy subsoil, on Piedmont uplands
The landscape of this map unit is characterized by
broad ridgetops that are separated by side slopes.
Slopes range predominantly from 2 to 25 percent.
�j
Creeks flow in winding courses through narrow flood
plains.
The less sloping parts of this map unit are used
mainly as cropland, pasture, or hayland. The steeper
side slopes generally are forested. Most roads run
parallel to the ridgetops.
This map unit makes up about 3 percent of the
county. It is about 67 percent Rion soils and 33 percent
soils of minor extent.
The gently sloping to moderately steep Rion soils are
on ridgetops and side slopes. These soils are very deep
and well drained. They have a loamy subsoil and
formed in material weathered predominantly from
granitic gneiss. They have a surface layer of sandy
loam.
The minor soils include Chewacla, Wehadkee,
Wedowee, and Pacolet soils. Chewacla and Wehadkee
soils are on flood plains and are frequently flooded.
Wedowee and Pacolet soils are on ridgetops and side
slopes and have a predominantly clayey subsoil.
The Rion soils are moderately suited to trees.
Overstory trees include white oak, scarlet oak, black
oak, southern red oak, red maple, yellow -poplar,
hickory, and Virginia pine. Understory plants include
sourwood, flowering dogwood, American holly, eastern
redcedar, honeysuckle, wild grape, poison ivy,
blackberry, and greenbrier. Where it is more than 15
percent, the slope is the main limitation affecting
woodland management. The steeper slopes increase
the hazard of erosion and limit the use of equipment.
Logging roads and skid trails should be designed on the
contour. Water bars can break the flow of water along
roads. In exposed areas applying lime and fertilizer and
seeding help to control erosion.
The Rion soils in areas where slopes are less than 8
percent are well suited to most of the field and truck
crops commonly grown in the county and are
moderately suited in areas where slopes are 8 to 15
percent. The Rion soils are preferred by tobacco
farmers. The slope and the hazard of erosion are the
main management concerns. Conservation tillage,
contour farming, striperopping, cover crops, crop
residue management, grassed waterways, and field
borders improve tilth, conserve moisture, help to control
erosion, and minimize the offsite damage caused by
sedimentation.
The Rion soils are well suited to pasture and hay in
areas where slopes are less than 15 percent, are
moderately suited in areas where slopes are 15 to 25
percent, and are unsuited in areas where slopes are
more than 25 percent. The slope is the main limitation.
Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, timely deferment
of grazing, and restricted use during wet periods help to
keep the pasture in good condition.

10
The Rion soils are moderately suited to most urban
uses in areas where slopes are less than 15 percent,
are poorly suited in areas where slopes are 15 to 25
percent, and are unsuited in areas where slopes are
more than 25 percent. Providing a gravel base and an
adequate wearing surface improves the trafficability of
roads. The moderately steep soils require extensive
cutting and filling and detailed site planning.
6. Cleveland-Ashe-Rock outcrop
Strongly sloping to very steep, somewhat excessively
drained soils that have a loamy subsoil and areas of
Rock outcrop; in the uplands on mountains
The landscape of this map unit is characterized by
narrow mountain ridgetops that have long mountain side
slopes. Rock fragments on the surface of these soils
range from boulders to cobbles, average about 1 foot in
diameter, and are about 25 to 80 feet apart. Areas of
Rock outcrop are common on some, of the steeper side
slopes. Slopes range predominantly from 8 to 90
percent.
Most of this map unit supports low-grade hardwoods
and pines. Roads are generally absent.
This map unit makes up about 1 percent of the
county. It is about 45 percent Cleveland soils, 35
percent Ashe soils, 10 percent Rock outcrop, and 10
percent soils of minor extent.
The strongly sloping to very steep Cleveland soils
are on knobs and narrow parts of ridgetops and on
shoulder slopes and nose slopes. These soils also are
on side slopes that are irregular in shape and that
contain many areas of Rock outcrop. They are shallow
and somewhat excessively drained. They formed in
material weathered predominantly from gneiss and
schist. These soils have a surface layer and subsoil of
gravelly sandy loam.
The strongly sloping to very steep Ashe soils are on
the smooth and wide parts of ridgetops and on the
smooth and low parts of side slopes. These soils are
moderately deep and somewhat excessively drained.
They formed in material weathered predominantly from
gneiss and schist. They have a surface layer of gravelly
sandy loam and a loamy subsoil.
The minor soils include Evard and Cowee soils on
smooth ridgetops and side slopes. These soils have
more clay in the subsoil than the major soils. Evard
soils are very deep, and Cowee soils are moderately
deep over soft bedrock.
The major soils are poorly suited to trees. Overstory
trees include chestnut oak, scarlet oak, Virginia pine,
hickory, black locust, and white oak. Understory plants
include mountain laurel, sassafras, eastern redcedar,
greenbrier, blueberry, sourwood, flowering dogwood,
Soil Survey
wild grape, blackberry, honeysuckle, and needlegrass.
The slope, droughtiness, the depth to bedrock, and
Rock outcrop are the main limitations affecting
woodland management. The slope increases the hazard
of erosion and limits the use of equipment. Logging
roads and skid trails should be designed on the contour.
Water bars can break the flow of water along roads. In
exposed areas applying lime and fertilizer and seeding
help to control erosion. Droughtiness increases the
seedling mortality rate. Reinforcement planting may be
needed. Because of the depth to bedrock, the
windthrow hazard is moderate on the Ashe soils and
severe on the Cleveland soils. Thinning should be held
to a minimum on these soils, or the stands should not
be thinned at all. A plan for the periodic removal of
windthrown trees is advisable. When the Cleveland
soils are in a complex that has areas of Rock outcrop,
they are unsuited to commercial timber production.
The major soils are unsuited to cultivated crops,
pasture, hay, and most urban uses because of the
slope, droughtiness, the depth to bedrock, Rock
outcrop, and stones on or near the surface.
Broad Land Use Considerations
The soils in Alexander County vary widely in their
suitability for major land uses. About 10 percent of the
county is used for cultivated crops, mainly corn,
soybeans, small grain, and tobacco. This cropland is
concentrated mainly in general soil map units 1, 2, 4,
and 5. Soils that have slopes of less than 15 percent
generally are moderately suited to most of the field and
truck crops commonly grown in the county. The slope
and the hazard of erosion are the main limitations. The
Hibriten soils, however, are poorly suited because of
rock fragments in the soil.
About 21 percent of the county is used as pasture
and hayland. General soil map units 1, 2, 4, and 5 are
moderately suited to grasses and legumes on slopes of
less than 25 percent, but the Hibriten soils are poorly
suited to pasture and hayland.
About 65 percent of the county is used as woodland.
General soil map units 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 are moderately
suited to commercial timber production. Slopes of more
than 15 percent are a limitation affecting woodland
production.
About 4 percent of the county is urban or built-up
land. Cecil, Pacolet, Rion, and Bethlehem soils on
slopes of less than 15 percent are moderately suited to
most urban uses. The Bethlehem soils that are mainly
in general soil map units 1, 2, 4, and 5 are poorly suited
to septic tank absorption fields. Because of the slope,
general soil map units 3 and 6 are poorly suited to
urban uses.

Alexander County, North Carolina
The suitability of the soils for recreational uses
varies, depending on the intensity of expected use and
the properties of the soil. The soils in general soil map
units 1, 2, and 5 are well suited to intensive recreational
development on slopes of less than 15 percent. The
soils in general soil map unit 4 are moderately suited to
less intensive recreational development on slopes of
less than 15 percent. The soils in general soil map units
11
3 and 6 are poorly suited to intensive recreational uses
because of the predominance of the steeper slopes.
The soils in general soil map units 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 are
suited to extensive recreational uses, such as hiking or
horseback riding. Small areas of soils that are suited to
intensive recreational development may be present in
general soil map units that are poorly suited to
recreational development.

Detailed Soil Map Units
The map units on the detailed soil maps at the back
of this survey represent the soils in the survey area.
The map unit descriptions in this section, along with the
soil maps, can be used to determine the suitability and
potential of a soil for specific uses. They also can be
used to plan the management needed for those uses.
More information on each map unit is given under the
heading "Use and Management of the Soils."
The map units on the detailed soil maps represent
areas on the landscape and consist mainly of the
dominant soils for which the unit is named.
Symbols identifying the soil precede the map unit
names in the soil descriptions. The descriptions include
general facts about the soils and give the principal
hazards and limitations to be considered in planning for
specific uses.
Soils that have profiles that are almost alike make up
a soil series. Except for differences in texture of the
surface layer or of the underlying material, all the soils
of a series have major horizons that are similar in
composition, thickness, and arrangement.,
Soils of one series can differ in texture of the surface
layer or of the underlying material. They also can differ
in slope, stoniness, wetness, degree of erosion, and
other characteristics that affect their use. On the basis
of such differences, a soil series is divided into soil
phases. Most of the areas shown on the detailed soil
maps are phases of soil series. The name of a soil
phase commonly indicates a feature that affects use or
management. For example, Pacolet sandy clay loam, 2
to 8 percent slopes, eroded, is a phase of the Pacolet
series.
Some map units are made up of two or more major
soils. These map units are called soil complexes or
undifferentiated groups.
A soil complex consists of two or more soils in such
an intricate pattern or in such small areas that they
cannot be shown separately on the soil maps. The
pattern and proportion of the soils are somewhat similar
in all areas. Evard-Cowee complex, 8 to 25 percent
slopes, stony, is an example.
An undifferentiated group is made up of two or more
soils that could be mapped individually but are mapped
13
as one unit because similar interpretations can be made
for use and management. The pattern and proportion of
the soils in a mapped area are not uniform. An area can
be made up of only one of the major soils, or it can be
made up of all of them. Braddock and Hayesville clay
loams, 15 to 25 percent slopes, eroded, is an
undifferentiated group in this survey area.
Most map units include small scattered areas of soils
other than those for which the map unit is named.
Some of these included soils have properties that differ
substantially from those of the major soil or soils. Such
differences could significantly affect use and
management of the soils in the map unit. The included
contrasting soils are identified in each map unit
description. Some small areas of strongly contrasting
soils are identified by a special symbol on the soil
maps.
This survey includes miscellaneous areas that are
part of a complex. Such areas have little or no soil
material and support little or no vegetation. The Rock
outcrop part of Cleveland -Rock outcrop complex, 8 to
90 percent slopes, is an example. Miscellaneous areas
that are part of a soil complex are shown on the soil
maps. Some that are too small to be shown are
identified by a special symbol on the soil maps.
Table 4 gives the acreage and proportionate extent
of each map unit. Other tables (see "Summary of
Tables") give properties of the soils and the limitations,
capabilities, and suitabilities for many uses. The
"Glossary" defines many of the terms used in
describing the soils.
AcD—Ashe-Cleveland complex, 8 to 25 percent
slopes, stony. This map unit consists of somewhat
excessively drained, strongly sloping and moderately
steep Ashe and Cleveland soils on ridgetops in the
mountains. The Ashe soil is moderately deep, and the
Cleveland soil is shallow. Rock fragments on the
surface of these soils range from boulders to cobbles,
average about 1 foot in diameter, and are about 25 to
80 feet apart. Individual areas are long and narrow or
irregular in shape and range from 5 to about 50 acres in
size. The Ashe soil makes up about 45 percent of the

14
map unit, and the Cleveland soil makes up about 45
percent. These soils occur as areas so intricately mixed
that separating them is not practical at the scale
selected for mapping.
Typically, the surface layer of the Ashe soil is
gravelly sandy loam about 5 inches thick. It is dark
brown in the upper part and brown in the lower part.
The subsoil is yellowish brown sandy loam about 21
inches thick. Hard bedrock is at a depth of about 26
inches.
The Ashe soil is moderately rapidly permeable.
Surface runoff is rapid in bare or unprotected areas.
The shrink -swell potential of the subsoil is low. The
depth to hard bedrock is 20 to 40 inches. The seasonal
high water table is below a depth of 6 feet. Reaction is
very strongly acid to moderately acid, except where the
surface layer has been limed.
Typically, the surface layer of the Cleveland soil is
brown gravelly sandy loam about 7 inches thick. The
subsoil is dark yellowish brown gravelly sandy loam
about 5 inches thick. Hard bedrock is at a depth of
about 12 inches.
The Cleveland soil is moderately rapidly permeable.
Surface runoff is rapid in bare or unprotected areas.
The shrink -swell potential of the subsoil is low. The
depth to hard bedrock is 10 to 20 inches. The seasonal
high water table is below a depth of 6 feet. Reaction is
very strongly acid to moderately acid, except where the
surface layer has been limed.
Included with these soils in mapping are small areas
of Cowee soils. These soils are intermingled with areas
of the Ashe and Cleveland soils. These included soils
have more clay in the subsoil than the Ashe and
Cleveland soils. They are on the wide parts of
ridgetops. Also included are some areas of soils that
have more than 35 percent rock fragments throughout;
scattered, small areas of soils that have a very stony or
very bouldery surface; and areas of Rock outcrop.
Included areas make up about 10 percent of this map
unit.
Most of the acreage in this map unit is used as
woodland. A few areas are used as pasture.
The Ashe and Cleveland soils are poorly suited to
trees. Overstory trees include chestnut oak, scarlet oak,
northern red oak, Virginia pine, hickory, pitch pine, and
white oak. Understory plants include mountain laurel,
sassafras, eastern redcedar, greenbrier, blueberry,
sourwood, flowering dogwood, wild grape, blackberry,
honeysuckle, and needlegrass.
The slope, droughtiness, and the depth to bedrock
are the main limitations affecting timber production. The
slope increases the hazard of erosion and limits the use
of equipment. Logging roads and skid trails should be
designed on the contour. Water bars help to break the
Soil Survey
flow of water along roads. In exposed areas applying
fertilizer and seeding help to control erosion.
Droughtiness increases the seedling mortality rate.
Reinforcement planting may be needed. Because of the
depth to bedrock, the windthrow hazard is moderate on
the Ashe soil and severe on the Cleveland soil.
Thinning should be held to a minimum, or the stand
should not be thinned at all. A plan for the periodic
removal of windthrown trees is advisable.
These soils are unsuited to cultivated crops, pasture,
hay, and most urban uses. The slope, droughtiness, the
depth to bedrock, and rock fragments on or near the
surface are the major limitations.
The Ashe soil is in capability subclass Vle, and the
Cleveland soil is in capability subclass Vile. Based on
chestnut oak as the indicator species, the woodland
ordination symbol is 2R in areas of the Ashe soil and
2D in areas of the Cleveland soil.
AcE—Ashe-Cleveland complex, 25 to 60 percent
slopes, stony. This map unit consists of somewhat
excessively drained, steep Ashe and Cleveland soils on
side slopes in the mountains. The Ashe soil is
moderately deep, and the Cleveland soil is shallow.
Rock fragments on the surface of these soils range
from boulders to cobbles, average about 1 foot in
diameter, and are about 25 to 80 feet apart. Individual
areas are irregular in shape and range from 5 to about
50 acres in size. The Ashe soil makes up about 45
percent of the map unit, and the Cleveland soil makes
up about 45 percent. These soils occur as areas so
intricately mixed that separating them is not practical at
the scale selected for mapping.
Typically, the surface layer of the Ashe soil is
gravelly sandy loam 5 inches thick. It is dark brown in
the upper part and brown in the lower part. The subsoil
is yellowish brown sandy loam about 21 inches thick.
Hard bedrock is at a depth of about 26 inches.
The Ashe soil is moderately rapidly permeable.
Surface runoff is rapid in bare or unprotected areas.
The shrink -swell potential of the subsoil is low. The
depth to hard bedrock is 20 to 40 inches. The seasonal
high water table is below a depth of 6 feet. Reaction is
very strongly acid to moderately acid, except where the
surface layer has been limed.
Typically, the surface layer of the Cleveland soil is
brown gravelly sandy loam about 7 inches thick. The
subsoil is dark yellowish brown gravelly sandy loam
about 5 inches thick. Hard bedrock is below a depth of
about 12 inches.
The Cleveland soil is moderately rapidly permeable.
Surface runoff is rapid in bare or unprotected areas.
The shrink -swell potential of the subsoil is low. The
depth to hard bedrock is 10 to 20 inches. The seasonal

Alexander County, North Carolina
high water table is below a depth of 6 feet. Reaction is
very strongly acid to moderately acid, except where the
surface layer has been limed.
Included with these soils in mapping are small areas
of Cowee soils. These soils are intermingled with areas
of the Ashe and Cleveland soils. These included soils
have more clay in the subsoil than the Ashe and
Cleveland soils. They are on the smooth and low parts
of side slopes. Also included are some areas of soils
that have more than 35 percent rock fragments
throughout; scattered, small areas of soils that have a
very stony or very bouldery surface; and areas of Rock
outcrop. Included areas make up about 10 percent of
this map unit.
Most of the acreage in this map unit is used as
woodland. A few areas are used as pasture.
The Ashe and Cleveland soils are poorly suited to
trees. Overstory trees include chestnut oak, scarlet oak,
northern red oak, Virginia pine, hickory, pitch pine, and
white oak. Understory plants include mountain laurel,
sassafras, eastern redcedar, greenbrier, blueberry,
sourwood, flowering dogwood, wild grape, blackberry,
honeysuckle, and needlegrass.
The slope, droughtiness, and the depth to bedrock
are the main limitations affecting timber production. The
slope increases the hazard of erosion and limits the use
of equipment. Extreme caution is needed when vehicles
are operated on these slopes. In most areas extensive
grading is needed to establish roads or trails. Logging
roads and skid trails should be designed on the contour.
Water bars help to break the flow of water along roads.
In exposed areas applying fertilizer and seeding help to
control erosion. Droughtiness increases the seedling
mortality rate. Reinforcement planting may be needed.
Because of the depth to bedrock, the windthrow hazard
is moderate on the Ashe soil and severe on the
Cleveland soil. Thinning should be held to a minimum,
or the stand should not be thinned at all. A plan for the
periodic removal of windthrown trees is advisable.
These soils are unsuited to cultivated crops, pasture,
hay, and most urban uses. The slope, droughtiness, the
depth to bedrock, and rock fragments on or near the
surface are the major limitations.
The capability subclass is Vile. Based on chestnut
oak as the indicator species, the woodland ordination
symbol is 2R.
BeB—Bethlehem gravelly sandy loam, 2 to 8
percent slopes. This moderately deep, well drained,
gently sloping soil is on Piedmont ridgetops, generally
in the southwestern part of the county. Individual areas
are irregular in shape and range from 4 to about 40
acres in size.
Typically, the surface layer is strong brown gravelly
15
sandy loam about 8 inches thick. The next 4 inches is
yellowish red sandy clay loam. The subsoil is red clay
about 13 inches thick. The next 6 inches is red very
gravelly sandy clay loam. Soft bedrock is at a depth of
about 31 inches. In some eroded areas the surface
layer is gravelly sandy clay loam.
This soil is moderately permeable. Surface runoff is
medium in bare or unprotected areas. The shrink -swell
potential of the subsoil is low. The depth to soft bedrock
is 20 to 40 inches. The seasonal high water table is
below a depth of 6 feet. Reaction is very strongly acid
to moderately acid, except where the surface layer has
been limed.
Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of
Pacolet and Hibriten soils. Pacolet soils are very deep
and are on the wide part of the ridgetops. Hibriten soils
average more than 35 percent rock fragments
throughout. They are on knobs. Also included are some
areas of soils that have soft bedrock at a depth of 40 to
60 inches and soils that have a loamy subsoil or have a
high content of mica in the lower part. Included soils
make up about 15 to 25 percent of this map unit.
Most of the acreage of the Bethlehem soil is used as
cropland, hayland, or pasture. Some small areas are
used as woodland.
This soil is suited to woodland. Overstory trees
include chestnut oak, Virginia pine, black oak, white
oak, scarlet oak, hickory, shortleaf pine, eastern white
pine, and red maple. Understory plants include
sourwood, flowering dogwood, American holly,
sassafras, eastern redcedar, greenbrier, honeysuckle,
wild grape, poison ivy, and blackberry.
The depth to bedrock is the main limitation affecting
timber production. It results in a moderate windthrow
hazard, particularly for pine and other trees that have a
taproot. Thinning should be held to a minimum, or the
stand should not be thinned at all. A management plan
for the periodic removal of windthrown trees is
advisable.
This soil is suited to most of the field and truck crops
commonly grown in the county. The slope, the hazard
of erosion, the irregular topography, and narrow
ridgetops are management concerns. Coarse fragments
in the surface layer and the depth to bedrock limit the
amount of water available for plant growth.
Conservation tillage, contour farming, striperopping,
cover crops, crop residue management, and field
borders improve tilth, conserve moisture, help to control
erosion, and minimize offsite damage caused by
sedimentation. Because of the irregular topography and
narrow ridgetops, fields are small. Farming on the
contour and striperopping are difficult in these small
fields.

16
This soil is suited to pasture and hay. Coarse
fragments in the surface layer and the depth to bedrock
limit the amount of water available for plant growth.
Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, timely deferment
of grazing, and restricted use during wet periods help to
keep the pasture in good condition.
This soil is suited to most urban uses. The depth to
bedrock, a high content of clay, and low strength in the
subsoil are the main limitations. The depth to bedrock
affects the ease of digging, filling, and compacting. It
should be examined carefully at construction sites. If
the soil is used as a base for roads and streets, a
mixture of sand and gravel and proper compaction are
needed to increase strength and stability. To improve
trafficability for year-round use, roads require a gravel
base and an adequate wearing surface. The soil is
poorly suited to septic tank absorption fields because of
the depth to bedrock.
The capability subclass is Ille. Based on shortleaf
pine as the indicator species, the woodland ordination
symbol is 7D.
BeC--Bethlehem gravelly sandy loam, 8 to 15
percent slopes. This moderately deep, well drained,
strongly sloping soil is on Piedmont side slopes and
ridgetops, generally in the southwestern part of the
county. Individual areas are irregular in shape and
range from 4 to about 50 acres in size.
Typically, the surface layer is strong brown gravelly
sandy loam about 8 inches thick. The next 4 inches is
yellowish red sandy clay loam. The subsoil is red clay
about 13 inches thick. The next 6 inches is red very
gravelly sandy clay loam. Soft bedrock is at a depth of
about 31 inches. In some eroded areas the surface
layer is gravelly sandy clay loam.
This soil is moderately permeable. Surface runoff is
medium in bare or unprotected areas. The shrink -swell
potential of the subsoil is low. The depth to soft bedrock
is 20 to 40 inches. The seasonal high water table is
below a depth of 6 feet. Reaction is very strongly acid
to moderately acid, except where the surface layer has
been limed.
Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of
Pacolet, Hibriten, and Chewacla soils. Pacolet soils are
very deep and are on smooth parts of side slopes.
Hibriten soils average more than 35 percent rock
fragments throughout. They are on knobs, shoulder
slopes, and nose slopes. Chewacla soils are on flood
plains and are somewhat poorly drained. They have a
loamy subsoil. Also included are some scattered areas
of soils that may have soft bedrock at a depth of 40 to
60 inches and a'few scattered areas of soils that have a
loamy subsoil or have a high content of mica in the
Soil Survey
lower part. Included soils make up about 15 to 25
percent of this map unit.
Most of the acreage of the Bethlehem soil is used as
woodland. Some areas are used as pasture.
This soil is suited to woodland. Overstory trees
include chestnut oak, Virginia pine, black oak, white
oak, scarlet oak, hickory, shortleaf pine, eastern white
pine, and red maple. Understory plants include
sourwood, flowering dogwood, American holly,
sassafras, eastern redcedar, greenbrier, honeysuckle,
wild grape, poison ivy, and blackberry.
The depth to bedrock is the main limitation affecting
timber production. It results in a moderate windthrow
hazard, particularly for pine and other trees that have a
taproot. Thinning should be held to a minimum, or the
stand should not be thinned at all. A plan for the
periodic removal of windthrown trees is advisable.
This soil is suited to most of the field and truck crops
commonly grown in the county. The slope, the hazard
of erosion, the irregular topography, and the narrow
side slopes and ridgetops are management concerns.
Rock fragments in the surface layer and the depth to
bedrock limit the amount of water available for plant
growth. Conservation tillage, contour farming,
striperopping, cover crops, crop residue management,
and field borders improve tilth, conserve moisture, help
to control erosion, and minimize the offsite damage
caused by sedimentation. Because of the irregular
topography and the narrow side slopes and ridgetops,
fields are small. Farming on the contour and
striperopping are difficult in these small fields.
This soil is suited to pasture and hay. Rock
fragments in the surface layer and the depth to bedrock
limit the amount of water available for plant growth.
Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, timely deferment
of grazing, and restricted use during wet periods help to
keep the pasture in good condition.
This soil is suited to most urban uses. The depth to
bedrock, the slope, a high content of clay, and low
strength in the subsoil are the main limitations. The
depth to bedrock affects the ease of digging, filling, and
compacting. It should be examined carefully at
construction sites. Strongly sloping areas require
extensive cutting and filling and detailed site planning. If
the soil is used as a base for roads and streets, a
mixture of sand and gravel and proper compaction are
needed to increase strength and stability. To improve
trafficability for year-round use, roads require a gravel
base and an adequate wearing surface. The soil is
poorly suited to septic tank absorption fields because of
the depth to bedrock.
The capability subclass is IVe. Based on shortleaf
pine as the indicator species, the woodland ordination
symbol is 7D.

Alexander County, North Carolina
BrC—Bethlehem-Urban land complex, 2 to 15
percent slopes. This map unit consists of a moderately
deep, well drained, gently sloping and strongly sloping
Bethlehem soil intermingled with Urban land. The unit is
on Piedmont ridgetops and side slopes, primarily in and
around small communities and housing developments in
the southwestern part of the county. Individual areas
are irregular in shape and range from 10 to about 50
acres in size. The Bethlehem soil makes up about 45
percent of the map unit, and the Urban land makes up
about 30 percent. The Bethlehem soil and Urban land
occur as areas so intricately mixed that separating them
is not practical at the scale selected for mapping.
The Bethlehem soil consists of undisturbed areas
between buildings, roads, streets, and parking lots.
Typically, the soil has a surface layer of strong brown
gravelly sandy loam about 8 inches thick. The next 4
inches is yellowish red sandy clay loam. The subsoil is
red clay about 13 inches thick. The next 6 inches is red
very gravelly sandy clay loam. Soft bedrock is at a
depth of about 31 inches. In some eroded areas the
surface layer is gravelly sandy clay loam.
The Bethlehem soil is moderately permeable.
Surface runoff is medium in bare or unprotected areas.
The shrink -swell potential of the subsoil is low. The
depth to soft bedrock is 20 to 40 inches. The seasonal
high water table is below a depth of 6 feet. Reaction is
very strongly acid to moderately acid, except where the
surface layer has been limed.
The Urban land consists of areas where the soil is
largely covered by concrete, asphalt, buildings, or other
structures.
Included in this map unit are small areas of
Udorthents and Pacolet and Hibriten soils. Udorthents,
which consist of areas of cut and fill material, are
adjacent to the Urban land. Pacolet soils are very deep.
They are on the wide parts of some ridgetops and side
slopes. Hibriten soils average more than 35 percent
rock fragments throughout. They are on knobs, shoulder
slopes, and nose slopes. Also included are some
scattered areas of soils that have soft bedrock at a
depth of 40 to 60 inches and a few scattered areas of
soils that have a loamy subsoil or a high content of
mica in the lower part. Included soils make up about 25
percent of this map unit.
Most of the acreage in this map unit is used for
yards, gardens, recreational purposes, and landscaping
in and around the Urban land. The open areas make up
from 500 to about 7,000 square feet in size. They are
too small for commercial wood production, cropland,
pasture, or hayland.
The Bethlehem soil is suited to most urban uses. The
depth to bedrock, the slope, a high content of clay, and
low strength in the subsoil are the main limitations. The
17
depth to bedrock affects the ease of digging, filling, and
compacting. It should be carefully examined at the
construction site. Extensive cutting and filling and
detailed site planning are required where the slope
exceeds 8 percent. If the soil is used as a base for
roads and streets, a mixture of sand and gravel and
proper compaction are needed to increase strength and
stability. To improve trafficability for year-round use,
roads require a gravel base and an adequate wearing
surface.
The Bethlehem soil is poorly suited to septic tank
absorption fields because of the depth to bedrock. In
undisturbed areas it is suited to lawn grasses, shade
trees, ornamental trees, shrubs, vines, and vegetable
gardens, but cut, filled, or compacted areas may be
poorly suited. Because the open areas are small, onsite
investigation to determine the limitations of this map
unit is needed.
The capability subclass is We in areas of the
Bethlehem soil and Vllls in areas of Urban land. This
map unit has not been assigned a woodland ordination
symbol.
BsC2—Braddock and Hayesville clay loams, 6 to
15 percent slopes, eroded. This map unit consists of
very deep, well drained, gently sloping and strongly
sloping Braddock and Hayesville soils on low mountain
ridges, foot slopes, and high stream terraces in
mountain valleys. Most areas are somewhat elongated
and range from 4 to about 40 acres in size. Some areas
are dominantly Braddock soil, some are dominantly
Hayesville soil, and some are made up of both soils.
These soils were not separated in mapping because
they respond similarly to most kinds of use and
management.
The Braddock soil is on foot slopes and high stream
terraces. The Hayesville soil is on foot slopes, ridges,
and nose slopes. Individual areas do not have a regular
repeating pattern of these landscape positions. .
Typically, the Braddock soil has a surface layer of
yellowish red clay loam about 6 inches thick. The
subsoil is red clay to a depth of 36 inches, mottled
yellowish red and strong brown clay to a depth of 46
inches, yellowish red clay to a depth of 54 inches, and
yellowish red gravelly clay loam that has light yellowish
brown mottles to a depth of 60 inches. In some
uneroded areas that have not been cultivated, the
surface layer is sandy loam.
The Braddock soil is moderately permeable. Surface
runoff is medium in bare or unprotected areas. The
shrink -swell potential of the subsoil is moderate. The
depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches and commonly
is more than 80 inches. The seasonal high water table
is at a depth of more than 6 feet. Reaction is very

18 Soil Survey
Figure 2.—An apple orchard in an area of Braddock and Hayesville clay loams, 6 to 15 percent slopes, eroded.
strongly acid or strongly acid, except where the surface
layer has been limed.
Typically, the Hayesville soil has a surface layer of
reddish brown clay loam about 7 inches thick. The
upper part of the subsoil is red clay about 24 inches
thick. The lower part is red clay loam about 10 inches
thick. The underlying material to a depth of 60 inches is
mottled strong brown and yellowish brown saprolite that
has a texture of sandy loam.
The Hayesville soil is moderately permeable in the
subsoil and moderately rapidly permeable in the
underlying material. Surface runoff is medium or rapid
in bare or unprotected areas. The shrink -swell potential
of the subsoil is low. The depth to bedrock is more than
60 inches. The seasonal high water table is below a
depth of 6 feet. Reaction is very strongly acid to
moderately acid, except where the surface layer has
been limed.
Included with these soils in mapping are small areas
of Evard soils. These included soils have a loamy
subsoil. They are on side slopes and narrow ridgetops.
Also included are a few areas of soils that have a loamy
subsoil and are along drainageways and some
scattered areas of soils that have stones on the
surface. Included soils make up about 10 percent of this
map unit.
Most of the acreage in this map unit is used as
woodland. Some areas are used for pasture, hay, or
orchards (fig. 2).
The Braddock and Hayesville soils are moderately
suited to woodland. Overstory trees include Virginia
pine, scarlet oak, white oak, red maple, eastern white

Alexander County, North Carolina
pine, yellow -poplar, pitch pine, and chestnut oak.
Understory plants include mountain laurel, greenbrier,
honeysuckle, blackberry, poison ivy, sourwood,
American holly, flowering dogwood, and wild grape.
The texture of the surface layer and depth to the
clayey part of the subsoil are the main limitations
affecting timber production. The clay loam in the
surface layer increases the seedling mortality rate.
Reinforcement planting may be necessary. The clayey
part of the subsoil limits the use of equipment. Logging
equipment should be operated only during dry periods.
These soils are moderately suited to most of the field
and truck crops commonly grown in the county. The
texture of the topsoil, the hazard of erosion, and the
slope are management concerns. Clods may form if the
clay loam surface layer is tilled when the soil is too wet.
Also, the germination of seeds may not be uniform
across the field. Conservation tillage, contour farming,
striperopping, cover crops, crop residue management,
grassed waterways, and field borders improve tilth,
conserve moisture, help to control erosion, and
minimize the offsite damage caused by sedimentation.
If the soils are used for orchards, the trees should be
planted on the contour and a cover of grasses is
needed around the trees to control erosion.
These soils are moderately suited to pasture and
hay. The slope, the hazard of erosion, depth to the
clayey part of the subsoil, and the texture of the surface
layer are management concerns in establishing sod.
Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, timely deferment
of grazing, and restricted use during wet periods help to
keep the pasture in good condition.
These soils are moderately suited to most urban
uses. The slope, a high content of clay, the moderate
permeability, and low strength in the subsoil are the
main limitations. The moderate shrink -swell potential in
the subsoil of the Braddock soil also is a limitation.
Strongly sloping areas require extensive cutting and
filling and detailed site planning. The moderate
permeability in the clayey part of the subsoil can be
overcome by increasing the size of the absorption area
in septic tank absorption fields.
Structural damage on the Braddock soil can be
prevented by designing roads, foundations, and footings
so that they can withstand shrinking and swelling in the
subsoil, by diverting runoff away from buildings, or by
backfilling with material that has a low shrink -swell
potential.
If the soils are used as a base for roads and streets,
a mixture of sand and gravel and proper compaction
are needed to increase strength and stability. To
improve trafficability for year-round use, roads require a
gravel base and an adequate wearing surface.
The capability subclass is IVe. Based on yellow-
19
poplar as the indicator species, the woodland ordination
symbol is 6C.
BsD2—Braddock and Hayesville clay loams, 15 to
25 percent slopes, eroded. This map unit consists of
very deep, well drained, moderately steep Braddock
and Hayesville soils on low mountain side slopes, foot
slopes, and high stream terraces. Most areas are
somewhat elongated and range from 4 to about 40
acres in size. Some areas are dominantly Braddock
soil, some are dominantly Hayesville soil, and some are
made up of both soils. These soils were not separated
in mapping because they respond similarly to most
kinds of use and management.
The Braddock soil is on colluvial foot slopes and high
stream terraces, and the Hayesville soil is on side
slopes and nose slopes. Individual areas do not have a
regular repeating pattern of these landscape positions.
Typically, the Braddock soil has a surface layer of
yellowish red clay loam about 6 inches thick. The
subsoil is red clay to a depth of 36 inches, mottled
yellowish red and strong brown clay to a depth of 46
inches, yellowish red clay to a depth of 54 inches, and
yellowish red gravelly clay loam that has light yellowish
brown mottles to a depth of 60 inches. In some
uneroded areas that have not been cultivated, the
surface layer is sandy loam.
The Braddock soil is moderately permeable. Surface
runoff is rapid in bare or unprotected areas. The shrink -
swell potential of the subsoil is moderate. The depth to
bedrock is more than 60 inches and commonly is more
than 80 inches. The seasonal high water table is at a
depth of more than 6 feet. Reaction is very strongly acid
or strongly acid, except where the surface layer has
been limed.
Typically, the Hayesville soil has a surface layer of
reddish brown clay loam about 7 inches thick. The
subsoil to a depth of about 41 inches is red clay. The
next 10 inches is red clay loam. The underlying material
to a depth of 60 inches is mottled strong brown and
yellowish brown saprolite that has a texture of sandy
loam.
The Hayesville soil is moderately permeable in the
subsoil and moderately rapidly permeable in the
underlying material. Surface runoff is rapid in bare or
unprotected areas. The shrink -swell potential of the
subsoil is low. The depth to bedrock is more than 60
inches. The seasonal high water table is below a depth
of 6 feet. Reaction is very strongly acid to moderately
acid, except where the surface layer has been limed.
Included with these soils in mapping are small areas
of Evard soils. These included soils have a loamy
subsoil. They are on side slopes and nose slopes. Also
included are a few soils that have a loamy subsoil and

1011
are along drainageways and some areas of soils that
have stones on the surface. Included soils make up
about 10 percent of this map unit.
Most of the acreage in this map unit is used as
woodland. Some areas are used for pasture, hay, or
orchards.
The Braddock and Hayesville soils are moderately
suited to woodland. Overstory trees include Virginia
pine, scarlet oak, white oak, red maple, eastern white
pine, pitch pine, yellow -poplar, and chestnut oak.
Understory plants include mountain laurel, greenbrier,
honeysuckle, blackberry, poison ivy, sourwood,
American holly, flowering dogwood, and wild grape.
The slope, the texture of the surface layer, and depth
to the clayey part of the subsoil are the main limitations
affecting timber production. The slope increases the
hazard of erosion and limits the use of equipment.
Logging roads and skid trails should be designed on the
contour. Water bars help to break the flow of water
along roads. In exposed areas applying lime and
fertilizer and seeding help to control erosion. The clay
loam in the surface layer increases the seedling
mortality rate. Reinforcement planting may be
necessary. The clayey part of the subsoil limits the use
of equipment. Logging equipment should be operated
only during dry periods.
These soils are poorly suited to most of the field and
truck crops commonly grown in the county. The slope,
the texture of the surface layer, and the hazard of
erosion are the main management concerns. If the soils
are used for orchards, the trees should be planted on
the contour and a cover of grasses is needed around
the trees to control erosion.
These soils are moderately suited to pasture and
hay. The slope, depth to the clayey part of the subsoil,
and the texture of the surface layer are management
concerns in establishing sod. Proper stocking rates,
pasture rotation, timely deferment of grazing, and
restricted use during wet periods help to keep the
pasture in good condition.
These soils are poorly suited to most urban uses.
The slope, a high content of clay, the moderate
permeability, and low strength in the subsoil are the
main limitations. The moderate shrink -swell potential of
the Braddock soil also is a limitation. Moderately steep
areas require extensive cutting and filling and detailed
site planning. The moderate permeability in the clayey
part of the subsoil can be overcome by increasing the
size of the absorption area in septic tank absorption
fields.
Structural damage on the Braddock soil can be
prevented by designing roads, foundations, and footings
so that they can withstand shrinking and swelling in the
subsoil, by diverting runoff away from buildings, or by
Soil Survey
backfilling with material that has a low shrink -swell
potential.
If the soils are used as a base for roads and streets,
a mixture of sand and gravel and proper compaction
are needed to increase strength and stability. To
improve trafficability for year-round use, roads require a
gravel base and an adequate wearing surface.
The capability subclass is Vle. Based on yellow -
poplar as the indicator species, the woodland ordination
symbol is 6C in areas of the Braddock soil and 6R in
areas of the Hayesville soil.
BuA—Buncombe loamy sand, 0 to 3 percent
slopes, occasionally flooded. This very deep,
excessively drained, nearly level and gently sloping soil
is on Piedmont flood plains, adjacent to the larger
streams in the county. Most areas are long and narrow
and range from 4 to about 50 acres in size.
Typically, the surface layer is dark yellowish brown
loamy sand about 7 inches thick. The underlying
material to a depth of 60 inches is loamy sand. It is
dark yellowish brown in the upper part and brownish
yellow in the lower part.
This soil is rapidly permeable. Surface runoff is slow
in bare or unprotected areas. The shrink -swell potential
of the underlying material is low. The depth to bedrock
is more than 60 inches and commonly is more than 80
inches. The seasonal high water table is at a depth of
more than 6 feet. The soil is occasionally flooded for
very brief periods. Reaction is very strongly acid to
slightly acid, except where the surface layer has been
limed.
Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of
Riverview and Chewacla soils. The included soils have
loamy horizons that extend to a depth of more than 40
inches. Riverview soils are away from stream channels,
often in a slightly lower landscape position. Chewacla
soils are somewhat poorly drained. They are in
depressions. Also included are a few borrow areas that
have been excavated for sand. The borrow areas may
consist of small pits or mounds, unless they are
reshaped. Included soils make up about 20 percent of
this map unit.
Most of the Buncombe soil is used as woodland.
Some areas have been cleared of trees and are used
as pasture.
This soil is suited to woodland. Overstory trees
include American sycamore, green ash, red maple,
yellow -poplar, river birch, black walnut, and black
willow. Understory plants include alder, American
hornbeam, black cherry, greenbrier, honeysuckle,
blackberry, giant cane, poison ivy, and wild grape.
The texture of the surface layer is the main limitation
affecting timber production. The loamy sand in the

Alexander County, North Carolina
surface layer and the occasional flooding limit the use
of planting or harvesting equipment. The equipment
should be operated only during dry periods. The loamy
sand in the surface layer also increases the seedling
mortality rate. Reinforcement planting may be needed.
This soil is poorly suited to most of the field and truck
crops commonly grown in the county. Droughtiness,
leaching of nutrients, and the flooding are management
concerns. Returning crop residue to the soil and
planting winter cover crops increase the content of
organic matter and improve fertility, the available water
capacity, and tilth. Split applications of fertilizer are
needed to offset the effects of leaching of nutrients.
This soil is suited to pasture and hay. Droughtiness
and the flooding can be management concerns on this
soil. Grasses should be selected that are more tolerant
of drought. Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation,
timely deferment of grazing, and restricted use during
wet periods help to keep the pasture in good condition.
This soil is poorly suited to most urban uses. The
flooding is the main hazard.
The capability subclass is IVw. Based on yellow -
poplar as the indicator species, the woodland ordination
symbol is 8S.
CeB2—Cecil sandy clay loam, 2 to 8 percent
slopes, eroded. This very deep, well drained, gently
sloping soil is on broad Piedmont ridgetops. Individual
areas are irregular in shape and range from 4 to more
than 500 acres in size.
Typically, the surface layer is strong brown sandy
clay loam about 8 inches thick. The subsoil extends to a
depth of 60 inches. The upper part is yellowish red clay.
The next part is red clay that has strong brown mottles.
The lower part is red clay loam that has strong brown
mottles. In some uneroded areas the surface layer is
sandy loam. In other areas the soil has a strong brown
subsoil.
This soil is moderately permeable. Surface runoff is
medium in bare or unprotected areas. The shrink -swell
potential of the subsoil is low. The depth to bedrock is
more than 60 inches. The seasonal high water table is
below a depth of 6 feet. Reaction is very strongly acid
or strongly acid, except where the surface layer has
been limed.
Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of
Pacolet and Davidson soils. Pacolet soils have a thinner
subsoil than the Cecil soil. They are on the narrow part
of ridgetops. Davidson soils have a dark red subsoil.
They are on high stream terraces. Also included are
areas of soils that have a high content of mica in the
lower part. Included soils make up about 10 percent of
this map unit.
Most of the acreage of the Cecil soil is used for
21
cultivated crops, pasture (fig. 3), or hay. Many areas
are used for urban development.
This soil is suited to woodland. Overstory trees
include scarlet oak, white oak, black oak, Virginia pine,
southern red oak, hickory, shortleaf pine, American
beech, eastern white pine, red maple, and yellow -
poplar. Understory plants include sourwood, flowering
dogwood, American holly, eastern redcedar, greenbrier,
honeysuckle, wild grape, poison ivy, and blackberry.
Depth to the clayey part of the subsoil and the
texture of the surface layer are the main limitations
affecting timber production. Depth to the clayey part of
the subsoil limits the use of equipment. Logging
equipment should be operated only during dry periods.
The sandy clay loam in the surface layer increases the
seedling mortality rate. Reinforcement planting may be
necessary.
This soil is well suited to most of the field and truck
crops commonly grown in the county. The texture of the
surface layer, the hazard of erosion, and the slope are
management concerns. Clods form if the sandy clay
loam surface layer is tilled when the soil is too wet.
Also, the germination of seeds may not be uniform
across the field. Conservation tillage, contour farming,
striperopping, cover crops, crop residue management,
grassed waterways, and field borders improve tilth,
conserve moisture, help to control erosion, and
minimize the offsite damage caused by sedimentation.
This soil is well suited to pasture and hay. Depth to
the clayey part of the subsoil and the texture of the
surface layer are management concerns in establishing
sod. Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, timely
deferment of grazing, and restricted use during wet
periods help to keep the pasture in good condition.
This soil is suited to most urban uses. A high content
of clay and low strength in the subsoil are the main
limitations. The moderate permeability in the clayey part
of the subsoil can be overcome by increasing the size
of the absorption area in septic tank absorption fields. If
the soil is used as a base for roads and streets, a
mixture of sand and gravel and proper compaction are
needed to increase strength and stability. To improve
trafficability for year-round use, roads require a gravel
base and an adequate wearing surface.
The capability subclass is Ille. Based on shortleaf
pine as the indicator species, the woodland ordination
symbol is 7C.
CfB—Cecil-Urban land complex, 2 to 8 percent
slopes. This map unit consists of a very deep, well
drained, gently sloping Cecil soil intermingled with
Urban land. The unit is on Piedmont ridgetops, primarily
in and around small towns and housing developments
throughout the county. Individual areas generally are

22 Soil Survey
Figure 3.—A pastured area of Cecil sandy clay loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes, eroded.
irregular in shape and range from 10 to about 50 acres
in size. The Cecil soil makes up about 50 percent of the
map unit, and Urban land makes up about 30 percent.
The Cecil soil and Urban land occur as areas so
intricately mixed that separating them is not practical at
the scale selected for mapping.
The Cecil soil consists of undisturbed areas between
buildings, roads, streets, and parking lots.. Typically, the
surface layer is strong brown sandy clay loam about 8
inches thick. The subsoil extends to a depth of 60
inches. The upper part is yellowish red clay. The next
part is red clay that has strong brown mottles. The
lower part is red clay loam that has strong brown
mottles. In some uneroded areas the surface layer is
sandy loam.
The Cecil soil is moderately permeable. Surface
runoff is medium in bare or unprotected areas. The
shrink -swell potential of the subsoil is low. The depth to
bedrock is more than 60 inches. The seasonal high
water table is below a depth of 6 feet. Reaction is very
strongly acid or strongly acid, except where the surface
layer has been limed.
The Urban land consists of areas where the soil is
largely covered by concrete, asphalt, buildings, or other
structures.
Included with this map unit are small areas of
Udorthents and Pacolet soils. Udorthents, which
consists of areas of cut and fill material, are adjacent to
the Urban land. Pacolet soils have a thinner subsoil
than the Cecil soil. They are on the narrow part of
ridgetops. Also included are a few areas of soils that
have a high content of mica in the lower part. Included
soils make up about 20 percent of this map unit.
Most of the acreage in this map unit is used for
yards, gardens, recreational purposes, and landscaping
in and around the Urban land. The open areas make up

Alexander County, North Carolina
from 500 to 7,000 square feet in size. They are too
small for commercial wood production, cropland,
pasture, or hay.
The Cecil soil is suited to most urban uses. A high
content of clay and low strength in the subsoil are the
main limitations. The moderate permeability in the
clayey part of the subsoil can be overcome by
increasing the size of the absorption area in septic tank
absorption fields. If the soil is used as a base for roads
and streets, a mixture of sand and gravel and proper
compaction are needed to increase strength and
stability. To improve trafficability for year-round use,
roads require a gravel base and an adequate wearing
surface.
In undisturbed areas the Cecil soil is suited to lawn
grasses, shade trees, ornamental trees, shrubs, vines,
and vegetable gardens, but cut, filled, or compacted
areas may be poorly suited. Because the open areas
are small, onsite investigation to determine the
limitations of this map unit is needed.
The capability subclass is Ille in areas of the Cecil
soil and Vllls in areas of Urban land. This map unit has
not been assigned a woodland ordination symbol.
ChA—Chewacla loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes,
frequently flooded. This very deep, somewhat poorly
drained, nearly level soil is on flood plains in the
Piedmont. Most areas are long and narrow and range
from 4 to more than 200 acres in size.
Typically, the surface layer is brown loam about 8
inches thick. The subsoil is about 33 inches thick. The
upper part is brown loam that has strong brown and
grayish brown mottles. The next part is dark gray loam
that has yellowish red mottles. The lower part is dark
gray sandy clay loam that has yellowish red mottles.
The underlying material to a depth of 60 inches is gray
and yellowish brown very gravelly loamy sand. In some
areas the soil has a thin layer of sandy overwash. In
other areas reaction is neutral. In places the soil is
occasionally flooded.
This soil is moderately permeable. Surface runoff is
slow in bare or unprotected areas. The shrink -swell
potential of the subsoil is low. The depth to bedrock is
more than 60 inches. The seasonal high water table is
at a depth of 0.5 foot to 1.5 feet. The soil is frequently
flooded for brief periods. Reaction is very strongly acid
to slightly acid to a depth of 40 inches, except where
the surface layer has been limed, and is very strongly
acid to mildly alkaline below a depth of 40 inches.
Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of
Buncombe, Riverview, Wehadkee, Dogue, and French
soils. The excessively drained, sandy Buncombe and
well drained Riverview soils are adjacent to the deeper
stream channels. The poorly drained Wehadkee soils
23
are in depressions. The moderately well drained Dogue
soils are on low stream terraces. They have a
predominantly clayey subsoil. French soils are underlain
by gravelly sediments within a depth of 40 inches. They
are along streams that flow out of the mountains. Also
included are soils that have less than 18 percent clay in
the subsoil. Included soils make up about 25 percent of
this map unit.
Most of the larger areas of the Chewacla soil are
used as pasture, hayland, or cropland. The smaller
areas are used mainly as woodland.
This soil is suited to woodland. Overstory trees
include American sycamore, green ash, red maple,
yellow -poplar, river birch, blackgum, sweetgum, and
black willow. Understory plants include alder, American
hornbeam, black cherry, greenbrier, honeysuckle,
blackberry, giant cane, poison ivy, and wild grape.
The depth to a seasonal high water table is the main
limitation affecting timber production. The high water
table and the frequent flooding limit the use of planting
or harvesting equipment. The equipment should be
operated only during dry periods. The seasonal high
water table limits the rooting depth and results in a
moderate windthrow hazard. Thinning should be held to
a minimum, or the stand should not be thinned at all. A
plan for the periodic removal of windthrown trees is
advisable.
This soil is suited to most of the field and truck crops
commonly grown in the county. The wetness and the
flooding are management concerns. A surface and
subsurface drainage system may be needed to improve
productivity. Returning crop residue to the soil and
planting winter cover crops increase the content of
organic matter and improve fertility, the available water
capacity, and tilth.
This soil is suited to pasture and hay. The wetness
and the flooding are the main management concerns. A
surface and subsurface drainage system may be
needed to improve productivity. Proper stocking rates,
pasture rotation, timely deferment of grazing, and
restricted use during wet periods help to keep the
pasture in good condition.
This soil is poorly suited to most urban uses. The
flooding and the wetness are severe limitations.
The capability subclass is IVw. Based on yellow -
poplar as the indicator species, the woodland ordination
symbol is 8W.
Cn F—Cleveland- Rock outcrop complex, 8 to 90
percent slopes. This map unit consists of areas of a
somewhat excessively drained, strongly sloping to very
steep Cleveland soil intermingled with areas of Rock
outcrop on mountain side slopes. Stones and boulders
are on the surface of the Cleveland soil. Individual

24
areas are irregular in shape and range from 5 to more
than 250 acres in size. The Cleveland soil makes up
about 45 percent of the map unit, and Rock outcrop
makes up about 40 percent. Rock outcrop is so
intricately mixed with the Cleveland soil that separating
them is not practical at the scale selected for mapping.
The Cleveland soil is commonly in areas of the map
unit that support trees and other vegetation. Areas of
Rock outcrop are scattered throughout the map unit but
generally are on the steepest part of the landscape.
Typically, the Cleveland soil has a surface layer of
brown gravelly sandy loam about 7 inches thick. The
subsoil is dark yellowish brown gravelly sandy loam
about 5 inches thick. Hard, granitic gneiss bedrock is at
a depth of about 12 inches.
The Cleveland soil is moderately rapidly permeable.
Surface runoff is rapid in bare or unprotected areas.
The shrink -swell potential of the subsoil is low. The
depth to hard bedrock is 10 to 20 inches. The seasonal
high water table is at a depth of more than 6 feet.
Reaction is very strongly acid to moderately acid,
except where the surface layer has been limed.
Included in this map unit are small areas of Ashe
soils. These soils are intermingled with areas of the
Cleveland soil and Rock outcrop. The included soils
have hard bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches. They
are on smooth slopes away from areas of Rock outcrop.
Also included are soils that have bedrock within a depth
of 10 inches and are adjacent to some areas of Rock
outcrop. Included soils make up about 15 percent of this
map unit.
All of the acreage in this map unit supports low-grade
hardwoods and pine. This map unit is unsuited to
commercial wood production. Overstory trees include
scarlet oak, chestnut oak, northern red oak, hickory,
blackjack oak, pitch pine, and Virginia pine. Understory
plants include mountain laurel, blueberry, galax,
arrowwood, eastern redcedar, and sourwood.
The slope, the depth to bedrock, and Rock outcrop
are the main limitations affecting timber production. The
slope results in a severe hazard of erosion. The slope
and areas of Rock outcrop severely limit the use of
equipment. Because of the depth to bedrock, grading of
any type of road would require blasting. Operating
wheeled or tracked equipment is. hazardous, and routes
must be chosen with extreme care. The depth to
bedrock and droughty condition of the Cleveland soil
increases the seedling mortality rate. Also because of
the depth to bedrock, the windthrow hazard is severe.
This map unit is unsuited to cultivated crops, pasture,
hay, and urban uses because of the slope, the depth to
bedrock, and Rock outcrop.
The Cleveland soil is in capability subclass Vlle, and
Rock outcrop is in capability subclass Vllls. Based on
Soil Survey
chestnut oak as the indicator species, the woodland
ordination symbol is 2R in areas of the Cleveland soil.
Rock outcrop has not been assigned a woodland
ordination symbol.
CsD—Cowee-Saluda complex, 8 to 25 percent
slopes, stony. This map unit consists of well drained,
strongly sloping and moderately steep Cowee and
Saluda soils on ridgetops in the mountains. The Cowee
soil is moderately deep, and the Saluda soil is shallow.
Rock fragments on the surface of these soils range
from boulders to cobbles, average about 1 foot in
diameter, and are about 25 to 80 feet apart. Individual
areas are long and narrow or irregular in shape and
range from 5 to more than 250 acres in size. The
Cowee soil makes up about 70 percent of the map unit,
and the Saluda soil makes up about 15 percent. These
soils occur as areas so intricately mixed that separating
them is not practical at the scale selected for mapping.
The Cowee soil is typically on the broad parts of
ridgetops. The Saluda soil is typically on knobs and the
narrow parts of ridgetops. In many places both soils are
in the same landscape position.
Typically, the Cowee soil has a surface layer of dark
brown gravelly sandy loam about 3 inches thick. The
subsurface layer is strong brown gravelly sandy loam
about 4 inches thick. The subsoil is red clay loam about
13 inches thick. The next 10 inches is red sandy clay
loam. Soft bedrock is at a depth of about 30 inches.
The Cowee soil is moderately permeable. Surface
runoff is rapid in bare or unprotected areas. The shrink -
swell potential of the subsoil is low. The depth to soft
bedrock is 20 to 40 inches. The depth to hard bedrock
is more than 40 inches. The seasonal high water table
is below a depth of 6 feet. Reaction is very strongly acid
to moderately acid, except where the, surface layer has
been limed.
Typically, the Saluda soil has a surface layer of very
dark grayish brown gravelly sandy loam about 2 inches
thick. The next 4 inches is strong brown gravelly sandy
loam. The subsoil is yellowish red sandy clay loam and
clay loam about 12 inches thick. Soft bedrock is at a
depth of about 18 inches.
The Saluda soil is moderately permeable. Surface
runoff is rapid in bare or unprotected areas. The shrink -
swell potential of the subsoil is low. The depth to soft
bedrock is 10 to 20 inches. The depth to hard bedrock
is more than 60 inches. The seasonal high water table
is below a depth of 6 feet. Reaction is very strongly acid
or strongly acid, except where the surface layer has
been limed.
Included with these soils in mapping are small,
intermingled areas of Evard and Ashe soils. Evard soils
have bedrock below a depth of 60 inches. They are on

Alexander County, North Carolina
the broad parts of ridgetops. Ashe soils have hard
bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches. They are on
knobs and at the end of some ridges. Also included are
a few areas of soils intermingled with areas of the
Cowee and Saluda soils that have a texture of clay in
some part of the subsoil, a few scattered areas of soils
that have a high content of mica in the lower part, and
scattered areas of soils that have a very stony or very
bouldery surface. Included soils make up about 15
percent of this map unit.
Most of the acreage in this map unit is used as
woodland. Some small areas are used as pasture.
The Cowee and Saluda soils are moderately suited
to trees. Overstory trees include chestnut oak, scarlet
oak, black oak, white oak, black locust, hickory, red
maple, Virginia pine, blackgum, Table Mountain pine,
and pitch pine. Understory plants include mountain
laurel, blueberry, sourwood, flowering dogwood,
ladyfern, and greenbrier.
The slope and the depth to bedrock are the main
limitations affecting timber production. The slope
increases the hazard of erosion and limits the use of
equipment. Logging roads and skid trails should be
designed on the contour. Water bars help to break the
flow of water along roads. In exposed areas applying
fertilizer and seeding help to control erosion. Because
of the depth to bedrock, the windthrow hazard is
moderate on the Cowee soil and severe on the Saluda
soil. Thinning should be held to a minimum, or the
stand should not be thinned at all. A plan for the
periodic removal of windthrown trees is advisable. The
depth to bedrock reduces the effective rooting depth
and increases the seedling mortality rate in areas of the
Saluda soil. Reinforcement planting may be needed.
These soils are poorly suited to most cultivated
crops. The slope, the depth to bedrock, and rock
fragments on the surface are the main limitations.
Because of the slope, erosion is a severe hazard if
these soils are used as cropland. The shallow root zone
in the Saluda soil limits the amount of water available
for plant growth. Rock fragments on the surface are a
limitation during cultivation.
These soils are poorly suited to pasture and hay. The
slope and rock fragments on the surface are the main
limitations. The rock fragments limit the establishment
of sod and mowing. The shallow root zone in the
Saluda soil limits the amount of water available for plant
growth.
These soils are poorly suited to most urban uses
because of the depth to bedrock, the slope, the hazard
of erosion, and rock fragments on or near the surface.
The capability subclass is Vle. Based on chestnut
oak as the indicator species, the woodland ordination
25
symbol is 2R in areas of the Cowee soil and 2D in
areas of the Saluda soil.
CsE--Cowee-Saluda complex, 25 to 60 percent
slopes, stony. This map unit consists of well drained,
steep Cowee and Saluda soils on side slopes in the
mountains. The Cowee soil is moderately deep, and the
Saluda soil is shallow. Rock fragments on the surface of
these soils range from boulders to cobbles, average
about 1 foot in diameter, and are about 25 to 80 feet
apart. Individual areas are irregular in shape and range
from 15 to more than 500 acres in. size. The Cowee soil
makes up about 70 percent of the map unit, and the
Saluda soil makes up about 15 percent. These soils
occur as areas so intricately mixed that separating them
is not practical at the scale selected for mapping.
The Cowee soil is typically on the smooth and low
parts of side slopes. The Saluda soil is typically on
shoulder slopes and nose slopes. In many places both
soils are in the same landscape position.
Typically, the Cowee soil has a surface layer of dark
brown gravelly sandy loam about 3 inches thick. The
subsurface layer is strong brown gravelly sandy loam
about 4 inches thick. The subsoil is red clay loam about
13 inches thick. The next 10 inches is red sandy clay
loam. Soft bedrock is at a depth of about 30 inches.
The Cowee soil is moderately permeable. Surface
runoff is rapid in bare or unprotected areas. The shrink -
swell potential of the subsoil is low. The depth to soft
bedrock is 20 to 40 inches. The depth to hard bedrock
is more than 40 inches. The seasonal high water table
is below a depth of 6 feet. Reaction is very strongly acid
to moderately acid.
Typically, the Saluda soil has a surface layer of very
dark grayish brown gravelly sandy loam about 2 inches
thick. The next 4 inches is strong brown gravelly sandy
loam. The subsoil is yellowish red sandy clay loam and
clay loam about 12 inches thick. Soft bedrock is at a
depth of about 18 inches.
The Saluda soil is moderately permeable. Surface
runoff is rapid in bare or unprotected areas. The shrink -
swell potential of the subsoil is low. The depth to soft
bedrock is 10 to 20 inches. The depth to hard bedrock
is more than 60 inches. The seasonal high water table
is below a depth of 6 feet. Reaction is very strongly acid
or strongly acid.
Included with these soils in mapping are small,
intermingled areas of Evard and Ashe soils. Evard soils
have bedrock below a depth of 60 inches. They are on
the low part of side slopes. Ashe soils have hard
bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches. They are on
shoulder slopes and nose slopes. Also included are a
few intermingled areas of soils that have a texture of
clay in some part of the subsoil, a few scattered areas

W
of soils that have a high content of mica in the lower
part, and scattered areas of soils that have a very stony
or very bouldery surface. Included soils make up about
15 percent of this map unit.
Most of the acreage in this map unit is used as
woodland. The Cowee and Saluda soils are moderately
suited to trees. Overstory trees include chestnut oak,
scarlet oak, black oak, white oak, black locust, hickory,
red maple, Virginia pine, blackgum, Table Mountain
pine, and pitch pine. Understory plants include
mountain laurel, blueberry, sourwood, flowering
dogwood, ladyfern, and greenbrier.
The slope and the depth to bedrock are the main
limitations affecting timber production. The slope
increases the hazard of erosion and limits the use of
equipment. Extreme caution is needed when vehicles
are operated on these slopes. In most areas extensive
grading is needed to establish roads and trails. Logging
roads and skid trails should be designed on the contour.
Water bars help to break the flow of water along roads.
In exposed areas applying lime and fertilizer and
seeding help to control erosion. Because of the depth to
bedrock, the windthrow hazard is moderate on the
Cowee soil and severe on the Saluda soil. Thinning
should be held to a minimum, or the stand should not
be thinned at all. A plan for the periodic removal of
windthrown trees is advisable. The depth to bedrock
reduces the effective rooting depth and increases the
seedling mortality rate in areas of the Saluda soil.
Reinforcement planting may be needed.
These soils are unsuited to cultivated crops. The
slope, the hazard of erosion, and rock fragments on the
surface are the main management concerns. The
shallow root zone in the Saluda soil limits the amount of
water available for plant growth.
These soils are unsuited to pasture and hay. The
slope and rock fragments on the surface are the main
limitations. The slope increases the equipment
limitation. The rock fragments limit the establishment of
sod and mowing. The shallow root zone in the Saluda
soil limits the amount of water available for plant
growth.
These soils are unsuited to most urban uses because
of the depth to bedrock, the slope, the hazard of
erosion, and rock fragments on or near the surface.
The capability subclass is Vlle. Based on chestnut
oak as the indicator species, the woodland ordination
symbol is 2R.
DaB2—Davidson clay loam, 2 to S percent slopes,
eroded. This very deep, well drained, gently sloping soil
is on high stream terraces, mainly along the Catawba
River. This soil typically is at slightly higher elevations
than the surrounding residual soils. Most areas are
Soil Survey
somewhat elongated or irregular in shape and range
from 4 to about 30 acres in size.
Typically, the surface layer is dark reddish brown
clay loam about 6 inches thick. The subsoil extends to a
depth of 65 inches. It is dark red clay.
This soil is moderately permeable. Surface runoff is
medium in bare or unprotected areas. The shrink -swell
potential of the subsoil is low. The depth to bedrock is
more than 60 inches. The seasonal high water table is
below a depth of 6 feet. Reaction is very strongly acid
to moderately acid, except where the surface layer has
been limed.
Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of
Masada, Cecil, and Pacolet soils. The included soils
have a red subsoil. Masada soils have a moderate
shrink -swell potential in the subsoil. They are in
scattered areas throughout the unit. Cecil and Pacolet
soils formed in residuum. They are along the edges of
some mapped areas. Included soils make up about 15
percent of this map unit.
Most of the Davidson soil is used as cropland,
pasture, or hayland. Some of the smaller, steeper areas
are used as woodland.
This soil is suited to woodland. Overstory trees
include scarlet oak, white oak, red maple, loblolly pine,
shortleaf pine, southern red oak, eastern white pine,
yellow -poplar, sweetgum, and Virginia pine. Understory.
plants include greenbrier, honeysuckle, blackberry,
poison ivy, sourwood, American holly, flowering
dogwood, and wild grape.
Depth to the clayey subsoil and the texture of the
surface layer are the main limitations affecting timber
production. The clayey part of the subsoil limits the use
of equipment. Logging equipment should be operated
only during dry periods. The clay loam in the surface
layer increases the seedling mortality rate.
Reinforcement planting may be needed.
This soil is suited to most of the field and truck crops
commonly grown in the county. The texture of the
topsoil, the hazard of erosion, and the slope are
management concerns. Clods form if the clay loam
surface layer is tilled when the soil is too wet. Also, the
germination of seeds may not be uniform across the
field. Conservation tillage, contour farming,
striperopping, cover crops, crop residue management,
grassed waterways, and field borders improve tilth,
conserve moisture, help to control erosion, and
minimize the offsite damage caused by sedimentation.
This soil is well suited to pasture and hay. Depth to
the clayey subsoil and the texture of the surface layer
are management concerns in establishing sod. Proper
stocking rates, pasture rotation, timely deferment of
grazing, and restricted use during wet periods help to
keep the pasture in good condition.

Alexander County, North Carolina
This soil is suited to most urban uses. The high
content of clay and low strength in the subsoil are the
main limitations. The moderate permeability in the
clayey subsoil can be overcome by increasing the size
of the absorption area in septic tank absorption fields. If
the soil is used as a base for roads and streets, a
mixture of sand and gravel and proper compaction are
needed to increase strength and stability. To improve
trafficability for year-round use, roads require a gravel
base and an adequate wearing surface.
The capability subclass is tile. Based on shortleaf
pine as the indicator species, the woodland ordination
symbol is 7C.
DaC2—Davidson clay loam, 8 to 15 percent
slopes, eroded. This very deep, well drained, strongly
sloping soil is on high stream terraces, mainly along the
Catawba River. This soil typically is at slightly higher
elevations than the surrounding residual soils. Most
areas are somewhat elongated or irregular in shape and
range from 4 to about 40 acres in size.
Typically, the surface layer is dark reddish brown
clay loam about 6 inches thick. The subsoil extends to a
depth of 65 inches. It is dark red clay.
This soil is moderately permeable. Surface runoff is
medium in bare or unprotected areas. The shrink -swell
potential of the subsoil is low. The depth to bedrock is
more than 60 inches. The seasonal high water table is
below a depth of 6 feet. Reaction is very strongly acid
to moderately acid, except where the surface layer has
been limed.
Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of
Masada and Pacolet soils. The included soils have a
red subsoil. Masada soils have a moderate shrink -swell
potential in the subsoil. They are in scattered areas
throughout the unit. Pacolet soils formed in residuum.
They are on knobs or along the edge of some mapped
areas. Included soils make up about 15 percent of this
map unit.
Most of the Davidson soil is used as pasture,
hayland, or cropland. Some of the steeper areas are
used as woodland.
This soil is suited to woodland. Overstory trees
include scarlet oak, white oak, red maple, loblolly pine,
shortleaf pine, southern red oak, eastern white pine,
yellow -poplar, sweetgum, and Virginia pine. Understory
plants include greenbrier, honeysuckle, blackberry,
poison ivy, sourwood, American holly, flowering
dogwood, and wild grape.
Depth to the clayey subsoil and the texture of the
topsoil are the main limitations affecting timber
production. The clayey part of the subsoil limits the use
of equipment. Logging equipment should be operated
only during dry periods. The clay loam inthe surface
27
layer increases the seedling mortality rate.
Reinforcement planting may be needed.
This soil is suited to most of the field and truck crops
commonly grown in the county. The texture of the
topsoil, the hazard of erosion, and the slope are
management concerns. Clods form if the clay loam
surface layer is tilled when the soil is too wet. Also, the
germination of seeds may not be uniform across the
field. Conservation tillage, contour farming,
striperopping, cover crops, crop residue management,
grassed waterways, and field borders improve tilth,
conserve moisture, help to control erosion, and
minimize the offsite damage caused by sedimentation.
This soil is well suited to pasture and hay. The slope,
depth to the clayey subsoil, and the texture of the
surface layer are management concerns in establishing
sod. Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, timely
deferment of grazing, and restricted use during wet
periods help to keep the pasture in good condition.
This soil is suited to most urban uses. The slope, a
high content of clay, and low strength in the subsoil are
the main limitations. Strongly sloping areas require
extensive cutting and filling and detailed site planning.
The moderate permeability in the clayey subsoil can be
overcome by increasing the size of the absorption area
in septic tank absorption fields. If the soil is used as a
base for roads and streets, a mixture of sand and
gravel and proper compaction are needed to increase
strength and stability. To improve trafficability for year-
round use, roads require a gravel base and an
adequate wearing surface.
The capability subclass is IVe. Based on shortleaf
pine as the indicator species, the woodland ordination
symbol is 7C.
DoB—Dogue sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes,
rarely flooded. This very deep, moderately well
drained, gently sloping soil is on low stream terraces
along many of the larger streams in the county. Most
areas are somewhat elongated and range from 4 to
about 15 acres in size.
Typically, the surface layer is brown sandy loam
about 7 inches thick. The subsoil is about 43 inches
thick. The upper part is yellowish brown clay that has
strong brown and red mottles. The next part is mottled
yellowish brown, red, strong brown, and light gray clay.
The lower part is mottled yellowish brown, red, strong
brown, and light gray clay loam. The underlying material
to a depth of 60 inches is yellowish brown gravelly
sandy clay loam that has strong brown and light gray
mottles.
This soil is moderately slowly permeable in the
subsoil and moderately permeable or moderately rapidly
permeable in the underlying material. Surface runoff is

28
medium in bare or unprotected areas. The shrink -swell
potential of the subsoil is moderate. The depth to
bedrock is more than 60 inches. The seasonal high
water table is at a depth of 1.5 to 3.0 feet. The soil is
subject to rare flooding. Reaction is very strongly acid
or strongly acid, except where the surface layer has
been limed.
Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of
Masada and Chewacla soils. Masada soils are well
drained. They are on knolls. Chewacla soils are
somewhat poorly drained. They have a loamy subsoil
and are on flood plains. Included soils make up about 5
percent of this map unit.
Most of the Dogue soil is used as cropland. Some
areas are used as pasture or hayland.
This soil is well suited to woodland. Overstory trees
include scarlet oak, white oak, red maple, yellow -poplar,
shortleaf pine, southern red oak, American sycamore,
eastern white pine, sweetgum, and Virginia pine.
Understory plants include greenbrier, honeysuckle,
blackberry, poison ivy, sourwood, American holly,
flowering dogwood, and wild grape. No significant
limitations affect woodland management.
This soil is well suited to most of the field and truck
crops commonly grown in the county. The wetness, the
slope, and the hazard of erosion are management
concerns. Eliminating depressions and managing
surface water improve productivity. Conservation tillage,
contour farming, striperopping, cover crops, crop
residue management, grassed waterways, and field
borders improve tilth, conserve moisture, help to control
erosion, and minimize the offsite damage caused by
sedimentation.
This soil is well suited to pasture and hay. The
wetness is a limitation. Proper stocking rates, pasture
rotation, timely deferment of grazing, and restricted use
during wet periods help to keep the pasture in good
condition.
This soil is poorly suited to most urban uses. The
flooding, the wetness, a high content of clay, the
moderate shrink -swell potential, and low strength in the
subsoil are the main limitations. If the soil is used as a
base for roads and streets, a mixture of sand and
gravel and proper compaction are needed to increase
strength and stability. To improve trafficability for year-
round use, roads require a gravel base and an
adequate wearing surface.
The capability subclass is Ile. Based on yellow -poplar
as the indicator species, the woodland ordination
symbol is 7A.
EcD—Evard-Cowee complex, 8 to 25 percent
slopes, stony. This map unit consists of well drained,
strongly sloping and moderately steep Evard and
Soil Survey
Cowee soils on ridgetops in the mountains. The Evard
soil is very deep, and the Cowee soil is moderately
deep. Rock fragments on the surface of these soils
range from boulders to cobbles, average about 1 foot in
diameter, and are about 25 to 80 feet apart. Individual
areas are long and narrow or irregular in shape and
range from 5 to more than 100 acres in size. The Evard
soil makes up about 75 percent of the map unit, and the
Cowee soil makes up about 20 percent. These soils
occur as areas so intricately mixed that separating them
is not practical at the scale selected for mapping.
The Evard soil is typically on the wide parts of
ridgetops. The Cowee soil is typically on knobs and the
narrow parts of ridgetops. In many places both soils are
in the same landscape position.
Typically, the Evard soil has a surface layer of dark
brown gravelly sandy loam about 3 inches thick. The
subsurface layer is strong brown gravelly sandy loam
about 4 inches thick. The next 3 inches is yellowish red
sandy clay loam. The subsoil is red clay loam about 12
inches thick. The next 13 inches is yellowish red sandy
clay loam. The underlying material extends to a depth
of 60 inches. The upper part is strong brown saprolite
that has a texture of fine sandy loam. The lower part is
yellowish brown saprolite that has a texture of sandy
loam.
The Evard soil is moderately permeable. Surface
runoff is rapid in bare or unprotected areas. The shrink -
swell potential of the subsoil is low. The depth to
bedrock is more than 60 inches. The seasonal high
water table is below a depth of 6 feet. Reaction is very
strongly acid to moderately acid, except where the
surface layer has been limed.
Typically, the Cowee soil has a surface layer of dark
brown gravelly sandy loam about 3 inches thick. The
subsurface layer is strong brown gravelly sandy loam
about 4 inches thick. The subsoil is red clay loam about
13 inches thick. The next 10 inches is red sandy clay
loam. Soft bedrock is at a depth of about 30 inches.
The Cowee soil is moderately permeable. Surface
runoff is rapid in bare or unprotected areas. The shrink -
swell potential of the subsoil is low. The depth to soft
bedrock is 20 to 40 inches. The depth to hard bedrock
is more than 40 inches. The seasonal high water table
is below a depth of 6 feet. Reaction is very strongly acid
to moderately acid, except where the surface layer has
been limed.
Included with these soils in mapping are small,
intermingled areas of Hayesville and Saluda soils.
Hayesville soils have a predominantly clayey subsoil.
They are on the broad parts of ridgetops. Saluda soils
have soft bedrock within a depth of 20 inches. They are
on knobs and at the end of ridges. Also included are a
few scattered areas of soils that have a high content of

Alexander County, North Carolina
mica in the lower part and scattered areas of soils that
have a very stony or very bouldery surface. Included
soils make up about 5 percent of this map unit.
Most of the acreage in this map unit is used as
woodland. A small acreage is used for orchards.
The Evard and Cowee soils are moderately suited to
trees. Overstory trees include white oak, scarlet oak,
yellow -poplar, black locust, chestnut oak, northern red
oak, hickory, red maple, Virginia pine, blackgum, pitch
pine, and eastern white pine. Understory plants include
mountain laurel, blueberry, sourwood, flowering
dogwood, Fraser magnolia, Christmas fern, and
greenbrier.
The slope is the main limitation affecting timber
production. It limits the use of equipment and increases
the hazard of erosion. Logging roads and skid trails
should be designed on the contour. Water bars help to
break the flow of water along roads. In exposed areas
applying lime and fertilizer and seeding help to control
erosion. Because of the depth to bedrock, the
windthrow hazard is moderate on the Cowee soil.
Thinning should be held to a minimum, or the stand on
the Cowee soil should not be thinned at all. A plan for
the periodic removal of windthrown trees is advisable.
These soils are poorly suited to most cultivated
crops. The slope and rock fragments on the surface are
the main limitations. Because of the slope, the hazard
of erosion is severe. Rock fragments are a limitation
during cultivation. If the soils are used for orchards, the
trees should be planted on the contour and a cover of
grasses is needed around the trees to control erosion.
The rock fragments hinder mowing.
These soils are moderately suited to pasture and
hay. The slope and rock fragments on the surface are
the main limitations. The rock fragments limit the
establishment of sod and mowing. Proper stocking
rates, pasture rotation, timely deferment of grazing, and
restricted use during wet periods help to keep the
pasture in good condition.
These soils are poorly suited to most urban uses
because of the slope, the hazard of erosion, and rock
fragments on the surface. Also, the depth to bedrock is
a limitation in areas of the Cowee soil. Onsite
investigation is needed before building site development
is planned. Areas that have slopes of more than 15
percent require substantial cutting and filling. Areas of
the Evard soil that have slope of less than 15 percent
can be used for septic tank absorption fields. Proper
installation and design are needed.
The capability subclass is Vle. Based on yellow -
poplar as the indicator species, the woodland ordination
symbol is 6R in areas of the Evard soil. Based on
chestnut oak as the indicator species, the woodland
ordination symbol is 2R in areas of the Cowee soil.
29
EcE—Evard-Cowee complex, 25 to 60 percent
slopes, stony. This map unit consists of well drained,
steep Evard and Cowee soils on side slopes in the
mountains. The Evard soil is very deep, and the Cowee
soil is moderately deep. Rock fragments on the surface
of these soils range from boulders to cobbles, average
about 1 foot in diameter, and are about 25 to 80 feet
apart. Individual areas are irregular in shape and range
from 15 to more than 500 acres in size. The Evard soil
makes up about 80 percent of the map unit, and the
Cowee soil makes up about 15 percent. These soils
occur as areas so intricately mixed that separating them
is not practical at the scale selected for mapping.
The Evard soil is typically on the smooth and low
parts of side slopes. The Cowee soil is typically on
shoulder slopes and nose slopes. In many places both
soils are in the same landscape position.
Typically, the Evard soil has a surface layer of dark
brown gravelly sandy loam about 3 inches thick. The
subsurface layer is strong brown gravelly sandy loam
about 4 inches thick. The next 3 inches is yellowish red
sandy clay loam. The subsoil is red clay loam about 12
inches thick. The next 13 inches is yellowish red sandy
clay loam. The underlying material extends to a depth
of 60 inches. The upper part is strong brown saprolite
that has a texture of fine sandy loam. The lower part is
yellowish brown saprolite that has a texture of sandy
loam.
The Evard soil is moderately permeable. Surface
runoff is rapid in bare or unprotected areas. The shrink -
swell potential of the subsoil is low. The depth to
bedrock is more than 60 inches. The seasonal high
water table is below a depth of 6 feet. Reaction is very
strongly acid to moderately acid, except where the
surface layer has been limed.
Typically, the Cowee soil has a surface layer of dark
brown gravelly sandy loam about 3 inches thick. The
subsurface layer is strong brown gravelly sandy loam
about 4 inches thick. The subsoil is red clay loam about
13 inches thick. The next 10 inches is red sandy clay
loam. Soft bedrock is at a depth of about 30 inches.
The Cowee soil is moderately permeable. Surface
runoff is rapid in bare or unprotected areas. The shrink -
swell potential of the subsoil is low. The depth to soft
bedrock is 20 to 40 inches. The depth to hard bedrock
is more than 40 inches. The seasonal high water table
is below a depth of 6 feet. Reaction is very strongly acid
to moderately acid, except where the surface layer has
been limed.
Included with these soils in mapping are small areas
of Tate and Saluda soils. Tate soils formed in colluvium.
They are along drainageways and on benches. Saluda
soils have soft bedrock within a depth of 20 inches.
They are on shoulder slopes and nose slopes. Also

30
included are a few scattered areas of soils that have a
high content of mica in the lower part and scattered
areas of soils that have a very stony or very bouldery
surface. Included soils make up about 5 percent of this
map unit.
Most of the acreage in this map unit is used as
woodland. A small acreage is used for orchards.
The Evard and Cowee soils are moderately suited to
trees. Overstory trees include white oak, scarlet oak,
yellow -poplar, black locust, chestnut oak, northern red
oak, hickory, red maple, Virginia pine, blackgum, pitch
pine, and eastern white pine. Understory plants include
mountain laurel, blueberry, sourwood, flowering
dogwood, Fraser magnolia, Christmas fern, and
greenbrier.
The slope is the main limitation affecting timber
production. It increases the hazard of erosion and limits
the use of equipment. Extreme caution is needed when
vehicles are operated on these slopes. In most areas
extensive grading is needed to establish roads and
trails. Logging roads and skid trails should be designed
on the contour. Water bars help to break the flow of
water along roads. In exposed areas applying lime and
fertilizer and seeding help to control erosion. Because
of the depth to bedrock, the windthrow hazard is
moderate on the Cowee soil. Thinning should be held to
a minimum, or the stand on the Cowee soil should not
be thinned at all. A plan for the periodic removal of
windthrown trees is advisable.
These soils are unsuited to most cultivated crops.
The slope and rock fragments on the surface are the
main limitations. If the soils are used for orchards, the
trees should be planted on the contour and a cover of
grasses is needed around the trees to control erosion.
The rock fragments and the slope hinder mowing.
These soils are unsuited to pasture and hay. The
slope and rock fragments on the surface are the main
limitations.
These soils are unsuited to most urban uses because
of the slope, the hazard of erosion, and rock fragments
on or near the surface. Also, the depth to bedrock is a
limitation on the Cowee soil.
The capability subclass is Vlle. Based on yellow -
poplar as the indicator species, the woodland ordination
symbol is 6R in areas of the Evard soil. Based on
chestnut oak as the indicator species, the woodland
ordination symbol is 2R in areas of the Cowee soil.
HbC—Hibriten very cobbly sandy loam, 8 to 15
percent slopes. This moderately deep, well drained,
strongly sloping soil is on Piedmont side slopes and
ridgetops, mostly in the southwestern part of the county,
Individual areas are irregular in shape and range from 4
to about 50 acres in size.
Soil Survey
Typically, the surface layer is brown very cobbly
sandy loam about 6 inches thick. The next 7 inches is
brownish yellow very cobbly sandy loam. The subsoil
extends to a depth of 28 inches. It is strong brown very
cobbly sandy clay loam in the upper part and yellowish
red very cobbly clay loam in the lower part. Soft
bedrock is at a depth of about 28 inches.
This soil is moderately permeable. Surface runoff is
medium or rapid in bare or unprotected areas. The
shrink -swell potential of the subsoil is low. The depth to
soft bedrock is 20 to 40 inches. The depth to hard
bedrock is more than 40 inches. The seasonal high
water table is below a depth of 6 feet. Reaction is very
strongly acid or strongly acid, except where the surface
layer has been limed.
Included with this soil in mapping are small,
intermingled areas of Bethlehem and Rion soils. These
soils have less than 35 percent rock fragments in the
subsoil. Bethlehem soils have a predominantly clayey
subsoil. Rion soils are very deep. Included soils make
up about 25 percent of this map unit.
Most of the acreage of the Hibriten soil is used as
woodland. Some areas are used as pasture or hayland.
This soil is suited to woodland. Overstory trees
include chestnut oak, Virginia pine, black oak, scarlet
oak, white oak, hickory, shortleaf pine, eastern white
pine, pitch pine, and red maple. Understory plants
include sourwood, flowering dogwood, American holly,
sassafras, eastern redcedar, greenbrier, honeysuckle,
wild grape, poison ivy, and blackberry.
The depth to bedrock and rock fragments in the
surface layer are the main limitations affecting timber
production. The depth to bedrock results in a moderate
windthrow hazard, particularly for pine and other trees
that have a taproot. Thinning should be held to a
minimum, or the stand should not be thinned at all. A
plan for the periodic removal of windthrown trees is
advisable. Rock fragments in the surface layer limit the
amount of water available for plant growth and increase
the seedling mortality rate. Reinforcement planting may
be needed.
This soil is poorly suited to cultivated crops. The
slope, rock fragments in the soil, the depth to bedrock,
the hazard of erosion, and the irregular topography are
the main management concerns. The slope increases
the hazard of erosion. Rock fragments in the surface
layer limit the amount of water available for plant growth
and make tillage difficult. The depth to bedrock also
reduces the amount of water available for plant growth
and creates droughty conditions. The irregular
topography limits the size and shape of the field.
Farming on the contour is difficult.
This soil is poorly suited to pasture and hay. The
content and size of rock fragments and the depth to

Alexander County, North Carolina
bedrock are the main limitations. The rock fragments
and the depth to bedrock limit the amount of water
available for plant growth and create droughty
conditions.
This soil is poorly suited to most urban uses. The
depth to bedrock, the content and size of rock
fragments, and the slope are the main limitations. The
depth to bedrock and the rock fragments affect the ease
of digging, filling, and compacting. They should be
carefully examined at the construction site. Strongly
sloping areas require extensive cutting and filling and
detailed site planning.
The capability subclass is Vls. Based on chestnut
oak as the indicator species, the woodland ordination
symbol is 3D.
HbE—Hibriten very cobbly sandy loam, 15 to 60
percent slopes. This moderately deep, well drained,
moderately steep and steep soil is on Piedmont side
slopes, mostly in the southwestern part of the county.
Individual areas are irregular in shape and range from 4
to about 200 acres in size.
Typically, the surface layer is brown very cobbly
sandy loam about 6 inches thick. The next layer is
brownish yellow very cobbly sandy loam about 7 inches
thick. The subsoil extends to a depth of 28 inches. It is
strong brown very cobbly sandy clay loam in the upper
part and yellowish red very cobbly clay loam in the
lower part. Soft bedrock is at a depth of about 28
inches.
This soil is moderately permeable. Surface runoff is
rapid in bare or unprotected areas. The shrink -swell
potential of the subsoil is low. The depth to soft bedrock
is 20 to 40 inches. The depth to hard bedrock is more
than 40 inches. The seasonal high water table is below
a depth of 6 feet. Reaction is very strongly acid or
strongly acid, except where the surface layer has been
limed.
Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of
Rion and Chewacla soils. Rion soils have less than 35
percent rock fragments throughout. They are very deep
and are on the smooth parts of side slopes. Chewacla
soils are on flood plains. They are somewhat poorly
drained. Also included are some small areas of soils
that have ledges of bedrock within a depth of 40 inches
and a few areas of Rock outcrop. Included areas make
up about 20 percent of this map unit.
Most of the acreage of the Hibriten soil is used as
woodland. A few areas are used as pasture.
This soil is suited to woodland. Overstory trees
include chestnut oak, Virginia pine, black oak, scarlet
oak, white oak, hickory, shortleaf pine, eastern white
pine, pitch pine, and red maple. Understory plants
include sourwood, flowering dogwood, American holly,
31
sassafras, eastern redcedar, greenbrier, honeysuckle,
wild grape, poison ivy, and blackberry.
The slope, the depth to bedrock, and rock fragments
in the surface layer are the main limitations affecting
timber production. The slope increases the hazard of
erosion and limits the use of equipment. Extreme
caution is needed when vehicles are operated on
slopes of more than 25 percent. On slopes of more than
25 percent, extensive grading is needed to establish
roads and trails. Logging roads and skid trails should be
designed on the contour. Water bars help to break the
flow of water along roads. In exposed areas applying
lime and fertilizer and seeding help to control erosion.
Because of the depth to bedrock, the windthrow hazard
is moderate, particularly for pine and other trees that
have a taproot. Thinning should be held to a minimum,
or the stand should not be thinned at all. A plan for the
periodic removal of windthrown trees is advisable. Rock
fragments in the soil limit the amount of water available
for plant growth and increase the seedling mortality
rate. Reinforcement planting may be needed.
This soil is unsuited to cultivated crops. The slope,
droughtiness, the content and size of the rock
fragments, and the hazard of erosion are the main
management concerns.
This soil is unsuited to pasture and hay. The slope,
the content and size of the rock fragments, and
droughtiness are the main limitations. The slope
increases the hazard of erosion and limits the use of
equipment. Rock fragments and the depth to bedrock
limit the amount of water available for plant growth.
This soil is unsuited to most urban uses. The depth
to bedrock, the content and size of rock fragments, and
the slope are the main limitations. The depth to bedrock
and rock fragments affect the ease of digging, filling,
and compacting. They should be carefully examined at
construction sites. Areas that have a steep slope
require extensive cutting and filling and detailed site
planning.
The capability subclass is Vlls. Based on chestnut
oak as the indicator species, the woodland ordination
symbol is 3R.
MaB2—Masada sandy clay loam, 2 to 8 percent
slopes, eroded. This very deep, well drained, gently
sloping soil is on high stream terraces along many of
the larger streams in the Piedmont. Most areas are
somewhat elongated and range from 4 to about 30
acres in size.
Typically, the surface layer is yellowish red sandy
clay loam about 8 inches thick. The subsoil extends to a
depth of 45 inches. The upper part is red clay, and the
lower part is yellowish red clay loam. The next layer to
a depth of 60 inches is strong brown loam. In some

32
uneroded areas that have not been cultivated
extensively, the surface layer is sandy loam.
This soil is moderately permeable. Surface runoff is
medium in bare or unprotected areas. The shrink -swell
potential of the subsoil is moderate. The depth to
bedrock is more than 60 inches. The seasonal high
water table is below a depth of 6 feet. Reaction is very
strongly acid to moderately acid, except where the
surface layer has been limed.
Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of
Davidson, Dogue, and State soils. Davidson soils have
a dark red subsoil. They are in scattered areas
throughout the unit. The moderately well drained Dogue
soils are along small drainageways and in depressions.
State soils have a loamy subsoil. They are intermingled
with areas of the Masada soil throughout the map unit.
Also included are a few intermingled areas of soils that
range to neutral in some part of the subsoil and a few
areas along Lake Hickory that have been developed for
Urban uses. Included soils make up about 15 percent of
this map unit.
Most of the Masada soil is used as pasture, hayland,
or cropland. Some areas are used for urban
development.
This soil is suited to woodland. Overstory trees
include scarlet oak, white oak, red maple, loblolly pine,
shortleaf pine, southern red oak, eastern white pine,
yellow -poplar, and Virginia pine. Understory plants
include greenbrier, honeysuckle, blackberry, poison ivy,
sourwood, American holly, flowering dogwood, and wild
grape.
Depth to the clayey part of the subsoil and the
texture of the surface layer are the main limitations
affecting timber production. The clayey part of the
subsoil limits the use of equipment. Logging equipment
should be operated only during dry periods. The sandy
clay loam in the surface layer increases the seedling
mortality rate. Reinforcement planting may be needed.
This soil is suited to most of the field and truck crops
commonly grown in the county. The texture of the
topsoil, the hazard of erosion, and the slope are the
main management concerns. Clods form if the sandy
clay loam surface layer is tilled when the soil is too wet.
Also, the germination of seeds may not be uniform
across the field. Conservation tillage, contour farming,
striperopping, cover crops, crop residue management,
grassed waterways, and field borders improve tilth,
conserve moisture, help to control erosion, and
minimize the offsite damage caused by sedimentation.
This soil is well suited to pasture and hay. Depth to
the clayey part of the subsoil and the texture of the
surface layer are management concerns in establishing
sod. Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, timely
deferment of grazing, and restricted use during wet
Soil Survey
periods help to keep the pasture in good condition.
This soil is suited to most urban uses. A high content
of clay, the moderate shrink -swell potential, and low
strength in the subsoil are the main limitations. The
moderate permeability in the clayey part of the subsoil
can be overcome by increasing the size of the
absorption area in septic tank absorption fields.
Structural damage can be prevented by designing
roads, foundations, and footings so that they can
withstand shrinking and swelling in the subsoil, by
diverting runoff away from buildings, or by backfilling
with material that has a low shrink -swell potential. If the
soil is used as a base for roads and streets, a mixture
of sand and gravel and proper compaction are needed
to increase strength and stability. To improve
trafficability for year-round use, roads require a gravel
base and an adequate wearing surface.
The capability subclass is Ille. Based on shortleaf
pine as the indicator species, the woodland ordination
symbol is 10C.
MaC2—Masada sandy clay loam, 8 to 15 percent
slopes, eroded. This very deep, well drained, strongly
sloping soil is on high stream terraces in the Piedmont.
Most areas are somewhat elongated and range from 4
to about 40 acres in size.
Typically, the surface layer is yellowish red sandy
clay loam about 8 inches thick. The subsoil extends to a
depth of 45 inches. The upper part is red clay, and the
lower part is yellowish red clay loam. The next layer to
a depth of 60 inches is strong brown loam. In some
uneroded areas that have not been cultivated
extensively, the surface layer is sandy loam.
This soil is moderately permeable. Surface runoff is
medium or rapid in bare or unprotected areas. The
shrink -swell potential of the subsoil is moderate. The
depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. The seasonal
high water table is below a depth of 6 feet. Reaction is
very strongly acid to moderately acid, except where the
surface layer has been limed.
Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of
Pacolet and Davidson soils. Pacolet soils formed in
residuum. They are on knobs or on slopes adjacent to
flood plains. Davidson soils have a dark red subsoil.
They are in scattered areas throughout the unit. Also
included are a few intermingled soils that range to
neutral in some part of the subsoil and a few areas of
soils along Lake Hickory that have been developed for
urban uses. Included soils make up about 15 percent of
this map unit.
Most of the Masada soil is used as pasture, hayland,
or cropland. Some of the steeper areas are used as
woodland.

Alexander County, North Carolina
This soil is suited to woodland. Overstory trees
include scarlet oak, white oak, red maple, loblolly pine,
shortleaf pine, southern red oak, eastern white pine,
yellow -poplar, and Virginia pine. Understory plants
include greenbrier, honeysuckle, blackberry, poison ivy,
sourwood, American holly, flowering dogwood, and wild
grape.
Depth to the clayey part of the subsoil and the
texture of the surface layer are the main limitations
affecting timber production. The clayey part of the
subsoil limits the use of equipment. Logging equipment
should be operated only during dry periods. The sandy
clay loam in the surface layer increases the seedling
mortality rate. Reinforcement planting may be needed.
This soil is suited to most of the field and truck crops
commonly grown in the county. The texture of the
topsoil, the hazard of erosion, and the slope are the
main management concerns. Clods form if the sandy
clay loam surface layer is tilled when the soil is too wet.
Also, the germination of seeds may not be uniform
across the field. Conservation tillage, contour farming,
striperopping, cover crops, crop residue management,
grassed waterways, and field borders improve tilth,
conserve moisture, help to control erosion, and
minimize the offsite damage caused by sedimentation.
This soil is well suited to pasture and hay. The slope,
depth to the clayey part of the subsoil, and the texture
of the surface layer are management concerns in
establishing sod. Proper stocking rates, pasture
rotation, timely deferment of grazing, and restricted use
during wet periods help to keep the pasture in good
condition.
This soil is suited to most urban uses. The slope, a
high content of clay, the moderate shrink -swell
potential, and low strength in the subsoil are the main
limitations. Strongly sloping areas require extensive
cutting and filling and detailed site planning. The
moderate permeability in the clayey part of the subsoil
can be overcome by increasing the size of the
absorption area in septic tank absorption fields.
Structural damage can be prevented by designing
roads, foundations, and footings so that they can
withstand shrinking and swelling in the subsoil, by
diverting runoff away from buildings, or by backfilling
with material that has a low shrink -swell potential. If the
soil is used as a base for roads and streets, a mixture
of sand and gravel and proper compaction are needed
to increase strength and stability. To improve
trafficability for year-round use, roads require a gravel
base and an adequate wearing surface.
The capability subclass is IVe. Based on shortleaf
pine as the indicator species, the woodland ordination
symbol is 10C.
33
PaD—Pacolet sandy loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes.
This very deep, well drained, moderately steep soil is
on Piedmont side slopes throughout the county.
Individual areas are irregular in shape and range from 4
to about 200 acres in size.
Typically, the surface layer is dark yellowish brown
sandy loam about 5 inches thick. The next 4 inches is
yellowish brown sandy loam. The subsoil is red clay
about 19 inches thick. The next 10 inches is yellowish
red clay loam. The underlying material to a depth of 60
inches is strong brown and yellowish brown saprolite
that has a texture of sandy loam. In some eroded areas
that have been cleared of trees and cultivated, the
surface layer is sandy clay loam.
This soil is moderately permeable. Surface runoff is
rapid in bare or unprotected areas. The shrink -swell
potential of the subsoil is low. The depth to bedrock is
more than 60 inches. The seasonal high water table is
below a depth of 6 feet. Reaction is very strongly acid
to moderately acid, except where the surface layer has
been limed.
Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of
Bethlehem, Rion, and Chewacla soils. Bethlehem soils
have soft bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches. They
are on the most dissected parts of side slopes and
ridgetops, mainly in the southwestern part of the county.
Rion and Chewacla soils have a loamy subsoil. Rion
soils are in scattered areas throughout the unit.
Chewacla soils are somewhat poorly drained and are
on flood plains. Also included are a few areas of soils
that have a high content of mica in the lower part.
Included soils make up about 10 to 20 percent of this
map unit.
Most of the acreage of the Pacolet soil is used as
woodland. A few small areas are used as pasture.
This soil is suited to woodland. Overstory trees
include scarlet oak, white oak, Virginia pine, southern
red oak, hickory, shortleaf pine, American beech,
eastern white pine, red maple, and yellow -poplar.
Understory plants include sourwood, flowering
dogwood, American holly, eastern redcedar, greenbrier,
honeysuckle, wild grape, poison ivy, and blackberry.
The slope and depth to the clayey part of the subsoil
are the main limitations affecting timber production.
They increase the hazard of erosion and limit the use of
equipment. Logging equipment should be operated only
during dry periods. Logging roads and skid trails should
be designed on the contour. Water bars help to break
the flow of water along roads. In exposed areas
applying lime and fertilizer and seeding help to control
erosion.
This soil is poorly suited to most of the field and truck
crops commonly grown in the county. The slope and the
hazard of erosion are the main management concerns.

34
This soil is suited to pasture and hay. The slope and
the hazard of erosion are the main management
concerns. Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, timely
deferment of grazing, and restricted use during wet
periods help to keep the pasture in good condition.
This soil is poorly suited to most urban uses. The
slope, a high content of clay, and low strength in the
subsoil are the main limitations. Areas of moderately
steep slopes require extensive cutting and filling and
detailed site planning. The moderate permeability in the
clayey part of the subsoil can be overcome. by
increasing the size of the absorption area in septic tank
absorption fields. If the soil is used as a base for roads
and streets, a mixture of sand and gravel and proper
compaction are needed to increase strength and
stability. To improve trafficability for year-round use,
roads require a gravel base and an adequate wearing
surface.
The capability subclass is Vie. Based on shortleaf
pine as the indicator species, the woodland ordination
symbol is 8R.
Pc132—Pacolet sandy clay loam, 2 to 8 percent
slopes, eroded. This very deep, well drained, gently
sloping soil is on ridgetops in the Piedmont. Individual
areas are irregular in shape and range from 4 to about
40 acres in size.
Typically, the surface layer is yellowish red sandy
clay loam about 5 inches thick. The subsoil is red clay
about 19 inches thick. The next 10 inches is red clay
loam. The underlying material to a depth of 60 inches is
strong brown and yellowish brown saprolite that has a
texture of sandy loam. In some uneroded areas that
have not been cultivated, the surface layer is sandy
loam.
This soil is moderately permeable. Surface runoff is
medium in bare or unprotected areas. The shrink -swell
potential of the subsoil is low. The depth to bedrock is
more than 60 inches. The seasonal high water table is
below a depth of 6 feet. Reaction is very strongly acid
to moderately acid, except where the surface layer has
been limed.
Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of
Cecil, Bethlehem, and Rion soils. Cecil soils have a
solum that is more than 40 inches thick. They are on
the wide parts of ridgetops. Bethlehem soils have soft
bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches. They are on the
narrow parts of ridgetops in the southwestern part of
the county. Rion soils have a loamy subsoil. They are in
scattered areas throughout the map unit. Also included
are a few scattered areas of soils that have a high
content of mica in the lower part. Included soils make
up about 10 to 20 percent of this map unit.
Most of the acreage of the Pacolet soil is used as
Soil Survey
cropland, pasture, or hayland. Some of the steeper
areas are used as woodland.
This soil is suited to woodland. Overstory trees
include scarlet oak, white oak, Virginia pine, southern
red oak, hickory, shortleaf pine, American beech,
eastern white pine, red maple, and yellow -poplar.
Understory plants include sourwood, flowering
dogwood, American holly, eastern redcedar, greenbrier,
honeysuckle, wild grape, poison ivy, and blackberry.
Depth to the clayey part of the subsoil and the
texture of the topsoil are the main limitations affecting
timber production. The clayey part of the subsoil limits
the use of equipment. Logging equipment should be
operated only during dry periods. The sandy clay loam
in the topsoil increases the seedling mortality rate.
Reinforcement planting may be needed.
This soil is well suited to most of the field and truck
crops commonly grown in the county. The texture of the
topsoil, the hazard of erosion, and the slope are
management concerns. Clods form if the sandy clay
loam surface layer is tilled when the soil is too wet.
Also, the germination of seeds may not be uniform
across the field. Conservation tillage, contour farming,
striperopping, cover crops, crop residue management,
grassed waterways, and field borders improve tilth,
conserve moisture, help to control erosion, and
minimize the offsite damage caused by sedimentation.
This soil is well suited to pasture and hay. Depth to
the clayey part of the subsoil and the texture of the
surface layer are management concerns in establishing
sod. Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, timely
deferment of grazing, and restricted use during wet
periods help to keep the pasture in good condition.
This soil is suited to most urban uses. The high
content of clay and low strength in the subsoil are the
main limitations. The moderate permeability in the
clayey part of the subsoil can be overcome by
increasing the size of the absorption area in septic tank
absorption fields. If the soil is used as a base for roads
and streets, a mixture of sand and gravel and proper
compaction are needed to increase strength and
stability. To improve trafficability for year-round use,
roads require a gravel base and an adequate wearing
surface.
The capability subclass is Ille. Based on shortleaf
pine as the indicator species, the woodland ordination
symbol is 6C.
PcC2—Pacolet sandy clay loam, 8 to 15 percent
slopes, eroded. This very deep, well drained, strongly
sloping soil is on side slopes and ridgetops in the
Piedmont. Individual areas are irregular in shape and
range from 4 to about 150 acres in size.
Typically, the surface layer is yellowish red sandy

Alexander County, North Carolina 35
Figure 4.—Hay in an area of Pacolet sandy clay loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, eroded.
clay loam about 5 inches thick. The subsoil is red clay
about 19 inches thick. The next 10 inches is red clay
loam. The underlying material to a depth of 60 inches is
strong brown and yellowish brown saprolite that has a
texture of sandy loam. In uneroded areas that have not
been cultivated, the surface layer is sandy loam.
This soil is moderately permeable. Surface runoff is
medium or rapid in bare or unprotected areas. The
shrink -swell potential of the subsoil is low. The depth to
bedrock is more than 60 inches. The seasonal high
water table is below a depth of 6 feet. Reaction is very
strongly acid to moderately acid, except where the
surface layer has been limed.
Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of
Cecil, Bethlehem, Rion, and Chewacla soils. Cecil soils
have a solum that is more than 40 inches thick. They
are in scattered areas throughout the unit. Bethlehem
soils have soft bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches.
They are on the dissected parts of side slopes and
ridgetops in the southwestern part of the county. Rion
and Chewacla soils have a loamy subsoil. Rion soils
are in scattered areas throughout the unit. Chewacla
soils are somewhat poorly drained and are on flood
plains. Also included are a few scattered areas of soils
that have a high content of mica in the lower part.
Included soils make up about 10 to 20 percent of this
map unit.
Most of the acreage of the Pacolet soil is used as
cropland, pasture, or hayland (fig. 4). A few of the
steeper areas are used as woodland.

W.
This soil is suited to woodland. Overstory trees
include scarlet oak, white oak, Virginia pine, southern
red oak, hickory, shortleaf pine, American beech,
eastern white pine, red maple, and yellow -poplar.
Understory plants include sourwood, flowering
dogwood, American holly, eastern redcedar, greenbrier,
honeysuckle, wild grape, poison ivy, and blackberry.
Depth to the clayey part of the subsoil and the
texture of the topsoil are the main limitations affecting
timber production. The clayey part of the subsoil limits
the use of equipment. Logging equipment should be
operated only during dry periods. The sandy clay loam
in the topsoil increases the seedling mortality rate.
Reinforcement planting may be needed.
This soil is suited to most of the field and truck crops
commonly grown in the county. The texture of the
topsoil, the hazard of erosion, and the slope are
management concerns. Clods form if the sandy clay
loam surface layer is tilled when the soil is too wet.
Also, the germination of seeds may not be uniform
across the field. Conservation tillage, contour farming,
striperopping, cover crops, crop residue management,
grassed waterways, and field borders improve tilth,
conserve moisture, help to control erosion, and
minimize the offsite damage caused by sedimentation.
This soil is well suited to pasture and hay. Depth to
the clayey part of the subsoil and the texture of the
surface layer are management concerns in establishing
sod. Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, timely
deferment of grazing, and restricted use during wet
periods help to keep the pasture in good condition.
This soil is suited to most urban uses. The slope, a
high content of clay, and low strength in the subsoil are
the main limitations. Strongly sloping areas require
extensive cutting and filling and detailed site planning.
The moderate permeability in the clayey part of the
subsoil can be overcome by increasing the size of the
absorption area in septic tank absorption fields. If the
soil is used as a base for roads and streets, a mixture
of sand and gravel and proper compaction are needed
to increase strength and stability. To improve
trafficability for year-round use, roads require a gravel
base and an adequate wearing surface.
The capability subclass is IVe. Based on shortleaf
pine as the indicator species, the woodland ordination
symbol is 6C.
PuC—Pacolet-Urban land complex, 2 to 15 percent
slopes. This map unit consists of a very deep, well
drained, gently sloping and strongly sloping Pacolet soil
intermingled with Urban land. The unit is on ridgetops
and side slopes, primarily in and around small towns
and housing developments in the Piedmont. Individual
areas are generally rectangular or irregular in shape
Soil Survey
and range from 10 to about 50 acres in size. The
Pacolet soil makes up about 50 percent of the map unit,
and the Urban land makes up about 30 percent. The
Pacolet soil and Urban land occur as areas so
intricately mixed that separating them is not practical at
the scale selected for mapping.
The Pacolet soil consists of undisturbed areas
between buildings, roads, streets, and parking lots.
Typically, the surface layer is yellowish red sandy clay
loam about 5 inches thick. The subsoil is red clay about
19 inches thick. The next 10 inches is red clay loam.
The underlying material to a depth of 60 inches is
strong brown and yellowish brown saprolite that has a
texture of sandy loam. In some uneroded areas that
have not been cultivated extensively in the past, the
surface layer is sandy loam.
The Pacolet soil is moderately permeable. Surface
runoff is medium or rapid in bare or unprotected areas.
The shrink -swell potential of the subsoil is low. The
depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. The seasonal
high water table is below a depth of 6 feet. Reaction is
very strongly acid to moderately acid, except where the
surface layer has been limed.
The Urban land consists of areas where the soil is
largely covered by concrete, asphalt, buildings, or other
structures.
Included with this map unit are small areas of
Udorthents and Cecil, Bethlehem, and Rion soils.
Udorthents, which consist of areas of cut and fill
material, are adjacent to the Urban land. Cecil soils
have a solum that is more than 40 inches thick. They
are in scattered areas throughout the unit. Bethlehem
soils have soft bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches.
They are on dissected parts of side slopes and
ridgetops in the southwestern part of the county. Rion
soils have a loamy subsoil. They are in scattered areas
throughout the unit. Also included are a few scattered
areas of soils that have a high content of mica in the
lower part. Included soils make up about 20 percent of
this map unit.
Most of the acreage in this map unit is used for
yards, gardens, recreational purposes, and landscaping
in and around the Urban land. The open areas make up
from 500 to about 7,000 square feet in size. They are
too small for commercial wood production, cropland,
pasture, or hayland.
The Pacolet soil is suited to most urban uses. The
slope, a high content of clay, and low strength in the
subsoil are the main limitations. Extensive cutting and
filling and detailed site planning are needed where the
slope exceeds 8 percent. The moderate permeability in
the clayey part of the subsoil can be overcome by
increasing the size of the absorption area in septic tank
absorption fields. If the soil is used as a base for roads

Alexander County, North Carolina
and streets, a mixture of sand and gravel and proper
compaction are needed to increase strength and
stability. To improve trafficability for year-round use,
roads require a gravel base and an adequate wearing
surface.
In undisturbed areas the Pacolet soil is suited to lawn
grasses, shade trees, ornamental trees, shrubs, vines,
and vegetable gardens, but cut, filled, or compacted
areas may be poorly suited. Because the open areas
are small, onsite investigation to determine the
limitations of this map unit is needed.
The capability subclass is Ille in areas of the Pacolet
soil and Vllls in areas of Urban land. This map unit has
not been assigned a woodland ordination symbol.
RnC—Rion sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes.
This very deep, well drained, strongly sloping soil is on
Piedmont side slopes and ridgetops, primarily in the
northeastern part of the county. Individual areas are
irregular in shape and range from 4 to about 200 acres
in size.
Typically, the surface layer is very dark grayish
brown sandy loam about 2 inches thick. The subsurface
layer is brown sandy loam about 4 inches thick. The
subsoil is strong brown sandy clay loam about 19
inches thick. The next 5 inches is brownish yellow
sandy loam. The underlying material to a depth of 60
inches is brownish yellow, strong brown, and white
saprolite that has a texture of sandy loam. In some
eroded areas that have been extensively cultivated, the
surface layer is sandy clay loam.
This soil is moderately permeable in the subsoil and
moderately rapidly permeable in the underlying material.
Surface runoff is medium or rapid in bare or
unprotected areas. The shrink -swell potential of the
subsoil is low. The depth to bedrock is more than 60
inches. The seasonal high water table is below a depth
of 6 feet. Reaction is very strongly acid to moderately
acid, except where the surface layer has been limed.
Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of
Pacolet, Wedowee, and Chewacla soils. Pacolet and
Wedowee soils have a predominantly clayey subsoil.
They are in scattered areas throughout the unit.
Chewacla soils are somewhat poorly drained and are
on flood plains. Also included are scattered areas of
soils that have bedrock within a depth of 40 inches.
Included soils make up about 10 to 20 percent of this
map unit.
Most of the acreage of the Rion soil is used as
cropland, pasture, or hayland. Some of the steeper
areas are used as woodland.
This soil is well suited to woodland. Overstory trees
include scarlet oak, white oak, Virginia pine, southern
red oak, hickory, shortleaf pine, American beech,
37
eastern white pine, red maple, and yellow -poplar.
Understory plants include sourwood, flowering
dogwood, American holly, eastern redcedar, greenbrier,
honeysuckle, wild grape, poison ivy, and blackberry. No
significant limitations affect woodland management.
This soil is suited to most of the field and truck crops
commonly grown in the county. It also is preferred for
tobacco. The slope and the hazard of erosion are
management concerns. Conservation tillage, contour
farming, striperopping, cover crops, crop residue
management, grassed waterways, and field borders
improve tilth, conserve moisture, help to control erosion,
and minimize the offsite damage caused by
sedimentation.
This soil is well suited to pasture and hay. Proper
stocking rates, pasture rotation, timely deferment of
grazing, and restricted use during wet periods help to
keep the pasture in good condition.
This soil is suited to most urban uses. The slope is
the main limitation. Strongly sloping areas require
extensive cutting and filling and detailed site planning.
To improve trafficability for year-round use, roads
require a gravel base and an adequate wearing surface.
The capability subclass is IVe. Based on shortleaf
pine as the indicator species, the woodland ordination
symbol is 8A.
RnD—Rion sandy loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes.
This very deep, well drained, moderately steep soil is
on Piedmont side slopes, primarily in the northeastern
part of the county. Individual areas are irregular in
shape and range from 4 to about 200 acres in size.
Typically, the surface layer is very dark grayish
brown sandy loam about 2 inches thick. The subsurface
layer is brown sandy loam about 4 inches thick. The
subsoil is strong brown sandy clay loam about 19
inches thick. The next 5 inches is brownish yellow
sandy loam. The underlying material to a depth of 60
inches is brownish yellow, strong brown, and white
saprolite that has a texture of sandy loam. In some
eroded areas that have been cleared of trees and
cultivated, the surface layer is sandy clay loam.
This soil is moderately permeable in the subsoil and
moderately rapidly permeable in the underlying material.
Surface runoff is rapid in bare or unprotected areas.
The shrink -swell potential of the subsoil is low. The
depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. The seasonal
high water table is below a depth of 6 feet. Reaction is
very strongly acid to moderately acid, except where the
surface layer has been limed.
Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of
Pacolet, Wedowee, Bethlehem, and Chewacla soils.
Pacolet, Wedowee, and Bethlehem soils have a
predominantly clayey subsoil. Pacolet and Wedowee

38
soils are in scattered areas throughout the unit.
Bethlehem soils have soft bedrock at a depth of 20 to
40 inches. They are on the smooth parts of side slopes,
mostly in the southwestern part of the county. Chewacla
soils are somewhat poorly drained and are on flood
plains. Also included are small, scattered areas of Rock
outcrop, soils that have hard bedrock within a depth of
60 inches, and soils that have soft bedrock within a
depth of 20 to 60 inches. Included areas make up about
10 to 20 percent of this map unit.
Most of the acreage of the Rion soil is used as
woodland. Some of the less sloping areas are used as
pasture.
This soil is suited to woodland. Overstory trees
include scarlet oak, white oak, Virginia pine, southern
red oak, hickory, shortleaf pine, American beech,
eastern white pine, red maple, and yellow -poplar.
Understory plants include sourwood, flowering
dogwood, American holly, eastern redcedar, greenbrier,
honeysuckle, wild grape, poison ivy, and blackberry.
The slope is the main limitation affecting timber
production. It limits the use of equipment and increases
the hazard of erosion. Logging equipment should be
operated only during dry periods. Logging roads and
skid trails should be designed on the contour. Water
bars help to break the flow of water along roads. In
exposed areas applying lime and fertilizer and seeding
help to control erosion.
This soil is poorly suited to most of the field and truck
crops commonly grown in the county. The slope and the
hazard of erosion are the main management concerns.
This soil is suited to pasture and hay. The slope is
the main limitation. Proper stocking rates, pasture
rotation, timely deferment of grazing, and restricted use
during wet periods help to keep the pasture in good
condition.
This soil is poorly suited to most urban uses. The
slope is the main limitation. Moderately steep areas
require extensive cutting and filling and detailed site
planning. To improve trafficability for year-round use,
roads require a gravel base and an adequate wearing
surface.
The capability subclass is Vle. Based on shortleaf
pine as the indicator species, the woodland ordination
symbol is 8R.
RnE—Rion sandy loam, 25 to 45 percent slopes.
This very deep, well drained, steep soil is on Piedmont
side slopes throughout the county. Individual areas are
irregular in shape and range from 4 to about 200 acres
in size.
Typically, the surface layer is very dark grayish
brown sandy loam about 2 inches thick. The subsurface
layer is brown sandy loam about 4 inches thick. The
Soil Survey
subsoil is strong brown sandy clay loam about 19
inches thick. The next 5 inches is brownish yellow
sandy loam. The underlying material to a depth of 60
inches is brownish yellow, strong brown, and white
saprolite that has a texture of sandy loam.
This soil is moderately permeable in the subsoil and
moderately rapidly permeable in the underlying material.
Surface runoff is rapid in bare or unprotected areas.
The shrink -swell potential of the subsoil is low. The
depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. The seasonal
high water table is below a depth of 6 feet. Reaction is
very strongly acid to moderately acid, except where the
surface layer has been limed.
Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of
Pacolet and Chewacla soils. Pacolet soils have a
predominantly clayey subsoil. They are in scattered
areas throughout the unit. Chewacla soils are somewhat
poorly drained and are on narrow flood plains. Also
included are small areas of Rock outcrop, soils that
have hard bedrock within a depth of 60 inches, and
scattered areas of soils that have soft bedrock at a
depth of 20 to 60 inches. Included areas make up about
10 to 20 percent of this map unit.
Most of the acreage of the Rion soil is used as
woodland. A few of the less sloping areas are used as
pasture.
This soil is suited to woodland. Overstory trees
include scarlet oak, white oak, Virginia pine, southern
red oak, hickory, shortleaf pine, American beech,
eastern white pine, red maple, and yellow -poplar.
Understory plants include sourwood, flowering
dogwood, American holly, eastern redcedar, greenbrier,
honeysuckle, wild grape, poison ivy, and blackberry.
The slope is the main limitation affecting timber
production. It limits the use of equipment and increases
the hazard of erosion. Extreme caution is needed when
vehicles are operated on these slopes. In most areas,
extensive grading is needed to establish roads and
trails. Logging roads and skid trails should be designed
on the contour. Water bars help to break the flow of
water along roads. In exposed areas applying lime and
fertilizer and seeding help to control erosion.
This soil is unsuited to cultivated crops. The slope
and the hazard of erosion are the main management
concerns.
This soil is unsuited to pasture and hay. The slope is
the main limitation.
This soil is unsuited to most urban uses. The slope is
the main limitation. Areas of steep slopes require
excessive cutting and filling and detailed site planning.
To improve trafficability of roads for year-round use, this
soil requires a gravel base and an adequate wearing
surface.
The capability subclass is Vlle. Based on shortleaf

Alexander County, North Carolina
pine as the indicator species, the woodland ordination
symbol is 8R.
RwB—Rion-Wedowee complex, 2 to 8 percent
slopes. This map unit consists of very deep, well
drained, gently sloping Rion and Wedowee soils on
ridgetops in the northeastern part of the county.
Individual areas are irregular in shape and range from 5
to more than 200 acres in size. The Rion soil makes up
about 45 percent of the map unit, and the Wedowee
soil makes up about 35 percent. These soils occur as
areas so intricately mixed that separating them is not
practical at the scale selected for mapping.
Typically, the surface layer of the Rion soil is very
dark grayish brown sandy loam about 2 inches thick.
The subsurface layer is brown sandy loam about 4
inches thick. The subsoil is strong brown sandy clay
loam about 19 inches thick. The next 5 inches is
brownish yellow sandy loam. The underlying material to
a depth of 60 inches is brownish yellow, strong brown,
and white saprolite that has a texture of sandy loam. In
some eroded areas the surface layer is sandy clay
loam.
The Rion soil is moderately permeable in the subsoil
and moderately rapidly permeable in the substratum.
Surface runoff is medium in bare or unprotected areas.
The shrink -swell potential of the subsoil is low. The
depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. The seasonal
high water table is below a depth of 6 feet. Reaction is
very strongly acid to moderately acid, except where the
surface layer has been limed.
Typically, the surface layer of the Wedowee soil is
dark yellowish brown sandy loam about 6 inches thick.
The subsoil is yellowish red clay about 15 inches thick.
The next 19 inches is red sandy clay loam. The
underlying material to a depth of 60 inches is yellowish
red and light gray saprolite that has a texture of sandy
loam. In some eroded areas the surface layer is sandy
clay loam.
The Wedowee soil is moderately permeable. Surface
runoff is medium in bare or unprotected areas. The
shrink -swell potential of the subsoil is moderate. The
depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. The seasonal
high water table is below a depth of 6 feet. Reaction is
very strongly acid or strongly acid, except where the
surface layer has been limed.
Included with these soils in mapping are small areas
of Pacolet soils. These soils are intermingled with areas
of the Rion and Wedowee soils. The included soils have
a surface layer of sandy clay loam and a red subsoil.
Also included are a few scattered areas of soils that
have bedrock within a depth of 40 inches. Included soils
make up about 20 percent of this map unit.
Most of the acreage in this map unit is used as
39
cropland. Many areas are used as pasture or hayland.
A few of the steeper areas are used as woodland.
The Rion and Wedowee soils are well suited to trees.
Overstory trees include white oak, scarlet oak, black
oak, southern red oak, red maple, yellow -poplar,
shortleaf pine, hickory, and Virginia pine. Understory
plants include sourwood, flowering dogwood, American
holly, eastern redcedar, honeysuckle, wild grape, poison
ivy; blackberry, and greenbrier.
No significant limitations affect timber production on
the Rion soil. Depth to the clayey part of the subsoil is
the main limitation affecting timber production on the
Wedowee soil. It limits the use of equipment. Logging
equipment should be operated only during dry periods.
These soils are well suited to most of the field and
truck crops commonly grown in the county. They are
preferred by tobacco farmers. The slope and the hazard
of erosion are the main management concerns.
Conservation tillage, contour farming, striperopping,
cover crops, crop residue management, grassed
waterways, and field borders improve tilth, conserve
moisture, help to control erosion, and minimize the
offsite damage caused by sedimentation.
These soils are well suited to pasture and hay.
Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, timely deferment
of grazing, and restricted use during wet periods help to
keep the pasture in good condition.
The Rion soil is well suited to most urban uses, and
the Wedowee soil is suited. A high content of clay, the
moderate shrink -swell potential, and low strength in the
subsoil of the Wedowee soil are the main limitations.
The moderate permeability in the clayey part of the
subsoil can be overcome by increasing the size of the
absorption area in septic tank absorption fields.
Structural damage can be prevented by designing
roads, foundations, and footings so that they can
withstand shrinking and swelling in the subsoil, by
diverting runoff away from buildings, or by backfilling
with material that has a low shrink -swell potential. If the
Wedowee soil is used as a base for roads and streets,
a mixture of sand and gravel and proper compaction
are needed to increase strength and stability. To
improve trafficability for year-round use, roads on these
soils require a gravel base and an adequate wearing
surface.
The capability subclass is Ile. Based on shortleaf
pine as the indicator species, the woodland ordination
symbol is 8A.
RxA—Riverview fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent
slopes, frequently flooded. This very deep, well
drained, nearly level soil is on flood plains in the
Piedmont. Most areas are long and narrow and range
from 4 to more than 170 acres in size.

40
Typically, the surface layer is brown fine sandy loam
about 10 inches thick. The subsoil is about 33 inches
thick. The upper part is yellowish red silty clay loam.
The next part is strong brown loam. The lower part is
dark brown loam that has brown and yellowish red
mottles. The underlying material to a depth of 60 inches
is reddish gray sandy loam that has strong brown
mottles.
This soil is moderately permeable. Surface runoff is
slow in bare or unprotected areas. The shrink -swell
potential of the subsoil is low. The depth to bedrock is
more than 60 inches. The seasonal high water table is
at a depth of 3 to 5 feet. The soil is frequently flooded
for brief periods. Reaction is very strongly acid to
moderately acid, except where the surface layer has
been limed.
Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of
Chewacla, Buncombe, and Dogue soils. The somewhat
poorly drained Chewacla soils are in depressions and at
the base of uplands. The dominantly sandy Buncombe
soils are adjacent to stream channels and on the inside
of the curve at some turns of the larger streams. Dogue
soils have a predominantly clayey subsoil. They are on
low stream terraces. In a few intermingled areas of
soils, reaction ranges to neutral throughout. Included
soils make up about 20 percent of this map unit.
Most of the acreage of the Riverview soil is used as
cropland. Many areas also are used as pasture,
hayland, or woodland.
This soil is well suited to woodland. Overstory trees
include American sycamore, green ash, red maple,
yellow -poplar, black walnut, river birch, and black
willow. Understory plants include alder, American
hornbeam, black cherry, greenbrier, honeysuckle,
blackberry, switchcane, poison ivy, and wild grape. No
significant limitations affect woodland management.
This soil is well suited to most of the field and truck
crops commonly grown in the county. The frequent
flooding is the main hazard. Returning crop residue to
the soil and planting winter cover crops increase the
content of organic matter and improve fertility, the
available water capacity, and tilth.
This soil is well suited to pasture and hay. The
flooding is the main hazard. Proper stocking rates,
pasture rotation, timely deferment. of grazing, and
restricted use during wet periods help to keep the
pasture in good condition.
This soil is poorly suited to most urban uses. The
flooding and the seasonal wetness are severe
limitations.
The capability subclass is IVw. Based on yellow -
poplar as the indicator species, the woodland ordination
symbol is 9A.
Soil Survey
StB—State sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes. This
very deep, well drained, gently sloping soil is on high
stream terraces along many of the larger streams in the
county. Most areas are somewhat elongated and range
from 4 to about 30 acres in size.
Typically, the surface layer is olive brown sandy loam
about 8 inches thick. The next 3 inches is light olive
brown sandy loam. The subsoil is about 34 inches thick.
The upper part is light olive brown sandy clay loam, and
the lower part is yellowish brown sandy clay loam that
has yellowish red and brown mottles. The underlying
material to a depth of 60 inches is strong brown gravelly
sandy loam.
This soil is moderately permeable. Surface runoff is
medium in bare or unprotected areas. The shrink -swell
potential of the subsoil is low. The depth to bedrock is
more than 60 inches. The seasonal high water table is
at a depth of 4 to 6 feet. Reaction is very strongly acid
or strongly acid, except where the surface layer has
been limed.
Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of
Masada soils. These included soils have a
predominantly clayey subsoil. They are in scattered
areas throughout the unit. Also included are areas of
State soils that are occasionally flooded and a few
areas along Lake Hickory that have been developed for
urban uses. Included soils make up about 10 percent of
this map unit.
Most of the acreage of the State soil is used as
woodland. Many areas are used as pasture, and a few
areas are used as cropland.
This soil is well suited to woodland. Overstory trees
include loblolly pine, scarlet oak, white oak, red maple,
shortleaf pine, southern red oak, eastern white pine,
yellow -poplar, and Virginia pine. Understory plants
include greenbrier, honeysuckle, blackberry, poison ivy,
sourwood, American holly, flowering dogwood, and wild
grape. No significant limitations affect woodland
management.
This soil is well suited to most of the field and truck
crops commonly grown in the county. The slope and the
hazard of erosion are management concerns.
Conservation tillage, contour farming, striperopping,
cover crops, crop residue management, grassed
waterways, and field borders improve tilth, conserve
moisture, help to control erosion, and minimize the
offsite damage caused by sedimentation.
This soil is well suited to pasture and hay. Proper
stocking rates, pasture rotation, timely deferment of
grazing, and restricted use during wet periods help to
keep the pasture in good condition.
This soil is suited to most urban uses. The wetness
and low strength in the subsoil are the main limitations.
The wetness can be reduced by diverting runoff away

Alexander County, North Carolina
from buildings and by installing perforated drainage tile
around foundations. If the soil is used as a base for
roads and streets, a mixture of sand and gravel and
proper compaction are needed to increase strength and
stability. To improve trafficability for year-round use,
roads require a gravel base. and an adequate wearing
surface.
The capability subclass is Ile. Based on yellow -poplar
as the indicator. species, the woodland ordination
symbol is 8A.
TfB—Tate-French complex, 2 to 10 percent slopes.
This map unit consists of very deep, gently sloping and
strongly sloping Tate and French soils in valleys at the
head of streams flowing out of the mountains. The Tate
soil is well drained, and the French soil is somewhat
poorly drained. Most areas are long and narrow and
range from 4 to about 30 acres in size. The Tate soil
makes up about 45 percent of the map unit, and the
French soil makes up about 30 percent. The mapped
areas are so narrow that separating them is not
practical at the scale selected for mapping.
The Tate soil is on stream terraces and foot slopes.
The French soil is on flood plains. These landscape
positions are narrow, typically less than 200 feet wide.
Typically, the surface layer of the Tate soil is dark
yellowish brown sandy loam about 2 inches thick. The
subsurface layer is yellowish brown sandy loam about 6
inches thick. The subsoil is strong brown clay loam
about 30 inches thick. The next layer is about 17 inches
thick. It is yellowish brown sandy clay loam that has
strong brown and light brownish gray mottles. The
underlying material to a depth of 60 inches is mottled
yellowish brown, strong brown, and light brownish gray
sandy loam.
The Tate soil is moderately permeable in the subsoil
and moderately rapidly permeable in the underlying
material. Surface runoff is medium in bare or
unprotected areas. The shrink -swell potential of the
subsoil is low. The depth to bedrock is more than 60
inches. The seasonal high water table is below a depth
of 6 feet. Reaction is very strongly acid to moderately
acid, except where the surface layer has been limed.
Typically the surface layer of the French soil is dark
yellowish brown sandy loam about 12 inches thick. The
subsoil is about 12 inches thick. It is yellowish brown
loam that has yellowish brown and grayish brown
mottles. The underlying material extends to a depth of
60 inches. The upper part is dark grayish brown loam
that has yellowish brown mottles. The lower part is dark
gray very gravelly loamy sand.
The French soil is moderately permeable in the
subsoil and rapidly permeable in the underlying
material. Surface runoff is slow in bare or unprotected
41
areas. The shrink -swell potential of the subsoil is low.
The depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. The
seasonal high water table is at a depth of 1.0 foot to 2.5
feet. This soil is frequently flooded for very brief
periods. Reaction is very strongly acid to moderately
acid, except where the surface layer has been limed.
Included with these soils in mapping are small areas
of somewhat excessively drained soils that have more
than 35 percent rock fragments throughout. The
included soils are adjacent to stream channels in areas
where the water velocity is high. Also included are
some areas of Tate soils that have stones on the
surface or have a seasonal high water table at a depth
of 40 to 60 inches and small areas of poorly drained
soils on flood plains. Included soils make up about 25
percent of this map unit.
The acreage in this map unit is used mainly as
woodland. Some areas are used as pasture.
The Tate soil is well suited to woodland, and the
French soil is moderately suited to woodland. Overstory
trees include American sycamore, red maple, yellow -
poplar, Virginia pine, white oak, eastern white pine,
black locust, scarlet oak, black oak, and black willow.
Understory plants include alder, American hornbeam,
black cherry, greenbrier, honeysuckle, blackberry, giant
cane, poison ivy, sourwood, flowering dogwood,
rhododendron, mountain laurel, and wild grape.
No significant limitations affect timber production on
the Tate soil. The flooding and the wetness affect
woodland management in areas of the French soil.
They increase the seedling mortality rate and limit the
use of equipment. Logging equipment should be
operated only during dry periods. Reinforcement
planting may be needed.
The Tate soil is well suited to most of the field and
truck crops commonly grown in the county. The slope
and the hazard of erosion are the main management
concerns in areas of the Tate soil. Contour farming,
conservation tillage, grassed waterways, and field
borders help to control erosion in areas of the Tate soil.
The French soil is poorly suited to most of the field and
truck crops commonly grown in the county. The
wetness and the flooding are management concerns in
areas of the French soil. A surface and subsurface
drainage system is needed if the French soil is to be
used as cropland. Returning crop residue to the soil and
planting winter cover crops increase the content of
organic matter and improve fertility, the available water
capacity, and tilth.
The Tate soil is well suited to pasture and hay, and
the French soil is moderately suited. The Tate soil has
no significant limitations. The wetness and the flooding
are the main management concerns in areas of the
French soil. A surface and subsurface drainage system

42
may be needed to improve productivity in areas of the
French soil. Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation,
timely deferment of grazing, and restricted use during
wet periods help to keep the pasture in good condition.
The Tate soil is well suited to most urban uses, and
the French soil is poorly suited. The slopes of more
than 8 percent are the only limitation in areas of the
Tate soil. The flooding and the wetness are severe
limitations in areas of the French soil.
The Tate soil is in capability subclass Ille, and the
French soil is in capability subclass IVw. Based on
yellow -poplar as the indicator species, the woodland
ordination symbol is 6A in areas of the Tate soil and
9W in areas of the French soil.
UdC -Udorthents-Urban land complex, 0 to 15
percent slopes. This map unit consists of deep, nearly
level to strongly sloping Udorthents intermingled with
Urban land. The Udorthents and Urban land occur in
such an intricate pattern that separating them is not
practical at the scale selected for mapping. Areas range
from 5 to about 80 acres in size. The Udorthents makes
up about 40 percent of the map unit, and the Urban
land makes up about 40 percent.
Udorthents are areas that have been cut or filled
during grading for roads, railroads, houses, shopping
centers, recreational purposes, and similar uses. The
cuts are generally the steepest part of this map unit.
The material exposed in these cuts varies in texture.
The fill material removed from the cuts generally is
variegated. Areas that have been filled are not as steep
as the cuts. In some areas the fill material is highly
compacted.
Permeability varies in this map unit. Surface runoff is
medium or rapid in bare or unprotected areas. The
shrink -swell potential of the underlying material is low to
moderate. The depth to bedrock varies but is commonly
more than 60 inches. The seasonal high water table is
at a depth of 2.5 to more than 6 feet. Reaction is very
strongly acid to slightly acid, except where the surface
layer has been limed.
Urban land consists of areas where the soil is largely
covered by concrete, asphalt, buildings, or other
structures.
Included in this map unit are small areas of soil that
has not been disturbed and areas that have been cut
down to bedrock. In a few places, small areas of fill
material consist of nonsoil materials, such as leftover
building materials and miscellaneous solid garbage
waste. Included areas make up about 20 percent of this
map unit.
Areas of this map unit that have not been urbanized
vary widely in their suitability and limitations for different
land uses. If water and sewer services can be provided,
Soil Survey
the nearly level to strongly sloping areas generally are
moderately suited to building sites and recreational
purposes. These areas are somewhat droughty, and
landscaping and vegetating these areas are difficult.
The fill areas of this map unit generally are subject to
subsidence and may be unsuited to building sites. The
nearly level and gently sloping areas that are not highly
compacted are moderately suited to landscaping and
recreational purposes. Because this map unit is so
variable, onsite investigation is needed to determine the
suitability and limitations for any proposed use.
The capability subclass is We for the Udorthents and
Vllls in areas of Urban land. This map unit has not
been assigned a woodland ordination symbol.
WeA—Wehadkee loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes,
frequently flooded. This very deep, poorly drained,
nearly level soil is on flood plains. Most areas are long
and narrow and range from 4 to about 50 acres in size.
Typically, the surface layer is about 14 inches thick.
It is brown loam that has yellowish red and grayish
brown mottles. The subsoil is about 8 inches thick. It is
dark grayish brown loam that has yellowish red mottles.
The underlying material extends to a depth of 60
inches. The upper part is dark grayish brown loam that
has yellowish red mottles. The lower part is dark
grayish brown sandy clay loam.
This soil is moderately permeable. Surface runoff is
slow in bare or unprotected areas. The shrink -swell
potential of the subsoil is low. The depth to bedrock is
more than 60 inches. The seasonal high water table is
at the surface or at a depth of 1 foot. The soil is
frequently flooded for brief periods. Reaction is very
strongly acid to neutral.
Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of
Chewacla soils. These included soils are in slightly
convex positions. Also included are some areas of
Wehadkee soils that have a thin layer of sandy
overwash and a few small areas of Wehadkee soils that
are ponded during wet periods. Included soils make up
about 20 percent of this map unit.
Most of the acreage of the Wehadkee soil is used as
woodland. A few areas have been cleared of trees and
are used as pasture.
This soil is suited to woodland. Overstory trees
include American sycamore, green ash, red maple,
yellow -poplar, river birch, and black willow. Understory
plants include alder, American hornbeam, greenbrier,
honeysuckle, blackberry, cattail, bulrush, giant cane,
sedges, poison ivy, and wild grape.
The frequent flooding and the wetness are the main
limitations affecting timber production. They increase
the seedling mortality rate and the windthrow hazard
and limit the use of equipment. Reinforcement planting

Alexander County, North Carolina
may be needed. Bedding also is an alternative.
Thinning should be held to a minimum, or the stand
should not be thinned at all. A plan for the periodic
removal of windthrown trees is advisable. Logging
equipment should be operated only during dry periods.
This soil is poorly suited to most of the field and truck
crops commonly grown in the county. The wetness and
the flooding are management concerns on this soil. A
surface and subsurface drainage system is needed. If
the soil is used for cultivated crops, returning crop
residue to the soil and planting winter cover crops
increase the content of organic matter and improve
43
fertility, the available water capacity, and tilth.
This soil is poorly suited to pasture and hay. The
wetness and the flooding are the main management
concerns. A surface and subsurface drainage system is
needed. Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, timely
deferment of grazing, and restricted use during wet
periods help to keep the pasture in good condition.
This soil is unsuited to most urban uses. The flooding
and the wetness are severe limitations.
The capability subclass is Vlw. Based on yellow -
poplar as the indicator species, the woodland ordination
symbol is 8W.

Prime Farmland
In this section, prime farmland is defined and the
soils in Alexander County that are considered prime
farmland are listed.
Prime farmland is one of several kinds of important
farmland defined by the U.S. Department of Agriculture.
It is of major importance in meeting the Nation's short -
and long-range needs for food and fiber. The acreage
of high -quality farmland is limited, and the U.S.
Department of Agriculture recognizes that government
at local, State, and Federal levels, as well as
individuals, must encourage and facilitate the wise use
of our Nation's prime farmland.
Prime farmland soils, as defined by the U.S.
Department of Agriculture, are soils that are best suited
to food, feed, forage, fiber, and oilseed crops. Such
soils have properties that favor the economic production
of sustained high yields of crops. The soils need only to
be treated and managed by acceptable farming
methods. The moisture supply must be adequate, and
the growing season must be sufficiently long. Prime
farmland soils produce the highest yields with minimal
expenditure of energy and economic resources.
Farming these soils results in the least damage to the
environment.
Prime farmland soils may presently be used as
cropland, pasture, or woodland or for other purposes.
They are used for food or fiber or are available for
these uses. Urban or built-up land, public land, and
water areas cannot be considered prime farmland.
Urban or built-up land is any contiguous unit of land 10
acres or more in size that is used for such purposes as
housing, industrial, and commercial sites, for institutions
or public buildings, small parks, golf courses,
cemeteries, railroad yards, airports, sanitary landfills,
sewage treatment plants, and water -control structures.
Public land is land not available for farming in National
forests, National parks, military reservations, and State
parks.
Prime farmland soils usually receive an adequate
and dependable supply of moisture from precipitation or
irrigation. The temperature and growing season are
favorable. The acidity or alkalinity level of the soils is
acceptable. The soils have few or no rocks and are
45
permeable to water and air. They are not excessively
erodible or saturated with water for long periods and
are not frequently flooded during the growing season.
The slope ranges mainly from 0 to 8 percent.
About 34,303 acres, or about 21 percent of the
county, is prime farmland. Other small areas of prime
farmland are scattered throughout the Piedmont. These
areas are too small to show at the scale used in
mapping and are included in other map units.
The loss of prime farmland to other uses puts
pressure on marginal soils to be used as cropland. In
Alexander County, these are the more sloping soils.
The following map units are considered prime
farmland in Alexander County. The location of each
map unit is shown on the detailed soil maps at the back
of this publication. The extent of each unit is given in
table 4. The soil qualities that affect use and
management are described in the section "Detailed Soil
Map Units." This list does not constitute a
recommendation for a particular land use.
Some soils that have a high water table and all soils
that are frequently flooded during the growing season
qualify as prime farmland only in areas where these
limitations have been overcome by drainage measures
or flood control. If applicable, the need for these
measures is indicated in parentheses after the map unit
name in the following list. Onsite evaluation is
necessary to determine whether or not limitations have
been overcome by the corrective measures.
The soils identified as prime farmland in Alexander
County are:
CeB2 Cecil sandy clay loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes,
eroded
ChA Chewacla loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes,
frequently flooded (where drained and either
protected from flooding or not frequently
flooded during the growing season)
DaB2 Davidson clay loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes,
eroded
DoB Dogue sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes,
rarely flooded

46
MaB2 Masada sandy clay loam, 2 to 8 percent
slopes, eroded
PcB2 Pacolet sandy clay loam, 2 to 8 percent
slopes, eroded
RwB Rion -Wedowee complex, 2 to 8 percent slopes
RxA Riverview fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent
slopes, frequently flooded (where protected
from flooding or not frequently flooded during
the growing season)
StB State sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes

47
Use and Management of the Soils
This soil survey is an inventory and evaluation of the
soils in the survey area. It can be used to adjust land
uses to the limitations and potentials of natural
resources and the environment. Also, it can help to
prevent soil -related failures in land uses.
In preparing a soil survey, soil scientists,
conservationists, engineers, and others collect
extensive field data about the nature and behavioral
characteristics of the soils. They collect data on erosion,
droughtiness, flooding, and other factors that affect
various soil uses and management. Field experience
and collected data on soil properties and performance
are used as a basis for predicting soil behavior.
Information in this section can be used to plan the
use and management of soils for crops and pasture; as
woodland; as sites for buildings, sanitary facilities,
highways and other transportation systems, and parks
and other recreational facilities; and for wildlife habitat.
It can be used to identify the potentials and limitations
of each .soil for specific land uses and to help to prevent
construction failures caused by unfavorable soil
properties.
Generally, the soils in Alexander County that are well
suited to crops also are well suited to urban uses. The
data.concerning specific soils in the county can be used
in planning future land use patterns. The potential for
farming should be considered relative to any soil
limitations and the potential for nonfarm development.
Planners and others using soil survey information
can evaluate the effect of specific land uses on
productivity and on the environment in all or part of the
survey area. The survey can help planners to maintain
or create a land use pattern that is in harmony with
nature.
Contractors can use this survey to locate sources of
sand and gravel, roadfill, and topsoil. They can use it to
identify areas where bedrock, wetness, or very firm soil
layers can cause difficulty in excavation.
Health officials, highway officials, engineers, and
others may also find this survey useful. The survey can
help them plan the safe disposal of wastes and locate
sites for pavements, sidewalks, campgrounds,
playgrounds, lawns, and trees and shrubs.
Crops and Pasture
Daniel J. McClure, district conservationist, and Bobby G, Brock,
conservation agronomist, Soil Conservation Service; and Kenneth
Patterson and Terry A. Garwood, agriculture extension agents,
helped prepare this section.
General management needed for crops and pasture
is suggested in this section. The crops or pasture plants
best suited to the soils are identified; the system of land
capability classification used by the Soil Conservation
Service is explained; and the estimated yields of the
main crops and hay and pasture plants are listed for
each soil.
Planners of management systems for individual fields
or farms should consider the detailed information given
in the description of each soil under the heading
"Detailed Soil Map Units" and in the tables. Specific
information can be obtained from the local office of the
Soil Conservation Service or the North Carolina
Cooperative Extension Service.
The acreage used as cropland has decreased slightly
in Alexander County during the past ten years.
Cropland has been converted to pasture and hayland
because row cropping is not profitable. As a result,
farmers have entered into poultry production (fig. 5) and
are using the poultry waste to fertilize pastures.
In 1987 Alexander County had about 16,000 acres of
cropland, 800 acres of orchards, and 43,000 acres of
pasture and hayland. In 1987 flue -cured tobacco was
estimated to have been grown on 530 acres, corn on
5,600 acres, soybeans on 1,600 acres, and small grain,
including. wheat, oats, barley, and rye, on 2,900 acres.
Grain sorghum was grown on 375 acres. About 5,000
acres was idle land or rotational cropland. Most of the
pasture and hayland is.in tall fescue, with small
acreages in alfalfa, orchardgrass, and red clover.
In 1987 the county ranked fifth in North Carolina in
the production of apples (fig. 6). The acreage of apple
orchards has increased somewhat. in the past 20 years
to more than 650 acres. This fruit is the county's
seventh largest agricultural product. Apple production
has been important in the county for more than 150
years. Peaches and nectarines also have developed
into important crops in recent years.

48 Soil Survey
s
Figure 5.—Poultry production is a leading source of farm income in Alexander County.
To help maintain the county's status as a producer of
high -quality apples, information about soils in relation to
apple production is needed. Such factors as stoniness,
wetness, depth to bedrock, flooding, and slope are
management concerns affecting the production of
apples. Climatic factors, such as frost damage and
freezing temperatures, also affect apple production and
are relative to the landscape position of the soil. The
movement of air should be considered when selecting a
site for apple production. The soils in the county most
commonly used for apple production are the Braddock,
Hayesville, Evard, Cowee, and Tate soils in the Brushy
Mountains. Other soils in the county may be suited to
apple production; however, particular attention should
be paid to site conditions and the movement of air.
A small acreage is used for melons, strawberries,
sweet corn, tomatoes, peppers, broccoli, and other
vegetables and fruits. The latest information on growing
specialty crops, such as selecting sites, applying
fertilizer and lime, and selecting plant varieties, can be
obtained at the local office of the Soil Conservation
Service or the North Carolina Cooperative Extension
Service.
Cropland Management
Erosion is a major management concern on about
three -fourths of the cropland in Alexander County. The
only soils in the county that are not subject to
accelerated erosion are the Buncombe, Riverview,
Chewacla, and Wehadkee soils on flood plains. Erosion
is a hazard on all of the soils on uplands. Because the
Cecil and Pacolet soils are used as most of the
cropland on uplands, controlling erosion is particularly
needed in eroded areas of these soils.
Loss of the topsoil layer because of erosion is
damaging for two reasons. First, productivity is reduced
as this layer is lost and part of the subsoil is
incorporated into the plow layer. Loss of the surface
layer is especially damaging on soils that have a clayey
subsoil, such as the Cecil, Pacolet, Wedowee,
Bethlehem, Masada, and Davidson soils. Deep plowing
tends to complete the mixing of the subsoil and the
topsoil. Second, erosion on farmland results in the
sedimentation of streams and reservoirs. Controlling
erosion minimizes the pollution of streams by
sedimentation and improves the quality of water for
municipal use, for recreation, and for fish and wildlife.

Alexander County, North Carolina
Resource management systems provide protective
cover, help to control runoff, and increase infiltration.
Improved cropping systems, conservation tillage, crop
residue, terraces, striperopping, grassed waterways,
contour farming, and field borders are some of the
practices that help to control erosion on cropland
(fig. 7). Assistance in the design and layout of erosion -
control measures on cropland is available from the local
office of the Soil Conservation Service.
Tilth is an important factor in the germination of
seeds and in the infiltration of water into the soil.
Soils that have good tilth are granular and porous.
Agronomic practices used to control erosion, such as
conservation tillage, sod -based rotations, cover crops,
crop residue management, and striperopping, also
improve tilth.
Most of the soils used for crops in the county have a
49
surface layer that is low in content of organic matter
(less than 1 percent). Intense rainfall causes crusting on
the surface of some of these soils. Once the crust
forms, the soil is almost impervious to water. The crust
reduces infiltration and increases runoff. Regular
additions of crop residue, manure, and other organic
material improves soil structure and reduces crusting,
thereby increasing the infiltration rate. A good content of
organic matter is in the 1.5 to 2.0 percent range. Clods
form on soils that have a higher content of clay, such as
the Cecil, Pacolet, Masada, and Davidson soils, if they
are cultivated when they are wet.
Drainage is a management concern on the Chewacla
soils if they are used for the production of row crops or
pasture. Drainage can be improved and yields
increased by installing a surface or subsurface drainage
system or both to lower the water table in these soils.
Figure 6: An apple orchard in Alexander County.

50 Soil Survey
Figure 7.—Striperopping In an area of Pacolet sandy clay loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, eroded.
Soil Fertility
None of the soils in Alexander County have enough
natural fertility to economically produce crops. They are
naturally acid and require lime to make them suitable
for the production of most crops. Chewacla, Riverview,
and Wehadkee soils are somewhat fertile, however,
because they formed in recent alluvium.
Liming requirements are a major concern on
cropland. The acidity level in the soil affects the
availability of many nutrients to plants and the activity of
beneficial bacteria. Lime also neutralizes exchangeable
aluminum in the soil and thus counteracts the adverse
effects of high levels of aluminum on many crops.
Liming adds calcium (from calcitic lime) or calcium and
magnesium (from dolomitic lime) to the soil.
A soil test is a guide to what amount and kind of lime
should be used. The desired pH levels may differ,
depending on the soil properties and the crop to be
grown.
Nitrogen fertilizer is required for most crops. It is
generally not required, however, for peanuts and clover,
in some rotations of soybeans, or for alfalfa that is
established. A reliable soil test is not available for
predicting nitrogen requirements. Appropriate rates of
nitrogen application are described in the section "Yields
per Acre."
Soil tests can indicate the need for phosphorus and
potassium fertilizer. They are needed because
phosphorus and potassium tend to build up in the soil.

Alexander County, North Carolina
Chemical Weed Control
The use of herbicides for weed control is a common
practice on the cropland in Alexander County. It
decreases the need for tillage and is an integral part of
modern farming. Selected soil properties, such as
organic matter content and texture of the surface layer,
affect the rate of herbicide application. Estimates of
both of these properties were determined for the soils in
the county. Table 14 shows a general range of organic
matter content in the surface layer of the soils. The
texture of the surface layer is shown in the USDA
texture column in table 13.
In some areas the organic matter content projected
for the different soils is outside the range shown in the
table. The content can be higher in soils that. have
received high amounts of animal or manmade waste.
Soils that have recently been brought into cultivation
may have a higher organic matter content in the surface
layer than similar soils that have been cultivated for a
long time. Conservation tillage can increase the organic
matter content in the surface layer. A lower organic
matter content is common where the surface layer has
been partly or completely removed by erosion or land
smoothing. Current soil tests should be used for specific
organic matter determinations.
Forage Production
Most of the soils in Alexander County are moderately
suited to locally grown grasses and legumes, such as
tall fescue, orchardgrass, alfalfa, ladino clover, and red
clover. Yields and quality of forages vary from farm to
farm and from soil type to soil type. The steeper slopes
and stony areas have severe limitations because of the
difficulty in establishing and maintaining forage plants.
The relative suitability of each soil for forages is
discussed in the section "Detailed Soil Map Units."
Because most of the soils in the county are low in
fertility, applications of fertilizer and lime are needed to
add calcium and phosphorus to the soils.- Fertilizer and
lime requirements should be based on the results of soil
tests, on the kind of forage, and the desired yields.
Lime and phosphorus should be incorporated into a well
prepared seedbed before planting. Where these
amendments are not required, seeding can be made by
no -till methods. Fertility levels should be maintained by
annual top -dress applications after the sod has been
established. For maximum yields, fertilizer should be
applied to cool -season plants, such as fescue,
orchardgrass, and clover, in spring and fall just before
the growing season.
In older pastures, eliminating the lower yielding
species and establishing a desirable mixture of grass
and clover can produce a better quality and quantity of
forage. On the steeper slopes, renovation in contour
51
strips or by no -till techniques helps to reduce soil loss.
Also, introducing clover into a desirable grass sod
greatly improves the quality of forage and reduces
fescue toxicity problems while permitting the reduction
of the required nitrogen fertilizer.
Rotational grazing by the use of cross fencing is a
practice to avoid overgrazing or undergrazing on
pastureland. Grazing closer than three inches on most
species greatly reduces forage production.
Undergrazing reduces feeding value, wastes forages,
and encourages diseases and insects. Mowing helps to
control uneven growth, control weeds, and keep plants
at their most nutritious stage.
Access roads to and through the pasture should be
installed on the contour to prevent excessive soil loss
and to aid in fertilization and management.
Yields per Acre
The average yields per acre that can be expected of
the principal crops under a high level of management
are shown in table 5. In any given year, yields may be
higher or lower than those indicated in the table
because of variations in rainfall and other climatic
factors. The land capability classification also is shown
in the table.
The yields are based mainly on the experience and
records of farmers, conservationists, and extension
agents. Available yield data from nearby counties and
results of field trials and demonstrations also are
considered.
The management needed to obtain the indicated
yields of the various crops depends on the kind of soil
and the crop. Management can include drainage,
erosion control, and protection from flooding; the proper
planting and seeding rates; suitable high -yielding crop
varieties; appropriate and timely tillage; control of
weeds, plant diseases, and harmful insects; favorable
soil reaction and optimum levels of nitrogen,
phosphorus, potassium, and trace elements for each
crop; effective use of crop residue, barnyard manure,
and green manure crops; and harvesting that ensures
the smallest possible loss.
A high level of management includes maintaining
proper soil reaction and fertility levels as indicated by
standard soil tests. The application rate of nitrogen for
corn on soils that have a yield potential of 125 to 150
bushels per acre should be 140 to 160 pounds per
acre. If the yield potential for corn is 100 bushels per
acre or less, a rate of 100 to 120 pounds of nitrogen
per acre should be used. The application of nitrogen in
excess of that required for potential yields generally is
not recommended. The excess nitrogen fertilizer that is
not utilized by a crop is an unnecessary expense and
causes a hazard of water pollution. If corn is grown

52
after the harvest of soybeans, nitrogen rates can be
reduced by about 20 to 30 pounds per acre. Because
nitrogen can be readily leached from sandy soils,
applications may be needed on these soils more than
once during the growing season.
The estimated yields reflect the productive capacity
of each soil for each of the principal crops. Yields are
likely to increase as new production technology is
developed. The productivity of a given soil compared
with that of other soils, however, is not likely to change.
Crops other than those shown in table 5 are grown in
the survey area, but estimated yields are not listed
because the acreage of such crops is small. The local
office of the Soil Conservation Service or of the North
Carolina Cooperative Extension Service can provide
information about the management and productivity of
the soils for those crops.
Land Capability Classification
Land capability classification shows, in a general
way, the suitability of soils for use as cropland (16).
Crops that require special management are excluded.
The soils are grouped according to their limitations for
field crops, the risk of damage if they are used for
crops, and the way they respond to management. The
criteria used in grouping the soils do not include major
and generally expensive landforming that would change
slope, depth, or other characteristics of the soils, nor do
they include possible but unlikely major reclamation
projects. Capability classification is not a substitute for
interpretations designed to show suitability and
limitations of groups of soils for woodland and for
engineering purposes.
In the capability system, soils are generally grouped
at three levels —capability class, subclass, and unit.
Only class and subclass are used in this survey.
Capability classes, the broadest groups, are
designated by Roman numerals I through VIII. The
numerals indicate progressively greater limitations and
narrower choices for practical use. The classes are
defined as follows:
Class I soils have few limitations that restrict their
use.
Class II soils have moderate limitations that reduce
the choice of plants or that require moderate
conservation practices.
Class III soils have severe limitations that reduce the
choice of plants or that require special conservation
practices, or both.
Class IV soils have very severe limitations that
reduce the choice of plants or that require very careful
management, or both.
Class V soils are not likely to erode, but they have
Soil Survey
other limitations, impractical to remove, that limit their
use.
Class VI soils have severe limitations that make them
generally unsuitable for cultivation.
Class VII soils have very severe limitations that make
them unsuitable for cultivation.
Class VIII soils and miscellaneous areas have
limitations that nearly preclude their use for commercial
crop production.
Capability subclasses are soil groups within one
class. They are designated by adding a small letter, e,
w, s, or c, to the class numeral, for example, Ile. The
letter a shows that the main hazard is the risk of
erosion unless a close -growing plant cover is
maintained; w shows that water in or on the soil
interferes with plant growth or cultivation (in some soils
the wetness can be partly corrected by artificial
drainage); s shows that the soil is limited mainly
because it is shallow, droughty, or stony; and c, used in
only some parts of the United States, shows that the
chief limitation is climate that is very cold or very dry.
There are no subclasses in class I because the soils
of this class have few limitations. The soils in class V
are subject to little or no erosion, but they have other
limitations that restrict their use to pasture, woodland,
wildlife habitat, or recreation. Class V contains only the
subclasses indicated by w, s, or c.
The capability classification of each map unit is given
in the section "Detailed Soil Map Units" and in table 5.
Woodland Management and Productivity
Edwin J. Young, forester, Soil Conservation Service, helped
prepare this section.
Forests are of economic, social, recreational, and
environmental importance to Alexander County.
Woodland managers in the county are faced with the
challenge of producing greater yields from smaller
areas. Meeting this challenge requires intensive
management and silvicultural practices. Many modern
silvicultural techniques resemble those long practiced in
agriculture. They include establishing, weeding, and
thinning a desirable young stand; propagating the more
productive species and genetic varieties; providing short
rotations and complete fiber utilization; controlling
insects, diseases, and weeds; and improving tree
growth by applications of fertilizer and the installation of
a drainage system. Even though timber crops require
decades to grow, the goal of intensive management is
similar to the goal of intensive agriculture. This goal is
to produce the greatest yield of the most valuable crop
as quickly as possible.
Commercial forests cover 100,729 acres, or about 60
percent of the land area of Alexander County. The three

Alexander County, North Carolina. 53
Figure 8.—A stand of loblolly pine in an area of Bethlehem gravelly sandy loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes.
predominant forest types identified in the county
are (19):
Loblolly-shortleaf pine. This forest type covers 37,077
acres. It is made up of more than 50 percent shortleaf
pine, Virginia pine, or other southern yellow pines.
Loblolly pine is not native to the county but has been
planted in many places (fig. 8). The common associated
species are red oak, white oak, gum, hickory, and
yellow -poplar.
Oak -pine. This forest type covers 18,035 acres. It is
more than 50 percent hardwoods, usually oaks, and
more than 25 percent pines. The common associated
species include yellow -poplar, gum, and hickory.
Oak -hickory. This forest type covers 45,617 acres. It
is more than 50 percent upland oaks or hickory. The
common associated species include red maple and
yellow -poplar.
If left undisturbed, the oak -pine forest type develops
into a forest of predominantly oak and other upland
hardwoods. The understory in both the loblolly-shortleaf
pine and oak -pine forest types generally consists of
hardwood seedlings and saplings, which are more
tolerant of shade than pine seedlings and saplings. In
shaded understory, hardwoods compete so vigorously
for light and moisture that few pine seedlings are able
to survive.

54
Commercial forest is land that is producing or is
capable of producing crops of industrial wood and that
has not been withdrawn from timber production. Eastern
white pine and loblolly pine are the most important
timber species in the county because they grow fast,
are adapted to the soil and climate, bring the highest
average sale value per acre, and are easy to establish
and manage.
One of the first steps in planning intensive_ woodland
management is to determine the potential productivity of
the soil for several alternative tree species. The most
productive and valued trees are then selected for each
soil type. Site and yield information enables a forest
manager to estimate future wood supplies. These
estimates are the basis of realistic decisions concerning
expenses and profits associated with intensive
woodland management, land acquisition, or industrial
investments.
The potential productivity of woodland depends on
physiography, soil properties, climate, and the effects of
past management. Specific soil properties and site
characteristics, including soil depth, texture, structure,
and depth to the water table, affect forest productivity
primarily by influencing available water capacity,
aeration, and root development. The net effects of the
interaction of these soil properties and site
characteristics determine the potential site productivity.
Other site factors are also important. The gradient
and length of slopes affect water movement and
availability. In mountainous areas, elevation and aspect
affect the amount of sunlight a site receives and the
rate of evaporation. Sites on south -facing slopes are
warmer and drier than those on north -facing slopes.
The best sites are generally on north- and east -facing
slopes in the lower areas, in sheltered coves, and in
gently sloping concave areas. The amount of rainfall
and length of the growing season influence site
productivity.
Thinning is an important management tool. The best
trees are given room to grow. Diseased, poorly formed,
and slow growing trees can be harvested. Thinning is
occasionally done on pine plantations. Very little
thinning of hardwoods is now done in the county, but
this may change as markets for firewood develop.
Harvesting for firewood may actually reduce the costs
of reforestation on cutover sites.
Controlling erosion is important during and after
logging activities. Cutting trees does not cause erosion,
but erosion occurs on access roads, skid trails, loading
areas, and in other areas where the surface litter has
been removed. Filter strips or vegetated areas between
the logged areas and streams help to filter soil lost from
the site. Crossing streams with roads and skid paths
should be avoided, but where it is necessary, culverts
Soil Survey
or log bridges should be installed. Roads and trails
should be laid out on the contour, and water bars,
culverts, broad based dips, and outsloping of roads
should be used. Road grades should be kept below 10
percent slope. All exposed soil areas should be
fertilized and seeded to help control erosion.
Logging operations should be limited to dry periods
to reduce the risk of compaction and damage to tree
roots.
Controlling plant competition is important. Site
preparation, prescribed burning, spraying, cutting, or
girdling help to control competing vegetation.
This soil survey can be used by woodland managers
planning ways to increase the productivity of forest
land. Some soils respond better to applications of
fertilizer than others, and some soils are more
susceptible to landslides and erosion after roads are
built and timber is harvested. Some soils require special
reforestation efforts. In the section "Detailed Soil Map
Units," the description of each map unit in the county
that is suitable for timber includes information about
productivity, limitations in harvesting timber, and
management concerns in producing timber. The
common forest understory plants also are listed. Table
6 summarizes this forestry information and rates the
soils for a number of factors to be considered in
management. Slight, moderate, and severe are used to
indicate the degree of the major soil limitations to be
considered in forest management.
Table 6 lists the ordination symbol for each soil. The
first part of the ordination symbol, a number, indicates
the potential productivity of a soil for the indicator
species in cubic meters per hectare. The larger the
number, the greater the potential productivity. Potential
productivity is based on the site index and the point
where mean annual increment is the greatest.
The second part of the ordination symbol, a letter,
indicates the major kind of soil limitation affecting use
and management. The letter R indicates a soil that has
a significant limitation because of the slope. The letter X
indicates that a soil has restrictions because of stones
or rocks on the surface. The letter IN indicates a soil in
which excessive water, either seasonal or year-round,
causes a significant limitation. The letter T indicates a
soil that has, within the root zone, excessive alkalinity
or acidity, sodium salts, or other toxic substances that
limit the development of desirable trees. The letter D
indicates a soil that has a limitation because of a
restricted rooting depth, such as a shallow soil that is
underlain by hard bedrock, a hardpan, or other layers
that restrict roots. The letter C indicates a soil that has
a limitation because of the kind or amount of clay in the
upper part of the profile. The letter S indicates a dry,
sandy soil. The letter F indicates a soil that has a large

Alexander County, North Carolina
amount of coarse fragments. The letter A indicates a
soil having no significant limitations that affect forest
use and management. If a soil has more than one
limitation, the priority is as follows: R, X, W, T, D, C, S,
and F.
Ratings of the erosion hazard indicate the probability
that damage may occur if site preparation or harvesting
activities expose the soil. The risk is slight if no
particular preventive measures are needed under
ordinary conditions; moderate if erosion -control
measures are needed for particular silvicultural
activities; and severe if special precautions are needed
to control erosion for most silvicultural activities. Ratings
of moderate or severe indicate the need for construction
of higher standard roads, additional maintenance of
roads, additional care in planning harvesting and
reforestation activities, or the use of special equipment.
Ratings of equipment limitation indicate limits on the
use of forest management equipment, year-round or
seasonal, because of such soil characteristics as slope,
wetness, stoniness, and susceptibility of the surface
layer to compaction. As slope gradient and length
increase, the use of wheeled equipment becomes more
difficult. On the steeper slopes, tracked equipment is
needed. On the steepest slopes, even tracked
equipment cannot be operated and more sophisticated
systems are needed. The rating is slight if equipment
use is restricted by wetness for less than 2 months and
if special equipment is not needed. The rating is
moderate if slopes are so steep that wheeled equipment
cannot be operated safely across the slope, if wetness
restricts equipment use from 2 to 6 months per year, if
stoniness restricts the use of ground -based equipment,
or if special equipment is needed to prevent or minimize
compaction. The rating is severe if slopes are so steep
that tracked equipment cannot be operated safely
across the slope, if wetness restricts equipment use for
more than 6 months per year, if stoniness restricts the
use of ground -based equipment, or if special equipment
is needed to prevent or minimize compaction. Ratings
of moderate or severe indicate a need to choose the
best suited equipment and to carefully plan the timing of
harvesting and other management activities.
Ratings of seedling mortality refer to the probability of
the death of the naturally occurring or properly planted
seedlings of good stock in periods of normal rainfall, as
influenced by kinds of soil or topographic features.
Seedling mortality is caused primarily by too much
water or too little water. The factors used in rating a soil
for seedling mortality are texture of the surface layer,
depth to a seasonal high water table and the length of
the period when the water table is high, rock fragments
in the surface layer, rooting depth, and the aspect of
the slope. The mortality rate generally is highest on
55
soils that have a sandy or clayey surface layer. The risk
is slight if, after site preparation, expected mortality is
less than 25 percent; moderate if expected mortality is
between 25 and 50 percent; and severe if expected
mortality exceeds 50 percent. Ratings of moderate or
severe indicate that it may be necessary to use
containerized or larger than usual planting stock or to
make special site preparations. Reinforcement planting
is often needed if the risk is moderate or severe.
Ratings of windthrow hazard indicate the likelihood
that trees will be uprooted by the wind. A restricted
rooting depth is the main reason for windthrow. The
rooting depth can be restricted by a high water table, by
bedrock, or by a combination of such factors as soil
wetness, texture, structure, and depth. The risk is slight
if strong winds break trees but do not uproot them;
moderate if strong winds blow a few trees over and
break many trees; and severe if moderate or strong
winds commonly blow trees over. Ratings of moderate
or severe indicate that care is needed in thinning or that
the stand should not be thinned at all. Special
equipment may be needed to prevent damage to
shallow root systems in partial cutting operations. A
plan for the periodic removal of windthrown trees and
the maintenance of a road and trail system may be
needed.
The potential productivity of common trees on a soil is
expressed as a site index and a volume number.
Common trees are listed in the order of their observed
general occurrence. The table lists four to six trees for
each applicable map unit. Additional species that
commonly occur on the soils may be listed in the
detailed soil map unit descriptions. Generally, only two
or three tree species dominate. The first tree listed for
each soil is the indicator species for that soil. An
indicator species is a tree that is common in the area
and that is generally the most productive on a given
soil. Site index values shown in table 6 are based on
measurements at selected sites in Alexander County or
other counties and the use of published site index
curves (5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 15). Common trees are
those that woodland managers generally favor in
intermediate or improvement cuttings. They are
selected on the basis of growth rate, quality, value, and
marketability.
For soils that are commonly used for timber
production, the yield is predicted in cubic feet per acre
per year. It is predicted at the point where mean annual
increment culminates. The productivity of the soils in
this survey is based mainly on chestnut oak, yellow -
poplar, and shortleaf pine (5, 9, 15).
The site index is determined by taking height.
measurements and determining the age of .selected
trees within stands of a given species. This index is the

56
average height, in feet, that the trees attain in a
specified number of years (50 years in this survey).
This index applies to fully stocked, even -aged,
unmanaged stands. Productivity of a site can be
improved through management practices, such as
bedding, ditching, managing water, applying fertilizer,
and planting genetically improved species.
The volume is the yield likely to be produced by the
most important trees, expressed in cubic feet per acre
per year.
Trees to plant are those that are used for
reforestation or, under suitable conditions, natural
regeneration. They are moderately suited to the soils
and can produce a commercial wood crop. The desired
product, topographic position (such as a low, wet area),
and personal preference are three factors among many
that can influence the choice of trees for use in
reforestation. If hardwoods are desired on a forest site,
acceptable species should naturally reproduce from
seeds and sprouts. Special site preparation techniques
may be required.
Recreation
William R. Glad, recreation director, Alexander County Recreation
Department, helped prepare this section.
Alexander County offers a variety of recreational
opportunities. Town Park, in the town of Taylorsville,
offers facilities that include a lighted ball field, an
outdoor basketball court, and a playground. Privately
owned swimming pools and a semi -private 18 hole golf
course also are in the county.
The county also offers a variety of facilities for water -
related recreational activities. Lake Hickory (fig. 9) and
Lookout Shoals Lake on the southern border of the
county offer opportunities for fishing, swimming, and
boating. Many local landowners allow local citizens to
hunt on their land and fish in their farm ponds. A power
company and the North Carolina Wildlife Resources
Commission also maintain public access areas for
canoeing, boating, fishing, hunting, or scenic floating
along the Catawba River.
Several privately owned campgrounds in the county
have facilities that include camping, picnicking, hiking,
fishing, swimming, and playgrounds. Rocky Face
Mountain offers opportunities for rock climbing, hiking,
rappelling, or studying nature.
As public and private recreational facilities continue
to be developed, knowledge of the soils and soil
properties is needed in planning and developing new
facilities and in maintaining existing facilities.
In table 7, the soils of the survey area are rated
according to the limitations that affect their suitability for
Soil Survey
recreation. The ratings are based on restrictive soil
features, such as wetness, slope, and texture of the
surface layer. Susceptibility.to flooding is considered.
Not considered in the ratings, but important in
evaluating a site, are the location and accessibility of
the area, the size and shape of the area and its scenic
quality, vegetation, access to water, potential water
impoundment sites, and access to public sewer lines.
The capacity of the soil to absorb septic tank effluent
and the ability of the soil to support vegetation also are
important. Soils subject to flooding are limited for
recreational uses by the duration and intensity of
flooding and the season when flooding occurs. In
planning recreational facilities, onsite assessment of the
height, duration, intensity, and frequency of flooding is
essential.
In table 7, the degree of soil limitation is expressed
as slight, moderate, or severe. Slight means that soil
properties are generally favorable and that limitations
are minor and easily overcome. Moderate means that
limitations can be overcome or alleviated by planning,
design, or special maintenance. Severe means that soil
properties are unfavorable and that limitations can be
offset only by costly soil reclamation, special design,
intensive maintenance, limited use, or by a combination
of these measures.
The information in table 7 can be supplemented by
other information in this survey, for example,
interpretations for septic tank absorption fields in table
10 and interpretations for dwellings without basements
and for local roads and streets in table 9.
Camp areas require site preparation, such as shaping
and leveling the tent and parking areas, stabilizing
roads and intensively used areas, and installing sanitary
facilities and utility lines. Camp areas are subject to
heavy foot traffic and some vehicular traffic. The best
soils have gentle slopes and are not wet or subject to
flooding during the period of use. The surface has few
or no stones or boulders, absorbs rainfall readily but
remains firm, and is not dusty when dry. Strong slopes
and stones or boulders can greatly increase the cost of
constructing campsites.
Picnic areas are subject to heavy foot traffic. Most
vehicular traffic is confined to access roads and parking
areas. The best soils for picnic areas are firm when wet,
are not dusty when dry, are not subject to flooding
during the period of use, and do not have slopes,
stones, or boulders that increase the cost of shaping
sites or of building access roads and parking areas.
Playgrounds require soils that can withstand intensive
foot traffic. The best soils are almost level and are not
wet or subject to flooding during the season of use. The
surface is free of stones and boulders, is firm after

Alexander County, North Carolina 57
Figure 9.—Recreational facilities on Lake Hickory, along the southern boundary of Alexander County.
rains, and is not dusty when dry. If grading is needed,
the depth of the soil over bedrock should be
considered.
Paths and trails for hiking and horseback riding
should require little or no cutting and filling. The best
soils are not wet, are firm after rains, are not dusty
when dry, and are not subject to flooding more than
once a year during the period of use. They have
moderate slopes and few or no stones or boulders on
the surface.
Golf fairways are, subject to heavy foot traffic and
some light vehicular traffic. Cutting or filling may be
_required. The best soils for use as golf fairways are firm
when wet, are not dusty when dry, and are not subject
to prolonged flooding during the period of use. They
have moderate slopes and no stones or boulders on the
surface. The suitability of the soil for tees or greens is
not considered in rating the soils.
Wildlife Habitat
Donald A. Hayes, wildlife biologist, North Carolina Wildlife
Resources Commission, helped prepare this section.
The habitat of Alexander County is capable of
supporting many species of wildlife. The most common
big game species throughout most of the county is the
white-tailed deer. In recent years, a tremendous
increase in the deer herd has been noted in the county.
Black bear are occasionally observed, but no
substantial populations exist. The continued loss of
wilderness habitat prevents any noticeable increase in
the number of this species.

58
Another big game species in the county is the wild
turkey. In the past, such activities as market hunting,
poaching, and timber cutting have eliminated the wild
turkey from Alexander County and many other counties
in northwestern North Carolina. Efforts to restore the
wild turkey have been successful, however, in many
areas in other counties. According to evaluations of the
county, about 58 square miles of potential habitat for
wild turkey remains, mostly in the Brushy Mountain area
bordering Wilkes and Caldwell Counties. Restocking the
wild turkey in this area is currently a top priority of the
North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission.
Small game and nongame species in the county
include bobwhite quail, cottontail rabbit, mourning dove,
gray squirrel, red squirrel, gray fox, red fox, raccoon,
groundhog, ruffed grouse, bobcat, opossum, chipmunk,
skunk, and.numerous nongame birds and mammals.
Furbearers, such as mink, muskrat, and beaver, are
throughout the county. Trends in population levels vary
by species. The populations of two of the most popular
small game species, bobwhite quail and cottontail
rabbit, fluctuate but have declined very noticeably for
several years. The numbers of squirrels and dove have
remained relatively stable. The population of beavers
has expanded into new areas, creating valuable habitat
for fish, waterfowl, and other species. The number of
beavers must be limited, however, since this species is
considered a nuisance by some landowners.
Woodland management is important to many cavity
nesting species, including raccoons, squirrels, owls, and
woodpeckers. Also, most wildlife species depend on
mast (hickory nuts, acorns, grapes, berries, fruits, etc.)
as part of their diet. Some management practices that
can be applied include leaving a buffer zone of
unharvested timber along a stream, keeping clearcuts
small, leaving one or two den trees per acre uncut, and
maintaining some old growth timber for mast
production. Prescribed burning under the guidance of
the North Carolina Forest Service can, also improve
habitat conditions for small game. This practice is
limited primarily to loblolly pine plantations.
The potential for waterfowl management is very
limited. Some migratory birds use the lakes, streams,
and ponds. Proper construction, placement, and
maintenance of nest boxes greatly enhance conditions
for wood ducks, the only duck that normally nests in this
area. Protection of wetlands is critical for waterfowl,
furbearers, reptiles and amphibians, and many other
species.
Soils affect the kind and amount of vegetation that is
available to wildlife as food and cover. They also affect
the construction of water impoundments. The kind and
abundance of wildlife depend largely on the amount and
distribution of food, cover, and water. Wildlife habitat
Soil Survey
can be created or improved by planting appropriate
vegetation, by maintaining the existing plant cover, or
by promoting the natural establishment of desirable
plants.
In table 8, the soils in the survey area are rated
according to their potential for providing habitat for
various kinds of wildlife. This information can be used in
planning parks, wildlife refuges, nature study areas, and
other developments for wildlife; in selecting soils that
are suitable for establishing, improving, or maintaining
specific elements of wildlife habitat; and in determining
the intensity of management needed for each element
of the habitat. The ratings in table 8 are intended to be
used as a guide and are not site specific. Onsite
investigation is needed for individual management
plans.
The potential of the soil is rated good, fair, poor, or
very poor. A rating of good indicates that the element or
kind of habitat is easily established, improved, or
maintained. Few or no limitations affect management,
and satisfactory results can be expected. A rating of fair
indicates that the element or kind of habitat can be
established, improved, or maintained in most places.
Moderately intensive management is required for
satisfactory results. A rating of poor indicates that
limitations are severe for the designated element or
kind of habitat. Habitat can be created, improved, or
maintained in most places, but management is difficult
and must be intensive. A rating of very poor indicates
that restrictions for the element or kind of habitat are
very severe and that unsatisfactory results can be
expected. Creating, improving, or maintaining habitat is
impractical or impossible.
The elements of wildlife habitat are described in the
following paragraphs.
Grain and seed crops are domestic grains and seed -
producing herbaceous plants. Soil properties and
features that affect the growth of grain and seed crops
are depth of the root zone, texture of the surface layer,
available water capacity, wetness, slope, surface
stoniness, and flooding. Soil temperature and soil
moisture also are considerations. Examples of grain
and seed crops are corn, wheat, oats, and barley.
Grasses and legumes are domestic perennial grasses
and herbaceous legumes. Soil properties and features
that affect the growth of grasses and legumes are depth
of the root zone, texture of the surface layer, available
water capacity, wetness, surface stoniness, flooding,
and slope. Soil temperature and soil moisture also are
considerations. Examples of grasses and legumes are
fescue, lovegrass, orchardgrass, clover, and alfalfa.
Wild herbaceous plants are native or naturally
established grasses and forbs, including weeds. Soil
properties and features that affect the growth of these

Alexander County, North Carolina
plants are depth of the root zone, texture of the surface
layer, available water capacity, wetness, surface
stoniness, and flooding. Soil temperature and soil
moisture also are considerations. Examples of wild
herbaceous plants are bluestem, goldenrod,
beggarweed, and pokeberry.
Hardwood trees and woody understory produce nuts
or other fruit, buds, catkins, twigs, bark, and foliage.
Soil properties and features that affect the growth of
hardwoods and shrubs are depth of the root zone,
available water capacity, and wetness. Examples of
these plants are oak, poplar, cherry, sweetgum, apple,
hawthorn, dogwood, hickory, blackberry, and blueberry.
Examples of fruit -producing shrubs that are suitable for
planting on soils rated good are autumn -olive and
crabapple.
Coniferous plants furnish browse and seeds. Soil
properties and features that affect the growth of
coniferous trees, shrubs, and ground cover are depth of
the root zone, available water capacity, and wetness.
Examples of coniferous plants are pine, eastern white
pine, assorted yellow pines, eastern redcedar, and
hemlock.
Wetland plants are annual and perennial wild
herbaceous plants that grow on moist or wet sites.
Submerged or floating aquatic plants are excluded. Soil
properties and features affecting wetland plants are
texture of the surface layer, wetness, reaction, slope,
and surface stoniness. Examples of wetland plants are
smartweed, cattail, rushes, and sedges.
Shallow water areas have an average depth of less
than 5 feet. Some are naturally wet areas. Others are
created by dams, levees, or other water -control
structures. Soil properties and features affecting shallow
water areas are depth to bedrock, wetness, surface
stoniness, slope, and permeability. Examples of shallow
water areas are marshes, waterfowl feeding areas, and
ponds.
The habitat for various kinds of wildlife is described
in the following paragraphs.
Habitat for openland wildlife consists of cropland,
pasture, and areas that are overgrown with grasses,
herbs, shrubs, and vines. These areas produce grain
and seed crops, grasses and legumes, and wild
herbaceous plants. Wildlife attracted to these areas
include bobwhite quail, meadowlark, field sparrow,
cottontail rabbit, and red fox.
Habitat for woodland wildlife consists of areas of
deciduous plants or coniferous plants or both and
associated grasses, legumes, and wild herbaceous
plants. Wildlife attracted to these areas include wild
turkey, ruffed grouse, woodcock, thrushes,
woodpeckers, squirrels, gray fox, raccoon, white-tailed
deer, and black bear.
59
Habitat for wetland wildlife consists of open, marshy
or swampy shallow water areas. Some of the wildlife
attracted to such areas are ducks, geese, herons, shore
birds, muskrat, mink, and beaver.
Engineering
This section provides information for planning land
uses related to urban development and to water
management. Soils are rated for various uses, and the
most limiting features are identified. Ratings are given
for building site development, sanitary facilities,
construction materials, and water management. The
ratings are based on observed performance of the soils
and on the estimated data and test data in the "Soil
Properties" section.
Information in this section is intended for land use
planning, for evaluating land use alternatives, and for
planning site investigations prior to design and
construction. The information, however, has limitations.
For example, estimates and other data generally apply
only to that part of the soil within a depth of 5 or 6 feet.
Because of the map scale, small areas of different soils
may be included within the mapped areas of a specific
soil.
The information is not site specific and does not
eliminate the need for onsite investigation of the soils or
for testing and analysis by personnel experienced in the
design and construction of engineering works.
Government ordinances and regulations that restrict
certain land uses or impose specific design criteria were
not considered in preparing the information in this
section. Local ordinances and regulations should be
considered in planning, in site selection, and in design.
Soil properties, site features, and observed
performance. were considered in determining the ratings
in this section. During the fieldwork for this soil survey,
determinations were made about grain -size distribution,
liquid limit, plasticity index, soil reaction, depth to
bedrock, hardness of bedrock within 5 or 6 feet of the
surface, soil wetness, depth to a seasonal high water
table, slope, likelihood of flooding, natural soil structure
aggregation, and soil density. Data were collected about
kinds of clay minerals, mineralogy of the sand and silt
fractions, and the kind of adsorbed cations. Estimates
were made for erodibility, permeability, corrosivity, the
shrink -swell potential, available water capacity, and
other behavioral characteristics affecting engineering
uses.
This information can be used to evaluate the
potential of areas for residential, commercial, industrial,
and recreational uses; make preliminary estimates of
construction conditions; evaluate alternative routes for
roads, streets, highways, pipelines, and underground

M
cables; evaluate alternative sites for sanitary landfills,
septic tank absorption fields, and sewage lagoons; plan
detailed onsite investigations of soils and geology;
locate potential sources of gravel, sand, earthfill, and
topsoil; plan drainage systems, irrigation systems,
ponds, terraces, and other structures for soil and water
conservation; and predict performance of proposed
small structures and pavements by comparing the
performance of existing similar structures on the same
or similar soils.
The information in the tables, along with the soil
maps, the soil descriptions, and other data provided in
this survey, can be used to make additional
interpretations.
Some of the terms used in this soil survey have a
special meaning in soil science and are defined in the
"Glossary."
Building Site Development
Table 9 shows the degree and kind of soil limitations
that affect shallow excavations, dwellings with and
without basements, small commercial buildings, local
roads and streets, and lawns and landscaping. The
limitations are considered slight if soil properties and
site features are generally favorable for the indicated
use and limitations are minor and easily overcome;
moderate if soil properties or site features are not
favorable for the indicated use and special planning,
design, or maintenance is needed to overcome or
minimize the limitations; and severe if soil properties or
site features are so unfavorable or so difficult to
overcome that special design, significant increases in
construction costs, and possibly increased maintenance
are required. Special feasibility studies may be required
where the soil limitations are severe.
Shallow excavations are trenches or holes dug to a
maximum depth of 5 or 6 feet for basements, graves,
utility lines, open ditches, and other purposes. The
ratings are based on soil properties, site features, and
observed performance of the soils. The ease of digging,
filling, and compacting is affected by the depth to
bedrock, stone content, soil texture, and slope. The
time of the year that excavations can be made is
affected by the depth to a seasonal high water table
and the susceptibility of the soil to flooding. The
resistance of the excavation walls or banks to sloughing
or caving is affected by soil texture and depth to the
water table.
Dwellings and small commercial buildings are
structures built on shallow foundations on undisturbed
soil. The load limit is the same as that for single-family
dwellings no higher than three stories. Ratings are
made for small commercial buildings without
basements, for dwellings with basements, and for
Soil Survey
dwellings without basements. The ratings are based on
soil properties, site features, and observed performance
of the soils. A high water table, flooding, and shrinking
and swelling can cause the movement of footings. The
depth to a high water table, depth to bedrock, large
stones, and flooding affect the ease of excavation and
construction. Landscaping and grading that require cuts
and fills of more than 5 or 6 feet are not considered.
Local roads and streets have an all-weather surface
and carry automobile and light truck traffic all year.
They have a subgrade of cut or fill soil material; a base
of gravel, crushed rock, or stabilized soil material; and a
flexible or rigid surface. Cuts and fills are generally
limited to less than 6 feet. The ratings are based on soil
properties, site features, and observed performance of
the soils. Depth to bedrock, depth to a high water table,
flooding, large stones, and slope affect the ease of
excavating and grading. Soil strength (as inferred from
the engineering classification of the soil), the shrink -
swell potential, and depth to a high water table affect
the traffic -supporting capacity.
Lawns and landscaping require soils on which turf
and ornamental trees and shrubs can be established
and maintained. The ratings are based on soil
properties, site features, and observed performance of
the soils. Soil reaction, depth to a high water table,
depth to bedrock, and the available water capacity in
the upper 40 inches affect plant growth. Flooding,
wetness, slope, stoniness, and the amount of sand,
clay, or organic matter in the surface layer affect
trafficability after vegetation is established. Soil tests
are essential to determine the need for lime and
fertilizer. Help in making soil tests or in deciding what
soil additive, if any, should be used can be obtained
from the office of the Alexander Soil and Water
Conservation District or the local office of the North
Carolina Cooperative Extension Service.
Sanitary Facilities
Table 10 shows the degree and the kind of soil
limitations that affect septic tank absorption fields,
sewage lagoons, and sanitary landfills. The limitations
are considered slight if soil properties and site features
are generally favorable for the indicated use and
limitations are minor and easily overcome; moderate if
soil properties or site features are not favorable for the
indicated use and special planning, design, or
maintenance is needed to overcome or minimize the
limitations; and severe if soil properties or site features
are so unfavorable or so difficult to overcome that
special design, significant increases in construction
costs, and possibly increased maintenance are
required.
Table 10 also shows the suitability of the soils for

Alexander County, North Carolina
use as daily cover for landfill. A rating of good indicates
that soil properties and site features are favorable for
the use and that good performance and low
maintenance can be expected; fair indicates that soil
properties and site features are moderately favorable
for the use and one or more soil properties or site
features make the soil less desirable than the soils
rated good; and poor indicates that one or more soil
properties or site features are unfavorable for the use
and overcoming the unfavorable properties requires
special design, extra maintenance, or costly alteration.
Septic tank absorption fields are areas in which
effluent from a septic tank is distributed into the soil
through subsurface tiles or perforated pipe. Only that
part of the soil between depths of 24 and 72 inches is
evaluated. The ratings are based on soil properties, site
features, and observed performance of the soils.
Permeability, depth to a high water table, depth to
bedrock, and flooding affect absorption of the effluent.
Large stones and bedrock interfere with installation.
Unsatisfactory performance of septic tank absorption
fields, including excessively slow absorption of effluent,
surfacing of effluent, and hillside seepage, can affect
public health. Ground water can be polluted if highly
permeable sand and gravel or fractured bedrock is less
than 4 feet below the base of the absorption field, if
slope is excessive, or if the water table is near the
surface. There must be unsaturated soil material
beneath the absorption field to filter the effluent
effectively. Many local ordinances require that this
material be of a certain thickness. The Alexander
County Health Department should be contacted for
detailed information and guidance.
Sewage lagoons are shallow ponds constructed to
hold sewage while aerobic bacteria decompose the
solid and liquid wastes. Lagoons should have a nearly
level floor surrounded by cut slopes or embankments of
compacted soil. Aerobic lagoons generally are designed
to hold the sewage within a depth of 2 to 5 feet. Nearly
impervious soil material for the lagoon floor and sides is
required to minimize seepage and contamination of
ground water. The animal waste lagoons commonly
used in farming operations are not considered in the
ratings. They are generally deeper than the lagoons
referred to in the table and rely on anaerobic bacteria to
decompose waste materials.
Table 10 gives ratings for the natural soil that makes
up the lagoon floor. The ratings in this table may not
necessarily reflect the soil suitability for lagoons deeper
than 5 feet (anaerobic type). The surface layer and,
generally, 1 or 2 feet of soil material below the surface
layer are excavated to provide material for the
embankments. The ratings are based on soil properties,
site features, and observed performance of the soils.
1:4
Considered in the ratings are slope, permeability, depth
to a high water table, depth to bedrock, flooding, large
stones, and content of organic matter.
Excessive seepage resulting from rapid permeability
in the soil or a water table that is high enough to raise
the level of sewage in the lagoon causes a lagoon to
function unsatisfactorily. Pollution results if seepage is
excessive or if floodwater overtops the lagoon. A high
content of organic matter is detrimental to proper
functioning of the lagoon because it inhibits aerobic
activity. Slope or bedrock can cause construction
problems, and large stones can hinder compaction of
the lagoon floor.
Sanitary landfills are areas where solid waste is
disposed of by burying it in soil. There are two types of
landfill —trench and area. In a trench landfill, the waste
is placed in a trench. It is spread, compacted, and
covered daily with a thin layer of soil excavated at the
site. In an area landfill, the waste is placed in
successive layers on the surface of the soil. The waste
is spread, compacted, and covered daily with a thin
layer of soil from a source away from the site.
Both types of landfill must be able to bear heavy
vehicular traffic. Both types involve a risk of ground-
water pollution. Ease of excavation and revegetation
should be considered.
The ratings in table 10 are based on soil properties,
site features, and observed performance of the soils.
Permeability, depth to bedrock, depth to a high water
table, slope, and flooding affect both types of landfill.
Texture, stones and boulders, and soil reaction affect
trench landfills. Unless otherwise stated, the ratings
apply only to that part of the soil within a depth of about
6 feet. For deeper trenches, a limitation rated slight or
moderate may not be valid. Onsite investigation is
needed.
Daily cover for landfill is the soil material that is used
to cover compacted solid waste in an area sanitary
landfill. The soil material is obtained offsite, transported
to the landfill, and spread over the waste.
Soil texture, wetness, coarse fragments, and slope
affect the ease of removing and spreading the material
during wet and dry periods. Loamy or silty soils that are
free of large stones or excess gravel are the best cover
for a landfill. Clayey soils are sticky or cloddy and are
difficult to spread; sandy soils are subject to soil
blowing.
After soil material has been removed, the soil
material remaining in the borrow area must be thick
enough over bedrock or the water table to permit
revegetation. The soil material used as final cover for a
landfill should be suitable for plants. The surface layer
generally has the best workability, more organic matter,

M.
and the best potential for plants. Material from the
surface layer should be stockpiled for use as the final
cover.
Construction Materials
Table 11 gives information about the soils as a
source of roadfill, sand, gravel, and topsoil. The soils
are rated good, fair, or poor as a source of roadfill and
topsoil. They are rated as a probable or improbable
source of sand and gravel. The ratings are based on
soil properties and site features that affect the removal
of the soil and its use as construction material. Normal
compaction, minor processing, and other standard
construction practices are assumed. Each soil is
evaluated to a depth of 5 or 6 feet.
Roadfill is soil material that is excavated in one place
and used in road embankments in another place. In this
table, the soils are rated as a source of roadfill for low
embankments, generally less than 6 feet high and less
exacting in design than higher embankments.
The ratings are for the soil material below the surface
layer to a depth of 5 or 6 feet. It is assumed that soil
layers will be mixed during excavating and spreading.
Many soils have. layers of contrasting suitability within
their profile. The table showing engineering index
properties provides detailed information about each soil
layer. This information can help to determine the
suitability of each layer for use as roadfill. The
performance of soil after it is stabilized with lime or
cement is not considered in the ratings.
The ratings are based on soil properties, site
features, and observed performance of the soils. The
thickness of suitable material is a major consideration.
The ease of excavation is affected by large stones,
depth to a high water table, and slope. How well the soil
performs in place after it has been compacted and
drained is determined by its strength (as inferred from
the engineering classification of the soil) and the shrink -
swell potential.
Soils rated good contain significant amounts of sand
or gravel or both. They have at least 5 feet of suitable
material, low shrink -swell potential, few cobbles and
stones, and slopes of 15 percent or less. Depth to the
water table is more than 3 feet. Soils rated fair have
more than 35 percent silt- and clay -sized particles and
have a plasticity index of less than 10. They have a
moderate shrink -swell potential, slopes of 15 to 25
percent, or many stones. Depth to the water table is 1
to 3 feet. Soils rated poor have a plasticity index of
more than 10, a high shrink -swell potential, many
stones, or slopes of more than 25 percent. They are
wet and have a water table at a depth of less than 1
foot. These soils have layers of suitable material, but
the material is less than 3 feet thick.
Soil Survey
Sand and gravel are natural aggregates suitable for
commercial use with a minimum of processing. They
are used in many kinds of construction. Specifications
for each use vary widely. In table 11, only the
probability of finding material in suitable quantity is
evaluated. The suitability of the material for specific
purposes is not evaluated, nor are factors that affect
excavation of the material.
The properties used to evaluate the soil as a source
of sand or gravel are gradation of grain sizes (as
indicated by the engineering classification of the soil),
the thickness of suitable material, and the content of
rock fragments. Kinds of rock, acidity, and stratification
are given in the soil series descriptions. Gradation of
grain sizes is given in the table on engineering index
properties.
A soil rated as a probable source has a layer of
clean sand or gravel or a layer of sand or gravel that is
as much as 12 percent silty fines. This material must be
at least 3 feet thick and less than 50 percent, by weight,
large stones. All other soils are rated as an improbable
source. Coarse fragments of soft bedrock, such as
gneiss and schist, are not considered to be sand and
gravel.
Topsoil is used to cover an area so that vegetation
can be established and maintained. The upper 40
inches of a soil is evaluated for use as topsoil. Also
evaluated is the reclamation potential of the borrow
area.
Plant growth is affected by toxic material and by such
properties as soil reaction, available water capacity, and
fertility. The ease of excavating, loading, and spreading
is affected by rock fragments, slope, depth to a water
table, soil texture, and thickness of suitable material.
Reclamation of the borrow area is affected by slope,
depth to a water table, rock fragments, and depth to
bedrock.
Soils rated good have friable, loamy material to a
depth of at least 40 inches. They are free of stones and
cobbles, have little or no gravel, and have slopes of
less than 8 percent. They are naturally fertile or
respond well to fertilizer and are not so wet that
excavation is difficult.
Soils rated fair are sandy soils, loamy soils that have
a relatively high content of clay, soils that have only 20
to 40 inches of suitable material, soils that have an
appreciable amount of gravel or stones, or soils that
have slopes of 8 to 15 percent. The soils are not so wet
that excavation is difficult.
Soils rated poor are very sandy or clayey, have less
than 20 inches of suitable material, have a large
amount of gravel or stones, have slopes of more than
15 percent, or have a seasonal high water table at or
near the surface.

Alexander County, North Carolina
The surface layer of most soils is generally preferred
for topsoil because of its organic matter content.
Organic matter greatly increases the absorption and
retention of moisture and releases a variety of plant
nutrients as it decomposes.
Water Management
Table 12 gives information on the soil properties and
site features that affect water management. The degree
and kind of soil limitations are given for pond reservoir
areas and embankments, dikes, and levees. The
limitations are considered slight if soil properties and
site features are generally favorable for the indicated
use and limitations are minor and are easily overcome,
moderate if soil properties or site features are not
favorable for the indicated use and special planning,
design, or maintenance is needed to overcome or
minimize the limitations; and severe if soil properties or
site features are so unfavorable or so difficult to
overcome that special design, significant increase in
construction costs, and possibly increased maintenance
are required.
This table also gives the restrictive features that
affect each soil for drainage, irrigation, terraces and
diversions, and grassed waterways.
Pond reservoir areas hold water behind a dam or
embankment. Soils best suited to this use have low
seepage potential in the upper 60 inches. The seepage
potential is determined by the permeability in the soil
and the depth to fractured bedrock or other permeable
material. Excessive slope can affect the storage
capacity of the reservoir area. Ponds that are less than
about 2 acres in size are not shown on the soil maps
because of the scale of mapping.
Embankments, dikes, and levees are raised structures
of soil material, generally less than 20 feet high,
constructed to impound water or to protect land against
overflow. In this table, the soils are rated as a source of
material for embankment fill. The ratings apply to .the
soil material below the surface layer to a depth of about
5 feet. It is assumed that soil layers will be uniformly
mixed and compacted during construction.
63
The ratings do not indicate the ability of the natural
soil to support an embankment. Soil properties to a
depth greater than the height of the embankment can
affect performance and safety of the embankment.
Generally, deeper onsite investigation is needed to
determine these properties.
Soil material in embankments must be resistant to
seepage, piping, and erosion and have favorable
compaction characteristics. Unfavorable features
include less than 5 feet of suitable material and a high
content of stones or boulders or mica. The depth to a
high water table affects the amount of usable material.
It also affects trafficability.
Drainage is the removal of excess surface and
subsurface water from the soil. How easily and
effectively the soil is drained depends on the depth to
bedrock or to other layers that affect the rate of water
movement, permeability, depth to a high water table or
depth of standing water if the soil is subject to ponding,
slope, and susceptibility to flooding. Excavating and
grading and the stability of ditchbanks are affected by
depth to bedrock, large stones, slope, and the hazard of
cutbanks caving. The productivity of the soil after
drainage is adversely affected by acidity. Availability of
drainage outlets is not considered in the ratings.
Terraces and diversions are embankments or a
combination of channels and ridges constructed across
a slope to control erosion and conserve moisture by
intercepting runoff. Slope, wetness, large stones, and
depth to bedrock affect the construction of terraces and
diversions. Maintenance of terraces and diversions is
adversely affected by a restricted rooting depth, a
severe hazard of water erosion, an excessively coarse
texture, and restricted permeability.
Grassed waterways are natural or constructed
channels, generally broad and shallow, that conduct
surface water to outlets at a nonerosive velocity. Large
stones, wetness, slope, and depth to bedrock affect the
construction of grassed waterways. The low available
water capacity, restricted rooting depth, and restricted
permeability adversely affect the growth and
maintenance of the grass after construction.

Soil Properties
Data relating to soil properties are collected during
the course of the soil survey. The data and the
estimates of soil and water features, listed in tables, are
explained on the following pages.
Soil properties are determined by field examination of
the soils and by laboratory index testing of some
benchmark soils. Established standard procedures are
followed (18). During the survey, many shallow borings
are made and examined to identify and classify the soils
and to delineate them on the soil maps. Samples are
taken from some typical profiles and tested in the
laboratory to determine grain -size distribution, plasticity,
and compaction characteristics.
Estimates of soil properties are based on field
examinations, on laboratory tests of samples from the
survey area, and on laboratory tests of samples of
similar soils in nearby areas. Tests verify field
observations, verify properties that cannot be estimated
accurately by field observation, and help to characterize
key soils.
The estimates of soil properties shown in the tables
include the range of grain -size distribution and Atterberg
limits, the engineering classification, and the physical
and chemical properties of the major layers of each soil.
Pertinent soil and water features also are given.
Engineering Index Properties
Table 13 gives estimates of the engineering
classification and of the range of index properties for
the major layers of each soil in the survey area. Most
soils have layers of contrasting properties within the
upper 5 or 6 feet.
Depth to the upper and lower boundaries of each
layer is indicated. The range in depth and information
on other properties of each layer are given for each soil
series under the heading "Soil Series and Their
Morphology."
Texture is given in the standard terms used by the
U.S. Department of Agriculture. These terms are
defined according to percentages, by weight, of sand,
silt, and clay in the fraction of the soil that is less than 2
millimeters in diameter. "Loam," for example, is soil that
65
is 7 to 27 percent clay, 28 to 50 percent silt, and less
than 52 percent sand. If the content of particles coarser
than sand is as much as 15 percent, by volume, an
appropriate modifier is added, for example, "gravelly."
Textural terms are defined in the "Glossary."
Classification of the soils is determined according to
the Unified soil classification system (4) and the system
adopted by the American Association of State Highway
and Transportation Officials (3).
The Unified system classifies soils according to
properties that affect their use as construction material.
Soils are classified according to grain -size distribution
of the fraction less than 3 inches in diameter and
according to plasticity index, liquid limit, and organic
matter content. Sandy and gravelly soils are identified
as GW, GP, GM, GC, SW, SP, SM, and SC; silty and
clayey soils as ML, CL, MH, and CH. Soils exhibiting
engineering properties of two groups can have a dual
classification, for example, SP-SM.
The AASHTO system classifies soils according to
those properties that affect roadway construction and
maintenance. In this system, the fraction of a mineral
soil that is less than 3 inches in diameter is classified in
one of seven groups from A-1 through A-7 on the basis
of grain -size distribution, liquid limit, and plasticity index.
Soils in group A-1 are coarse grained and low in
content of fines (silt and clay). At the other extreme,
soils in group A-7 are fine grained. If laboratory data
are available, the A-1, A-2, and A-7 groups are further
classified as A-1-a, A-1-b, A-2-4, A-2-5, A-2-6, A-2-7,
A-7-5, or A-7-6.
Rock fragments larger than 3 inches in diameter are
indicated as a percentage of the total soil on a dry -
weight basis. The percentages are estimates
determined mainly by converting volume percentage in
the field to weight percentage.
Percentage (of soil particles) passing designated
sieves is the percentage of the soil fraction less than 3
inches in diameter based on an ovendry weight. The
sieves, numbers 4, 10, 40, and 200 (USA Standard
Series), have openings of 4.76, 2.00, 0.420, and 0.074
millimeters, respectively. Estimates are based on
laboratory tests of soils sampled in the survey area and

in nearby areas and on estimates made in the field.
Liquid limit and plasticity index (Atterberg limits)
indicate the plasticity characteristics of a soil. The
estimates are based on test data from the survey area
or from nearby areas and on field examination.
Physical and Chemical Properties
Table 14 shows estimates of some characteristics
and features that affect soil behavior. These estimates
are given for the major layers of each soil in the survey
area. The estimates are based on field observations
and on test data for these and similar soils.
Clay as a soil separate, or component, consists of
mineral soil particles that are less than 0.002 millimeter
in diameter. In this table, the estimated content of clay
in each major soil layer is given as a percentage, by
weight, of the soil material that is less than 2 millimeters
in diameter.
The amount and kind of clay greatly affect the fertility
and physical condition of the soil. They determine the
ability of the soil to adsorb cations and to retain
moisture. They influence the shrink -swell potential,
permeability, plasticity, the ease of soil dispersion, and
other soil properties. The amount and kind of clay in a
soil also affect tillage and earthmoving operations.
Moist bulk density is the weight of soil (ovendry) per
unit volume. Volume is measured when the soil is at
field moisture capacity, that is, the moisture content at
'/s-bar moisture tension. Weight is determined after
drying the soil at 105 degrees C. In this table, the
estimated moist bulk density of each major soil horizon
is expressed in grams per cubic centimeter of soil
material that is less than 2 millimeters in diameter. Bulk
density data are used to compute shrink -swell potential,
available water capacity, total pore space, and other
soil properties. The moist bulk density of a soil indicates
the pore space available for water and roots. A bulk
density of more than 1.6 can restrict water storage and
root penetration. Moist bulk density is influenced by
texture, kind of clay, content of organic matter, and soil
structure.
Permeability refers to the ability of a soil to transmit
water or air. The estimates indicate the rate of
movement of water through the soil when the soil is
saturated. They are based on soil characteristics
observed in the field, particularly structure, porosity, and
texture. Permeability is considered in the design of soil
drainage systems and septic tank absorption fields.
Available water capacity refers to the quantity of
water that the soil is capable of storing for use by
plants. The capacity for water storage in each major soil
layer is stated in inches of water per inch of soil. The
capacity varies, depending on soil properties that affect
Soil Survey
the retention of water and the depth of the root zone.
The most important properties are the content of
organic matter, soil texture, bulk density, and soil
structure. Available water capacity is an important factor
in the choice of plants or crops to be grown and in the
design and management of irrigation systems. Available
water capacity is not an estimate of the quantity of
water actually available to plants at any given time. It is
the difference between the amount of soil water at field
moisture capacity and the amount at wilting point.
Soil reaction is a measure of acidity or alkalinity and
is expressed as a range in pH values. The range in pH
of each major horizon is based on many field tests. For
many soils, values have been verified by laboratory
analyses. Soil reaction is important in selecting crops
and other plants, in evaluating soil amendments for
fertility and stabilization, and in determining the risk of
corrosion.
Shrink -swell potential is the potential for volume
change in a soil with a loss or gain in moisture. Volume
change occurs mainly because of the interaction of clay
minerals with water and varies with the amount and
type of clay minerals in the soil. The size of the load on
the soil and the magnitude of the change in soil
moisture content influence the amount of swelling of
soils in place. Laboratory measurements of swelling of
undisturbed clods were made for many soils. For
others, swelling was estimated on the basis of the kind
and amount of clay minerals in the soil and on
measurements of similar soils.
If the shrink -swell potential is rated moderate to very
high, shrinking and swelling can cause damage to
buildings, roads, and other structures. Special design is
often needed.
The shrink -swell potential classes are based on the
change in length of an unconfined clod as moisture
content is increased from air-dry to field capacity. The
classes are low, a change of less than 3 percent;
moderate, 3 to 6 percent; and high, more than 6
percent. Very high, more than 9 percent, is sometimes
used.
Erosion factor K indicates the susceptibility of a soil
to sheet and rill erosion by water. Factor K is one of six
factors used in the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE)
to predict the average annual rate of soil loss by sheet
and rill erosion. Losses are expressed in tons per acre
per year. These estimates are based primarily on
percentage of silt, sand, and organic matter (up to 4
percent) and on soil structure and permeability. Values
of K range from 0.02 to 0.69. The higher the value, the
more susceptible the soil is to sheet and rill erosion by
water.
Erosion factor T is an estimate of the maximum

Alexander County, North Carolina
average annual rate of soil erosion by water that can
occur over a sustained period without affecting crop
productivity. The rate is expressed in tons per acre per
year.
Organic matter is the plant and animal residue in the
soil at various stages of decomposition. In table 14, the
estimated content of organic matter is expressed as a
percentage, by weight, of the soil material that is less
than 2 millimeters in diameter.
The content of organic matter in a soil can be
maintained or increased by returning crop residue to the
soil. Organic matter affects the available water capacity,
infiltration rate, and tilth. It is a source of nitrogen and
other nutrients for crops.
Soil and Water Features
Table 15 gives estimates of various soil and water
features. The estimates are used in land use planning
that involves engineering considerations.
Hydrologic soil groups are used to estimate runoff
from precipitation. Soils are assigned to one of four
groups. They are grouped according to the infiltration of
water when the soils are thoroughly wet and receive
precipitation from long -duration storms.
The four hydrologic soil groups are:
Group A. Soils having a high infiltration rate (low
runoff potential) when thoroughly wet. These consist
mainly of deep or very deep, well drained to excessively
drained sands or gravelly sands. These soils have a
high rate of water transmission.
Group B. Soils having a moderate infiltration rate
when thoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of
moderately deep to very deep, moderately well drained
or well drained soils that have moderately fine texture to
moderately coarse texture. These soils have a
moderate rate of water transmission.
Group C. Soils having a slow infiltration rate when
thoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of soils having a
layer that impedes the downward movement of water or
soils of moderately fine texture or fine texture. These
soils have a slow rate of water transmission.
Group D. Soils having a very slow infiltration rate
(high runoff potential) when thoroughly wet. These
consist chiefly of clays that have a high shrink -swell
potential, soils that have a permanent high water table,
soils that have a claypan or clay layer at or near the
surface, and soils that are shallow over nearly
impervious material. These soils have a very slow rate
of water transmission.
Flooding, the temporary covering of the surface by
flowing water, is caused by overflowing streams or by
runoff from adjacent slopes. Shallow water standing or
flowing for short periods after rainfall is not considered
67
flooding. Standing water in swamps and marshes or in
a closed depression is considered ponding.
Table 15 gives the frequency and duration of flooding
and the time of year when flooding is most likely.
Frequency, duration, and probable dates of
occurrence are estimated. Frequency generally is
expressed as none, rare, occasional, or frequent. None
means that flooding is not probable. Rare means that
flooding is unlikely but possible under unusual weather
conditions (the chance of flooding is nearly 0 to 5
percent in any year). Occasional means that flooding
occurs infrequently under normal weather conditions.
(the chance of flooding is 5 to 50 percent in any year).
Frequent means that flooding occurs often under normal
weather conditions (the chance of flooding is more than
50 percent in any year). Duration is expressed as very
brief (less than 2 days), brief (2 to 7 days), long (7 days
to 1 month), and very long (more than 1 month). The
time of year that floods are most likely to occur is
expressed in months. About two-thirds to three -fourths
of all flooding occurs during the stated period.
The information on flooding is based on evidence in
the soil profile, namely thin strata of gravel, sand, silt, or
clay deposited by floodwater; irregular decrease in
organic matter content with increasing depth; and little
or no horizon development.
Also considered is local information about the extent
and levels of flooding and the relation of each soil on
the landscape to historic floods. Information on the
extent of flooding based on soil data is less specific
than that provided by detailed engineering surveys that
delineate flood -prone areas at specific flood frequency
levels.
High water table (seasonal) is the highest level of a
saturated zone in the soil in most years. The estimates
are based mainly on the evidence of a saturated zone,
namely grayish colors or mottles in the soil. Indicated in
table 15 are the depth to the seasonal high water table,
the kind of water table, and the months of the year that
the water table commonly is highest. A water table that
is seasonally high for less than 1 month is not indicated
in table 15. An apparent water table is a thick zone of
free water in the soil. It is indicated by the level at
which water stands in an uncased borehole after
adequate time is allowed for adjustment in the
surrounding soil.
Two numbers in the column showing depth to the
water table indicate the normal range in depth to a
saturated zone. Depth is given to the nearest half foot.
The first numeral in the range indicates the highest
water level. "More than 6.0" indicates that the water
table is below a depth of 6 feet.
Depth to bedrock is given if bedrock is within a depth
of 5 feet. The depth is based on many soil borings and

A-1
on observations during soil mapping. The rock is
specified as either soft or hard. If the rock is soft or
fractured, excavations can be made with trenching
machines, backhoes, or small rippers. If the rock is hard
or massive, blasting or special equipment generally is
needed for excavation.
Risk of corrosion pertains to potential soil -induced
electrochemical or chemical action that dissolves or
weakens uncoated steel or concrete. The rate of
corrosion of uncoated steel is related to such factors as
soil moisture, particle -size distribution, acidity, and
electrical conductivity of the soil. The rate of corrosion
of concrete is based mainly on the sulfate and sodium
content, texture, moisture content, and acidity of the
soil. Special site examination and design may be
needed if the combination of factors results in a severe
hazard of corrosion. The steel in installations that
intersect soil boundaries or soil layers is more
susceptible to corrosion than steel in installations that
are entirely within one kind of soil or within one soil
layer.
For uncoated steel, the risk of corrosion, expressed
as low, moderate, or high, is based on soil drainage
class, total acidity, electrical resistivity near field
capacity, and electrical conductivity of the saturation
extract.
For concrete, the risk of corrosion also is expressed
as low, moderate, or high. It is based on soil texture,
acidity, and the amount of sulfates in the saturation
extract.

Classification of the Soils
The system of soil classification used by the
National Cooperative Soil Survey has six categories
(17). Beginning with the broadest, these categories
are the order, suborder, great group, subgroup, family,
and series. Classification is based on soil properties
observed in the field or inferred from those
observations or on laboratory measurements. Table 16
shows the classification of the soils in the survey area.
The categories are defined in the following
paragraphs.
ORDER. Eleven soil orders are recognized. The
differences among orders reflect the dominant soil -
forming processes and the degree of soil formation.
Each order is identified by a word ending in sol. An
example is Entisol.
SUBORDER. Each order is divided into suborders,
primarily on the basis of properties that influence soil
genesis and are important to plant growth or properties
that reflect the most important variables within the
orders. The last syllable in the name of a suborder
indicates the order. An example is Aquent (Aqu,
meaning water, plus ent, from Entisol).
GREAT GROUP. Each suborder is divided into great
groups on the basis of close similarities in kind,
arrangement, and degree of development of pedogenic
horizons; soil moisture and temperature regimes; and
base status. Each great group is identified by the name
of a suborder and by a prefix that indicates a property
of the soil. An example is Fluvaquents (Flue, meaning
flood plain, plus aquent, the suborder of the Entisols
that has an aquic moisture regime).
SUBGROUP. Each great group has a typic subgroup
Other subgroups are intergrades or extragrades. The
typic is the central concept of the great group; it is not
necessarily the most extensive. Intergrades are
transitions to other orders, suborders, or great groups.
Extragrades have some properties that are not
representative of the great group but do not indicate
transitions to any other known kind of soil. Each
subgroup is identified by one or more adjectives
preceding the name of the great group. The adjective
Typic identifies the subgroup that typifies the great
.•
group. An example is Typic Fluvaquents.
FAMILY. Families are established within a subgroup
on the basis of physical and chemical properties and
other characteristics that affect management. Generally,
the properties are those of horizons below plow depth
where there is much biological activity. Among the
properties and characteristics considered are particle -
size class, mineral content, temperature regime, depth
of the root zone, consistence, moisture equivalent,
slope, and permanent cracks. A family name consists of
the name of a subgroup preceded by terms that indicate
soil properties. An example is fine -loamy, mixed,
nonacid, thermic Typic Fluvaquents.
SERIES. The series consists of soils that have
similar horizons in their profile. The horizons are
similar in color, texture, structure, reaction, consistence,
mineral and chemical composition, and arrangement
in the profile. There can be some variation in the
texture of the surface layer or of the substratum within a
series.
Soil Series and Their Morphology
In this section, each soil series recognized in the
survey area is described. The descriptions are arranged
in alphabetic order.
Characteristics of the soil and the material in which it
formed are identified for each series. A pedon, a small
three-dimensional area of soil, that is typical of the
series in the survey area is described. The location of
the typical pedon is described, and the exact location
for each series is shown on the detailed soil maps with
a special symbol. The detailed description of each soil
horizon follows standards in the "Soil Survey Manual"
(20). Many of the technical terms used in the
descriptions are defined in "Soil Taxonomy" (17).
Unless otherwise stated, colors in the descriptions are
for moist soil. Following the pedon description is the
range of important characteristics of the soils in the
series.
The map units of each soil series are described in
the section "Detailed Soil Map Units."

70
Ashe Series
The Ashe series consists of moderately deep,
somewhat excessively drained soils that formed in
material weathered from gneiss or schist. These soils
are on mountain ridgetops and side slopes. Slopes
range from 8 to 60 percent.
Ashe soils are commonly adjacent to Cleveland,
Saluda, Cowee, and Evard soils. Cleveland soils have
hard bedrock at a depth of 10 to 20 inches. They are
intermingled with areas of the Ashe soils. Saluda soils
have soft bedrock at a depth of 10 to 20 inches. Cowee
and Evard soils have more clay in the subsoil than the
Ashe soil. Cowee soils have soft bedrock at a depth of
20 to 40 inches. Saluda, Cowee, and Evard soils are on
ridgetops and side slopes.
Typical pedon of Ashe gravelly sandy loam, in a
forested area of Ashe-Cleveland complex, 8 to 25
percent slopes, stony; 5.1 miles northeast of Hiddenite
on Secondary Road 1001, about 0.6 mile southwest on
Secondary Road 1419, about 2.2 miles west on
Secondary Road 1426, about 500 feet east of the road,
and 600 feet north of a rock quarry:
Oi-1.5 inches to 0.5 inch; partly decomposed pine and
hardwood litter.
Oe-0.5 inch to 0; humus.
Al-0 to 2 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) gravelly
sandy loam; weak fine granular structure; very
friable; many fine, medium, and coarse roots; about
15 percent, by volume, gravel; few fine flakes of
mica; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.
A2-2 to 5 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) gravelly sandy
loam; weak fine granular structure; very friable;
many fine, medium, and coarse roots; about 15
percent, by volume, gravel; few fine flakes of mica;
very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.
Bw-5 to 26 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) sandy
loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; very
friable; common fine and medium roots; about 10
percent, by volume, gravel; few fine flakes of mica;
strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary.
R-26 inches; hard, granitic gneiss.
The solum is 20 to 40 inches deep over hard
bedrock. Rock fragments make up, by volume, 15 to 35
percent of the A horizon and 5 to 35 percent of the B
and C horizons. Reaction is very strongly acid to
moderately acid, except where the surface layer has
been limed. The number of mica flakes is few or
common throughout the solum.
The A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 or 4, and
chroma of 2 to 6. Where value is 3, the horizon is less
than 7 inches thick.
The Bw horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of
Soil Survey
4 to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. It is loam, fine sandy
loam, sandy loam, or the gravelly analogs of those
textures.
The C horizon, if it occurs, is saprolite that is similar
in color and texture to the Bw horizon. The texture
includes cobbly analogs.
The Cr horizon, if it occurs, is soft bedrock that is
partly consolidated but can be dug with difficulty by
hand tools.
Bethlehem Series
The Bethlehem series consists of moderately deep,
well drained soils on ridgetops and side slopes in the
Piedmont. These soils formed in material weathered
from sillimanite schist. Slopes range from 2 to 15
percent.
Bethlehem soils are commonly adjacent to Hibriten,
Pacolet, Rion, and Chewacla soils. Hibriten and Rion
soils have less clay in the subsoil than the Bethlehem
soils. Hibriten soils have more than 35 percent rock
fragments throughout. Pacolet and Rion soils are very
deep. Hibriten, Pacolet, and Rion soils are on ridgetops
and side slopes. Chewacla soils have a loamy subsoil.
They are somewhat poorly drained and are on flood
plains.
Typical pedon of Bethlehem gravelly sandy loam, 2
to 8 percent slopes; in a forested area 2.0 miles north
of Bethlehem on North Carolina Highway 127, about 3.0
miles east on Secondary Road 1150, about 0.6 mile
south on Secondary Road 1283 to a dead end, 500 feet
southeast on a private road, and 20 feet south of the
road:
Oi-0.5 inch to 0; partly decomposed pine and
hardwood litter.
Ap-0 to 8 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) gravelly
sandy loam; common medium distinct yellowish red
(5YR 5/6) mottles; weak medium and coarse
granular structure; friable; common fine, medium,
and coarse roots; about 25 percent, by volume,
gravel and cobbles; few fine flakes of mica; very
strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary.
BA-8 to 12 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/8) sandy clay
loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure;
friable; common fine, medium, and coarse roots;
about 10 percent, by volume, gravel; few fine flakes
of mica; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.
Bt-12 to 25 inches; red (2.5YR 4/8) clay; moderate
medium subangular blocky structure; firm, sticky
and plastic; thin patchy clay films on faces of peds;
common fine, medium, and coarse roots; about 5
percent, by volume, gravel; few fine flakes of mica;
very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Alexander County, North Carolina
BC-25 to 31 inches; red (2.5YR 4/8) very gravelly
sandy clay loam; rock -controlled structure; friable;
common medium and coarse roots; about 40
percent, by volume, weak red (1 OR 4/3), dusky red
(1OR 3/3), and yellowish red (5YR 5/8) soft gravel
and cobbles; common fine flakes of mica; very
strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.
Cr-31 to 60 inches; soft sillimanite schist that is partly
consolidated but can be dug with difficulty by hand
tools.
The solum is 20 to 40 inches deep over a Cr horizon
of weathered bedrock. Hard bedrock is at a depth of
more than 60 inches. Rock fragments make up, by
volume, 15 to 35 percent of the A and E horizons, 5 to
35 percent of the BA, BE, and Bt horizons, and 15 to 50
percent of the BC and C horizons. Reaction is very
strongly acid to moderately acid, except where the
surface layer has been limed. The number of mica
flakes is few or common throughout the solum.
The Ap horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 3
to 5, and chroma of 3 to 6. Where value is 3, the
horizon is less than 6 inches thick.
The E horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 7.5YR or
10YR, value of 5, and chroma of 4 to 6. It is gravelly
sandy loam.
The BA or BE horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 5YR or
7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 6 to 8. It is sandy
clay loam or gravelly sandy clay loam.
The Bt horizon has hue of 5YR or 2.5YR, value of 4
or 5, and chroma of 6 to 8. It is clay, clay loam, gravelly
clay, or gravelly clay loam.
The BC horizon has hue of 5YR or 2.5YR, value of 4
or 5, and chroma of 6 to 8. It is gravelly or very gravelly
sandy clay loam.
The C horizon, if it occurs, is multicolored saprolite
that has a texture of gravelly sandy loam or very
gravelly sandy loam.
The Cr horizon is soft bedrock that is partly
consolidated but can be dug with difficulty by hand
tools.
Braddock Series
The Braddock series consists of very deep, well
drained soils that formed in colluvium and old alluvium
on foot slopes and high stream terraces in the
mountains. Slopes range from 6 to 25 percent.
Braddock soils are commonly adjacent to Hayesville,
Evard, Cowee, Saluda, Tate, and French soils.
Hayesville soils are on side slopes and ridgetops. They
formed in residuum. Evard, Cowee, and Saluda soils
have a loamy subsoil. They formed in residuum on side
slopes. Tate soils are on stream terraces and benches.
They have a loamy subsoil. French soils are on flood
71
plains. They have loamy horizons over a sandy or
gravelly substratum.
Typical pedon of Braddock clay loam, in an area of
Braddock and Hayesville clay loams, 6 to 15 percent
slopes, eroded; in a pasture in the northwestern part of
the county; 4.2 miles west of Taylorsville on North
Carolina Highway 90, about 6.4 miles north on
Secondary Road 1307, about 750 feet north on
Secondary Road 1307 from its intersection with
Secondary Road 1308, and 375 feet west of the road:
Ap-0 to 6 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) clay loam;
weak medium granular structure; friable; common
fine roots; few fine flakes of mica; neutral; clear
smooth boundary.
Bt1-6 to 36 inches; red (2.5YR 5/8) clay; moderate
medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine
roots; thin patchy clay films on faces of peds;
common fine flakes of mica; strongly acid; gradual
wavy boundary.
Bt2-36 to 46 inches; mottled yellowish red (5YR 5/8)
and strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) clay; moderate
medium subangular blocky structure; firm; thin
patchy clay films on faces of peds; few fine flakes of
mica; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.
Bt3-46 to 54 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/8) clay;
moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm;
thin patchy clay films on faces of peds; common
fine flakes of mica; very strongly acid; clear wavy
boundary.
Bt4-54 to 60 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/8) gravelly
clay loam; common medium prominent light
yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) mottles; weak medium
subangular blocky structure; firm; about 20 percent,
by volume, gravel; common fine flakes of mica; very
strongly acid.
The solum is 40 to more than 60 inches thick. The
depth to bedrock is more than 80 inches. The content of
coarse fragments ranges, by volume, from 0 to 15
percent in the A horizon and the upper part of the B
horizon and 0 to 35 percent in the lower part of the B
horizon and in the C horizon. The coarse fragments
consist mainly of waterworn gravel and cobbles.
Reaction is very strongly acid or strongly acid, except
where the surface layer has been limed.
The A or Ap horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value
of 3 to 5, and chroma of 3 to 6. Where value is 3 or
less, the horizon is less than 6 inches thick.
The BA horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 2.5YR to
7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 4 to 8. It is loam,
sandy clay loam, or clay loam.
The Bt horizon has hue of 1OR to 5YR, value of 4 or
5, and chroma of 6 to 8. It is clay, clay loam, or the
gravelly or cobbly analogs of those textures. The control

72
section has a weighted average of more than 35
percent clay.
The BC horizon, if it occurs, has the same colors as
the Bt horizon. In some pedons it is mottled or streaked
in shades of red, yellow, or brown. It is clay loam, loam,
sandy clay loam, or the gravelly or cobbly analogs of
those textures.
The C or 2C horizon, if it occurs, varies considerably
in color and is generally mottled or variegated. It has
textures similar to those of the BC horizon.
Buncombe Series
The Buncombe series consists of very deep,
excessively drained soils that formed in recent alluvium
on flood plains in the Piedmont. Slopes range from 0 to
3 percent.
Buncombe soils are commonly adjacent to Riverview,
Chewacla, Wehadkee, Pacolet, Masada, and Rion soils.
Riverview, Chewacla, Wehadkee, and Rion soils have a
loamy substratum or subsoil. Riverview soils are well
drained. Chewacla soils are somewhat poorly drained.
Wehadkee soils are poorly drained. Pacolet and
Masada soils have a predominantly clayey subsoil.
Rion, Pacolet, and Masada soils are well drained. Rion
and Pacolet soils are underlain by saprolite, and
Masada soils are underlain by old alluvium.
Typical pedon of Buncombe loamy sand, 0 to 3
percent slopes. occasionally flooded; in a forested area
6.7 miles east of Taylorsville on North Carolina Highway
90, about 1.3 miles northeast on Secondary Road 1456,
about 600 feet east of the road, and 100 feet south of
the South Yadkin River, on a flood plain:
Ap-0 to 7 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)
loamy sand; weak medium granular structure; very
friable; common fine and medium roots; few fine
flakes of mica; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary.
C1-7 to 15 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6)
loamy sand; massive; very friable; few fine roots;
few fine flakes of mica; moderately acid; clear wavy
boundary.
C2-15 to 60 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) loamy
sand; massive; very friable; few fine roots; few fine
flakes of mica; moderately acid.
The sandy horizon extends to a depth of more than
40 inches. In some pedons layers of pebbles and
cobbles are in the substratum below a depth of 40
inches. The depth to bedrock is more than 120 inches.
Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to slightly acid,
except where the surface layer has been limed. The
number of mica flakes is few or common throughout the
profile.
The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value
Soil Survey
of 3 to 5, and. chroma of 2 to 6. Where value is 3, the
horizon is less than 7 inches thick.
The C horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4
to 8, and chroma of 3 to 8. It is sand, loamy sand, or
loamy fine sand to a depth of 40 inches. The
substratum is loamy or stratified with loam .below a
depth of 40 inches.
Cecil Series
The Cecil series consists of very deep, well drained
soils that formed in material weathered from gneiss.
These soils are on ridgetops in the Piedmont. Slopes
range from 2 to 8 percent.
Cecil soils are adjacent to Pacolet, Masada, and
Davidson soils. Pacolet soils have a solum that is 20 to
40 inches thick. They are on ridgetops and side slopes.
Masada and Davidson soils formed in old alluvium.
They are on high stream terraces. Davidson soils have
a dark red subsoil.
Typical pedon of Cecil sandy clay loam, 2 to 8
percent slopes, eroded; in a field 1.6 miles southwest of
Stony Point on Secondary Road 1637, about 0.4 mile
south on Secondary Road 1005, about 0.1 mile west on
Secondary Road 1626, and 50 feet north of the road:
Ap-0 to 8 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) sandy clay
loam; weak medium granular structure; friable;
common fine and medium roots; about 2 percent
gravel; few fine flakes of mica; strongly acid; abrupt
wavy boundary.
Bt1-8 to 14 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/8) clay;
moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm,
sticky; few fine roots; thin patchy clay films on faces
of peds; few fine flakes of mica; strongly acid;
abrupt wavy boundary.
Bt2-14 to 48 inches; red (2.5YR 4/8) clay; few medium
prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) mottles that
increase to many in the lower part; moderate
medium subangular blocky structure; firm, sticky;
few fine roots; thin patchy clay films on faces of
peds; few fine flakes of mica; very strongly acid;
gradual wavy boundary.
Bt3-48 to 60 inches; red (2.5YR 4/8) clay loam; many
medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8)
mottles; weak medium subangular blocky structure;
firm, sticky; thin patchy clay films on faces of peds;
common fine flakes of mica; very strongly acid.
The solum is 40 to more than 60 inches thick. The
depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. The content of
coarse fragments ranges, by volume, from 0 to 15
percent in the A horizon and 0 to 10 percent in the Bt
horizon. The number of mica flakes is few or common
in the Bt horizon and ranges from few to many in the

Alexander County, North Carolina
BC and C horizons. Reaction is very strongly acid or
strongly acid, except where the surface layer has been
limed.
The A or Ap horizon has hue of 2.5YR to 10YR,
value of 3 to 5, and chroma of 2 to 8. Where value is 3,
the horizon is less than 6 inches thick.
The BA horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 2.5YR to
7.5YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 3 to 8. It is sandy
clay loam, loam, or clay loam.
The Bt horizon has hue of 1OR or 2.5YR, value of 4
or 5, and chroma of 6 to 8. It has hue of 5YR if patterns
of mottling are not evident. The texture is clay loam or
clay. The control section has a weighted average of
more than 35 percent clay.
The BC horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 2.5YR or
5YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. It is sandy
clay loam or clay loam.
The C horizon, if it occurs, is multicolored saprolite
that has a texture of loam, sandy loam, or fine sandy
loam.
Chewacla Series
The Chewacla series consists of very deep,
somewhat poorly drained soils that formed in recent
alluvium on flood plains in the Piedmont. Slopes range
from 0 to 2 percent.:,
Chewacla soils are commonly adjacent to Buncombe,
Riverview, Wehadkee, Dogue, State, Masada, Hibriten,
Pacolet, and Rion soils. Buncombe soils have a sandy
substratum. They are excessively drained. Riverview
soils are well drained, and Wehadkee soils are poorly
drained. Dogue soils are moderately well drained. They
have a predominantly clayey subsoil and are on
terraces. State and Masada soils are well drained and
are on terraces. Masada soils have a predominantly
clayey subsoil. Hibriten, Pacolet, and Rion soils are well
drained and are on uplands. Hibriten soils have more
than 35 percent rock fragments throughout. Pacolet
soils have a predominantly clayey subsoil.
Typical pedon of Chewacla loam, 0 to 2 percent
slopes, frequently flooded; in a forested area 6.8 miles
southeast of Taylorsville on Secondary Road 1605,
about 0.4 mile east on Secondary Road 1664, about
200 feet southeast of the road, and 100 feet northeast
of Big Branch Creek, on a flood plain:
A-0 to 8 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) loam; weak
medium granular structure; friable; common fine and
medium roots; few fine flakes of mica; strongly acid;
clear wavy boundary.
Bw-8 to 18 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) loam; common
fine distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) and grayish
brown (10YR 5/2) mottles; weak medium
subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine
73
and medium roots; few fine flakes of mica; strongly
acid; clear wavy boundary.
Bg1-18 to 26 inches; dark gray (5YR 4/1) loam;
common fine prominent yellowish red (5YR 5/8)
mottles; weak medium subangular blocky structure;
friable; common fine roots; few fine flakes of mica;
strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.
Bg2-26 to 41 inches; dark gray (5YR 4/1) sandy clay
loam; few fine prominent yellowish red (5YR 5/8)
mottles; weak medium subangular blocky structure;
friable; few fine roots; few fine flakes of mica;
strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary.
2C-41 to 60 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) and yellowish
brown (10YR 5/4) very gravelly loamy sand;
massive; very friable; few fine roots; few fine flakes
of mica; moderately acid.
The solum is more than 35 inches thick. The depth to
bedrock is more than 60 inches. The content of coarse
fragments is 0 to 5 percent, by volume, in the solum.
The number of mica flakes is few or common
throughout the profile. Reaction ranges from very
strongly acid to slightly acid to a depth of 40 inches
unless the soils are limed and from very strongly acid to
mildly alkaline below a depth of 40 inches.
The A or Ap horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR,
value of 3 to 5, and chroma of 1 to 4. Where value is 3,
the horizon is less than 7 inches thick.
The Bw horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of
4 to 7, and chroma of 3 to 8. It has mottles with chroma
of 2 or less within 24 inches of the surface. The texture
is sandy clay loam, loam, sandy loam, fine sandy loam,
or clay loam.
The Bg horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 4
to 7, and chroma of 1 or 2. It is dominantly sandy clay
loam, loam, sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or clay loam.
Individual subhorizons, however, are silt loam or silty
clay loam.
The C or 2C horizon is similar in color to the Bw or
Bg horizon. It is alluvium that varies in texture and
includes the gravelly or very gravelly analogs. In some
pedons it is stratified.
Cleveland Series
The Cleveland series consists of shallow, somewhat
excessively drained soils that formed in material
weathered from gneiss or schist. These soils are on
mountain ridgetops and side slopes. Slopes range from
8 to 90 percent.
Cleveland soils are commonly adjacent to Ashe,
Saluda, Cowee, and Evard soils. Ashe soils have hard
bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches. They are
intermingled with areas of the Cleveland soils. Saluda
soils have soft bedrock at a depth of 10 to 20 inches,

74
and Cowee soils have soft bedrock at a depth of 20 to
40 inches. Cowee and Evard soils have more clay in
the subsoil than the Cleveland soils. Evard soils are
very deep. Saluda, Cowee, and Evard soils are on
ridgetops and side slopes.
Typical pedon of Cleveland gravelly sandy loam, in
an area of Cleveland -Rock outcrop complex, 8 to 90
percent slopes; in a forested area 5.1 miles northeast of
Hiddenite on Secondary Road 1001, about 0.6 mile
southwest on Secondary Road 1419, about 2.2 miles
west on Secondary Road 1426, about 400 feet east of
the road, and 200 feet north of a rock quarry:
Oi-1 inch to 0.5 inch; partly decomposed pine and
hardwood litter.
Oe-0.5 inch to 0; humus.
A-0 to 7 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) gravelly sandy
loam; weak fine granular structure; very friable;
common fine and medium roots; about 15 percent,
by volume, gravel; few fine flakes of mica; very
strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.
Bw-7 to 12 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)
gravelly sandy loam; weak fine subangular blocky
structure; very friable; few fine roots; about 15
percent, by volume, gravel; few fine flakes of mica;
very strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary.
R-12 inches; hard, granitic gneiss bedrock.
The solum is 10 to 20 inches deep over hard
bedrock. The content of rock fragments ranges, by
volume, from 15 to 35 percent in the A horizon and 5 to
35 percent in the Bw and C horizons. Reaction is very
strongly acid to moderately acid, except where the
surface layer has been limed. The number of mica
flakes is few or common throughout the solum.
The A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 2 to 4, and
chroma of 1 to 4. Where value is 3 or less, the horizon
is less than 7 inches thick.
The Bw horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of
4 to 6, and chroma of 3 to 8. It is loam, sandy loam,
fine sandy loam, or the gravelly analogs of those
textures.
The C horizon, if it occurs, has colors and textures
similar to those of the Bw horizon.
The R horizon is hard, granitic gneiss bedrock.
Cowee Series
The Cowee series consists of moderately deep, well
drained soils that formed in material weathered from
gneiss or schist. These soils are on mountain ridgetops
and side slopes. Slopes range from 8 to 60 percent.
Cowee soils are commonly adjacent to Evard,
Saluda, Ashe, Cleveland, Hayesville, Braddock, Tate,
and French soils. Evard, Saluda, Ashe, Cleveland, and
Soil Survey
Hayesville soils are on ridgetops and side slopes. Evard
soils are very deep. Saluda soils have soft bedrock at a
depth of 10 to 20 inches. Ashe and Cleveland soils
have less clay in the subsoil than the Cowee soils.
Ashe soils have hard bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40
inches, and Cleveland soils have hard bedrock at a
depth of 10 to 20 inches. Hayesville soils are very deep.
They have a predominantly clayey subsoil. Braddock
soils are on foot slopes and high stream terraces, and
Tate soils are on stream terraces. Braddock and Tate
soils formed in colluvium and old alluvium and have a
predominantly clayey subsoil. They are very deep.
French soils are on flood plains and are somewhat
poorly drained. They formed in alluvium and are very
deep.
Typical pedon of Cowee gravelly sandy loam, in an
area of Cowee-Saluda complex, 25 to 60 percent
slopes, stony; in a forested area 4.6 miles west of
Taylorsville on North Carolina Highway 90, about 2.7
miles southeast on Secondary Road 1124, about 1.2
miles southwest on Secondary Road 1128, and 50 feet
north of the road:
Oi-1 inch to 0; partly decomposed hardwood litter.
A-0 to 3 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) gravelly sandy
loam; weak fine granular structure; very friable;
common fine and medium roots; about 20 percent,
by volume, gravel; few fine flakes of mica; strongly
acid; abrupt wavy boundary.
E-3 to 7 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) gravelly
sandy loam; weak fine granular structure; very
friable; common fine and medium roots; about 20
percent, by volume, gravel; few fine flakes of mica;
strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary.
Bt-7 to 20 inches; red (2.5YR 4/8) clay loam;
moderate medium subangular blocky structure;
friable; few fine roots; thin patchy clay films on
faces of peds; about 10 percent, by volume,
cobbles and gravel; common fine flakes of mica;
very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.
BC-20 to 30 inches; red (2.5YR 4/8) sandy clay loam;
common medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR
5/8) mottles; weak medium subangular blocky
structure; friable; few fine roots; about 10 percent,
by volume, cobbles and gravel; common fine flakes
of mica; very strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary.
Cr-30 to 60 inches; soft mica gneiss bedrock that is
partly consolidated but can be dug with difficulty by
hand tools.
The solum is 20 to 40 inches deep over soft bedrock.
The depth to hard bedrock is more than 40 inches.
Rock fragments make up, by volume, 15 to 35 percent
of the A and E horizons and 5 to 35 percent of the B
and C horizons. Reaction is very strongly acid to

Alexander County, North Carolina
moderately acid, except where the surface layer has
been limed. The number of mica flakes is few or
common throughout the solum.
The A horizon has hue of 10YR to 5YR, value of 3 to
5, and chroma of 3 to B. Where value is 3, the horizon
is less than 6 inches thick.
The E horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 4
or 5, and chroma of 4 to 8. It is the gravelly or cobbly
analogs of loam, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam.
The Bt horizon has hue of 2.5YR to 7.5YR, value of
4 to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. It is sandy clay loam, clay
loam, loam, or the gravelly or cobbly analogs of those
textures.
The BC horizon has colors and textures similar to
those of the Bt horizon. The texture is also fine sandy
loam, sandy loam, or the gravelly or cobbly analogs of
those textures.
The C horizon, if it occurs, is multicolored saprolite
that has a texture of sandy loam, fine sandy loam,
loam, or the gravelly or cobbly analogs of those
textures.
The Cr horizon is soft bedrock that is partly
consolidated but can be dug with difficulty by hand
tools.
Davidson Series
The Davidson series consists of very deep, well
drained soils that formed in old alluvium on ridgetops
and side slopes that are remnants of high stream
terraces in the Piedmont. Slopes range from 2 to 15
percent.
Davidson soils are commonly adjacent to Masada,
Cecil, Pacolet, and Rion soils. Masada soils are on high
stream terraces. They have a red or yellowish red
subsoil. Cecil and Pacolet soils are on ridgetops and
side slopes. They formed in residuum and have a red
subsoil. Rion soils are on side slopes. They formed in
residuum and have a loamy subsoil.
Typical pedon of Davidson clay loam, 2 to 8 percent
slopes, eroded; in a field in the southeastern part of the
county; 1.6 miles southwest of Stony Point on
Secondary Road 1626, about 0.9 mile south on
Secondary Road 1005, about 3.4 miles southwest on
Secondary Road 1638, about 0.6 mile southwest on
Secondary Road 1625, about 1.0 mile west to the end
of Secondary Road 1654, and 50 feet north of the road:
Ap-0 to 6 inches; dark reddish brown (2.5YR 3/4) clay
loam; weak medium subangular blocky and weak
medium granular structure; friable; common fine and
medium roots; few rounded and angular quartz
gravel; few fine flakes of mica; very strongly acid;
abrupt wavy boundary.
75
Bt-6 to 65 inches; dark red (10R 3/6) clay; moderate
medium subangular blocky structure;. firm, very
sticky; few fine roots; thin patchy clay films on faces
of peds; few manganese concretions; few rounded
quartz gravel; few fine flakes of mica; moderately
acid.
The solum is more than 60 inches thick. The depth to
bedrock is more than 60 inches. The content of coarse
fragments, by volume, ranges from 0 to 10 percent
throughout the profile. The content of clay does not
decrease from its maximum amount by more than 20
percent within a depth of 60 inches. Reaction ranges
from very strongly acid to moderately acid, except
where the surface layer has been limed.
The A or Ap horizon has hue of 2.5YR or 5YR, value
of 2 or 3, and chroma of 2 to 4.
The Bt horizon has hue of 1 OR or 2.5YR, value of 3,
and chroma of 3 to 6.
Dogue Series
The Dogue series consists of very deep, moderately
well drained soils that formed in old alluvium on low
stream terraces in the Piedmont. Slopes range from 2
to 6 percent.
Dogue soils are commonly adjacent to Chewacla,
Riverview, Masada, Davidson, Rion, and Pacolet soils.
Chewacla and Riverview soils are on flood plains. They
have less clay in the subsoil than the Dogue soils.
Chewacla soils are somewhat poorly drained, and
Riverview soils are well drained. Masada and Davidson
soils are on high stream terraces and are well drained.
Masada soils have a red subsoil, and Davidson soils
have a dark red subsoil. Rion and Pacolet soils are on
upland side slopes and are well drained. Rion soils
have less clay in the subsoil than the Dogue soils.
Pacolet soils have a red subsoil.
Typical pedon of Dogue sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent
slopes, rarely flooded; in a field 1.0 mile south of Stony
Point on Secondary Road 1637, about 1,350 feet north
of the road, and 400 feet west of Third Creek:
Ap-0 to 7 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) sandy loam; weak
medium granular structure; very friable; common
fine and medium roots; about 5 percent, by volume,
gravel; few fine flakes of mica; neutral; abrupt wavy
boundary.
Bti-7 to 21 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) clay;
common medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/8)
and common medium prominent red (2.5YR 5/8)
mottles in the lower part; moderate medium
subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine roots;
thin patchy clay films on faces of peds; few fine

flakes of mica; very strongly acid; clear wavy
boundary.
Bt2-21 to 37 inches; mottled yellowish brown (10YR
5/8), red (2.5YR 5/8), strong brown (7.5YR 5/8), and
light gray (10YR 7/2) clay; moderate medium
subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine roots;
thin patchy clay films on faces of peds; few fine
flakes of mica; very strongly acid; gradual wavy
boundary.
Bt3-37 to 50 inches; mottled yellowish brown (10YR
5/8), red (2.5YR 5/8), strong brown (7.5YR 5/8), and
light gray (10YR 7/2) clay loam; moderate medium
subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine roots;
thin patchy clay films on faces of peds; few fine
flakes of mica; very strongly acid; gradual wavy
boundary.
2C-50 to 60 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8)
gravelly sandy clay loam; common medium distinct
strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) and few medium
prominent light gray (N 6/0) mottles; massive;
friable; about 20 percent, by volume, gravel;
common fine flakes of mica; very strongly acid.
The solum is 40 to more than 60 inches thick. The
depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. The content of
coarse fragments, by volume, ranges from 0 to 15
percent of the A and B horizons and 0 to 25 percent of
the C horizon. Reaction is very strongly acid or strongly
acid, except where the surface layer has been limed.
The number of mica flakes is few or common
throughout the solum.
The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value
of 4 to 6, and chroma of 2 to 4.
The E horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y
and value and chroma of 4 to 6. It is loam, fine sandy
loam, or sandy loam.
The BA horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR or
2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. It is loam,
clay loam, or sandy clay loam.
The upper part of the Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR or
10YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. It has
mottles with chroma of 2 or less in the upper 24 inches.
The lower part has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 to
6, and chroma 1 to 8. The texture is dominantly clay
loam, clay, or sandy clay. Some subhorizons, however,
are sandy clay loam.
The BC horizon, if it occurs, has colors similar to
those of the lower part of the Bt horizon. It is sandy
loam, sandy clay loam, or clay loam.
The C or 2C horizon, if it occurs, has colors similar to
those of the lower part of the Bt horizon. It ranges in
texture from sand to sandy clay loam or is the gravelly
analogs of those textures. In some pedons it is
stratified.
Soil Survey
Evard Series
The Evard series consists of very deep, well drained
soils that formed in material weathered from gneiss or
schist. These soils are on ridgetops and side slopes in
the mountains. Slopes range from 8 to 60 percent.
Evard soils are commonly adjacent to Cowee,
Saluda, Ashe, Cleveland, Hayesville, Braddock, Tate,
and French soils. Cowee, Saluda, Ashe, Cleveland, and
Hayesville soils are on ridgetops and side slopes.
Cowee soils have soft bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40
inches, and Saluda soils have soft bedrock at a depth
of 10 to 20 inches. Ashe soils have hard bedrock at a
depth of 20 to 40 inches, and Cleveland soils have hard
bedrock at a depth of 10 to 20 inches. Ashe and
Cleveland soils have less clay in the subsoil than the
Evard soils. Hayesville soils have a predominantly
clayey subsoil. Braddock soils are on foot slopes and
high stream terraces. They formed in colluvium and old
alluvium and have a predominantly clayey subsoil. Tate
soils are on stream terraces. They formed in colluvium
and old alluvium and have a browner subsoil than the
Evard soils. French soils are on flood plains and are
somewhat poorly drained. They formed in alluvium.
Typical pedon of Evard gravelly sandy loam, in an
area of Evard-Cowee complex, 25 to 60 percent slopes,
stony; in a forested area in the northeastern part of the
county; 1.6 miles north of Vashti on Secondary Road
1403, about 1.6 miles northeast on Secondary Road
1436, and 50 feet south of the'road:
Oi-2 inches to 0; partly decomposed hardwood litter.
A-0 to 3 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) gravelly sandy
loam; weak medium granular structure; very friable;
common fine and medium roots; about 15 percent,
by volume, gravel; common fine flakes of mica;
strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary.
E-3 to 7 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) gravelly
sandy loam; weak medium granular structure; very
friable; common fine and medium roots; about 15
percent, by volume, gravel; common fine flakes of
mica; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.
BE-7 to 10 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/6) sandy clay
loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure;
friable; common fine and medium roots; common
fine flakes of mica; very strongly acid; abrupt wavy
boundary.
Bt-10 to 22 inches; red (2.5YR 4/8) clay loam;
moderate medium subangular blocky structure;
friable; few fine roots; thin patchy clay films on
faces of peds; common fine flakes of mica; very
strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.
BC-22 to 35 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/8) sandy

Alexander County, North Carolina
clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky
structure; friable; few fine roots; many fine flakes of
mica; about 30 percent saprolite; very strongly acid;
gradual wavy boundary.
C1-35 to 48 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) saprolite
that has a texture of fine sandy loam; massive; very
friable; few fine roots; many fine flakes of mica; very
strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary.
C2-48 to 60 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8)
saprolite that has a texture of sandy loam; massive;
very friable; few fine roots; many fine flakes of mica;
very strongly acid.
The solum is 20 to more than 40 inches thick. The
depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. The content of
coarse fragments ranges, by volume, from 15 to 35
percent in the A and E horizons and 0 to 8 percent in
the B horizon. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid
to moderately acid, except where the surface layer has
been limed. The number of mica flakes is few or
common in the A and E horizons and the upper part of
the B horizon and common or many in the lower part of
the B horizon and in the C horizon.
The A or Ap horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR,
value of 3 to 5, and chroma of 3 to 6. Where value is 3,
the horizon is less than 6 inches thick.
The E horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 7.5YR or
10YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 3 to 8. It is sandy
loam, fine sandy loam, loam, or the gravelly or cobbly
analogs of those textures.
The BE or BA horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 5YR or
2.5YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. It is sandy
loam, fine sandy loam, loam, sandy clay loam, or clay
loam.
The Bt horizon has hue of 2.5YR or 5YR, value of 4
or 5, and chroma of 4 to 8. It is sandy clay loam or clay
loam.
The BC horizon has hue of 2.5YR to 7.5YR, value of
4 to 6, and chroma of 6 to 8. It is sandy loam, fine
sandy loam, loam, or sandy clay loam.
The C horizon has hue of 2.5YR to 10YR, value of 4
to 6, and chroma of 6 to 8. It is sandy loam, fine sandy
loam, loam, loamy fine sand, or loamy sand.
French Series
The French series consists of very deep, somewhat
poorly drained soils that formed in recent alluvium on
flood plains along small streams in the mountains.
Slopes range from 2 to 5 percent.
French soils are commonly adjacent to Tate,
Braddock, Hayesville, Evard, Cowee, and Saluda soils.
Tate soils are well drained and are on stream terraces.
Braddock and Hayesville soils have a predominantly
77
clayey subsoil and are on foot slopes. Evard, Cowee,
and Saluda soils are on upland side slopes. They
formed in residuum.
Typical pedon of French sandy loam, in an area of
Tate -French complex, 2 to 10 percent slopes; in a
forested area in the northwestern part of the county; 4.2
miles west of Taylorsville on North Carolina Highway
90, about 6.4 miles north on Secondary Road 1307 to
its intersection with Secondary Road 1308, about 0.3
mile north on Secondary Road 1307, about 300 feet
west on a logging road, and 40 feet north of the road:
Oi-1 inch to 0; hardwood and pine litter.
A-0 to 12 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)
sandy loam; weak medium granular structure;
friable; common fine and medium roots; few fine
flakes of mica; very strongly acid; clear smooth
boundary.
Bw-12 to 24 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) loam;
common medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR
5/8) and grayish brown (10YR 5/2) mottles; weak
medium subangular blocky structure; friable;
common fine and medium roots; few fine flakes of
mica; very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.
Cg-24 to 31 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2)
loam; common medium prominent yellowish brown
(10YR 5/8) mottles; weak medium subangular
blocky structure; friable; common fine flakes of
mica; strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary.
2Cg-31 to 60 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) very
gravelly loamy sand; common medium distinct
yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) mottles; massive; very
friable; about 50 percent, by volume, gravel and
cobbles; common fine flakes of mica; moderately
acid.
The solum is 20 to 40 inches deep over a gravelly or
very gravelly sandy substratum. The depth to bedrock is
more than 60 inches. The content of rock fragments
ranges from 0 to 10 percent, by volume, in the A, B,
and C horizons. The 2C horizon has more than 35
percent, by volume, rock fragments within a depth of 40
inches. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to
moderately acid, except where the surface layer has
been limed.
The A horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 3
to 5, and chroma of 3 or 4. Where value is 3, the
horizon is less than 7 inches thick.
The BA horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 7.5YR or
10YR, value of 3 to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. It is fine
sandy loam, loam, or sandy clay loam.
The Bw horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of
3 to 5, and chroma of 4 to.8. It has few to many mottles
in shades of brown, gray, or red. It is loam, sandy loam,

78
fine sandy loam, sandy clay loam, or clay loam with 18
to 35 percent clay.
The Cg horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 7.5YR or
10YR, value of 3 to 5, and chroma of 1 or 2. It has few
to many mottles in shades of red or brown. It is loam,
sandy loam, fine sandy loam, sandy clay loam, or clay
loam.
The 2Cg horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5,
and chroma of 1 or 2. It has few to many mottles in
shades of red or brown. It is the very gravelly or very
cobbly analogs of loamy sand or sand.
Hayesville Series
The Hayesville series consists of very deep, well
drained soils that formed in material weathered from
gneiss or schist on ridgetops and side slopes in low
mountain valleys. Slopes range from 6 to 25 percent.
Hayesville soils are commonly adjacent to Braddock,
Evard, Cowee, Saluda, Tate, and French soils.
Braddock soils formed in colluvium and old alluvium on
foot slopes and high stream terraces. Evard, Cowee,
and Saluda soils have a loamy subsoil. They formed in
residuum on side slopes. Tate soils have a loamy
subsoil. They are on foot slopes and stream terraces.
French soils have a loamy surface layer and subsoil
that is 20 to 40 inches thick over gravelly or very
gravelly underlying material. They are on flood plains.
Typical pedon of Hayesville clay loam, in an area of
Braddock and Hayesville clay loams, 6 to 15 percent
slopes; eroded; in a pasture in the northwestern part of
the county; 1.6 miles south on North, Carolina Highway
16 from the Wilkes County line, 2.8 miles west on
Secondary Road 1334, about 0.7 mile northwest on
Secondary Road 1307, about 300 feet north on a
private road, and 40 feet southeast of the road:
Ap-0 to 7 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/4) clay loam;
moderate medium granular structure; friable;
common fine roots; few fine flakes of mica; slightly
acid; clear smooth boundary.
Bt-7 to 31 inches; red (2.5YR 4/8) clay; moderate
medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine
roots; thin patchy clay films on faces of peds; few
fine flakes of mica; moderately acid; gradual wavy
boundary.
BC-31 to 41 inches; red (2.5YR 5/8) clay loam; weak
medium subangular blocky structure; friable;
common fine flakes of mica; strongly acid; clear
wavy boundary.
C-41 to 60 inches; mottled strong brown (7.5YR 5/8)
and yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) saprolite that has a
texture of sandy loam; massive; friable; few fine
flakes of mica; very strongly acid.
Soil Survey
The solum is 30 to 60 inches thick. The depth to
bedrock is more than 60 inches. The content of coarse
fragments ranges from 0 to 15 percent, by volume,
throughout the profile. Reaction is very strongly acid to
moderately acid, except where the surface layer has
been limed.
The A or Ap horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value
of 3 to 5, and chroma of 2 to 4. Where value is 3, the
horizon is less than 6 inches thick.
The BA horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 5YR to
10YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. It is loam,
clay loam, or sandy clay loam.
The Bt horizon has hue of 1 OR to 5YR, value of 4 or
5, and chroma of 6 to 8. It is clay or clay loam.
The BC horizon has hue of 1OR to 5YR, value of 5,
and chroma of 6 to 8. It is clay loam, sandy clay loam,
or loam.
The C horizon is multicolored saprolite that has a
texture of loam, sandy clay loam, sandy loam, or fine
sandy loam.
Hibriten Series
The Hibriten series consists of well drained,
moderately deep soils that formed in material
weathered from sillimanite schist on ridgetops and side
slopes in the Piedmont. Slopes range from 8 to 60
percent.
Hibriten soils are commonly adjacent to Bethlehem,
Pacolet, Rion, and Chewacla soils. The adjacent soils
have fewer rock fragments throughout than the Hibriten
soils. Bethlehem, Pacolet, and Rion soils are on
ridgetops and side slopes. Bethlehem and Pacolet soils
have a predominantly clayey subsoil. Pacolet, Rion, and
Chewacla soils are very deep. Chewacla soils are on
flood plains and are somewhat poorly drained.
Typical pedon of Hibriten very cobbly sandy loam, 8
to 15 percent slopes; in a forested area in the
southwestern part of the county; 1.7 miles east of
Bethlehem on Secondary Road 1137 from its
intersection with North Carolina Highway 90, about 75
feet east on a private road, and in a road cut south of
the road:
A-0 to 6 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) very cobbly sandy
loam; weak medium granular structure; very friable;
many fine and medium roots; about 40 percent, by
volume, cobbles and gravel; few fine flakes of mica;
strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.
BA-6 to 13 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) very
cobbly sandy loam; weak medium subangular
blocky structure; friable; common fine and medium
roots; about 40 percent, by volume, cobbles and
gravel; few fine flakes of mica; strongly acid; clear
wavy boundary.

Alexander County, North Carolina
Bt1-13 to 18 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) very
cobbly sandy clay loam; weak medium subangular
blocky structure; friable; few fine and common
medium roots; about 40 percent, by volume,
cobbles and gravel; few fine flakes of mica; strongly
acid; clear wavy boundary.
Bt2-18 to 28 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/6) very
cobbly clay loam; moderate medium subangular
blocky structure; friable; thin discontinuous clay
films on faces of peds; few fine and medium roots;
about 45 percent, by volume, cobbles and gravel;
common fine flakes of mica; very strongly acid;
gradual wavy boundary.
Cr-28 to 60 inches; soft sillimanite schist bedrock that
is partly consolidated but can be dug with difficulty
by hand tools.
The solum is 20 to 40 inches deep over soft bedrock.
The depth to hard bedrock is more than 40 inches.
Rock fragments average more than 35 percent, by
volume, throughout the solum. Reaction is very strongly
acid or strongly acid, except where the surface layer
has been limed. The number of mica flakes is few or
common throughout the solum.
The A or Ap horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR,
value of 3 to 5, and chroma of 2 to 6. Where value is 3,
the horizon is less than 6 inches thick.
The E horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR
and value and chroma of 4 to 6. It is the very gravelly
or very cobbly analogs of sandy loam.
The BA or BE horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 5YR to
10YR and value and chroma of 4 to 6. The texture is
similar to that of the E horizon.
The Bt horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 4
to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. It is the very gravelly or very
cobbly analogs of sandy clay loam, clay loam, or loam.
The Cr horizon is soft bedrock that is partly
consolidated but can be dug with difficulty by hand
tools.
Masada Series
The Masada series consists of very deep, well
drained soils that formed in old alluvium on high stream
terraces in the Piedmont. Slopes range from 2 to 15
percent.
Masada soils are commonly adjacent to Cecil,
Pacolet, Rion, Chewacla, Riverview, and Davidson
soils. Cecil, Pacolet, and Rion soils formed in residuum.
Cecil soils are on ridgetops. Pacolet and Rion soils are
on ridgetops and side slopes. Pacolet soils have a
solum that is 20 to 40 inches thick. Rion soils have a
loamy subsoil. Chewacla and Riverview soils are on
flood plains. They have a loamy subsoil. Chewacla soils
79
are somewhat poorly drained. Davidson soils are on
ridgetops and side slopes and have a dark red subsoil.
Typical pedon of Masada sandy clay loam, 2 to 8
percent slopes, eroded; in a field in the southeastern
part of the county; 8.2 miles southeast of Taylorsville on
Secondary Road 1605, about 0.7 mile southwest on
Secondary Road 1622, about 1.7 miles west to the end
of a farm road, 600 feet northwest of the road, and 600
feet east of Lookout Shoals Lake:
Ap-0 to 8 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/6) sandy clay
loam; weak medium granular structure; friable;
common fine and medium roots; few fine flakes of
mica; very strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary.
Bt1-8 to 30 inches; red (2.5YR 4/8) clay; moderate
medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine
roots; thin patchy clay films on faces of peds; few
fine flakes of mica; moderately acid; gradual wavy
boundary.
Bt2-30 to 45 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/8) clay
loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure;
friable; thin patchy clay films on faces of peds; few
fine flakes of mica; very strongly acid; gradual wavy
boundary.
BC-45 to 60 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) loam;
weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable;
few fine flakes of mica; very strongly acid.
The solum is 40 to more than 60 inches thick. The
depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. Rock
fragments make up, by volume, 0 to 15 percent in the
A, BA, Bt, and BC horizons and 0 to 35 percent in the C
horizon. Stone or cobble lines are present in some
pedons. Reaction is very strongly acid to moderately
acid, except where the surface layer has been limed.
The number of mica flakes is few or common
throughout the solum.
The A or Ap horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value
of 3 to 8, and chroma of 3 to 6. Where value is 3, the
horizon is less than 6 inches thick.
The BA horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 5YR to
10YR, value. of 4 to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. It is loam,
sandy clay loam, or clay loam.
The Bt horizon has hue of 2.5YR to 7.5YR, value of
4 to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. It is clay loam or clay. The
control section has a weighted average of more than 35
percent clay.
The BC horizon has colors similar to those of the Bt
horizon. It is loam, sandy clay loam, or clay loam.
The C horizon, if it occurs, is multicolored strata,
commonly in shades of brown, gray, yellow, or red. It is
sandy loam, loam, sandy clay loam, or the gravelly or
cobbly analogs of those textures.

DEG
Pacolet Series
The Pacolet series consists of very deep, well
drained soils that formed in material weathered from
gneiss or schist on ridgetops and side slopes in the
Piedmont. Slopes range from 2 to 25 percent.
Pacolet soils are commonly adjacent to Cecil, Rion,
Bethlehem, Masada, Chewacla, and Riverview soils.
Cecil, Rion, and Bethlehem soils are on ridgetops and
side slopes. Cecil soils have a solum that is 40 to more
than 60 inches thick. Rion soils have a loamy subsoil.
Bethlehem soils have a clayey subsoil and have soft
bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches. Masada soils are
on high stream terraces and have a solum that is 40 to
60 inches thick. Chewacla and Riverview soils are on
flood plains and have a loamy subsoil. Chewacla soils
are somewhat poorly drained.
Typical pedon of Pacolet sandy loam, 15 to 25
percent slopes; in a forested area in the southeastern
part of the county; 9.4 miles southeast of Taylorsville on
Secondary Road 1605, about 1.5 miles west on
Secondary Road 1622, and 50 feet south of the road:
Oi-2 inches to 0.5 inch; hardwood and pine litter.
Oe-0.5 inch to 0; humus.
A-0 to 5 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)
sandy loam; weak medium granular structure;
friable; many fine, medium, and coarse roots; few
fine flakes of mica; strongly acid; abrupt wavy
boundary.
BA-5 to 9 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) sandy
loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure;
friable; many fine, medium, and coarse roots; few
fine flakes of mica; strongly acid; clear wavy
boundary.
Bt-9 to 28 inches; red (2.5YR 4/8) clay; moderate
medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine
roots; thin patchy clay films on faces of peds;
common fine flakes of mica; strongly acid; clear
wavy boundary.
BC-28 to 38 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/8) clay
loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure;
friable; common fine flakes of mica; very strongly
acid; clear wavy boundary.
C-38 to 60 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) and
yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) saprolite that has a
texture of sandy loam; massive; very friable;
common fine flakes of mica; very strongly acid.
The solum is 20 to 40 inches thick. The depth to
bedrock is more than 60 inches. The content of coarse
fragments ranges from 0 to 15 percent, by volume,
throughout the profile. Reaction is very strongly acid to
moderately acid, except where the surface layer has
Soil Survey
been limed. The number of mica flakes is few or
common throughout the profile.
The A or Ap horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value
of 3 to 5, and chroma of 3 to 6. Where value is 3, the
horizon is less than 6 inches thick. It is sandy clay loam
or sandy loam.
The E horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 5YR to 10YR,
value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. It is sandy loam,
fine sandy loam, or loam.
The BA or BE horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 5YR to
10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 4 to 8. It is sandy
clay loam, sandy loam, or loam.
The Bt horizon has hue of 2.5YR, value of 4 or 5,
and chroma of 6 to 8. It is clay or clay loam. The control
section has a weighted average of more than 35
percent clay.
The BC horizon has hue of 2.5YR or 5YR, value of 4
or 5, and chroma of 6 to 8. It is clay loam, sandy clay
loam, loam, or sandy loam.
The C horizon is multicolored saprolite that has a
texture of sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or loam.
Rion Series
The Rion series consists of very deep, well drained
soils that formed in material weathered from gneiss or
schist on ridgetops and side slopes in the Piedmont.
Slopes range from 2 to 45 percent.
Rion soils are commonly adjacent to Pacolet, Cecil,
Wedowee, Masada, Bethlehem, Chewacla, and
Riverview soils. Pacolet soils are on ridgetops and side
slopes. Cecil and Wedowee soils are on ridgetops.
Masada soils are on high stream terraces. Pacolet,
Cecil, Wedowee, and Masada soils have a
predominantly clayey subsoil. Bethlehem soils are on
ridgetops and side slopes. They have a predominantly
clayey subsoil and have soft bedrock at a depth of 20 to
40 inches. Chewacla and Riverview soils are on flood
plains. Chewacla soils are somewhat poorly drained.
Typical pedon of Rion sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent
slopes; in a forested area in the northeastern part of the
county; 5.0 miles north of Hiddenite on Secondary Road
1001, about 0.6 mile southwest on Secondary Road
1419, about 0.3 mile northwest on Secondary Road
1426, about 0.5 mile northwest on Secondary Road
1556, and 250 feet southwest of the road:
Oi-1 inch to 0; partly decomposed hardwood litter.
A-0 to 2 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)
sandy loam; weak fine granular structure; very
friable; common fine and medium roots; few
pebbles; few fine flakes of mica; very strongly acid;
abrupt wavy boundary.
E-2 to 6 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) sandy loam; weak

Alexander County, North Carolina
fine granular structure; very friable; common fine
and medium roots; few pebbles; few fine flakes of
mica; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.
Bt-6 to 25 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) sandy
clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky
structure; friable; few fine roots; thin patchy clay
films on faces of peds; few fine flakes of mica; very
strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.
BC-25 to 30 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) sandy
loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure;
very friable; few fine roots; about 30 percent
saprolite; few fine flakes of mica; strongly acid;
gradual wavy boundary.
C-30 to 60 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/8), strong
brown (7.5YR 5/8), and white (10YR 8/1) saprolite
that has a texture of sandy loam; massive; very
friable; few fine roots; few fine flakes of mica;
strongly acid.
The solum is 20 to 40 inches thick. The depth to
bedrock is more than 60 inches. The content of coarse
fragments, by volume, ranges from 0 to 10 percent
throughout the profile. Reaction is very strongly acid to
moderately acid, except where the surface layer has
been limed. The number of mica flakes is few or
common throughout the solum.
The A or Ap horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR,
value of 3 to 6, and chroma of 2 to 6. Where value is 3,
the horizon is less than 6 inches thick.
The E horizon has colors similar to those of the A
horizon. It is sandy loam or fine sandy loam.
The BA or BE horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 5YR to
10YR, value of-4 to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. It is sandy
loam or sandy clay loam.
The Bt horizon has hue of 2.5YR to 10YR, value of 4
to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. It is sandy clay loam or clay
loam.
The BC horizon has colors similar to those of the Bt
horizon. It is sandy loam or sandy clay loam.
The C horizon is multicolored saprolite that has
colors in shades of red, yellow, brown, gray, or white. It
is sandy loam or loamy sand.
Riverview Series
The Riverview series consists of very deep, well
drained soils that formed in recent alluvium on flood
plains in the Piedmont. Slopes range from 0 to 2
percent.
Riverview soils are commonly adjacent to Chewacla,
Buncombe, Wehadkee, Rion, Pacolet, State, and
Masada soils. Chewacla, Buncombe, and Wehadkee
soils are on flood plains. Chewacla soils are somewhat
poorly drained. Buncombe soils are excessively drained
and have a sandy substratum. Wehadkee soils are
81
poorly drained. Rion and Pacolet soils are on ridgetops
and side slopes. They formed in residuum. Pacolet soils
have a predominantly clayey subsoil. State and Masada
soils are on high stream terraces. They formed in old
alluvium. Masada soils have a predominantly clayey
subsoil.
Typical pedon of Riverview fine sandy loam, 0 to 2
percent slopes, frequently flooded; in a field in the
southeastern part of the county; 9.8 miles southeast of
Taylorsville on Secondary Road 1605, about 500 feet
west of the road, and 100 feet north of Elk Shoals
Creek:
Ap-0 to 10 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) fine sandy loam;
weak fine granular structure; very friable; common
fine and medium roots; few fine flakes of mica;
moderately acid; abrupt wavy boundary.
Bw1-10 to 30 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) silty clay
loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure;
friable; few fine roots; common fine flakes of mica;
moderately acid; clear wavy boundary.
Bw2-30 to 35 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) loam;
weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable;
few fine roots; common fine flakes of mica; few thin
lenses of loamy sand; moderately acid; abrupt wavy
boundary.
Bw3-35 to 43 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) loam;
common fine distinct brown (7.5YR 5/2) and
common medium prominent yellowish red (5YR 5/8)
mottles; weak medium subangular blocky structure;
friable; few fine roots; common fine flakes of mica;
very strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary.
2Cg-43 to 60 inches; reddish gray (5YR 5/2) sandy
loam; common medium prominent strong brown
(7.5YR 5/8) mottles; massive; friable; common fine
flakes of mica; strongly acid.
The solum is 24 to 60 inches thick. The depth to
bedrock is commonly more than 60 inches. The content
of coarse fragments is generally less than 2 percent, by
volume. The number of mica flakes ranges from few to
many throughout the profile. Reaction ranges from very
strongly acid to moderately acid throughout, except
where the surface layer has been limed.
The A or Ap horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR,
value of 3 to 5, and chroma of 2 to 4. Where value is 3,
the horizon is less than 7 inches thick.
The upper part of the Bw horizon has hue of 5YR to
10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 to 6. The lower
part has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and
chroma of 1 or 2. The Bw horizon has mottles with
chroma of 2 or less below a depth of 24 inches. The
texture is silty clay loam, loam, sandy clay loam, or clay
loam.
The 2C or C horizon is similar in color to those of the

82
Bw horizon. It is loamy sand, sandy loam, or fine sandy
loam.
Saluda Series
The Saluda series consists of shallow, well drained
soils that formed in material weathered from gneiss or
schist on ridgetops and side slopes in the mountains.
Slopes range from 8 to 60 percent.
Saluda soils are commonly adjacent to Cowee,
Evard, Ashe, Cleveland, Hayesville, Braddock, Tate,
and French soils. Cowee, Evard, Ashe, Cleveland, and
Hayesville soils are on ridgetops and side slopes.
Cowee soils have soft bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40
inches. Evard soils are very deep. Ashe soils have hard
bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches, and Cleveland
soils have hard bedrock at a depth of 10 to 20 inches.
Ashe and Cleveland soils have less clay in the subsoil
than the Saluda soils. Hayesville and Braddock soils
are very deep and have a predominantly clayey subsoil.
Braddock soils are on foot slopes and high stream
terraces and formed in colluvium and old alluvium. Tate
soils are on foot slopes and stream terraces and formed
in colluvium and old alluvium. French soils are on flood
plains and are somewhat poorly drained. Tate and
French soils are very deep.
Typical pedon of Saluda gravelly sandy loam, in an
area of Cowee-Saluda complex, 25 to 60 percent
slopes, stony; in a forested area in the southwestern
part of the county; 4.6 miles west of Taylorsville on
North Carolina Highway 90, about 2.7 miles southeast
on Secondary Road 1124, about 1.3 miles southwest on
Secondary Road 1128, and 50 feet north of the road:
Oi-1 inch to 0; partly decomposed hardwood litter.
A-0 to 2 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)
gravelly sandy loam; weak fine, granular structure;
very friable; common fine and medium roots; about
20 percent, by volume, gravel; few fine flakes of
mica; strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary.
BA-2 to 6 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) gravelly
sandy loam; weak fine granular structure; very
friable; common fine and medium roots; about 20
percent, by volume, gravel; few fine flakes of mica;
strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.
Bt1-6 to 9 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/8) sandy clay
loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure;
friable; common fine and medium roots; about 10
percent, by volume, cobbles and gravel; common
fine flakes of mica; very strongly acid; clear wavy
boundary.
Bt2-9 to 18 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/6) clay loam;
weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable;
few fine roots; thin patchy clay films on faces of
peds; about 10 percent, by volume, cobbles and
Soil Survey
gravel; common fine flakes of mica; very strongly
acid; abrupt wavy boundary.
Cr-18 to 60 inches; soft sillimanite schist bedrock that
is partly consolidated but can be dug with difficulty
by hand tools.
The solum is 10 to 20 inches deep over soft bedrock.
The depth to hard bedrock is more than 40 inches. The
content of rock fragments ranges, by volume, from 15 to
35 percent in the A horizon and 5 to 20 percent in the B
horizon. Reaction is very strongly acid or strongly acid,
except where the surface layer has been limed. The
number of mica flakes is few or common throughout the
solum.
The A horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 3
to 5, and chroma of 2 to 6. Where value is 3, the
horizon is less than 6 inches thick.
The BA horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 4
to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. It is sandy loam, sandy clay
loam, or the gravelly analogs of those textures.
The Bt horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 4
to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. It is sandy clay loam, clay
loam, or the gravelly analogs of those textures. The
control section has a weighted average of 18 to 35
percent clay.
The Cr horizon is soft bedrock that is partly
consolidated but can be dug with difficulty by hand
tools.
State Series
The State series consists of very deep, well drained
soils that formed in old alluvium on high stream terraces
in the Piedmont. Slopes range from 2 to 6 percent.
State soils are commonly adjacent to Pacolet, Rion,
Hibriten, Bethlehem, Chewacla, Riverview, and Masada
soils. Pacolet, Rion, Hibriten, and Bethlehem soils are
on ridgetops and side slopes. They formed in residuum.
Pacolet and Bethlehem soils have a predominantly
clayey subsoil. Hibriten soils have more than 35 percent
rock fragments throughout. Hibriten and Bethlehem
soils have soft bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches.
Chewacla and Riverview soils are on flood plains.
Chewacla soils are somewhat poorly drained. Masada
soils are on high stream terraces. They have a
predominantly clayey subsoil.
Typical pedon of State sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent
slopes; in a forested area in the southwestern part of
the county; 2.1 miles east of Bethlehem on Secondary
Road 1137, about 0.3 mile south on Secondary Road
1239, and 100 yards northwest of the road:
Oi-2 inches to 1 inch; pine needles.
Oe-1 inch to 0; humus.
A-0 to 8 inches; olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) sandy loam;

Alexander County, North Carolina
weak medium granular structure; very friable;
common fine and medium roots; few pebbles; few
fine flakes of mica; strongly acid; abrupt wavy
boundary.
BA-8 to 11 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) sandy
loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure;
very friable; common fine roots; few pebbles; few
fine flakes of mica; strongly acid; clear wavy
boundary.
Bt1-11 to 18 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/6) sandy
clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky
structure; friable; few fine roots; few pebbles; few
fine flakes of mica; strongly acid; gradual wavy
boundary.
Bt2-18 to 45 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)
sandy clay loam; common medium prominent
yellowish red (5YR 5/8) and common medium
distinct brown (10YR 5/3) mottles; moderate
medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few
fine roots; about 2 percent, by volume, gravel; few
fine flakes of mica; strongly acid; abrupt wavy
boundary.
2C-45 to 60 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) gravelly
sandy loam; common medium distinct.yellowish red
(5YR 5/8) mottles; massive; friable; about 20
percent, by volume, gravel; common fine flakes of
mica; strongly acid.
The solum is 30 to more than 60 inches thick. The
depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. Coarse
fragments make up, by volume, 0 to 2 percent of the A
and B horizons and 0 to 25 percent of the 2C horizon.
Reaction is very strongly acid or strongly acid, except
where the surface layer has been limed. The number of
mica flakes is few or common throughout the profile.
The A or Ap horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value
of 3 to 6, and chroma of 2 to 6. Where value is 3, the
horizon is less than 6 inches thick.
The BA horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4
to 6,. and chroma of 4 to 8. It is sandy loam, fine sandy
loam, loam, or sandy clay loam.
The Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4
to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. It is loam, clay loam, or
sandy clay loam. In some pedons it has mottles in
shades of red, brown, or yellow in the lower part of the
horizon.
The BC horizon, if it occurs, has colors similar to
those of the Bt horizon. It is sandy loam, fine sandy
loam, loam, or sandy clay loam.
The C or 2C horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value
of 4 to 6, and chroma of 2 to 8. It is sand, loamy sand,
sandy loam, or the gravelly analogs of those textures. It
is stratified in some pedons.
83
Tate Series
The Tate series consists of very deep, well drained
soils that formed in colluvium and old alluvium on
stream terraces and foot slopes in the mountains.
Slopes range from 4 to 10 percent.
Tate soils are commonly adjacent to French,
Braddock, Hayesville, Evard, Cowee, and Saluda soils.
French soils are on flood plains and are somewhat
poorly drained. They have a loamy surface layer and
subsoil that is 20 to 40 inches thick over sandy or
gravelly underlying material. Braddock and Hayesville
soils have a predominantly clayey subsoil. They are on
foot slopes, side slopes, and high stream terraces.
Evard, Cowee, and Saluda soils are on upland side
slopes and formed in residuum. Cowee soils have soft
bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches, and Saluda soils
have soft bedrock at a depth of 10 to 20 inches.
Typical pedon of Tate sandy loam, in an area of
Tate -French complex, 2 to 10 percent slopes; in a
forested area in the northwestern part of the county; 4.2
miles west of Taylorsville on North Carolina Highway
90, about 6.4 miles north on Secondary Road 1307,
about 0.3 mile north on Secondary Road 1307 from its
intersection with Secondary Road 1308, about 500 feet
west on a logging road, and 20 feet west of the road:
Oi-3 to 1.5 inches; hardwood and pine litter.
Oe-1.5 inches to 0; humus.
A-0 to 2 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)
sandy loam; weak medium granular structure;
friable; common fine and medium roots; few fine
flakes of mica; very strongly acid; clear smooth
boundary.
E-2 to 8 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) sandy
loam; weak medium granular structure; friable;
common fine and medium roots; few fine flakes of
mica; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.
Btl-8 to 18 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) clay
loam; moderate medium subangular blocky
structure; friable; common fine and medium roots;
few fine flakes of mica; strongly acid; gradual wavy
boundary.
Bt2-18 to 38. inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) clay
loam; moderate medium subangular blocky
structure; friable; few fine roots; few fine flakes of
mica; very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.
BC-38 to 55 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) sandy
clay loam; few fine distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/8)
and few fine prominent light brownish gray (10YR
6/2) mottles; weak medium subangular blocky
structure; friable; few fine flakes of mica; very
strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.
C-55 to 60 inches; mottled yellowish brown

84
(10YR 5/6), strong brown (7.5YR 5/8), and light
brownish gray (10YR 6/2) sandy loam; massive;
friable; about 5 percent, by volume, gravel; few fine
flakes of mica; very strongly acid.
The solum is 30 to more than 60 inches thick. The
depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. The content of
rock fragments ranges, by volume, from 0 to 15 percent
in the A, E, and B horizons and 5 to 35 percent in the C
horizon. Reaction is very strongly acid to moderately
acid, except where the surface layer has been limed.
The A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 to 6, and
chroma of 2 to 4. Where value is 3, the horizon is less
than 6 inches thick.
The E horizon has slightly higher value and chroma
than the A horizon. It is sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or
loam.
The BA horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 7.5YR or
10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 to 6. It is loam,
sandy clay loam, or clay loam.
The Bt horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 5
or 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. In some pedons it has
mottles with chroma of 2 or less below the upper 24
inches. It is clay loam, sandy clay loam, or loam.
The BC horizon is similar in color and texture to the
Bt horizon.
The C horizon is sandy, loamy, or gravelly colluvium.
It is multicolored.
Udorthents
Udorthents consists of areas where the natural soil
has been altered by excavation or covered by earthy fill
material. The areas are well drained or moderately well
drained. The excavated areas are mainly borrow areas
from which the soil has been removed and used as
foundation material for roads or buildings. In some
areas the exposed substratum of the excavated soil is
sandy loam to clay loam. In a few places it may be
bedrock. The fill areas are sites where at least 20
inches of earthy fill material covers the natural soil or
where borrow pits, dumps, natural drainageways, or low
areas have been filled. Slope ranges from nearly level
to steep.
A typical pedon is not given for these soils because
they vary. The fill areas are mainly more than 20 inches
deep and are as much as 20 to 30 feet in places. Some
areas have inclusions of nonsoil material, such as
concrete, wood, glass, and asphalt. The soils are
stratified and vary in color and texture.
Udorthents have colors in shades of red, yellow,
brown, or white. It varies in texture and ranges from
sandy loam to clay. Reaction of the material ranges
from very strongly acid to slightly acid.
These soils were not classified below the great group
Soil Survey
level. Most areas would be classified as Typic
Udorthents, but some areas that have been cut close to
bedrock are Lithic Udorthents, and other areas where
the seasonal high water table is within a depth of 40
inches in low areas that are cut or filled are Aquic
Udorthents. The particle -size class is coarse -loamy,
fine -loamy, or clayey.
Wedowee Series
The Wedowee series consists of very deep, well
drained soils that formed in material weathered from
gneiss. These soils are on ridgetops in the Piedmont.
Slopes range from 2 to 8 percent.
Wedowee soils are commonly adjacent to Rion,
Pacolet, and Cecil soils, which are on upland ridgetops
and side slopes. Rion soils have a loamy subsoil.
Pacolet and Cecil soils have a red subsoil. Cecil soils
have a solum that is more than 40 inches thick.
Typical pedon of Wedowee sandy loam, in an area of
Rion -Wedowee complex, 2 to 8 percent slopes; in a
field in the northeastern part of the county; 5.0 miles
north of Hiddenite on Secondary Road 1001, about 0.6
mile southwest on Secondary Road 1419, about 0.3
mile northwest on Secondary Road 1426, about 0.5
mile northwest on Secondary Road 1556, and 300 feet
northeast of the road:
Ap-0 to 6 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)
sandy loam; weak medium granular structure; very
friable; common fine and medium roots; about 5
percent, by volume, gravel; few fine flakes of mica;
moderately acid; abrupt wavy boundary.
Bt-6 to 21 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/6) clay;
moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm;
few fine roots; thin patchy clay films on faces of
peds; few fine flakes of mica; strongly acid; clear
wavy boundary.
BC-21 to 40 inches; red (2.5YR 5/8) sandy clay loam;
weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable;
few fine flakes of mica; strongly acid; clear wavy
boundary.
C-40 to 60 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/6) and light
gray (10YR 7/2) saprolite that has a texture of
sandy loam; massive; friable; few fine flakes of
mica; strongly acid.
The solum is 20 to 40 inches thick. The depth to
bedrock is more than 60 inches. Rock fragments, by
volume, make up 0 to 15 percent throughout the profile.
Reaction is very strongly acid or strongly acid, except
where the surface layer has been limed. The number of
mica flakes is few in the A and Bt horizons and few or
common in the BC and C horizons.

Alexander County, North Carolina
The A or Ap horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR,
value of 3 to 6, and chroma of 2 to 4. Where value is 3,
the horizon is less than 6 inches thick.
The E horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 7.5YR or
10YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 3 to 6. It is sandy
loam.
The BA or BE horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 5YR to
10YR and value and chroma of 4 to 6. It is loam or
sandy clay loam.
The Bt horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 5
or 6, and chroma of 6 to 8. In some pedons it has
mottles in shades of red or brown. It is sandy clay, clay,
or clay loam. The control section has a weighted
average of more than 35 percent clay.
The BC horizon has colors similar to those of the Bt
horizon. It may include hue of 2.5YR. It is sandy clay
loam, clay loam, or loam.
The C horizon is multicolored saprolite that has a
texture of sandy loam.
Wehadkee Series
The Wehadkee series consists of very deep, poorly
drained soils that formed in recent alluvium on flood
plains in the Piedmont. Slopes range from 0 to 2
percent.
Wehadkee soils are commonly adjacent to Chewacla,
Buncombe, Riverview, Rion, Pacolet, and Masada soils.
Chewacla, Buncombe, and Riverview soils are on flood
plains. Chewacla soils are somewhat poorly drained.
Buncombe soils are excessively drained and have a
sandy substratum. Riverview soils are well drained.
Rion and Pacolet soils are on ridgetops and side
slopes. They are well drained and. formed in residuum.
Pacolet soils have a predominantly clayey subsoil.
Masada soils are on high stream terraces. They have a
predominantly clayey subsoil and formed in old
alluvium.
Typical pedon of Wehadkee loam, 0 to 2 percent
slopes, frequently flooded; in a forested area in the
southeastern part of the county; 8.2 miles southeast of
Taylorsville on Secondary Road 1605, about 0.7 mile
west on Secondary Road 1622, about 1.3 miles west on
a farm road, and 50 feet south of the road:
Oi-1 inch to 0; hardwood litter and grass.
A-0 to 14 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) loam; common
fine prominent yellowish red (5YR 5/6) and few fine
85
faint grayish brown (10YR 5/2) mottles; weak
medium granular structure; friable; common fine and
medium roots; common fine flakes of mica;
moderately acid; clear wavy boundary.
Bg-14 to 22 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2)
loam; common fine prominent yellowish red (5YR
5/6) mottles; weak medium subangular blocky
structure; friable; common fine and medium roots;
common fine flakes of mica; moderately acid;
gradual wavy boundary.
Cg1-22 to 50 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2)
loam; common fine prominent yellowish red (5YR
5/6) mottles; massive; friable; common fine and
medium roots; common fine flakes of mica; slightly
acid; gradual wavy boundary.
Cg2-50 to 60 inches; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2)
sandy clay loam; common lenses of sandy loam;
massive; friable; common fine and medium roots;
common fine flakes of mica; neutral.
The solum is 20 to 60 inches thick over strata that
are sandy, loamy, or both. The depth to bedrock is
more than 60 inches. The content of coarse fragments
ranges from 0 to 2 percent, by volume, throughout the
profile. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to
neutral. At least some part of the particle -size control
section has a pH of 5.5 or more. The number of mica
flakes ranges from few to many throughout the profile.
The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value
of 4 to 6, and chroma of 0 to 4 or is neutral in hue and
has value of 4 to 6.
The Bg horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4
to 6, and chroma of 0 to 2 or is neutral in hue and has
value of 4 to 6. Mottles are in shades of red, brown, or
yellow. The texture is loam, sandy clay loam, silt loam,
silty clay loam, or clay loam.
The Cg horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4
to 7, and chroma of 0 to 2 or is neutral in hue and has
value of 4 to 7. Mottles, if they occur, are in shades of
red, brown, or yellow. The texture is dominantly sandy
loam, sandy clay loam, or loam, but in some pedons
stratified layers of sand and gravel are below a depth of
40 inches.
The Wehadkee soils in Alexander County are
taxadjuncts because in most pedons they do not have
gray colors or mottles as high in the soil profile as the
Wehadkee series. This difference does not significantly
affect use or management of the soils.

Formation of the Soils
This section describes the factors of soil formation
and relates them to the soils in Alexander County.
Factors of Soil Formation
Soils are formed through the interaction of five major
factors: parent material, climate, plant and animal life,
relief, and time (7). The relative influence of each factor
varies from place to place, and in some places one
factor dominates in the formation of a soil and
determines most of its properties.
Parent Material
Parent material is the mass from which soils form. It
influences the mineral and chemical composition of the
soil and to a large extent the rate at which soil
formation takes place. Residual material and alluvial
sediments are the two major types of parent material in
the soils in Alexander County.
Residual material is the earthy material derived from
the weathering of rocks. It is often referred to as
saprolite or residuum. Saprolite underlies the soils on
the uplands, which account for most of the land area in
the county. Soils that formed in residuum also are
influenced by soil creep, the movement of soil
downslope by gravity. Soil creep is more pronounced on
the steeper slopes. In some places the saprolite may be
several feet thick, and in other places it may be only a
few inches thick. Gneiss and schist are the two major
types of rock in the county.
Alluvial sediments consist of material that has been
eroded from the soils on the uplands and deposited on
flood plains along streams. Recent deposits are made
up of sand, silt, clay, and in some places, gravel and
cobbles. These deposits generally are more than 5 feet
thick. In some places the alluvial sediments are much
older and are now on high stream terraces that were
once flood plains.
Climate
The generally warm, humid climate of Alexander
County has caused strong weathering and leaching of
the soils. In most places the soil materials have
87
weathered to a considerable depth because they have
been exposed to climatic forces for a long time. The
only soil materials that are not deeply or strongly
weathered are either highly resistant to weathering or
have been exposed to weathering for only a short time,
such as the soil materials on some of the steep slopes.
Most of the bases have been leached from the soils
and they are naturally acid. Weathering and leaching
have left the natural supply of plant nutrients low in
most of the soils. Because of the downward movement
of clay from the surface horizon, the subsoil of most of
the soils on uplands is enriched in clay. Alternate
wetting and drying and freezing and thawing are
responsible for the blocky structure in a clay -enriched
subsoil. More detailed information on the climate is in
the section "General Nature of the County."
Plant and Animal Life
Plant and animal life influences the formation and
differentiation of soil horizons. The type and number of
organisms in and on a soil are determined in part by
climate and in part by the nature of the soil material,
relief, and the age of the soil. Bacteria, fungi, and other
micro-organisms aid in the weathering of rocks and in
the decomposition of organic matter. The plants and
animals that live on a soil are the primary source of
organic material.
Plants generally supply most of the organic material
that decomposes and gives a dark color to the soil
surface horizons. It also supplies nutrients to these
horizons. Plants also are important in changing the
base status and in the leaching process. In areas of
native forest in Alexander County, not enough bases
are brought to the surface by plants to counteract the
effects of leaching.
The soils of the county generally formed under
hardwood forest. The trees took up elements from the
subsoil and added organic matter to the surface by
depositing leaves, roots, twigs, and eventually the
whole tree. The organic material on the surface was
acted on by organisms and underwent chemical
reaction.
Organic material decomposes rapidly in the county

[Z:1
because of the moderate temperature, the abundant
moisture supply, and the character of the organic
material. Because it decays so rapidly, little organic
material accumulates in the soil.
Animals convert complex compounds into simpler
forms, add organic matter to the soil, and modify certain
chemical and physical properties. In the county most of
the organic material accumulates on the surface. It is
acted on by micro-organisms, fungi, earthworms, and
other forms of life and by direct chemical reaction. It is
mixed with the uppermost mineral part of the soil by the
activities of earthworms and other small invertebrates.
This mixing generally affects the structure of the soil,
making the soil more open and porous.
Human activities also affect the structure of the soils.
They make the soils more porous in places by tillage
and management practices. In some places, however,
humans compact the soils and make them more dense
by foot and vehicular traffic and by tillage equipment.
The intensive use and disturbance of some of the soils
have caused accelerated losses by erosion, often
accompanied by increased deposition on flood plains
and in depressions. In other places, human activities
have slowed the rate of erosion. Many of the soils have
also been chemically altered through the use of lime
and fertilizer, which make the soils more favorable for
desired plants.
Relief
In soil formation, relief affects surface runoff and the
percolation of water through the soil. Increased surface
runoff reduces the amount of water available for plant
growth. The movement of water is important in soil
development because it aids chemical reactions and is
necessary for leaching. In Alexander County, relief is
determined mainly by the kind of underlying bedrock,
the geology of the area, and the amount of dissection of
the landscape by streams.
Relief affects the depth of soils. The slopes in the
county range from 0 to 90 percent. The upland soils
that have slopes of less than 15 percent generally have
deeper, better defined profiles than those of the steeper
soils. Examples are the well developed Cecil and
Davidson soils. On soils that have slopes of 25 percent
or more, geologic erosion removes soil material almost
as quickly as it forms. As a result, most of the steep
and very steep soils have a thinner solum than that of
the less sloping soils. Examples are Ashe, Cleveland,
and Saluda soils, which are neither as deep nor as well
developed as the less sloping soils.
Relief also affects drainage. Runoff from the uplands
accumulates on the nearly level flood plains, resulting in
a high water table. Examples are the poorly drained
Soil Survey
Wehadkee and somewhat poorly drained Chewacla
soils.
Time
The length of time that parent material has been in
place and exposed to the active forces of climate and
plant and animal life strongly influences the nature of
the soil. The length of time a soil has been forming is
reflected in the profile.
The soils on the more level positions in the uplands
are older and have profile features that reflect their age.
These soils have a B horizon that has been enriched
with clay that has moved down from the surface layer.
Examples are Cecil and Pacolet soils, which are
classified as Ultisols (from ultimate).
The young soils, such as those that formed in recent
stream sediments, have not been in place long enough
to have developed distinct horizons. The C horizon in
these soils extends essentially to the surface and is
subdivided only by the depositional stratification in the
materials. An example is the Buncombe soils. Most of
these soils are classified as Entisols (from recent).
The upland soils on the steeper slopes, such as
Ashe and Cleveland soils, are less developed. They
have only the structure and color of a B horizon but
little clay enrichment. Such soils are classified as
Inceptisols (from inception).
Morphology of the Soils
The results of the factors of soil formation are the
different layers, or horizons, in a profile. The soil profile
extends from the surface down to materials that are
little altered by the soil -forming processes.
Most soils contain three major horizons, the A, B,
and C horizons. Some soils, particularly those in
forested areas, also have an organic horizon, the O
horizon, on the surface. This horizon is an accumulation
of organic material, such as twigs and leaves, or of
humified organic material that has little admixture of
mineral material. The major horizons can be subdivided
by the use of letters to indicate differences within the
horizon. For example, the Bt horizon represents the
best developed part of the B horizon that has an
accumulation of clay from overlying horizons. The Cecil
soils have a Bt horizon.
The A horizon is a mineral surface layer. The Al
horizon is darkened by humified organic matter. The Ap
horizon is a plow layer commonly darkened with organic
matter. The A horizon is the layer of maximum leaching
or eluviation of clay and iron. An E horizon forms if
considerable leaching has taken place and organic
matter has not darkened the material. The E horizon is
normally the lightest colored horizon in the profile.

Alexander County, North Carolina
The B horizon normally underlies the A horizon. It is
commonly called the subsoil. It is the horizon of
maximum accumulation or illuviation of clay, iron,
aluminum, or other compounds leached from the
surface layer. The B horizon commonly has blocky
structure. It generally is firmer and is lighter in color
than the A horizon, but it is darker than the E or C
horizons.
The C horizon is below the A or B horizon. It consists
of materials that are little altered by the soil -forming
processes, but it may be modified by weathering. In
young soils, such as those that formed in recent
alluvium or in fill material deposited by humans, the C
horizon may extend almost to the surface and the B
horizon may be absent.
Processes of Horizon Differentiation
Several processes are involved in the formation of
soil horizons. Among these are the accumulation of
organic matter, the leaching of soluble constituents, the
chemical reduction and movement of iron, the formation
of soil structure, and the formation and translocation of
clay minerals. These processes often take place
simultaneously. Such processes have been going on for
thousands of years in the old soils.
The accumulation and incorporation of organic matter
takes place as plant residue and organic material
deposited by humans decompose and are mixed into
the soil. These additions darken the color of the mineral
soil materials and are responsible for forming the A
horizon.
In order for soils to have a distinct subsoil, lime and
more soluble materials must be leached before the
translocation of clay minerals. Once leaching has taken
place, the clay can disperse more easily and be moved
as part of the percolate. Clay has accumulated in the Bt
horizon of the soils classified as Ultisols by being
leached from overlying horizons and settling in the B
horizon as a result of flocculation and the drying up of
the percolating water. Clay from dissolved silica and
aluminum also has accumulated in these horizons.
More inert materials, such as silt and sand -sized quartz,
are concentrated in the A horizon as the more soluble
materials and clay are leached out.
The natural, well drained and moderately well
drained soils in Alexander County generally have a
yellowish brown to red subsoil. These colors come from
finely divided iron oxide minerals that coat the sand, silt,
and clay particles. These iron oxides have formed from
iron released during the weathering of silicate minerals
in the present soil or in soils that were the source of
sediments in which the present soil developed. In the
more poorly drained soils, the gray color in the subsoil
horizons indicates the absence of free iron oxide
coatings. In the gray zones iron has been chemically
reduced to a more soluble form during wet periods
when oxygen was excluded and the iron was either
leached from the soils or was concentrated in iron oxide
mottles and concretions.

91
References
(1) Alexander County Chamber of Commerce and Economic Development
Council. The gem capitol of North America Alexander County, North
Carolina. Pam.
(2) Alexander County Genealogical Society. 1986. Alexander County
heritage -North Carolina. Vol. 1.
(3) American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.
1986. Standard specifications for highway materials and methods of
sampling and testing. Ed. 14, 2 vols.
(4) American Society for Testing and Materials. 1993. Standard
classification of soils for engineering purposes. ASTM Stand. D 2487.
(5) Beck, Donald E. 1962. Yellow -poplar site index curves. U.S. Dep.
Agric., Forest Serv., Southeast. Forest Exp. Stn. Res. Note 180.
(6) Broadfoot, Walter M., and R.M. Krinard. 1959. Guide for evaluating
sweetgum sites. U.S. Dep. Agric., Forest Serv., South. Forest Exp. Stn.
Occas. Pap. 176.
(7) Buol, S.W., F.D. Hole, and R.J. McCracken. 1989. Soil genesis and
classification. Ed. 3.
(8) Chaiken, L.E., and T.C. Nelson. 1959. Site curves for Piedmont Virginia
pine. U.S. Dep. Agric., Forest Serv., Southeast. Forest Exp. Stn. Res.
Note 135.
(9) Coile, T.S., and F.X. Schumacher. 1953. Site index of young stands of
loblolly and shortleaf pines in the Piedmont Plateau Region. J. For. 51:
432-435.
(10) Doolittle, Warren T. 1958. Site index comparisons for several forest
species in the southern Appalachians. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 22:
455-458.
(11) Doolittle, Warren T. 1960. Site index curves for natural stands of white
pine in the southern Appalachians. U.S. Dep. Agric., Forest Serv.,
Southeast. Forest Exp. Stn. Res. Note 141.
(12) LeGrande, H.E. 1954. Geology and ground water in the Statesville
Area, North Carolina. U.S. Dep. Int. Bull. 68: 23-27.

92
(13) Nelson, T.C., J.L. Cutter, and L.E. Chaiken. 1961. Yield of Virginia pine.
U.S. Dep. Agric, Forest Serv., Southeast. Forest Exp. Stn. Pap. 124.
(14) North Carolina Agricultural Statistics Division. 1990. North Carolina farm
income 1987-1988. Bull. 167.
(15) Olson, D.J. 1959. Site index curves for upland oak in the Southeast.
U.S. Dep. Agric., Forest Serv., Southeast. Forest Exp. Stn. Res. Note
125.
(16) United States Department of Agriculture. 1961. Land capability
classification. U.S. Dep. Agric. Handb. 210.
(17) United States Department of Agriculture. 1975. Soil taxonomy: A basic
system of soil classification for making and interpreting soil surveys. Soil
Conserv. Serv., U.S. Dep. Agric. Handb. 436.
(18) United States Department of Agriculture. 1984 (rev.). Procedures for
collecting soil samples and methods of analysis for soil survey. Soil
Surv. Invest. Rep. 1.
(19) United States Department of Agriculture. 1991. Forest statistics for
North Carolina, 1990. U.S. Dep. Agric, Forest Serv., Southeast. Forest
Exp. SM. Resour. Bull. SE-120.
(20) United States Department of Agriculture. 1993. Soil survey manual. U.S.
Dep. Agric. Handb. 18.

Glossary
Aeration, soil. The exchange of air in soil with air from
the atmosphere. The air in a well aerated soil is
similar to that in the atmosphere; the air in a
poorly aerated soil is considerably higher in carbon
dioxide and lower in oxygen.
Aggregate, soil. Many fine particles held in a single
mass or cluster. Natural soil aggregates, such as
granules, blocks, or prisms, are called peds. Clods
are aggregates produced by tillage or logging.
Alluvium. Material, such as sand, silt, or clay,
deposited on land by streams.
Animal unit month (AUM). The amount of forage
required by one mature cow of approximately
1,000 pounds weight, with or without a calf, for 1
month.
Area reclaim (in tables). An area difficult to reclaim
after the removal of soil for construction and other
uses. Revegetation and erosion control are
extremely difficult.
Association, soil. A group of soils or miscellaneous
areas geographically associated in a characteristic
repeating pattern and defined and delineated as a
single map unit.
Atterberg limits. Atterberg limits are measured for soil
materials passing the No. 40 sieve. They include
the liquid limit (LL), which is the moisture content
at which the soil passes from a plastic to a liquid
state, and the plasticity index (PI), which is the
water content corresponding to an arbitrary limit
between the plastic and semisolid states of
consistency of a soil.
Available water capacity (available moisture
capacity). The capacity of soils to hold water
available for use by most plants. It is commonly
defined as the difference between the amount of
soil water at field moisture capacity and the
amount at wilting point. It is commonly expressed
as inches of water per inch of soil. The capacity, in
inches, in a 60-inch profile or to a limiting layer is
expressed as:
Very low ............................... 0 to 3
Low.................................... 3 to 6
Moderate ............................... 6 to 9
93
High .................................. 9 to 12
Very high ........................ more than 12
Base saturation. The degree to which material having
cation -exchange properties is saturated with
exchangeable bases (sum of Ca, Mg, Na, K),
expressed as a percentage of the total cation -
exchange capacity.
Bedding planes. Fine stratifications, less than 5
millimeters thick, in unconsolidated, alluvial, eolian,
lacustrine, or marine sediments.
Bedrock. The solid rock that underlies the soil and
other unconsolidated material or that is exposed at
the surface.
Bench terrace: A raised, level or nearly level strip of
earth constructed on or nearly on the contour,
supported by a barrier of rocks or similar material,
and designed to make the soil suitable for tillage
and to prevent accelerated erosion.
Boulders. Rock fragments larger than 2 feet (60
centimeters) in diameter.
Capillary water. Water held as a film around soil
particles and in tiny spaces between particles.
Surface tension is the adhesive force that holds
capillary water in the soil.
Cation. An ion carrying a positive charge of electricity.
The common soil cations are calcium, potassium,
magnesium, sodium, and hydrogen.
Cation -exchange capacity. The total amount of
exchangeable cations that can be held by the soil,
expressed in terms of milliequivalents per 100
grams of soil at neutrality (pH 7.0) or at some
other stated pH value. The term, as applied to
soils, is synonymous with base -exchange capacity
but is more precise in meaning.
Clay. As a soil separate, the mineral soil particles less
than 0.002 millimeter in diameter. As a soil textural
class, soil material that is 40 percent or more clay,
less than 45 percent sand, and less than 40
percent silt.
Clayey. A general textural term that includes sandy
clay, silty clay, and clay. According to family level
criteria in the soil taxonomic system, a specific
textural name referring to fine earth (particles less

94
than 2 millimeters in size) containing 35 percent or
more clay, by weight, within the control section.
The content of rock fragments is less than 35
percent, by volume.
Clay film. A thin coating of oriented clay on the surface
of a soil aggregate or lining pores or root
channels. Synonyms: clay coating, clay skin.
CMAI (cumulative mean annual increment). The age
or rotation at which growing stock of a forest
produces the greatest annual growth (for that time
period). It is the age at which periodic annual
growth and mean annual growth are equal.
Coarse fragments. If round, mineral or rock particles 2
millimeters to 25 centimeters (10 inches) in
diameter; if flat, mineral or rock particles
(flagstone) 15 to 38 centimeters (6 to 15 inches)
long.
Cobblestone (or cobble). A rounded or partly rounded
fragment of rock 3 to 10 inches (7.6 to 25
centimeters) in diameter.
Colluvium. Soil material or rock fragments, or both,
moved by creep, slide, or local wash and
deposited at the base of steep slopes.
Complex, soil. A map unit of two or more kinds of soil
or miscellaneous areas in such an intricate pattern
or so small in area that it is not practical to map
them separately at the selected scale of mapping.
The pattern and proportion of the soils or
miscellaneous areas are somewhat similar in all
areas.
Concretions. Grains, pellets, or nodules of various
sizes, shapes, and colors consisting of
concentrated compounds or cemented soil grains.
The composition of most concretions is unlike that
of the surrounding soil. Calcium carbonate and
iron oxide are common compounds in concretions.
Conservation tillage. A tillage system that does not
invert the soil and that leaves a protective amount
of crop residue on thesurface throughout the year.
Consistence, soil. The feel of the soil and the ease
with which a lump can be crushed by the fingers.
Terms commonly used to describe consistence
are:
Loose.—Noncoherent when dry or moist; does not
hold together in a mass.
Friable. —When moist, crushes easily under gentle
pressure between thumb and forefinger and can
be pressed together into a lump.
Firm. —When moist, crushes under moderate
pressure between thumb and forefinger, but
resistance is distinctly noticeable.
Plastic. —When wet, readily deformed by moderate
pressure but can be pressed into a lump; will form
Soil Survey
a "wire" when rolled between thumb and
forefinger.
Sticky. —When wet, adheres to other material and
tends to stretch somewhat and pull apart rather
than to pull free from other material.
Contour striperopping. Growing crops in strips that
follow the contour. Strips of grass or close -growing
crops are alternated with strips of clean -tilled
crops or summer fallow.
Control section. The part of the soil on which
classification is based. The thickness varies
among different kinds of soil, but for many it is that
part of the soil profile between depths of 10 inches
and 40 or 80 inches.
Cover crop. A close -growing crop grown primarily to
improve and protect the soil between periods of
regular crop production, or a crop grown between
trees and vines in orchards and vineyards.
Crop residue management. Use of that portion of the
plant or crop left in the field after harvest for
protection or improvement of the soil.
Cutbanks cave (in tables). The walls of excavations
tend to cave in or slough.
Deferred grazing. Postponing grazing or resting grazing
land for a prescribed period.
Delineation. The process of drawing or plotting features
on a map with lines and symbols.
Depth class. Refers to the depth to a root -restricting
layer. Unless otherwise stated, this layer is
understood to be consolidated bedrock. The depth
classes in this survey are:
Very shallow ................
less than 10 inches
Shallow ........................
10 to 20 inches
Moderately deep ................
20 to 40 inches
Deep ..........................
40 to 60 inches
Very deep .................
more than 60 inches
Depth to rock (in tables). Bedrock is too near the
surface for the specified use.
Diversion (or diversion terrace). A ridge of earth,
generally a terrace, built to protect downslope
areas by diverting runoff from its natural course.
Drainage class (natural). Refers to the frequency and
duration of periods of saturation or partial
saturation during soil formation, as opposed to
altered drainage, which is commonly the result of
artificial drainage or irrigation but may be caused
by the sudden deepening of channels or the
blocking of drainage_ outlets. Seven classes of
natural soil drainage are recognized:
Excessively drained. —Water is removed from the
soil very rapidly. Excessively drained soils are
commonly very coarse textured, rocky, or shallow.
Some are steep. All are free of the mottling related
to wetness.

Alexander County, North Carolina
Somewhat excessively drained. —Water is removed
from the soil rapidly. Many somewhat excessively
drained soils are sandy and rapidly pervious.
Some are shallow. Some are so steep that much
of the water they receive is lost as runoff. All are
free of the mottling related to wetness.
Well drained. —Water is removed from the soil
readily, but not rapidly. It is available to plants
throughout most of the growing season, and
wetness does not inhibit growth of roots for
significant periods during most growing seasons.
Well drained soils are commonly medium textured.
They are mainly free of mottling.
Moderately well drained. —Water is removed from
the soil somewhat slowly during some periods.
Moderately well drained soils are wet for only a
short time during the growing season, but
periodically they are wet long enough that most
mesophytic crops are affected. They commonly
have a slowly pervious layer within or directly
below the solum or periodically receive high
rainfall, or both.
Somewhat poorly drained. —Water is removed
slowly enough that the soil is wet for significant
periods during the growing season. Wetness
markedly restricts the growth of mesophytic crops
unless artificial drainage is provided. Somewhat
poorly drained soils commonly have a slowly
pervious layer, a high water table, additional water
from seepage, nearly continuous rainfall, or a
combination of these.
Poorly drained. —Water is removed so slowly that
the soil is saturated periodically during the growing
season or remains wet for long periods. Free
water is commonly at or near the surface for long
enough during the growing season that most
mesophytic crops cannot be grown unless the soil
is artificially drained. The soil is not continuously
saturated in layers directly below plow depth. Poor
drainage results from a high water table, a slowly
pervious layer within the profile, seepage, nearly
continuous rainfall, or a combination of these.
Very poorly drained. —Water is removed from the
soil so slowly that free water remains at or on the
surface during most of the growing season. Unless
the soil is artificially drained, most mesophytic
crops cannot be grown. Very poorly drained soils
are commonly level or depressed and are
frequently ponded. Yet, where rainfall is high and
nearly continuous, they can have moderate or high
slope gradients.
Drainage, surface. Runoff, or surface flow of water,
from an area.
Eluviation. The movement of material in true solution or
95
colloidal suspension from one place to another
within the soil. Soil horizons that have lost material
through eluviation are eluvial; those that have
received material are illuvial.
Eroded (soil phase). Because of erosion, soils that
have lost an average of 25 to 75 percent of the
original A horizon or the uppermost 2 to 6 inches if
the original A horizon was less than 8 inches thick.
Erosion. The wearing away of the land surface by
water, wind, ice, or other geologic agents and by
such processes as gravitational creep.
Erosion (geologic). Erosion caused by geologic
processes acting over long geologic periods and
resulting in the wearing away of mountains and
the building up of such landscape features as
flood plains and coastal plains. Synonym: natural
erosion.
Erosion (accelerated). Erosion much more rapid
than geologic erosion, mainly as a result of human
or animal activities or of a catastrophe in nature,
such as fire, that exposes the surface.
Erosion classes. Classes based on estimates of past
erosion. The classes are as follows:
Class 1.—Soils that have lost some of the original
A horizon but on the average less than 25 percent
of the original A horizon or of the uppermost 8
inches (if the original A horizon was less than 8
inches thick). Throughout most of the area, the
thickness of the surface layer is within the normal
range of variability of the uneroded soil. Class 1
erosion typically is not designated in the name of
the map unit or in the map symbol.
Class 2.—Soils that have lost an average of 25 to
75 percent of the original A horizon or of the
uppermost 8 inches (if the original A horizon was
less than 8 inches thick). Throughout most
cultivated areas of class 2 erosion, the surface
layer consists of a mixture of the original A horizon
and material from below. Some areas may have
intricate patterns ranging from uneroded spots to
spots where all of the original A horizon has been
removed.
Class 3.—Soils that have lost an average of 75
percent or more of the original A horizon or of the
uppermost 8 inches (if the original A horizon was
less than 8 inches thick). In most areas of class 3
erosion, material that was below the original A
horizon is exposed. The plow layer consists
entirely or largely of this material.
Class 4.—Soils that have lost all of the original A
horizon or of the uppermost 8 inches (if the
original A horizon was less than 8 inches thick)
plus some or all of the deeper horizons throughout
most of the area. The original soil can be identified

only in spots. Some areas may be smooth, but
most have an intricate pattern of gullies.
Erosion hazard. Terms describing the potential for
future erosion, inherent in the soil itself, in
inadequately protected areas. The following
definitions are based on estimated annual soil loss
in tons per acre.(values determined by:the
Universal Soil Loss Equation assuming bare soil
conditions and using, rainfall and climate factors for
North Carolina):
0 tons per acre ..:........................ none
Less than 1 ton per acre ................... slight
1 to 5, tons per acre ................... moderate
5 to 10 tons per acre .................... severe
More than 10 tons per acre.......... very severe
Excess fines (in tables). Excess silt and clay in the soil.
The soil does not provide a source of gravel or
sand for construction purposes.
.Fertility, soil. The quality that enables a soil to provide
plant nutrients, in adequate amounts and in proper
balance, for the growth of specified plants when
light, moisture, temperature, tilth, and other growth
factors are favorable.
Field border. A strip of perennial vegetation (trees,
shrubs, or herbaceous plants) established on the
edge of a field to control erosion, provide travel
lanes for farm machinery, control competition from
adjacent woodland, or provide food and cover for
wildlife.
Flooding. The temporary covering of the surface by
flowing water from any source, such as
overflowing streams, runoff from adjacent or
surrounding slopes, and inflow from high tides.
The frequency of flooding, is expressed as none,
rare, occasional, or frequent. None means that
flooding is not probable. Rare means that flooding
is unlikely but possible under unusual weather
conditions (the chance of flooding is nearly 0
percent to 5 percent in any year). Occasional
means that flooding occurs infrequently under
normal weather conditions (the chance of flooding
is 5 to 50 percent in any year). Frequent means
that flooding occurs often under normal weather
conditions (the chance of flooding is more than 50
percent in any year). The duration of flooding is
expressed as very brief (less than 2 days), brief (2
to 7 days), long (7 days to 1 month), and very long
(more than 1 month).
Flood plain. A nearly level alluvial plain that borders a
stream and is subject to flooding unless protected
artificially.
Foot slope. The inclined surface at the base of a hill.
Forb. Any herbaceous plant that is not a grass or a
sedge.
Soil Survey
Forest type. A classification of forest land based on the
species forming the majority of live -tree stocking.
Genesis, soil. The mode of origin of the soil. Refers
especially to the processes or soil -forming factors
responsible for the formation of the solum, or true
soil, from the unconsolidated parent material.
Gneiss. A coarse grained metamorphic rock in which
bands rich in granular minerals alternate with
bands in which schistose minerals predominate. It
is commonly formed by the metamorphism of
granite.
Grassed waterway. A natural or constructed waterway,
typically broad and shallow, seeded to grass as
protection against erosion. Conducts surface water
away from cropland.
Gravel. Rounded or angular fragments of rock as much
as 3 inches (2 millimeters to 7.6 centimeters) in
diameter. An individual piece is a pebble.
Gravelly soil material. Material that is 15 to 50 percent,
by volume, rounded or angular rock fragments, not
prominently flattened, as much as 3 inches (7.6
centimeters) in diameter.
Ground water (geology). Water filling all the unblocked
pores of the material below the water table.
Gully. A miniature valley with steep sides cut by
running water and through which water ordinarily
runs only after rainfall. The distinction between a
gully and a rill is one of -depth. A gully generally is
an obstacle to farm machinery and is too deep to
be obliterated by ordinary tillage; a rill is of lesser
depth and can be smoothed over by ordinary
tillage.
Horizon, soil. A layer of soil, approximately parallel to
the surface, having distinct characteristics
produced by soil -forming processes. In the
identification of soil horizons, an uppercase letter
represents the major horizons. Numbers or
lowercase letters that follow represent subdivisions
of the major horizons. An explanation of the
subdivisions is given in the "Soil Survey Manual."
The major horizons of mineral soil are as follows:
O horizon. —An organic layer of fresh and
decaying plant residue at the surface of a mineral
soil.
A horizon. The mineral horizon at or near the
surface in which an accumulation of humified
organic matter is mixed with the mineral material.
Also, a plowed surface horizon, most of which was
originally part of a B horizon.
E horizon. —The mineral horizon in which the main
feature is loss of silicate clay, iron, aluminum, or
some combination of these.
B horizon. —The mineral horizon below an 0, A, or
E horizon. The B horizon is in part a layer of

Alexander County, North Carolina
transition from the overlying horizon to the
underlying C horizon. The B horizon also has
distinctive characteristics, such as accumulation of
clay, sesquioxides, humus, or a combination of
these; prismatic or blocky structure; redder or
browner colors than those in the A horizon; or a
combination of these. The combined A and B
horizons are generally called the solum, or true
soil. If a soil does not have a B horizon, the A
horizon alone is the solum.
C horizon. —The mineral horizon or layer,
excluding indurated bedrock, that is little affected
by soil -forming processes and does not have the
properties typical of the A or B horizon. The
material of a C horizon may be either like or unlike
that in which the solum formed. If the material is
known to differ from that in the solum, an Arabic
numeral, commonly a 2, precedes the letter C.
Cr horizon. —Soft, consolidated bedrock beneath
the soil.
R layer. —Consolidated rock (unweathered
bedrock) beneath the soil. The bedrock commonly
underlies a C horizon but can be directly below an
A or a B horizon.
Humus. The well decomposed, more or less stable part
of the organic matter in mineral soils.
Hydrologic soil groups. Refers to soils grouped
according to their runoff -producing characteristics.
The chief consideration is the inherent capacity of
soil bare of vegetation to permit infiltration. The
slope and the kind of plant cover are not
considered but are separate factors in predicting
runoff. Soils are assigned to four groups. In group
A are soils having a high infiltration rate when
thoroughly wet and having a low runoff potential.
They are mainly deep, well drained, and sandy or
gravelly. In group D, at the other extreme, are
soils having a very slow infiltration rate and thus a
high runoff potential. They have a claypan or clay
layer at or near the surface, have a permanent
high water table, or are shallow over nearly
impervious bedrock or other material. A soil is
assigned to two hydrologic groups if part of the
acreage is artificially drained and part is
undrained.
Illuviation. The movement of soil material from one
horizon to another in the soil profile. Generally,
material is removed from an upper horizon and
deposited in a lower horizon.
Infiltration. The downward entry of water into the
immediate surface of soil or other material. This
contrasts with percolation, which is movement of
water through soil layers or material.
Infiltration rate. The rate at which water penetrates the
97
surface of the soil at any given instant, usually
expressed in inches per hour. The rate can be
limited by the infiltration capacity of the soil or the
rate at which water is applied at the surface.
Large stones (in tables). Rock fragments 3 inches (7.6
centimeters) or more across. Large stones
adversely affect the specified use of the soil.
Leaching. The removal of soluble material from soil or
other material by percolating water.
Liquid limit. The moisture content at which the soil
passes from a plastic to a liquid state.
Loam. Soil material that is 7 to 27 percent clay
particles, 28 to 50 percent silt particles, and less
than 52 percent sand particles.
Loamy. A general textural term that includes coarse
sandy loam, sandy loam, fine sandy loam, very
fine sandy loam, loam, silt loam, silt, clay loam,
sandy clay loam, and silty clay loam. According to
family level criteria in the soil taxonomic system, a
specific textural name referring to fine earth
(particles less than 2 millimeters in size) of loamy
very fine sand or finer textured material that
contains less than 35 percent clay, by weight,
within the control section. The content of rock
fragments is less than 35 percent, by volume.
Low strength. The soil is not strong enough to support
loads.
Mean annual increment. The average yearly volume of
a stand of trees from the year of origin to the age
under consideration.
Micas. A group of silicate minerals characterized by
sheet or scale cleavage. Biotite is the
ferromagnesian black mica. Muscovite is the
potassic white mica.
Mineral soil. Soil that is mainly mineral material and
low in organic material. Its bulk density is more
than that of organic soil.
Minimum tillage. Only the tillage essential to crop
production and prevention of soil damage.
Miscellaneous area. An area that has little or no
natural soil and supports little or no vegetation.
Morphology, soil. The physical makeup of the soil,
including the texture, structure, porosity,
consistence, color, and other physical, mineral,
and biological properties of the various horizons,
and the thickness and arrangement of those
horizons in the soil profile.
Mottling, soil. Irregular spots of different colors that
vary in number and size. Mottling generally
indicates poor aeration and impeded drainage.
Descriptive terms are as follows: abundance —few,
common, and many; size —fine, medium, and
coarse; and contrast —faint, distinct, and prominent.
The size measurements are of the diameter along

a]
the greatest dimension. Fine indicates less than 5
millimeters (about 0.2 inch); medium, from 5 to 15
millimeters (about 0.2 to 0.6 inch); and coarse,
more than 15 millimeters (about 0.6 inch).
Munsell notation. A designation of color by degrees of
three simple variables -hue, value, and chroma.
For example, a notation of 10YR 6/4 is a color with
hue of 10YR, value of 6, and chroma of 4.
Neutral soil. A soil having a pH value of 6.6 to 7.3.
(See Reaction, soil.)
No -till planting. A method of planting crops in which
there is virtually no seedbed preparation. A thin
slice of the soil is opened, and the seed is placed
at the desired depth.
Nutrient, plant. Any element taken in by a plant
essential to its growth. Plant nutrients are mainly
nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium,
magnesium, sulfur, iron, manganese, copper,
boron, and zinc obtained from the soil and carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen obtained from the air and
water.
Open space. A relatively undeveloped green or wooded
area provided mainly within an urban area to
minimize feelings of congested living.
Organic matter. Plant and animal residue in the soil in
various stages of decomposition.
Overstory. The portion of the trees in a forest stand
forming the upper crown cover.
Parent material. The unconsolidated organic and
mineral material in which soil forms.
Ped. An individual natural soil aggregate, such as a
granule, a prism, or a block.
Pedon. The smallest volume that can be called "a soil."
A pedon is three dimensional and large enough to
permit, study of all horizons. Its area ranges from
about 10 to 100 square feet (1 square meter to 10
square meters), depending on the variability of the
soil.
Percolation. The downward movement of water through
the soil.
Peres slowly (in tables). The slow movement of water
through the soil adversely affects the specified
use.
Permeability. The quality of the soil that enables water
to move downward through the profile.
Permeability is measured as the number of inches
per hour that water moves through the saturated
soil. Terms describing permeability are:
Very slow .................. less than 0.06 inch
Slow .......................... 0.06 to 0.2 inch
Moderately slow ................. 0.2 to 0.6 inch
Moderate ................ 0.6 inch to 2.0 inches
Moderately rapid .............. 2.0 to 6.0 inches
Soil Survey
Rapid ......................... 6.0 to 20 inches
Very rapid ................ more than 20 inches
Phase, soil. A subdivision of a soil series based on
features that affect its use and management. For
example, slope, stoniness, and thickness.
pH value. A numerical designation of acidity and
alkalinity in soil. (See Reaction, soil.)
Piedmont. The physiographic region of central North
Carolina characterized by rolling landscapes
formed from the weathering of residual rock
material.
Piping (in tables). Subsurface tunnels or pipelike
cavities are formed by water moving through the
soil.
Plasticity index. The numerical difference between the
liquid limit and the plastic limit; the range of
moisture content within which the soil remains
plastic.
Plastic limit. The moisture content at which a soil
changes from semisolid to plastic.
Ponding. Standing water on soils in closed
depressions. Unless the soils are artificially
drained, the water can be removed only by
percolation or evapotranspiration.
Poor filter (in tables). Because of rapid or very rapid
permeability, the soil may not adequately filter
effluent from a waste disposal system.
Productivity, soil. The capability of a soil for producing
a specified plant or sequence of plants under
specific management.
Profile, soil. A vertical section of the soil extending
through all its horizons and into the parent
material.
Reaction, soil. A measure of acidity or alkalinity of a
soil, expressed in pH values. A soil that tests to
pH 7.0 is described as precisely neutral in reaction
because it is neither acid nor alkaline. The
degrees of acidity or alkalinity, expressed as pH
values, are:
Ultra acid ........................... below 3.5
Extremely acid ......................
3.5 to 4.4
Very strongly acid ...................
4.5 to 5.0
Strongly acid ..... :..................
5.1 to 5.5
Moderately acid ......... .............
5.6 to 6.0
Slightly acid .........................
6.1 to 6.5
Neutral .............................
6.6 to 7.3
Mildly alkaline .......................
7.4 to 7.8
Moderately alkaline ..................
7.9 to 8.4
Strongly alkaline .....................
8.5 to 9.0
Very strongly alkaline............
9.1 and higher
Regolith. The unconsolidated mantle of weathered rock
and soil material on the earth's surface; the loose
earth material above the solid rock.
Relief. The elevations or inequalities of a land surface,
considered collectively.

Alexander County, North Carolina
Residuum (residual soil material). Unconsolidated,
weathered or partly weathered mineral material
that accumulated as consolidated rock
disintegrated in place.
Rill. A steep -sided channel resulting from accelerated
erosion. A rill is generally a few inches deep and
not wide enough to be an obstacle to farm
machinery.
Road cut. A sloping surface made by mechanical
means during road construction. It is generally on
the uphill section of a road.
Rock fragments. Rock or mineral fragments having a
diameter of 2 millimeters or more; for example,
pebbles, cobbles, stones, and boulders.
Rooting depth (in tables). Shallow root zone. The soil
is shallow over a layer that greatly restricts roots.
Root zone. The part of the soil that can be penetrated
by plant roots.
Runoff. The precipitation discharged into stream
channels from an area. The water that flows off
the surface of the land without sinking into the soil
is called surface runoff. Water that enters the soil
before reaching surface streams is called ground-
water runoff or seepage flow from ground water.
Runoff class (surface). Refers to the rate at which
water flows away from the soil over the surface
without infiltrating. Six classes of rate of runoff are
recognized:
Ponded.—Little of the precipitation and water that
runs onto the soil escapes as runoff, and free
water stands on the surface for significant periods.
The amount of water that is removed from ponded
areas by movement through the soil, by plants, or
by evaporation is usually greater than the total
rainfall. Ponding normally occurs on level or nearly
level soils in depressions. The water depth may
fluctuate greatly.
Very slow. —Surface water flows away slowly, and
free water stands on the surface for long periods
or immediately enters the soil. Most of the water
passes through the soil, is used by plants, or
evaporates. The soils are commonly level or
nearly level or are very open and porous.
Slow. —Surface water flows away so slowly that
free water stands on the surface for moderate
periods or enters the soil rapidly. Most of the water
passes through the soil, is used by plants, or
evaporates. The soils are nearly level or very
gently sloping, or they are steeper but absorb
precipitation very rapidly.
Medium. —Surface water flows away so rapidly that
free water stands on the surface for only short
periods. Part of the precipitation enters the soil
and is used by plants, is lost by evaporation, or
moves into underground channels. The soils are
nearly level or gently sloping and absorb
precipitation at a moderate rate, or they are
steeper but absorb water rapidly.
Rapid. —Surface water flows away so rapidly that
the period of concentration is brief and free water
does not stand on the surface. Only a small part of
the water enters the soil. The soils are mainly
moderately steep or steep and have moderate or
slow rates of absorption.
Very rapid. —Surface water flows away so rapidly
that the period of concentration is very brief and
free water does not stand on the surface. Only a
small part of the water enters the soil. The soils
are mainly steep or very steep and absorb
precipitation slowly.
Sand. As a soil separate, individual rock or mineral
fragments from 0.05 millimeter to 2.0 millimeters in
diameter. Most sand grains consist of quartz. As a
soil textural class, a soil that is 85 percent or more
sand and not more than 10 percent clay.
Sandy. A general textural term that includes coarse
sand, sand, fine sand, very fine sand, loamy
coarse sand, loamy sand, loamy fine sand, and
loamy very fine sand. According to family level
criteria in the soil taxonomic system, a specific
textural name referring to fine earth (particles less
than 2 millimeters in size) of sand or loamy sand
that contains less than 50 percent very fine sand,
by weight, within the control section. The content
of rock fragments is less than 35 percent, by
volume.
Saprolite (soil science). Unconsolidated residual
material underlying the soil and grading to hard
bedrock below.
Schist. A metamorphic rock dominated by fibrous or
platy minerals. Has schistose cleavage and is a
product of regional metamorphism.
Seasonal high water table. The highest level of a
saturated zone (the apparent or perched water
table) over a continuous period of more than 2
weeks in most years, but not a permanent water
table.
Seepage (in tables). The movement of water through
the soil adversely affects the specified use.
Series, soil. A group of soils that have profiles that are
almost alike, except for differences in texture of
the surface layer or of the underlying material. All
the soils of a series have horizons that are similar
in composition, thickness, and arrangement.
Sheet erosion. The removal of a fairly uniform layer of
soil material from the land surface by the action of
rainfall and surface runoff.
Shrink -swell (in tables). The shrinking of soil when dry

W1111
and the swelling when wet. Shrinking and swelling
can damage roads, dams, building foundations,
and other structures. It can also damage plant
roots.
Silica. A combination of silicon and oxygen. The
mineral form is called quartz.
Silt. As a soil separate, individual mineral particles that
range in diameter from the upper limit of clay
(0.002 millimeter) to the lower limit of very fine
sand (0.05 millimeter). As a soil textural class, soil
that is 80 percent or more silt and less than 12
percent clay.
Site index. A designation of the quality of a forest site
based on the height of the dominant stand at an
arbitrarily chosen age. For example, if the average
height attained by dominant and codominant trees
in a fully stocked stand at the age of 50 years is
75 feet, the site index is 75 feet.
Skid trails. The paths left from skidding logs and the
bulldozer or tractor used to pull them.
Skidding. A method of moving felled trees to a nearby
central area for transport to a processing facility.
Most systems involve pulling the trees with wire
cables attached to a bulldozer or rubber -tired
tractor. Generally, felled trees are skidded or
pulled with one end lifted to reduce friction and soil
disturbance.
Slope. The inclination of the land surface from the
horizontal. Percentage of slope is the vertical
distance divided by horizontal distance, then
multiplied by 100. Thus, a slope of 20 percent is a
drop of 20 feet in 100 feet of horizontal distance.
In this survey area slope classes are as follows:
Nearly level ......................
0 to 2 percent
Gently sloping ...................
2 to 8 percent
Strongly sloping .................
8 to 15 percent
Moderately steep ..............
15 to 25 percent
Steep .........................
25 to 60 percent
Very steep ....................
60 to 90 percent
Slope (in tables). Slope is great enough that special
practices are required to ensure satisfactory
performance of the soil for a specific use.
Small stones (in tables). Rock fragments less than 3
inches (7.6 centimeters) in diameter. Small stones
adversely affect the specified use of the soil.
Soil. A natural, three-dimensional body at the earth's
surface. It is capable of supporting plants and has
properties resulting from the integrated effect of
climate and living matter acting on earthy parent
material, as conditioned by relief over periods of
time.
Soil compaction. An alteration of soil structure that
ultimately can affect the biological and chemical
properties of the soil. Soil compaction decreases
Soil Survey
the extent of voids and increases bulk density.
Soil map unit. A kind of soil or miscellaneous area or a
combination of two or more soils or one or more
soils and one or more miscellaneous areas that
can be shown at the scale of mapping for the
defined purposes and objectives of the soil survey.
They are generally designed to reflect significant
differences in use and management.
Soil separates. Mineral particles less than 2 millimeters
in equivalent diameter and ranging between
specified size limits. The names and sizes, in
millimeters, of separates recognized in the United
States are as follows:
Very coarse sand ....................
2.0 to 1.0
Coarse sand ........................
1.0 to 0.5
Medium sand ......................
0.5 to 0.25
Fine sand .........................
0.25 to 0.10
Very fine sand ....................
0.10 to 0.05
Silt ..............................
0.05 to 0.002
Clay ...........................
less than 0.002
Soil strength. Load supporting capacity of a soil at
specific moisture and density conditions.
Solum. The upper part of a soil profile, above the C
horizon, in which the processes of soil formation
are active. The solum in soil consists of the A, E,
and B horizons. Generally, the characteristics of
the material in these horizons are unlike those of
the underlying material. The living roots and plant
and animal activities are largely confined to the
solum.
Stand density. The degree to which an area is covered
with living trees. It is usually expressed in units of
basal area per acre, number of trees per acre, or
the percentage of ground covered by the tree
canopy as viewed from above.
Stone line. A concentration of coarse fragments in a
soil. Generally, it is indicative of an old weathered
surface. In a cross section, thickness of the line
can be one fragment or more. It generally overlies
material that weathered in place, and it is overlain
by recent sediments of variable thickness.
Stones. Rock fragments 10 to 24 inches (25 to 60
centimeters) in diameter if rounded or 15 to 24
inches (38 to 60 centimeters) in length if flat.
Stony. Refers to a soil containing stones in numbers
that interfere with or prevent tillage.
Striperopping. Growing crops in a systematic
arrangement of strips or bands that provide
vegetative barriers to soil blowing and water
erosion.
Structure, soil. The arrangement of primary soil
particles into compound particles or aggregates.
The principal forms of soil structure are —platy
(laminated), prismatic (vertical axis of aggregates

Alexander County, North Carolina
longer than horizontal), columnar (prisms with
rounded tops), blocky (angular or subangular), and
granular. Structureless soils are either single
grained (each grain by itself, as in dune sand) or
massive (the particles adhering without any regular
cleavage, as in many hardpans).
Stubble mulch. Stubble or other crop residue left on
the soil or partly worked into the soil. It protects
the soil from soil blowing and water erosion after
harvest, during preparation of a seedbed for the
next crop, and during the early growing period of
the new crop.
Subsoil. Technically, the B horizon; roughly, the part of
the solum below plow depth.
Substratum. The part of the soil below the solum.
Subsurface layer. Technically, the A2 horizon.
Generally refers to a leached horizon lighter in
color and lower in organic matter content than the
overlying surface layer.
Suitability ratings. Ratings for the degree of suitability
of soils for pasture, crops, woodland, and
engineering uses. The ratings and the general
criteria used for their selection are as follows:
Well suited. —The intended use may be initiated
and maintained by using only the standard
materials and methods typically required for that
use. Good results can be expected.
.Moderately suited. —The limitations affecting the
intended use may make special planning, design,
or maintenance necessary.
Poorly suited. —The intended use is difficult or
costly to initiate and maintain because of certain
soil properties, such as steep slopes, a high
hazard of erosion, a high water table, low fertility,
and a hazard of flooding. Major soil reclamation,
special design, or intensive management practices
are needed.
Unsuited. —The intended use is very difficult or
costly to initiate and maintain, and thus it generally
should not be undertaken.
Surface layer. The soil ordinarily moved in tillage, or its
equivalent in uncultivated soil, ranging in depth
from 4 to 10 inches (10 to 25 centimeters).
Frequently designated as the "plow layer," or the
"Ap horizon."
Taxadjuncts. Soils that cannot be classified in a series
recognized in the classification system. Such soils
are named for a series they strongly resemble and
are designated as taxadjuncts to that series
because they differ in ways too small to be of
consequence in interpreting their use and
behavior.
Terrace. An embankment, or ridge, constructed across
sloping soils on the contour or at a slight angle to
101
the contour. The terrace intercepts surface runoff
so that water soaks into the soil or flows slowly to
a prepared outlet.
Terrace (geologic). An old alluvial plain, ordinarily flat or
undulating, bordering a river, a lake, or the sea.
Texture, soil. The relative proportions of sand, silt, and
clay particles in a mass of soil. The basic textural
classes, in order of increasing proportion of fine
particles, are sand, loamy sand, sandy loam, loam,
silt loam, silt, sandy clay loam, clay loam, silty clay
loam, sandy clay, silty clay, and clay. The sand,
loamy sand, and sandy loam classes may be
further divided by specifying "coarse," "fine," or
"very fine." The textural classes are defined as
follows:
Sands (coarse sand, sand, fine sand, and very fine
sand). —Soil material in which the content of sand
is 85 percent or more and the percentage of silt
plus 1.5 times the percentage of clay does not
exceed 15.
Loamy sands (loamy coarse sand, loamy sand,
loamy fine sand, and loamy very fine sand). —Soil
material in which, at the upper limit, the content of
sand is 85 to 90 percent and the percentage of silt
plus 1.5 times the percentage of clay is not less
than 15; at the lower limit, the content of sand is
70 to 85 percent, and the percentage of silt plus
twice the percentage of clay does not exceed 30.
Sandy loams (coarse sandy loam, sandy loam, fine
sandy loam, and very fine sandy loam). —Soil
material in which the content of clay is 20 percent
or less, the percentage of silt plus twice the
percentage of clay exceeds 30, and the content of
sand is 52 percent or more or soil material in
which the content of clay is less than 7 percent,
the content of silt is less than 50 percent, and the
content of sand is 43 to 52 percent.
Loam. —Soil material that contains 7 to 27 percent
clay, 28 to 50 percent silt, and less than 52
percent sand.
Silt loam. —Soil material that contains 50 or more
percent silt and 12 to 27 percent clay or 50 to 80
percent silt and less than 12 percent clay.
Silt. —Soil material that contains 80 or more
percent silt and less than 12 percent clay.
Sandy clay loam. —Soil material that contains 20 to
35 percent clay, less than 28 percent silt, and 45
or more percent sand.
Clay loam. —Soil material that contains 27 to 40
percent clay and 20 to 45 percent sand.
Silty clay loam. —Soil material that contains 27 to
40 percent clay and less than 20 percent sand.
Sandy clay. —Soil material that contains 35 or
more percent clay and 45 or more percent sand.

102
Silty clay. —Soil material that contains 40 or more
percent clay and 40 or more percent silt.
Clay. —Soil material that contains 40 or more
percent clay, less than 45 percent sand, and less
than 40 percent silt.
Thin layer (in tables). Otherwise suitable soil material
that is too thin for the specified use.
Tilth, soil. The physical condition of the soil as related
to tillage, seedbed preparation, seedling
emergence, and root penetration.
Toe slope. The outermost inclined surface at the base
of a hill; part of a foot slope.
Topography. The relative positions and elevations of
the natural or manmade features of an area that
describe the configuration of its surface.
Topsoil. The upper part of the soil, which is the most
favorable material for plant growth. It is ordinarily
rich in organic matter and is used to topdress
roadbanks, lawns, and land affected by mining.
Toxicity (in tables). An excessive amount of toxic
substances in the soil, such as sodium or sulfur,
severely hinders the establishment of vegetation or
severely restricts plant growth.
Underlying material. Technically the C horizon; the part
of the soil below the biologically altered A and B
horizons.
Understory. The trees and other woody species
growing under a more or less continuous cover of
branches and foliage formed collectively by.the
upper portions of adjacent trees and other woody
growth.
Universal Soil loss Equation. An equation used to
design water erosion control systems. The
equation is A=RKLSPC wherein A is the average
annual soil loss in tons per acre per year, R is the
rainfall factor, K is the soil erodibility factor, L is
the length of slope, S is the steepness of slope, P
is the conservation practice factor, and C is the
cropping and management factor.
Upland (geology). Land at a higher elevation, in
general, than the alluvial plain or stream terrace;
land above the lowlands along streams.
Water table (apparent). A thick zone of free water in
the soil. The apparent water table is indicated by
the level at which water stands in an uncased
borehole after adequate time is allowed for
adjustment in the surrounding soil.
Water table (seasonal high). The highest level of a
saturated zone in the soil (the apparent water
table) over a continuous period of more than 2
weeks in most years, but not a permanent water
table.
Weathering. All physical and chemical changes
produced by atmospheric agents in rocks or other
deposits at or near the earth's surface. These
changes result in disintegration and decomposition
of the material.
Wetness. A general term applied to soils that hold
water at or near the surface long enough to be a
common management problem.
Windthrow. Trees that are uprooted and tipped over by
the wind.

103
Tables

104
TABLE 1.--TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION
(Recorded in the period 1951-84 at Hickory, North Carolina)
Soil Survey
I
Temperature
I
I
1
Precipitation
I
I
I I
I 2 years
in
I I
12 years
in 101
1
I
I I
I 10 will have--
1 Average I
I will have-- I Average
I
Month lAveragelAveragelAveragel
I
Inumber oflAveragel
I
Inumber oflAverage
I
daily
I daily I
daily
I Maximum I
Minimum
I growing I
I Less I
More idays
withlsnowfall
Imaximumlminimuml
Itemperatureltemperaturel degree I
Ithan--Ithan--10.10
inch)
I
I I
I higher I
lower
I days* I
I I
I or
more I
I
I I
I than-- I
than--
I I
I I
I
I
1
0
F
1 o I
1 F I
o
F
1 o i
I F I
o
F
i 1
I Units I
In
1 I
I In (
I
In I
1
I
In
I
January- ----1
48.1
I I
1. 28.2 I
38.2
I I
i 72 1
I
6
I I
( 17 1
I I
3.63
I I
1 1.951
I I
I
5.081
I
I
6 1
I
3.5
I
February ---- I
51.6
I I
1 30.2 1
40.9
I
1 73 1
1
11
1 19 1
I 1
4.33
1 2.011
1 1
6.171,
1
7 1
1
3.3
I
March-------1
59.6
1 1
1 37.5 1
48.6
1
1 82 1
18
I 101 1
5.06
1 2.961
I I
6.791
I
9 1
I
1.9
I
April-------1
70.1
I I
I 46.7 i
I
58.4
I I
l 89 I
I I
29
I I
1 261 1
I I
3.98
1 1.631
i I
5.781
I
7 1
I
.1
I
May ---------I
77.7
I
I 55.3 1
I
66.5
I 92 I
I I
36
1 512 1
I I
4.20
1 2.441
I I
5.831
I
8 1
I
.0
I
June --------I
83.9
I
1 62.9 1
73.4
1 97 I
48
1 702 1
4.74
1 2.801
I I
6.261
I
8 1
I
.0
I
July -------- I
86.9
I I
I 66.8 1
76.9
I I
1 98 1
I
56
I I
1 834 1
I I
4.23
1 1.731
I I
5.981
I
8 1
I
.0
I
August ------I
86.1
I I
I 65.9 1
76.0
I
1 96 I
I
54
I 806 1
I I
3.95
1 1.751
I I
5.741
I
7 1
I
.0
I
September---1
79.9
I I
1 59.4 1
69.7
I
1 93 1
I
42
I 591 1
I I
4.26
1 1.491
I I
6.481
I
5 1
I
.0
I
October ----- 1
70.3
1 I
1 47.7 1
59.0
I
1 87 1
29
l 287 1
3.43
1 1.191
I I
5.261
I
5 1
I
.0
I
November ---- 1
60.2
I I
1 38.0 1
49.1
I I
1 79 1
19
I I
1 68 1
i I
3.03
1 1.461
I I
4.301
I
5 1
I
.1
I
December ---- 1
I
51.1
I I
I 31.1 I
1 I
41.1
I i
I 72 I
I I
11
I 29 1
I I
3.99
1 1.501
I I
5.791
I
6 1
I
.9
I
Yearly:
I I
I
I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
I
I
I
I
I
Average---1
68.8
I
I 47.5 1
58.2
I --- I
---
I --- I
---
I ---I
---I ---
I
---
I
Extreme ---I
---
I --- I
---
I 99 1
4
1 --- I
---
I ---I
---I ---
I
---
Total -----
I
I I
I I
I 4,227 1
1 1
48.83
1 42.201
1 1
55.781
1
81 1
1
9.8
* A growing degree day is a unit of heat available for plant growth. It can be calculated by adding the
maximum and minimum daily temperatures, dividing the sum by 2, and subtracting the temperature below which
growth is minimal for the principal crops in the area (50 degrees F).

Alexander County, North Carolina
TABLE 2.--FREEZE DATES IN SPRING AND FALL
(Recorded in the period 1951-84 at Hickory, North Carolina)
I
I
Probability I
I
I
24 of
or lower
Temperature
I I
I 28 of I
I or loner I
32 OF
or lower
I
I
Last freezing I
I
I
I
I
I
I
temperature I
I
I
in spring: I
I
I
I
1 year in 10 I
I
I
I
I
later than-- I
I
Mar.
28
I Apr.
7 I
Apr.
24
2 years in 10 I
I
I
I
I
later than-- I
I
Mar.
21
I Apr.
1 I
Apr.
19
5 years in 10 I
I
I
I
I
later than-- I
I
Mar.
7
I Mar.
20 I
I
Apr.
8
First freezing I
I
I
I
temperature I
I
I
in fall: I
I
I
I
1 year in 10 I
I
I
I
I
earlier than-- I
Nov.
8
I Oct.
24 I
Oct.
16
I
2 years in 10 I
I
I
I
I
earlier than-- I
Nov.
14
I Oct.
30 I
Oct.
21
I
5 years in 10 I
I
I
I
I
earlier than-- I
I
Nov.
26
I Nov.
I
9 I
I
Oct.
30
TABLE 3.--GROWING SEASON
(Recorded in the period 1951-84 at Hickory,
North Carolina)
Probability
9 years in 10
8 years in 10
5 years in 10
2 years in 10
1 year in 10
Daily minimum temperature
during growing season
Higher
I
I Higher
I
I Higher
than
I than
I than
24 of
I 28 of
I
I 32 of
I
Days
I Days
I Days
236
I
I 208
I
I 182
204
I
I 179
I
I 149
218
I
I 192
I
I 167
231
I
I 205
I
I 185
238
I
I 212
I
I
I 194
I
MR

106
TABLE 4.--ACREAGE AND PROPORTIONATE EXTENT OF THE SOILS
Soil Survey
Map
I I
I Soil name 1
Acres
I
(Percent
symboll I
I
I
AcD
I I
lAshe-Cleveland complex, 8 to 25 percent slopes, stony ------------------------------ 1
388
I
1 0.2
AcE
lAshe-Cleveland complex, 25 to 60 percent slopes, stony -----------------------------I
1,553
1 0.9
BeB
lBethlehem gravelly sandy loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes -------------------------------I
780
1 0.5
Bec
lBethlehem gravelly sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes ------------------------------I
3,106
1 1.8
BrC
(Bethlehem -Urban land complex, 2 to 15 percent slopes -------------------------------I
278
1 0.2
BsC2
lBraddock and Hayeaville clay loans, 6 to 15 percent slopes-, eroded -----------------I
1,444
1 0.9
BsD2
lBraddock and Hayeaville clay loans, 15 to 25 percent slopes, eroded ----------------I
2,427
1 1.4
BuA
IBuncombe loamy sand, 0 to 3 percent slopes, occasionally flooded ------------------- 1
462
1 0.3
CeB2
(Cecil sandy clay loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes, eroded ------------------------------- 1
15,113
1 9.0
CfB
]Cecil -Urban land complex, 2 to 8 percent slopes ------------------------------------ 1
1,402
1 0.8
ChA
IChewacla loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, frequently flooded --------------------------- 1
6,392
1 3.8
CnF
ICleveland-Rock outcrop complex, 8 to 90 percent slopes ----------------------------- 1
900
1 0.5
CsD
lCowee-Saluda complex, 8 to 25 percent slopes, stony -------------------------------- 1
2,811
1 1.7
CsE
ICowee-Saluda complex, 25 to 60 percent slopes, stony ------------------------------- 1
10,843
1 6.4
DaB2
(Davidson clay loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes, eroded ---------------------------------- 1
461
1 0.3
DaC2
(Davidson clay loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, eroded --------------------------------- 1
404
1 0.2
DoB
IDogue sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, rarely flooded ---------------------------- 1
133
1 0.1
EcD
lEvard-Cowes complex, 8 to 25 percent slopes, stony --------------------------------- 1
3,443
1 2.0
EcE
lEvard-Cowes complex, 25 to 60 percent slopes, stony -------------------------------- 1
15,922
1 9.4
HbC
lHibriten very cobbly sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes ---------------------------- 1
170
1 0.1
HbE
lHibriten very cobbly sandy loam, 15 to 60 percent slopes --------------------------- 1
6,784
1 4.0
M.aB2
IMasada sandy clay loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes, eroded ------------------------------ 1
771
1 0.5
MaC2
IMasada sandy clay loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, eroded ----------------------------- 1
721
1 0.4
PaD
IPacolet sandy loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes ----------------------------------------I
18,943
1 11.2
PcB2
IPacolet sandy clay loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes, eroded -----------------------------I
8,937
1 5.3
PcC2
IPacolet sandy clay loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, eroded ---------------------------- 1
45,982
1 27.4
Puc
IPacolet-Urban land complex, 2 to 15 percent slopes --------------------------------- 1
1,129
1 0.7
RnC
(Rion sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes -------------------------------------------- 1
1,560
1 0.9
RnD
IRion sandy loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes ------------------------------------------- 1
3,233
1 1.9
RnE
IRion sandy loam, 25 to 45 percent slopes ------------------------------------------- 1
4,628
1 2.8
RwB
IRion-Wedowee complex, 2 to 8 percent slopes ---------------------------------------- 1
860
1 0.5
RxA
IRiverview fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, frequently flooded --------------- 1
1,352
1 0.8
StB
IState sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes -------------------------------------------- 1
284
1 0.2
TfB
ITate-French complex, 2 to 10 percent slopes ---------------------------------------- 1
648
1 0.4
UdC
lUdorthents-Urban land complex, 0 to 15 percent slopes ------------------------------ 1
780
1 0.5
WeA
lWehadkee loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, frequently flooded --------------------------- 1
226
1 0.1
IWater ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1
1-----------
3,268
1 1.9
I -------
1
ITotal -------------------------------------------------------------------- 1
I
168,538
1 100.0

Alexander County, North Carolina 107
TABLE S.--LAND CAPABILITY AND YIELDS PER ACRE OF CROPS AND PASTURE
(Yields are those that can be expected under a high level of management. Absence of a yield indicates that
the soil is not suited to the crop or the crop generally is not grown on the soil)
I I
Soil name and I Land I
map symbol Icapabilityl
I I
Corn
I I
I I
I Soybeans I
I I
Wheat
I I
I I
I Grain I
I sorghum I
Tobacco
I I
I I
I Grass hay I
I I
Pasture
I
I
Bu
I Bu I
Bu
I Bu I
Lbs
I Tons I
AUm*
I
AcD : I
I
I
I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
Ashe----------- I
VIe---
I
Cleveland------1
I
VIIe---
I I
I I
I I
I
AcE-------------I
I
VIIe---
I I
I I
I I
Ashe-Cleveland I
I
I I
I
I
I I
I
BeB-------------I
I
IIIe 1
65
I I
1 25 1
I
35 1
I
35 1
---
I I
I 3.6 1
6.0
Bethlehem I
I
I I
I
I
I I
I
BeC-------------1
I
IVe 1
60
I I
1 20 1
I
30 1
I
30 1
---
I I
I 3.3 1
5.5
Bethlehem I
I
I I
I
I
I I
I
BrC**: I
I
I
I I
I I
I
I
I
I
I I
I I
Bethlehem------1
IVe---
I
Urban land ----- I
VIIIs---
I
BsC2------------1
I
IVe 1
75
I I
I 25 I
I
45 I
I
40 1
2,800
I I
I 3.3 I
5.5
Braddock and I
I
I I
I
I
I I
Bayesville I
I
I I
I
I
I I
I
BsD2------------I
I
VIe 1
---
I I
I --- I
I
--- I
I
--- I
---
I I
I 3.0 1
5.0
Braddock and I
I
I I
I
I
I I
Bayesville 1
I
I I
I
I
I I
I
BuA-------------I
I
IVw 1
60
I I
1 --- I
I
--- I
I
--- I
---
I I
I 1.8 1
3.0
Buncombe I
I
I I
I
I
I I
I
CeB2------------1
I
IIIe 1
80
I I
1 35 1
I
50 1
I
45 1
3,000
I I
1 3.3 1
5.5
Cecil I
I
I I
I
I
I I
I
CfB**: I
I
I
I I
I I
I
I
I
I
I I
I I
Cecil----------1
IIIe---
I
Urban land -----1
VIIIs---
I
ChA***----------I
IVw 1
110
1 30 1
50 1
--- I
---
I 5.4 1
9.0
Chewacla I
I
I I
I
I
I I
I
CnF**: I
I
I
I I
I I
I
I
I
I
I I
I I
Cleveland------1
VIIe---
I
Rock outcrop---1
I
VIIIs
I I
I
I
I I
I
CSD-------------I
I
VIe 1
---
I I
I --- I
I
--- I
I
--- I
---
I I
I 3.3 1
5.5
Cowee-Saluda I
I
I I
I
I
I I
I
CsE-------------I
I
VIIe---
I I
I
I
I I
Cowee-Saluda I
I
I I
I
I
I I
I
DaB2------------1
I
IIIe 1
90
I I
1 40 1
I
50 I
I
60 1
3,200
I I
1 4.8 1
8.0
Davidson I
I
I
I
I
I I
I
I
I
I
I
I I
I I
See footnotes
at end of table.

108
Soil Survey
TABLE 5.--LAND CAPABILITY AND YIELDS
PER ACRE OF
CROPS AND PASTURE --Continued
I
Soil name and I
I
Land I
I I
I I
I
I
I
I
I I
I I
map symbol Icapabilityl
Corn
I Soybeans I
Wheat I
Grain I
Tobacco
I Grass hay I
Pasture
I
I
I I
I
sorghum I
I I
I
I
Bu
I Bu I
Bu I
Bu I
Lbs
I Tons I
AUM*
I
DaC2------------ I
I
IVe I
80
I i
( 35 I
I
45 1
I
55 1
3,000
I I
1 4.2 l
7.0
Davidson I
I
I I
I
I
I
I I
I I
I
DoB-------------I
I
Iie I
115
I I
I 40 1
I
55 I
--- I
---
I 5.7 1
9.5
Dogue I
I
I
I
I I
I I
I
I
I
I
I I
I I
ECD: I
I
I I
I
I
I I
Evard----------I
VIe I
---
I --- I
--- I
---
I ---
I 3.6 l
I I
6.0
I
Cowes ----------I
I
VIe l
---
I I
I --- I
I
I
--- I
I
---
I
I ---
I
I 3.3 l
I I
5.5
I
ECE-------------I
I
VIIe---
I
Evard-Cowes 1
I
I I
I
I
I
I I
I I
I
HbC------------- I
I
VIs I
---
I I
I --- I
I
--- I
---
I ---
I 2.4 l
4.0
Hibriten I
I
I I
I
I
I
I I
I I
I
HbE------------- 1
I
VIIs I
---
I I
I --- I
I
--- I
---
I ---
I 1.8 l
3.0
Hibriten I
I
I I
I
I
I
I I
I I
I
MaB2------------I
I
IIie l
85
I I
I 30 l
I
50 1
45
1 3,000
1 3.9 1
6.5
Masada I
I
I I
I
I
I
I I
I I
I
MaC2------------I
I
IVe I
70
I I
I 25 I
I
50 I
40
I 2,800
l 3.6 I
6.0
Masada I
I
I I
I
I
I I
I I
I
PaD-------------I
I
VIe l
---
I I
I --- I
I
--- I
---
I
I ---
I 2.7 I
4.5
Pacolet I
I
I I
I
I
I I
I I
I
PeB2------------I
I
IIie I
75
I I
I 30 I
I
50 I
45
I
I 3,000
l 3.3 I
5.5
Pacolet I
I
I I
I
I
I I
I I
I
PcC2------------I
I
IVe I
65
I i
I 25 I
I
45 i
40
I
( 2,800
I 2.7 l
4.5
Pacolet I
I
I
I I
I I
I
I
I
I
I I
I I
I
PuC**: I
I
I I
I
I
I I
Pacolet--------I
I
IIIe---
I
I I
I
I
I I
Urban land -----I
VIIIs---
I I
I
RnC-------------I
I
IVe I
65
I I
I 25 I
I
45 l
35
I
I 3,200
I 3.0 I
5.0
Rion I
I
I I
I
I
I
I I
I 1
I
RnD-------------I
I
VIe I
---
I I
I --- I
I
--- I
---
I ---
I 2.7 I
4.5
Rion I
I
I I
I I
I
I
I
I
I I
I I
I
RnE-------------I
I
Vile
---
Rion I
I
I
I I
I I
I
I
I
I
I I
I I
I
RwB : I
I
I I
I
I
I I
Rion -----------I
Ile i
85
I 35 I
45 1
40
1 3,500
1 3.3 1
5.5
I
Wedowee --------I
I
IIe I
80
I I
l 30 I
I
45 I
40
I
1 3,200
I I
I 5.5 i
5.5
I
RXA-------------I
i
IVw I
140
I I
I 45 I
I
55 I
---
I
I ---
I I
I 5.1 I
8.5
Riverview I
I
I I
I
I
I I
I
I
StB-------------I
I
Ile I
130
I I
l 40 (
I
60 I
---
I
I 2,700
I
I 5.1 l
8.5
State I
I
I
I
I I
I I
I
I
I
I
I I
I I
See footnotes
at end of
table.

Alexander County, North Carolina 109
TABLE 5.--LAND CAPABILITY AND YIELDS PER ACRE OF CROPS AND PASTURE --Continued
I I I I
Soil name and I Land I I I
I I I I
I I I I
map symbol IcapabilitYl Corn I Soybeans I
Wheat I Grain I Tobacco I Grass hay I Pasture
I I I I
I sorghum I I I
I I Bu I Bu 1
Bu I Bu 1 Lbs I Tons I AUM*
I I I I
TfB: I I I I
I I i I
I I I I
Tate ----------- I IIIe I 95 1 --- I
I
60 I --- I --- I 4.8 1 8.0
I I I
French---------1 IVw 1 120 I --- f
I
I I I I
65 I --- I --- I 5.0 1 8.5
I I I
UdC**: I I I I
I I I I
I I I I
Udorthents-----1 VIIe---
I
Urban land-----1 VIIIs---
I I I I
WeA-------------I VIw---
I I I I
Wehadkee I I I I
I I I I
I I I I
I I I I
* Animal unit month: The amount of forage or feed required to feed one animal unit (one cow, one horse, one
mule, five sheep, or five goats) for 30 days.
** See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit.
*** Yields are for drained conditions.

110 Soil Survey
TABLE 6.--WOODLAND MANAGEMENT AND PRODUCTIVITY
(Only the soils suitable for production of commercial trees are listed. Absence of an entry indicates that
information was not available)
Management concerns
I Potential productivity
1
Soil name and IOrdi- I I Equip- I I
I I
I
I
map symbol InationlErosion I went ISeedlingi Wind-
I Common trees ISite IVolume*1
Trees to
Isymbollhazard I limits-Imortal- I throw
I Iindexl
I plant**
I
I I tion j ity I hazard
I I
I
I
I
1 I I I
I I
I
I
I
AcD : I
I I I I
I I I I
I I
I I
I
I
I
I
Ashe----------- I
2R IModeratelModeratelModeratelModeratelChestnut oak -------- 1
50 1
34
(Eastern white
I
I I I I
IScarlet oak --------- I
--- I
---
I pine,
I
I 1 I I
[Northern red oak ---- I
--- I---
I shortleaf
I
I I I I
IPitch pine ---------- I
--- I---
I pine.
I
I I I I
(Virginia pine ------- 1
62 1
95
1
I
I I I I
IHickory------ ------- I
--- I
---
I
I
I
Cleveland ------ I
I I I I
2D IModeratelModeratelModeratelSevere
I I
IChestnut oak -------- 1
I
45 1
98
(Eastern white
I
I I I I
INorthern red oak ---- 1
60 1
43
1 pine,
I
I I I I
IHickory------------- I
--- i---
I shortleaf
I
I I I I
I I
IVirginia pine ------- 1
I I
57 1
I
84
1 pine.
I
I
AcE : I
I I
I I I I
I I
I
I
Ashe----------- i
2R IModeratelModeratelModeratelModeratelChestnut oak -------- 1
50 1
34
(Eastern white
I
I I I 1
IScarlet oak --------- I
--- I---
I pine,
I
I I I I
INorthern red oak ---- I
--- I---
I shortleaf
I
I I I I
IPitch pine ---------- I
--- I---
I pine.
I
I I I I
IVirginia pine ------- 1
1
62 1
1
95
1
1
1
Cleveland ------ I
1 I I 1
2R ISevere ISevere IModeratelSevere
1
IChestnut oak -------- 1
45 1
30
(Eastern white
I
I I I I
INorthern red oak ---- 1
60 1
43
1 pine,
I
I I I I
IHickory------------- I
--- I---
I shortleaf
I
I I I I
IVirginia pine ------- 1
57 1
84
1 pine.
I
I
BeB, BeC-------- I
I I I I I I
7D ISlight (Slight (Slight IModeratelShortleaf pine ------ 1
I
66 1
101
IShortleaf pine,
Bethlehem I
I I I I
IVirginia pine ------- 1
75 1
115
1 loblolly pine,
I
I 1 I I
IScarlet oak --------- 1
73,1
55
1 eastern.white
I
I I I I
IChestnut oak -------- 1
64 1
47
1 pine.
I
I I I I
(White oak ---- -------I
--- I---
I
I
I I I I
I I
IBlack oak ----------- I
I I
--- I
I
---
I
I
I
BsC2 : I
I I
I I I I
I I
I
I
Braddock ------- I
6C ISlight IModeratelModeratelSlight
IYellow-poplar ------- 1
90 1
90
(Eastern white
I
I I I I
(Eastern white pine --I
95 1
176
1 pine,
I
I I I I
IVirginia pine ------- 1
76 1
117
1 shortleaf
I
I I I I
IShortleaf pine ------ 1
76 1
122
1 pine, loblolly
I
I I I I
(White oak ----------- I
--- I---
I pine.
I
I I I I
IPitch pine ---------- I
I
--- I---
I
I
i
I
Hayesville ----- I
I I I I
6C ISlight ISlight IModeratelSlight
I
IYellow-poplar------- 1
90 1
90
(Eastern white
I
I I I I
(Eastern white pine --I
77 1
137
(.pine,
I
I I I I
IPitch pine ---------- I
--- I---
I shortleaf
I
I I I I
IVirginia pine ------- 1
70 1
109
1 pine, loblolly
I
I I I I
I I
I I
I I
I
I
I pine.
I
I
BsD2:
I I
Braddock ------- I
6C ISlight IModeratelModeratelSlight
IYellow-poplar------- 1
90 1
90
(Eastern white
I
I I I I
(Eastern white pine --I
95 1
176
1 pine,
I
I. I I I
IVirginia pine ------- 1
76 1
117
1 shortleaf
I
I I A I
IShortleaf pine ------ 1
76 1
122
1 pine, loblolly
I
I I I. I
(White oak ----------- I
--- I---
I pine.
I
I
I I I I
I I I I
IPitch pine ---------- I
I I
--- I
I
---
I'
I
See footnotes at end of table.

Alexander County, North Carolina 111
TABLE 6.--WOODLAND MANAGEMENT AND PRODUCTIVITY --Continued
Management concerns
( Potential productivity
I
Soil name and IOrdi- I I Equip- I I
I I
I
1
map symbol InationlErosion I ment ISeedlingl Wind-
I Common trees ISite IVolume*1
Trees to
Isymbollhazard I limita-Imortal- I throw
I Iindexl
I plant**
I
I I tion I ity I hazard
I I
I
I
1
BsD2: I
I 1 I I
I I I I
I I
I I
I
I
I
I
Hayesville ----- I
6R IModeratelModeratelModeratelSlight
(Yellow -poplar ------- 1
90 1
90
(Eastern white
I
I I I I
(Eastern white pine --I
77 1
137
1 pine,
I
I I I I
(Pitch pine ---------- I
--- I---
I shortleaf
I
I I I I
IVirginia pine ------- 1
70 1
109
1 pine, loblolly
I
I I I I
I I
I
I pine.
I
I
BuA------------- I
I I I I
8S ISlight IModeratelModeratelSlight
I I
(Yellow -poplar ------- 1
I
100 1
107
ILoblolly pine,
Buncombe I
I I I I
(American sycamore ---I
--- I
---
I eastern white
I
I I I I
ISweetgum------------ I
--- I---
I pine.
I
I I I I
IRiver birch --------- I
--- I---
I
I
I
CeB2------------ 1.
I I I I
7C ISlight IModeratelModeratelSlight
I I
IShortleaf pine ------ 1
I
66 1
101
ILoblolly pine,
Cecil I
I I I I
IVirginia pine ------- 1
65 1
100
1 shortleaf
I
I I I I
(Black oak ----------- I
--- I---
I pine, eastern
I
I I I I
IScarlet oak --------- I
--- I---
I white pine.
I
I I I I
(White oak ----------- I
--- I
---
I
I
I
ChA------------- I
I I I I I I
8W ISlight IModeratelSlight IModeratelYellow-poplar ------- 1
I
100 1
107
ILoblolly pine,
Chewacla I
I I I I
ISweetgum------------ 1
97 1
128
1 eastern white
I
i 1 I I
(American sycamore ---I
--- I---
I pine.
I
I I I I
IGreen ash ----------- I
--- I---
I
I
I I I I
IBlackgum------------ I
--- I---
I
I
I I I I
I
IRed maple ----------- I
I I
--- I
I
---
I
I
I
CnF*** : I
I I I
I I I I
I I
I
I
Cleveland ------ I
2R ISevere ISevere IModeratelSevere
(Chestnut oak -------- 1
45 1
30
(Eastern white
I
I I I I
INorthern red oak ---- 1
60 1
43
1 pine,
I
I I I I
IHickory------------- I
--- I---
I shortleaf
I
( I I I
IVirginia pine ------- 1
I
57 1
I
84
1 pine.
I
I
Rock outcrop. {
I
I I I I
I I I I
I I I I
I
I I
I I
I
I
I
I
CSD : I
I I I I
I I
I
I
Cowee---------- I
2R IModeratelModeratelSlight IModeratelChestnut
oak -------- 1
51 1
35
(Eastern white
I
I I I I
IScarlet oak --------- 1
65 1
48
I pine,
I
I I I I
IVirginia pine ------- 1
65 1
100
1 shortleaf
I
i 1 I I
IPitch pine ---------- I
--- I
---
I pine, loblolly
I
I I I I
(Black oak ----------- I
--- I
---
I pine.
I
I I I I
IWhite oak ----------- I
--- I
---
I
I
I I I I
IHickory------------- I
--- I---
I
I
I I I I
IRed ;maple -----------I
--- I---
I
I
I I I I
IBlackgtim------------ I
I
--- I
I
---
I
I
I
Saluda --------- I
I I 1 I
2D IModeratelModeratelModeratelSevere
I
IChestnut oak -------- 1
45 1
30
IShortlea£ pine,
I
I I I I
IPitch 'pine ---------- I
--- I
---
I loblolly pine,
I
I I 1 I
IVirginia pine ------- 1
70 1
109
1 eastern white
I
I I I I
(Yellow -poplar ----- --1
85 1
81
1 pine.
I
I I I I
IScarlet oak --------- I
I
--- I---
I
I
I
I
CBS: I
I I I I
I I I I
I
I I
I
I
Cowee---------- 1
2R ISevere ISevere ISlight jModeratelChestnut oak -------- 1
51 1
35
(Eastern white
I
I I I I
IScarlet oak --------- 1
65 1
48
1 pine,
I
I I I I
IVirginia pine ------- 1
65 1
100
1 shortleaf
I
I I I I
IPitch pine ---------- I
--- I
---
I pine, loblolly
I
I I I I
IBlack oak ----------- I
--- I---
I pine.
I
I I I I
(White oak ----------- I
--- I---
I
I
I I I I
IHickory------------- I
--- I---
I
I
I I I I
IRed maple ----------- I
--- I---
I
I
I
I I I I
I I I I
IBlackgusi------------ I
I I
--- I---
I
I
I
See footnotes at end of table.

112
TABLE 6.--WOODLAND MANAGEMENT AND PRODUCTIVITY --Continued
Soil Survey
I I Management concerns I Potential productivity 1
Soil name and IOrdi- I I Equip- I I I I I I
map symbol InationlErosion I ment ISeedlingl Wind- I Common trees ISite (Volume*1 Trees to
Isymbollhazard I limits-Imortal- I throw I Iindexl I plant**
I I I tion I ity I hazard I I I I
I I I 1 I I I I I
I I I I I I I I I
CsE : I I I I I I I I I
Saluda ------ ---1 2R ISevere (Severe IModeratelSevere (Chestnut oak -------- 1 45 1 30 IShortleaf pine,
I I I I I IPitch pine ---------- I --- I --- I loblolly pine,
I I I I I IVirginia pine ------- 1 70 1 109 1 eastern white
I I I I I IScarlet oak --------- I --- I--- I pine.
I I I I I I I I I
DaB2, DaC2------ I 7C IModeratelModeratelModeratelSlight IShortleaf pine ------ 1 68 1 106 ILoblolly pine,
Davidson 1 I I I I ILoblolly pine ------- 1 86 1 123 1 shortleaf
I I I I I ISouthern red oak ---- 1 72 1 54 1 pine, eastern
1 I I I I ISweetgum------------ 1 80 1 79 1 white pine.
I I I I I IWhite oak ----------- 1 71 1 53 1
I I I I 1 IYellow-poplar ------- 1 80 1 71 1
I I I I I I I I I
DoB------------- I 7A ISlight IModeratelSlight ISlight IYellow-poplar ------- 1 93 1 95 ILoblolly pine.
Dogue I I I I I ISouthern red oak ---- 1 80 1 62 1
i I I I 1 ISweetgum------------ 1 90 1 106 1
I I I I I (White oak ----------- 1 80 1 62 1
I I I I I I I I I
EcD:
Evard---------- I 6R IModeratelModeratelSlight ISlight IYellow-poplar ------- 1 90 1 90 IShortleaf pine,
I I I I I IPitch pine ---------- I --- I--- I eastern white
I I I I I IVirginia pine ------- 1 70 1 109 1 pine, loblolly
I I I I I (Eastern white pine --I 80 1 144 1 pine.
I I I I I IWhite oak ----------- 1 75 1 57 1
I I ( I 1 ISorthern red oak ---- I --- I--- I
I I I I I IHickory------------- I --- I--- I
I I I I I I I I I
Cowee---------- I 2R IModeratelModeratelSlight IModeratelChestnut oak -------- 1 51 1 35 (Eastern white
I I I I I IScarlet oak --------- 1 65 1 48 1 pine,
I ( I I I IVirginia pine ------- 1 65 1 100 1 shortleaf
I I I I I IPitch pine ---------- I --- I--- I pine, loblolly
I I I I I IBlack oak ----------- I --- I--- I pine.
I I I I I (White oak ----------- I --- I--- I
I I I i I IHickory------------- I --- I--- I
I I I I I IRed maple ----------- I --- I--- I
I I I I I IBlackgum------------ I --- I--- I
I i I I I I I I I
EcE: I I I I I I I I I
Evard---------- I 6R ISevere ISevere ISlight ISlight IYellow-poplar------- 1 90 1 90 IShortleaf pine,
I I I I I IPitch pine ---------- I --- I--- I eastern white
I I I I I IVirginia pine ------- 1 70 1 109 1 pine, loblolly
I I I I I IEastern white pine --I 80 1 144 1 pine.
I I I I I IWhite oak ----------- 1 75 1 57 1
I I I I 1 INouthern red oak ---- I --- I--- I
I I I I I IHickory------------- I --- I--- I
I I I I I I I I I
Cowee---------- I 2R ISevere ISevere ISlight IModeratelChestnut oak -------- 1 51 1 35 IEastern white
I I I I I IScarlet oak --------- 1 65 1 48 1 pine,
I I I I I IVirginia pine ------- 1 65 1 100 1 shortleaf
I I I I I IEastern white pine --I 78 1 139 1 pine, loblolly
I I I I I IPitch pine ---------- I --- I--- I pine.
I I I I I IBlack oak ----------- I --- I --- I
I I I I I (White oak ----------- I --- I I
I I I I I (Hickory ------------- I --- I--- I
I I I I I IRed maple ----------- I --- I--- I
I I I I I IBlackgum------------ I --- I --- I
I I I I I I I I I
See footnotes at end of table.

Alexander County, North Carolina 113
TABLE 6.--WOODLAND MANAGEMENT AND PRODUCTIVITY --Continued
I
I Management concerns
I Potential productivity
1
Soil name and IOrdi- I I Equip- I I
I I
I
I
map symbol InationlErosion I ment ISeedlingl Wind-
I Common trees ISite IVolume*I
Trees to
Isymbollhazard I limita-Imortal- I throw
I Iindexl
I plant**
I
I I tion I ity I hazard
I I
I
I
I
I I I I
I 1
I
I
I
HbC------------- I
I I I I I I
3D ISlight ISlight IModeratelModeratelChestnut oak -------- 1
I
56 1
39
I
(Eastern white
Hibriten I
I I I I
(Virginia pine ------- 1
61 1
93
1 pine,
I
I I I I
(Eastern white pine --I
--- I---
I shortleaf
I
I I I I
IScarlet oak --------- I
--- I---
I pine, loblolly
I
(White oak ----------- I
--- I---
I pine.
I
I
I I I I
IPitch pine ---------- I
--- I---
I
HbE------------- I
I I I I I I
3R ISevere ISevere IModeratelModeratelChestnut oak --------- 1
I
56 1
39
I
(Eastern white
Hibriten I
I I I I
IVirginia pine ------- 1
61 1
93
1 pine,
I
I ( I I
(Eastern white pine --I
--- I
---
I shortleaf
I
I I I I
IScarlet oak --------- I
--- I---
I pine, loblolly
I
I I I I
(White oak ----------- 1
--- 1---
I pine,
I
I
I I I I
IPitch pine ---------- I
--- I---
I
MaB2, MaC2------ I
I I I I
10C ISlight IModeratelModeratelSlight
I I
IShortleaf pine ------ 1
I
85 1
140
I
ILoblolly pine,
Masada I
I I I I
ILoblolly pine ------- 1
80 1
110
1 yellow -poplar,
I
I I I I
(Southern red oak ---- 1
70 1
52
1 eastern white
I
I I I I
IVirginia pine ------- 1
70 1
109
1 pine,
I
I I I I
(Yellow -poplar ------- 1
80 1
71
1 shortleaf
I
I
I I I I
I I I
(Eastern white pine --I
82 1
148
1 pine.
PaD-------------I
I
8R IModeratelModeratelSlight ISlight
I I
IShortleaf pine ------ 1
I
70 1
110
I
ILoblolly pine,
Pacolet I
I I I I
IYellow-poplar ------- 1
90 1
90
1 shortleaf
I
I I I I
IVirginia pine ------- I
--- I---
I pine,
I
I I I I
IHickory------------ 71
--- I---
I eastern white
I
I
I I I I
I
IWhite oak ----------- I
--- I---
I pine.
PcB2, PcC2------ I
I I I
6C ISlight IModeratelModeratelSlight
I I
IShortleaf pine ------ 1
I
60 1
88
I
ILoblolly pine,
Pacolet I
I I I I
(Yellow -poplar ------- 1
80 1
71
1 shortleaf
I
I I I I
IVirginia pine ------- I
--- I---
I pine,
I
I I I I
(Hickory ------------- I
--- I---
I eastern white
I
I
I I I I
I I I
IWhite oak ----------- I
--- I---
I pine.
RnC------------- I
I
8A ISlight ISlight ISlight ISlight
I I
IShortleaf pine ------ 1
I
70 1
110
I
ILoblolly pine,
Rion I
I I I I
ISouthern red oak ---- 1
80 1
62
1 shortleaf
I
I I I I
(White oak ----------- 1
70 1
52
1 pine,
I
I I I I
(Yellow -poplar ------- 1
90 1
90
1 eastern white
I
I
I I I I
I I I
IScarlet oak --------- I
--- I---
I pine.
RnD------------- I
I
SR IModeratelModeratelSlight ISlight
I I
IShortleaf pine ------ 1
I
70 1
110
I
ILoblolly pine,
Rion I
I I I I
ISouthern red oak ---- 1
80 1
62
1 shortleaf
I
I I I I
IWhite oak ----------- 1
70 1
52
1 pine,
I
I I I I
IYellow-poplar ------- 1
90 1
90
1 eastern white
I
I
I I I I
I
IScarlet oak --------- I
--- I---
I pine.
RnE------------- I
I I I
8R ISevere ISevere ISlight ISlight
I I
IShortleaf pine ------ 1
I
70 1
110
I
ILoblolly pine,
Rion I
I I I I
ISouthern red oak ---- 1
80 1
62
1 shortleaf
I
I I I I
IWhite oak ----------- 1
70 1
52
1 pine,
I
I I I I
(Yellow -poplar ------- 1
90 1
90
1 eastern white
I
I
I I I I
I I I
IScarlet oak --------- I
--- I---
I pine.
RwB : I
I
I I I I
I I
I I
I
I
I
I
Rion ----------- I
8A ISlight ISlight ISlight ISlight
IShortleaf pine ------ 1
70 1
110
ILoblolly pine,
I
I I I I
ISouthern red oak ---- 1
80 1
62
1 shortleaf
I
I I I I
(White oak ----------- 1
70 1
52
1 pine,
I
I I I I
IYellow-poplar------- 1
90 1
90
1 eastern white
I
I
I I I I
I I I I
IScarlet oak --------- I
I I
--- I---
I
I pine.
I
See footnotes at end of table.

114
TABLE 6.--WOODLAND MANAGEMENT AND PRODUCTIVITY --Continued
Soil Survey
I I Management concerns I Potential productivity 1
Soil name and IOrdi- 1 1 Equip- I I I I I I
map symbol InationlErosion I ment 1Seedlin4l Wind- I Common trees (Site 1Volume*1 Trees to
Isymbollhazard I limits-Imortal- I throw I lindexl I plant**
I I I tion I ity I hazard I I I I
I I I I I I I I I
RwB : I I I I I I I I I
Wedowee -------- I 8A ISlight (Slight ISlight (Slight IShortleaf pine ------ 1 69 1 108 ILoblolly pine,
I I I I I IVirginia pine ------- 1 70 1 109 1 Virginia pine,
I I I I I ISouthern red oak ---- 1 70 1 52 1 shortleaf.
I I I I I (White oak ----------- 1 65 1 48 1 pine, eastern
I I I I I IScarlet oak --------- I --- I--- I white pine.
I I I I I j' I I I
RxA------------- I 9A ISlight ISlight ISlight ISlight (Yellow -poplar ------- 1 110 1 124 ILoblolly pine,
Riverview I I I I I IRiver birch --------- I --- I--- I eastern white
I I I I I (American sycamore ---I --- I--- I pine.'.'
I I I I I I I I 6
StB----- -------- I 8A ISlight ISlight ISlight ISlight IYellow-poplar------- 1 100 1 107 IShortleaf
State I I I I I ILoblolly pine ------- 1 95 1 142 1 pine, eastern
I I I I I ISouthern 'red'oak ---- 1 85 1 67 1 white pine.
I I I I I IVirginia pine ------- I --- I--- I
I i I I I IShortleaf pine --- ---1 --- I--- I
I I I I I I 'I I I
TfB: I I I I I I . I I I
Tate ----------- I 6A ISlight ISlight ISlight ISlight (Yellow -poplar ------- 1 92 1 93 1Eastern white
I I I I I (Eastern white'pine--1 89 1 164 1 pine, loblolly
I I I I I IVirginia pine ------- I --- I--- I pine,
I I I I I I I I I shortleaf
I I I I I I I I I pine.
I I I I I I I I I
French --------- I 9W ISlight IModeratelSlight ISlight (Yellow -poplar ------- 1 110 1 124 IYellow-poplar,
I I I I I (American sycamore ---I. --- I--- I eastern white
I I I I I IRed maple ----------- I --- I--- I pine.
I I I I I IVirginia pine ------- I --- I--- I
I I I I I I I I I
WeA------------- I 8W ISlight (Severe IModeratelModeratelYellow-poplar------- 1 100 1 107 IRardwoods.**
Wehadkee I I I I I (Green ash ----------- I --- I--- I
I I I I I (American sycamore---1 86 1 90 1
I I I ! I IRiver..birch --------- I --- I --- I
I I I I I I I I I
* Volume is the yield in cubic feet per acre per year calculated at the age of culmination of.mean annual
increment for fully stocked natural stands.
** Management for natural regeneration of desirable hardwoods may be necessary.
*** See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit.

Alexander County, North Carolina
TABLE 7.--RECREATIONAL DEVELOPMENT —
(Some terms that describe restrictive soil features are defined in the "Glossary." See text for
definitions of "slight," "moderate," and "severe." Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was
not rated)
I
Soil name and I Camp areas
map symbol I
I
I
I Picnic areas
I
I
I
I Playgrounds
I
I
I I
(Paths and trailsl Golf fairways
I I
I I
I
I
ACD: I
I
i
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Ashe----------------- ISevere:
ISevere:
(Severe:
IModerate:
ISevere:
I slope.
I
I slope.
I
I slope.
I slope.
I slope.
Cleveland ------------ ISevere:
ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
(Moderate:
I
ISevere:
I slope,
I.slope,
I slope,
I slope.
I slope,
I depth to rock.
I depth to rock.
I small stones,
I
I depth to rock.
I
I
I depth to rock.
I
I
I
ACE: I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Ashe----------------- ISevere:
ISevere:
ISevere:
ISevere:
ISevere:
I slope.
I
i slope.
I
I slope.
I slope.
I slope.
Cleveland ------------ ISevere:
ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I slope,
I slope,
I slope,
I slope.
I slope,
I depth to rock.
I depth to rock.
I small stones,
I
I depth to rock.
I
I
I depth to rock.
I
I
I
BeB------------------- ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
ISevere:
Bethlehem I small stones.
I small stones.
I small stones.
I small stones.
I small stones.
I
BeC------------------- ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
ISevere:
Bethlehem I small stones.
I small stones.
j slope,
I small stones.
I small stones.
I
I
I small stones.
I
I
I
BrC*: I
i
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Bethlehem ------------ ISevere:
ISevere:
ISevere:
ISevere:
ISevere:
I small stones.
I small stones.
I slope,
I small stones.
I small stones.
I
I
I small stones.
I
I
I
Urban land. I
I
I
I
I
I
i
I
I
I
BsC2: I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Braddock ------------- IModerate:
(Moderate:
ISevere:
(Slight ----------
IModerate:
I slope.
I
I slope.
I
I slope.
I
I slope.
Hayesville----------- IModerate:
IModerate:
I
ISevere:
I
(Slight ----------
I
IModerate:
I slope.
1
I slope.
I slope.
I
I slope.
BsD2: I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Braddock ------------- ISevere:
ISevere:
ISevere:
IModerate:
ISevere:
I slope.
I
I slope.
I
I slope.
I slope.
I slope.
Hayesville ----------- ISevere:
ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
IModerate:
I
ISevere:
I slope.
I
I slope.
I
I slope.
I slope.
I slope.
BuA------------------- ISevere:
IModerate:
I
lModerate:
I
ISevere:
I
ISevere:
Buncombe I flooding.
I too sandy.
I too sandy,
I too sandy.
I droughty.
I
I
I
I
I flooding.
I
I
I
CeB2------------------ ISlight---------- ISlight---------- IModerate:
I
(Slight ----------
I
ISlight.
Cecil I
I
I
I
I slope.
I
I
CfB*: I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Cecil ---------------- ISlight---------- ISlight---------- IModerate:
ISlight----------
ISlight.
I
I
I slope.
I
I
I
Urban land. I
I
I
i
I
I
I
I
I
See footnote at end of table.
115

116
TABLE 7.--RECREATIONAL DEVELOPMENT --Continued
Soil Survey
I
Soil name and I Camp areas
I
I Picnic areas
I
I Playgrounds
I
IPaths and
I
trailsl Golf fairways
map symbol I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
ChA------------------- ISevere:
I
I
ISevere:
I
I
ISevere:
I
I
ISevere:
I
I
ISevere:
Chewacla I flooding,
I wetness.
I wetness,
I wetness.
I wetness,
I wetness.
I
I flooding.
I
I
I
I flooding.
I
I
CnF*: I
I
I
I
I
I
Cleveland ------------ ISevere:
ISevere:
ISevere:
ISevere:
ISevere:
I slope,
I slope,
I slope,
I slope.
I slope,
I depth to rock.
I depth to rock.
I small stones,
I
I depth to rock.
I
I
I depth to rock.
I
I
I
I
I
Rock outcrop. I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
CsD: I
I
I
I
I
Cowee---------------- ISevere:
ISevere:
ISevere:
IModerate:
ISevere:
I slope.
I slope.
I slope,
I slope.
I slope.
I
I
I small stones.
I
I
I
Saluda --------------- ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
IModerate:
I
ISevere:
I slope,
I slope,
I slope,
I slope.
I slope,
I depth to rock.
I depth to rock.
I small stones,
I
I depth to rock.
I
I
I depth to rock.
I
I
I
I
I
CsE: I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Cowee---------------- ISevere:
ISevere:
ISevere:
ISevere:
ISevere:
I slope.
I slope.
I slope,
I slope.
I slope.
I
I
I small stones.
I
I
I
Saluda --------------- ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I slope,
I slope,
I slope,
I slope.
I slope,
I depth to rock.
I depth to rock.
I small stones,
I
I depth to rock.
I
I
I depth to rock.
I
I
I I I
DaB2------------------ [Slight ---------- (Slight ---------- IModerate:
I I
(Slight ---------- ISlight.
Davidson I
I
I slope,
I
I
I
I
I small stones.
I
I
I
DaC2------------------ IModerate:
I
IModerate:
I
ISevere:
I I
ISlight---------- IModerate:
Davidson I slope.
I slope.
I slope.
I
I
I slope.
I
I
DoB------------------- ISevere:
I
IModerate:
I
IModerate:
IModerate:
IModerate:
Dogue I flooding.
I wetness,
I slope,
I wetness.
I wetness.
I
I Peres slowly.
I small stones,
I
I
I
I
I wetness.
I
I
I
I
I
EcD: I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Evard---------------- ISevere:
ISevere:
ISevere:
IModerate:
ISevere:
I slope.
I slope.
I slope,
I slope.
I slope.
I
I
I small stones.
I
I
I
Cowee---------------- ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
IModerate:
I
ISevere:
I slope.
I slope.
I slope,
I slope.
I slope.
I
I
I small stones.
I
I
I
I
I
EcE: I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Evard---------------- ISevere:
ISevere:
ISevere:
ISevere:
ISevere:
I slope.
I slope.
I slope,
I slope.
I slope.
I
I
I small stones.
I
I
I
Cowee---------------- ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I slope.
I slope.
I slope,
I slope.
I slope.
I
I
I
I
I small stones.
I
I
I
I
I
See footnote at end of table.

Alexander County, North Carolina 117
TABLE 7.--RECREATIONAL DEVELOPMENT --Continued
I I I I I
Soil name and I Camp areas I Picnic areas I Playgrounds (Paths and trailsl Golf fairways
map symbol I I I I I
I I I I I
I
HbC------------------- ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I I
IModerate: ISevere:
Hibriten I small stones.
I small stones.
I large stones,
I large stones. I small stones.
I
I
I slope,
I I
I
I
I small stones.
I I
I
HbE----------- -------- ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I I
IModerate: ISevere:
Hibriten I slope,
I slope,
I large stones,
I large stones. I small stones,
I small stones..
1 small stones.
I slope,
I I slope.
I
I
I small stones.
I I
I
MaB2------------------ ISlight----------
I
ISlight----------
I
IModerate:
I I
ISlight---------- ISlight.
Masada I
I
I slope,
1 I
I
I
I small stones.
I I
I
MaC2------------------ IModerate:
I
IModerate:
I
ISevere:
I I
ISlight---------- IModerate:
Masada I slope.
I
I slope.
I slope.
I I slope.
I
PaD------------------- ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
IModerate: ISevere:
Pacolet I slope.
I slope.
I slope.
I slope. I slope.
I
PcB2------------------ ISlight----------
I
ISlight----------
I
IModerate:
I I
ISlight---------- ISlight.
Pacolet I
I
I slope.
I I
I
PcC2------------------ IModerate:
I
IModerate:
I
ISevere:
I I
ISlight---------- IModerate:
Pacolet I slope.
I slope.
I slope.
I I slope.
I
PuC*: I
I
I
I
I
I I
I I
Pacolet-------------- IModerate:
IModerate:
ISevere:
ISlight---------- IModerate:
I slope.
I
I slope.
I slope.
I I slope.
Urban land. I
I
I
I
I
1 i
I I
I
RnC------------------- IModerate:
I
I Moderate:
I
ISevere:
I I
ISlight---------- IModerate:
Rion I slope.
I slope.
I slope.
I I droughty,
I
I
I
I I slope.
I
RnD------------------- ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I I
IModerate: ISevere:
Rion I slope.
I
I slope.
I slope.
I slope. I slope.
RnE------------------- ISevere:
1
ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I I
ISevere: ISevere:
Rion I slope.
I
I slope.
I
I slope.
I slope. I slope.
RwB: I
I
I
I
I I
I I
Rion ----------------- ISlight----------
ISlight----------
IModerate:
ISlight---------- IModerate:
I
I
I slope.
I I droughty.
I
Wedowee -------------- ISlight----------
I
ISlight----------
I
IModerate:
I I
ISlight---------- ISlight.
I
I
I
I
I slope.
I
I I
RxA------------------- ISevere:
IModerate:
ISevere:
I I
IModerate: ISevere:
Riverview I flooding.
I
I flooding.
I
I flooding.
I
I flooding. I flooding.
I I
StB------------------- ISlight----------
ISlight----------
IModerate:
ISlight---------- ISlight.
State I
I
I
I
I slope.
I I
TfB: I
I
I
I
I I
I I
Tate ----------------- ISlight----------
ISlight----------
ISevere:
ISlight---------- ISlight.
I
I
I
I
I slope.
I I
French --------------- ISevere:
IModerate:
I
ISevere:
I I
IModerate: ISevere:
I flooding,
I flooding,
I wetness,
I wetness, I flooding.
I wetness.
I
I wetness.
I
I flooding.
I
I flooding. I
I I
See footnote at end of table.

118
TABLE 7.--RECREATIONAL DEVELOPMENT --Continued
Soil Survey
I I I I 1
Soil name and I Camp areas I Picnic areas I Playgrounds IPaths and trailsl Golf fairways
map symbol I I I I I
I I 1 I I
I I I I I
I I I I I
UdC*: I I I I 1
Udorthents. I I I I I
I I I I I
Urban land. I I I I 1
I I I I I
WeA------------------- ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: ISevere:
Wehadkee I flooding, I wetness. I wetness, I wetness. I wetness,
I wetness. I I flooding. I I flooding.
I I I I I
* See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit.

Alexander County, North Carolina 119
TABLE 8.--WILDLIFE HABITAT
(See text for definitions of "good," "fair," "poor," and "very poor." Absence of an entry indicates that the
soil was not rated)
Potential
for habitat elements
(Potential as habitat for --
Soil name and I
I
I Wild
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
map symbol I Grain
(Grasses
I herbs-
lHardwoodl Conif-
(Wetland
(Shallow
IOpenlandlWoodlandlWetland
land seedl and
I ceous
I trees
I erous
I plants
I water
Iwildlifelwildlifelwildlife
I crops
(legumes
I plants
I
I plants
I
I areas
I
I
1
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
AcD : I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Ashe--------------IPoor
IFair
iFair
1poor
1poor
IVery
IVery
iFair
1poor
IVery
I
I
I
I
I
I poor.
I poor.
I
I
I
I
I poor.
I
I
Cleveland --------- lVery
I
lVery
I
IPoor
I
iFair
I
iFair
I
lVery
I
IVery
Ivory
IPoor
IVery
I poor.
I
I poor.
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I poor.
I
I poor.
I
I poor.
I
I
I
I poor.
I
ACE: I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Ashe-------------- lVery
IPoor
iFair
IPoor
1poor
lVery
lVery
1poor
1poor
lVery
I poor.
I
I
I
I
I poor.
I poor.
I
I
I
I
I poor.
I
I
Cleveland --------- lVery
I
lVery
I
1poor
I
iFair
I
iFair
I
IVery
I
lVery
lVery
1poor
lVery
I poor.
I poor.
I
I
I
I poor.
I
I poor.
I
I poor.
I
I
I
I poor.
I
I
BeB, BeC----------- lFair
I
lGood
I
lGood
I
iFair
I
iFair
lVery
lVery
lGood
iFair
lVery
Bethlehem (
I
I
i
I
I
I
I
I poor.
I
I poor.
I
I
I
I
I
I poor.
I
I
BrC*: I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Bethlehem. I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Urban land. I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
1
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
BsC2 : I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Braddock ---------- lFair
lGood
lGood
IGood
(Good
lVery
lVery
(Good
(Good
lVery
I
I
I
I
I
I poor.
I
l poor.
I
I
I
I
I
I poor.
I
I
Hayesville-------- lFair
I
lGood
I
(Good
I
lGood
I
(Good
IVery
lVery
lGood
(Good
lVery
I
I
I
I
I
I
I poor.
I
I poor.
I
I
I
I
I
I poor.
I
I
BsD2 : I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Braddock ---------- IPoor
iFair
lGood
lGood
lGood
lVery
lVery
iFair
lGood
lVery
I
I
I
I
I
I poor.
I
I poor.
I
I
I
I
I
I poor.
I
I
Hayesville -------- lPoor
I
iFair
I
lGood
I
lGood
I
lGood
IVery
Ivory
(Fair
(Good
lVery
I
I
I
I
I
I poor.
I poor.
I
I
I
I poor.
I
I
BuA---------------- lVery
I
IPoor
I
IPoor
I
1poor
I
1poor
I
lVery
I
IVery
1poor
I
1poor
lVery
Buncombe I poor.
I
I
I
I
I poor.
I
I poor.
I
I
I
I
I
I poor.
I
I
CeB2--------------- IFair
I
lGood
I
lGood
I
lGood
I
lGood
lVery
lVery
lGood
lGood
lVery
Cecil 1
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I poor.
I
i poor.
I
I
I
I
I
I poor.
I
CfB2*: I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Cecil. I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
1
I
I
I
I
Urban land. I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
ChA---------------- lVery
I
spoor
I
IPoor
I
lGood
I
lGood
I
IFair
I
IFair
I
1poor
I
lGood
I
IFair.
Chewacla I poor.
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
CnF* : I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Cleveland --------- lVery
lVery
1poor
IFair
IFair
IVery
lVery
lVery
1poor
IVery
I poor.
I
I poor.
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I poor.
I
I poor.
I
I poor.
I
I
I
I poor.
I
Rock outcrop. I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
1
See footnote at end of table.

120
TABLE 8.--WILDLIFE HABITAT --Continued
Soil.Survey
Soil name and i I
map symbol I Grain (Grasses
land seedl and
I crops [legumes
Potential
I Wild
I herba-
I ceous
I plants
for habitat elements
I I I
lHardwoodl Conif- (Wetland
I trees I erous I plants
I I plants I
I
IShallow
I water
I areas
(Potential as habitat for --
I I I
IOpenlandlWoodlandlWetland
lwildlifelwildlifelwildli£e
I I I
I
I
CsD: I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Cowee------------- (Poor
IFair
IFair
IFair
IFair
IVery
IVery
IFair
IFair
IVery
I
I
I
I
I
I poor.
I poor.
I
I
I
I
I poor.
I
I
Saluda ------------ IVery
I
IVery
I
lPoor
I
IFair
I
(Fair
I
IVery
I
IVery
IVery
IFair
IVery
I poor.
I
I poor.
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I Poor.
I
I poor.
I
I poor.
I
I
I
I poor.
I
CsE: I
I
I
I
Cowee------------- IVery
iPoor
IFair
IFair
IFair
IVery
IVery
lPoor
IFair
IVery
I poor.
I
I
I
I
I
I
I poor.
I
I poor.
I
I
I
I
I
I poor.
I
I
Saluda ------------ IVery
I
IVery
I
(Poor
IFair
(Fair
lVery
IVery
IVery
IFair
IVery
I poor.
I poor.
I
I
I
I
I poor.
I
I poor.
I
I poor.
I
I
I
I poor.
I
I
DaB2--------------- IGood
I
IGood
I
(Good
I
IGood
IFair
lPoor
IVery
(Good
(Good
lPoor.
Davidson I
I
I
I
I
I
I poor.
►
I
I
I
I
I
DaC2--------------- IFair
I
IGood
I
IGood
I
IGood
I
IFair
I
lVery
I
IVery
IGood
I
IFair
IVery
Davidson I
I
I
I
I
I poor.
I poor.
I
I
I
I
I poor.
I
I
DoB---------------- IGood
I
IGood
I
IGood
I
IGood
I
(Good
I
lPoor
I
IVery
IGood
IGood
IVery
Dogue I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I poor.
I
I
I
I
I
I poor.
I
EcD: I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Evard------------- (Poor
IFair
IGood
IGood
IGood
IVery
IVery
IFair
IGood
IVery
I
I
I
I
I
I poor.
I poor.
I
I
I poor.
I
I
Cowee------------- lPoor
I
IFair
I
IFair
I
IFair
I
IFair
I
lVery
I
IVery
I
IFair
I
IFair
IVery
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I poor.
I
I poor.
I
I
I
I
I
I poor.
I
EcE: I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Evard------------- lVery
IVery
IGood
IGood
IGood
IVery
IVery
lPoor
IGood
IVery
poor.
I poor.
I
I
I
I
I Poor.
I
I poor.
I
I
I
I
I
I poor.
I
I
Cowee------------- IVery
I
lPoor
I
IFair
I
IFair
IFair
IVery
IVery
(Poor
IFair
IVery
I poor.
I
I
I
I
I
I
I poor.
I
I poor.
I
I
I
I
I
I poor.
I
I
HbC---------------- (Poor
I
lPoor
I
(Poor
IFair
IFair
IVery
IVery
(Poor
IGood
IVery
Hibriten I
I
I
I
I
I poor.
I poor.
I
I
I
I
I poor.
I
I
HbE---------------- IVery
I
IVery
I
(poor
I
IFair
I
IFair
I
IVery
I
IVery
IVery
IFair
IVery
Hibriten I poor.
I poor.
I
I
I
I
I
I poor.
I
I poor.
I
I poor.
I
I
I
I poor.
I
I
MaB2--------------- lFair
I
IGood
I
IGood
IGood
IGood
iPoor
IVery
IGood
IGood
IVery
Masada I
I
I
I
I
I
I Poor.
I
I
I poor.
I
I
MaC2--------------- IFair
I
IGood
I
(Good
I
IGood
I
IGood
I
IVery
I
IVery
I
IGood
I
IGood
IVery
Masada I
I
I
I
I
I poor.
I poor.
I
I
I
I poor..
I
I
PaD---------------- lVery
I
(Poor
I
(Poor
I
IFair
I
IFair
I
lVery
I
IVery
iPoor
I
IFair
(Very
Pacolet I poor.
I
I
I
(
I
I
I
I poor.
I
I poor.
I
I
I
I
I
I poor.
I
I
PcB2--------------- (Poor
I
(Poor
1poor
IFair
IFair
IVery
IVery
lPoor
IFair
(Very
Pacolet I
I
I
I
I
I Poor.
I poor.
I
I
I
I poor.
I
I
PcC2--------------- lVery
I
(Poor
I
(Very
I
(Poor
I
iPoor
I
IVery
I
IVery
lVery
I
lPoor
lVery
Pacolet I poor.
I
I
I
I poor.
I
I
I
I
I
I poor.
I
I poor.
I
I poor.
I
I
I
I poor.
I
See footnote at end of
table.

Alexander County, North Carolina 121
TABLE S.--WILDLIFE HABITAT --Continued
I Potential for habitat elements (Potential as habitat for --
Soil name and I I I Wild I I I I I I I
map symbol I Grain (Grasses I herba- 1Hardwoodl Conif- (Wetland 1Shallow {openland{WoodlandlWetland
land seed) and l ceous I trees I erous I plants I water lwildlifelwildlifelwildlife
I crops llegumes I plants I I plants { I areas I I I
I
I
PuC* : I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Pacolet . I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Urban land. I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
1
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
RnC---------------- .(Poor
iFair
1Poor
1Fair
I Fair
(Very
(Very
1Poor
1Fair
IVery
Rion I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I poor.
I poor.
I
I
I poor.
RnD---------------- (Poor
1Poor
1Poor
1Fair
I
1Fair
I
IVery
I
IVery
1
1Poor
I
iFair
I
IVery
Rion I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I poor.
I poor.
I
I
I poor.
RnE---------------- (Very
lPoor
lPoor
1Fair
I
1Fair
I
IVery
I
(Very
I
(Poor
I
iFair
I
IVery
Rion I poor.
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I poor.
1 poor.
I
I
I poor.
RwB : I
I
I
I
I
I
I
i
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Rion -------------- lFair
IGood
1Fair
IGood
IGood
IVery
IVery
1Fair
IGood
IVery
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I poor.
I poor.
I
I
I poor.
Wedowee ----------- 1Fair
IGood
I
IGood
I
IGood
I
IGood
I
IVery
I
IVery
I
IGood
I
IGood
I
IVery
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I poor.
I poor.
I
I
I poor.
RxA---------------- (Good
IGood
IGood
IGood
I
IGood
I
1Poor
I
1Poor
I
IGood
I
IGood
I
(Poor.
Riverview I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
StB----------------- IGood
I
IGood
I
IGood
I
IGood
I
IGood
I
(Poor
I
(Very
I
IGood
I
IGood
I
(Very
State I
I
1
I
I
I
I
I
I poor.
I
I
I poor.
TfB: I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Tate ------- ------- 1Fair
IGood
IGood
IGood
IGood
IVery
(Very
IGood
IGood
(Very
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I poor.
l poor.
I
I
I poor.
French ------------- 1Poor
l7air
I
1Fair
I
IGood
I
IGood
I
lPoor
I
1Poor
I
iFair
I
IGood
I
1Poor.
I
vac*: I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Udorthents . I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Urban land. I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
WeA---------------- IVery
I
lPoor
I
1Poor
I
1Fair
I
iFair
I
IGood
I
1Fair
I
1Poor
I
iFair
I
1Fair.
Wehadkee I poor.
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
* See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit.

122
Soil Survey
TABLE 9.--BUILDING SITE DEVELOPMENT
(Some terms that describe restrictive soil features are defined in the "Glossary." See text for definitions of
"slight," "moderate," and "severe." Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was not rated. The
information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for onsite
investigation)
Soil name and
map symbol
AcD, ACE:
Ashe----
Cleveland-
BeB---------------
Bethlehem
BeC ---------------
Bethlehem
BrC*:
Bethlehem--------
Urban land.
Bsc2:
Braddock ---------
Hayesville-------
BsD2:
Braddock ---------
Hayesville-------
Shallowexcavations
Isevere:
I depth to rock,
I slope.
I
Isevere:
I depth to rock,
I slope.
I
IModerate:
I depth to rock,
I too clayey.
I
IModerate:
I depth to rock,
I too clayey,
I slope.
I
I
IModerate:
I depth to rock,
I too clayey,
I slope.
BuA---------------
Buncombe
CeB2 --------------
Cecil
CfB*:
Cecil ------------
Urban land.
See footnote at
Moderate:
too clayey,
slope.
Moderate:
too clayey,
slope.
Severe:
slope.
Severe:
slope.
Severe:
cutbanks cave.
Moderate:
too clayey.
Moderate:
too clayey.
end of table.
Dwellings
I Dwellings
without
with
basements
basements
I
I
I
Isevere:
i
ISevere:
I slope.
I slope,
I depth to rock.
I
ISevere:
I
Isevere:
I slope,
I depth to rock,
depth to rock.(
slope.
I
ISlight---------
I
IModerate:
I
I
I depth to rock.
I
I
Moderate:
I
Moderate:
I slope.
I depth to rock,
I
I slope.
I
Moderate: IModerate:
slope. I depth to rock,
slope.
I
Small Local roads
co=aercial and streets
buildings
Severe:
slope.
Severe:
slope,
depth to rock.
Moderate:
slope.
Severe:
slope.
Severe:
slope.
Moderate:
IModerate:
ISevere:
shrink -swell,
I shrink -swell,
I slope.
slope.
I slope.
I
Moderate:
IModerate:
Isevere:
slope.
I slope.
I slope.
Severe:
ISevere:
ISevere:
slope.
I slope.
I
I slope.
I
Severe:
I
ISevere:
I
Isevere:
slope.
I slope.
I slope.
Severe:
I
Isevere:
I
Isevere:
flooding.
I flooding.
I flooding.
Slight ---------
I
(Slight ---------
I
IModerate:
I
I
I slope.
I
slight ---------
I
(Slight ---------
I
IModerate:
I
I
I
I
I slope.
I
I
I
Severe:
slope.
Severe:
depth to rock,
slope.
Moderate:
low strength.
Moderate:
low strength,
slope.
Moderate:
low strength,
slope.
Severe:
low strength.
Moderate:
slope,
low strength.
Severe:
low strength,
slope.
Severe:
slope.
Severe:
flooding.
Moderate:
low strength.
Moderate:
low strength.
Lawns and
landscaping
Severe:
slope.
Severe:
slope,
depth to rock.
Severe:
small stones.
Severe:
small stones.
Severe:
small stones.
Moderate:
slope.
Moderate:
slope.
Severe:
slope.
Severe:
slope.
Severe:
droughty.
I
(Slight.
I
I
I
(Slight.

Alexander County, North Carolina
TABLE 9.--BUILDING SITE DEVELOPMENT --Continued
123
I
Soil name and I Shallow
I
I Dwellings
I
I Dwellings
I
I Small
I
I Local roads
I
I Lawns and
map symbol I excavations
I without
I with
] commercial
I and streets
I landscaping
I
I basements
I basements
I buildings
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
ChA--------------- ISevere:
I
(Severe:
I
(Severe:
I
(Severe:
I
(Severe:
I
(Severe:
Chewacla I wetness.
I flooding,
I flooding,
I flooding,
I low strength,
I wetness,
I
I wetness.
I wetness.
I wetness.
I wetness,
I flooding.
I
I
I
I
I
I
I flooding.
I
I
CnF*: I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Cleveland -------- ISevere:
ISevere:
(Severe:
ISevere:
ISevere:
ISevere:
I depth to rock,] slope,
I depth to rock,) slope,
I depth to rock,]
slope,
slope.
I depth to rock.]
slope.
I depth to rock.)
slope.
I depth to rock.
I
Rock outcrop. I
I
I
I
I
I
(
I
I
I
I
I
CsD, CsE: I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Cowes ------ ------ ISevere:
ISevere:
ISevere:
I Severe:
ISevere:
Severe:
I slope.
I
I slope.
I slope.
I slope.
I slope.
I slope.
I
Saluda ----------- ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
ISevere:
ISevere:
I depth to rock,] slope.
I depth to rock,]
slope.
I slope.
I slope,
I slope.
I
I slope.
I
I
I depth to rock.
I
DaB2-------------- IModerate:
I I I
ISlight--------- ISlight--------- IModerate:
I
ISevere:
I
(Slight.
Davidson I too clayey.
I
I
I slope.
I low strength.
I
I
DaC2-------------- IModerate:
I
IModerate:
I
IModerate:
I
ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
IModerate:
Davidson I too clayey,
I slope.
I slope.
I slope.
I low strength.
I slope.
slope.
I
I
I
I
I
I
DoB--------------- ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
IModerate:
Dogue I cutbanks cave,) flooding.
I flooding,
I flooding.
I low strength.
I wetness.
I wetness.
I
I wetness.
I
I
I
I
EcD, EcE: I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Evard------------ ISevere:
ISevere:
ISevere:
ISevere:
ISevere:
ISevere:
I cutbanks cave,] slope.
I slope.
I slope.
I slope.
I slope.
I slope.
I
I
I
I
I
I
Cowes ------------ ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I slope.
I slope.
I slope.
I slope.
I slope.
I slope.
I
HbC--------------- ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
ISevere:
Hibriten I large stones.
I large stones.
I large stones.
I slope,
I large stones.
I small stones.
I
I
I
I
I large stones.
I
I
I
HbE--------------- ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
ISevere:
ISevere:
Hibriten I large stones,
I slope,
I slope,
I slope,
I large stones,
I small stones,
I slope.
I large stones.
I large stones.
I large stones.
I slope.
I slope.
I
MaB2-------------- IModerate:
I
IModerate:
I
IModerate:
I
IModerate:
I
ISevere:
I
ISlight.
Masada I too clayey.
I shrink -swell.
I shrink -swell.
I slope,
I low strength.
I
I
I
I
I shrink -swell.
I
i
I
MaC2-------------- IModerate:
I
IModerate:
I
IModerate:
I
ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
IModerate:
Masada I too clayey,
I slope,
I slope,
I slope.
I low strength.
I slope.
I slope.
I shrink -swell.
I shrink -swell.
I
I
I
I
PaD--------------- ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
ISevere:
Pacolet I slope.
I
I slope.
I slope.
I slope.
I slope.
I slope.
PcB2-------------- IModerate:
I I I
ISlight --------- ISlight --------- IModerate:
I
IModerate:
I
ISlight.
Pacolet I too clayey.
I
I
I
I
I
I slope.
I
I low strength.
I
I
I
See footnote at end of table.

124 Soil Survey
TABLE 9.--BUILDING SITE DEVELOPMENT --Continued
Soil name and I Shallow I Dwellings
map symbol I excavations I without
I I basements
I Dwellings
I with
I basements
I Small
I commercial
I buildings
I Local roads
I and streets
I
I Lawns and
I landscaping
I
I
I
PcC2-------------- IModerate:
I
I
(Moderate:
I
I
(Moderate:
i
I
[Severe:
I
I
IModerate:
I
I
IModerate:
Pacolet I too clayey, I slope.
I slope.
I slope.
I low strength,
I slope.
I slope.
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I slope.
I
I
I
PuC*: I
I
Pacolet---------- IModerate:
IModerate:
IModerate:
ISevere:
IModerate:
IModerate:
I too clayey, I slope.
I slope.
I slope.
I low strength,
I slope.
I slope.
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I slope.
I
I
I
Urban land. I
1
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
RnC--------------- ISevere:
I
]Moderate:
I
IModerate:
I
ISevere:
IModerate:
IModerate:
Rion I cutbanks
cave.) slope.
I slope.
I slope.
[ slope.
I
I slope.
I
I
RnD, RnE---------- ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
ISevere:
ISevere:
ISevere:
Rion I cutbanks
cave,[ slope.
I slope.
I slope.
I slope.
I slope.
I slope.
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
RwB: I
I
I
I
I
I
Rion ------------- ISevere:
ISlight --------- ISlight --------- IModerate:
ISlight --------- ISlight.
I cutbanks
cave.)
I
I slope.
I
I
I
I
Wedowee ---------- IModerate:
I
IModerate:
I I
ISlight--------- IModerate:
I
IModerate:
ISlight.
I too clayey. I shrink -swell.
I
I shrink -swell,
I low strength,
I
I
I
I
I slope.
[ shrink -swell.
I
I
I
RxA--------------- ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
ISevere:
ISevere:
Riverview I cutbanks
cave.[ flooding.
[ flooding.
I flooding.
I flooding.
I
I flooding.
I
I
StB--------------- ISevere:
I I
ISlight--------- IModerate:
I
IModerate:
IModerate:
ISlight.
State I cutbanks
cave.[
I
I wetness.
I
I slope.
I
I low strength.
I
I
I
I
TfB: I
I
I
I,
I
I
Tate ------------- ISlight --------- ISlight --------- ISlight --------- IModerate:
ISlight--------- ISlight.
I
I
I
I slope.
I
I
I
I
French ----------- ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
ISevere:
ISevere:
I cutbanks
cave,[ flooding,
I flooding,
I flooding,
I flooding.
I flooding.
I wetness.
I wetness.
I wetness.
I
I wetness.
I
I
I
I
I
I
UdC*: I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Udorthents. I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Urban land.
I
I
WeA--------------- ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
ISevere:
ISevere:
Wehadkee I wetness.
I flooding,
I flooding,
I flooding,
I wetness,
I wetness,
I
I wetness.
I wetness.
( wetness.
I flooding,
I flooding.
I
I
I
I
I low strength.
I
* See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit.

Alexander County, North Carolina 125
TABLE 10.--SANITARY FACILITIES
(Some terms that describe restrictive soil features are defined in the "Glossary." See text for definitions
of "slight," "good," and other terms. Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was not rated. The
information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for
onsite investigation)
I
Soil name and I Septic tank
map symbol I absorption
fields
I
I Sewage lagoon
I areas
I
I
I Trench
I sanitary
I landfill
I
I Area
I sanitary
I landfill
I
I Daily cover
I for landfill
I
I
ACD, AcE: I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Ashe--------------- ISevere:
ISevere:
ISevere:
ISevere:
(Poor:
I depth to rock,
I seepage,
I depth to rock,
I depth to rock,
I depth to rock,
I slope.
I depth to
rock,
I seepage,
I seepage,
I slope,
I
I
I slope.
I
I slope.
I slope.
I thin layer.
Cleveland ---------- ISevere:
ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
(Poor:
I depth to rock,
I seepage,
I depth to rock,
I depth to rock,
I depth to rock,
I slope.
I depth to
rock,
I seepage,
I slope.
I slope,
I
I
I slope.
I
I slope.
I
I thin layer.
BeB----------------- ISevere:
ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
(Poor:
Bethlehem I depth to rock.
I depth to
rock.
I depth to rock.
I depth to rock.
I depth to rock,
I
I
I
I
I
I
I thin layer.
BeC----------------- ISevere:
ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
IPoor:
Bethlehem I depth to rock.
I'depth to
rock,
I depth to rock.
I depth to rock.
I depth to rock,
I
I
I slope.
I
I
I
I thin layer.
arc*: I
I
I
I
i
I
I
I
Bethlehem ---------- ISevere:
ISevere:
ISevere:
ISevere:
IPoor:
I depth to rock.
I depth to
rock,
I depth to rock.
I depth to rock.
I depth to rock,
I
I
I slope.
I
I
I
I thin layer.
Urban land. I
I
1
I
I
I
I
I
I
BsC2: I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Braddock ----------- IModerate:
ISevere:
ISevere:
IModerate:
IPoor:
I peres slowly,
I seepage,
I seepage,
I slope.
I too clayey,
I slope.
I slope.
I too clayey.
I
I hard to pack.
I
Hiyesville --------- IModerate:
I
ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
IModerate:
I
IPoor:
I peres slowly,
I seepage,
I seepage,
I slope.
I too clayey,
I slope.
I slope.
I too clayey.
(
I hard to pack.
I
BsD2: I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Braddock ----------- ISevere:
ISevere:
ISevere:
ISevere:
IPoor:
I slope.
I seepage,
I seepage,
I slope.
I too clayey,
I
I slope.
I slope,
I
I hard to pack,
I
I
I
I
I too clayey.
I
I slope.
Hayesville --------- ISevere:
ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
IPoor:
I slope.
I seepage,
I seepage,
I slope.
I too clayey,
I
I slope.
I slope,
I
I hard to pack,
I
I
I too clayey.
I
I slope.
I
BuA----------------- ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
IPoor:
Buncombe I flooding,
I seepage,
I flooding,
I flooding,
a e,
I seepage,
I poor filter.
I flooding.
I seepage,
I seepage.
I too sandy.
I
I
I too sandy.
I
I
I
CeB2---------------- IModerate:
I
IModerate:
I
IModerate:
I I
ISlight----------- (Fair:
Cecil I peres slowly.
I seepage,
I too clayey.
I
I too clayey,
I
I
I slope.
I
I
I
I
I
I hard to pack.
I
See footnote at end of table.

126
TABLE 10.--SANITARY FACILITIES --Continued
Soil Survey
Soil name and I Septic tank
map symbol I absorption
I fields
I Sewage lagoon
I areas
I
I Trench
I sanitary
I landfill
I Area
I sanitary
I landfill
I Daily cover
I for landfill
I
I
I
CfB*: I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Cecil -------------- IModerate:
(Moderate:
IModerate:
(Slight -----------
IFair:
I peres slowly.
I seepage,
I too clayey.
I
I too clayey,
I
I slope.
I
I
i hard to pack.
I
Urban land. I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
ChA----------------- ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
(Poor:
Chewacla I flooding,
I flooding,
I flooding,
I flooding,
I hard to pack,
I wetness.
I wetness.
I wetness.
I wetness.
I wetness.
I
CnF*: I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Cleveland ---------- ISevere:
ISevere:
ISevere:
ISevere:
(Poor:
I depth to rock,
I seepage,
I depth to rock,
I depth to rock,
I depth to rock,
I slope.
I depth to rock,
I seepage,
I slope.
I slope,
I
I
I slope.
I
I slope.
I
I
I
I thin layer.
I
Rock outcrop. I
I
I
I
I
I
CsD, CsE: I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Cowes -------------- ISevere:
ISevere:
ISevere:
ISevere:
(Poor:
I slope,
I slope,
I slope,
I slope,
I depth to rock,
I depth to rock.
I depth to rock.
I depth to rock.
I depth to rock.
I slope.
I
Saluda ------------- ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
(Poor:
I depth to rock,
I depth to rock,
I depth to rock,
I depth to rock,
I depth to rock,
I slope.
I slope.
I
I slope.
I
I slope.
I
I slope.
I
I
DaB2---------------- IModerate:
IModerate:
IModerate:
(Slight -----------
IFair:
Davidson I peres slowly.
I seepage,
I too clayey.
I
I too clayey,
I
I slope.
I
I
I hard to pack.
I
DaC2---------------- IModerate:
I
ISevere:
I
IModerate:
I
IModerate:
I
IFair:
Davidson I peres slowly,
I slope.
I slope,
I slope.
I too clayey,
I slope.
I
I too clayey.
I
I hard to pack,
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I slope.
I
DoB----------------- ISevere:
ISevere:
ISevere:
ISevere:
(Poor:
Dogue I wetness,
I seepage,
I seepage,
I wetness.
I too clayey,
I peres slowly.
I wetness.
I wetness,
I
I hard to pack.
I
I
I too clayey.
I
I
I
EcD, EcE: I,
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Evard-------------- ISevere:
ISevere:
ISevere:
ISevere:
(Poor:
I slope.
I
I slope.
I
I slope.
I
I slope.
I
I slope.
I
Cowes -------------- ISevere:
ISevere:
ISevere:
ISevere:
(Poor:
I slope,
I slope,
I slope,
I slope,
I depth to rock,
I depth to rock.
I depth to rock.
I depth to rock.
I depth to rock.
I slope,
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I thin layer.
I
HbC----------------- ISevere:
ISevere:
ISevere:
ISevere:
I
(Poor:
Hibriten I depth to rock,
I depth to rock,
I depth to rock,
I depth to rock.
I depth to rock,
I large stones.
I slope,
I large stones.
I
I large stones.
I
I large stones.
I
I
I
I
HbE----------------- ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
(Poor:
Hibriten I depth to rock,
I depth to rock,
I depth to rock,
I depth to rock,
I depth to rock,
I slope.
I slope,
I slope,
I slope.
I large stones,
I
I
I large stones.
I
I large stones.
I
I
I
I slope.
I
See footnote at and of table.

Alexander County, North Carolina
TABLE 10.--SANITARY FACILITIES --Continued
127
Soil name and I Septic tank
map symbol I absorption
I fields
I Sewage lagoon
I areas
I
I Trench
I sanitary
I landfill
I Area
I sanitary
I landfill
I Daily cover
I for landfill
I
i
I
MaB2---------------- IModerate:
I
I
IModerate:
I
I
ISevere:
I I
I I
(Slight ----------- (Poor:
Masada I peres slowly.
I seepage,
I too clayey.
I
I too clayey,
I
i slope.
I
I
I hard to pack.
I
MaC2---------------- IModerate:
I
ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
IModerate:
I
(Poor:
Masada I slope,
I slope.
I too clayey.
I slope.
I too clayey,
I peres slowly.
I
I
I
I hard to pack.
I
PaD----------------- ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
(Poor:
Pacolet I slope.
I
I slope.
I slope.
I slope.
I slope.
PcB2---------------- IModerate:
I
IModerate:
I I I
ISlight----------- (Slight ----------- IFair:
Pacolet I peres slowly.
I seepage,
I
I
I too clayey.
I
I slope.
I
I
I
I
PcC2---------------- IModerate:
I
ISevere:
I
IModerate:
I
IModerate:
I
IFair:
Pacolet I peres slowly,
I slope.
I slope.
I slope.
I too clayey,
I slope.
I
I
I
I
I
I slope.
PuC*: I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Pacolet ------------ IModerate:
ISevere:
IModerate:
IModerate:
IFair:
I peres slowly,
I slope.
I slope.
I slope.
I too clayey,
I slope.
I
I
I
I
I
I slope.
Urban land. I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
RnC----------------- IModerate:
I
ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
IFair:
Rion I slope.
I seepage,
I seepage.
I seepage.
I slope.
I
I
I slope.
I
I
I
RnD, RnE------------ ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
(Poor:
Rion I slope.
I seepage,
I seepage,
I seepage,
I slope.
I
I
I slope.
I
I slope.
I slope.
I
RwB: I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Rion --------------- ISlight----------- ISevere:
ISevere:
ISevere:
(Good.
I
I
I seepage.
I seepage.
I seepage.
I
Wedowee ------------ IModerate:
I
IModerate:
I
IModerate:
I I
ISlight----------- IFair:
I peres slowly.
I slope,
I too clayey.
I
I too clayey.
I
I
I seepage.
I
I
I
RxA----------------- ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
IFair:
Riverview I flooding,
I seepage,
I flooding,
I flooding,
I wetness.
I wetness.
I flooding,
I seepage,
I seepage,
I
I
I wetness.
I wetness.
I wetness.
I
I
StB----------------- Moderate:
I
ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
IModerate:
I
(Good.
State I wetness,
I seepage.
I seepage,
I wetness.
I
I peres slowly.
I
I wetness.
I
I
I
TfB: I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Tate --------------- IModerate:
ISevere:
ISevere:
(Slight -----------
IFair:
I peres slowly.
I seepage,
I seepage.
I
I too clayey,
I
I slope.
I
I
I large stones.
I
French ------------- ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
(Poor:
I flooding,
I seepage,
I flooding,
I flooding,
I seepage,
I wetness,
I flooding,
I seepage,
I seepage,
I too sandy,
I poor filter.
I
I wetness.
I
I wetness.
I
I wetness.
I
I small stones.
I
See footnote at end of table.

128
TABLE 10.--SANITARY FACILITIES --Continued
Soil Survey
Soil name and
I Septic tank
I Sewage lagoon
I Trench
I Area
I Daily cover
map symbol
I absorption
I areas
I sanitary
I sanitary
I for landfill
I fields
I
I landfill
I landfill
I
I
I
I
I
I
UdC*:
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Udorthents.
I
I
I
I
I
Urban land.
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
WeA-----------------
I
ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
(Severe:
I
(poor:
Wehadkee
I flooding,
I flooding,
I flooding,
I flooding,
I wetness.
I wetness.
I
I wetness.
I
I wetness.
I
I wetness.
I
I
I
* See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit.

Alexander County, North Carolina 129
TABLE ll.--CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
(Some terms that describe restrictive soil features are defined in the "Glossary." See text for definitions
of "good," "fair," and other terms. Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was not rated. The
information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for
onsite investigation)
I
Soil name and I Roadfill
map symbol I
I
I
I Sand
I
I
I
I Gravel
I
I
I
I Topsoil
I
I
I
I
ACD: I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Ashe----------------- (Poor:
(Improbable:
Ilmprobable:
(Poor:
I depth to rock,
I excess fines.
I excess fines.
I slope,
I thin layer.
I
I
I small stones.
I
Cleveland ------------ (Poor:
I
(Improbable:
I
(Improbable:
I
(Poor:
I depth to rock,
I excess fines.
I excess fines.
I depth to rock,
I thin layer.
I
I
I small stones,
I
I
I
I
I
I slope.
AcE: I
I
I
I
I
I
Ashe----------------- (Poor:
(Improbable:
(Improbable:
(Poor:
I depth to rock,
I excess fines.
I excess fines.
I slope,
I thin layer,
I
I
I small stones.
I slope.
I
I
I
I
Cleveland ------------ (Poor:
I
(Improbable:
I
Ilmprobable:
I
(Poor:
I depth to rock,
I excess fines.
I excess fines.
depth to rock,
I slope,
I
I
I small stones,
I thin layer.
I
I
I
I slope.
BeB, BeC-------------- (Poor:
I
JImprobable:
I
(Improbable:
I
(Poor:
Bethlehem I depth to rock.
I excess fines.
excess fines.
I too clayey,
i
I
I
i
I small stones.
BrC*: I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Bethlehem ------------ (poor:
(Improbable:
(Improbable:
(Poor:
I depth to rock.
I excess fines.
I excess fines.
I too clayey,
1
I
I
1
I small stones.
Urban land. I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
BsC2: I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Braddock ------------- (Fair:
(Improbable:
(Improbable:
(Poor:
I low strength.
I excess fines.
I excess fines.
I too clayey.
I
Hayesville----------- IGood-----------------
I
(Improbable:
I
(Improbable:
I
(Poor:
I
I excess fines.
I excess fines.
I too clayey.
I
BsD2: I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Braddock ------------- (Fair:
(Improbable:
(Improbable:
(Poor:
I low strength,
I excess fines.
I excess fines.
I too clayey.
I slope.
I
I
I
I
Hayesville----------- (Fair:
I
(Improbable:
I
(Improbable:
I
(Poor:
I slope.
I excess fines.
I excess fines.
too clayey,
I
I
I
I
I
I slope.
I
BUA------------------- IGood----------------- IProbable------------- (Improbable:
I
(Fair:
Buncombe I
I
I
I
i too sandy.
I too sandy.
I
See footnote at end of table.

130
TABLE 11.--CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS --Continued
Soil Survey
Soil name and I Roadfill
map symbol I
I Sand
I
I Gravel
I
I Topsoil
I
I
I
CeB2------------------ IFair:
I
I
(Improbable:
I
I
(Improbable:
i
I
(Poor:
Cecil I low strength.
I
I excess fines.
I
I excess fines.
I
I too clayey.
I
CfB*: I
Cecil ---------------- IFair:
I
(Improbable:
I
(Improbable:
I
(Poor:
I low strength.
I excess fines.
I
I excess fines.
I
I too clayey.
I
I
Urban land.
I
I
I
ChA------------------- (Poor:
I
Ilmprobable:
(Improbable:
(Poor:
Chewacla I low strength,
I excess fines.
I excess fines.
I wetness.
I wetness.
i
I
I
I
I
I
I
CnF*: I
Cleveland ------------ (Poor:
I
(improbable:
I
(Improbable:
I
(Poor:
I depth to rock,
I excess fines.
I excess fines.
I depth to rock,
I slope,
I
I
I small stones,
i thin layer.
I
I
I
I
I slope.
I
I
Rock outcrop. I
i
I
I
I
I
I
I
CsD: I
Cowes ---------------- (Poor:
I
(Improbable:
I
(Improbable:
I
(Poor:
I depth to rock.
I excess fines.
I excess fines.
I small stones,
I slope.
I
I
Saluda --------------- (Poor:
I
(Improbable:
I
(Improbable:
(Poor:
I depth to rock,
I excess fines.
i excess fines.
I depth to rock,
I thin layer.
I
I
I small stones,
i
I
I
I
I
I slope.
I
I
CsE: I
Cowes ---------------- IPOOr:
I
(Improbable:
I
(Improbable:
I
(Poor:
I depth to rock,
I excess fines.
I excess fines.
I small stones,
i slope.
(
I
I slope.
Saluda --------------- IPoor:
(improbable:
jmmprobable:
IPoor:
I depth to rock,
I excess fines.
I excess fines.
I depth to rock,
I slope,
I
I
I small stones,
I thin layer.
I
I
I slope.
I
1
DaB2, DaC2------------ IPoor:
I
(Improbable:
I
(Improbable:
[Poor:
Davidson I low strength.
I excess fines.
I excess fines.
I
I too clayey.
I
I
DoB------------------- IFair:
I
Ilmprobable:
(Improbable:
IPoor:
Dogue I wetness.
I
I excess fines.
I
I excess fines.
I
I too clayey.
I
ECD: I
Evard---------------- IFair:
I
lImprobable:
I
(Improbable:
I
IPoor:
I slope.
I excess fines.
I excess fines.
I
I slope.
I
I
Cowee---------------- IPoor:
I
lImprobable:
Ilmprobable:
IPoor:
I depth to rock.
I excess fines.
I excess fines.
I small stones,
I
I
I slope.
I
I
ECE: I
Evard---------------- IPoor:
I
Ilmprobable:
I
(improbable:
I
IPoor:
I slope.
I excess fines.
I excess fines.
I slope.
Cowee---------------- IPoor:
(improbable:
(Improbable:
IPoor:
I depth to rock,
I excess fines.
I excess fines.
I small stones,
I slope.
I
I
I
I
I
I slope.
I
See footnote at end of table.

Alexander County, North Carolina
TABLE il.--CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS --Continued
131
Soil name and I Roadfill I Sand
map symbol I I
I I
I Gravel
I
I
I Topsoil
I
I
I I
i I
HbC------------------- IPoor: jmmprobable:
1
I
JImprobable:
I
I
(Poor:
Hibriten I depth to rock, I excess fines.
I excess fines.
I large stones.
l large stones. I
I
I
I I
HbE------------------- IPoor: (Improbable:
I
Ilmprobable:
I
IPoor:
Hibriten I depth to rock, l excess fines.
I excess fines.
I large stones,
l large stones, I
I
I slope.
l slope. I
I
I
I I
MaB2, MaC2------------ (Fair: (Improbable:
I
(Improbable:
I
IPoor:
Masada I low strength, I excess fines.
l excess fines.
l too clayey.
I shrink -swell. I
I
I
I I
PaD------------------- IFair: (Improbable:
I
(Improbable:
I
IPoor:
Pacolet l slope. I excess fines,
l excess fines.
I too clayey,
I I
i I
i
I slope.
PcB2, PcC2------------ IGood----------------- JImprobable:
I
(Improbable:
I
IPoor:
Pacolet I I excess fines.
l excess fines.
l too clayey.
I I
PuC*: I I
I
I
I
I
Pacolet -------------- IGood----------------- (Improbable:
(Improbable:
IPoor:
I I excess fines.
I excess fines.
I too clayey.
I I
Urban land. I I
I
I
I
I
I I
RnC------------------- IGood----------------- lmpprobable:
I
llmprobable:
I
lFair:
Rion I I excess fines.
l excess tines.
I too clayey,
I
I I
I
I slope.
RnD------------------- lFair: JImprobable:
I
Jmmprobable:
I
IPoor:
Rion l slope. I excess fines.
I excess fines.
I slope.
I I
RnE------------------- IPoor: Jmmprobable:
i
(Improbable:
I
IPoor:
Rion l slope. I excess fines.
I excess fines.
I slope.
I I
RwB: I I
i
I
l
I
Rion ----------------- IGood----------------- (Improbable:
(Improbable:
(Fair:
I I excess fines.
I excess fines.
I too clayey.
I I
Wedowee -------------- lGood----------------- Immprobable:
I
(Improbable:
I
IPoor:
I I excess fines.
I excess fines.
I too clayey.
I i
RxA------------------- IGood----------------- (improbable:
I
(Improbable:
I
lFair:
Riverview I I excess fines.
i excess fines.
I too clayey.
l I
StB------------------- (Good----------------- I
l mprobable:
(Improbable:
IFair:
State I I excess fines.
I excess fines.
I too clayey.
I I
TfB:
I
l
Tate ----------------- IGood----------------- Jmmprobable:
(Improbable:
lFair:
I I excess fines.
I
l excess fines.
l too clayey.
I
French --------------- lFair: (Improbable:
I
lProbable-------------
l
IPoor:
l wetness. I excess fines.
I
I small atones,
I I
I
I
l area reclaim.
I
UdC*: I I
I
I
I
I
Udorthents. l I
I I
I
I
l
I
See footnote at end of table.

132
TABLE ll.--CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS --Continued
Soil Survey
Soil name and I Roadfill I Sand I Gravel i Topsoil
map symbol I I
I i I I
I I I I
I I I I
UdC*: I
Urban land. I I I I
WeA-------------------IPoor: jimprobable: Ilmprobable: (Poor:
Wehadkee I wetness, I excess fines. I excess fines. ( wetness.
I low strength. I I I
I I I
* See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit.

Alexander County, North Carolina
TABLE 12.--WATER MANAGEMENT
(Some terms that describe restrictive soil features are defined in the "Glossary." See text for
definitions of "slight," "moderate," and "severe." Absence of an entry indicates that the
soil was not evaluated. The information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition
but does not eliminate the need for onsite investigation)
I Limitations for--
I
Features affecting --
Soil name and I Pond
I Embankments,
I
I Terraces I
map symbol I reservoir I dikes,
and
I Drainage
I and I Grassed
I areas I levees
I
I diversions I waterways
I I
I
I I
I
ACD, AcE: I
I
I
I
I
I I
I I
Ashe------------- ISevere:
(Severe:
(Deep to
water
(Depth to rock, (Depth to rock,
I seepage,
I piping,
I
I slope. I slope.
I slope.
I
I thin layer.
I
I I
Cleveland -------- ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
IDeep to
water
I I
ISlope, ILarge stones,
I depth to
rock,l piping,
I
I large stones, I slope,
I slope.
I thin layer.
I
I depth to rock.i droughty.
I
BeB--------------- (Moderate:
I
ISevere:
I
IDeep to
water
I I
ILarge stones, ILarge stones,
Bethlehem I seepage,
I hard to
pack.
I
I depth to rock.l depth to rock.
I depth to
rock,(
I
I I
I slope.
I
I
I I
I
BeC--------------- ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
IDeep to
water
I I
ISlope, ILarge stones,
Bethlehem I slope.
I hard to
pack.
I
I large stones, I slope,
I
I
(
I depth to rock.l depth to rock.
I
BrC*: I
I
I
I
I
I I
I I
Bethlehem -------- ISevere:
ISevere:
IDeep to
water
ISlope, ILarge stones,
I slope.
I hard to
pack.
I
I large stones, I slope,
I
I
I
I depth to rock.l depth to rock.
I
Urban land. I
I
I
I
I
I I
I I
I
BsC2: I
I
I
I
I
I i
I I
Braddock --------- ISevere:
ISevere:
IDeep to
water
ISlope---------- ISlope.
I seepage,
I hard to
pack.
I
I I
I slope.
I
I
I I
I
Hayesville------- ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
IDeep to
water
I I
ISlope ---------- ISlope.
I seepage.
I hard to
pack.
I
I I
I
BsD2: I
I
I
I
I
I I
I I
Braddock --------- ISevere:
ISevere:
IDeep to
water
ISlope ---------- ISlope.
I seepage,
I hard to
pack.
I
I I
I slope.
►
I
I I
I
Hayesville ------- ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
IDeep to
water
I I
ISlope---------- ISlope.
I seepage,
I hard to
pack.
I
I I
I slope.
I
I
I I
I
BuA--------------- ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
IDeep to
water
I I
IToo sandy ------ (Droughty,
Buncombe I seepage.
I seepage,
I
I I rooting depth.
I
I
I piping.
I
I I
CeB2-------------- IModerate:
I
ISevere:
I
IDeep to
water
I I
(Favorable ------ IFavorable.
Cecil I seepage,
I piping,
I
I I
I slope.
I hard to
pack.
I
I I
I
UfB*: I
I
I
I
I
I I
I I
Cecil ------------ IModerate:
ISevere:
IDeep to
water
[Favorable ------ (Favorable.
I seepage,
I Piping,
I
I I
I slope.
I
I hard to
I
pack.
I
I
I I
I I
See footnote at end of table.
133

134 Soil Survey
TABLE 12.--WATER MANAGEMENT --Continued
I Limitations for-- Features affecting --
Soil name and Pond I Embankments, I Terraces I
map symbol I reservoir I dikes, and I Drainage I and I Grassed
I areas I levees I diversions I waterways
I �
CfB*: I
Urban land. I
I
ChA--------------- IModerate:
Chewacla I seepage.
I
I
I
CaF*: I
Cleveland -------- ISevere:
I depth to rock,l
I slope.
I
Rock outcrop. I
I
CsD, CsE: I
Cowee------------ISevere:
I slope.
I
Saluda ----------- ISevere:
I depth to rock,
I slope.
I
DaB2-------------- IModerate:
Davidson I seepage,
I slope.
I
DaC2-------------- ISevere:
Davidson I slope.
I
DOB --------------- IModerate:
Dogue I seepage,
I slope.
I
EcD, EcE: I
Evard------------ ISevere:
I slope.
I
I
Cowee------------ ISevere:
I slope.
I
HbC, HbE---------- ISevere:
Hibriten I slope'.
I
I
MaB2-------------- Moderate:
Masada I seepage,
I slope.
MaC2-------------- ISevere:
Masada I slope.
I
PaD--------------- ISevere:
Pacolet I slope.
PcB2-------------- IModerate:
Pacolet I seepage,
I slope.
I
See footnote at and of table.
Severe: (Flooding -------
piping,
hard to pack, I
wetness. I
I
I
Severe: IDeep to water
piping. I
Severe: IDeep to water
thin layer. I
I
Severe: IDeep to water
piping. I
I
I
Severe: IDeep to water
hard to pack. I
I
I
Severe: IDeep to water
hard to pack.
I
Severe: ISlope----------
wetness. I
wetness -------- I
Slope,
large stones,
depth to rock.
Slope,
depth to rock.
I
Slope,
depth to rock.)
Favorable ------I
Slope----------
Wetness--------
Severe: IDeep to water ISlope,
seepage, I I too sandy.
piping. I I
I I
Severe: IDeep to water ISlope,
thin layer. I I depth to rock.
I I
Severe: IDeep to water ISlope,
large stones. I I large stones,
I I depth to rock.
I I
Moderate: IDeep to water IFavorable------
thin layer, I I
hard to pack. I I
� I I
Moderate: IDeep to water ISlope----------
( thin layer, I I
hard to pack. I I
I I
ISevere: IDeep to water Isoil blowing,
piping. I I slope.
ISevere: IDeep to water IFavorable------
I piping• I I
I I I
Wetness.
Large stones,
slope,
droughty.
Slope,
depth to rock.
Slope,
depth to rock.
Favorable.
Slope.
Favorable.
Slope.
Slope,
depth to rock.
Large stones,
slope,
droughty.
Favorable.
Slope.
Slope.
iFavorable.

Alexander County, North Carolina
TABLE 12.--WATER MANAGEMENT --Continued
I Limitations for--
Soil name and I Pond I Embankments,
map symbol I reservoir I dikes, and
I areas I levees
I
I
I Drainage
I
Features affecting --
I Terraces I
I and I Grassed
I diversions I waterways
I
I
PcC2-------------- ISevere:
I
I
ISevere:
I
I
IDeep to water
I I
I I
ISlope---------- ISlope.
Pacolet I slope.
I
I piping.
I
I I
PuC*: I
I
I
I
I
I I
I I
Pacolet---------- ISevere:
ISevere:
IDeep P to water
I Slo pe----------ISlope.
I slope.
I
I piping.
I
I I
Urban land. I
I
I
I
I
I I
I I
I
RnC, RnD, RnE ----- ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
IDeep to water
I I
ISlope---------- ISlope.
Rion I seepage,
I piping.
I
I I
I slope.
I
I
I I
I
RwB: I
I
I
I
I
I I
I I
Rion ------------- ISevere:
ISevere:
IDeep to water
IFavorable------ (Favorable.
I seepage.
I
I Piping.
(
I I
Wedowee ---------- IModerate:
I
ISevere:
I
IDeep to water
I I
IFavorable------ IFavorable.
slope,
I piping.
I
I I
I seepage.
I
I
I
I I
RxA--------------- ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
IDeep to water
I I
(Favorable ------ IFavorable.
Riverview I seepage.
I
I piping.
I
I I
StB--------------- ISevere:
I
IModerate:
I
IDeep to water
I I
IFavorable------ (Favorable.
State I seepage.
I thin layer,
I
I I
I
I
I piping.
I
I I
TfB: I
I
I
I
I
I I
I I
Tate ------------- ISevere:
ISevere:
IDeep to water
IFavorable------ IFavorable.
I seepage.
I
I piping.
I
I I
French ----------- ISevere:
I
ISevere:
I
IFlooding,
I I
(Wetness -------- (Wetness,
I seepage.
I seepage,
I slope,
I I too sandy.
I
I piping,
I large stones.
I I
I
I wetness.
I
I I
I
UdC*: I
I
I
I
I
I I
I I
Udorthent s. I
I
I
I I
I
Urban land. I
I
I
I
I
I I
I I
I
WeA--------------- IModerate:
I
ISevere:
I
IFlooding-------
I I
(Wetness -------- (Wetness.
Wehadkee I seepage.
I wetness,
I
I I
I
I piping.
I
I I
* See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit.
135

136 Soil Survey
TABLE 13.--ENGINEERING INDEX PROPERTIES
(The symbol < means less than; > means more than. Absence of an entry indicates that data were not estimated)
I I I Classification IFrag- I Percentage passing I I
Soil name and IDepthl USDA texture I I Iments I sieve number-- ILiquid I Plas-
map symbol I I I Unified I AASHTO I> 3 1 I 1 1 1 limit I ticity
I I I I linchesl 4 1 10 1 40 1 200 1 1 index
I In l I I I Pct I I I I I Pct 1
I I I I I 1 I I I I I
ACD, AcE: I I I I I I I I I I I
Ashe------------I 0-5 IGravelly sandy ISM, SM-SC IA-2, A-4 1 5-15 160-90 165-80 160-90 130-49 1 <25 1 NP-7
I I loam. I I I I I I I I I
1 5-261Gravelly sandy ISM, SM-SC IA-4 1 0-15 185-100165-90 160-95 135-49 1 <25 1 NP-7
I I loam, sandy I I I I I I I I I
I I loam, fine sandyl I I I I I I I I
I I loam. I I I I I I I I I
1 26 (Unweathered I --- I --- I--- I--- I --- I--- I--- I --- I ---
I I bedrock. I I I I I I I 1 I
I I I I I I I I I I I
Cleveland ------- 1 0-121Gravelly sandy ISM, GM IA-2, A-4,1 2-15 165-90 155-90 145-75 120-40 1 <25 1 NP-3
I I loam. I I A-1 I I I I I I I
112 (Unweathered ---
I I bedrock. I I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I I I I
BeB, BeC--------- 1 0-8 IGravelly sandy ISM, GP-GM,IA-2-4, 1 0-15 160-83 160-80 120-60 110-45 I <35 1 NP-10
Bethlehem I I loam. I GM, SP-SMI A-4, A-11 I I I I I I
1 8-121Sandy clay loam, ISC, CL, IA-2, A-6,1 0-15 165-100160-90 135-70 120-55 1 18-36 1 5-15
I I gravelly sandy I GC, CL-MLI A-4, A-11 I I I I I I
I I clay loam. I I I I I I I I I
112-251C1ay, clay loam, IMH, CL, IA-6, A-7 1 0-15 165-100160-100155-90 150-85 1 38-65 1 16-30
1 I gravelly clay. I CH, ML I I I I I I I I
125-311Gravelly sandy ISC, GC, IA-2, A-6,1 5-15 150-85 150-80 125-82 120-50 1 25-50 1 5-16
I I clay loam, very I SM-SC, I A-4, A-11 I I I I I I
I I gravelly sandy I.GM-GC I I I I I I I I
I I clay loam. I I I I I I I I I
131-601Weathered bedrock) ---"-
I I I I I I I I I I I
BrC* : I I I I I I I I I I I
Bethlehem ------- 1 0-8 IGravelly sandy ISM, GP-GM,lA-2-4, 1 0-15 160-80 160-80 120-60 110-45 1 <35 1 NP-10
I I loam. I GM, SP-SMI A-4, A-11 I I I I I I
1 8-121Sandy clay loam, ISC, CL, IA-2, A-6,1 0-15 165-100160-90 135-70 120-55 1 18-36 1 5-15
I I gravelly sandy I GC, CL-MLI A-4, A-11 I I I I I I
I I clay loam. I I I I I I I I I
112-251C1ay, clay loam, IMH, CL, IA-6, A-7 l 0-15 165-100160-90 155-90 150-85 1 38-65 1 16-30
1 1 gravelly clay. I CH, ML I I I I I I I I
125-311Gravelly sandy ISC, GC, IA-2, A-6,1 5-15 150-85 150-80 125-82 120-50 125-50 1 5-16
I I clay loam, very I SM-SC, I A-4, A-11 I I I I I I
I I gravelly sandy I GM -GC I I I I I I I I
I I clay loam. I I I I I I I I I
131-601Weathered bedrock) ---
I I I I I I I I I I I
Urban land. I I I I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I I I I
BsC2, BsD2: I I I I I I I I I I I
Braddock -------- 1 0-6 IClay loam -------- ICL IA-6, A-7 l 0-5 180-95 175-100165-90 150-85 1 35-50 1 15-25
1 6-601C1ay loam, clay, ICE, CL, IA-7, A-2 1 0-25 180-95 165-100145-90 120-80 1 42-60 1 15-33
I I gravelly clay. I SC, GC I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I I I I
See footnote at end of table.

Alexander County, North Carolina
Soil name and
map symbol
BsC2, BsD2:
Hayesville------
BuA--------------
Buncombe
CeB2-------------
Cecil
CfB*:
Cecil -----------i
Urban land.
ChA--------------
Chemacla
CaF*:
Cleveland-------
Depthi
In
0-7
7-311
1
31-411
1
41-601
1
1
1
0-7 1
7-601
1
1
0-8
8-601
1
1
0-8
8-601
0-8 I
e-411
41-601
1
1
0-121
1
12 1
Rock outcrop. 1 1
COD, COE: I 1
Cowee-----------1 0-7
1 1
1 7-301
1 1
130-601
Saluda ---------- 1 0-6 1
1 6-181
1 1
118-601
1 1
See footnote at end
TABLE 13.
USDA texture
Clay loam--------
Clayloam, clay
Sandy clay loam,
clay loam.
Sandy loam,
loam, sandy clay
loam.
Loamy sand-------
Loamysand, loamy
fine sand, sand.
Sandy clay loam
Clay, clay loam
Sandy clay loam
Clay, clay loam
Loam-------------
Sandy clay loam,
loam, sandy
loam.
variable---------
Gravelly sandy
loam.
Unweathered
bedrock.
Gravelly sandy
loam.
Sandy clay loam,
clay loam,
gravelly sandy
clay loam.
Weathered bedrock
Gravelly sandy
loam.
Sandy loam, sandy
clay loam, clay
loam.
Weathered bedrock
of table.
•ENGINEERIM
Classic
Unified
CL, SC,
CL-ML,
SM-SC
ML, MH,
CL, CH
SM, ML,
MH, CL
SM, ML,
CL, SC
SM, SP-SM
SM, SP-SM
SM, SC,
CL, ML
MH, ML
SM, SC,
CL, ML
MH, ML
ML, CL,
CL-ML
SM, SM-SC,
ML, CL
SM, GM
___ I
i INDEX PR
Lcation
AASHTO
A-4, A-6
A-6, A-7
A-6, A-7
A-4, A-6
A-2, A-3
A-2, A-3
A-4, A-6
A-7, A-5
A-4, A-6
A-7, A=5'
A-4, A-6,
A-7
A-4,
A-7-6,
A-6
A-2, A-4,
A-1
)PERTIE7
IFrag-
Iments
> 3
inches
Pct
0-5
0-5
0-5
5-15
0
0
0-5
0-5
0-5
0-5
0
0
2'-15
90-100
90-100
90-100
90-100
98-100
98-100
75-100
97-100
75-100
97-100
98-100
96-100
65-90
Lnued
3rcental
sieve
10
175-100
75-100
75-100
75-100
98-100
98-100
75-100
85-100
75-100
85-100
95-100,
95-100
55-90
re pass:
%umber-,
40
180-95
70-100
85-95
65-90
90-97
98-100
68-95
72-99
68-95
72-99
70-100
60-100
45-75
Ong
200
45-75
55-80
45-65
40-55
7-32
7-32
38-81
55-95
38-81
55-95
55-90
36-70
i
20-40
Liquid
limit
Pct
25-40
36-66
36-55
<28
21-35
41-80
21-35
41-80
25-49
20-45
<25
137
Plas-
ticity
index
7-20
11-35
11-25
NP-12
NP
NP
3-15
9-37
3-15
9-37
4-20
2-15
NP-3
SM, SM-SC IA-2-4, 1 5-15 175-95 165-80 155-75 120-50 1 <30 1 NP-5
I A-4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
SC, CL, IA-4, A-6,l 0-15 190-100165-95 160-85 135-70 1 25-50 1 5-14
ML, SM-SCl A-7 1 1 1 1
I I I I I I I I
SM IA-2 1 5-15 165-85 160-80 155-75 I15-35 1 <30 1 NP-4
SM, SM-SC,IA-2, A-4,1 0-5 190-100175-98 160-85 130-50 1 20-38 1 3-15
SC I A-6 I I I I I I

138
TABLE 13.--ENGINEERING INDEX PROPERTIES --Continued
Soil Survey
I I I Classification ISrag- I Percentage passing I I
Soil name and IDepthl USDA texture I I Iments I sieve number-- ILiquid I Plas-
map symbol I I I Unified I AASHTO I> 3 1 I I I I limit I ticity
I I I I linchesl 4 1 10 1 40 1 200 1 I index
I In 1 I I I Pct I I I I I Pct I
I I I I I I I I I I 1
DaB2, DaC2------- 1 0-6 IClay loam -------- ICL, SC, IA-6, A-4 1 0 194-100184-100175-95 140-70 1 25-40 1 5-18
Davidson I I I CL-ML, I I I I I I I I
I I I SM-SC I I I I I I I I
1 6-651Clay------------- ICL, CH, IA-7, A-6 1 0-5 196-100185-100185-100165-85 1 35-65 1 12-33
I I I ML, MH I I I I I I I I
I I I 1 1 I I I I I I
DOB -------------- 1 0-7 ISandy loam ------- ISM, SC, IA-2, A-4 1 0-5 195-100175-100150-100120-50 1 <25 1 NP-10
Dogue I I I SM-SC I I I I I I I I
17-50IClay loam, clay, ICL, CH, SCIA-6, A-7 1 0-5 195-100175-100165-100140-90 1 35-60 1 16-40
1 1 sandy clay. I I I I I I I I I
150-601Stratified sand ISM, SC, IA-2, A-4,1 0-5 180-100160-100135-100110-40 1 <30 1 NP-10
I I to sandy clay I SP-SM, I A-1 I I I I I I I
I I loam. I SM-SC I I I I I I 1 I
I I I I I I I I I I I
EcD, EcE: I I I I I I I I I I I
Evard----------- I 0-7 (Gravelly sandy ISM IA-2 1 5-15 165-85 165-80 155-75 115-35 1 <30 I NP-4
I I loam. I I I I I I I I I
17-221Sandy clay loam, ISM, SC, IA-2, A-4,1 0-2 190-100190-100160-95 130-70 1 25-45 1 7-18
I I clay loam. I ML, CL I A-6, I I I I I I I
I I I I A-7-6 I I I I I I I
122-351Sandy loam, loam, ISM, SC, IA-2, A-4 1 0-2 190-100190-100160-95 120-55 1 <25 1 NP-9
I I sandy clay loam.) ML, CL I I I I I I I I
135-601Sandy loam, fine ISM IA-2, A-4 1 0-2 190-100190-100160-90 115-50 1 --- I NP
I I sandy loam, I I I I I I I I I
I I loamy sand. I I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I I I I
Coaee-----------I 0-7 [Gravelly sandy ISM, SM-SC IA-2-4, 1 5-15 175-95 165-80 155-75 120-50 1 <30 1 NP-5
I I loam. I I A-4 I I I I I I I
17-301Sandy clay loam, ISC, CL, IA-4, A-6,1 0-15 190-100165-95 160-85 135-70 1 25-50 1 5-14
I I loam, sandy I ML, SM-SCI A-7 I I I I I I I
I I loam. I I 1 I I I I I I
130-601Weathered bedrock) --- I --- I --- I --- I --- I --- I --- I --- I ---
I I I I I I I I I I I
HbC, HbE--------- 1 0-131Very cobbly sandylGM, SM IA-2, A-1,125-50 150-95 150-75 125-65 115-45 1 <35 1 NP-10
Hibriten I I loam. I I A-4 I I I I I I I
113-281Very cobbly clay IGC, CL, IA-6, A-4,120-50 140-95 150-70 120-80 110-70 1 <40 1 UP-15
I I loam, very I SC, GM-GCI A-2, A-11 I I I I I I
I I cobbly sandy I I I I I I I I I
[ I clay loam, very I I I I I I I I I
I [ gravelly loam. I I I I I I I I I
128-60IWeathered bedrock) --- I --- I --- I --- I --- I --- I --- I I ---
I I I I I I I I I I I
MaB2, MaC2------- 1 0-8 ISandy clay loam ISM, SC, IA-4, A-6 1 0-5 190-100175-100160-95 140-80 1 26-40 1 9-27
Masada I I I CL, ML I I I I I I I I
18-45IClay loam, clay ICH, CL IA-7, A-6 1 0-5 180-100180-100165-95 150-80 1 35-60 1 15-35
145-60ILoam, clay loam ICL, ML IA-6, A-7,1 0-5 180-100180-100165-95 150-80 1 30-45 1 7-20
1 1 1 1 A-4 I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I I I I
PaD-------------- 1 0-9 ISandy loam ------- ISM, SM-SC IA-2, 1 0-5 185-100175-100142-90 126-42 1 <28 1 NP-7
Pacolet I I I I A-1-b, I I I I I I I
I I I I A-4 I I I I I I I
19-28IClay loam, clay IML, MR IA-6, A-7 1 0-5 180-100175-100160-95 151-75 1 38-65 1 11-30
128-381C1ay loam, sandy ICL, CL-ML,IA-2, A-4,1 0-5 180-100175-100160=80 130-60 1 20-35 1 5-15
I 1 clay loam, sandy) SM-SC, SCI A-6 I I I I I I I
I I loam. I I I 1 I I I I I
138-601Sandy loam, fine ISM, SM-SC IA-4, 1 0-5 180-100175-100160-80 130-50 1 <28 1 NP-6
I I sandy loam, I I A-2-4 I I I I I I I
I I loam. I I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I I I I
See footnote at end of table.

Alexander County, North Carolina
TABLE 13.--ENGINEERING INDEX PROPERTIES --Continued
139
I I I Classification IFrag- I Percentage passing I I
Soil name and IDepthl USDA texture I I Iments I sieve number-- ILiquid I Plas-
map symbol I 1 1 Unified I AASHTO I> 3 I I 1 1 I limit I ticity
I I I I linchesl 4 1 10 1 40 1 200 1 1 index
1 In I I I I Pet I I I I I Pet 1
I I I I I I I I I I I
PcB2, PcC2------- 1 0-9 ISandy clay loam ISM -SC, SC IA-4, A-6 1 0-5 195-100175-100165-85 136-50 1 20-40 1 4-17
Pacolet 19-281C1ay loam, clay IML, MH IA-6, A-7 1 0-5 180-100175-100160-95 151-75 1 38-65 1 11-30
128-381C1ay loam, sandy ICL, CL-ML,IA-2, A-4,1 0-5 180-100175-100160-80 130-60 1 20-35 1 5-15
I I clay loam, sandy) SM-SC, SCI A-6 I I I I I I I
I I loam. I I I I I I I I I
138-601Sandy loam, fine ISM, SM-SC IA-4, 1 0-5 180-100175-100160-80 130-50 1 <28 1 NP-6
I I sandy loam, I 1 A-2-4 I I I I I I I
I I loam. 1 I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I I I I
PuC*: I I I I I I I I I I I
Pacolet--------- 1 0-9 ISandy clay loam ISM -SC, SC IA-4, A-6 1 0-5 195-100175-100165-85 136-50 1 20-40 1 4-17
1 9-281Sandy clay, clay IML, MH IA-6, A-7 1 0-5 180-100175-100160-95 151-75 1 38-65 1 11-30
1 1 loam, clay. I I I I I I I I I
128-381C1ay loam, sandy ICL, CL-ML,IA-2, A-4,1 0-5 180-100175-100160-80 130-60 1 20-35 1 5-15
I I clay loam, sandy[ SM-SC, SCI A-6 I I I I I I I
I I loam. I I I I I I I I I
138-60ISandy loam, fine ISM, SM-SC IA-4, 1 0-5 180-100175-100160-80 130-50 I <28 1 NP-6
I I sandy loam, I I A-2-4 I I I I I I I
I I loam. I I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I I I I
Urban land. I I I I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I I I I
RnC, RnD, RnE----1 0-6 ISandy loam ------- ISM IA-2, A-4 1 0-5 190-100185-100160-80 120-45 1 <35 1 NP-7
Rion 16-301Sandy loam, sandylSC, SM-SC,IA-2, A-4,1 0-5 I90-100185-100160-85 130-60 1 20-35 1 5-15
I I clay loam, clay I CL-ML, CLI A-6 I I I I I I I
I I loam. I I I I I I I I I
130-601Sandy loam, sandylSC, SM, IA-2, A-4,1 0-5 190-100185-100160-85 115-50 1 <36 1 NP-12
I I clay loam, loamyl SM-SC I A-6 I I I I I I I
I I sand. I I I I I I I I I
I I I ( I I I I I I I
RwB : I I I I I I I I I I I
Rion ------------ 1 0-6 ISandy loam ------- ISM IA-2, A-4 1 0-5 190-100185-100160-80 120-45 I <35 1 NP-7
16-301Sandy loam, sandylSC, SM-SC,IA-2, A-4,1 0-5 190-100185-100160-85 130-60 120-35 1 5-15
I I clay loam, clay I CL-ML, CLI A-6 I I I I I I I
I I loam. I I I I I I I I I
130-601Sandy loam, loamylSC, SM, IA-2, A-4,1 0-5 190-100185-100160-85 115-50 1 <36 1 NP-12
I I sand. I SM-SC I A-6 I I I I I I 1
I I I I I I I I I I I
Wedowee --------- 1 0-6 ISandy loam ------- ISM, SM-SC IA-4, 1 0-5 195-100175-100160-99 123-50 1 <30 1 NP-6
I I I I A-2-4 I I I I I I I
16-401Sandy clay, clay ISC, ML, IA-6, A-7 1 0-5 195-100175-100165-97 145-75 1 30-58 1 10-25
1 1 loam, clay. I CL, MH I I I I I I I I
140-601C1ay loam, sandy ISC, SM-SC,IA-2, A-4,1 0-5 180-100175-100160-80 130-60 1 20-35 1 5-15
I 1 loam. I CL, CL-MLI A-6 I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I I I I
RxA-------------- I 0-10IFine sandy loam IML, SM, IA-2, A-4 1 0 195-100195-100185-95 130-60 1 <20 1 NP-7
Riverview I I I CL-ML, I I I I I I I I
I I I SM-SC I I I I I I I I
110-431Sandy clay loam, ICL, ML, IA-4, A-6 1 0 1 100 195-100190-100160-95 1 20-40 1 3-20
1 1 silty clay loam,) CL-ML I I I I I I I I
I I loam. I I I I I I I I I
143-601Loamy fine sand, ISM, SM-SC IA-2, A-4 1 0 1 100 195-100150-95 115-45 1 <20 1 NP-7
I I sandy loam, final I I I I I I I I
I I sandy loam. I I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I I I I
See footnote at end of table.

140
TABLE 13.--ENGINEERING INDEX PROPERTIES --Continued
Soil Survey
I I I Classification IFrag- I Percentage passing I I
Soil name and IDepthl USDA texture I I Iments I sieve number-- ILiquid I Plas-
map symbol I I I Unified I AASATO I> 3 1 1 1 1 1 limit I ticity
I I I I linchesl 4 1 10 1 40 1 200 1 1 index
I In I I I I Pet I I I I I Pot I
I I I I
StB-------------- I 0-111Sandy loam ------- ism, ML, IA-2,
State I I I CL-ML, I
I I I SM-SC I
111-451Loam, clay loam, ICL, SC IA-4,
I I sandy clay loam.) I
145-601Stratified sand ISM, SM-SC,IA-1,
I I to fine sandy I SP-SM I A-3,
I I loam. I I
I I I I
TfB*: I I I I
Tate ------------ 1 0-8 ISandy loam ------- IML, SM IA-4,
1 8-551Clay loam, sandy ICL, ML, IA-4,
I I clay loam, loam.l CL-ML,, I
I I I SM-SC I
155-60IGravelly fine IGM, GM-GC,IA-4,
I I sandy loam, I SM, SM-SCI A-2-
I I sandy loam, I I
I I gravelly sandy I I
I I loam. I I
I I I I
French ---------- 1 0-121Sandy loam ------- ISM, SM-SC IA-2,
112-311Fine sandy loam, ISM -SC, SC,IA-4,
I I sandy clay loam,I CL I A-7
I I loam. I I
131-601Very gravelly IGP-GM, GM,IA-1
I I loamy sand, I SM, SP-SMI
I I very gravelly I I
I I sand, very I I
I I cobbly sand. I I
I I I I
UdC*: I I I I
Udorthents. I I I I
I I I I
Urban land. I I I I
I I I I
WeA-------------- 1 0-141Loam------------- Ism, SC, IA-2,
Wehadkee I I I SM-SC I
114-601Silt loam, clay ICL, CL-ML IA-6,
I I loam, loam. I I A-4
I I I I
I
A-4 I 0
I
I
A-6 I 0
I
A-2,1 0-10
A-41
A-6 I 0-5
A-6 I 0-5
I
I
110-20
4 1
A-4 1 0-5
A-6,1 0-15
A-4
A-7,
I
I
110-50
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I 0
I
I 0
I
I
I I 1 1
195-100195-100145-85 125-55
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
195-100195-100175-100135-80
I I 1 1
185-100165-100140-90 1 5-50
1 I I I
1 I I I
1 I I I
1 I I I
196-100175-100168-98 140-80
194-100175-100175-99 140-85
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
160-90 160-90 135-60 130-50
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
190-100185-100160-90 130-49
190-100185-100160-95 136-80
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
145-75 135-60 110-40 1 5-15
I I I I
I I I I
I I I I
I I I I
I I I I
I I I I
I I I I
I I I I
I I I I
I I I I
1 100 195-100160-90 130-50
I 1 1 1
1 100 199-100185-100145-98
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
* See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit.
<28 1 NP-7
I
I
24-40 I 8-22
I
<25 I NP-7
<38 1 NP-13
20-40 1 5-15
I
I
<25 1 NP-7
<25 1 NP-7
20-45 1 7-25
I
I
--- I NP
<30 1 NP-10
1
20-58 1 6-25

Alexander County, North Carolina 141
TABLE 14.--PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE SOILS
(The symbol < means less than; > means more than. Entries under "Erosion factors--T" apply to the entire
profile. Entries under "Organic matter" apply only to the surface layer. Absence of an entry indicates
that data were not available or were not estimated)
I I I I I I I I Erosion I
Soil name and IDepthl Clay I Moist (Permeability 1Availablel Soil IShrink-swell I factors I Organic
map symbol I I I bulk I I water Ireactionl potential I I I matter
I I I density I lcapacity I I I K I T I
I In 1 Pct I g/cc 1 In/hr I In/in I PH I I 1 I Pct
I I I I I I I I I I
AcD, AcE: I I I I I I I I I I
Ashe------------ 1 0-5 1 5-20 11.35-1.601 2.0-6.0 10.10-0.1314.5-6.0 ILow---------- 10.171 2 1 1-3
1 5-261 5-18 11.35-1.601 2.0-6.0 10.10-0.1414.5-6.0 ILow---------- 10.171 I
1 26 1 --- I --- I --- I --- I--- I-------------I----I I
I I I I I I I I I I
Cleveland ------- 1 0-121 5-20 11.20-1.501 2.0-6.0 10.05-0.1014.5-6.0 ILow---------- 10.171 1 1 .5-2
1 12 l --- I --- 1 --- I --- I--- I-------------I----I I
I I I I I I I I I
BeB, BeC--------- 1 0-8 1 5-20 11.40-1.651 2.0-6.0 10.06-0.1014.5-6.0 ILow---------- 10.151 2 1 1-3
Bethlehem 1 8-121 20-35 11.40-1.601 2.0-6.0 10.08-0.1214.5-6.0 ILow---------- 10.241 1
112-251 35-60 11.25-1:501 0.6-2.0 10.12-0.1514.5-6.0 ILow---------- 10.281 1
125-311 20-35 11.40-1.601 0.6-2.0 10.08-0.1214.5-6.0 1Low---------- 10.201 1
131-601 --- I --- I --- I --- 1--- I----------- r=v----I I
I I I I I I I I I I
BrC*: I I I I I I I I I I
Bethlehem ------- 1 0-8 1 5-20 11.40-1.651 2.0-6.0 10.06-0.1014.5-6.0 ILow---------- 10.151 2 1 1-3
1 8-121 20-35 11.40-1.601 2.0-6.0 10.08-0.1214.5-6.0 ILow---------- 10.241 1
112-251 35-60 11.25-1.501 0.6-2.0 10.12-0.1514.5-6.0 ILow---------- 10.281 1
125-311 20-35 11.40-1.601 0.6-2.0 10.08-0.1214.5-6.0 ILow---------- 10.201 1
131-601 --- I --- I --- I --- 1--- I------------- I ---- I I
I I I I I I I I I I
Urban land. I I I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I I I
BsC2, BsD2: I I I I I I I I I I
Braddock -------- 1 0-6 1 27-40 11.20-1.501 0.6-2.0 10.14-0.1914.5-5.5 (Low ---------- 10.321 3 1 .5-1
1 6-601 35-55 11.20-1.501 0.6-2.0 10.12-0.1714.5-5.5 1Moderate----- 10.241 1
1 1. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I
Hayesville------ 1 0-7 1 27-40 11.30-1.501 0.6-2.0 10.12-0.1814.5-6.0 1Low---------- 10.241 5 1 1-3
1 7-311 35-60 11.20-1.351 0.6-2.0 10.15-0.2014.5-6.0 ILow---------- 10.241 1
131-411 20-40 11.30-1.401 0.6-2.0 10.12-0.2014.5-6.0 ILow---------- 10.201 1
141-601 5-25 11.45-1.651 2.0-6.0 10.11-0.1514.5-6.0 ILow---------- 10.171 1
I I I I I I I I I I
BuA-------------- 1 0-7 1 3-12 11.60-1.751 6.0-20 10.06-0.1014.5-6.5 1Low---------- 10.101 5 1 .5-1
Buncombe 1 7-601 3-12 11.60-1.751 6.0-20 10.03-0.0714.5-5.5 ILow---------- 10.101 1
I I I I I I I I I I
CeB2------------- 1 0-8 1 20-35 11.30-1.501 0.6-2.0 10.13-0.1514.5-6.0 ILow---------- 10.281 3 1 .5-1
Cecil 1 8-601 35-70 11.30-1.501 0.6-2.0 10.13-0.,1514.5-5.5 ILow---------- 10.281 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Cfs* : I I I I I I I I I I
Cecil ----------- 1 0-8 1 20-35 11.30-1.501 0.6-2.0 10.13-0.1514.5-6.0 1Low---------- 10.281 3 1 .5-1
1 8-601 35-70 11.30-1.501 0.6-2.0 10.13-0.1514.5-5.5 ILow---------- 10.281 1
I I I I I I I I I I
Urban land. I I I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I I I
ChA-------------- 1 0-8 1 10-27 11.30-1.601 0.6-2.0 10.15-0.2414.5-6.5 ILow---------- 10.281 5 1 1-4
Chewacla 1 8-411 18-35 11.30-1.601 0.6-2.0 10.12-0.2014.5-6.5 ILow---------- 10.281 1
141-601 --- I --- I --- I --- I--- I------------- I ---- I I
I I I I I I I I I 1
CnF* : I I I I I I I I I I
Cleveland ------- 1 0-121 5-20 11.20-1.501 2.0-6.0 10.05-0.1014.5-6.0 ILow---------- 10.171 1 1 .5-2
1 12 1 --- I --- I --- I --- I--- I-------------I----I I
I I I I I I I I I I
Rock outcrop. I I I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I I I
See footnote at end of table.

142
TABLE 14.--PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE SOILS --Continued
Soil Survey
I I
I I
I I
I I Erosion I
Soil name and IDepthl
Clay
I Moist (Permeability
1Availablel Soil
(Shrink -swell I factors I Organic
map symbol I I
I bulk 1
I water Ireactionl potential I I
I matter
I I
I density I
Icapacity_1
I I K I
T I
I In I
Pct
1 g/cc 1
In/hr
I In/in I pH
I
I I I
I I I
I Pct
I T
I I
CsD, CsE: I I
I I
I I
I
I I
I I I
I
Cowes ----------- 1 0-7 1
5-20
11.25-1.601
2.0-6.0
10.10-0.1514.5-6.0
ILow---------- 10.201
2 1 1-3
1 7-301
18-35
11.30-1.601
0.6-2.0
10.12-0.1814.5-6.0
ILow---------- 10.241
1
130-601
---
I --- I
---
I --- I---
I I
I------------- I ---- I
I I I
I
I
I I
Saluda ---------- 1 0-6 1
5-20
I I
11.20-1.501
2.0-6.0
10.08-0.1214.5-5.5
ILow---------- 10.151
2 1 .5-2
1 6-181
18-35
11.30-1.501
0.6-2.0
10.12-0,1614.5-5.5
ILow---------- 10.201
1
118-601
---
I --- I
---
I --- I---
I
I------------- I ---- I
I I I
I
I
I I
DaB2, DaC2------- 1 0-6 1
27-35
I I
11.30-1.551
0.6-2.0
I
10.14-0.1814.5-6.0
ILow---------- 10.281
5 1 .5-2
Davidson 1 6-651
40-75
11.20-1.501
0.6-2.0
10.12-0.1614.5-6.0
ILow---------- 10.241
1 1
1
1
1 1
DoB-------------- 1 0-7 1
5-10
1 1
11.35-1.501
2.0-6.0
1 1
10.08-0.1514.5-5.5
1
ILow---------- 10.281
4 1 .5-1
Dogue 1 7-501
35-50
11.45-1.601
0.2-0.6
10.12-0.1914.5-5.5
IModerate----- 10.281
1
150-601
I I
5-30
11.30-1.501
I I
0.6-6.0
10.05-0.1414.5-5.5
I I
ILow---------- 10.171
I I I
1
I
EcD, ECE: I I
I I
I I
I I I
I
Evard----------- 1 0-7 1
5-20
11.20-1.501
2.0-6.0
10.08-0.1414.5-6.0
ILow---------- 10.151
5 1 <2
1 7-221
18-35
11.30-1.501
0.6-2.0
10.15-0.1814.5-6.0
1Low---------- 10.241
1
122-351
12-25
11.20-1.401
0.6-2.0
10.08-0.1814.5-6.0
ILow---------- 10.241
1
135-601
5-20
11.20-1.401
0.6-2.0
10.05-0.1714.5-6.0
1
ILow---------- 10.241
1 1 1
1
1
1 1
Cowee----------- 1 0-7 1
5-20
1 1
11.25-1.601
2.0-6.0
1
10.10-0.1514.5-6.0
ILow---------- 10.201
2 1 1-3
1 7-301
18-35
11.30-1.601
0.6-2.0
10.12-0.1814.5-6.0
ILow---------- 10.241
1
130-601
---
I --- I
---
I --- I---
I I
I ------------- I ---- I
I I I
I
I
I I
HbC, HbE--------- 1 0-131
5-20
I I
11.20-1.651
2.0-6.0
10.04-0.0614.5-5.5
ILow---------- 10.101
2 1 .5-2
Hibriten 113-281
18-35
11.25-1.601
0.6-2.0
10.05-0.0914.5-5.5
ILow---------- 10.101
1
128-601
---
I --- I
---
I --- I---
I
I------------- I ---- I
I I I
I
I
I I
MaB2, MaC2------- 1 0-8 1
20-35
I I
11.30-1.501
0.6-2.0
I
10.10-0.1714.5-6.0
ILow---------- 10.281
4 1 .5-1
Masada 1 8-451
35-55
11.30-1.601
0.6-2.0
10.10-0.1714.5-6.0
IModerate----- 10.241
1
145-601
15-35
11.30-1.601
0.6-2.0
10.10-0.1714.5-6.0
I
IModerate----- 10.241
I I I
1
I
1 I
PaD-------------- 1 0-9 1
5-20
I I
11.00-1.501
2.0-6.0
I
10.08-0.1214.5-6.0
ILow---------- 10.201
3 1 .5-2
Pacolet 1 9-281
35-65
11.30-1.501
0.6-2.0
10.12-0.1514.5-6.0
ILow---------- 10.281
1
128-381
15-35
11.20-1.501
0.6-2.0
10.08-0.1514.5-6.0
ILow---------- 10.281
1
138-601
5-25
11.20-1.501
0.6-2.0
10.08-0.1514.5-6.0
1
ILow---------- 10.281
1 1 1
1
1
1 1
PcB2, PcC2------- 1 0-9 1
5-20
1 1
11.30-1.501
0.6-2.0
1
10.10-0.1414.5-6.0
ILow---------- 10.241
2 1 .5-1
Pacolet 1 9-281
35-65
11.30-1.501
0.6-2.0
10.12-0.1514.5-6.0
ILow---------- 10.281
1
128-381
15-35
11.20-1.501
0.6-2.0
10.08-0.1514.5-6.0
ILow---------- 10.281
1
138-601
1 1
5-25
11.20-1.501
1 1
0.6-2.0
10.08-0.1514.5-6.0
1 1
ILow---------- 10.281
1 1 1
1
1
Puc*: I I
I I
I I
I I I
I
Pacolet --------- 1 0-9 1
5-20
11.30-1.501
0.6-2.0
10.30-0.1414.5-6.5
1Low---------- 10.241
2 1 .5-1
1 9-281
35-65
11.30-1.501
0.6-2.0
10.12-0.1514.5-6.0
ILow---------- 10.281
1
128-381
15-35
11.20-1.501
0.6-2.0
10.08-0.1514.5-6.0
(Low ---------- 10.281
1
138-601
5-25
11.20-1.501
I I
0.6-2.0
10.08-0.1514.5-6.0
I I
1Low---------- 10.281
I I I
1
I
I I
Urban land. I I
I I
I I
I I I
I I
I
I
I I
RnC, RnD, RnE----1 0-6 1
5-20
I I
11.30-1.501
2.0-6.0
I I
10.08-0.1214.5-6.0
I
ILow---------- 10.241
3 1 .5-2
Rion 1 6-301
18-35
11.40-1.501
0.6-2.0
10.08-0.1514.5-6.0
ILow---------- 10.201
1
130-601
1 1
2-20
11.30-1.501
1 1
2.0-6.0
10.06-0.1214.5-6.0
1 1
ILow---------- 10.201
1 1 1
1
1
RwB: I I
I I
I I
I I I
I
Rion ------------ 1 0-6 1
5-20
11.30-1.501
2.0-6.0
10.08-0.1214.5-6.0
ILow---------- 10.241
3 1 .5-2
1 6-301
18-35
11.40-1.501
0.6-2.0
10.08-0.1514.5-6.0
ILow---------- 10.201
1
130-601
1 1
2-20
11.30-1.501
1 1
2.0-6.0
10.06-0.1214.5-6.0
1 1
ILow---------- 10.201
1 1 1
1
1
See footnote at end of table.

Alexander County, North Carolina 143
TABLE 14.--PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE SOILS --Continued
I I
I I
I I
I I Erosion I
Soil name and IDepthl
Clay
I Moist (Permeability
1Availablei Soil
IShrink-swell I factors I Organic
map symbol I I
I bulk I
I water Ireactionl potential I I
I matter
I I
I density I
Icapacity I
I I K I
T I
I In I
Pct
1 g/cc I
In/hr
1 In/in I PH
I I I
I Pct
I I
RwB: I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
I I I
I I I
I
I
Wedowee --------- 1 0-6 1
5-20
11.25-1.601
2.0-6.0
10.10-0.1814.5-5.5
ILow---------- 10.241
3 1 <1
1 6-401
35-45
11.30-1.501
0.6-2.0
10.12-0.1814.5-5.5
IModerate----- 10.281
1
140-601
5-20
11.20-1.501
0.6-2.0
10.08-0.1514.5-5.5
ILow---------- 10.281
1
1 1
RxA-------------- 1 0-101
5-20
1 1
11.30-1.601
0.6-2.0
1 1
10.12-0.1814.5-6.0
1 1 1
ILow---------- 10.241
1
5 1 5-2
Riverview 110-431
18-35
11.20-1.401
0.6-2.0
10.15-0.2214.5-6.0
ILow---------- 10.241
1
143-601
4-20
11.20-1.501
2.0-6.0
10.07-0.1114.5-6.0
ILow---------- 10.171
1
1 1
StB-------------- 1 0-111
5-20
1 1
11.25-1.401
0.6-6.0
1 1
10.08-0.1514.5-5.5
1 1 1
ILow---------- 10.281
1
5 1 <2
State 111-451
18-35
11.35-1.501
0.6-2.0
10.14-0.1914.5-5.5
ILaw---------- 10.281
1
145-601
2-20
11.35-1.501
>2.0
10.02-0.1014.5-5.5
ILow---------- 10.171
1
1
1 1
TfB* : I I
1 1
I I
1 1
I I
1 1 1
I I I
I
Tate ------------ 1 0-8 1
5-20
11.35-1.601
2.0-6.0
10.17-0.1914.5-6.0
ILow---------- 10.241
5 1 1-3
1 8-551
18-35
11.30-1.451
0.6-2.0
10.17-0.1914.5-6.0
ILow---------- 10.281
1
155-601
2-20
11.45-1.651
2.0-6.0
10.08-0.1414.5-6.0
ILow---------- 10.171
1
1 1
French ---------- 1 0-121
5-20
1 1
11.50-1.701
0.6-2.0
1 1
10.10-0.1514.5-6.0
1 1 1
1Low---------- 10.241
1
3 1 1-4
112-311
8-35
11.30-1.501
0.6-2.0
10.12-0.2014.5-6.0
ILow---------- 10.321
1
131-601
1-12
11.40-1.601
6.0-20
10.02-0.0514.5-6.0
ILow---------- 10.051
I I
1
I
I I
UdC*: I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
I
I I I
I
Udorthents. I I
I I
I I
I I I
I
I I
Urban land. I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
I I I
I I I
I
I
I I
WeA-------------- 1 0-141
5-20
I I
11.35-1.601
2.0-6.0
I I
10.10-0.1514.5-7.3
I I I
1Low---------- 10.241
I
5 1 2-5
Wehadkee 114-601
1 1
18-35
11.30-1.501
1 1
0.6-2.0
10.16-0.2014.5-7.3
1 1
ILow---------- 10.321
1 1 1
1
1
* See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit.

144
("Flooding" and "water table" and terms
symbol < means less than; > means
or that data were not estimated)
Soil Survey
TABLE 15.--SOIL AND WATER FEATURES
such as "rare," "brief," and "apparent" are explained in the text. The
more than. Absence of an entry indicates that the feature is not a concern
I
I Flooding I
High water table
I Bedrock
I Risk of corrosion
Soil name and (Hydro -I I I I
I I
I I
I I
map symbol I
logic) Frequency I Duration IMonths I
Depth I Kind IMonths
IDepthlHard-
(Uncoated (Concrete
Igroup
I I I I
I I
I I ness
I steel I
I
I I I I
Ft I I
I In I
I I
I
AcD, AcE: I
I I I I
I I I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
Ashe------------- I
B
INone-------- I --- I --- 1
>6.0 1 --- I ---
120-401Hard
ILow------ IHigh.
I
Cleveland -------- I
C
I I I I
INone-------- I --- I --- 1
I I
>6.0 1 --- I ---
I I
110-201Hard
I I
ILow------ IHigh.
I
BeB, BeC---------- I
B
I I I I
INone-------- I --- I --- 1
I I
>6.0 1 --- I ---
I I
120-401Soft
I I
IModerate IHigh.
Bethlehem I
I I I I
I I
I I
I I
I
BrC*: I
I I I I
I I I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
Bethlehem -------- I
B
INone-------- I --- I --- 1
>6.0 1 --- I ---
120-401Soft
IModerate IHigh.
I
Urban land. I
I I I I
1 I I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
I
BsC2, BsD2: I
I I I I
I I I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
1 I
I I
Braddock --------- I
B
[None -------- I --- I --- 1
>6.0 1 --- I ---
1 >60 1 ---
IHigh ----- IModerate.
I
Hayesville ------- I
B
I I I I
INone-------- I --- I --- 1
I I
>6.0 1 --- I ---
I I
1 >60 1 ---
I I
IModerate IModerate.
I
BuA--------------- I
A
I I I I
10ccasional IVery brieflFeb-Jung
I I
>6.0 1 --- I ---
I I
1 >60 1 ---
I I
ILow------ IModerate.
Buncombe 1
I I I I
I I
I I
I I
I
CeB2-------------- I
B
I I I I
INone-------- I --- 1 --- 1
I I
>6.0 1 --- I ---
I I
1 >60 1 ---
I I
IModerate IModerate.
Cecil I
I I I I
I I
I I
I I
I
CfB*: I
I I I I
! I I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
Cecil ------------ I
B
Mons -------- I --- 1 --- 1
I I
>6.0 1 --- I ---
I
1 >60 1 ---
IModerate IModerate.
I
Urban land. I
I 1
I I I I
I
I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
I
ChA--------------- I
C
I I I I I I I I
IFrequent---- IBrief----- INov-Apr10.5-1.5IApparentlNov-Apr) >60 1 ---
I I
IHigh ----- IModerate.
Chewacla I
I I I I
I I
I I
I I
I
CnF*: I
I I I I
I I I I
1 I
I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
Cleveland -------- I
C
INone-------- I --- I --- 1
>6.0 1 --- I ---
I10-201Hard
ILow------ IHigh.
I
Rock outcrop. I
I
I I I I
I I I I
I I I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
CsD, CsE: I
I I I I
I I
I I
I I
Cowes ------------ I
B
Mons -------- I --- I --- 1
>6.0 1 --- I ---
120-401Soft
IModerate IHigh.
I
Saluda ----------- I
C
I I I I
INone-------- I --- I --- 1
I I
>6.0 1 --- I ---
I I
110-201Soft
I I
IModerate IHigh.
I
DaB2, DaC2-------- I
B
I I I I
INone-------- I --- I --- 1
I I
>6.0 1 --- I ---
I I
1 >60 1 ---
I I
IHigh ----- IModerate.
Davidson I
I I I I
I I
I I
I I
I
DOB --------------- I
C
I I I I I I I I
IRare-------- I --- I --- I1.5-3.OIApparentlian-Marl >60 1 ---
I I
IHigh ----- IHigh.
Dogue I
I
I I I I
I I I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
EcD, EcE: I
I I I I
I I
I I
I I
Evard------------ I
B
[None -------- I --- I --- 1
>6.0 1 --- I ---
1 >60 1 ---
IModerate IHigh.
I
Cowee------------ I
B
I I I I
INone------- 71 --- I --- I
I I
>6.0 1 --- I ---
I I
120-401Soft
I I
IModerate IHigh.
I
HbC, HbE---------- I
B
I I I I
INone-------- I --- I --- 1
I I
>6.0 1 --- I ---
I I
120-401Soft
I I
IModerate IHigh.
Hibriten
See footnote at end of table.

Alexander County, North Carolina 145
TABLE 15.--SOIL AND WATER FEATURES --Continued
I I Flooding
Soil name and I Hydro- I I I
map symbol I logic) Frequency I Duration IMonths
(group I I I
I High water table I Bedrock
I I I I I
I Depth I Rind IMonths IDepthiHard-
I I I I I ness
I Risk of corrosion
I I
(Uncoated (Concrete
I steel I
I
I I I
I Ft I I I
In I
I I
I
MaB2, MaC2 -------- I
C
I I I
INone-------- I --- 1 ---
I I I I
1 >6.0 1 --- I --- 1
I
>60 1 ---
I I
(High ----- IHigh.
Masada I
I I I
I I I I
I
I I
I
PaD, PcB2, PcC2 --- I
B
I I I
INone-------- I --- I ---
I I I I
1 >6.0 1 --- I --- 1
I
>60 1 ---
I I
IHigh ----- IHigh.
Pacolet I
I I I
I I I I
I
I I
I
PuC*: I
I I I
I I I
I I I I
I I I I
I
I
I I
I I
Pacolet----------I
B
INone-------- I --- I ---
1 >6.0 1 --- I --- 1
>60 1 ---
IHigh----- IHigh.
I
Urban land. I
I I I
I I I
I I I I
I I I I
I
I
I I
I I
I
RnC, RnD, RnE ----- I
B
I I I
INone-------- I --- I ---
I I I I
1 >6.0 1 --- I --- 1
I
>60 1 ---
I I
IModerate IHigh.
Rion I
I I I
I I I I
I
I I
I
RwB: I
I I I
I I I
I I I I
I I I I
I
I
I I
I I
Rion ------------- I
B
INone-------- I --- I ---
1 >6.0 1 --- I --- 1
>60 1 ---
IModerate IHigh.
I
Wedowee ---------- I
B
I I I
INone-------- I --- I ---
I I I I
1 >6.0 1 --- I --- 1
I
>60 1 ---
I I
IModerate IHigh.
I
RXA---------------I
B
I I I I I I I
(Frequent ---- lBrief ----- IDec-Mar13.0-5.01ApparentIDec-Marl
I
>60 1 ---
I I
ILow ------ IModerate.
Riverview I
I I I
I I I I
I
I I
I
StB--------------- I
B
I I I
INone-------- I --- I ---
I I I I
14.0-6.OIApparentIDec-Jun1
I
>60 1 ---
I I
IModerate IHigh.
State I
I I I
I I I I
I
I I
I
TfB: I
I I I
I I I
I I I I
I I I I
I
I
I I
I I
Tate ------------- I
B
INone-------- I --- I ---
1 >6.0 1 --- I --- 1
>60 1 ---
IModerate IModerate.
I
French ----------- I
C
I I I I I I I
(Frequent ---- (Very briefIDec-Aprll.0-2.51ApparentiDec-May)
I
>60 1 ---
I I
IModerate IModerate.
I
UdC*: I
I I I
I I I
I I I I
I I I I
I
I
I I
I I
Udorthents. I
I I I
I I I I
I
I I
I
Urban land. I
I I I
I I I
I I I I
I I I 1
I
I
I I
I 1
I
WeA--------------- I
D
I I I• I I I I
(Frequent ----(Brief ----- INov-Jun1 0-1.01ApparentINov-May1
I
>60 1 ---
I I
IHigh ----- IModerate.
Wehadkee I
I I I
I I I I
I
I I
* See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit.

146
TABLE 16.--CLASSIFICATION OF THE SOILS
I
Soil name I Family or higher taxonomic class
I
I
I
Ashe---------I Coarse -loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Dystrochrepts
Bethlehem ----I Clayey, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Hapludults
Braddock -----I Clayey, mixed, meaic Typic Hapludults
Buncombe -----I Mixed, thermic Typic Udipsamments
Cecil --------I Clayey, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Hapludults
Chewacla-----I Fine -loamy, mixed, thermic Fluvaquentic
I Dystrochrepts
Cleveland ----I Loamy, mixed, meaic Lithic Dystrochrepts
Cowes --------I Fine -loamy, mixed, meaic Typic Hapludults
Davidson -----I Clayey, kaolinitic, thermic Rhodic Palludults
Dogue--------I Clayey, mixed, thermic Aquic Hapludults
Evard-------- I Fine -loamy, oxidic, meaic Typic Hapludults
French -------I Fine -loamy over sandy or sandy -skeletal, mixed,
I meaic Fluvaquentic Dystrochrepts
Hayeaville --- I Clayey, oxidic, meaic Typic Hapludults
Bibriten-----I Loamy -skeletal, mixed, thermic Typic Hapludults
Masada -------I Clayey, mixed, thermic Typic Hapludults
Pacolet ------ I Clayey, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Ranhapludults
Rion ---------I Fine -loamy, mixed, thermic Typic Hapludults
Riverview ----I Fine -loamy, mixed, thermic Fluventic
I Dystrochrepts
Saluda -------I Loamy, mixed, meaic, shallow Typic Hapludults
State --------I Fine -loamy, mixed, thermic Typic Hapludults
Tate ---------I Fine -loamy, mixed, meaic Typic Hapludults
Udorthents---I Udorthents
Wedowee ------I Clayey, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Hapludults
*Wehadkee ----- I Fine -loamy, mixed, nonacid, thermic Typic
I Fluvaquents
I
* The soil is a taxadjunct to the aeries. See text for a
description of those characteristics of the soil that are
outside the range of the series.
t4 U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1995--386441/00019

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