20190423 Ver 1_Soils Report_20190403

USDA United States
Department of
Agriculture
NRCS
Natural
Resources
Conservation
Service
A product of the National
Cooperative Soil Survey,
a joint effort of the United
States Department of
Agriculture and other
Federal agencies, State
agencies including the
Agricultural Experiment
Stations, and local
participants
Custom Soil Resource
Report for
Buncombe County,
North Carolina
Retreat At Arden Farms
January 9, 2019

Preface
Soil surveys contain information that affects land use planning in survey areas.
They highlight soil limitations that affect various land uses and provide information
about the properties of the soils in the survey areas. Soil surveys are designed for
many different users, including farmers, ranchers, foresters, agronomists, urban
planners, community officials, engineers, developers, builders, and home buyers.
Also, conservationists, teachers, students, and specialists in recreation, waste
disposal, and pollution control can use the surveys to help them understand,
protect, or enhance the environment.
Various land use regulations of Federal, State, and local governments may impose
special restrictions on land use or land treatment. Soil surveys identify soil
properties that are used in making various land use or land treatment decisions.
The information is intended to help the land users identify and reduce the effects of
soil limitations on various land uses. The landowner or user is responsible for
identifying and complying with existing laws and regulations.
Although soil survey information can be used for general farm, local, and wider area
planning, onsite investigation is needed to supplement this information in some
cases. Examples include soil quality assessments (http://www.nres.usda.gov/wps/
portal/nres/main/soils/health/) and certain conservation and engineering
applications. For more detailed information, contact your local USDA Service Center
(https://offices.sc.egov.usda.gov/locator/app?agency=nres) or your NRCS State Soil
Scientist (http://www.nres.usda.gov/wps/portal/nres/detail/soils/contactus/?
cid=nres142p2_053951).
Great differences in soil properties can occur within short distances. Some soils are
seasonally wet or subject to flooding. Some are too unstable to be used as a
foundation for buildings or roads. Clayey or wet soils are poorly suited to use as
septic tank absorption fields. A high water table makes a soil poorly suited to
basements or underground installations.
The National Cooperative Soil Survey is a joint effort of the United States
Department of Agriculture and other Federal agencies, State agencies including the
Agricultural Experiment Stations, and local agencies. The Natural Resources
Conservation Service (NRCS) has leadership for the Federal part of the National
Cooperative Soil Survey.
Information about soils is updated periodically. Updated information is available
through the NRCS Web Soil Survey, the site for official soil survey information.
The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its
programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, disability,
and where applicable, sex, marital status, familial status, parental status, religion,
sexual orientation, genetic information, political beliefs, reprisal, or because all or a
part of an individual's income is derived from any public assistance program. (Not
all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require
2

alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print,
audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA's TARGET Center at [phone] (voice
and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write to USDA, Director, Office of
Civil Rights, 1400 Independence Avenue, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20250-9410 or
call [phone] (voice) or [phone] (TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity
provider and employer.
3

Contents
Preface....................................................................................................................
2
SoilMap..................................................................................................................
5
SoilMap................................................................................................................6
Legend..................................................................................................................7
MapUnit Legend..................................................................................................
8
MapUnit Descriptions..........................................................................................
8
Buncombe County, North Carolina.................................................................
10
CuC—Clifton-Urban land complex, 8 to 15 percent slopes .........................
10
CuD—Clifton-Urban land complex, 15 to 30 percent slopes.......................11
EvD2—Evard-Cowee complex, 15 to 30 percent slopes, moderately
eroded...................................................................................................12
TaC—Tate loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes .....................................................
14
TaD—Tate loam, 15 to 30 percent slopes ...................................................
15
4

Soil Map
The soil map section includes the soil map for the defined area of interest, a list of
soil map units on the map and extent of each map unit, and cartographic symbols
displayed on the map. Also presented are various metadata about data used to
produce the map, and a description of each soil map unit.
5

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Custom Soil Resource Report
Map Unit Legend
Map Unit Descriptions
The map units delineated on the detailed soil maps in a soil survey represent the
soils or miscellaneous areas in the survey area. The map unit descriptions, along
with the maps, can be used to determine the composition and properties of a unit.
A map unit delineation on a soil map represents an area dominated by one or more
major kinds of soil or miscellaneous areas. A map unit is identified and named
according to the taxonomic classification of the dominant soils. Within a taxonomic
class there are precisely defined limits for the properties of the soils. On the
landscape, however, the soils are natural phenomena, and they have the
characteristic variability of all natural phenomena. Thus, the range of some
observed properties may extend beyond the limits defined for a taxonomic class.
Areas of soils of a single taxonomic class rarely, if ever, can be mapped without
including areas of other taxonomic classes. Consequently, every map unit is made
up of the soils or miscellaneous areas for which it is named and some minor
components that belong to taxonomic classes other than those of the major soils.
Most minor soils have properties similar to those of the dominant soil or soils in the
map unit, and thus they do not affect use and management. These are called
noncontrasting, or similar, components. They may or may not be mentioned in a
particular map unit description. Other minor components, however, have properties
and behavioral characteristics divergent enough to affect use or to require different
management. These are called contrasting, or dissimilar, components. They
generally are in small areas and could not be mapped separately because of the
scale used. Some small areas of strongly contrasting soils or miscellaneous areas
are identified by a special symbol on the maps. If included in the database for a
given area, the contrasting minor components are identified in the map unit
descriptions along with some characteristics of each. A few areas of minor
components may not have been observed, and consequently they are not
mentioned in the descriptions, especially where the pattern was so complex that it
0
Map Unit Symbol
Map Unit Name
Acres in AOI
Percent of AOI
CuC
Clifton -Urban land complex, 8
4.1
31.5%
to 15 percent slopes
CuD
Clifton -Urban land complex, 15
0.7
5.3%
to 30 percent slopes
EvD2
Evard-Cowee complex, 15 to 30
5.3
40.9%
percent slopes, moderately
eroded
TaC
Tate loam, 8 to 15 percent
0.1
0.6%
slopes
TaD
Tate loam, 15 to 30 percent
2.8
21.8%
slopes
Totals for Area of Interest
12.9
100.0%
Map Unit Descriptions
The map units delineated on the detailed soil maps in a soil survey represent the
soils or miscellaneous areas in the survey area. The map unit descriptions, along
with the maps, can be used to determine the composition and properties of a unit.
A map unit delineation on a soil map represents an area dominated by one or more
major kinds of soil or miscellaneous areas. A map unit is identified and named
according to the taxonomic classification of the dominant soils. Within a taxonomic
class there are precisely defined limits for the properties of the soils. On the
landscape, however, the soils are natural phenomena, and they have the
characteristic variability of all natural phenomena. Thus, the range of some
observed properties may extend beyond the limits defined for a taxonomic class.
Areas of soils of a single taxonomic class rarely, if ever, can be mapped without
including areas of other taxonomic classes. Consequently, every map unit is made
up of the soils or miscellaneous areas for which it is named and some minor
components that belong to taxonomic classes other than those of the major soils.
Most minor soils have properties similar to those of the dominant soil or soils in the
map unit, and thus they do not affect use and management. These are called
noncontrasting, or similar, components. They may or may not be mentioned in a
particular map unit description. Other minor components, however, have properties
and behavioral characteristics divergent enough to affect use or to require different
management. These are called contrasting, or dissimilar, components. They
generally are in small areas and could not be mapped separately because of the
scale used. Some small areas of strongly contrasting soils or miscellaneous areas
are identified by a special symbol on the maps. If included in the database for a
given area, the contrasting minor components are identified in the map unit
descriptions along with some characteristics of each. A few areas of minor
components may not have been observed, and consequently they are not
mentioned in the descriptions, especially where the pattern was so complex that it
0

Custom Soil Resource Report
was impractical to make enough observations to identify all the soils and
miscellaneous areas on the landscape.
The presence of minor components in a map unit in no way diminishes the
usefulness or accuracy of the data. The objective of mapping is not to delineate
pure taxonomic classes but rather to separate the landscape into landforms or
landform segments that have similar use and management requirements. The
delineation of such segments on the map provides sufficient information for the
development of resource plans. If intensive use of small areas is planned, however,
onsite investigation is needed to define and locate the soils and miscellaneous
areas.
An identifying symbol precedes the map unit name in the map unit descriptions.
Each description includes general facts about the unit and gives important soil
properties and qualities.
Soils that have profiles that are almost alike make up a soil series. Except for
differences in texture of the surface layer, all the soils of a series have major
horizons that are similar in composition, thickness, and arrangement.
Soils of one series can differ in texture of the surface layer, slope, stoniness,
salinity, degree of erosion, and other characteristics that affect their use. On the
basis of such differences, a soil series is divided into soil phases. Most of the areas
shown on the detailed soil maps are phases of soil series. The name of a soil phase
commonly indicates a feature that affects use or management. For example, Alpha
silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, is a phase of the Alpha series.
Some map units are made up of two or more major soils or miscellaneous areas.
These map units are complexes, associations, or undifferentiated groups.
A complex consists of two or more soils or miscellaneous areas in such an intricate
pattern or in such small areas that they cannot be shown separately on the maps.
The pattern and proportion of the soils or miscellaneous areas are somewhat similar
in all areas. Alpha -Beta complex, 0 to 6 percent slopes, is an example.
An association is made up of two or more geographically associated soils or
miscellaneous areas that are shown as one unit on the maps. Because of present
or anticipated uses of the map units in the survey area, it was not considered
practical or necessary to map the soils or miscellaneous areas separately. The
pattern and relative proportion of the soils or miscellaneous areas are somewhat
similar. Alpha -Beta association, 0 to 2 percent slopes, is an example.
An undifferentiated group is made up of two or more soils or miscellaneous areas
that could be mapped individually but are mapped as one unit because similar
interpretations can be made for use and management. The pattern and proportion
of the soils or miscellaneous areas in a mapped area are not uniform. An area can
be made up of only one of the major soils or miscellaneous areas, or it can be made
up of all of them. Alpha and Beta soils, 0 to 2 percent slopes, is an example.
Some surveys include miscellaneous areas. Such areas have little or no soil
material and support little or no vegetation. Rock outcrop is an example.
D

Custom Soil Resource Report
Buncombe County, North Carolina
CuC—Clifton-Urban land complex, 8 to 15 percent slopes
Map Unit Setting
National map unit symbol: 1 t3v8
Elevation: 2,000 to 2,300 feet
Mean annual precipitation: 45 to 60 inches
Mean annual air temperature: 46 to 57 degrees F
Frost -free period: 130 to 180 days
Farmland classification: Not prime farmland
Map Unit Composition
Clifton and similar soils: 50 percent
Urban land: 40 percent
Estimates are based on observations, descriptions, and transects of the mapunit.
Description of Clifton
Setting
Landform: Mountain slopes, ridges
Landform position (two-dimensional): Summit, shoulder
Landform position (three-dimensional): Mountaintop, crest
Down-slope shape: Convex
Across -slope shape: Convex
Parent material: Residuum weathered from amphibolite or hornblende gneiss
Typical profile
Ap - 0 to 8 inches: clay loam
Bt - 8 to 55 inches: clay
C - 55 to 80 inches: loam
Properties and qualities
Slope: 8 to 15 percent
Depth to restrictive feature: More than 80 inches
Natural drainage class: Well drained
Runoff class: Medium
Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat): Moderately high to
high (0.57 to 1.98 in/hr)
Depth to water table: More than 80 inches
Frequency of flooding: None
Frequency of ponding: None
Available water storage in profile: High (about 10.5 inches)
Interpretive groups
Land capability classification (irrigated): None specified
Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 3e
Hydrologic Soil Group: B
Hydric soil rating: No
Description of Urban Land
Setting
Parent material: Streets, parking lots, buildings, and other structures
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Custom Soil Resource Report
Interpretive groups
Land capability classification (irrigated): None specified
Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 8
Hydric soil rating: No
Cul)—Clifton-Urban land complex, 15 to 30 percent slopes
Map Unit Setting
National map unit symbol: 1 t3v6
Elevation: 2,000 to 2,300 feet
Mean annual precipitation: 45 to 60 inches
Mean annual air temperature: 46 to 57 degrees F
Frost -free period: 130 to 180 days
Farmland classification: Not prime farmland
Map Unit Composition
Clifton and similar soils: 50 percent
Urban land: 40 percent
Estimates are based on observations, descriptions, and transects of the mapunit.
Description of Clifton
Setting
Landform: Mountain slopes, ridges
Landform position (two-dimensional): Summit, backslope
Landform position (three-dimensional): Upper third of mountainflank, side slope
Down-slope shape: Convex
Across -slope shape: Linear
Parent material: Residuum weathered from amphibolite or hornblende gneiss
Typical profile
Ap - 0 to 8 inches: clay loam
Bt - 8 to 55 inches: clay
C - 55 to 80 inches: loam
Properties and qualities
Slope: 15 to 30 percent
Depth to restrictive feature: More than 80 inches
Natural drainage class: Well drained
Runoff class: High
Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat):
high (0.57 to 1.98 in/hr)
Depth to water table: More than 80 inches
Frequency of flooding: None
Frequency of ponding: None
Available water storage in profile: High (about 10.5 inches)
Interpretive groups
Land capability classification (irrigated): None specified
Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 4e
11
Moderately high to

Custom Soil Resource Report
Hydrologic Soil Group: B
Hydric soil rating: No
Description of Urban Land
Setting
Parent material: Streets, parking lots, buildings, and other structures
Interpretive groups
Land capability classification (irrigated): None specified
Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 8
Hydric soil rating: No
EvD2—Evard-Cowee complex, 15 to 30 percent slopes, moderately
eroded
Map Unit Setting
National map unit symbol: 2vOy7
Elevation: 1,640 to 3,980 feet
Mean annual precipitation: 36 to 51 inches
Mean annual air temperature: 46 to 57 degrees F
Frost -free period: 159 to 176 days
Farmland classification: Farmland of local importance
Map Unit Composition
Evard, moderately eroded, and similar soils: 55 percent
Cowee, moderately eroded, and similar soils: 35 percent
Minor components: 10 percent
Estimates are based on observations, descriptions, and transects of the mapunit.
Description of Evard, Moderately Eroded
Setting
Landform: Mountain slopes, ridges
Landform position (two-dimensional): Backslope, summit
Landform position (three-dimensional): Upper third of mountainflank, mountaintop,
side slope, crest
Down-slope shape: Convex, linear
Across -slope shape: Linear, convex
Parent material: Residuum weathered from amphibolite and/or hornblende gneiss
Typical profile
Ap - 0 to 5 inches: clay loam
Bt - 5 to 29 inches: sandy clay loam
BC - 29 to 37 inches: sandy loam
C - 37 to 80 inches: sandy loam
Properties and qualities
Slope: 15 to 30 percent
Depth to restrictive feature: More than 80 inches
Natural drainage class: Well drained
12

Custom Soil Resource Report
Runoff class: High
Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat): Moderately high to
high (0.57 to 1.98 in/hr)
Depth to water table: More than 80 inches
Frequency of flooding: None
Frequency of ponding: None
Available water storage in profile: Moderate (about 8.6 inches)
Interpretive groups
Land capability classification (irrigated): None specified
Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 4e
Hydrologic Soil Group: B
Hydric soil rating: No
Description of Cowee, Moderately Eroded
Setting
Landform: Mountain slopes, ridges
Landform position (two-dimensional): Summit, backslope
Landform position (three-dimensional): Upper third of mountainflank, mountaintop,
side slope, crest
Down-slope shape: Convex, linear
Across -slope shape: Linear, convex
Parent material: Residuum weathered from amphibolite and/or hornblende gneiss
Typical profile
Ap - 0 to 5 inches: clay loam
Bt - 5 to 27 inches: gravelly sandy clay loam
Cr - 27 to 80 inches: bedrock
Properties and qualities
Slope: 15 to 30 percent
Depth to restrictive feature: 20 to 40 inches to paralithic bedrock
Natural drainage class: Well drained
Runoff class: High
Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat): Very low to moderately
high (0.00 to 0.60 in/hr)
Depth to water table: More than 80 inches
Frequency of flooding: None
Frequency of ponding: None
Available water storage in profile: Low (about 3.9 inches)
Interpretive groups
Land capability classification (irrigated): None specified
Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 4s
Hydrologic Soil Group: C
Hydric soil rating: No
Minor Components
Tate
Percent of map unit: 3 percent
Landform: Toes on coves
Landform position (two-dimensional):
Landform position (three-dimensional).
Down-slope shape: Concave, linear
Across -slope shape: Concave
13
Footslope
Mountainbase, base slope

Custom Soil Resource Report
Hydric soil rating: No
Chestnut, moderately eroded
Percent of map unit: 3 percent
Landform: Mountain slopes, ridges
Landform position (two-dimensional):
Landform position (three-dimensional).
crest
Down-slope shape: Convex, linear
Across -slope shape: Convex
Hydric soil rating: No
Edneyville, moderately eroded
Percent of map unit: 2 percent
Landform: Mountain slopes, ridges
Landform position (two-dimensional):
Landform position (three-dimensional).
crest
Down-slope shape: Convex, linear
Across -slope shape: Convex
Hydric soil rating: No
Clifton, moderately eroded
Percent of map unit: 2 percent
Landform: Hillslopes, ridges
Landform position (two-dimensional):
Landform position (three-dimensional).
Down-slope shape: Convex
Across -slope shape: Linear
Hydric soil rating: No
Backslope, summit
Mountainflank, mountaintop, side slope,
Backslope, summit
Mountainflank, mountaintop, side slope,
Backslope, summit
Side slope, interfluve
TaC—Tate loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes
Map Unit Setting
National map unit symbol: 1 t3y7
Elevation: 2,050 to 3,200 feet
Mean annual precipitation: 42 to 50 inches
Mean annual air temperature: 46 to 57 degrees F
Frost -free period: 124 to 170 days
Farmland classification: Farmland of statewide importance
Map Unit Composition
Tate and similar soils: 95 percent
Estimates are based on observations, descriptions, and transects of the mapunit.
Description of Tate
Setting
Landform: Coves, drainageways, fans
Down-slope shape: Concave
14

Custom Soil Resource Report
Across -slope shape: Concave
Parent material: Colluvium derived from igneous and metamorphic rock
Typical profile
Ap - 0 to 7 inches: loam
Bt - 7 to 46 inches: clay loam
C - 46 to 80 inches: cobbly loam
Properties and qualities
Slope: 8 to 15 percent
Depth to restrictive feature: More than 80 inches
Natural drainage class: Well drained
Runoff class: Medium
Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat): Moderately high to
high (0.57 to 1.98 in/hr)
Depth to water table: More than 80 inches
Frequency of flooding: None
Frequency of ponding: None
Available water storage in profile: High (about 10.2 inches)
Interpretive groups
Land capability classification (irrigated): None specified
Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 3e
Hydrologic Soil Group: B
Hydric soil rating: No
TaD—Tate loam, 15 to 30 percent slopes
Map Unit Setting
National map unit symbol: 1 t3y9
Elevation: 2,050 to 3,200 feet
Mean annual precipitation: 42 to 50 inches
Mean annual air temperature: 46 to 57 degrees F
Frost -free period: 124 to 170 days
Farmland classification: Farmland of local importance
Map Unit Composition
Tate and similar soils: 85 percent
Estimates are based on observations, descriptions, and transects of the mapunit.
Description of Tate
Setting
Landform: Coves, drainageways, fans
Down-slope shape: Concave
Across -slope shape: Concave
Parent material: Colluvium derived from igneous and metamorphic rock
Typical profile
Ap - 0 to 7 inches: loam
Bt - 7 to 46 inches: clay loam
C - 46 to 80 inches: cobbly loam
15

Custom Soil Resource Report
Properties and qualities
Slope: 15 to 30 percent
Depth to restrictive feature: More than 80 inches
Natural drainage class: Well drained
Runoff class: High
Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat): Moderately high to
high (0.57 to 1.98 in/hr)
Depth to water table: More than 80 inches
Frequency of flooding: None
Frequency of ponding: None
Available water storage in profile: High (about 10.2 inches)
Interpretive groups
Land capability classification (irrigated): None specified
Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 4e
Hydrologic Soil Group: B
Hydric soil rating: No
16