620006_CORRESPONDENCE_20171231

I-
A7*A ®
NC®ENR
North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources
Beverly Eaves Perdue
Governor
CERTIFIED MAIL
RETURN RECEIPT REQUESTED
Mr. Melvin G. Purvis
N.G. Purvis Farms, Inc.
2504 Spies Rd
Robbins, NC 27325-7213
Division of Water Quality
Coleen H. Sullins
Director
April 22, 2009
Subject: NOTICE OF VIOLATION (NOV-2009-PC-0353)
Administrative Code 15A NCAC 2H.
Farms and permits per attached list
Dear Mr. Purvis:
Dee Freeman
Secretary
You are hereby notified that, having been permitted to have a non -discharge permit for the
subject animal waste disposal system pursuant to 15A NCAC 2H .0217, you have been found to
be in violation of your 21-1 .0217 Permit.
Violation 1: Failure to conduct a sludge survey for 2008 in accordance with your permit,
Section III Condition 19.
On March 30-31, 2009, compliance inspections were conducted at your facilities. A review
of your records showed no sludge surveys were done during calendar year 2008 for lagoons
on these farms.
Required Corrective Action for Violation 1:
Conduct a sludge survey of the first lagoon(s) receiving waste for each farm for calendar year
2009, as soon as practicable. Please send copies of the new sludge surveys to the Fayetteville
Regional Office by June 1, 2009,
AQUIFER PROTECTION SECTION
225 Green Sl., Ste. 714
Fayetteville, North Carolina 28301 011ie
Phone: [phone] FAX : [phone] Customer Service: 1-877-623-6748 North CarQl1 n a
Internet www.h20.enrstate.nc.us
An Equal Opportunity l Affirmative Action Employer Naturally

Mr. Purvis
April 22, 2009
Page 2
If any lagoon is in the process of "spring turn over", please delay its survey until it settles. If any
lagoon's sludge depth exceeds its liquid treatment depth, please complete the new survey form,
found on our website at
http://h2o.enr.state.ne.us/aps/afou/Forms.htm under Supplemental Reporting Forms.
Please be advised that this notice does not prevent the Division of Water Quality from taking
enforcement actions for this violation or any past or future violation. Furthermore, the Division
of Water Quality has the authority to levy a civil penalty of not more than $25,000.00 per day per
violation.
If you have any questions concerning this matter, please do not hesitate to contact either Ms.
Joan Schneier Environmental Specialist or myself at [phone].
cc : SB/tab
Central Files - Raleigh
FRO Files
Sincerely,
Stephen A. Barnhardt
Regional Aquifer Protection Supervisor

Mr. Purvis
Page 3
April 22, 2004
List of Fauns and Permits Included in NOV
Farm Name
Facility No.
County
Permit No.
Little River Farm
62-0006
Montgomery
AWS620006
Wet Creek Farm
63-0001
Moore
AWS630001
Holly Ride Farm
63-0006
Moore
AWS630006
Deerfield Farm
63-0007
Moore
AWS630007
Indian Hills Farm
63-0008
Moore
AWS630008
Blue Ribbon Swine
63-0012
Moore
AWS630012
Tar Heel Swine
77-0012
Richmond
AWS770012

Animal Waste Management Pian Certi
(Please type or print all information that does not require <
IExisting� or New or Expanded (please circle one) [/ \1 M n n nnm I I
General Information:
Name of Farm:_ Littl
Owner(s) Name: N.G. Purvis Farms, Inc.' ' - Phone No: 0��273L
Mailing Address: 2504 Sties Roach. _Robbin,., L -C- 2732-72413_
Farm Location: County Farm is located in: _M ntaomery
Latitude and Longitude: 35 13 10 / 79 55 16 Integrator: -N.G. Purvis Farms Inc.
Please attach a copy of a county road map with location identified and describe below (Be specific: road
names, directions, milepost, etc.): Farm is on SR# 1543 about. 2 miles from the
Operation Description:
Type of Swine No. of Animals
0 Wean to Feeder 8,709
❑ Feeder to Finish
❑ Farrow to Wean
❑ Farrow to Feeder
G Farrow to Finish
O Gilts
❑ Boars
Type of Poultry No. of Animals
0 Layer
❑ Non -Layer
Type of Beef No. of Animals
0 Brood
O Feeders
EJ Stockers
Other Type of Livestock:
Type of Dairy No. of Animals
0 Milking
O Dry
O Heifers
El Calveh DWQ
Aquifer PrnMr tion Section
Number of Animals: x-29
Erpanding Operation Only
Previous Design Capacity Additional Design Capacity: Total Design Cgpacity,.
Acreage Available for Application: 31-26 +/- Required Acreage: 18.1 or more depending on crop.
Number ofa oons / Storage Ponds: 2
Are subsurfacc drains present on the farm:. YES
_ Total Capacity: 487,756^_ Cubic Feet (0)
or 0(please circle one)
If YES: are subsurface drains present in the area of the LAGOON or SPRAY FIELD (please circle one)
Owner / Manager Agreement
I (we) verify that all the above information is correct and will be updated upon changing. 1 (we) understand the operation and
maintenance procedures established in the approved animal waste management plan for the farm named above and will
implement these procedures. I (we) know that any expansion to the existing design capacity of the waste treatment and storage
system or construction of new facilities will require a new certification to be submitted to the Division of Water Quality
(DWQ) before the new animals are stocked. I (we) understand that there must be no discharge of animal waste from the
storage or application system to surface waters of the state either directly through a man-made conveyance or from a storm
event less severe than the 25 -year. 24-hour storm and there must not be run-off from the application of animal waste. I (we)
understand that run-off of pollutants from lounging and heavy use areas must be minimized using technical standards
developed by the USDA -Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS). The approved plan will be filed at the farm and at
the office of the local Soil and Water Conservation District. 1 (we) know that any modification must be approved by a
technical specialist and submitted to the Soil and Water Conservation District prior to implementation. A change in land
ownership requires written notification to DWQ or a new certification (if the approved plan is changed.) within 60 days of a
title transfer.
Name of Land Owner: _ Anthony Moore for N.G.
Signature:
Name of lV
Signature:
AWC -- December 5, 2000
Date: /- ? - 03
Date:

Little River Faxm
Technical Specialist Certification Facility I.D. # 62-006
LAs a technical specialist designated by the North Carolina Soil and Water Conservation Commission pursuant to 15A
NCAC 6F .0005, I certify that the animal waste management system for the farm named above has an animal waste
management plan that meets or exceeds standards and specifications of the Division of Water Quality as specified in 15A
NCAC 2H.0217 and the USDA -Natural Resources Conservation Service and/or the North Carolina Soil and Water
Conservation Commission pursuant to 15A NCAC 2H.0217 and 15A NCAC 6F ,0001-.0005. The following elements are
included in the plan as applicable. While each category designates a technical specialist who may sign each certification (SD,
SI, WUP, RC, 1), the technical specialist should only certify parts for which they are technically competent.
II. Certification of Design
A) Collection Storage, Treatment System (Verification of design adequacy)
Check the appropriate box
Cl Existing facility without retrofit (SD or WUP) �`�� • CARQlio
Storage volume is adequate for operation capacity; storage capability consistent with wasted li O+ •v I I � . �
? SEAL
❑ New, expanded or retrofitted facility (SD) `s
Animal waste storage and treatment structures, such as but not limited to collection syst Do I' nYpon
have been designed to meet or exceed the minimum standards and specifications."•:M1;1 H �aQ�•''A�
�••jr F�� tic iS 6 .
Name of Technical Specialist (Please Print): Tarry F. Graham, P.E. 1114 " 1%,6V
Affiliation Enviromental Engineering Services Date Work Completed: 6/30/03
Address (Agenc : P: - 4 n N.C. 28315 Phone No.: [phone]
Signature: Date: Cr1
� a� .
B) Land Applic ton Site ��'p
P) y:1���o.+ 's^
The plan provides for minimum separations (buffers); adequate amount of land for waste, tilt � > b$; chosewp ios'
suitable for waste management, hydraulic and nutrient loading rates.
SEAL
llrfj�
Name of Technical Specialist (Please Print): Larry F. Graham, P.E.
Affiliation Environmental, Engineering Services Date Work Complete&,. 6/
Address (Agetgy): 426 een N.C. 28315 Phone No,: Of 029�5Q1252
Signature;
C) Runoff Cofit'rols from Mterior
Check the appropriate bar
❑ FaciIity without exterior lots (SD or WUP or RC) N/A
This facility does not contain any exterior lots.
❑ Facility with.exterior lots (RC)
Methods to minimize the run off of pollutants from lounging and heavy use areas have been designed in
accordance with technical standards developed by NRCS.
Name of Technical Specialist (Please Print):
Affiliation
Address (Agency):
Si -nature:
AWC -- December 5, 2000
Date Work Completed:
Phone No.,
Date:

D). Application and Handling Equipment
Check the appropriate box
Little River Farm
Facility'I.D. # 62-006
FA Existin or expanding facility with existing waste application c ui ment (WUP or 1)
Animal waste application equipment specified in the plan has been either field calibrated or evaluated in accordance
with existing design charts and tables and is able to apply waste as necessary to accommodate the waste
management plan: (existing application equipment can cover the area required by the plan at rates not to exceed
either the specified hydraulic or nutrient loading rates, a schedule for timing of applications has been established;
required buffers can be maintained and calibration and adjustment guidance are contained as part of the plan).
O New, expanded. or existing facility without existing waste a lication c ui mem forspray irrigation. (I)
Animal waste application equipment specified in the plan has been designed to apply waste as necessary to
accommodate the waste management plan; (proposed application equipment can cover the area required by the plan
at rates not to exceed either the specified hydraulic or nutrient loading rates; a schedule for timing of applications
has been established; required buffers can be maintained; calibration and adjustment guidance are contained as pari
of the plan).
IN
istine facility without existi
irrigation (WUP or I) ���`�(� UARo
Animal waste application equipment specified in the plan has been selected to apply wash -. •� `•
accommodate the waste management pian; (proposed application equipment can cover the are eqt ee y the p i �9
at rates not to exceed either the specified hydraulic or nutrient loading rates; a schedule for ttrrttni of aT&Jcft ns
has been established; required buffers can be maintained; calibration and adjustment guidancd:.are lontaitle! Cn�UU to fan
of the plan). r"
Name of Technical Specialist (Please Print): Laxry_F. Graham P.E. ';�y'°:.'�CINt:�_p��,:
Affiliation_Environtnental Engineering_ ServicesDate Work Completed: 6/30°/0 /l(VC I Aalto;.
Address (Agenc lydeen Phone No . 5-a252
Signature: - G Date;
E) Odor Contr6l. Insect C ntrol M tality Mana ement and Emer encu Action Plan SD
SI, WUP, RC or I) ,��<<�tntrrrr►��r�i
The waste management plan for this facility includes a Waste Management Odor Control Checklis�,� ���� 61/ •••
Checklist, a Mortality Management Checklist and an Emergency Action Plan. Sources of both odpa�r,►e>�`tD� �q `•�
been evaluated with respect to this site and Best Management Practices to Minimize Odorsanti Bcs'taNla e e �0,10
Practices to Control Insects have been selected and included in the waste management plan. Bath the lity =
Management Plan and the Emergency Action Plan are complete and can be implemented by thisaaPtiy. 11602
Name of Technical Specialist (Please Print): :9 `•_ .•�� �.-`'
Affiliation Environmental En ineerin Services Date Work Completed: 66/0��t;�",�";;~
A
Si
to No.
F) Written Noti a"of New gUxpandinj,, Swine Farm N/A
The following signature block is only to be used for new or expanding swine farms that begin construction after June
21, 1996. If the facility was built before June 21, 1996, when was it constructed or last expanded
1 (we) certify that I (we) have attempted to contact by certified mail all adjoining property owners and all property owners who
own property located across a public road, street, or highway from this new or expanding swine farm. The notice was in
compliance with the requirements of NCGS 106-805. A copy of the notice and a list of the property owners notified is
attached.
Name of Land Owner:
Signature:
Date:
Name of Manager (if different from owner):
Signature: Date:
AWC -- December 5, 2000

Little River Farm
III. Certification of Installation Facility Z,D. # 62-006
A) Collection Storage, Treatment Installation (Verification only)
New,.expanded or retrofitted facility (SI)
Animal waste storage and treatment structures, such as but not limited to lagoons and ponds, have been installed in
accordance with the approved plan to meet or exceed the minimum standards and specifications.
For existing facilities without retrofits, no certification is necessary.
Name of Technical Specialist (Please Print):
Affiliation Date Work Completed:
Address (Agency):_ Phone No.:
Signature: Date:_ �,.�`' CA.ROi�''f,.
B) Land Application Site (WUP)
SEAL
The cropping system is in place on all land as specified in the animal wast�;Ral�agetln��tQlarl:
Name of Technical Specialist (Please Print): Larry F. Graham, P.E. r`°•,,��"Rq�j��5�',,�''`
Environmental Engineering Services
Affiliation �� g Date Work Completed:
Address (Agent x 42 , een, N.G. 28315 phone No.' [phone]
Signature: Date: tJ
L�:i
C) Runoff Contro s from terior Lots (RC) N/A
Facility with exterior lots
Methods to minimize the run off of pollutants from lounging and heavy use areas have been installed as specified in
the plan.
For facilities without exterior lots, no certification is necessary.
Name of Technical Specialist (Please Print):
Affiliation
ate Work Completed:
Address (Agency): Phone No.:
Signature: Date:
���ccncn,��
D} Application and Handling Equipment Installation (WUP or I) �,..�N CARS 'P',
-� Animal waste application and handling equipment specified in the plan is on site and rely tdri calibr 4
and adjustment materials have been provided to the owners and are contained as part of tfie pl#n. S L A L
Cl Animal waste application and handling equipment specified in the plan has not been instaled but the ha$g
proposed leasing or third party application and has provided a signed contract; equipti�ets? s¢l�c'�l� • Oits �+:
contract agrees with the requirements of the plan; required buffers can be maintaii;60NNl ilk +++'
adjustment guidance have been provided to the owners and are contained as part of the plan. '�r,rrr}� IiiCis��`,ti+
Name of Technical Specialist (Please Print): Larry F. Graham, P.E.
Affiliation Environmental Engineering Services Date Work Completed: 6/30/03
Address
Sigrtatur�
AWC -- T
e No 0) 295-3252
5

Little River Farm
Facility I.D. # 62-006
E) Odor Control. Insect Control and Mortality Mana ement (SD. SI. WUP. RC or I)
Methods to control odors and insects as specified in the Plan have been installed and are operational. The
mortality management system as specified in the Plan has also been installed and is operational.
Name of Technical Specialist (Please Print): Larry F. Graham, F.E. _
Affiliation Environmental Engineering Services Date Work Completed
6/30/03
Address (Agent ): Phone No _
Signature: Date: 9 4
���ty�i nrrrrry�
Please return the completed orm to the Division of Water Quality at the follow CA
CAl�''•,,
Please also remember to submit a copy of this form along with the complete Animal Waste
Management Plan to the local Soil and Water Conservation District Office and to keep a copy in
your files with your Animal Waste Management Plan.
A VC -- December :5, 2000
Department of Environment and Natural Resources
S E A L
Division of Water Quality
11602 1
Dion -Discharge Compliance & Enforcement Unit
�9� :, FN .•�Q
•
��'�.��' �'"•r�
1617 Mail Service Center
Q �`'
9A N C 1S �Q-.��.
Raleigh, NC 27699-1617
,;
' �.�„tip, 00
Please also remember to submit a copy of this form along with the complete Animal Waste
Management Plan to the local Soil and Water Conservation District Office and to keep a copy in
your files with your Animal Waste Management Plan.
A VC -- December :5, 2000

�.
Wettable Acres Determination Certifcation .�._n`'
Name of Facility: Little River Farm Facility Number: 62 - 006
Owner(s) Name: N.G. Purvis Farms Inc. Phone No: _9( 10)_948-2297^
Mailing Address: 2504 Spies Road, Robbins-N.C. 27325-7213
By signing this form, the facility owner and Technical Specialist acknowledge the completion of the
Wettable Acres DetemZination. All necessary Wettable Acre Determination Field Data Sheets and
calculations were completed to conduct a Wettable Acre Determination. The facility's Waste
Utilization Plan has been amended as necessary to reflect actual wetted acreage. A copy of all
worksheets, calculations, and other Wettable Acres Determination documents, along with the
applicable Waste Utilization Plan and Wettable Acre Determ=ination Certification will be filed with
the local Soil and Water Conservation District. A copy will also be kept on site with the Certified
Animal Waste Management Plan. Any future modifications must be approved by a technical
specialist and filed with the Soil and Water Conservation District prior to implementation. If any
modifications to the existing irrigation system or any new irrigation equipment was required to
adequately address the waste management needs of this facility, an Irrigation Specialist or
Professional Engineer has certified the design and installation below.
Owner Name: Anthony. Moore for N.G. Purvis Farms. Inc.
Owjjo&dnature:
C A Rpt ".,,��
e� lnical iali�t Nalne: Larry F.- sham .E.
S E A L =,S.
1'echpi%��, pecpaliQ Signatu Date:
Irrigation Specialist or Professional Engineer please read and sign below:
Animal waste application equipment has been designed or modified to apply waste as necessary to
�a6_,,the waste management plan and according to NRCS Standards. Animal waste
��yp{�y`-7 Wfunent has been installed according to NRCS Standards and is ready for use.
�h 1113
w 1
�irig�161+�6
�rigAIM�
.L ;�F•�`,rcrx0�
Name: Larry F.
Si2natu
ri+lal ntt�'"
Submit this form to:
Attn. Sonya Avant
Non -Discharge Compliance Unit
Division of Water Quality
1617 Mail Service Center
Raleigh. NC 27699-1617
WADC -7199
Date:

Jill
Exhibit 1
Vicinity
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Farm, Montgomery County, N.C.
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ILMONTGOMERY COUNTY
1 A
0 NORTH CAROLINA
'";;fZ " I
NORTH CAROLINA DEIA M NT OF TRAN5PORrATION
DIVISION Of tilGliWAYS-PLANNING AND RES(ARCIF BAANCN
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11 % rurARrmou ni tPANSPORTA?*14

t_I i"1IA'. RIVFN CA NIP
REIVIStiD RJM1` . 2003
REVISED CERTIFIED ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR LITTLE
RIVER FARM, MONTGOMERY COUNTY, N.C.
INTRODUCTORY REMARKS ABOUT THIS PROJECT:
This document is a revision to the latest Certified Animal Waste Management Plan (CAWM13) for Little
River Farm. The former plan was developed by Environmental Engineering Services (or EES) and is
dated February 2, 2000, The farm owners (N.G. Purvis harms, Inc.) have decided to change the farm
from a farrow -to -feeder operation to a weanling -to -feeder (nursery) operation. The permitted Steady
State Live Weight (SSLW) will not be increased by this change in animal mix. The animal waste
management infrastructure specified in the last CAWMP (e.g. irrigation equipment, lagoons, etc.) will
not be altered due to the animal mix change.
In order to reflect this animal mix change, EES was asked to compile a comprehensive CAWMP that
shows the newest and most current swine waste management characteristics at this farm, coupled with
the most recent agronomic and irrigation standards. Much of the information in this package will be
duplicated from the February 2, 2000 submittal since most of the basic waste management infrastructure
will remain the same. Only references to the new animal mix will be made below.
All existing CAWMPs for Little River Farm will be void after the following conditions are met: [1]
DWQ approves the plans and specifications as stated below and [2] Little River Farm builds the
infrastructure needed to manage the aninial waste from the new animal mix.
Hopefully the plan revisions outlined below will guide the farmer (or the reader) to a more
comprehensive understanding of everyday animal waste management and planning. The reader should
note that the farmer has the ultimate authority to manage their waste to best suite their cropping
patterns and weather conditions. This plan is only a guide, and should be modified (within reason) to fit
those needs from year to year. Maximums and minimums being discussed should not be violated and
precautions about off-site run-off of animal waste should be strictly observed.
The development of a CAWMP is a dynamic process, This means that one design decision will affect
the next decision, and that decision will affect the next, etc. Also, on-site situations will occasionally
require plan alterations or at least make them differ from those parameters presented in the written
document. Therefore, the reader should use this plan for guidance and for general standards more than
for exact "to the inch" measurements. The farmer/manager should not grossly exceed the minimum or
maximum standards so as not to violate the intent of the plan.
The engineer has tried to weigh all factors in accordance with importance and include as much
background as possible about decisions. For brevity, every decision will not be openly debated within
this report. Each intensive animal operation and facility operates differently and must be evaluated on
its own merit and the owner/operator's willingness to maintain best management practices or BMP's. It
will be completely up to the farmer and/or farm managers to operate the system in accordance with
these plans, to protect the surface water and groundwater of the State of North Carolina, and to adhere
to all rules and regulations related to animal waste utilization.
All specifications within this document are acceptable for use to satisfy the animal waste management
rules found in the publication titled NCDENR, Division of Environmental Water Quality, Title

RIVER CAWN11'
k2],ViS� DJLi; E. 2003
15A:02H, Section .0200. The reader should refer to this State publication for regulatory details. 'These
specifications also address the required CAWMP checklist shown as Exhibit 16.
The procedures contained in this document have been shown to be effective if performed in a
responsible manner by knowledgeable persons. It is impossible however to predict all future
operational, environmental, and bureaucratic situations which could cause these plans to need
modification or be revised at a later date. When possible, this document follows the US Natural
Resources Conversation Service (MRCS) design criteria and is not meant to contradict standard NRCS
guidelines or the design criteria of other organizations. Much of the information in this document (plus
Exhibits) was obtained courtesy of the N.C. Cooperative Extension Service,
2

IXITLE RIV17R CAWMP
J VISH) JUNE, 200:5
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
PARAMETER
VAGUEEV OR DATA
Farm Name and Comm
I ittic River Farm. Montgomery County
DWQ Certificate Of Coverage Number
AWS620006
Integrator
N.G. Purvis Farms, Inc., Robbins, N.C.
Numbcr Of Animals and Type For Old CAWMP
500 sows - Farrow -to -Feeder @ 522 lbs,/sow
(SSLW)
(500 sows x 522 lbs/sow = 261,000 pounds )
Number Of Aninials and Type For This Revised CAWMP
8,700 Wean-to-Fcedcr @ 30 lbs./pig
( SSLW)
(8,700 pigs x 30 lbs/pig lbs/pig= 261,000pounds)
Chan e In SSLW From Old Operation To New Animal Mix
No Change
Lagoon Storage Capacity Below The Mandatory Freeboard
Upper lagoon- 924,412 gallons
Lower lagoon - 2,028,674 gallons
Volume Of Wastewater Produced By Animals And )3y Rainfall
1,952,280 gallons annually
Less Evaporation (estimate only)
162,690 ollons per month (avg.)
Vol. Of Sludge Produced By Animals In 5 Years estimate
292,842 gallons
Max. Est'd. Available Months Of Storage In The La oon
Lower lagoon - 8.5 months +/-
Average Plant Available Nitrogen (P.A.N.) Value Based On
From irrigation Iiquid = 2.5 lbs./1,000 gal lons +/-
Book Numbers
From broadcasted li uW = 2.3 lbs./1.000 gallons +/-
Calculated Sodium Absorption Ratio
S.A.R. (irrigation water) = no data
Crops To Be GrotiFii And Crop Realistic Yield Expectations
SOILS
(R.Y.E.) Based On Soil Types Without Adjustments For Slope
----------------------------------w-
or Erosion Class
Badin-Goldston Badin-Tatum
Fescue Only 4 tons/acre 4.5 tons/acre
Pearl Millet After Fescue 1.75 tons/acre 1.9 tons/acre
Fescue After Pearl Millet 3,2 tons/acre 3.6 tonslacre
Wheat After Pearl Millet 1.8 tons/acre 1.98 tons/acre
Wheat (small rain) Ont 3 tons/acre 33 tons/acre
Total "CAWMP Wettable Acres" Under Irrigation Or
Irrigation Broadcast
Broadcast
Field 2 = 4.076 acres Field 1= 2.510 acres
Field 3 = 5.113 acres Field 7 = 0.610 acres
Field 4 = 2.348 acres Field 8 = 3,760 acres
Field 5 = 4.879 acres Field 9 = 3.200 acres
Field 6= 4.164 acres Field 10 = 0.600 acres
Total = 20.58 acres Total = 10.68 acres
Irrigation Type
Rainbow Model CSB64SI3-13C pump, Hobbs Real Rain
hard hose traveler - Model 2400L with 1250 feet of 4.1
in. I.D. hose.. Irrigation gun is a Nelson SR150R
w/1.18" ring nozzle.
Nozzle Coverage After 90% Reduction In Manufacturer's
283 feet wetted diameter at 60 psi
Published Data
Recommended Irrigation Rates and Volume Ranges
Badin - Goldston Precipitation Rate = 0.30 to 0.40 in/hr
Badin - Goldston Volume per event = 0.25 to 0.75 in.
Badin -Tatum Precipitation Rate = 0,30 to 0.40 in/hr
Badin - Tatum Volume per event = 0.25 to 0.75 in

1 s r21VIUt (.'AWN111
REVISED RM-_ 2003
BACKGROUND ABOUT THE LITTLE RIVER FARM ANIMAL WASTE PROGRAM
Little River Farm has been a swine production facility for over 20 years. Little River Farm uses an
anaerobic lagoon system to store and treat their waste and then land applies the effluent onto nearby
crop land, Most recently, the CAWMP for Little River Farm used 500 sows in a farrow -to -feeder
operation to determine Steady State Live Weight (SSLW). Due to the dynamics of the swine
production business, N.G. Purvis Farms, Inc. has decided to convert Little River Farm into a 8,700 head
wean -to -feeder (or nursery) operation. Because they are not expanding SSLW Little River Farm is well
within their rights to change the animal mix.
Environmental Engineering Services (EES) was hired to review and revise (as needed) the existing
Certified Animal Waste Management Plan (CAWMP) for this farm and to evaluate the farm's
infrastructure for compatibility with the new animal mix. This plan will concentrate on waste utilization,
proposed crop production, etc but will also list lagoon storage volumes and the necessary background
calculations to verify waste storage adequacy. A thorough review of wetted acres and crop yields will
be made, taking into consideration the latest crop yield values published by N.C. State University
(NCSU). Throughout this document there will also be information and suggestions providing helpful
hints on odor control, insect control, mortality management, as well as general long term overall waste
management.
To the engineer's knowledge, there have been no occurrences of animal waste releases from the Little
River Farm operation. To avoid confusion, be it known that Little River Farm is located on the same
parcel of land where Riverside Farm is located. Riverside Farm was a swine production facility owned
by N,G. Purvis Farms, Inc. and was a separately permitted confined animal feeding operation. Riverside
Farm was closed in the, late 1990's after experiencing an animal waste release. The old Riverside Farm
lagoons are still in place and are being maintained by N.G. Purvis Farms personnel. The remainder of
this revised CAWMP will refer only to Little River Farm.
In 1997 - 1998 Little River Farm enlarged its lagoon system to meet current NRCS guidelines.
Environmental Engineering Services (EES) developed the plans for the lagoon enlargement. This work
was completed in the fall of 1998. Since that time the new lagoon is reported to be functioning as
designed.
CAWMP REVISION OBJECTIVES
1. To describe Little River Farm's site characteristics and animal waste related operational features.
To explain to the reader where the farm is located, what type of production is planned, and some
historical information about the farm. Items within the existing CAWMP will be reviewed using
8,700 wean -to -feeder pigs and modified as/if needed.
2. To review the farm's revised waste generation values, waste management equipment, lagoon
infrastructure, land application areas, soil types, and plans for crop production, EES will also
evaluate CAWMP wetted acres using the new animal mix.
3. To provide general guidance to the farmer and/or waste applicator as to some fundamental waste
application principals so on-site adjustments can be made as needed. This will include fundamental
principals related to waste application amounts, precipitation rates, gun cart travel speeds, etc.
4. To review the agronomic plan and cropping patterns at the farm and modify them if necessary to
comply with the latest realistic yield expectations for Montgomery County soils. This will include
4

• Lf7"1'Id: RIVER �.1Wty P
C1 I
REVISED JUr\'C , 2ooi
charts and tables of nutrient removal values of crops and a comparison of these potentials to the
1
expected nitrogen generation from the hog operation.
5. To provide general guidance to the farmer and/or waste application operator as to a possible waste
removal routine which complements the storage capabilities of the waste storage system.
6. To add emphasis to environmental concerns related to the protection of surface and groundwater at
and near the farm.
7. EES will provide a revised and certifiable set of plans (including information provided by others)
that will accommodate the specific farm needs, be cost effective to the farmer, and meet the basic
t_ criteria of prudent and effective animal waste utilization.
FARM LOCATION, STATISTICS, AND BUFFERS
General Site Information and Location
The physical location of the Little River Farm parcel is in the southwestern part of Montgomery County
approximately 4 miles east of Mount Gilead. Entrance to the farm is off SR4 1543, The nearest named
stream to the farm site is Disons Creek, which is located along the western property line of the farm
according to USGS quadrangle maps. Exhibits 1, 2, and 3 show various views of the property.
The farm property is bordered by mostly wooded land or farm land with some residential dwellings
scattered around the immediate community. The swine houses and lagoons are bordered by open fields
and SR 4 1543. Moke will be said about regulatory set -backs later in this document.
Topography, Drainage, and Nearby Surface Waters
In general, the topography at and around the Little River Farm consists of rolling hills with all of the
drainage from the site eventually going to Disons Creek and them to Little River. A USGS topo snap of
the area can be seen as Exhibit 2. The USGS topographic map containing this information is the Mount
Gilead East Quadrangle map. Coordinates for this site are approximately Longitude 79 degrees, 55
minutes, 16 seconds; Latitude 35 degrees, 13 minutes, 10 seconds.
The slopes at the farm range from 2 to 15 percent with a few places steeper. Slopes in the crop land
areas range from 2 to 15 percent. In general rainfall run-off flows away from or around the confinement
,9
housing and the lagoon areas via pre -determined grass water ways and ditches. Most surface flowing
water that might initially flow toward the lagoons is intercepted so this water is diverted around the
outside of the lagoons.
The Little River lagoon's earthen sides and spray fields should not be 'impacted by 100 year flooding.
This was not verified with flood insurance maps but is reasonable to assume given the surrounding
topography.
A small unnamed tributary (or stormwater diversion ditch) to Disons Creek exists between the Little
River Farm complex and the Riverside Farm complex. This tributary does not show up on USGS quad
maps. It is thought to be more of a drainage way than a stream, but it is worth noting since it flows
directly into Disons Creek. See Exhibit 4 for an approximate location of this drainage way.
k

r
LiTTLI R1VI3R CA%A'41P
RG V1 SE I ) JUNl3. 2003
Disons Creek is approximately 1,450 feet from the Little River Harm Lagoon system and approximately
425 feet from the edge of the closest cleared crop field. Disons Creek snakes up the western border of
the farm parcel. During dry times Disons Creek has only a very small flow but it is a solid blue line
stream on USGS quad maps. Disons Creek is a Class C water supply from its origin to its intersection
with Little River. A Class C water- supply's best usage for which it must be protected is defined as
"aquatic life propagation and survival, fishing, wildlife, secondary recreation, and agriculture The
Little River (Little River is a flowing body of water) is approximately 0.45 miles from the farm property
boundary in a straight line. The down-slope hydraulic path from the farm to the river is roughly 2 miles.
Little River is a class C water supply near the farm. No towns are know to get their water from the
Little River immediately down stream from the farm site.
The discharge of swine effluent to the surface waters of N.C. is prohibited. Therefore no effluent
should be allowed to make its way into the nearby streams and rivers. While no intensive animal
farming operation is immune from wastewater discharge accidents, adhering to the safety guidelines
within this document and careful management should greatly minimize any such accidents. A sudden
dam breach causing a significant release of effluent is very unlikely. EES did not evaluate the old
lagoon dam for structural integrity since that is beyond the scope or intent of this plan revision. The first
stage lagoon dike did not show any particular signs of problems as the engineer's last site visit, The
reader should note however that the engineer did observe the new second stage lagoon and its earthen
dike being installed and verified it was constructed according to MRCS guidelines.
In a discharge event, the effluent would be very dilute prior to it reaching any public water supply
intake. While the effects of any such occurrence is serious, the engineer believes any major threat to a
drinking water supply is minimal and would not have dramatic and prolonged effects on the availability
of the drinking water supply. Municipal water intakes would be more than 10 miles away from the farm
(downstream). Stream aquatic life would be in jeopardy associated with any large and sudden release
of swine effluent especially if the discharge would occur at dry times when stream flows are small. The
extent of such an accident would depend on the quantity and quality of the effluent.
A state park called Town Creek Indian Mound lies approximately 2.6 miles from the farm due south.
This park is south of prevailing winds which are typically from the southwest blowing to the northeast.
The engineer.does not think the park is greatly threatened by a spill or by odors from the farm. SR4
1543 goes by the farm but is not designated a N.C. Scenic By -Way.
Animal Waste Related Set -Backs or Buffers
There are numerous regulations related to set -backs and buffers from intensive livestock operations.
Most of the more stringent set -backs relate to swine production and swine waste. Unfortunately set-
back values are subject to rapid change due to legislation, malting them hard to always follow. The
engineer has made an attempt to list the appropriate set -backs below according to the .0200 regulations,
and related regulatory mandates.
Tables I and 2 show various buffers or set -backs that apply to swine and dairy operations. Table I
shows set -backs from new or expanding facilities and Table 2 shows minimum distances from waste
application areas. The reader should note that the set -backs shown are dependent on the time the farm
was sited. Be it noted that Little River Farm is not a new farm and no new land application fields are
scheduled to be added. While confinement building renovations are taking place, the basic footprint of
the buildings is reported to be the same as the old buildings. Therefore the existing set -backs for the
farm should remain as previously designed, Wind conditions, neighbor activities, crop growth,
3

(11TV.1'. RI VB It CAwro1,
RLVISEM JUNF, , 2003
temperatures, etc. may require that buffers be increased. The irrigation operator should be particularly
careful to avoid spray drift if irrigating on windy days. Always protect surface waters near application
sites, even if it means increasing set -back distances.
As a word of caution, it is the owner's responsibility to verify any set -backs that are close or
questionable and to make sure animal waste applications adhere to the required set -backs each time
animal waste is applied.
TABLE 1
"FACILITY SET -BACKS" FOR NEW OR'EXPANDING OPERATIONS
FACILITY SET -BACKS FROM --
SWINE
COWS
Residences farms existing before 4-15-87)
300 feet
300 feet
Residences farms sited before 9-30-95
750 feet
750 feet
Residences farms sited after 9-30-95)
1,500 feet
750 feet
Public use area, church, hospitals, schools, picnic
areas, parks, etc. farms existing before 4-15-87
300 feet
300 feet
Public use area, church, hospitals, schools, picnic
areas parks, etc. farms sited before 9-30-95
750 feet
750 feet
Public use area, church, hospitals, schools, picnic
areas, parks, etc, farms sited after 9-30-95
2,500 feet
750 feet
Property lines
Farms sited before 9-30-95
o Farms sited between 9-3 0-95 & 10-1-96
o Farms sited after 10-1-96
100 feet?
100 feet
500 feet
100 feet?
100 feet?
100 feet?
Blue Line Streams USES Quad. Mas
100 feet
100 feet
Water wells serving the farm 2ro2erty
100 feet
100 feet
Water wells not serving the farm property
500 feet
100 feet
100 year flood plain
Not Allowed
Not Allowed
? = This setback has not been confirmed, but it is considered a good recommendation.
Facilities would include the confinement houses, feed bins, lagoon, lagoon dam, etc. Access roads,
stormwater control devices (i,e. grass water ways), irrigation fields, piping, etc. are not part of the
facilities under the above set -back limitations according to the engineer's understanding. However the
grower should refer to legal counsel and/or regulatory agencies to confirm these opinions since there is
much regulatory confusion about such matters.
TABLE 2 IS SHOWN ON THE FOLLOWING PAGE IN ITS ENTIRETY.
7

OW
I,I"I rLIS RIVER CAWivtP
ElF
VIS E D J[ IN .. -.2003
TABLE 2
1 "WASTE APPLICATION SET -BACKS" FOR ANIMAL OPERATIONS ( NEW AND EXISTING)
WASTE APPLICATION SET -BACKS FROM --
SWINE
COWS
Residences or occupied dwellings without variance
200 feet
200 feet
permission.
Public use area, church, hospitals, schools, picnic
200 feet
200 feet
areas parks, etc.
Any non-residential property line.
No Specification (25 ft.
No Specification (25 ft.
recommended, more is
recommended, more is
better)
better)
Any property line with an occupied dwelling on that
adjacent property (unless given easement by owner).
• Farm sited before 9-30-95 ...... ......... ........... I
No Specification (25 ft.
No Specification (25 ft.
• Farm sited between 9-30-95 & 8-27-97........
recommended)
reconunended, more is
• Farn1 sited or expanded after 8-27-97 .........
50 feet
better)
• Spray fields put in place after 8-27-97 .........
75 feet
75 feet
Public roads and ri ht -of -ways
25 feet recommended?
25 feet recommended?
Shallow drainage ditches or grass water ways. ++
0 ft (use extreme caution)
0 ft (use extreme
caution)
Irrigation ditches or canals flowin or usuall full)
25 ft more is better)
25 ft (more is better)
Perennial Streams (i.e. Blue Line Streams from USGS
Quad. Maps) other than an irrigation ditch or Canal
• Farms sited before 9-30-95 ................'.......1.
• Farms sited between 9-30-95 & 8-27-97.......
25 feet vegetative buffer
25 feet vegetative buffer
• Farm sited or expanded after 8-27-97 .........
50 ft. (6idudes 25 It, vep butte¢)
• Spray fields put in place after 8-27-97 ..........
75 ft. (includes 25 It. veg, buffer)
75 ft. (ij«ludes 25 ft. veg. butter)
Water wells serving the farm property
100 feet
100 feet
Water wells not serving the farm property
100 feet
100 feet
100 year flood plain
Not Allowed
Not Allowed
? = This setback has not been confirmed, but it is considered a good recommendation.
+ = Typical right-of-ways from secondary roads in NC is 30 feet from the center line of the road. This means to
stay 25 feet away from the right of way or a total of 55 feet from the center line of the road. The engineer would
suggest a buffer of at least 75 feet from public road right-of-ways if using big gun irrigation to avoid unpleasant
accidents, especially in windy conditions. 50 feet from center line is recommended if using a "lioney wagon" to
broadcast near public road right-of-ways.
++ = A light application of effluent over grass water ways to maintain a good grass cover is acceptable. This is
different from deep groundwater lowering ditches or very steep water ways. Use good judgment and plan this
type of activity away from rain events. Do not irrigate in wet lands. Do not heavily apply waste ui valleys which
are subject to high rainfall run off or in wet weather drainage ways, 100 feet buffers from perennial water (i.e.
blue line streams) are recommended by the engineer for all fields that are steep or difficult,

1XI-111: RIVER CAWN11'
REVISED K.M:.2003
Miscellaneous Site Details
There are no dwellings, structures, roads, or bridges between any of the Little River Fa.1•m lagoons and
the nearest named creek or branch. However, State Road 4 1543 would likely be Oooded il'there was a
complete lagoon dike failure. If a complete dike failure were to occur, some effluent would flow along
the roadside ditch and eventually into Disons Creek, but no bridges or houses would be immediately
threatened. State Road # 1543 is not a heavily traveled road.
Prevailing winds are typically from the southwest and blow toward the northeast. There are no high
density residential developments, hospitals, schools, or parks immediately northeast of the Little River
Farm parcel but some individual dwellings do exist in the nearby community. The land application of
waste should not be inhibited by these nearby dwellings as long as all precautions and safeguards are
followed.
The engineer did not observe any unusual natural or archeological features at the farm. No endangered
or threatened wildlife species were noted or reported. All of the land proposed to receive animal waste
has been in agricultural production for many years.
Animal Populations and Related Information
Swine waste will be removed from the houses by water and either flushed or drained into the lagoon
system. Little River Farm will land apply a liquid swine effluent onto crops as a means of waste
management. There will be anaerobic lagoon sludge to land apply sometime in the future which will
also be land applied onto crops (on or off the farm proper). Without a detailed sludge analysis, the
engineer sees little reason to dwell on sludge management, however a few estimates on sludge
production, sludge nitrogen content, etc, will be briefly discussed later in this document.
TABLE 3
LITTLE RIVER FARM LIVESTOCK SUMMARY
OLD Farrow -to -Feeder Operation 500 sows @ 522 ounds/sow = 261,000 pounds
NEW -- Wean -to -Feeder (nurse ) Operation 8,700 pigs @ 30 pounds/pig = 261,000 pounds
Change In Steady State Live Weight NO CHANGE
BRIEF REVIEW OF THE LITTLE RIVER FARM LAGOONS
General
Little River Farm has two lagoons. The upper lagoon has been in place since the farm was first built.
EES was not part of the original lagoon design or construction efforts at this farm and does not have
any of the original design documentation. The second stage or lower lagoon was completely rebuilt in
1997-1998 per a design provided by EES. The second stage lagoon now meets current NRCS
guidelines and affords the farm added safety and storage. For brevity, only the pertinent design
information about the lagoon system will be given herein. Original details on the second stage lagoon
expansion can be viewed in previous engineering documentation.
All wastewater generated on the farm goes directly into the first stage lagoon by gravity. Water flows
out of lagoon 1 (upper lagoon) via gravity into the second stage lagoon (lower lagoon). Eventually
9

1,11" 1' Is li R l V tat CAW NIP
IZ117V1S1,.1) JUNE; . 2003
wastewater is irrigated out of the second lagoon on to growing crops. Liquid transfer pipe outlets from
the houses terminate below the water suI'face within the first stage lagoon.
Both lagoons at this farm are somewhat rectangle in surface area and trapezoidal in cross section. The
second stage anaerobic lagoon at this farm has no outlet and its water level will vary with wastewater
generation, irrigation, and rainfall. The first stage lagoon water level remains constant. The interior of
lagoon .4 1 could not be viewed because of existing effluent but the original interior shape was
approximated from measurements that were taken in 1995. The second stage lagoon has an imported
clay liner which was compacted as it was installed. The second stage lagoon has been staked to show
the minimum and maximum water levels.
Significant sludge accumulation will only take place in the upper lagoon. Detailed discussions on
lagoon design are beyond the scope of this CAWl141' revision so the reader should refer to earlier
lagoon design documents to see a detailed explanation of how these lagoons were sized. However,
critical lagoon volumes will be reviewed within this document to make sure they are compatible with the
new animal mix. EES has not evaluated the old lagoon earthen dike for stability or compaction.
The reader can see Exhibit 4 for a general layout of the barns and lagoon system. Exhibits 5 and 6 show
graphs of the volume vs. depth of cacti lagoon.
Lagoon System Summary
Lagoon design information and rational has been developed for this farm in past documents and will not
be re -discussed herein, except to say that sludge estimates have been revised for this package based on
the NRCS technical specifications practice 633. Table 4 shows a summary of the upper lagoon
volume/depth information and Table 5 shows a surnmary of the lower lagoon volumeldepth information.
This data was derived using earlier design documents plus new considerations for the use of the
lagoons. These values should be taken as close approximations. These tables were developed using
the following assumptions:
• All sludge vvill accumulate inside the upper lagoon.
• There is no significant amount of surface water inflow to either lagoon.
• A single 25 year - 24 hour storm is approximately 6.3 inches for the Little River Farm area.
• Animal numbers will not exceed the values within this report, i.e. 8,700 nursery pigs.
• Animal waste volume and nitrogen content are based on "book values" and not actual field data,
Said values were taken from NCSU Cooperative Extension publications, NRCS Technical Guide
633, etc.
• Waste accumulation for any six month period is assumed the same, i.e. the same wastewater and
rainfall accumulation was used for each month of the year.
• All water storage occurs in the lower lagoon.
10

LITTLE' RIVER CAWR91'
REV1SF.-D J JM: , 2003
TABLE 4
A SUMMARY OF CALCULATED LAGOON VOLUME AND DEPTH ESTIMATES FOR
THE UPPER LAGOON (approximate values)
+ The depth and volume values shown in this table are based on measurements taken at the lagoon site and are only
approximate. EES did not design this lagoon.
++ All excess wastewater storage will occur in the second stage lagoon. There is no surface inflow assumed for these
lagoons.
* The calculated value for the design treatment volune for this many animals is 1,952,280 gallons. Due to the existing
size limitation of this lagoon, it is not possible to achieve the total desired minimum design volume. But since there is a
second stage lagoon to continue anaerobic treatment and help polish the water, this value is assumed satisfactory.
+++ This is the space between the top of the dam and the invert of the primary overflow pipe that transfers waste between
lagoons.
TABLE 5
A SUMMARY OF CALCULATED LAGOON VOLUME AND DEPTH ESTIMATES FOR
THE LOWER LAGOON
Added
Depth +
(feet)
Estimated Total Liquid
Depth Measured From
The Lagoon Bottom
(feet)
Added Volume By
This Component
allons)
Cumulative
Volume
( allons
5 Year Slud e Allowance
3.55
3.55
292,842
292,842
Desie Treatment Volume *
4.75
8.30
631,570
924,412
Maximum Six Month Storage
Including_Surface-In-flow ++
0
8.30
0
924,412
Extra Stora e Zone ++
0
8.30
0
924,412
25 Year - 24 Hour Storm ++
0
8.30
0
924,412
Freeboard +..
1
9.30
0
NIA
+ The depth and volume values shown in this table are based on measurements taken at the lagoon site and are only
approximate. EES did not design this lagoon.
++ All excess wastewater storage will occur in the second stage lagoon. There is no surface inflow assumed for these
lagoons.
* The calculated value for the design treatment volune for this many animals is 1,952,280 gallons. Due to the existing
size limitation of this lagoon, it is not possible to achieve the total desired minimum design volume. But since there is a
second stage lagoon to continue anaerobic treatment and help polish the water, this value is assumed satisfactory.
+++ This is the space between the top of the dam and the invert of the primary overflow pipe that transfers waste between
lagoons.
TABLE 5
A SUMMARY OF CALCULATED LAGOON VOLUME AND DEPTH ESTIMATES FOR
THE LOWER LAGOON
+ This second stage lagoon will serve mainly for storage, but since the upper lagoon is smaller than required, 6 feet of
treatment depth will be maintained in this lagoon to facilitate anaerobic activity and effluent treatment.
++ The typical design value for excess waste storage is 6 months, but this value can sometimes be less. All waste and
excess rainfall is stored in this lagoon. There is no sw'face inflow assumed for these lagoons.
* Heavy Storm Allowance. This is a second 25 Year - 24 hour storm.
+++ This is the space that is never wet. It is between the top of the dam and the emergency overflow.
it
Added
Depth
(feet)
Total Liquid Depth
Measured From The
Lagoon Bottom
(feet
Added Volume By
This Component
(gallons)
Cumulative Volume
(gallons)
5 Year Sludge Allowance
0
0.00
0
0
Design Treatment Volume +
6.0
6.00
650,000
650,000
6 Months Of Storage Including
Any Surface Inflow ++
4.5
10.50
976,140
1,626,140
Extra Storage Zone
1.2
11.70
402,534
2,028,674
25 Year - 24 Hour Storm
1:15
12.85
347,663
2,376,337
Normal Freeboard (Heavy
Rainfall Factor)
1.15
14.00
347,663
2,724,000
Emergency Freeboard +++
1 1.0
15.00
NIA
N/A
+ This second stage lagoon will serve mainly for storage, but since the upper lagoon is smaller than required, 6 feet of
treatment depth will be maintained in this lagoon to facilitate anaerobic activity and effluent treatment.
++ The typical design value for excess waste storage is 6 months, but this value can sometimes be less. All waste and
excess rainfall is stored in this lagoon. There is no sw'face inflow assumed for these lagoons.
* Heavy Storm Allowance. This is a second 25 Year - 24 hour storm.
+++ This is the space that is never wet. It is between the top of the dam and the emergency overflow.
it

LATFIF, RIVER CAWNIP
1U3V1sl:r) . fMm . zoo i
Lagoon Water Level Markers
A permanent type water level marker shall be installed inside each lagoon or waste storage pond (i.e.
where the water level will fluctuate) to mark important liquid levels. The farmer may use some type of
pole inside each lagoon so the operator can tell at a glance the current water level. This measuring
device should be well marked and be of a design which best serves the operator's purpose. An example
would be a vertically mounted 2 or 3 inch white PVC pipe with tees positioned at important water
levels. As an alternative the farmer may set a pressure treated post in the lagoon bottom, in a vertical
position, and install wooden or galvanized markers at important lagoon levels. Each important marker
point should be distinct to easily identify the various levels. If possible the upper end of the pole should
be marked in 6 inch increments. The top of the pole should be level with the top or invert of the
emergency overflow. It should also clearly show the pump -on level and the pump -off level as a
minimum. The pole shall be anchored in a fixed position and not vary with water level. Exhibits 5 and 6
show graphs of the lagoon water levels and depths along with important water levels.
TABLE 6
IMPORTANT WATER LEVELS INSIDE LITTLE RIVER FARM' LAGOONS
+ = Storage for two 25 Year - 24 Hour Storms (63 inches each) is available between here and overflow. Only under
emergency situations should the farmer let the water level inside the lagoon get closer than 2.3 feet to the emergency
overflow invert. The lower lagoon also holds all the stormwater from the upper lagoon.
NUTRIENT PRODUCTION FROM ANIMAL MANURE AND ITS USE ON CROPS
Annual Excess Wastewater Productions
Surface water run-off into either lagoon at Little River Farm is assumed to be zero for estimating annual
wastewater production. All wastewater production will come from the animal confinement buildings or
from rainfall directly onto the lagoon surfaces. Table 7 shows a summary of the anticipated wastewater
production that must eventually be land applied. Table 7 was developed using NRCS book values and
does not account for unusually wet or dry seasons, excessive waste produced by the animals, etc.
TABLE 7
ANNUAL WASTEWATER PRODUCTION ESTIMATES FOR LAND APPLICATION
FARMING COMPONENT
START PUMPING AT OR
BEFORE HERE
STOP PUMPING AT LEAST BY
HERE
POND ID
(FEET BELOW OVERFLOW)
(FEET BELOW OVERFLOW)
Upper Lagoon Old
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Lower La oon ew
2.3+
8
+ = Storage for two 25 Year - 24 Hour Storms (63 inches each) is available between here and overflow. Only under
emergency situations should the farmer let the water level inside the lagoon get closer than 2.3 feet to the emergency
overflow invert. The lower lagoon also holds all the stormwater from the upper lagoon.
NUTRIENT PRODUCTION FROM ANIMAL MANURE AND ITS USE ON CROPS
Annual Excess Wastewater Productions
Surface water run-off into either lagoon at Little River Farm is assumed to be zero for estimating annual
wastewater production. All wastewater production will come from the animal confinement buildings or
from rainfall directly onto the lagoon surfaces. Table 7 shows a summary of the anticipated wastewater
production that must eventually be land applied. Table 7 was developed using NRCS book values and
does not account for unusually wet or dry seasons, excessive waste produced by the animals, etc.
TABLE 7
ANNUAL WASTEWATER PRODUCTION ESTIMATES FOR LAND APPLICATION
FARMING COMPONENT
TOTAL STEADY
ESTIMATED
ESTIMATED
STATE LIVE
ANNUAL
MONTHLY
WEIGHT
VOLUME
VOLUME
8,700 nurse pigs +
261,000 pounds
1,952 280 gallons
162,690 gallons
+ Total wastewater production was estimated for this farm by assuming 1 cubic feet of water production per year
per pound of SSLW. One cubic foot of water equals 7.48 gallons.
Sludge Production And Removal
Accumulated sludge will be removed from the first stage lagoon at Little River Farm as needed, but
most likely on a 5 or 6 year rotation. All NPDES permitted operations will need to measure their
12

LITFLE, RIVER CLIVI MII
' R1�v751;D .IUNP, . 20U3
sludge accumulation annually. Sludge removal will be required anytime the sludge accumulation in a
given lagoon reduces the design treatment volume depth to less than 4 feet (average). The amount of
sludge and its composition will need to be estimated and addressed at that time to accurately plan its
land application. Proper sludge measuring and sampling techniques can be found in the Cooperative
Extension Service publication # AG 604. Waste analyses, volume estimates, sludge removal technique,
crop productions, etc. will all play a factor in sludge removal and application; all of which are factors
that can not be accurately determined at this time. Areas to receive sludge will need a soils analysis
performed within 24 months of the application event and a soils analysis after the last waste application
prior to the sludge application. In general, sludge applications should not occur on fields that routinely
receive animal waste (i.e, effluent). Sludge applied to conventionally tilled bare soil should be soil
incorporated within 2 days of application.
Table 8 shows the estimated sludge volume at the end of 5 years assuming the farm starts with a zero
balance. Table 8 was developed using NRCS book values.
TABLE 8
ANAEROBIC LAGOON SLUDGE 5 YEAR PRODUCTION ESTIMATES
FARMING COMPONENT
TOTAL STEADY ESTIMATED 5
ESTIMATED
STATE LIVE YEAR VOLUME
YEARLY
WEIGHT
VOLUME
8,700 nurse pigs +
261,000 pounds 292,842 gallons
58,568 gallons
+ Total 5 year sludge production was estimated for this farm by using MRCS Conservation Practice Standard 633. For
nursery pigs this is about 6.7 gallons per head per year or 0.9 cubic feet per head per year.
Nutrient Discussions
Once animal waste is collected and stored in a lagoon it starts going through chemical and biological
changes. Temporary waste storage ponds may also offer some nutrient breakdown but not to the extent
of lagoons since waste storage ponds are not specifically designed for treatment. Microbial digestion,
volatilization, etc. all contribute to nutrient reductions in the raw manure. Partially digested animal
manure contains considerable nitrogen as well as other macronutrients such as calcium, phosphorous,
potassium, etc. In addition the animal waste contains many micronutrients such as copper, zinc, iron,
etc. Currently only nitrogen is considered as the limiting nutrient factor for the land application of
animal waste, but in the future other nutrients may become the limiting components. The farmer must
perform annual soil tests for copper and zinc. Below the reader will find various nutrients discussed.
Nitrogen
Nitrogen is a fundamental part of all life on earth. It is used in relatively large amounts by most living
things. Nitrogen is the most abundant element in the atmosphere (in a gas form) but is relatively rare in
rocks, minerals, and soils. Atmospheric nitrogen is very stable and not readily plant available.
Organisms tend to use up nitrogen quickly in a natural setting, thus making it relatively scarce. Under
natural conditions nitrogen is often the limiting factor in plant production. Most plants respond more to
nitrogen applications than to other types of nutrients. Plants must have nitrogen in the inorganic form
(i.e. nitrate and ammonia ions) for assimilation. However we often find nitrogen in a gas form (i.e.
atmospheric N) or in organic form (i.e. like in animal waste), neither form being readily available to
plants. Organic nitrogen found in animal waste must first be converted to an inorganic form. Organic
13

LITTLE; 141 V1 "R CA},1W
RT;V1SED ArNT.'' 200.1
nitrogen is most often converted to inorganic forms by microbial action. Nitrogen that is available in a
form plants can use is called Plant Available Nitrogen or P.A.N.
Nitrogen is essential in chlorophyll production and in the formation of amino acids and proteins. For
crop production, nitrogen can come from commercial fertilizer, nitrogen fixing bacteria (legumes), or
from organic matter like animal waste. Plant Available Nitrogen or P.A.N. in animal waste is usually
estimated by an equation. Many laboratories like NCDA provide P.A.N. estimations for the client when
they perform a waste analysis. P.A.N. can vary frorn waste sample to waste sample and is thus most
reliably estimated by using an average of actual test results. When using actual test data the engineer '
uses the averaging procedure described in the NC Cooperative Extension Publication AG -439-42.
When actual test data is not available, the designer can use standard design numbers (i.e. book values)
such as those issued by the N.C. Cooperative Extension Service, NRCS publications, etc, Book values ti
are often used if there are, not at least 3 consecutive years of NCDA waste analyses to average.
ff the grower has requested and obtained a P.A.N. reduction and/or an acreage reduction based on
publication AG -439-42 computations, but experiences excessively high lagoon levels or over-
application of RA.N. for 3 out of 5 years, or for 2 consecutive years, he/she may need to revert back to
the original P.A.N. application schedule. At least the grower should have a technical specialist re-
evaluate the modified P.A.N. application program for accuracy. .
As a word of caution, NCDA waste testing is only as reliable as the care with which the sample is
retrieved. Therefore the farmer should take extreme care to collect representative waste samples.
The same would be true for soil sampling` See Exhibit 10 for waste sampling instructions.
The old wastewater test data for Little River Farm might not be reliable or representative of the new
operation since the animal mix is changing. Therefore the engineer is ignoring old test data. The
engineer has chosen to base nitrogen production estimates on a per head basis from NRCS
Conservation Practice Standard 633, Table 9 shows estimates of future RA.N, production using book
values.
TABLE 9
ESTIMATED ANNUAL P.A.N. PRODUCTION FROM LITTLE RIVER FARM LAGOON
EFFLUENT
WASTE
NUMBER OF
P.A.N. PER UNIT FOR ANAEROBIC
TOTAL P.A.N. PRODUCTION
SOURCE
ANIMALS
LAGOON EFFLUENT
ANNUALLY FROM LAGOON
USING NRCS BOOK VALUES
EFFLUENT- BEST ESTIMATE
(pounds/head/year)
(pounds/year)
lrri ated
(Irri paled)
Weanling -to-
8,700
0.48
4,176
feeder operation
As mentioned earlier, predicting the quantity and quality of lagoon sludge in advance is nothing more
than a best guess. The engineer does not wish to spend much time in this package predicting possible
sludge amounts, making exact crop selections for sludge applications, or identifying fields to receive
sludge. However, the engineer will produce some educated guesses on available P.A.N. from sludge so
the farmer can be thinking about where such an amount of sludge might be placed in the future.
Additional information on sludge utilization will appear later in this document.
14

U71 -11i NiVER CAWMP
REV1SH) JUIN: , 200:3
TABLE 10
ESTIMATED 5 YEAR P.A.N. PRODUCTION FROM LITTLE RIVER FARM LAGOON
SLiJDGE
WASTE
NUMBER OF
P.A.N. PER UNIT FOR
TOTAL. P.A.N,
TOTAL P.A.N.
SOURCE
ANIMALS
THIS TYPE WASTE
PRODUCTION
PRODUCTION OVER
X15
USING NRCS BOOK
ANNUALLY - BEST
5 YEARS - BEST
Ib./ac
k ha
VALUES
ESTIMATE
ESTIMATE
500 1,120
1,000
(pounds/head/year)
(pounds/year)
(pounds)
280
250 560
(Broadcast)
(Broadcast)
(Broadcast)
Wcaliling-to-
8,700
0.076
661
3,305
feeder o ratioli
Nickel Ni
140
125 280
250
Copper And Zinc
Copper and zinc are trace ]petals (heavy metals) often found in animal type waste in small amounts,
Plants must have a limited amount of these metals in order to thrive. Copper is involved in plant
enzyme systems, protein synthesis, seed formation, chlorophyll production, etc. Zinc is involved in
starch formation, protein synthesis, root development,'etc. If applied to soil in high quantities year after
year, copper and zinc can accumulate and may eventually reach high enough levels to become toxic to
plants (phytotoxic). Different plants have different tolerances for these metals. Harmful metal
accumulation levels will also depend on the cation exchange capacity (CEC) of the soil. Tables 11 and
12 show these two metals and relative harmful levels.
The land owner or operator should always try to keep the heavy metal levels as low as possible. NRCS,
DWQ, etc. recommends that no more than 1/20 of the lifetime metals allowance be'applied in any one
year, especially if the application is an on-going event. Soil test data will show existing metal levels and
the CEC of the soil. In general the higher the CEC the more the soil can tolerate metals. Ideally soils
should test for copper indexes (Cu -1) no more than 700 to 1,000, and zinc indexes (Zn -1) no more than
700 to 1,000. Soil tests for copper and zinc must be taken at least annually. See Exhibit 12 for more
details about copper and zinc,
TABLE 11
RECOMMENDED CUMULATIVE LIMITS FOR METALS OF MAJOR CONCERN APPLIED TO
AGRICIJLTURAL CROP LAND
+ Ref. USDA and EPA adopted guidelines, 1977. Soil should be maintained at a pH of about 6 for most crop types.
15
Soil Cation Exchange Capacity,
me
1 100 gm +
<5
5to15
X15
Metal
kglha
Ib./ac k a
Ib./ac
k ha
Ib./ac
Lead (Pb)
560
500 1,120
1,000
2,240
2,000
Zinc Z11)
280
250 560
00
1,120
1,000
Co r(Cu)
140
125 280
250
560
500
Nickel Ni
140
125 280
250
560
500
Cadmium (Cd)
5
4A 10
9
20
17.8
+ Ref. USDA and EPA adopted guidelines, 1977. Soil should be maintained at a pH of about 6 for most crop types.
15

M VL"• R CAWMP
REVISED JUKE. 2003
TABLE 12
NCDA SOIL INDEX NUMBERS FOR COPPER AND ZINC -4
METAL NCDA SOIL TEST
INDEX
RECOMMENDED ACTION
Zinc 300
Limit application on peanuts, Maintaui soil pH >
6.0
500
Cease application on peanut land. Maintain soil pH > 6.0
2000
Caution: Seek alternative site all crops), Maintain soil 2H
> 6.0
3000
Cease application (all crops), Maintain soil H >
6.0
Co er 2000
Caution: Seek alternative site (all crops). Maintain soil
H > 6.0
3000
Cease application all crops)._ Maintain soil pH >
6.0
# This table was taken from the Seventh Guidance Memo from the 1217 Interagency Group dated 1-9-01.
Phosphorus and Potassium
Phosphorus is found in various concentrations in all types of animal waste. Phosphorous is a key
element to ensure good crop health. Its effect on crop growth is not as dramatic as nitrogen or
potassium, but the lack of it can cause plant stunting, poor seed formation, and reduced crop yields.
Phosphorous levels in animal type waste will vary depending on many factors so testing will always be
required. Often the operator will land apply phosphorus in amounts beyond what can be taken up by
plants. High phosphorus levels are (typically) more of a problem for surface transport to streams than it
is a problem for plants. This is because the phosphorous strongly attaches itself to soil particles.
Therefore the operator must be very cautious about surface run-off and soil erosion from fields into
streams or creeks. Good buffer strips and erosion controls will help keep phosphorus from getting into
streams.
The reader should also note that recent studies have shown that phosphorous can be forced into the
groundwater (or washed to surface waters) if it is repeatedly applied to phosphorous saturated land. In
the near future the MRCS, DWQ and others will likely adopt more strict guidelines on phosphorous
loading. For now it is best to try and manage phosphorous loadings and minimize its off-site transport.
See Exhibit 12 for more details about phosphorus.
Potassium is also found in animal manure and is a very important element for plant growth. Plants use
potassium in quantities similar to their use of nitrogen. The lack of potassium can cause plant stress,
defoliation, or death. Potassium is less mobile in soil than nitrogen but more mobile than potassium.
Sandy soils tend to loose potassium more readily than clay soils. Maintaining good soil pH and organic
matter will help keep potassium from moving below the plant root zone. Potassium is not thought to be
as environmentally damaging as phosphorous. Good buffer strips and erosion controls will help keep
phosphorus from getting into streams from run-off. See Exhibit 12 for more details about potassium.
Sodium
Sodium is a naturally occurring element in many soils. Adding sodium to soils through wastewater can
also cause excessive sodium buildups over time. High sodium additions to clay soils tend to disperse
the clay particles which in turn fill the soil voids. Clay particle dispersion will cause the soil surface to
become hard and will severely restrict air and water infiltration, not to mention the stress (or death) it
affords plant life. Adding high amounts of sodium can be done safely if it is balanced with calcium or
16

RIVER CAWN(P
REWISED JUM" , 2003
magnesium or potassium. Such additions tend to keep the soil pores open and allows water and air
movement.
Sodium can cause problems with foliage burn, but this is more of a temporary problem unless the plants
are completely killed. Foliage damage can be minimized by applying high sodium water early or late in
the day, or when temperatures are below 80 degrees F, or on cool cloudy days. Also, fresh water
irrigation soon after sodium wastewater applications can assist with foliage protection. Clay dispersion
problems in soil are the more long term problem. High sodium content wastes, if regularly land applied,
can cause sodium to accumulate in the soil profile and cause the problems mentioned above. Drought
stress on plants is also a concern in addition to the permeability problem. Fresh water due to rain or
irrigation tends to wash the sodium (and chlorides) out of the root zone and thus relieve any adverse
effects over time. However, if balanced with lime or gypsum, sodiurn problems due to particle
dispersion can be avoided.
Scientists use several equations to evaluate the potential effect of sodium on a soil. One of these tools
is called the Sodium Adsorption Ratio or S.A.R. This ratio looks at a balance between sodium,
calcium and magnesium to see if the ratios are out of balance. The higher the S.A.R. the more out-of-
balance
ut-ofbalance the ratio of sodium is to the calcium and magnesium. Calcium and magnesium tend to negate
the effects of sodium on clay particle dispersion. A wastewater or residual with a S.A.R. of 10 or less is
usually safe to apply on clay soils. S.A.R.s of between 10 and 15 may cause problems. S.A.R.s over 15
offer significant risk to clay soils. Sandy soils do not have as much of a problem with clay dispersion as
do clay type soils thus high S.A.R. values are not as critical. However, sodium can cause drought
conditions for plants growing in sandy soils regardless of clay dispersion. The equation for S.A.R. is:
0.5
S.A.R = (Na milli -equivalent) / [(0.5 x (Ca milli -equivalent + Mg milli -equivalent)}
There is no reliable sodium test data for the proposed waste at Little River Farm thus it is impossible to
predict sodium levels or derive an S,A.R. However, most types of animal waste from confined livestock
operations do not have high S.A.R. values.
Other Elements In The Waste
Without analytical test data it is impossible to know at what levels other nutrients will occur in the Little
River Farm anaerobic waste. However, the engineer believes the effluent should be more or less typical
swine effluent. Exhibits 12 & 13 contain the typical nutrients found in swine effluent. Future test
results should always be viewed for elevations in heavy metals, sodium, etc.
SOILS AND SOIL TEST INFORMATION
Estimating Nutrient Application Rates
There is no more important task in the utilization of animal waste than to properly apply it on a
particular crop at rates which the plants can utilize. Over application can cause nutrients to be washed
off to surface water or leached into ground water, and under application can result in a poor crop
growth. Proper application amounts are known as "agronomic rates". The proper agronomic rates can
17

1_17111," K!V1>14 C,xWMi,
REVISED JUNE, 2003
vary from season to season, by crop types, by soil types, by topography, by short term weather
conditions, by crop combinations, etc. These values are not to be confused with potential hydraulic
loadings. Hydraulic loadings will be discussed in another section. The key factor to remember is to not
apply nutrients to crops in excess of their ability to utilize these nutrients or in excess of the soil's water
(hydraulic) acceptance rates.
A soil survey map is attached as Exhibit 7 showing the outline of Little River Farm. This map shows
soil types found around the proposed land application fields. Different soil types will often have
different crop yields and different water acceptance rates as already discussed above.
The proper application of animal manure onto crops must be a well thought out and planned event.
Planning for the waste application must be done in advance of the need for the nutrients. In order to do
the job right the farmer must collect waste samples for analysis and soil samples for analysis in advance
of irrigation and/or broadcasting, If sludge or slurry is scheduled for removal it too should be sampled
and its nutrient values factored into the land application program. See Exhibits 9 and 10 for soil and
waste sampling instructions. Make sure you collect representative satrapies. For instance, if you are
going to apply_ slurry, make sure ,your sample is taken as a slurry.
If long term waste analyses are available the farmer should take 3 to 5 years of data and use these
numbers for averaging P.A.N. See the NC Cooperative Extension Service Publication titled "Use of
On -Farm Records for Modifying a Certified Animal Waste Management Plan", pub. # AG -439-42 for
additional instructions for this averaging. Also, if farm water use records are available, these should
likewise be averaged. Since test data was not available for the new mix of animals at Little River Farm,
the engineer used book values to estimatt P.A.N., water volumes, etc.
Soil Testing Considerations
Most of the crop land receiving animal waste at Little River Farm has been used for agricultural
production for years, It is important to collect and test soil samples from all land receiving animal waste
yearly. In the future the farmer should keep all records according to the field numbers within this
document if the soils are obviously different or if agronomic practices will be different between fields.
Below are some comments on NCDA soil analyses in general.
1. As a reminder, any NCDA soil report is only one "snap -shot" of the soil conditions. Remember to
collect soil samples annually. Past soil test results should be kept by the operator and compared to
new test results. Look for trends or increasing levels of metals.
2. Many times soil tests show that soils need lime due to low soil pH, For most crops the soil pH
should be kept around 5 for mineral soils, around 5.5 for mineral -organic soils, and around 5.0 for
organic soils. Lime quantities are shown on each report segregated by soil test. The soil type(s) at
Little River Farm are most likely mineral type soils and will need occasional lime.
3. Land applied nutrients from animal waste are not 100 percent available to a crop ,in the first year.
Some of the nutrients applied this year will become available next year for next years crops.
Detailed discussions about nutrient mineralization and residuals are beyond the scope of this report.
Collect soil samples early enough to study the results before planting crops.
4. The nitrogen requirements shown on these reports are based on agronomic book values and are not
true test results. This means the farmer must go back to nitrogen records to look at possible
18

r
Li'1'17A' RIVER CAWMP
RE:VESE'D JUNE, 2007
nitrogen applications for the upcoming growing season and compare the records to the
recommendations within the latest CAWMP.
5. The phosphorous index (P-1) and the potassium index (K-1) are measurements of the amount of
these minerals in the soil as compared to what plants typically need. In other words, the crops
would not respond with increase health, yield, or growth by adding more of these elements. All farm
soils should be guarded from erosion to prevent surface water impacts, especially if they have high
phosphorous or potassium indexes. When the P -I index begins to exceed 150 it is a good idea to
minimize phosphorous applications to just the amount the crops can remove. If P -I values in a
particular field continue to be greater than 300, this field and its waste application practices should
be evaluated by a crop or soil specialist.
6. The copper index (Cu -I) and the zinc index (Zn -1) are measurements of the amount of these metals
in the soil as compared to what plants typically need. Copper and zinc indexes are discussed above.
While some crops are more sensitive to metals than are others. When the Cu -1 index begins to
exceed 1,000 it is a good idea to minimize copper applications or try to find some other fields for
animal waste. When the Zn -I index begins to exceed 1,000 it is a good idea to minimize zinc
applications or try to find some other fields for animal waste. See Table 12 for a listing of soil
index precautions related to copper and zinc.
7. Past soil test results should be kept by the operator and compared to new test results, Look for
trends or increasing levels of metals. When collecting soil samples, closely follow the soil sample
instructions found in Exhibit 9. Never use galvanized or metal buckets or galvanized tools when
collecting soil samples since these can,cause the zinc levels to show artificially high.
A Brief Discussion On Soil Test Results
Routine soil testing is very important for land application sites to give the operator feedback about soil
conditions. The soil test is representative of the conditions of the soil in everything but nitrogen.
Nitrogen is estimated based on typical plant needs and is not reported as a tested value by NCDA.
Generally speaking, soil chemistry does not change rapidly. Always keep soil data on file for historical
reviews.
Exhibit 1 l shows the most recent soil information available to the engineer. This test is dated 8-20-02.
For brevity the engineer will let the reader view Exhibit i 1 for himself/herself. Samples LRI, LR2, and
LR3 were all collected where crops are being grown using Little River Farm waste. In large
agricultural fields, the farmer should keep all records according to the field numbers within this
document. While these soil reports are only "snap -shots" of the soil conditions from year to year, the
following basic comments can be made:
I . Fields LR2 and LR3 need lime in order to maintain the proper pH, Keeping the soil pH near neutral
(i.e. neutral is 7) will help keep metals immobile and provide a proper plant growth acidity level.
The swine effluent from the anaerobic lagoon already contains some calcium and magnesium which
could account for some of the annual lime needs. Always collect soil samples annually to verify the
correct lime needs. The soil pH values shown for Fields LR2 and LR3 are rather acid, falling
between 5,7 and 5.0 respectively.
2. In terms of crop utilization and benefits, there is a not a need for potassium (i.e, potash) or
phosphorous according to the latest soil test results. Field LR2 shows the highest level of
phosphorous. While it is difficult to minimize P or K in animal waste application efforts, the
19

I'll -111 "I RI VER CAWNIP
REV1SFi) RINE 2003
engineer would recommend spreading out the application over the entire crop land to minimize any
concentrated loadings.
3. According to the latest soil report there is not a need to add copper or zinc to the soils at the farm in
terms of crop production. In fact future loading of these metals should be minimized to avoid plant
phytotoxicity problems since these metals are not quickly removed by plants. ExNbit 1 I shows that
copper and zinc indexes are getting to levels that need to be monitored. Sample number LR2 tested
highest for copper and zinc. The engineer would recommend collecting an array of soil samples in
the vicinity of LR2, have them tested at the NCDA lab, and develop a profile or map of where the
highest levels of copper and zinc exist. Try to avoid or at least minimize the application of animal
waste on these areas if possible. Review Table 12 for more data on copper and zinc indexes. Make
sure you keep the soils in these areas Iimed according to the NCDA recommendations.
4. Due to nutrient build-up concerns, do not apply sludge to any of the Little River Farm fields.
5. As mentioned above, where soil indexes test high, minimize or eliminate all animal waste
applications. Remember to fertilize these areas with a specifically formulated commercial nitrogen
predominate fertilizer to encourage crop growth. The crops will remove some of the stored P, K,
Cu, and Zn and help reverse the upward trends.
6. It would be helpful to review historical soil test results for Little River Farm and see if there are
trends of increasing metals over the last 5 to 8 years.
Soils To Receive Waste
The soils informationpi esented within this document was obtained from soil survey maps. Exhibits 7
and 8 show USDA/NRCS soils information for Little River Farm (Montgomery County). The soil
survey map shows several types of soils in the fields around the farm complex. According to these
sources the predominate soil series to be used in receiving animal waste are:
1) Budin - Tatum Complex, 475B (or TaB) = 2 to 8 % slopes, 475C (or TaQ = 8 to 15 % slopes,
475D (or TaD) = 15 to 25% slopes.
Soil index Number ......................................................
Soil Management Group (SMG) .................................
Most Restrictive Permeability Zone In Top 24 Inches..
Most Restrictive Permeability Zone Below 24 Inches...
Maximum Long Duration Application Rate .................
Maximum Long Duration Application Rate .................
Maximum Short Duration Application Rate .................
"Design" Moisture Use Rate (Maximum -Hay) ............
Max. Fresh Water Irrigation During Peak ET -Hay .......
Application Amount Range For Animal Waste .............
15 (most probable)
113
0.6 in/hr. (approx.)
0.6 in/hr. (approx.)
Bare Soil = 0.30 In./Hr. (Avg.)
On Crop = 0.35 In./Hr. (Avg.)
On Crop = 0.45 Inches/Hour
0.24 Inches/Day
Every 3 to 5 Days
0.25 to 0.75 inches +

RIVER CAWNIP
rr rsr;n 200.)
2) 4528 (or BgB) -- Badin - Goldston Complex, 2 to 8 percent slope
Soil Index Number_- ..................... ...... ..... ....... _., 15 (most probable)
Soil Management Group (SMG) .... ..... .....--........... 109
Most Restrictive Permeability Zone In Top 24 Inches.. 0.6 in/hr. (approx.)
Most Restrictive Permeability Zone Below 24 Inches... 0.6 in/lir: (approx.)
Maximum Long Duration Application Rate.- ............. Bare Soil = 0.30 1n./Hr. (Avg.)
Maximum long Duration Application Rate ................ On Crop = 0.35 In./Hr. (Avg.)
Maximum Short Duration Application Rate ................. On Crop = 0.45 Inches/Hour
"Design" Moisture Use Rate (Maxirnurn-Hay) ............ 0.24 inches/Day
Max. Fresh Water Irrigation During Peak ET -Hay ....... Every 3 to 5 Days
Application Amount Range For Animal Waste ............. 0.25 to 0.75 inches +
+ Approximate maximurn irrigation in one cycle in Piedmont using animal waste- (Hay crop).
Application amounts may be lower than 0.75 inches during cool or wet seasons, and could be slightly
higher in very warm and dry conditions (maybe up to I inch). Highest value assumes a 75% irrigation
-` efficiency and would only be possible in hot and dry weather conditions on slopes less than 8 %. Steeper
slopes or cool weather applications will require less intensive irrigation.
CROP PLANTING AND AGRONOMIC PLANS
General Cropping Descriptions
Discussions between Little River Farm management and the engineer were held to determine their
desire for fixture crop selection. Little River harm wishes to grow only a limited variety of crops. The
crops they wish to. possibly grow are I] tall fescue grass (hay) overseeded with pearl millet (hay) -
which will typically be the standard crop selection, or 2) occasionally wheat, oats, barley, or rye (all for
hay) if needed. The reader should understand that the exact mixture of crops to be grown on any field
will depend on the farmer's opinion. In other words, the farmer will plant most of the fields in tall
fescue grass overseeded with pearl millet as the standard year-to-year selection. But if some areas of
the fescue grass become thin prior to fall planting, the farmer can plant winter wheat, oats, barley, or rye
in spots where required. However, due to the competition between fescue grass and small grain crops,
the engineer will not show fescue grass overseeded with any cool season crop. Most likely, any crop
other than fescue grass will only be patchy and not cover an entire field.
The liquid animal waste will be surface applied via a spray irrigation system and via a broadcast wagon.
F See Exhibit 4 for proposed irrigation field identifications and broadcast zones. Crops must be planted
!' within 30 days or be actively growing (i.e. greening) within 30 days of a waste application event.
a
Table 13 summarizes the various fields to receive animal waste as part of the Little River Farm's
CAWMP. The field sizes shown in Table 13 are the best estimate the engineer can give based on aerial
photographs and on-site measurements. Slight changes to field borders should not significantly change
wettable acres.
The crops shown in Table 13 are proposed. The farmer has flexibility in changing the crop
V combinations if needed, but records must be kept to show what was grown on each field, how much
t: yield was obtained, and how much waste applied. Changing a crop combination or rotation does not
V mean changing crop types beyond those listed in Table 13. A revision to this CAWMP will be needed if
21

no
rMi
0-0
NO
No
ow
No
LI Tr r.IMTRCAWnai'
REVISE'D JUNE, 2043
the crop types are altered. Little River Farm can only take RA.N. removal credits for, crops harvested
and removed from the fields. 13tart1ing hay bales or other crops is not allowed.
TABLE 13
DATA FOR THE CROP FIELDS AT LITTLE _RIVER FARM
Field
Total Field
Irrigation Pull
Predominate
Crop Type Or Rotations To
Slopes Within
No.
Acres After
Or Broadcast
Soil Type
Be Grown
Fields+
Buffers
zone
(Predominate
Removed +
Average Slope
Field I
See Total
Broadcast
f3adiat-Goldston
tall fescue grass (hay), pearl
2 to 8 %
(Fl)
Complex
ni let (]lay), whcat (hay). oats
(5%)
(hay), barley (hay), rye (har)
Field 2
See Total
Irrigation
Badin - Tatum
tall fescue brass (hay), pearl
2 to 8 `%,
(F2)
Complex
millet (hay), wheat (ha}'), oats
barley (ha ), ac (hay)
Field 3
See Total
Irrigation
Badin - Tatuna
tall .fescue grass (hay), pearl
210 10%
(F3)
Complex
millet (hay), wheat (hay), oats
(7%)
(hay), barley (]lay), rvc (hay)
Field 4
See Total
Irrigation
Badin - Tatum
tall fescue grass (hay), pearl
15 to 25 %
(F4)
Complex
millet (hay), wheat (tray), oats
( 16%)
(hay), barle (ha), ac (hay)
Field 5
See Tota]
Irrigation
Badin - Tatuana
tall fescue grass (Ina),), pearl
8 to 15 %
(F5)
Complex
millet (hay), wheat (hay), oars
( 11 %)
hay), barley (hay), rye (hay)
Field 6
Sec Total
Irrigation
Badin - Tatum
tali fescue grass (hay), pearl
2 to 8 %
(F6)
Complex
millet (hay), wheat (hay), oats
(5%)
barley (hay), rye (hay)
Field 7
See Total
Broadcast
Badin - Tatum
tall fescue grass (hay), pearl
15 to 25 %
(F7)
Complex
millet (hay), wheat (hay), oats
{ 18 %)
(hay), barley ha c (hay)
Field 8
See Total
Broadcast
Badin - Tatum
tall fescue grass (hay), pearl
8 to 15 %
(F8)
Complex
millet (]nay), wheat (hay), oats
(11 %)
(hay), barley (ha y), a (hay)
Field 9
See Total
Broadcast
Badin - Tatum
tall fescue grass (hay), pearl
2 to 15 %
(F9)
Complex
millet (hay), wheat (hay), oats
(8%)
hay), barley(hay), ryc (hay
Field 10
See Tota]
Broadcast
Badin - Tatum
tall fescue grass (hay), pearl
2 to 8 %
(1710)
Complex
millet (hay), wheat (hay), oats
{ 5 %)
ha ), barle (hay), rve (hay)
Totals
34.22
*****
******
******
******
+ Field slopes topographic maps and soils maps. Wettable acres are shown in another table. phis value as approximate.
Below there are general descriptions about crop planting, fertilization, Realistic Yield Expectations
(R.Y.E.), harvesting, etc. These are general guidelines and apply mainly to animal waste utilization and
R.Y.E. For more in-depth information about crop planting, harvesting, and agronomic details, the
farmer should refer to seed company recommendations, or those recommended by NCDA, or
recommendations by the NCSU Cooperative Extension Service.
22

,i ; 12 I V33k C.AWM P
RE-V13l?I7 IUNEs . 2003
TABLE 16
TARGET EFFLUENT DELIVERY PARAMETERS FOR LITTLE RIVER FARM
IRRIGATION
Soil Type
Suggested Precipitation
flange (inlht )
Suggested Application Depth Range (inches) +
Badin - Goldston Coni lex
0.30 to 0.40
0.25 to 0.75
Badin - Tatum Com lex
0.30 to 0.40
0.25 to 0.75
+ Depth of application will depend on ex�iMiig soil moisture, plant grog th, E.T., etc. if the weather is veil- dry and the
season is warm, up to i inch of %Vater per application might be occasionally acceptable. Typically do not exceed 0.75
inches per application event.
Irrigation Equipment Descriptions
TABLE 17
LITTLE RIVER FARM IRRIGATION EOUIPMENT DESCRIPTIONS
Power _suppiy type
1o1 -u1 Deer 4 cyl. 80 H2 Industrial Diesel En ine
Pump type and size
Rainbow model CSB64S13-4DC, 6x4Sx13xSBB, 13 inch
impeller, 6 in. intake, 4 in. outlet.
Maximum pump dynamics
500 9E12 136 si _Requtiring 55 h
Traveler type
Hobbs Reek Rain - Model 2400L with on -board gasoline
engine.
Hose I.D. and length
4.1 inch I.D. P, 1250 feet
Gun and nozzle type (for all fields)
Nelson Model SRI 5OR w/ 1.18 in, ring nozzle (two
nozzles on die gun cart) (only 1 in use
Nelson sprinkler published diarnieter (adjusted
315 feet @ 60 psi (315 feet x 0.9 = 283 feet, adjusted
to 90%
ver NCSU publication AG - 553-7)
Expected flow and pressure with selected
225 gpm @ 60 psi
nozzle (farmer tries to keep nozzle pressure
more or less constant along eachpull)
Existing lane spacing
Lane spacings are not applicable since all pulls are single
pulls by definition.
Wetted &IT arc
270 de rees.
Air relief valves
Nelson Model ACV 200 or equal. One air valve at each
hydrant and at various high 2oints along the piping.
Permanent Pipe
Majority is reported to be 6 inch PVC gasket joint pipe
(254 psi pressure rating, - minimum)
* Information provided by others or from manufacturer's literature.
CAWMP Wettable Acres Determination
A "CAWMP wettable acres determination" was performed for this farm using the procedures outlined
in the publication titled "Irrigated Acreage Determination Procedures for Wastewater Application
Equipment, Hard Hose Traveler Irrigation System", published by the NC Cooperative Extension
Service, NC State University, publication number AG -553-7. The term "CAWMP wetted acres" used
herein will include those application areas receiving animal waste since all fields are existing,
Exhibit 4 shows this general irrigation setup with the dotted lines showing the approximate center of
normal irrigation lanes. The semi -circles on Exhibit 4 show manufacturer's published wetted diameters
reduced by 90 percent. The reader will note that some of the drawn semi -circles will overlap in
31

Lr'1'1'fJ.?1 RIFF IZ C;11;`1I1'
RE'VISFI) JUNE -1. 2003
coverage even though by the rules spelled out in AG -553-7 every pull must be designated as a single
pull. Also note that the existing lane spacings are not uniform,
Waste application records are best kept by individual pull lanes or broadcast zones within any, given
field. Crop areas outside of the wetted zones can also be used for waste provided they do not infringe
on set -backs and are listed in the farmer's CAWN4P. Crop land that receives waste via broadcast must
also be recorded and documented. Both irrigation zones and broadcasizones are shown in .Exhibit 4.
Table 18 shows the total estimated CAWMP Wettable Acreage for each irrigation pull lane and for each
broadcast zone. 'rhe reader will note that the irrigated areas are about the same as shown in the last
CAWMP. Broadcasting animal waste has taken place on this farm in the past, but the zones of
application have not been shown on the drawing until this revision. Irrigation data in Table 18 was
developed using a specific set of pressure and pumping criteria, and it is assumed the farmer can
maintain this "constant" pressure setting at his nozzle by adjusting his irrigation equipment (e.g,
changing pump engine speeds). If nozzle pressure is allowed to change, the calculated wetted areas
will also change. The reader should note that the engineer used 90 percent of the manufacturer's
published wetted diameter as the assumed actual wetted diameter since measured data was not
available.
TABLE 18 APPEARS ON THE NEXT PAGE IN ITS ENTIRETY
32

LITTLE RIVER FARM, MONTGOMERY COUNTY
TABLE 18
CAMP IWETTABLE_ACREAGE DETERNLNA��N FSR LIT�L _ IVER FARM
INPUT
INPUT
INPUT
INPUT
INPUT
AUTO
AUTO
AUTO
AUTO
INPUT
INPUT
AUTO
FIELD
INTERIOR
GUN
GUN
LANE
ADJUSTED
MIDDLE
MIDDLE
MIDDLE
START
STOP
TOTAL
NUMBER
OR
CART
NOZZLE
SPACING.
OR
WETTED
WETTED
WETTED
END
END
EFFECTIVE
AND
EXTERIOR
PULL
ROTATION
APP. FOR
MEASURED
AREA FOR
AREA
AREA
WETTED
WETTED
WETTED
PULL
LENGTH
ANGLE
MULTI.
WETTED
EXTERIOR
FOR
FOR
AREA
AREA
AREA
NUMBER
SINGLE
LATERALS
DIAMETER
LANES
INTERIOR
SINGLE
(TAKEN FROM
(TAKEN FROM
OR
ONLY
(90% MFG)
_
LANES
LANES
TABLES
TABLES
MULTIPLE
FEET
DEGREES
FEET
FEET
ACRES
ACRES
ACRES
ACRES
ACRES
ACRES
ALL FIELDS ARE EXISTING
FIELD 1
BROADCAST
2.510
FIELD 2
SINGLE #
545
270
260
284
3.19
0.586
0,298
4.076
FIELD 3
SINGLE #
722
270
260
284
4.23
0.586
0.298
5.113
FIELD 4
SINGLE #
250
270
260
284
1.46
0.586
0.298
2.348
FIELD 5
SINGLE #
682
270
260
284
3.99
0.586
0.298
4.879
FIELD 6
SINGLE #
560
270
260
284
3.28
0.586
0.298
4.164
FIELD 7
BROADCAST
0.610
FIELD 8
BROADCAST
3.760
FIELD 9
BROADCAST
3.200
FIELD 10
BROADCAST
0.6
TOTAL ACRES
31.261
SUMMARY FOR ALL FIELDS
TOTAL IRRIGATED OR "WETTED" ACRES = 20.58 ACRES
TOTAL BROADCAST ACRES = 10.68 ACRES
SUM TOTAL OF ALL ACRES TO RECIEVE WASTE 31.26 ACRES
# TABLE E90+ WAS USED HERE FOR START AND END AREAS - EXISTING PULLS.
PAGE 33

LITTIA" RIVER CAM MF
R VISED ,R JN!". 2001
Animal waste can only be applied to land eroding less than 5 tons per acre per year. The Little River
Farm land should qualify given the proper crop covers are established and maintained. Erosion could
easily become a problem at this farm in the irrigated fields if crop covers are not maintained. It is
vitally important that the farmer pay close attention to irrigation schedules at this farm. Strong
slopes will encourage surface run off to occur, especially during rainfall events. Creeks
immediately down-slope from the irrigated fields could he impacted by the over application of
effluent or by a sudden rain storm shortly after irrigation.
Gun Cart Pressure Estimates For Irrigation
The pressure at the nozzle of an irrigation bun can vary somewhat as the cart is moved up and down
hills. The operator can change operating pressures at the nozzle by changing the rpm of the pump drive
or by several other means. However, it is important to look at the maximum pressure requirements to
make sure the nozzle can be operated at the pressures specified with the chosen pump. If the nozzle
will operate at the correct design pressure at the maximum total dynamic head, then it can be operated
at this pressure along pulls that require less head. Table 19 shows what should be the maximum total
dynamic head experienced at Little River Farm.
TABLE 19
MAXIMUM TOTAL HEAD ESTIMATION AT 225 GPM
Field
Nozzle
Max.
Friction Loss In
Friction Loss Elevation
Misc,
Estimated Total
Number
Pressure
Suction
245 Ft. Of 6 Inch
In 1,250 Feet Head
Losses
Dynamic Head
And Pull
At 60 psi
Head
PVC Pipe, 266
Of 4 In. PE
Estimated
Number
Ft. Of 4 In. Pipe,
Hose
At About
20 Ft. Of 4 In.
7%
Hard Hose
F4
138.6 ft.
1 15 ft.
7.69 feet
33.25 ft. 20 ft.
15.02 ft.
229.56 ft.
From Table 19 the highest estimated total dynamic head is on pull F4 and is about 230 feet or about 100
psi. At this pressure the Rainbow PTO driven pump Model 6 x 4S x 13 can deliver more than enough
liquid to supply the nozzle. Exhibit 23 shows pump curves and irrigation equipment information.
BROADCASTING EQUIPMENT
The right equipment is extremely important in terms of the operator's ability to accurately measure and
control the application of animal waste. However, when it comes to properly operating broadcast
equipment the Little River Farm waste application operator must be familiar with his/her equipment and
have a good understanding of pump curves, pumping rates, basic math, and possess the willingness to
keep good records. This animal waste utilization plan is not intended to be a comprehensive
broadcasting teaching tool. The engineer must assume the farm manager and/or equipment operator
can take the presented information and apply it to their situation.
Critical elements of the application of animal waste are listed on an example record keeping forms
attached as Exhibit 15. These forms help the operator calculate his or her own application details. The
operator shall also keep records on equipment repairs, maintenance, and manure spreader calibrations.
Manure spreader calibration shall be done at least one time per year but twice would be better.
Information on broadcast equipment calibration can be seen as Exhibit 26.
34

LiTYLE RIVER CAWMP
REVISFID A FNE . 2003
Little River Farm currently uses a Lely Model LMS2300 for broadcasting manure. The unit has a fills
capacity of 2,300 gallons. The manure spreader is trailer mounted and is pulled by a farm tractor.
Exhibit 29 shows information on this spreader and Exhibit 28 shows examples of calculating manure
application.
Equipment operation and maintenance guidelines will appear in a later section of this plan.
NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT
Introduction To Lund Application Tables And Details
Below the reader will sec Tables 20 through 33. Each table represents a different set of predicted
values related to animal waste and its application at Little River farm. These tables are of particular
importance since they give approximated waste application values specific to this farm, tempered with
the crop types to be grown. This animal waste utilization plan has been developed to show reasonable
waste application methodology and nitrogen management, but it should be clearly understood that it is
made to be changed as crop data and waste test results change. This does not allow the farmer to
change crop types beyond those shown in this plan, but it does allow for the mixing of the listed crops.
Barley, oats or rye may also be substituted for wheat if desired. The farmer should use this plan as a
guideline for animal waste management and not get hung-up on the exact values presented below.
Changes in crop varieties beyond what is shown in this plan will require a revision to this plan prior to
planting. Tables 20 through 33 were developed with the following assumptions:
I
1. The farmer will accurately record crop type, waste application amount and type, waste test data,
and crop yield for each field receiving animal waste. Animal waste applications will be adjusted
according to crops being grown, types of waste applied, recent crop yields, and recent waste test
results.
2. The farmer will be able to take the actual crop yields by field number, the quantity of waste
applied, and use the P.A.N. uptake values given in this plan to calculate an annual P.A.N. removal for a
given field. This will be especially important since the waste analysis for a given waste type can change
between sample events.
3. The farmer will be allowed to decide where to apply all animal waste sources. A combination of
animal waste sources (e.g. liquid and slurry) may be used on any field as long as nutrients are not
applied greater than agronomic rates. However, the farmer is discouraged from land applying sludge to
land under routine effluent application. The farmer can not double count waste applications to any field
even if using different waste sources, (i.e. part dry waste and part liquid waste). Nitrogen applications
are cumulative. Only harvested crops are counted towards P.A.N. removal. Records for the application
of commercial fertilizer- on waste receiving fields must be kept.
4. The annual P.A.N, available at this farm was estimated earlier in this document. Future NCDA
test results will cause these values to change. The farmer shall adjust P.A.N, applications according to
the latest NCDA test results. Book values for P.A.N, generation are only useful for developing a
CAWMP without a history of accurate waste sampies to average.
Explanation of Waste Application Tables --
35

FARM NAME: LITTLE RIVER FARM
FARM OWNER(S): N.G. PURVIS FARMS, INC.
FARM LOCATION: MONTGOMERY COUNTY, NC.
i
CROP SELECTION MENU FOR THIS FARM SHOWING REALISTIC YIELD EXPECTATIONS +
VALUES SHOWN ARE ADJUSTED FOR SOIL SLOPE AND EROSION CLASS
FIELD &
YIELD
R.Y.E. FOR
R.Y.E. FOR
R.Y.E. FOR
PULL OR
ADJUST.
T. FESCUE
PEARL MILL.
WHEAT HAY
B. CAST
SOIL TYPE
FOR
AS THE
AS THE
AS THE
ZONE
FOR THIS
SLOPE &
ONLY CROP
ONLY CROP
ONLY CROP
I.D.
FIELD
EROSION
(TIACIYR)
(TIACIYR)
(TIAC/YR)
F1
BA -GO CPLX
96%
3.84
3.36
2.88
F2
BA -TM CPLX
9s%
4.32
3.65
3.17
F3
BA -TM CPLX
94%
4.23
3.57
3.10
F4
BA -TM CPLX
87%
3.92
3.31
2.87
F5
BA -TM CPLX
89%
4.01
3.38
2.94
F6
BA -TM CPLX
96°.6
4.32
3.65
3.17
F7
SA -TM CPLX
87%
3.92
3.31
2.87
F8
BA -TM CPLX
89%
4.01
3.38
2.94
F9
BA -TM CPLX
94%
4.23
3.57
3.10
F10
BA -TM CPLX
96%
4.32
3.65
3.17
BA -GO CPLX = BADIN - GOLDSTON COMPLEX
BA -TM CPLX = BADIN - TATUM COMPLEX
f = THIS TABLE SHOWS R.Y.E. FOR CROPS ASSUMING THEY ARE THE ONLY CROP PLANTED. LATER TABLES WILL SHOW
R.Y.E. REDUCTIONS DUE TO ROTATIONS OR NITROGEN RESIDUALS.
PAGE 37

FARM NAME: LITTLE RIVER FARM
FARM OWNER(S): N.G. PURVIS FARMS, INC.
FARM LOCATION: MONTGOMERY COUNTY, NC.
TABLE 2-2-
ROTATION
2-ROTATION YEAR ANY
P_A.N. REMOVAL FOR GROWING
TALL FESCUE ONLY
IN ALL FIELDS.
WETTED
ANNUAL P.A.N.
ANNUAL P.A.N.
TOT. ANNUAL
TOT. ANNUAL
FIELD &
ACRES
REMOVAL PER
REMOVAL PER
TOT. ANNUAL
TONS OF
TONS OF
PULL OR
UNDER IRP..
ACRE PER
ACRE PER
P.A.N.
WARM
COOL
B.CAST
OR UNDER
YEAR OF
WARM
COOL
WARM SEASON
COOL SEASON
REMOVAL
SEASON
SEASON
ZONE
BROADCAST
ROTATION
SEASON
SEASON
CROP +
CROP ++
POTENTIAL
CROP YIELD
CROP YIELD
I.D.
........
(ACRES)
............
...,.«,.....
CROP
............
CROP
............
(LBIACNR)
............
(LB/AC/YR)
..........,,
(LB/YR)
...,...,....
(TONSIYR)
,........,..
(TONS/YR)
...........
F1
2.510
ANY
NIA
T. FESCUE
0
166
417
0
9.64
F2
4.076
ANY
NIA
T. FESCUE
0
187
762
0
17.61
F3
5.113
ANY
N/A
T. FESCUE
0
183
936
0
21.63
F4
2.348
ANY
NIA
T. FESCUE
0
170
398
0
9.19
F5
4.879
ANY
NIA
T. FESCUE
0
173
846
0
19.54
F6
4.164
ANY
NIA
T. FESCUE
0
187
779
0
17.99
F7
0.610
ANY
NIA
T. FESCUE
0
170
103
0
2.39
F8
3.760
ANY
NIA
T. FESCUE
0
173
652
0
15.06
F9
3.200
ANY
NIA
T. FESCUE
0
183
586
0
13.54
F10
0.600
ANY
NIA
T. FESCUE
0
187
112
0
2.59
xtxxxxi lwi.,k-!
,ryy'�d.+ria
ANNUAL EST. YIELDS FOR ALL FIELDS
COMBINED (tons) =
0.00
129.17
ANNUAL
P.A.N. REMOVAL FOR ALL FIELDS (pounds) =
5,593
+ = YIELDS HERE HAVE BEEN REDUCED BY 0% TO ACCOUNT FOR P.A_N. CARRY-OVER FROM
PREVIOUS CROPS OR FOR A SHORTENED GROWING SEASON DUE TO DOUBLE CROPPING.
++ = YIELDS HERE HAVE BEEN REDUCED BY 0% TO ACCOUNT FOR P.A.N. CARRY-OVER FROM
PREVIOUS CROPS OR FOR A SHORTENED GROWING SEASON DUE TO DOUBLE CROPPING.
PAGE 41

FARM NAME: LITTLE RIVER FARM
FARM OWNER(S): N.G. PURVIS FARMS, INC.
FARM LOCATION: MONTGOMERY COUNTY, NC.
TABLE- 2
ROTATION YEAR ANY
P.A.N. REMOVAL FOR GROWING P.MILL. HAY- FESCUE HAY IN ALL FIELDS.
ANNUAL P.A.N.
WETTED
REMOVAL PER
REMOVAL PER
ACRE PER
FIELD &
ACRES
COOL SEASON
86
147
PULL OR
UNDER IRR.
82
139
88
B. CAST
OR UNDER
YEAR OF
WARM
COOL
ZONE
BROADCAST
ROTATION
SEASON
SEASON
I.D.
(ACRES)
CROP
CROP
F1
2.510
ANY
PEARL MIL.
T. FESCUE
F2
4.076
ANY
PEARL MIL_
T. FESCUE
F3
5.113
ANY
PEARL MIL.
T. FESCUE
F4
2.348
ANY
PEARL MIL.
T. FESCUE
F5
4.879
ANY
PEARL MIL.
T. FESCUE
F6
4.164
ANY
PEARL MIL.
T. FESCUE
F7
0.610
ANY
PEARL MIL.
T. FESCUE
F8
3.760
ANY
PEARL MIL.
T. FESCUE
F9
3.200
ANY
PEARL MIL,
T. FESCUE
F10
0.600
ANY
PEARL MIL.
T. FESCUE
ANNUAL P.A.N.
ANNUAL P.A.N.
REMOVAL PER
REMOVAL PER
ACRE PER
ACRE PER
WARM SEASON
COOL SEASON
CROP+
CROP++
(LB/ACIYR)
(LBIAC/YR)
81
133
88
150
86
147
80
136
82
139
88
150
80
136
82
139
86
147
88
150
ANNUAL EST. YIELDS FOR ALL FIELDS COMBINED (tons) =
ANNUAL P.A.N. REMOVAL FOR ALL FIELDS (pounds) =
TOT.ANNUAL
P.A.N.
REMOVAL
POTENTIAL
(LB/YR)
538
969
1,190
506
1,075
990
131
829
745
143
7,116
+ = YIELDS HERE HAVE BEEN REDUCED BY 50% TO ACCOUNT FOR P.A.N. CARRY-OVER FROM
PREVIOUS CROPS OR FOR A SHORTENED GROWING SEASON DUE TO DOUBLE CROPPING.
++ = YIELDS HERE HAVE BEEN REDUCED BY 20% TO ACCOUNT FOR P.A.N. CARRY-OVER FROM
PREVIOUS CROPS OR FOR A SHORTENED GROWING SEASON DUE TO DOUBLE CROPPING.
PAGE 42
TOT. ANNUAL
TONS OF
WARM
SEASON
CROP YIELD
(TONSNR)
4.22
7.43
9.13
3.88
8.25
7.50
1.01
6.36
5.72
1.09
54.69
TOT. ANNUAL
TONS OF
COOL
SEASON
CROP YIELD
(TONSIYR)
7,71
14.09
17.30
7.35
15.63
14.39
1.91
12.05
10.83
2.07
103.34

FARM NAME: LITTLE RIVER FARM
FARM OWNER(S): N.G. PURVIS FARMS, INC.
FARM LOCATION: MONTGOMERY COUNTY, NC.
TABLE 2
ROTATION YEAR
ANY
WARM
COOL
SEASON
SEASON
P.A.N. REMOVAL
FOR GROWING
P. MILLET HAY - WHEAT
HAY
IN ALL FIELDS.
4.34
WETTED
7.75
10.96
9.52
ANNUAL P.A.N.
ANNUAL P.A.N.
9.90
FIELD &
ACRES
7.91
1.21
1.05
REMOVAL PER
REMOVAL PER
TOT. ANNUAL
PULL OR
UNDER IRR.
1.14
65.62
56.93
ACRE PER
ACRE PER
P.A.N.
B. CAST
OR UNDER
YEAR OF
WARM
COOL
WARM SEASON
COOL SEASON
REMOVAL
ZONE
BROADCAST
ROTATION
SEASON
SEASON
CROP +
CROP ++
POTENTIAL
I.D.
(ACRES)
CROP
..........,.
CROP
...........,
(LB/ACIYR)
(LB/AC/YR)
...........
(LB/YR)
............
........
F1
............
2.510
............
ANY
PEARL MIL.
WHEAT (H)
97
78
440
F2
4.076
ANY
PEARL MIL.
WHEAT (H)
106
86
780
F3
5.113
ANY
PEARL MIL.
WHEAT (H)
104
84
958
F4
2.348
ANY
PEARL MIL.
WHEAT (H)
96
78
407
F5
4.879
ANY
PEARL MIL.
WHEAT (H)
98
79
865
F6
4.164
ANY
PEARL MIL.
WHEAT (H)
106
86
796
F7
0.610
ANY
PEARL MIL
WHEAT (H)
96
78
106
F8
3.760
ANY
PEARL MIL.
WHEAT (H)
98
79
667
F9
3.200
ANY
PEARL MIL.
WHEAT (H)
104
84
599
F10
0.600
ANY
PEARL MIL.
WHEAT (H)
106
86
115
ANNUAL EST. YIELDS FOR ALL FIELDS COMBINED (tons)
ANNUAL P.A.N. REMOVAL FOR ALL FIELDS (pounds) = 5,732
+ = YIELDS HERE HAVE BEEN REDUCED BY 40% TO ACCOUNT FOR P.A.N. CARRY-OVER FROM
PREVIOUS CROPS OR FOR A SHORTENED GROWING SEASON DUE TO DOUBLE CROPPING.
++ = YIELDS HERE HAVE BEEN REDUCED BY 40% TO ACCOUNT FOR P.A.N. CARRY-OVER FROM
PREVIOUS CROPS OR FOR A SHORTENED GROWING SEASON DUE TO DOUBLE CROPPING.
PAGE 43
TOT.ANNUAL TOT. ANNUAL
TONS OF
TONS OF
WARM
COOL
SEASON
SEASON
CROP YIELD
CROP YIELD
(TONS/YR)
(TONSIYR)
5.06
4.34
8.92
7.75
10.96
9.52
4.66
4.04
9.90
8.60
9.11
7.91
1.21
1.05
7.63
6.63
6.86
5.96
1.31
1.14
65.62
56.93

FARM NAME: LITTLE RIVER FARM
FARM OWNER(S): N.G. PURVIS FARMS, INC.
FARM LOCATION: MONTGOMERY COUNTY, NC.
TABLE 2 -5 -
ROTATION YEAR ANY
P.A.N. REMOVAL FOR GROWING WHEAT OR SMALL GRAIN HAY ONLY IN ALL FIELDS.
+ = YIELDS HERE HAVE BEEN REDUCED BY 0% TO ACCOUNT FOR P.A.N. CARRY-OVER FROM
PREVIOUS CROPS OR FOR A SHORTENED GROWING SEASON DUE TO DOUBLE CROPPING.
++ = YIELDS HERE HAVE BEEN REDUCED BY 0% TO ACCOUNT FOR P.A.N. CARRY-OVER FROM
PREVIOUS CROPS OR FOR A SHORTENED GROWING SEASON DUE TO DOUBLE CROPPING.
PAGE 44
WETTED
ANNUAL P.A.N.
ANNUAL P.A.N.
TOT. ANNUAL
TOT. ANNUAL
FIELD &
ACRES
REMOVAL PER
REMOVAL PER
TOT. ANNUAL
TONS OF
TONS OF
PULL OR
UNDER IRR.
ACRE PER
ACRE PER
P.A.N.
WARM
COOL
B. CAST
OR UNDER
YEAR OF
WARM
COOL
WARM SEASON
COOL SEASON
REMOVAL
SEASON
SEASON
ZONE
BROADCAST
ROTATION
SEASON
SEASON
CROP +
CROP ++
POTENTIAL
CROP YIELD
CROP YIELD
I.D.
(ACRES)
CROP
CROP
(LB/AC/YR)
(LBIACNR)
(LB/YR)
(TONSIYR)
(TONS/YR)
F1
2.510
ANY
NIA
WHEAT (H)
0
130
325
0.00
7.23
F2
4.076
ANY
NIA
WHEAT (H)
0
143
581
0.00
12.91
F3
5.113
ANY
NIA
WHEAT (H)
0
140
714
0.00
15.86
F4
2.348
ANY
NIA
WHEAT (H)
0
129
303
0.00
6.74
F5
4.879
ANY
NIA
WHEAT (H)
0
132
645
0.00
14.33
F6
4.164
ANY
NIA
WHEAT (H)
0
143
594
0.00
13.19
F7
0.610
ANY
NIA
WHEAT (H)
0
129
79
0.00
1.75
F8
3.760
ANY
NIA
WHEAT (H)
0
132
497
0.00
11.04
F9
3.200
ANY
NIA
WHEAT (H)
0
140
447
0.00
9.93
F10
0.600
ANY
NIA
WHEAT (H)
0
143
86
0.00
1.90
ANNUAL EST. YIELDS FOR ALL FIELDS
COMBINED (tons) =
0.00
94.89
ANNUAL
P.A.N. REMOVAL
FOR ALL FIELDS (pounds) =
4,270
+ = YIELDS HERE HAVE BEEN REDUCED BY 0% TO ACCOUNT FOR P.A.N. CARRY-OVER FROM
PREVIOUS CROPS OR FOR A SHORTENED GROWING SEASON DUE TO DOUBLE CROPPING.
++ = YIELDS HERE HAVE BEEN REDUCED BY 0% TO ACCOUNT FOR P.A.N. CARRY-OVER FROM
PREVIOUS CROPS OR FOR A SHORTENED GROWING SEASON DUE TO DOUBLE CROPPING.
PAGE 44

1,171.0 RIVF.IZ CA"WIMI,
REVISED JUNE, 2003
TABLE 26 - Summary Of P.A.N. Removals With Different Crop Combinations
Table 26 shows tables 22 to 25 summarized into a list. Table 26 shows totai P.A.N. removal potential
for crop combinations so the farmer can get an idea of which combinations afford the most nitrogen
removal. it also compares the potential nitrogen removal to the amount of predicted nitrogen to be
produced by the hogs. Again, the reader is reminded that the farmer does not have to grow the same
crop combination in every field on the farm, but has the flexibility of planting different combinations in
different fields in the same year. However the farmer is cautioned about planting too much land in
crops that do not remove very much nitrogen (e.g, wheat oily).
The reader will note that every crop combination listed shows enough nitrogen removal potential to
take 100% of the P.A.N. generated at the swine farm. While some crops or crop combinations take up
more P.A.N. than others, all of the boob value yields compared to book value P.A.N. productions show
that any of the crops listed will be suitable. The problem with using single season crops only is that
there is a limited window of application and lagoon levels could rise above the required pump levels
without any growing crop. Therefore it is a prudent matter to plant at. least some fields in cool season
crops and some fields in wami season crops, giving lagoon liquid management opportunities to the
grower. Later tables will show animal waste application windows, application amounts, etc.
This waste utilization document does not specifically address nitrogen application on germinating or
very young crops. Thus the farmer must use good judgment when planting and applying waste to
young crops. Young crops can not remove large quantities of nitrogen thus possibly requiring split
applications. Remember, do not a I animal waste directly to crops scheduled for human
consumption.
Some residual nitrogen carry-over from the organic fraction in animal waste and crop residue will be left
on the irrigated land from year to year. This conversion from organic to inorganic nitrogen is called
mineralization. This carry-over of nitrogen may or may not need to be considered as the years
progress. Estimating carry-over nitrogen or mineralization rates is typically not done for animal waste
plans. In sandy soils, nitrogen carry-over tends to be less of a factor,
As one final point about the tables in this section, it is possible that annual P.A.N. amounts in the animal
waste could be lower than estimated, resulting in a nitrogen shortage that might even decrease yields,
In fact, several of the crop combinations show considerably more nitrogen removal potential than is
estimated will be produced, thus possibly reducing yield more than the R.Y.E. predicted. While most
farmers do not worry about a lack of nitrogen in animal waste, it could reduce the R.Y.E. shown in this
plan. Good record keeping of crop yields, waste analysis, and waste application volumes will be the
only way to accurately examine year-to-year nitrogen balances.
TABLE 26 APPEARS IN ITS ENTIRETY ON THE NEXT PAGE
45

FARM NAME: LITTLE RIVER FARM
FARM OWNER(S): N.G. PURVIS FARMS, INC.
FARM LOCATION: MONTGOMERY COUNTY, NC.
r � •
mss_ _ �� i•# �1 = •►_ _11.1./=:J
PREDICTED P.A_N. IN ANAEROBIC LAGOON EFFLUENT PER YEAR =
ACRES OF LAND TO RECEIVE ANAEROBIC LAGOON EFFLUENT =
4,176 POUNDSIYEAR
31.26 ACRES
AVG.POUNDS
OF P.A_N.
REMOVAL
POTENTIAL
PER ACRE
PER YEAR
(lbs/acre/yr)
179
228
183
137
+ = NEGATIVE VALUES IN THIS COLUMN MEAN MORE LAND IS NEEDED TO ACCEPT 100% OF THE P.A.N. GENERATED,
POSITIVE VALUES IN THIS COLUMN MEAN A FEW FIELDS COULD BE LEFT OUT AND STILL UPTAKE ALL EXPECTED P.A.N.
THESE VALUES ONLY ACCOUNT FOR NITROGEN PROVIDED BY ANIMAL WASTE. IT DOES NOT INCLUDE THE APPLICATION OF
COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS.
THE GROWER MAY USE A VARIETY OF CROP COMBINATIONS INSTEAD OF PLANTING ALL FIELDS IN ONE COMBINATION,
THIS TABLE IS GENERAL AND WAS DEVELOPED ASSUMING ALL FIELDS WILL BE GROWING THE SAME CROP COMBINATION
IN ANY GIVEN YEAR.
PAGE 46
EXCESS OR
ANNUAL
(DEFECIT)
P.A.N.
P.A.N. UPTAKE
REMOVED
BASED ON -
CROP COMBINATIONS ASSUMING ALL
BY COMBO.
ANNUAL
FIELDS AND/OR APPLICATION ZONES
ESTIMATES +
GROW THE FOLLOWING ROTATIONS
.........................................
(pounds)
...........
(pounds)
...........
TALL FESCUE (ONLY)
5,593
1,417
PEARL MILLET HAY - TALL FESCUE HAY
7,116
2,940
PEARL MILLET HAY - WHEAT HAY
5,732
1,556
WHEAT OR SMALL GRAIN HAY (ONLY)
4,270
94
4,176 POUNDSIYEAR
31.26 ACRES
AVG.POUNDS
OF P.A_N.
REMOVAL
POTENTIAL
PER ACRE
PER YEAR
(lbs/acre/yr)
179
228
183
137
+ = NEGATIVE VALUES IN THIS COLUMN MEAN MORE LAND IS NEEDED TO ACCEPT 100% OF THE P.A.N. GENERATED,
POSITIVE VALUES IN THIS COLUMN MEAN A FEW FIELDS COULD BE LEFT OUT AND STILL UPTAKE ALL EXPECTED P.A.N.
THESE VALUES ONLY ACCOUNT FOR NITROGEN PROVIDED BY ANIMAL WASTE. IT DOES NOT INCLUDE THE APPLICATION OF
COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS.
THE GROWER MAY USE A VARIETY OF CROP COMBINATIONS INSTEAD OF PLANTING ALL FIELDS IN ONE COMBINATION,
THIS TABLE IS GENERAL AND WAS DEVELOPED ASSUMING ALL FIELDS WILL BE GROWING THE SAME CROP COMBINATION
IN ANY GIVEN YEAR.
PAGE 46

FARM NAME: LITTLE RIVER FARM
FARM OWNER(S): N.G. PURVIS FARMS, INC.
FARM LOCATION: MONTGOMERY COUNTY, NC.
lei
PREDICTED P.A.N. IN ANAEROBIC LAGOON EFFLUENT PER YEAR = 4,176 LBSIYEAR
MAXIMUM ACRES THAT ARE SLATED TO RECEIVE BROADCASTED WASTE? 10.68 ACRES
MAXIMUM ACRES THAT ARE SLATED TO RECEIVE IRRIGATED WASTE? 20.58 ACRES
CROP COMBINATIONS ASSUMING ALL
FIELDS AND/OR APPLICATION ZONES
GROW THE FOLLOWING CROPS IN
THE SAME YEAR
•... ...................w........
TALL FESCUE (ONLY)
PEARL MILLET HAY - TALL FESCUE HAY
PEARL MILLET HAY - WHEAT HAY
WHEAT OR SMALL GRAIN HAY (ONLY)
+ = NEGATIVE VALUES IN THIS COLUMN MEAN THAT NOT ENOUGH LAND IS UNDER IRRIGATION TO ACCEPT
100% OF THE P.A.N. GENERATED, SO BROADCAST AREAS WILL BE NEEDED FOR THIS COMBINATION OF
CROPS. POSITIVE VALUES IN THIS COLUMN MEAN THERE IS NO NEED TO USE ANY BROADCAST AREAS TO
APPLY WASTE. THE GROWER MAY USE A VARIETY OF CROP COMBINATIONS INSTEAD OF PLANTING
ALL FIELDS IN THE SAME COMBINATION AS LONG AS ALL ANIMAL WASTE P.A.N. IS USED.
PAGE 48
IL
fY'"Lg:J l�l
EXCESS OR
ARE ENOUGH
ANNUAL
(DEFECIT)
ADDITIONAL
ACRES
TOTAL WETTED
P.A.N.
P.A.N. UPTAKE
ACRES
AVAILABLE
ACRES
REMOVED BY
BASED ON-
NEEDED FOR
FOR
AVAILABLE
IRRIGATION
IRRIGATED
BROADCAST
BROADCAST
FOR TAKING
ONLY
ACRES ONLY
ON AVERAGE
ALL ANIMAL
(pounds)
(pounds) +
(acres)
(acres)
WASTE ?
3,722
(454)
2.59
10.68
YES
4,731
555
-2.48
10.68
YES
3,806
(370)
2.05
10.68
YES
2,837
(1,339)
9.98
10.68
YES
+ = NEGATIVE VALUES IN THIS COLUMN MEAN THAT NOT ENOUGH LAND IS UNDER IRRIGATION TO ACCEPT
100% OF THE P.A.N. GENERATED, SO BROADCAST AREAS WILL BE NEEDED FOR THIS COMBINATION OF
CROPS. POSITIVE VALUES IN THIS COLUMN MEAN THERE IS NO NEED TO USE ANY BROADCAST AREAS TO
APPLY WASTE. THE GROWER MAY USE A VARIETY OF CROP COMBINATIONS INSTEAD OF PLANTING
ALL FIELDS IN THE SAME COMBINATION AS LONG AS ALL ANIMAL WASTE P.A.N. IS USED.
PAGE 48
IL
fY'"Lg:J l�l

LITTr,r, cAWNIP
tu.vist=.n Jr JJNJt . 2003
TABLES 28 to 33- Nitrogen Application Windows And Amounts For Different Crops
Tables 28 to 32 will probably be the most useful tables to the farmer on a year-to-year basis in terms of
land application guidance. These tables show a variety of information for individual crops, and lists the
crop it follows. phis is important in case there are nitrogen credits that need to be applied from a
previous crop (no nitrogen credit crops are planned for this farm); or if there are overseeded crop
conditions that might influence the R.Y E. of the other. The farmer should look through these tables
and find the crop he/she plans to use on a given field, making sure he/she looks at the table which lists
the correct preceding crop. Residual nitrogen carry-over credits from nitrogen fixing crops will be
listed if applicable.
Nitrogen application windows -
These tables show individual crops and the typical windows of opportunity for the land application of
animal waste. These dates represent statewide limits. Planting and harvesting dates vary across the
state and from year to year, so these windows may be moved a little to account for specific farm needs.
Remember, animal waste can not be applied to a crop more than 30 days prior to planting or 30 days
prior to breaking dormancy or less than 30 days from harvest. The windows shown typically include the
30 days prior.
P.A.N. Application Amounts -
For a particular crop, the rate of P.A.N. utilization potential is shown in terms of pounds per acre per
year. These values were taken from Tables 22 through 25. A column is also shown for commercial
fertilizer applications, but the engineer has chosen not to use commercial fertilizer values for these
tables. The farmer is free to use commercial fertilizer. but must record its use and can not over apply
nitrogen because of commercial fertilizer applications, The P.A,N. values estimated to be removed by a
specific crop are based on R.Y.E. values and will typically remain constant from year to year unless
crop yields end up being less than predicted. For example, if Table 28 shows field i will take off 166
pounds of P.A,N, per acre growing only fescue grass, then do not apply more than 166 pounds of
P.A.N. per acre even if the yields increase above those predicted. But if the grower thinks the yields of
fescue grass in field I will be 10 % less than predicted, reduce the amount of P.A.N. applied to field I
by 10%.
Volume Of Waste To Apply -
Column 8 in these tables show the expected number of gallons of anaerobic lagoon effluent to apply to
any given application zone based on the P.A.N. values estimated to be removed by R.Y.E. This volume
was determined using the "book" values for anaerobic swine effluent and crop yields. The farmer
should remember that the volumes of effluent to apply are guidelines only and will vary, depending on
the latest waste analysis. The farmer will be responsible for estimating the total volume to apply based
on P.A.N. needs. The total gallons shown to apply on any given crop year may be more or less than the
actual amount of waste generated at the farm. However, the pounds of P.A.N. to land apply per crop
per acre should not change unless crop yields end up being less than predicted. The farmer is not
allowed to increase P.A.N. applications to a crop beyond those shown in this plan.
These tables show the maximum recommended volume of waste to apply at any single application
event. While several application events can occur in the same month so that more than 0.75 inches of
water is applied for the month, the farmer should limit any single application event to 0.75 inches or
less. Under very warm and dry conditions, the grower may apply up to I inch of water. However, the
49

• LVI"TLE, RI\ I,R Crll�'o\-II'
RIWISED JUNE, 2003
maximum application should not routinely exceed 0.75 inches. Application arnounts wlll vary according
to soil conditions, weather, and plant growth stage.
The reader must realize that monthly application rates will vary according to nian_y factors. Also, the
engineer has assumed that liquid effluent will be available to deliver these nitrogen quantities. If the
animal waste effluent is greatly lacking the needed nutrients, or lacking sufficient liquid quantities the
operator "could" occasionally need to supplement nutrients. However, use caution when applying
commercial fertilizers
Annually look at nutrients like phosphorous and metals to make sure you are not over applying this or
other nutrients. Crop yields must be figured back into the nitrogen removal equation. Always record
yields r_einoved Froin all acreage. Also record fresh water irrigation events and the addition of
commercial fertilizer. The reader should be less concerned about "theoretical values" and more
concerned with keeping good records to see what is actually happening at their farm. The reader will
find examples later in this report that help explain the use of the farmer's recorded data.
Table 28 ............................ Tall Fescue Only (for hay)
Table 29 ........................... Tall Fescue (for hay) after Pearl Millet harvest.
Table 30 ............................ Pearl Millet (for hay) alter Tall Fescue harvest.
Table 31 ............................ Pearl Millet (for hay) after Wheat harvest.
Table 32 ............................ Wheat or Small Grain (for hay) after Pearl Millet harvest.
Table 33 Wheat or Small Grain Only (for hay).
TABLES 28 TO 33 APPEAR IN THEIR ENTIRETY ON THE FOLLOWING PAGES
50

FARM NAME: LITTLE RIVER FARM
FARM OWNER(S): N.G. PURVIS FARMS, INC.
FARM LOCATION: MONTGOMERY COUNTY, NC.
AVG. AMOUNT OF P.A.N. PER 1,000 GALS. OF IRRIGATED EFFLUENT = 2.5 POUNDS 1 1,000 GALLONS
AVG. AMOUNT OF P.A.N. PER 1,000 GALS. OF BROADCASTED EFFLUENT 2.3 POUNDS 1 1,000 GALLONS
TABLE 2.8 -
MAL
THIS TABLE SHOWS DATA FOR GROWING FESCUE ONLY.
NOTE: THE FARMER MUST NOT APPLY ANIMAL WASTE MORE THAN 30 DAYS PRIOR TO PLANTING A CROP OR 30 DAYS PRIOR TO A CROP BREAKING
DORMANCY. ANIMAL WASTE APPLIED TO A CROP FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION MUST BE APPLIED AS A PREPLANT MEASURE ONLY. TOTAL NITROGEN
APPLIED CAN NOT EXCEED RECOMMENDED AGRONOMIC RATES, IF A CROP'S MAXIMUM NITROGEN UPTAKE POTENTIAL EXCEEDS THE P.A.N.
APPLIED FROM ANIMAL WASTE, A COMMERCIAL FERTILIZER MAY BE USED. POST EMERGENCE NITROGEN NEEDS FOR CROPS SCHEDULED FOR
HUMAN CONSUMPTION CAN NOT BE SUPPLIED VIA ANIMAL MANURE. THIS TABLE IS ONLY A GUIDE AND IS ONLY SHOWN FOR A SINGLE CROP.
THIS TABLE ACCOUNTS FOR ANY RESIDUAL NITROGEN CREDITS FROM THE PREVIOUS CROP,
+ = ANIMAL WASTE IS TYPICALLY APPLIED IN THESE MONTHS, NITROGEN APPLICATION AMOUNTS SHOULD MATCH STAGE OF CROP GROWTH AND
CROP MATURITY. MINIMIZE OR NO WASTE APPLICATIONS IN JUNE, JULY, DECEMBER AND JANUARY.
++ THIS VOLUME IS CONSIDERED A NORMAL MAXIMUM FOR ANY ONE APPLICATION EVENT. APPLICATION AMOUNTS MAY BE LESS,
PAGE 51
WETTED
RATE OF
RATE OF
TOTAL
TOTAL GALS.
TOTAL GALS.
MAXIMUM
MAXIMUM
FIELD &
ACRES
P.A.N. TO
COMMERCIAL
POUNDS
OF EFFLUENT
OF WASTE
INCHES OF
GALS. OF
PULL OR
UNDER IRR.
APPLY FROM
NITROGEN TO
OF NITROGEN
TO APPLY
TO APPLY
WASTE FOR
WASTE FOR
B. CAST
OR UNDER
WINDOW
METHOD OF
ANIMAL
APPLY
TO APPLY
PER ACRE
IN THIS ZONE
A SINGLE
A SINGLE
ZONE
BROADCAST
OF WASTE
WASTE
WASTE -
PER ACRE
ANNUALLY
PER YEAR
PER CROP
APP. EVENT ++
APP. EVENT
I.D.
........
(ACRES)
............
APPL`N.+
..........-
APPLICATION
...........a
(LBSIAC)++
(LBSIAC)++
(LBS/AC)
(GAUACRE)
(GALLONS)
(INIACRE
(GAUAC)
,Y�**-!r#-t##-'
F1
2.510
811 to 7/31
BROADCAST
166
0
166
72,292
181,453
0.75
20,366
F2
4.076
811 to 7/31
IRRIGATE
187
0
187
74,822
304,976
0.75
20,366
F3
5.113
811 to 7/31
IRRIGATE
183
0
183
73,264
374,597
0.75
20,366
F4
2.348
811 to 7/31
IRRIGATE
170
0
170
67,808
159,213
0.75
20,366
F5
4.879
811 to 7/31
IRRIGATE
173
0
173
69,367
338,440
0.75
20,366
F6
4.164
811 to 7131
IRRIGATE
187
0
187
74,822
311,560
0.75
20,366
F7
0.610
811 to 7131
BROADCAST
170
0
170
73,704
44,960
0.75
20,366
F8
3.760
811 to 7131
BROADCAST
173
0
173
75,398
283,498
0.75
20,366
F9
3.200
811 to 7131
BROADCAST
183
0
183
79,634
254,830
0.75
20,366
F10
0.600
811 to 7/31
BROADCAST
187
0
187
81,329
48,797
0.75
20,366
TOTAL P.A.N.=
1,780
TOTAL GALS.=
2,302,324
NOTE: THE FARMER MUST NOT APPLY ANIMAL WASTE MORE THAN 30 DAYS PRIOR TO PLANTING A CROP OR 30 DAYS PRIOR TO A CROP BREAKING
DORMANCY. ANIMAL WASTE APPLIED TO A CROP FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION MUST BE APPLIED AS A PREPLANT MEASURE ONLY. TOTAL NITROGEN
APPLIED CAN NOT EXCEED RECOMMENDED AGRONOMIC RATES, IF A CROP'S MAXIMUM NITROGEN UPTAKE POTENTIAL EXCEEDS THE P.A.N.
APPLIED FROM ANIMAL WASTE, A COMMERCIAL FERTILIZER MAY BE USED. POST EMERGENCE NITROGEN NEEDS FOR CROPS SCHEDULED FOR
HUMAN CONSUMPTION CAN NOT BE SUPPLIED VIA ANIMAL MANURE. THIS TABLE IS ONLY A GUIDE AND IS ONLY SHOWN FOR A SINGLE CROP.
THIS TABLE ACCOUNTS FOR ANY RESIDUAL NITROGEN CREDITS FROM THE PREVIOUS CROP,
+ = ANIMAL WASTE IS TYPICALLY APPLIED IN THESE MONTHS, NITROGEN APPLICATION AMOUNTS SHOULD MATCH STAGE OF CROP GROWTH AND
CROP MATURITY. MINIMIZE OR NO WASTE APPLICATIONS IN JUNE, JULY, DECEMBER AND JANUARY.
++ THIS VOLUME IS CONSIDERED A NORMAL MAXIMUM FOR ANY ONE APPLICATION EVENT. APPLICATION AMOUNTS MAY BE LESS,
PAGE 51

FARM NAME: LITTLE RIVER FARM
FARM OWNER(S): N.G. PURVIS FARMS, INC.
FARM LOCATION: MONTGOMERY COUNTY, NC.
AVG. AMOUNT OF P.A.N. PER 1,000 GALS. OF IRRIGATED EFFLUENT = 2.5 POUNDS 11,000 GALLONS
AVG. AMOUNT OF P.A.N. PER 1,000 GALS. OF BROADCASTED EFFLUENT 2.3 POUNDS / 1,000 GALLONS
TABLE 29
ANIMAL WA-STE-A- PPLICATION GUIDELINES FOR s SPECIFIC CROP SEASON
THIS TABLE SHOWS DATA FOR GROWING FESCUE AFTER PEARL MILLET HARVEST.
NOTE: THE FARMER MUST NOT APPLY ANIMAL WASTE MORE THAN 3D DAYS PRIOR TO PLANTING A CROP OR 30 DAYS PRIOR TO A CROP BREAKING
DORMANCY. ANIMAL WASTE APPLIED TO A CROP FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION MUST BE APPLIED AS A PREPLANT MEASURE ONLY. TOTAL NITROGEN
APPLIED CAN NOT EXCEED RECOMMENDED AGRONOMIC RATES. IF A CROP'S MAXIMUM NITROGEN UPTAKE POTENTIAL EXCEEDS THE P.A.N.
APPLIED FROM ANIMAL WASTE, A COMMERCIAL FERTILIZER MAY BE USED. POST EMERGENCE NITROGEN NEEDS FOR CROPS SCHEDULED FOR
HUMAN CONSUMPTION CAN NOT BE SUPPLIED VIA ANIMAL MANURE. THIS TABLE IS ONLY A GUIDE AND IS ONLY SHOWN FOR A SINGLE CROP.
THIS TABLE ACCOUNTS FOR ANY RESIDUAL NITROGEN CREDITS FROM THE PREVIOUS CROP.
+ = ANIMAL WASTE IS TYPICALLY APPLIED IN THESE MONTHS. NITROGEN APPLICATION AMOUNTS SHOULD MATCH STAGE OF CROP GROWTH AND
CROP MATURITY. MINIMIZE OR NO WASTE APPLICATIONS IN JUNE, JULY, DECEMBER AND JANUARY.
++ = THIS VOLUME IS CONSIDERED A NORMAL MAXIMUM FOR ANY ONE APPLICATION EVENT. APPLICATION AMOUNTS MAY BE LESS.
PAGE 52
WETTED
RATE OF
RATE OF
TOTAL
TOTAL GALS.
TOTAL GALS.
MAXIMUM
MAXIMUM
FIELD 8
ACRES
P.A.N. TO
COMMERCIAL
POUNDS
OF EFFLUENT
OF WASTE
INCHES OF
GALS. OF
PULL OR
UNDER IRR.
APPLY FROM
NITROGEN TO
OF NITROGEN
TO APPLY
TO APPLY
WASTE FOR
WASTE FOR
B. CAST
OR UNDER
WINDOW
METHOD OF
ANIMAL
APPLY
TO APPLY
PER ACRE
IN THIS ZONE
A SINGLE
A SENGLE
ZONE
BROADCAST
OF WASTE
WASTE
WASTE
PER ACRE
ANNUALLY
PER CROP
PER CROP
APP. EVENT ++
APP. EVENT
I.D.
(ACRES)
APPL'N.+
APPLICATION
(LBSIAC)++
(LBS/AC)++
- (LBSIAC)
(GALIACRE)
(GALLONS)
(INIACRE)
(GAUAC)
..f....
..4.........
..........-
.......... 1.
*-**k
F1
2.510
8/1 to 7/31
BROADCAST
133
0
133
57,834
145,163
0.75
20,366
F2
4.076
811 to 7/31
IRRIGATE
150
0
150
59,858
243,981
0.75
20,366
F3
5.113
8/1 to 7/31
IRRIGATE
147
0
147
58,611
299,677
0.75
20,366
F4
2.348
811 to 7/31
IRRIGATE
136
0
136
54,246
127,370
0.75
20,366
F5
4.879
811 to 7131
IRRIGATE
139
0
139
55,493
270,752
0.75
20,366
F6
4.164
8/1 to 7131
IRRIGATE
150
0
ISO
59,858
249,248
0.75
20,366
F7
0.610
811 to 7/31
BROADCAST
136
0
136
58,963
35,968
0.75
20,366 .
F8
3.760
811 to 7/31
BROADCAST
139
0
139
60,319
226,799
0.75
20,366
F9
3.200
811 to 7131
BROADCAST
147
O
147
63,707
203,864
0.75
20,366
F1 O
0.600
811 to 7/31
BROADCAST
150
0
150
65,063
39,038
0.75
20,366
TOTAL P.A.N.=
1,424
TOTAL GALS.=
1,841,859
NOTE: THE FARMER MUST NOT APPLY ANIMAL WASTE MORE THAN 3D DAYS PRIOR TO PLANTING A CROP OR 30 DAYS PRIOR TO A CROP BREAKING
DORMANCY. ANIMAL WASTE APPLIED TO A CROP FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION MUST BE APPLIED AS A PREPLANT MEASURE ONLY. TOTAL NITROGEN
APPLIED CAN NOT EXCEED RECOMMENDED AGRONOMIC RATES. IF A CROP'S MAXIMUM NITROGEN UPTAKE POTENTIAL EXCEEDS THE P.A.N.
APPLIED FROM ANIMAL WASTE, A COMMERCIAL FERTILIZER MAY BE USED. POST EMERGENCE NITROGEN NEEDS FOR CROPS SCHEDULED FOR
HUMAN CONSUMPTION CAN NOT BE SUPPLIED VIA ANIMAL MANURE. THIS TABLE IS ONLY A GUIDE AND IS ONLY SHOWN FOR A SINGLE CROP.
THIS TABLE ACCOUNTS FOR ANY RESIDUAL NITROGEN CREDITS FROM THE PREVIOUS CROP.
+ = ANIMAL WASTE IS TYPICALLY APPLIED IN THESE MONTHS. NITROGEN APPLICATION AMOUNTS SHOULD MATCH STAGE OF CROP GROWTH AND
CROP MATURITY. MINIMIZE OR NO WASTE APPLICATIONS IN JUNE, JULY, DECEMBER AND JANUARY.
++ = THIS VOLUME IS CONSIDERED A NORMAL MAXIMUM FOR ANY ONE APPLICATION EVENT. APPLICATION AMOUNTS MAY BE LESS.
PAGE 52

FARM NAME: LITTLE RIVER FARM
FARM OWNER(S): N.G. PURVIS FARMS, INC.
FARM LOCATION: MONTGOMERY COUNTY, NC.
AVG. AMOUNT OF P.A.N. PER 1,000 GALS. OF IRRIGATED EFFLUENT = 2.5 POUNDS 1 1,000 GALLONS
AVG. AMOUNT OF P_A.N. PER 1,000 GALS. OF BROADCASTED EFFLUENT 2.3 POUNDS 1 1,000 GALLONS
NOTE: THE FARMER MUST NOT APPLY ANIMAL WASTE MORE THAN 30 DAYS PRIOR TO PLANTING A CROP OR 30 DAYS PRIOR TO A CROP BREAKING
DORMANCY. ANIMAL WASTE APPLIED TO A CROP FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION MUST BE APPLIED AS A PREPLANT MEASURE ONLY. TOTAL NITROGEN
APPLIED CAN NOT EXCEED RECOMMENDED AGRONOMIC RATES. IF A CROP'S MAXIMUM NITROGEN UPTAKE POTENTIAL EXCEEDS THE P.A.N.
APPLIED FROM ANIMAL WASTE, A COMMERCIAL FERTILIZER MAY BE USED. POST EMERGENCE NITROGEN NEEDS FOR CROPS SCHEDULED FOR
HUMAN CONSUMPTION CAN NOT BE SUPPLIED VIA ANIMAL MANURE. THIS TABLE IS ONLY A GUIDE AND IS ONLY SHOWN FOR A SINGLE CROP.
THIS TABLE ACCOUNTS FOR ANY RESIDUAL NITROGEN CREDITS FROM THE PREVIOUS CROP.
+ = ANIMAL WASTE IS TYPICALLY APPLIED IN THESE MONTHS. NITROGEN APPLICATION AMOUNTS SHOULD MATCH STAGE OF CROP GROWTH AND
CROP MATURITY.
++ = THIS VOLUME IS CONSIDERED A NORMAL MAXIMUM FOR ANY ONE APPLICATION EVENT. APPLICATION AMOUNTS MAY BE LESS.
PAGE 53
I
TABLE
3 -0 -
ANIMAL
WASTE APPLICATION
GUIDELINES
EOR
AA SPECIFIC CROP
SEASON
THIS TABLE SHOWS DATA FOR GROWING
PEARL MILLET
AFTER FESCUE HARVEST.
WETTED
RATE OF
RATE OF
TOTAL
TOTAL GALS.
TOTAL GALS.
MAXIMUM
MAXIMUM
FIELD &
ACRES
P.A.N. TO
COMMERCIAL
POUNDS
OF EFFLUENT
OF WASTE
INCHES OF
GALS, OF
PULL OR
UNDER IRR.
APPLY FROM
NITROGEN TO
OF NITROGEN
TO APPLY
TO APPLY
WASTE FOR
WASTE FOR
B. CAST
OR UNDER
WINDOW
METHOD OF
ANIMAL
APPLY
TO APPLY
PER ACRE
IN THIS ZONE
A SINGLE
A SINGLE
ZONE
BROADCAST
OF WASTE
WASTE
WASTE
PER ACRE
ANNUALLY
PER CROP
PER CROP
APP. EVENT
APP. EVENT
I.D.
(ACRES)
APPUN.+
APPLICATION
(LBS/AC)++
(LBSIAC)+'�
(LBS/AC)
(GAVACRE)
(GALLONS)
(IN/ACRE)
(GALIAC)
........
............
............
............
*41*:H *
k9.y,.,.kFsxr-r,t
F1
2.510
4r1 to 8131
BROADCAST
81
0
81
35,280
88,553
0.75
20,366
F2
4.076
411 to8/3t
IRRIGATE
88
0
88
35,240
143,637
0.75
20,366
F3
5.113
411 to 8/31
IRRIGATE
86
0
86
34,506
176,427
0,75
20,366
F4
2.348
411 to 8/31
IRRIGATE
80
0
80
31,936
74,985
0.75
20,366
F5
4.879
411 to 8131
IRRIGATE
82
0
82
32,670
159,398
0.75
20,366
F6
4.164
40 to 8/31
IRRIGATE
88
0
88
35,240
146,738
0.75
20,366
F7
0.610
4I1 to MI
BROADCAST
80
0
80
34,713
21,175
0.75
20,366
F8
3.760
411 to 8131
BROADCAST
82
0
82
35,511
133,521
0.75
20,366
F9
3.200
411 to 80
BROADCAST
86
0
86
37,506
120,019
0.75
20,366
F10
0.600
411 to 8/31
BROADCAST
88
0
88
38,304
22,982
0.75
20,366
TOTAL P.A.N.=
841
TOTAL GALS.=
1,087,436
NOTE: THE FARMER MUST NOT APPLY ANIMAL WASTE MORE THAN 30 DAYS PRIOR TO PLANTING A CROP OR 30 DAYS PRIOR TO A CROP BREAKING
DORMANCY. ANIMAL WASTE APPLIED TO A CROP FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION MUST BE APPLIED AS A PREPLANT MEASURE ONLY. TOTAL NITROGEN
APPLIED CAN NOT EXCEED RECOMMENDED AGRONOMIC RATES. IF A CROP'S MAXIMUM NITROGEN UPTAKE POTENTIAL EXCEEDS THE P.A.N.
APPLIED FROM ANIMAL WASTE, A COMMERCIAL FERTILIZER MAY BE USED. POST EMERGENCE NITROGEN NEEDS FOR CROPS SCHEDULED FOR
HUMAN CONSUMPTION CAN NOT BE SUPPLIED VIA ANIMAL MANURE. THIS TABLE IS ONLY A GUIDE AND IS ONLY SHOWN FOR A SINGLE CROP.
THIS TABLE ACCOUNTS FOR ANY RESIDUAL NITROGEN CREDITS FROM THE PREVIOUS CROP.
+ = ANIMAL WASTE IS TYPICALLY APPLIED IN THESE MONTHS. NITROGEN APPLICATION AMOUNTS SHOULD MATCH STAGE OF CROP GROWTH AND
CROP MATURITY.
++ = THIS VOLUME IS CONSIDERED A NORMAL MAXIMUM FOR ANY ONE APPLICATION EVENT. APPLICATION AMOUNTS MAY BE LESS.
PAGE 53
I

FARM NAME: LITTLE RIVER FARM
FARM OWNER(S): N.G. PURVIS FARMS, INC.
FARM LOCATION: MONTGOMERY COUNTY, NC.
AVG. AMOUNT OF P.A.N. PER 1,000 GALS. OF IRRIGATED EFFLUENT = 2.5 POUNDS / 1,000 GALLONS
AVG. AMOUNT OF P.A.N. PER 1,000 GALS. OF BROADCASTED EFFLUENT 2.3 POUNDS 1 1,000 GALLONS
TABLE 3
ANIMAL WASTE APPLICATION D.ELINES FORA SPECIFIC CROP SEASON
THIS TABLE SHOWS DATA FOR GROWING PEARL -MILLET AFTER WHEAT (SMALL GRAIN) HARVEST.
NOTE: THE FARMER MUST NOT APPLY ANIMAL WASTE MORE THAN 30 DAYS PRIOR TO PLANTING A CROP OR 30 DAYS PRIOR TO A CROP BREAKING
DORMANCY. ANIMAL WASTE APPLIED TO A CROP FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION MUST BE APPLIED AS A PREPLANT MEASURE ONLY. TOTAL NITROGEN
APPLIED CAN NOT EXCEED RECOMMENDED AGRONOMIC RATES. IF A CROP'S MAXIMUM NITROGEN UPTAKE POTENTIAL EXCEEDS THE P.A.N.
APPLIED FROM ANIMAL WASTE, A COMMERCIAL FERTILIZER MAY BE USED. POST EMERGENCE NITROGEN NEEDS FOR CROPS SCHEDULED FOR
HUMAN CONSUMPTION CAN NOT BE SUPPLIED VIA ANIMAL MANURE. THIS TABLE IS ONLY A GUIDE AND IS ONLY SHOWN FOR A SINGLE CROP.
THIS TABLE ACCOUNTS FOR ANY RESIDUAL NITROGEN CREDITS FROM THE PREVIOUS CROP.
+ = ANIMAL WASTE IS TYPICALLY APPLIED IN THESE MONTHS. NITROGEN APPLICATION AMOUNTS SHOULD MATCH STAGE OF CROP GROWTH AND
CROP MATURITY.
++ = THIS VOLUME IS CONSIDERED A NORMAL MAXIMUM FOR ANY ONE APPLICATION EVENT. APPLICATION AMOUNTS MAY BE LESS.
PAGE 54
I
WETTED
RATE OF
RATE OF
TOTAL
TOTAL GALS.
TOTAL GALS.
MAXIMUM
MAXIMUM
FIELD &
ACRES
P.A.N. TO
COMMERCIAL
POUNDS
OF EFFLUENT
OF WASTE
INCHES OF
GALS. OF
PULL OR
UNDER IRR.
APPLY FROM
NITROGEN TO
OF NITROGEN
TO APPLY
TO APPLY
WASTE FOR
WASTE FOR
B. CAST
OR UNDER
WINDOW
METHOD OF
ANIMAL
APPLY
TO APPLY
PER ACRE
IN THIS ZONE
A SINGLE
A SINGLE
ZONE
BROADCAST
OF WASTE
WASTE
WASTE
PER ACRE
ANNUALLY
PER CROP
PER CROP
APP. EVENT ++
APP. EVENT
E.D.
........
(ACRES)
............
APPL'N.+
............
APPLICATION
............
(LBSIAC)++
(LBSIAC)++
- (LBSIAC)
(GALIACRE)
(GALLONS)
(INIACRE)
(GAUAC)
F1
2.510
411 to 8/31
BROADCAST
97
0
97
42,336
106,263
0.75
20,366
F2
4.076
411 to 8/31
IRRIGATE
106
0
106
42,288
172,364
0.75
20,366
F3
5.113
411 to 8131
IRRIGATE
104
0
104
41,407
211,712
0.75
20,366
F4
2.348
411 to ml
IRRIGATE
96
0
96
38,323
89,983
0.75
20,366
F5
4.879
411 to 8/31
IRRIGATE
98
0
98
39,204
191,277
0.75
20,366
F6
4.164
411 to Ml
IRRIGATE
106
0
106
42,288
176,085
0.75
20,366
F7
0.610
411 to 8131
BROADCAST
96
0
96
41,656
25,410
0.75
20,366
F8
3.760
411 to 8/31
BROADCAST
98
0
98
42,613
160,226
0.75
20,366
F9
3.200
411 to 8131
BROADCAST
104
0
104
45,007
144,023
0.75
20,366
F10
0.600
411 to 8131
BROADCAST
106
0
106
45,965
27,579
0.75
20,366
TOTAL P.A.N.=
1,009
TOTAL GALS.=
1,304,923
NOTE: THE FARMER MUST NOT APPLY ANIMAL WASTE MORE THAN 30 DAYS PRIOR TO PLANTING A CROP OR 30 DAYS PRIOR TO A CROP BREAKING
DORMANCY. ANIMAL WASTE APPLIED TO A CROP FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION MUST BE APPLIED AS A PREPLANT MEASURE ONLY. TOTAL NITROGEN
APPLIED CAN NOT EXCEED RECOMMENDED AGRONOMIC RATES. IF A CROP'S MAXIMUM NITROGEN UPTAKE POTENTIAL EXCEEDS THE P.A.N.
APPLIED FROM ANIMAL WASTE, A COMMERCIAL FERTILIZER MAY BE USED. POST EMERGENCE NITROGEN NEEDS FOR CROPS SCHEDULED FOR
HUMAN CONSUMPTION CAN NOT BE SUPPLIED VIA ANIMAL MANURE. THIS TABLE IS ONLY A GUIDE AND IS ONLY SHOWN FOR A SINGLE CROP.
THIS TABLE ACCOUNTS FOR ANY RESIDUAL NITROGEN CREDITS FROM THE PREVIOUS CROP.
+ = ANIMAL WASTE IS TYPICALLY APPLIED IN THESE MONTHS. NITROGEN APPLICATION AMOUNTS SHOULD MATCH STAGE OF CROP GROWTH AND
CROP MATURITY.
++ = THIS VOLUME IS CONSIDERED A NORMAL MAXIMUM FOR ANY ONE APPLICATION EVENT. APPLICATION AMOUNTS MAY BE LESS.
PAGE 54
I

FARM NAME: LITTLE RIVER FARM
FARM OWNER(S): N.G. PURVIS FARMS, INC.
FARM LOCATION: MONTGOMERY COUNTY, NC.
AVG. AMOUNT OF P.A.N. PER 1,000 GALS, OF IRRIGATED EFFLUENT = 2.5 POUNDS / 1,000 GALLONS
AVG. AMOUNT OF P.A.N. PER 1,000 GALS. OF BROADCASTED EFFLUENT 2.3 POUNDS / 1,000 GALLONS
TABLE 32 -
ANIMAL WASTE APPLICATION GUIDELINES FOR A SPECIE[Q..CROP SEASON
THIS TABLE SHOWS DATA FOR GROWING
WHEAT OR SMALL GRAIN (HAY)
AFTER PEARL MILLET HARVEST.
WETTED
RATE OF
RATE OF
TOTAL
TOTAL GALS.
TOTAL GALS.
MAXIMUM
MAXIMUM
FIELD &
ACRES
P.A,N, TO
COMMERCIAL
POUNDS
OF EFFLUENT
OF WASTE
INCHES OF
GALS. OF
PULL OR
UNDER IRR.
APPLY FROM
NITROGEN TO
OF NITROGEN
TO APPLY
TO APPLY
WASTE FOR
WASTE FOR
B. CAST
OR UNDER
WINDOW
METHOD OF
ANIMAL
APPLY
TO APPLY
PER ACRE
1N THIS ZONE
A SINGLE
A SINGLE.
ZONE
BROADCAST
OF WASTE
WASTE
WASTE
PER ACRE
ANNUALLY
PER CROP
PER CROP
APP. EVENT++
APP, EVENT
I.D.
........
(ACRES)
............
APPUN.+
............
APPLICATION
............
(LBS/AC)++
(LBS/AC)++
(LBS/AC)
(GALIACRE)
fiiiiiii
(GALLONS)
ri'*i1�r*rt h'.-***
(INIACRE)
**k'*'R**'k':F,FAM
(GAL/AC)
+1".y'M4ynF'RYr%-RI
F1
2.510
911 to 4W
BROADCAST
78
0
78
33,809
84,860
0.75
20,366
F2
4.076
911 to 4130
IRRIGATE
86
0
86
34,214
139,458
0.75
20,366
F3
5.113
911 to 4130
IRRIGATE
84
0
84
33,502
171,294
0.75
20,366
F4
2.348
911 to 4Q0
IRRIGATE
78
0
78
31,007
72,804
0.75
20,366
F5
4.879
911 to 4x30
IRRIGATE
79
0
79
31,720
154,760
0.75
20,366
F6
4.164
911 to 4130
IRRIGATE
86
0
86
34,214
142,469
0.75
20,366
F7
0.610
911 to 4/30
BROADCAST
78
0
78
33,703
20,559
0.75
20,366
F8
3.760
911 to 4130
BROADCAST
79
0
79
34,478
129,637
0.75
20,366
F9
3.200
911 to 4M
BROADCAST
84
0
84
36,415
116,527
0.75
20,366
F10
0.600
911 to 4130
BROADCAST
86
0
86
37,190
22,314
0.75
20,366
TOTAL P.A.N.=
816
TOTAL GALS.=
1,054,681
NOTE: THE FARMER MUST NOT APPLY ANIMAL WASTE MORE THAN 30 DAYS PRIOR TO PLANTING A CROP OR 30 DAYS PRIOR TO A CROP BREAKING
DORMANCY. ANIMAL WASTE APPLIED TO A CROP FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION MUST BE APPLIED AS A PREPLANT MEASURE ONLY. TOTAL NITROGEN
APPLIED CAN NOT EXCEED RECOMMENDED AGRONOMIC RATES. IF A CROP'S MAXIMUM NITROGEN UPTAKE POTENTIAL EXCEEDS THE P.A.N.
APPLIED FROM ANIMAL WASTE, A COMMERCIAL FERTILIZER MAY BE USED. POST EMERGENCE NITROGEN NEEDS FOR CROPS SCHEDULED FOR
HUMAN CONSUMPTION CAN NOT BE SUPPLIED VIA ANIMAL MANURE, THIS TABLE IS ONLY A GUIDE AND IS ONLY SHOWN FOR A SINGLE CROP.
THIS TABLE ACCOUNTS FOR ANY RESIDUAL NITROGEN CREDITS FROM THE PREVIOUS CROP.
+ = ANIMAL WASTE IS TYPICALLY APPLIED IN THESE MONTHS. NITROGEN APPLICATION AMOUNTS SHOULD MATCH STAGE OF CROP GROWTH AND
CROP MATURITY. MINIMIZE OR NO WASTE APPLICATIONS IN DECEMBER AND JANUARY.
++ = THIS VOLUME IS CONSIDERED A NORMAL MAXIMUM FOR ANY ONE APPLICATION EVENT, APPLICATION AMOUNTS MAY BE LESS.
PAGE 55
I

FARM NAME: LITTLE RIVER FARM
FARM OWNER(S): N.G. PURVIS FARMS, INC.
FARM LOCATION: MONTGOMERY COUNTY, NC.
AVG. AMOUNT OF P.A.N. PER 1,000 GALS. OF IRRIGATED EFFLUENT = 2.5 POUNDS 11,000 GALLONS
AVG. AMOUNT OF PA.N. PER 1,000 GALS, OF BROADCASTED EFFLUENT 2.3 POUNDS 1 1,000 GALLONS
TABLE
ANIMAL WA UE APPLICATION G
THIS TABLE SHOWS DATA FOR GROWING WHEAT OR SMALL GRAIN (HAY) ONLY.
NOTE: THE FARMER MUST NOT APPLY ANIMAL WASTE MORE THAN 30 DAYS PRIOR TO PLANTING A CROP OR 30 DAYS PRIOR TO A CROP BREAKING
DORMANCY. ANIMAL WASTE APPLIED TO A CROP FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION MUST BE APPLIED AS A PREPLANT MEASURE ONLY. TOTAL NITROGEN
APPLIED CAN NOT EXCEED RECOMMENDED AGRONOMIC RATES. IF A CROP'S MAXIMUM NITROGEN UPTAKE POTENTIAL EXCEEDS THE P.A.N.
APPLIED FROM ANIMAL WASTE. A COMMERCIAL FERTILIZER MAY BE USED. POST EMERGENCE NITROGEN NEEDS FOR CROPS SCHEDULED FOR
HUMAN CONSUMPTION CAN NOT BE SUPPLIED VIA ANIMAL MANURE. THIS TABLE IS ONLY A GUIDE AND IS ONLY SHOWN FOR A SINGLE CROP.
THIS TABLE ACCOUNTS FOR ANY RESIDUAL NITROGEN CREDITS FROM THE PREVIOUS CROP.
+ = ANIMAL WASTE IS TYPICALLY APPLIED IN THESE MONTHS. NITROGEN APPLICATION AMOUNTS SHOULD MATCH STAGE OF CROP GROWTH AND
CROP MATURITY. MINIMIZE OR NO WASTE APPLICATIONS IN DECEMBER AND JANUARY.
++ = THIS VOLUME IS CONSIDERED A NORMAL MAXIMUM FOR ANY ONE APPLICATION EVENT. APPLICATION AMOUNTS MAY BE LESS.
PAGE 56
WETTED
RATE OF
RATE OF
TOTAL
TOTAL GALS.
TOTAL GALS_
MAXIMUM
MAXIMUM
FIELD &
ACRES
P.A.N. TO
COMMERCIAL
POUNDS
OF EFFLUENT
OF WASTE
INCHES OF
GALS. OF
PULL OR
UNDER IRR.
APPLY FROM
NITROGEN TO
OF NITROGEN
TO APPLY
TO APPLY
WASTE FOR
WASTE FOR
B. CAST
OR UNDER
WINDOW
METHOD OF
ANIMAL
APPLY
TO APPLY
PER ACRE
IN THIS ZONE
A SINGLE
A SINGLE
ZONE
BROADCAST
OF WASTE
WASTE
WASTE
PER ACRE
ANNUALLY
PER CROP
PER CROP
APP. EVENT ++
APP. EVENT
I.D.
........
(ACRES)
............
APPL'N.+
............
APPLICATION
. ..........
(LBSlAC)++
(LBSlAC)++
- (LBSlAC)
(GAUACRE)
iY-Rihh*�
(GALLONS)
(IN/ACRE)
Al�iR A
(GAUAC)
�ririt
Fl
2.510
911 to 4130
BROADCAST
130
0
130
56,348
141,433
0.75
20,366
F2
4.076
911 to 4030
IRRIGATE
143
0
143
57,024
232,430
0.75
20,366
F3
5.113
911 to 400
IRRIGATE
140
0
140
55,836
285,489
0.75
20,366
F4
2.348
911 to 4/30
IRRIGATE
129
0
129
51,678
121,340
0.75
20,366
F5
4.879
911 to 4m
IRRIGATE
132
0
132
52,866
257,933
0.75
20,366
F6
4.164
9/1104030
IRRIGATE
143
0
143
57,024
237,448
0.75
20,366
F7
0.610
911 to 413D
BROADCAST
129
0
129
56,172
34,265
0.75
20,366
F8
3.760
911 to 4030
BROADCAST
132
0
132
57,463
216,061
0.75
20,366
F9
3.200
911 to 4030
BROADCAST
140
0
140
60,691
194,212
0.75
20,366
F10
0.600
911 to 4130
BROADCAST
143
0
143
61,983
37,190
0.75
20,366
TOTAL P.A.N.=
1,359
TOTAL GALS.=
1,757,801
NOTE: THE FARMER MUST NOT APPLY ANIMAL WASTE MORE THAN 30 DAYS PRIOR TO PLANTING A CROP OR 30 DAYS PRIOR TO A CROP BREAKING
DORMANCY. ANIMAL WASTE APPLIED TO A CROP FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION MUST BE APPLIED AS A PREPLANT MEASURE ONLY. TOTAL NITROGEN
APPLIED CAN NOT EXCEED RECOMMENDED AGRONOMIC RATES. IF A CROP'S MAXIMUM NITROGEN UPTAKE POTENTIAL EXCEEDS THE P.A.N.
APPLIED FROM ANIMAL WASTE. A COMMERCIAL FERTILIZER MAY BE USED. POST EMERGENCE NITROGEN NEEDS FOR CROPS SCHEDULED FOR
HUMAN CONSUMPTION CAN NOT BE SUPPLIED VIA ANIMAL MANURE. THIS TABLE IS ONLY A GUIDE AND IS ONLY SHOWN FOR A SINGLE CROP.
THIS TABLE ACCOUNTS FOR ANY RESIDUAL NITROGEN CREDITS FROM THE PREVIOUS CROP.
+ = ANIMAL WASTE IS TYPICALLY APPLIED IN THESE MONTHS. NITROGEN APPLICATION AMOUNTS SHOULD MATCH STAGE OF CROP GROWTH AND
CROP MATURITY. MINIMIZE OR NO WASTE APPLICATIONS IN DECEMBER AND JANUARY.
++ = THIS VOLUME IS CONSIDERED A NORMAL MAXIMUM FOR ANY ONE APPLICATION EVENT. APPLICATION AMOUNTS MAY BE LESS.
PAGE 56

I.11,T]l F' RIVFIR CAWN11'
REN(R "D RINE; . 200
TAIR,E 34 -- Example Waler Balance
The water level inside lagoons and ponds will rise and fall according to water inputs and outputs. It is
always prudent to look back over the proposed land application program and develop a water balance
to show there is sufficient volume within the storage structures to accommodate excess waste between
application events. At Little River Farm all water will typically be stored in the second stage lagoon.
As shown in the tables discussed above, there are several possible land application schedules that may
be used at this farm, Thus it would be very complicated to discuss a water balance using all possible
crop growing combinations. However to at least illustrate the point of balancing land application to
waste storage, the engineer has chosen one crop combination over a 2 year rotation to develop an
example of the rise and fall of stored water. This is only an example and will also help illustrate how the
above tables work. This table looks only at irrigation - i.e. no broadcasting.
The crop rotation chosen for this example is pearl millet (hay) - tall fescue (hay) for the first and second
years. for this example it has been assumed all fields would grow this same crop combination, This
example assumes the amount of wastewater generated by the hogs to be constant each month, and in a
quantity estimated using NRCS numbers. This table does not account for above or below normal
rainfall months, excess wastewater production by the hogs, or seasonal variations in wastewater
generation. The engineer has also chosen a reasonable land application amount for selected months for
each crop grown. A fixed volume inside the lagoon has been assumed to start the table.
As a result of these assumptions, it can be seen in column 7 that the stored wastewater volume changes
from month to month. A maximum volume of 1,471,459 gallons is shown to occur in September of
year 2. This is well below the maximum storage volume of the second stage lagoon. The farmer can
not apply more waste than is available, so he/she may wish to postpone land application events until
they will do the most good for a particular crop.
The farmer must adhere to lagoon designs as well as maximum and minimum storage volumes. Always
know your storage pond liquid level and available storage volume (remember we do get hurricanes in
NC). Lower water levels in storage systems before the on -set of long wet seasons. A key item to
remember is to keep water levels inside the lagoon low enough to store at least two 25 year - 24 hour
storm before overflow.
Since there are always monthly variations in lagoon water levels, the farmer is required to read the high
water levels in each lagoon weekly and record these variations.
TABLE 34 APPEARS 1N ITS ENTIRETY ON THE NEXT PAGE
57

• • FARM NAME: LITTLE RIVER FARM
FARM OWNER(S): N.G. PURVIS FARMS, INC.
FARM LOCATION: MONTGOMERY COUNTY, NC.
TABLE 3A -
LONG TERM WATER BALANCE EXAMPLE USING A
PEARL MILLET (HAY) - TALL FESCUE (HAY) COMBINATION EVERY YEAR.
CONSIDERING IRRIGATION ONLY (i.e. NO BROADCAST ZONES)
ASSUMED LIQUID VOL. INSIDE LAGOON 2 IN JANUARY OF YR. 1 = 1,000,000 GALS 4
MAXIMUM LIQUID APPLICATIONS BASED ON P.A.N. CROP REMOVAL FOR YEAR 1 = 1,892,213 GALLONS
MAXIMUM LIQUID APPLICATIONS BASED ON P.A.N. CROP REMOVAL FOR YEAR 2 = 1,892,213 GALLONS
GALLONS OF EFFLUENT PRODUCED PER YEAR (AVG.) = 1,952,280 GALLONS
HOW MANY WETTED ACRES ARE UNDER IRRIGATION? = 20.58 ACRES
= THE LAGOON ACCUMULATIONS SHOWN IN THIS COLUMN DO NOT ACCOUNT FOR WIDE MONTHLY RAINFALL
VARIATIONS OR EXTREME MONTHLY EVAPOTRANSPORATION VARIATIONS. SUCH VARIATIONS COULD BE
SIGNIFICANT AND CHANGE THIS WATER BALANCE TABLE FROM WHAT 1S SHOWN ABOVE. THIS TABLE WILL BE
DIFFERENT EVERY YEAR AND 1S ONLY AN APPROXIMATION SHOWN TO ILLUSTRATE LAGOON VOLUME
CHANGES WITH RESPECT TO LAND APPLICATION ACTIVITIES. THIS IS NOT A DETAILED WATER BALANCE
TABLE AND IS LARGELY BASED ON BOOK VALUES.
= A MINIMUM VOLUME OF AROUND 1,000,000 GALLONS WAS ASSUMED TO BE IN THE LAGOON AT THE
START OF THIS EXAMPLE. THIS VALUE WILL VARY EACH YEAR.
PAGE 58
EFFLUENT
EFFLUENT
ESTD. P.A..N.
CUMULATIVE
CUMULATIVE
YEAR
ACTIVELY
APPLIED
APPLIED
APPLIED
VOL. IN
SUM OF
OF
GROWING
TO CROP
TO CROP
PER ACRE
LAGOON 2
WASTE
MONTH
...........
ROTATION
....R......
CROP
...........
(INIMONTH)
..............
(GALS/MO.)
..............
(LBSIACIMO)
.....RR.......
(GALS)
.•............
APPLIED
....R.... RRR RR
January
1
FESCUE
0.00
0
0
1,162,690
0
February
1
FESCUE
0.60
335,298
41
990,082
335,298
March
1
FESCUE
0.75
419,122
51
733,650
754,420
April
1
FESCUE
0.00
0
0
896,340
754,420
May
1
P. MILLET
0.00
0
0
1,059,030
754,420
June
1
P. MILLET
0.75
419,122
51
802,598
1,173,542
July
1
P. MILLET
0.75
419,122
51
546,166
1,592,664
August
1
P, MILLET
0.00
0
0
708,856
1,592,664
September
1
P. MILLET
0.00
0
0
871,546
1,592,664
October
1
FESCUE
0.52
290,591
35
743,645
1,883,255
November
1
FESCUE
0.00
0
0
906,335
1,883,255
December
1
FESCUE
0.00
0
0
1,069,025
1,883,255
January
2
FESCUE
0.00
0
0
1,231,715
0
February
2
FESCUE
0.35
195,590
24
1,198,815
195,590
March
2
FESCUE
0.50
279,415
34
1,082,090
475,005
April
2
FESCUE
0.00
0
0
1,244,780
475,005
May
2
P. MILLET
0.00
0
0
1,407,470
475,005
June
2
P. MILLET
0.55
307,356
37
1,262,804
782,361
July
2
P. MILLET
0.50
279,415
34
1,146,079
1,061,776
August
2
P. MILLET
0.00
0
0
1,308,769
1,061,776
September
2
P. MILLET
0.00
0
0
1,471,459
1,061,776
October
2
FESCUE
1.10
614,712
75
1,019,437
1,676,486
November
2
FESCUE
0.39
217,943
26
964,184
1,894,431
December
2
FESCUE
0.00
0
0
1,126,674
1,894,431
= THE LAGOON ACCUMULATIONS SHOWN IN THIS COLUMN DO NOT ACCOUNT FOR WIDE MONTHLY RAINFALL
VARIATIONS OR EXTREME MONTHLY EVAPOTRANSPORATION VARIATIONS. SUCH VARIATIONS COULD BE
SIGNIFICANT AND CHANGE THIS WATER BALANCE TABLE FROM WHAT 1S SHOWN ABOVE. THIS TABLE WILL BE
DIFFERENT EVERY YEAR AND 1S ONLY AN APPROXIMATION SHOWN TO ILLUSTRATE LAGOON VOLUME
CHANGES WITH RESPECT TO LAND APPLICATION ACTIVITIES. THIS IS NOT A DETAILED WATER BALANCE
TABLE AND IS LARGELY BASED ON BOOK VALUES.
= A MINIMUM VOLUME OF AROUND 1,000,000 GALLONS WAS ASSUMED TO BE IN THE LAGOON AT THE
START OF THIS EXAMPLE. THIS VALUE WILL VARY EACH YEAR.
PAGE 58

t.rrri.:' Rtvtite c•AWNW
lu"'V1St;ll JUM." . 200.3
TABLE 35 -- Generalized Anaerobic Lagoon Sludge Disposal Example
Table 35 shows a table with all of the crops proposed for this farm and a predicted amount of nitrogen
each crop can remove per acre. This table only shows single crops and not crop combinations. This
table does not take into account every soil type or slope or erosion class, but more or less gives an
example of a typical R.Y.E. for soils found at this farm. This table was developed only to give some
general guidance to the farmer and to show how much land may be required in the future to remove the
P.A.N. from anaerobic lagoon sludge. THIS TABLE IS ONLY FOR GUIDANCE AND PLANNING
and should not be used as a final sludge application table. The sludge nitrogen content shown on this
table is a book value.
The reader will note that every field to receive sludge will need to be evaluated on its own merit. Each
field will vary in potential crop yield and P.A.N. removal. Also, the farmer must obtain a representative
sludge sample for analysis prior to land applying the sludge. The farmer should consider carrying all
sludge off the farm to neighboring fields during the sludge removal event. Since there are so many
variables with sludge removal, it is impossible to make predictions beyond those shown in Table 35.
According to Table 35, the fewest acres required for sludge removal results from growing tall fescue
hay, followed by pearl millet for hay. The crop requiring the most acres for sludge removal would be
wheat, oats, or a cool season mixed grass hay. Growing 2 crops per year would further reduce the
required acres to take sludge.
TABLE 35 APPEARS IN ITS ENTIRETY ON THE FOLLOWING PAGE
59

FARM NAME: LITTLE RIVER FARM
FARM OWNER(S): N.G. PURVIS FARMS, INC.
FARM LOCATION: MONTGOMERY COUNTY, NC.
m GO
PREDICTED P.A.N. IN ANAEROBIC LAGOON SLUDGE. - 5 YEARS (BOOK VALS) =
PREDICTED P.A.N. IN ANAEROBIC LAGOON SLUDGE PER 1,000 GALS. (BOOK VAL.) _
CROP COMBINATIONS ASSUMING ALL
FIELDS AND/OR APPLICATION ZONES
GROW THE FOLLOWING CROPS IN
THE SAME YEAR
TALL FESCUE HAY
PEARL MILLET HAY
SMALL GRAIN HAY ONLY
3,305 LBS15 YEARS
11.29 LBS11,000 GALLONS
ACRES OF CROP NEEDED TO USE SLUDGE GENERATED IN 5 YEARS
-
ASSUMED
ASSUMED
N. REMOVAL
P.A.N.
ACRES OF
R.Y.E.
PER UNIT
REMOVAL
CROP NEEDED
FOR THIS
OF CROP
PER
FOR
CROP FOR
UNITS FOR
HARVESTED
ACRE
SLUDGE +
THIS EXAMPLE
R.Y.E.
(pounds)
(Ibs/ac)
(acres)
3.8
TONS/AC/YR
44.00
167
19.8
3.5
TONS/AC/YR
48.00
168
19.7
3.0
TONSIACNR
45.00
135
24.5
' = THIS IS A VERY GENERAL GUIDE FOR ESTIMATING THE AMOUNT OF ACRES REQUIRED TO REMOVE THE P.A.N.
GERNERATED AT THIS FARM OVER A S YEAR TIME. THIS TABLE IS ONLY BEING SUPPLIED TO GIVE SOME BASIC
GUIDANCE FOR FUTURE PLANNING OF SLUDGE REMOVAL EVENTS. THE FARMER SHOULD BE CAREFUL
ABOUT GETTING AN ACCURATE SLUDGE ANALYSIS PERFORMED PRIOR TO MAILING SLUDGE REMOVAL PLANS.
THE GROWER IS DISCOURAGED FROM APPLYING SLUDGE ON THE SAME LAND THAT ROUTINELY RECEIVES
EFFLUENT.
+ = NORMALLY, NOT ALL THE P.A.N. FROM SLUDGE SHOULD BE LAND APPLIED AT ONE TIME, BUT OVER A FULL
GROWING SEASON. IF ALL SLUDGE WERE TO BE PUT OUT AT THE SAME TIME, THE APPLICATION AMOUNTS WOULD
NEED TO BE LESS PER ACRE AND MORE ACRES WOULD BE NEEDED. THIS WOULD AMOUNT TO DOUBLE OR TRIPLE
THE AMOUNT OF ACRES SHOWN IN THIS COLUMN.
PAGE 60

1.11"]7.1•: Ki VER CAIWNIP
RIiVI51;17 JUNE .2003
OPERATIONAL MANAGEMENT PLAN
General
The right animal waste application equipment is extremely important in terms of the farmer's ability to
accurately measure and control the application of anirnal waste. However, when it comes to properly
operating irrigation equipment (or broadcast equipment) the farmer must be familiar with his/her
equipment and have a good understanding of pump curves, purnping rates, basic math, and possess the
willingness to keep good records. This revised agronomic plan is notintended to be a comprehensive
irrigation or crop production teaching manual. The engineer must assume the farmer can take the
presented information and apply it to his or her farm.
Irrigation Equipment Operation
Each time the traveling gun is set up it will need to be adjusted according to the desired delivery. It is
beyond the scope and purpose of this revision to the Little River harm CAWMP to predict all pumping
rates and traveler retrieval rate combinations to achieve the desired application but Exhibits 25 and 27
go into some detail about such matters. The engineer must however rely on the farmer's record keeping
ability to accurately track gallons pumped and nutrient amounts delivered. Adjustments can also be
made in engine speeds to increase or lower irrigation rates but use caution since this will also change
application coverage. The farmer will find it most convenient to adjust gun cart retrieval speed when
changing application volumes. Cart speed will not change the effective irrigation coverage or nozzle
gpm. Please note that more water will be applied at the bottom of hills than at the tops. This will be
mainly due to the higher nozzle pressures at lower elevations. The .0200 rules say that the waste can
not be over -applied and there can not be run-off. Therefore the farmer may find it more convenient to
set applications to be correct at low points and thereby apply less on hill tops as the cart is being
retrieved. Otherwise the farmer will need to adjust the delivery rate throughout the pull on hills.
Averages can also be used if over applications do not occur in low areas.
The irrigation operator shall keep records on equipment repairs, maintenance, and irrigation
calibrations. Irrigation calibration shall be done at least one time per year but twice per year would be
better. Information on irrigation calibration can be seen as Exhibit 25. The farmer should consult with
his or her irrigation dealer to obtain more information on calibration or contact the engineer for some
on-site help.
For smooth irrigation, the operator will need to predetermined gun cart paths and travel lanes, especially
in recently cleared or uneven fields. This will be most important between hills and where hills would
tilt the gun cart to the side. A tilted gun cart is more easily turned over and will also alter the effective
coverage of the spray. If needed to smooth out cart paths, remove all stumps and large rocks, and place
soil in gullies and valleys.
Wastewater shall not be allowed to run off any field at any time. Application rates should be as
low as needed to avoid surface run-off or water ponding. When using traveling guns the instantaneous
application rate is often above continuous application rates, however the duration is minimal so run-off
should not occur. Always use extreme caution if irrigating soon after rain events or in cool weather.
Application volumes of 0.75 inches or less per irrigation event are recommended by the engineer, but
hot dry weather may allow for slightly more than 0.75 inches per event, Strong slopes will cause
irrigation volumes to be less or require pull rates to be fast. If irrigation selections are causing run-off,
the operator should change nozzles, increase travel speed, reduce application or pump rates, etc.
Changing gun cart speed is probably the easiest adjustment, but it will not change the application rate.
63

1XITI .F. RIVER CAWN1P
„• REIVISEM JUNK, 2003
+ This table was obtained from information given in a NCSU training class on irrigation. It appears to have
originated from David D. Davis and Associates.
-++ Slowly increase flow rates. Use caution to fill pipes according to this table every time the mainline has
drained down by 10 percent of its volume capacity,
Broadcast Equipment Operation
The principal behind effective broadcasting of animal waste is much the same as with irrigation. The
operator wants to put the waste out at a controlled rate so as to benefit the crop but minimize any
chance for environmental damage. Therefore the operator should observe the same safety precautions
against excess applications as was mentioned above for irrigation.
For ease in record keeping, the operator will need to predetermined general travel lanes, paths, or field
sections that are routinely covered. This should be easy to establish after pulling the spreader through a
given field one or two times. If needed, cut down a few trees, smooth out travel paths, remove all
stumps and large rocks, and place soil in pot holes or dips in the field. Try to keep your travel paths as
uniform and straight as possible.
Animal manure shall not be allowed to discharge off of any field at any time. Application rates
should be as low as needed to avoid manure piling or surface build-up. Strong slopes will encourage
manure run-off when it rains so apply carefully in these areas. The farmer should avoid applying heavy
amounts of animal waste in low areas in the fields or spots which tend to stay wet. Keep good
vegetative buffers between application areas and the creek. Minimize manure applications in stormwater
ditches or in grass water ways, and near down-slope grass buffers. All waste shall be applied inside
buffers. Buffers can be seen in Exhibit 4.
Little River Farm will be broadcasting animal waste with their own equipment and personnel. This
person(s) must be familiar with all aspects of this plan, including but not limited to the rules for the land
application of animal waste, field buffers, the broadcasting equipment, recent soils analysis, nitrogen
removal potential, crop conditions, etc, All activities must be recorded and kept on file at the farm
office. Exhibit 26 shows how to calibrate liquid broadcasting equipment.
Typically, several adjustments are available on a liquid manure spreader which aids in controlling
manure application rates. Often, pull speed (i.e, travel speed) is one of the easier adjustments for the
operator to make in order to apply more or less manure per acre, On some spreaders there are valve
controls, pressure controls, and spray direction controls. The operator should record each load of
manure hauled. This would include the date, which field received the waste, volume of manure per
load, where applied on the field, how many square feet or acres were covered, etc. The operator should
know how much a fall load contains and accurately judge how much is in each tanker load hauled (e.g.
213 full, 80 % full, etc.).
Broadcast spreading often occurs -following the contours of the field perimeter, so the operator can
continue to spread without stopping the tractor or truck. This makes for a circular, oval, or rectangular
pattern of application. If the fields are relatively rectangular, the operator may wish to keep the
application patterns as parallel as possible to aid in keeping track of where nutrients have been applied.
The operator should put up markers at the beginning and end of each section of field where waste has
been applied in order to avoid over -application or under -application. If the application paths are dark
from the waste, this may in and of itself serve to mark the coverage area that day, but this will not be

L[TfIJ; RIVER CAWMP
UVISI D JtrW-,, 2003
sufficient for the long term. Knowing approximate application rates before getting to the field will be
very helpful for the operator in calculating the rate of waste application.
Sharp corners, wet areas, buffers from ditches, roads, etc. in a field will not be fertilized by the operator.
Do not count these areas if they do not receive waste. Stop and make adjustments to the application
rate as needed.
Since all of the fields scheduled to receive waste are somewhat hilly, adjusting application rates for hills
and valleys may be needed. IMPORTANT: Theoperator should make a sketch of or somehow
accurately record each_dns application so a record exists of 'ust where applications occur. As a
minimum, every day's worth of spreading should be documented. This is especially important if the
operator is going to apply the waste over an extended time period.
The land application of animal waste requires the operator to pay particular attention to weather
forecasts. Dry weather may allow increased waste application amounts and frequencies but caution
must always be used to prevent a discharge to the creeks. if sludge is broadcast onto conventionally
tilled bare soil, it should be soil incorporated within 48 hours of application.
It is difficult if not impossible to predict in this document all combinations of travel speeds, application
rates, crop conditions, P.A.N. concentrations, rainfall, etc. The engineer must however rely on the
operator's record keeping ability to accurately track quantity of manure applied and nutrient amounts
delivered. if a contract applicator is to be employed make sure they know what you will need from them
in terms of records, times, fields, etc.
CONTROL PROGRAMS FOR LITTLE RIVER FARM
Odor Control And Liquid Waste Management (apply as needed)
Note: Much of this document's text and exhibits are directly or indirectly related to odor control.
Likewise, common sense plays a very important part of any odor control program. The below list of
items is not intended to be all inclusive. An odor control checklist is shown as Exhibit 17 .
I . Use common sense and constant observations to prevent pond upsets or overflows.
2. All waste types shall be tested to determine their nutrient content prior to land applications. This
shall be done within 60 days of the start of a waste application event. Send effluent and sludge
samples to the N. C. Department of Agriculture, Plant, Waste, and Tissue Lab, 4300 Reedy Creek
Road, Raleigh, N.C. 27607, phone [phone], Plant or crop tissue samples can also be sent
for regular analysis. Contact the local Cooperative Extension Service for additional details and
phone numbers. Keep in mind that slurry or solids applications may alter routine liquid application
rates so do not confuse solids and slurry applications with liquid effluent.
3. Keep grasses and vegetation out of the waste storage ponds and lagoons. Animal health
consumables, rubber gloves, plastic bags, and trash tend to accumulate in lagoons and ponds and
should be cleaned out regularly. Keep it neat!
4. Stored water levels should be lowered before the on -set of wet weather seasons and in accordance
with on-farm crop needs. Leave plenty of room for heavy rainfalls or long wet seasons. Review
freeboard requirements and keep enough freeboard for the appropriate storm surges.
67

I.ITTI-E RIVFR CAWMP
10"VISN) JUNF, , 2003
5. Regularly inspect all earthen dams and embankments for settling or bulges, side slope stability,
rodent damage, jug holes or pock marks, erosion scars, wave action damage, weeping, etc. Weeds
should be mown at least one time per year and two times per year in heavy growth years so the
operator can see problems before they get serious. Do not allow bush or woody vegetation to grow
on earthen dikes.
6. Do not drive vehicles across emergency spillways. Keep the spillway clear of limbs, tall plant
growth, logs, floating debris, sedimentation, etc. Watch for erosion and settling.
7. Animal grazing on dams and embankments can cause problems and is not allowed.
8. Inspect all dams, earthen embankments, and emergency spillways at least two times per year or after
every significant storm event. The owner/operator shall keep a written record on all inspections,
maintenance and repairs done on the lagoon and or dam.
9. Always maintain freeboards in ponds and lagoons, Allow more freeboard if irrigation pumps are
not readily available for this pond.
10. Try to avoid large rapid liquid level reductions inside the pond. Always observe the inside dam
sides for possible liner sloughing during rapid liquid draw -downs. Repair damaged lagoon liners
immediately. Try to keep draw -down no more than 12 inches in 24 hours.
11. Emergency spillways should be kept clear of trash and debris. A good grass cover should be
maintained at and down slope of emergency spillways.
12. Avoid unnecessary agitation of the pond when not irrigating. This will help control odors. Take
measures to allow water to flow into the pond in a gentle fashion instead of splashing or cascading.
Inlet piping should be placed below water surface as long as the water inside the houses will drain
out fully. Extreme.care should be used when filling the lagoon so as to avoid eroding a scar into the
side of the lagoon and exposing undesirable soils. Use temporary flexible drainage pipe if necessary
to transfer waste to the liquid surface. Flexible pipe can be left in lagoon.
13, The terminal end of inlet piping should extend just under the water surface. However, if manure is
scraped or is thick, the inflow pipe may be mounted above the water level, If the pipe outlets are
under water and the pipes are air tight the pipes should be equipped with vapor traps and vents to
prevent gasses from moving back toward the confinement houses. Clean out ports should also be
provided for each set of pipes. USE EXTREME CAUTION WHEN INSTALLING PIPES
ACROSS FILL MATERIAL SUCH AS A DAM. CONSULT THE ENGINEER OR NRCS
BEFORE DIGGING.
14. Irrigation pump intakes should be no more than 18 inches below the liquid surfaces of lagoons or
ponds.
15. Take extreme care to select optimum conditions for spray irrigation of wastewater and sludge
removal events. Careful planing will help minimize odors. Irrigate wastewater in dry warm weather
if possible, preferably before 12 noon. Avoid weekend and holiday irrigation unless absolutely
necessary. Try to irrigate when wind is not blowing toward neighbors.
16. New products are being developed to help minimize odors from animal operations. The
owner/operator may utilize such products but these should only be done according to manufacture's
recommendations and with caution. Many of these products do not reduce odors and are a waste of
money. Rapid additions of enzymes or chemicals could cause microbial upsets.
17. Keep trash, dead animals, and spilled feed cleaned up and properly disposed. Regularly haul off
dead animal carcasses or seek other accepted carcass disposal methods.

E.,rrrE.r, RIVE.K CAWPOP
REVISI;I) JI IN}S • 2003
18. In North Carolina prevailing winds blow from the southwest toward the northeast, however they
can blow from any direction at any time (see Table 40), Plant or maintain trees on the west and
southwest side of the farm to act as a wind break. Plant. trees between irrigation fields and
neighbors or public highways. Avoid spraying on windy days or when the wind is blowing toward
nearby neighbors.
19. Keep at least 12 inches of air space between the bottom of concrete slats and under floor waste
accumulations.
20. Sludge applications onto bare soil should be soil incorporated within 48 hours of application to help
control odors.
TABLE 40
PREVAILING WIND DIRFCTIONS IN NORTH CAROLINA BY SEASON
SEASON
MEAN RESULTANT SURFACE WIND
DIRECTION
Mid Spring Aril
south-west blowing to the north-east
Mid Summer Jul
south-south-west blowing to the north-north-east
Mid Autumn October
north-north-east blowing to the south-south-west
Mid Winter Janua
west blowing to the east
Average for Year
south-west blowing t the north-east
* Source of this table is Climatography of the United States Series 82, Decennial Census of the United
States Climate, -- Summary of Hourly Ob' ervations, 1951-60 (Table B).
Odor Control And Air Quality Regulations
The NC Division of Air Quality (DAQ) has rules for odor control at animal operations. These rules are
under the Air Quality Rules 213, Section A 800 - Control Of Odors. Most of these rules are mentioned
in the above section but are being listed herein for emphasis_ A few of the more important
considerations associated with air quality rules are listed below for the farmer's information,
The carcasses of dead animals shall be properly stored at all times and disposed of within 24 hours
of discovery. Disposal processes shall comply with the State Veterinarian guidelines under G.S.
106-403.
• Spray irrigation activities of wastewater can not be allowed to drift beyond the farm boundary
except for the purposes of maintaining a safe lagoon freeboard. This would be an emergency
situation. Farmers must contact the Division of Water Quality (DWQ) and the Division of Air
Quality (DAQ) in emergency situations and before irrigating effluent as a result of weather
extremes.
• Animal wastewater application spray system intakes shall be located near the liquid surface of the
animal wastewater lagoon. Locate intakes no more than 18 inches below the surface.
• Ventilation fans shall be maintained according to the manufacturer's specifications.
• Animal feed storage containers located outside of animal containment buildings shall be covered
except when necessary to remove or add feed. This does not apply to the storage of silage or hay or
to commodity boxes with roofs.
WE

Lrl"rLP,1ZIVIIZ CAWMI,
REVISFJ) JUN!„ 2003
• Animal wastewater flush tanks may be covered with a device that is designed for ready access to
prevent overflow or shall have installed a fill pipe that extends below the surface of the tank's
wastewater. This is a recommendation by the engineer and not a DAQ rule.
• The discharge point of the flush water discharge pipe shall extend to a point at or below the surface
of the animal wastewater lagoon. This is a recommendation by the engineer and not a DAQ rule.
Insect Control (apply as needed)
Insect control is an important aspect of the day to day operation of a livestock facility and assists the
farmer in being a "good neighbor". Below is a list to consider as part of the insect control program.
Also refer to the existing insect control check list attached as Exhibit 18.
1. The farmer shall at all times strive to keep weeds and tall grass from growing uncontrolled around
the waste pond, Good weed control will help minimize insect problems.
2. Dispose of all organic materials and trash in containers or dumpsters.
3. Keep dead animals picked up, placed in carcass disposal containers, and hauled off-site, In warm
months have the dead animals removed from the farm every day.
4. Keep all grass mown, especially around houses and lagoons.
5. Keep all spilled feed and piles of grain cleaned up.
6. Follow crop stalk and root destruction programs where applicable. Follow all BMP's for crop
production.
7. Small pools of water can develop around a farm due to equipment traffic, etc. Keep these
depressions filled so water does not stand for long periods. A "dry" and manicured farm
discourages insect breeding.
8. The farmer should consult with the local Cooperative Extension Service to discuss an integrated
pest management program. Incorporate the use of pesticides and herbicides as needed for insect
control.
9, Employ good housekeeping!
10. Manure tends to pack into the corners of pits and channels and can cause excessive odors and
insects. Regularly inspect pits, sump areas, pit walls, etc. for caked manure. Use a high pressure
hose to wash out caked manure areas.
11. Remove crusted solids from lagoons, pits, and channels (as is practical).
12. Fly traps which lure flies to them with an attractant will help reduce fly populations if enough of
them are used around a farm, especially if the animal waste is not allowed to sit undisturbed in
corners of pits or in hard to reach places. Hang such traps where they will not be damaged by the
animals or by machinery and where they can be maintained. Make sure all manure buildup is
disturbed every 7 days to break the fly breeding cycle. For dairies, check with health inspectors
about fly traps.
Mortality Management
The manager at Little River Farm uses steel containers or dumpsters to house dead animals until picked
up by a rendering company (Enterprise Rendering Company, 28821 Bethlehem Church Road, Oakboro,
N.C. 28129 Ph. # [phone]. This is their method of mortality management. Make sure all dead
animals are placed within this container immediately upon removal from the confinement housing,
70

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DISONS
--REEK
RIVERSIDE FARM
LAGOONS
AY
... ......... .
aNow,
. ............
'4's . . . . . . . . . . .
w
#1 v
E.RS %Rump
. . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 52 f % w
T •
TREES' . .• . . ..
E2:
(.W' #3 #4
CONFINEMENT F6
HOUSES
THS Fna-D IS
'-.-bL'D ROCK' DAMS REBERVM FOR
TFE EFF LLENT
. . . . . . . FROM RMERSIDE
FARM ENTRANCE
LITTLE RIVER FARM
CO*-NEMENT
HOUSES
CARCASS DIE
CONTAINER
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... Fffiti IR FTU) fM
4 LITTLE RP
. . . . ... . . . .
. . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 IRRIGATION
. . . . . . . . . Elev. - 80 f
. . . . . . . . . . .
A,&
SrBROAXA
.WAGE DITCH- NOT
I ON USGS QUAD FS Elev. = 82 FL Elev..= e7 'ft.
N SHOWN IS
Bev. 96 Ft_
F:­IEt�.D- F'S F2
. .... . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Elev, d.96 FL
%
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
TREES
FIELD f=7
5RDADCAUr
. . . . . . . . . .
F3
PROPERTY- 4.. 1-........... .. . .
..............
BOUNDARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.............
.............
F4
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
A.
lot DISONS SR -9 1543
CREEK SUGGESTED BUFFER FROM HIGHWAY AT 100 FEET
o 400 E300
SCALE IN FEET
A
10

�0� W A rF�Q
oli�57 "�
N.G. Purvis Farms
Little River Farm
2304 Spies Road
Robbins NC 27325
Dear N.G. Purvis Farms:
Michael F. Easley, Governor
William G. Ross Jr., Secretary
North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources
October 1, 2004
Alan W. Klimek, P. E., Director
Division of Water Quality
RECEIVED
OCT 15 2004
DENR - FAYETiEM1LLE REGIONAL OFRCE
Subject: Certificate of Coverage No. AWS620006
Little River Farm
Swine Waste Collection, Treatment,
Storage and Application System
Montgomery County
On June 11, 2004, the North Carolina Division of Water Quality (Division) issued a revised State General
Permit for swine facilities. The General Permit was issued in accordance with the directive of Senate Bill
733 (Session Law 2003-28).
In accordance with your application received on March 6, 2003 and in accordance with the directive of
Senate Bill 733, we are hereby forwarding to you this Certificate of Coverage (COC) issued to N.G.
Purvis Farms, authorizing the operation of the subject animal waste collection, treatment, storage and land
application system in accordance with General Permit AWG 100000. The issuance of this COC
supercedes and terminates your previous COC Number AWS620006 which expires October 1, 2004.
This approval shall consist of the operation of this system including, but not limited to, the management
of animal waste from the Little River Farm, located in Montgomery County, with an animal capacity of
no greater than an annual average of 8700 Wean to Feeder swine and the application to land as specified
in the facility's Certified Animal Waste Management Plan (CAWMP). If this is a Farrow to Wean or
Farrow to Feeder operation, there may also be one boar for each 15 sows. Where boars are unneccessary,
they may be replaced by an equivalent number of sows. Any of the sows may be replaced by gilts at a
rate of 4 gilts for every 3 sows
The COC shall be effective from the date of issuance until September 30, 2009. Pursuant to this COC,
you are authorized and required to operate the system in conformity with the conditions and limitations as
specified in the General Permit, the facility's CAWMP, and this COC. An adequate system for collecting
and maintaining the required monitoring data and operational information must be established for this
facility. Any increase in waste production greater than the certified design capacity or increase in number
of animals authorized by this COC (as provided above) will require a modification to the CAWMP and
this COC and must be completed prior to actual increase in either wastewater flow or number of animals.
Please carefully read this COC and the enclosed State General Permit. Since this is a revised State
General Permit, it contains new requirements in addition to most of the conditions contained in the
previous State General Permit. Enclosed for your convenience is a package containing the new and
revised forms used for record keeping and reporting. Please 12ay careful ,attention to the record keening
and monitoring conditions in this permit.
Aquifer Protection Section —Animal Feeding Operations Unit
1636 Mail Service Center, Raleigh, North Carolina 27699-1638 One
NorffiCarolina
Phone; 919-733-32211 FAX: 919-71M588! Internet: h2o.enr.state.nc,us ��tr��+jr/`'/
An Equal Opportunity/Affirmative Action Employer - 50% Recycledl10% Post Consumer Paper L i LI,L �/

If your Waste Utilization Plan has been developed based on site specific information, careful evaluation
of future samples is necessary. Should your records show that the current Waste Utilization Plan is
inaccurate you will need to have a new Waste Utilization Plan developed.
The issuance of this COC does not excuse the Permittee from the obligation to comply with all applicable
laws, rules, standards, and ordinances (local, state, and federal), nor does issuance of a COC to operate
under this permit convey any property rights in either real or personal property.
Upon abandonment or depopulation for a period of four years or more, the Permittee must submit
documentation to the Division demonstrating that all current NRCS standards are met prior to restocking
of the facility.
Per 15A NCAC 2H ,0225(c) a compliance boundary is provided for the facility and no new water supply
wells shall be constructed within the compliance boundary. Per NRCS standards a 100 foot separation
shall be maintained between water supply wells and any lagoon, storage pond, or any wetted area of a
spray field.
Please be advised that any violation of the terms and conditions specified in this COC, the General Permit
or the CAWMP may result in the revocation of this COC, or penalties in accordance with NCGS 143-
215.6A through 143-215.6C including civil penalties, criminal penalties, and injunctive relief.
If you wish to continue the activity permitted under the General Permit after the expiration date of the
General Permit, an application for renewal must be filed at least 180 days prior to expiration.
This COC is not automatically transferable. A name/ownership change application must be submitted to
the Division prior to a name change or change in ownership.
If any parts, requirements, or limitations contained in this COC are unacceptable, you have the right to
apply for an individual permit by contacting the staff member listed below for information on this
process. Unless such a request is made within 30 days, this COC shall be final and binding.
This facility is located in a county covered by our Fayetteville Regional Office. The Regional Office
Water Quality Staff may be reached at [phone]. If you need additional information concerning
this COC or the General Permit, please contact Duane Leith at [phone].
Sincerely,
v
for Alan W. Klimek, P.E.
Enclosures (General Permit AWG 100000)
cc: (Certificate of Coverage only for all cc's)
Fayetteville Regional Office, Aquifer Protection Section
Montgomery County Health Department
Montgomery County Soil and Water Conservation District
Permit File AWS620006
APS Central Files

Michael F. Easley, Governor p
William G. Ross Jr., Secretary
North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources
Alan W. Klimek, P. E., Director
Division of Water Quality
y jet t"" {3 t � _• � .- .. .�,
August 8, 2003
N.G. Purvis Farms
flit/ 200 {
Little River Farm .' !
2504 Spies Road _ f
Robbins NC 27325 '`'''' r
Attn: Anthony Moore
Subject: Certificate of Coverage No. AWS620006
Little River Farm
Swine Waste Collection, Treatment, Storage
and Application System
Montgomery County
Dear Mr. Moore:
In accordance with your request to modify operation type and animal numbers received on July 9, 2003
and in accordance with the directive of Senate Bill 733, we are hereby forwarding to you this Certificate
of Coverage (COC) issued to N.G. Purvis Farms, authorizing the operation of the subject animal waste
collection, treatment, storage and land application system in accordance with General Permit
AWG100000. The issuance of this COC supersedes and terminates your previous COC Number
AWS620006 dated May 1, 2003.
This approval shall consist of the operation of this system including, but not limited to, the management
of animal waste from the Little River Farm, located in Montgomery County, with an animal capacity of
no greater than an annual average of 8,700 Wean to Feeder swine and the application to land as specified
in the facility's Certified Animal Waste Management Plan (CAWMP). If this is a Farrow to Wean or
Farrow to Feeder operation, there may also be one boar for each 15 sows. Where boars are unneccessary,
they may be replaced by an equivalent number of sows. Any of the sows may be replaced by gilts at a
rate of 4 gilts for every 3 sows
The COC shall be effective from the date of issuance until October 1, 2004. Pursuant to this COC, you
are authorized and required to operate the system in conformity with the conditions and limitations as
specified in the General Permit, the facility's CAWMP, and this COC. An adequate system for collecting
and maintaining the required monitoring data and operational information must be established for this
facility. Any increase in waste production greater than the certified design capacity or increase in number
of animals authorized by this COC (as provided above) will require a modification to the CAWMP and
this COC and must be completed prior to actual increase in either wastewater flow or number of animals.
If your Waste Utilization Plan has been developed based on site specific information, careful evaluation
of future samples is necessary. Should your records show that the current Waste Utilization Plan is
inaccurate you will need to have a new Waste Utilization Plan developed.
The issuance of this COC does not excuse the Permittee from the obligation to comply with all applicable
laws, rules, standards, and ordinances (local, state, and federal), nor does issuance of a COC to operate
under this permit convey any property rights in either real or personal property.
Upon abandonment or depopulation for a period of four years or more, the Permittee must submit
documentation to the Division demonstrating that all current NRCS standards are met prior to restocking
of the facility.
Non -Discharge Permitting Unit
1617 Mail Service Center, Raleigh, NC 27699-1617
Customer Service Center
An Equal Opportunity Action Employer
Internet httpa/h2o.enr.state.ne.us/ndpu
Telephone [phone] Fax [phone]
Telephone [phone]
50% recycled/10% post -consumer paper

Per NRCS standards a 100 foot separation shall be maintained between water supply wells and any
lagoon or any wetted area of a spray field.
Please be advised that any violation of the terms and conditions specified in this COC, the General Permit
or the CAWMP may result in the revocation of this COC, or penalties in accordance with NCGS 143-
215.6A through 143-215.6C including civil penalties, criminal penalties, and injunctive relief.
If you wish to continue the activity permitted under the General Permit after the expiration date of the
General Permit, an application for renewal must be filed at least 180 days prior to expiration.
This COC is not automatically transferable. A name/ownership change application must be submitted to
the Division prior to a name change or change in ownership.
If any parts, requirements, or limitations contained in this COC are unacceptable, you have the right to
apply for an individual permit by contacting the staff member listed below for information on this
process. Unless such a request is made within 30 days, this COC shall be final and binding.
This facility is located in a county covered by our Fayetteville Regional Office, The Regional Office
Water Quality Staff may be reached at 910-486-1541. If you need additional information concerning this
COC or the General Permit, please contact Michelle McKay at [phone] ext. 544.
Sincerely,
for Alan W. Klimek, P.E.
Enclosures (General Permit AWG100000)
cc: (Certificate of Coverage only for all cc's)
Fayetteville-Regional=Office, Water--Quality-Section
Montgomery County Health Department
Montgomery County Soil and Water Conservation District
Permit File AWS620006
NDPU Files

REVISED SWINE WASTE UTILIZATION AND IRRIGATION PLAN
FOR
LITTLE RIVER FARM
MONTGOMERY COUNTY, N.C.
FACILITY I.D. # 62-006
Prepared for: N, G. Purvis Farms, Inc.
c/o Melvin Purvis
2504 Spies Road
Robbins, N.C. 27325-7213
Phone [phone]
PIans Prepared By: Larry F. Graham, P.E.
Environmental Engineering Services
P.O. Box 426
Aberdeen, N.C. 28315
Phone [phone] Fax: [phone]
Copy Submitted to: NCDENR - DWQ
c/o Sue Homewood
1617 Mail Service Center
Raleigh, NC 27699-1617
Phone: [phone]- Ext. 502
Copy Submitted to: NRCS
Darryl Harrington - District Conservationist
227-D North Main Street
Troy, N.C. 27371
Phone: [phone]
Original Plan Completion Date: November 7, 1995
Revision One Completion Date: December 29, 1997
Latest Revision Date: February 2, 2000
Specification
and Review By:
urrrri,
CA.RO'�'----
oQ�o�ESsTa�,�'�,.
•
SEAL s
�'• 11602 i
..�r'pp�� .� G � N p•1 G4P ���
Larry F. Graham, P.E.
N Registration Number 11602
'l v
Date of Review: d

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Nil
W.
I
Approximate Property Location
77
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%. 14-00111 10
LWO - OMAN
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19
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• r � I.�� J o
1511
MOUNT GILEAD EAST QUADRANGLE
Lti NORTH CAROLINA
7.5 MINUTE SERIES (TOPOGRAPHIC?
x SCALE 1:24000
0 1 MILE` I }1
1 V.,
1000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 GODD 1000 FEET
L KILOMETER � II
CONTOUR INTERVAL 10 FEET
1'i NATIONAL GEODETIC VERTICAL DATUM OF 1929

',I` fi4O
scale In -Fe -0,
0 400
7j
"Al
Exhibit
Aerial
*NNW* 1 4
tic
Little
',I` fi4O
scale In -Fe -0,
0 400
7j
"Al
Exhibit
Aerial
3
Photograph For The
Little
River And Riverside
Farms
- Montgomery County
we=
t"A
O
I
91

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Exhibit 17
Swine Farm Waste Management Odor Control Checklist
Source Cause BMPs to Minimize Odor Site Specific Practices
Farmstead • Swine production Vegetative or wooded buffers
0" Recommended best management practices
Good judgment and common sense
Animal body • Dirty manure -covered Dry floors
surfaces animals
Floor surfaces Wet manure -covered floors
Ef Slotted floors
03""'Waterers located over slotted floors
❑ Feeders at high end of solid floors
Scrape manure buildup from floors
dUnderfloor ventilation for drying
Manure collection • Urine Tr Frequent manure removal by flush, pit recharge,
pits • Partial microbial or scrape
decomposition ❑ Underfloor ventilation 4006fleV 019.y
Ventilation exhaust • Volatile gases Fan maintenance
fans • Dust CP( Efficient air movement
indoor surfaces Dust M' Washdown between groups of animals
l' Feed additives 4 T m 1 ct.
❑ Feeder covers
Or Feed delivery downspout extenders to feeder
covers — do 6C4S0—S
Flush tanks • Agitation of recycled lagoon ❑ Flush tank covers
liquid while tanks are filling ❑ Extend fill lines to near bottom of tanks with
anti -siphon vents — P/"; fzs & i "Y Fel T`�,d

'caw - - "":..-s. '� » .''y,�f3 {c+n+r.-'xK, -n J^�.� •F'}" !^sus, r: x'l.'- �. s-r� j. -�,_ R .x....77,-T.r.�-
it
,rr_ -� y7S.Y` ?:'' �.'-�" �'',�.."s-_ A�.'�!' r- s-, ,s,_ r',� ,.-i�•�"' ,"-:,i:^:�.. ,�"'E-w--*�----«--;r�'S'�""r�;� � ��: �-�'�}� }}A.i. sX. -",!?'-=y� �❑ 1��, .. „' +`tt ..=''._�0.3 �T.��.. � .s- ,y.-
_--f-�✓� ,��.'$-• ?'. _�tY.. 7-' .. _ _ - -_ - .. .. it= q - P '� ,. - ..
Swine Farm Waste Management Odor Control Checklist
Source Cause BMPs to Minimize Odor Site Specific Practices
Storage tank or • Partial microbial fB"'Bottom or midlevel loading - Gr 6,zoiv
basin surface decomposition Cl Tank covers
• Mixing while filling
0" Basin surface mats of solids
• Agitation when emptying 0 proven biological additives or oxidants
Settling basin • Partial microbial 0'- Extend drainpipe outlets underneath liquid level
surface decomposition 0 Remove settled solids regularly
• Mixing while filling
• Agitation when emptying
Manure, slurry, or • Agitation when spreading 0 Soil injection of slurry/sludges
sludge spreader • Volatile gas emissions [Wash residual manure from spreader after use
outlets 13
Proven biological, additives or oxidants
Uncovered manure, • Volatile gas emissions while O Soil injection of slurry/sludges
slurry, or sludge on drying 0 Soil incorporation within 48 hours
field surfaces
0Spread in thin uniform layers for rapid drying
0 Proven biological additives or oxidants
Dead animals • Carcass decomposition Proper disposition of carcasses
Dead animal • Carcass decomposition 0. Complete covering of carcasses in burial pits /M
disposal pits 0 Proper location/construction of disposal pits
Incinerators • Incomplete combustion O Secondary stack burners a4
Standing water • Improper drainage Grade and landscape such that water drains away
around facilities . Microbial decomposition of from facilities
organic matter

Swine Farm Waste Management Odor Control Checklist
End Exhibit 17
V s
Source Cause BMPs to Minimize Odor Site Specific Practices
Flush alleys • Agitation during wastewater Underfloor flush with underfloor ventilation
conveyance
Pit recharge points • Agitation of recycled lagoon 0 Extend recharge lines to near bottom of pits with
liquid while pits are filling anti -siphon vents
Lift stations Agitation during sump tank O Sump tank covers
filling and drawdown
Outside drain • Agitation during wastewater Box covers
collection or conveyance
junction boxes
End of drainpipes ! Agitation during wastewater LAY Extend discharge point of pipes underneath
at lagoon conveyance lagoon liquid level
Lagoon surfaces * Volatile gas emissions Pf Proper lagoon liquid capacity
• BioIogical mixing 03" Correct lagoon startup procedures
• Agitation d Minimum surface area -to -volume ratio
Minimum agitation when pumping
0 Mechanical aeration ( Do ^c -k- u Sc- f�Oia !'I
0 Proven biological additives
Irrigation sprinkler • High pressure agitation TF Irrigate on dry days with little or no wind
nozzles . Wind drift Q Minimum recommended operating pressure
Pump intake near lagoon liquid surface
E( Pump from second -stage lagoon

.. Y w"nom .. ,�. t: - F t y, - ''.Y�, rte- .r�...�;',•F '{'t� :.. ;"°.. �: 5' .; 'f'� '�.kG:. �es'�A`-.t 4 j'zc.., R" YhTH' .+ cr-ca • _
- Exh�bt'18 - i
ti
Insect Control Checklist for Animal Operations
Source Cause BMPs to Control Insects Site Specific Practices
Liquid Systems
Flush gutters • Accumulation of solids
Gf Flush system is designed and operated
sufficiently to remove accumulated solids from
gutters as designed
Remove bridging of accumulated solids at
discharge
Lagoons and pits • Crusted solids
Maintain lagoons, settling basins and pits where
pest breeding is apparent to minimize the crusting
of solids to a depth of no more than b to 8 inches
over more than,30 percent of surface
Excessive vegetative • Decaying vegetation
[Maintain vegetative control along banks of
growth
lagoons and other impoundments to prevent
accumulation of decaying vegetative matter along
water's edge on impoundment's perimeter:
Dry Systems
Feeders • Feed spillage Design, operate, and maintain feed systems 1
(e.g., bunkers and troughs) to minimize the -
accumulation of decaying wastage
9( Clean up spillage on a routine basis (e.g., 7- to 10 -
day interval during summer; 15- to 30 -day interval
during winter)`
4

lid 7... ii
Insect Control Checklist for Animal Operations
End Exhibit 18 ,,, ti
Source Cause BMPs. to Control Insects Site Specific Practices
Feed storage Accumulations of feed Reduce moisture accumulation within and around
residues immediate perimeter of feed storage areas by
ensuring drainage is away from site and/or
providing adequate containment (e.g., covered bin'
for brewer's grain and similar high moisture grain
products)
QZ Inspect for and remove or break up accumulated
solids in filter strips around feed storage as needed
Animal holding • Accumulations of animal ❑ Eliminate low areas that trap moisture along fences ti �,+��a45 ,
t tl �1au5„4c�
areas wastes and feed wastage and other locations where waste accumulates and
disturbance by animals is minimal
3' Maintain fence rows and filter strips around animal 14ep gross t.�owyt,
holding areas to minimize accumulations of wastes
(i.e., inspect for and remove or break up
accumulated solids as needed)
Dry manure Accumulations of animal ❑ Remove spillage on a routine basis (e.g.,
handling systems wastes 7- to 10 -day interval during summer; 15- to 30 -day
interval during winter) where manure is loaded for
land application or disposal
O Provide for adequate drainage around manure
stockpiles
0 Inspect for and remove or break up accumulated
wastes in filter strips around stockpiles and manure
handling areas as needed
For more information contact:
Cooperative Extension Service, Department of Entomology, Box 7613, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7613.

v
Cllj/ �'T �• EE Ahs. �d o �T
O
�y v?)
1 °�h
.`y

State of North Carolina
Department of Environmer "
and Natural Resources CENED
Division of Water Quality JUL 2 4 2000
James B. Hunt, Jr., Governor F^fr- TEVILE
Wayne McDevitt, Secretary FEC. OFFICE
Kerr T. Stevens, Director
July 23, 1999
N.G. Purvis Farms
Little River Farm
2504 Spies Rd
Robbins NC 27325
Attn: Anthony Moore
ik"_ - T_r
IT
NCDENR
NORTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF
ENVIRONMENT ANI? NATURAL RESOURCES
Subject: Application No. AWS620006
Additional Information Request
Little River Farm
Animal Waste Operation
Montgomery County
Dear Anthony Moore:
The Non -Discharge Permitting Unit has completed a preliminary engineering review of the subject
application. Additional information is required before we can continue our review. Please address the
following by August 22, 1999:
1. The Waste Utilization Plan (WUP) for the Little River Farm includes maintaining the
lagoon on the Riverside Farm. Since the Riverside Farm is currently in court
proceedings, we will be unable to permit the Little River Farm unless it is documented in
the WUP that the Little River Farm is a completely separate facility. Be sure to comment
on what has been done to prevent the transfer waste from lagoons at the Little River Farm
to, or from, lagoons at Riverside Farm. Also, please list out all possible application fields
at both sites and document for each field whether waste can currently be applied from the
Riverside Farm, the Little River Farm, or both.
2. In the WUP it is noted that "Due to the closing of Riverside Farm, Little River has been
changed from a farrow to wean operation to a farrow to feeder operation. This change
has resulted in a slight increase in the animal steady state live weight." Depending on the
date of expansion, a permit may have been required prior to construction of an expansion.
Please submit dates of when design of the expansion was completed, when construction
of the expansion ended, and when the increase in steady state live weight occurred.
Please note that all WUP revisions must be signed and dated by both the owner and the technical
specialist. Please reference the subject permit application number when providing the requested
information. All information should be signed, sealed, and submitted in duplicate to my attention at the
address below. The information requested by this letter, must be submitted on or before August 22,
1999 or the Division will return your application as incomplete in accordance with 15A N.C.A.C. 2H
.0200 and your facility will be considered to be operating without a permit.
1617 Mail Service Center, Raleigh NC 27699-1617 Telephone [phone] FAX [phone]
An Equal Opportunity Affirmative Action Employer 50% recycled/ 10% post -consumer paper

Application No. 62-0006
Anthony Moore
Page 2
Please be advised that operation of the subject animal waste management system without a valid permit
is a violation of North Carolina General Statute 143-215.1 and will subject you to the enforcement
authority of the Environmental Management Commission.
If you have any questions regarding this request, please call me at [phone], extension 502.
Sincerely,
VU- S
Sue Homewood
Environmental Engineer
Non -Discharge Permitting Unit
cc: Larry Graham, Environmental Engineering Services
Fayetteville Regional Office, Water Quality
Permit File

Facility Number: 62 - 6
Facility Name: Little River Farm
4. APPLICANT'S CERTIFICATION:
M
(Land Owner's name listed in question 1.2), attest that
this application for ,�i tf/C^ Kl ;t,-zz �G�i'/h _ (Facility name listed in question 1.1)
has been reviewed by me and is accurate and complete to the best of my. knowledge. 1 understand that if all required parts of this
application are not completed and that if all required supporting information and attachments are not included, this application
package will be returned to Die as incomplete.
Signature 7 Date��r_
S. MI ANAGER'SRTIFICATION: (complete only if different from the Land Owner)
11
(Manager's name listed in question 1.6), attest that this
application for _ ,�:,'�- /'✓«�� (Facility name listed in question 1.1)
has been reviewed by me and is accurate and complete to tlic best of niy knowledge, I understand that if all required parts of this
application are not completed and that if all required supporting information and attachments are not included, this application
package wWlZretumed as iricea3plete.
Si2natu .r�� �_ �V� Date 14-63
THE COMPLETED APPLICATION PACKAGE, INCLUDING ALL SUPPORTING INFOR-MATION AND MATERIALS,
SHOULD BE SENT TO THE FOLLOWING ADDRESS:
NORTH CAROLINA DIVISION OF WATER QUALITY
WATER QUALITY SECTION
NON -DISCHARGE PERMITTING UNIT
POST OFFICE BOX 29535
RALEIGH, NORTH CAROLINA 27626-0535
TELEPHONE NUMBER: [phone]
FAX NUMBER: [phone]
�Ut 2 4 2000
REG".� i 1 j �
Qri�icV/Le
RECEIVED
WATER QUALITY SECTION
JAN 2 01999
NmDiacharge permitting
FOR�tii: AWO-G-E 5123198 Page 3 of 4 62-6

NCDENR
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING SERVICES
Water - WastewaterNtt"OVEDJ
gricultural - Industrial - Civil
J U!_ 2 4 2000
Division Of Water Quality - Raleigh Regional Office FAYE17EVILLE
P.Q. Box 29535 DREG. OFFICE
Raleigh, N.C. 27626
Attn: Sue Homewood
VigTp'p CEIVED
April 2�FCTjp�V
APP 2 61999
Non.a"t.r PBtfiitii
ng
Re: Reply letter and information related to the revised animal waste management plan for Little River
Farm, State Road # 1543, Montgomery County. Facility I.D. # AWS 620006. Owners are N.G. Purvis
Farms, Inc.
Dear Ms. Homewood,
This letter is a reply to your March 29, 1999 letter about the above referenced farm and its associated
waste utilization plan. I am sending you this letter to you through Mr. Anthony Moore, the
environmental manager with N.G. Purvis Farms, Inc. He plans to personally answer a portion of your
letter and will include my letter with his comments. This way all of the information will be in one
envelope for your review.
Question I - Answer: The Animal Waste Management Plan Certification form for the above referenced
farm lagoon retrofit was signed by myself on 10-30-9$. Per the instructions of DWQ, I sent one copy
to NCDENR-DWQ, one copy to the Montgomery County NRCS, and one copy to N.G. Purvis Farms.
Since it would appear your own office has not telling you they have this certification, I am enclosing
another copy of the certification and its accompanying letter for your records.
Question 2 Answer: Mr. Anthony Moore will answer this question.
Question 3 Answer: Over the last two or three years DWQ has become more conservative with their
demands on "by -the -book" guidelines for Certified Animal Waste Management Plans (CAWMPs).
However they are focusing on the values used by NRCS standards and refusing to look at factual on-
farm conditions. Please keep in mind, book values for crop production, lagoon effluent nutrient
content, etc. do not necessarily make a plan correct. It only gets a farmer in the ball park of correct
waste management. The original or first CAWMP is only a guideline to follow in the absence of on-
farm data. Once the plan is implemented the provable on-farm data must to be factored into the plan to
see if the original guidelines are working. I fully agree that one single year of crop data, or two lagoon
eluent samples are not sufficient to completely alter a CAWMP, but even this much data should be
considered when the farmer is making plans for the next year. Therefore I aril not advocating
disregarding book values, but neither am I for sticking to book values and ignoring the year to year
conditions on the farm.
The latest Little River Farm CAWMP was revised on December 29, 1997. As you know, many
requirements for CAWMP development have changed since 1997.
P.O. BOX 426, ABERDEEN, N.C. 28315 • PHONE [phone] a FAX [phone]

f
The more recent CAWMPs Environmental Engineering Services (EES) has produced are growing in
detail to better reflect these regulatory changes. Most EES developed CAWMPs now more or less
follow the "Realistic Yield Expectations by Soil and Crop" table taken from the NCSU/NCCES
Nutrient Management Manual - Reference Section, even though I disagree with many of these values.
For your information this table was given out to technical specialists in October of 1998. Detailed
information on R.Y.E. by crop type and soil type was difficult to obtain in 1997, and to some degree
still remains vague in 1999.
All things considered, the Little River CAWMP was and is an excellent package for the time in which it
was developed. I continue to see NRCS plans that are not nearly as detailed as this plan, so I feel I
must stand behind the plan as it is written and not revise it at this time.
Please find below data to support letting Little River Farm continue to use their existing CAWMP. I
think from this data and my comments you will see the real value of year to year data review in
comparison to a "fixed book value".
TABLE 1
Recent Cron Yields At Little River Farm (all fields are Badin-Tatum Comnlea soils)
CROP
ACTUAL
ACTUAL
ACTUAL
POTENTIAL
POTENTIAL
POTENTIAL
TYPE
YIELDS
YIELDS
YIELDS
P.A.N.
P.A.N.
P.A.N.
IN 1996
IN 1997
IN 1998
REMOVAL
REMOVAL
REMOVAL
BASED ON 1996
BASED ON 1997
BASED ON 1998
YIELDS
YIELDS
YIELDS
tons
tong
tons
ounds(Rounds)
(pounds)
W.WHEAT
70.6 #
101.7
72.25
3,177
4,577
3,251
AND
FESCUE
PEARL
130
107.2
100.38
5,850
4,824
4,517
MILLET
AND
FESCUE
TOTALS
9,027
9,401 ++
7,768+
# = A new stand of fescue grass was planted in 1996 so yields were down.
+ = Lagoon retrofit was going on this entire year, including filling the retrofitted lagoon. Waste was applied to
the crops at a much reduced rate due to the retrofit.
++ = This data represents nitrogen contributions from both Little River Farm and Riverside Farm, Riverside
Farm was closed in mid 1997, therefore the Riverside lagoon waste was decreasing in P.A.N. by fall of that year.
According to the CAWMP (i.e. in 1997) 4,924 pounds of P.A.N. was expected to be land applied
between Little River Farm animal waste and the residual waste from the Riverside Farm lagoon system
(closed in mud 1997). The reader will note that the crop yields shown in Table 1 are less than those
predicted in the CAWMP. However, the total amount of P.A.N. being removed far exceeds the total
amount of P.A.N. applied. It should be emphasized that in 1998 only a percentage of the normally
applied animal waste from Little River Farm was irrigated due to the retrofit work being done on the
Little River lagoon system. This I believe accounts for the reduced crop yields from 1998. Using the
same numbers from the CAWMP and taking out for the fact that Riverside lagoons are now more or
less void of P.A.N., the estimated available P.A.N. from Little River Farm alone should be about 3,670
r4

I
pounds. This is only 47.2 % of the estimated P.A.N. removal potential for the worst crop year shown
in Table 1.
In conclusion, going back to the 1997 CAWMP and arguing about book values is not useful or
pertinent to the exiting on-farm crop yields or the actual P.A.N. removals taking place. I think Table 1
clearly states this fact. It makes no sense to argue about book value crop yields or. P.A.N. removal
when there is excessive P.A.N. removal taking place . Therefore I see no reason to change any portion
of the CAVVMP for Little River Farm,
I hope this letter has answered questions 1 and 3 of your letter. Please call my office if I can be of
additional assistance.
enclosures
cc: Anthony Moore (N.G. Purvis Farms)
Melvin Purvis (N.G. Purvis Farms)
Darryl Harrington (MRCS)
3

t.
�► ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING SERVICES
Water - Wastewaters Sludge - Agricultural - Industrial - Civil
October 30, 1998
NCDEHNR
Division Of Water Quality
Non -Discharge Branch - Compliance Unit =�
P.O. Box 29535`--J/
Raleigh, N. C. 27626-053 5
Re: Animal waste management plans. Technical Specialist certifications for the Little River Farm
Lagoon Enlargement, State Road # 1543, Montgomery County. Facility I.D. # 62-006.
To Whom It May Concern,
Please find enclosed one or more signed certification forms for the above referenced farm. The
attached Technical Specialist forms are being sent in accordance with 15A NCAC 2H. 0200 rules and
regulations for animal waste storage, treatment, and utilization on new or expanding facilities. The
signed forms attached to this letter are indicated below:
Section H. Certification Of Design.
A) Collection, storage, treatment system ............................................. yes (signed 12-29-97)
B) Land application site...................................................................... yes (signed 12-29-97)
C) Run-off controls from exterior lots ................................................. yes (not applicable)
D) Application and handling equipment y (signed )
E) Odor control, insect control, mortality management, and
emergency action plan.. . ...............................................................yes (signed 12-29-97)
F) Written notice of new or expanding swine farm .............................. not applicable
Section 1I1. Certification Of Installation.
A) Collection, storage, treatment installation ........................................ yes (signed 10-30-98)
B) Land application site...................................................................... yes.(signed 12-29-97)
C) Run-off controls from exterior lots ................................................ not applicable
D) Application and handling equipment installation ............................. yes (signed 12-29-97)
E) Odor control, insect control, mortality management, and
emergency action plan ................................................................... yes (signed 12-29-97)
'The reader will please note the following comments about the above certification(s):
General Comments
Any and all attached certification forms are being signed by the Technical Specialist in an effort to
comply with the requirements stated in the 15A NCAC 2H 0.200 rules for animal waste management.
The Technical Specialist is stating that the plans being certified are complete to the best of his ability to
comply with the intent of the rules. However the enclosed certification(s) reflect the plans being
complete at the time of development and within the scope of work ordered. If plans were done at an
earlier date, the plans being certified herein may not comply with recent rule changes or the most recent
specification revisions published by the Natural Resources Conservation Service (MRCS), ' DWQ,
legislative actions, etc. Some of the rules and standards developed for animal waste systems are not well
P.O. BOX 426, ABERDEEN, N.C. 28315 • PHONE [phone] • FAX [phone]

defined as of this certification date. In addition some of the rules and guidelines needed for such
certifications are still under interpretation. The Technical Specialist has made every effort to comply
with the intent of the 0.200 rules.
The Technical Specialist is certifying that the above referenced farm has a certifiable plan for the system
or systems being discussed,in this letter. The details of certified plans can differ between farms and can
vary depending on whether the farm is existing or if the farm is new. The certification form(s) indicate
that the plans being discussed should work for that farm given the on-site level of management required
Js provided. No certification can be all inconclusive and be certified to contain each and every aspect of
all possible outcomes associated with high intensity animal growing operations. The reader must review
the plans to see what is being certified.
Specific Comments
1. The Little River Farm is an existing farm and is not expanding the number of animals. There has
been an existing two stage lagoon system at Little River Farm for years. The second stage of this
system has been undergoing enlargement since December of 1997. The first stage lagoon has been
left in place without modification in size. While the upper stage lagoon does not meet current
NRCS specifications for size, test results of swine effluent treatment effectiveness of the old lagoon
system points to the first stage suitability for the said purpose.
2. The newly enlarged second stage lagoon provides about 9 months of storage for excess animal
waste accumulation in addition to 2 storm events. The Technical Specialist is certifying the modified
waste treatment system as suitable for the farm needs. He is not certifying all physical aspects (i.e.
construction correctness) of the older lagoon or their earthen dams. The enlarged lagoon
construction was observed by the technical specialist and its construction documented.
3. For your information, in December of 1997 1 provided certifications for all other applicable aspects
of the Animal Waste Management Plan Certification form (AWC --August 1, 1997). PART In A
(Certification of Installation) was not complete until now and thus the reason for this letter.
A copy of all design information and the certification forms will be or has been sent to the farm
owner and the local NRCS. Should you have questions please call my office,
enclosures
cc: Melvin Purvis
Darryl Harrington
Anthony Moore

III. Certification ofInstallation
A) Collection. Stora�,e. Treatment Installation ,0IIu/11r1rr,l*
New. expanded or retrofitted facility (SI) CARO(�'o
Animal 1vaS[c storage: and treatment Structures, Such a5 but not limited to lagoons; and pot�efs' $� ���'+�
in accordance with the approved.plan to meet or exceed the minimum standards and specrFicat�Dn SEAL `
= t "a
11601 z
For existing facin ties without retrofits, no ceralication is 1leces
Name of Technical Specialist (Please Print):
Larry F. Graham, F.E.
FRAac, Is�'�.�'`'
Affiliation F:nvi rnnmant-a i Engi nPPri na Rtzrvi c -P -Pate Work Completed: 9_28--98
Ad
Sis
B)
Che
6
i
r
2 The cropping system is in place on all land as specified in the animal waste management plan.
G Conditional Approval: all required land as specified in the plan is cleared for planting; tic cropping system
as specified in the waste utilization plan has not been established and the owner has committed to establish the
vegetation as specified in the plan 'by (month/day/year); the proposed cover crop is
appropriate for compliance with the wasteutiiization plan.
Q Also check this box if appropriate
if the cropping system as specified in the plan can not be established on newly cleared land within 30 days
of this certification, clic otivner has committed to establish an interim crW+t&lfsidn ontroi;
,�R04.1'':,
�E 55fa�
Name of Technical Specialist (Please Print):
Affiliation Environmental En ineeri.n Services Date Work-Com�kfL 1d: 1'2—A-9_7
AddreSS
' 299_7Address (Age .- • hovel !fib?: j Z•) �- 44a -i r,4S
Signature: % 3 AkyA Nd &' ;
RA1vGIs
This following sig ire block i'only to be used when the box for condih'ai9+.11&UP$,roval in III. B
above has been checked.
I (we) certify that I (we) have committed to establish the cropping system as specified in my (our) waste utilization plan,
and if appropriate to establish the interim crop for erosion control, and will submit to DEM a verification or compiedon
from a Technical Specialist within 15 calendar days following the date specified in the conditional certification. I (we)
realize that failure to submit this verification is a violation of the waste management plan and will subject me (us) to an
enforcement action from DEM.
Name of Land Owner:
Signature: Date:
Name of Manager (if different from owner):
Signature:
AWC -- ;August 1, 1997 4
Date:

v
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N ° MONTGOMERY COUNTY
a c � M NORTH CAROLINA
""" .r Ilse
NORTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
DIVISION OF HIGHWAYS— PLANNING AND RESEARCH BRANCH ,
N coonuuom W" THI
U.S. DEPARTMENT Of TRANSPORTATION
FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION

Revised April 2Q, 1999
JUSTIFICATION & DOCUMENTATION FOR MANDATORY WA DETERMINATION
Facility Number 62 -(,_
Farm Name: L k,1cer'
On -Site Representative:
Ins pectorlRevlewer's Name: �e
Date of site visit: I -L I;t
Date of most recent WUP:
Operation Is flagged for a wettable
acre determination due to failure of
Part 11 eligibility item(s) F1 F2 F3 F4
Operatlon not required to secure WA
determination at this time based on
exemption E1 E2 E3 E4
Operation pended for wettable acre
determination based on P1 P2 P3
Annual farm PAN deficit: pounds
Irrigation System(s) - circle #11.. i}ard-hose traveler; 2. center -pivot system; 3. linear -move system;
4. stationary sprinkler system w*
permanent pipe; 5. stationary sprinkler system w/portable pipe;
6. stationary gun system w/permanent pipe; 7. stationary gun system w/portable pipe
PART 1. WA Determination Exemptions (Eligibility failure, Part II, overrides Part I exemption.)
_V E1 Adequate irrigation design, including map depicting wettable acres, is complete
and signed by an I or PE.
E2 Adequate D, and D)D3 irrigation operating parameter sheets, including map
depicting wettable acres, is complete and signed by an I or PE.
E3 Adequate D, irrigation operating parameter sheet, including map depicting
wettable acres, is complete and signed by a WUP.
E4 75% rule exemption as verified in Part ill. (NOTE: 75 % exemption cannot be
applied to farms that fall the eligibility checklist in Part II. Complete eligibility
checklist, Part II - F1 F2 F3, before completing computational table in Part ill).
PART 11.75% Rule Eligibility Checklist and Documentation of WA Determination
Requirements. WA Determination required because operation fails -one of the eligibility
requirements listed below:
F1 Lack of:acreage which -resulted in overapplication of wastewater (PAN) on -spray
field(s).according to -farm's last two years -of irrigation -records.
F2 Unclear, illegible, or lack of information/map.
.F3 Obvious field limitations .(numerous.ditches;-failure to deductTequired-..
buffer/setback acreage; -or-25% of total acreage. identified in CAWMP. includes
small,- irregularly shaped -fields -fields less than -5-.acres-for.travelers-or lessthan
2.acres-for -stationary_sprinklers).
F4 WA determination required because CAWMP credits field(s)'s acreage in excess
of 75% of the respective field's total acreage as noted in table in Part III.
1`

Revised April 20, 1999
Facility Number
Part 111. Field by Field Determination
of
75% Exemption Rule for WA Determination
TRACT
NUMBER
FIELD
NUMBER' .2
TYPE OF
IRRIGATION
SYSTEM
TOTAL
ACRES
CAWMP
ACRES
FIELD
%
COMMENTS'
FIELD NUMBER'
- hvdrant. null. zone. or point numbers may be used in Dlace of field numbers deoendina on CAWMP
and type of irrigation system. If pulls, etc. cross more than one field, inspector/reviewer will have to combine fields to
calculate 75% field by field determination for exemption; otherwise operation will be subject to WA determination.
FIELD NUMBER - must be clearly delineated an -map.
COMMENTS' - back-up fields with CAWMP acreage exceeding 75% of its total acres V.CLd having received less --than 50%
of its annual PAN as documented in the farm's previous.two years' (1997 &.1998) of irrigation records, -cannot serve as the
sole basis for requiring a WA Determination. ._Back-up-.fields-must.benoted in -the comment section and must be -accessible
by irrigation systema
Part IV. Pending WA Determinations
Pi Plan lacks following. information:
P2 Plan revision -may .satlsfy-75% rule. based.on_adequate-overall PAN deficit and by
adjusting all field acreage tobelow 75% use -rate- -
P3 Other (ie/in-process of installing new irrigation system):

Operation Descrintion:
Type of Swine No. of Animals
0 Wean to Feeder
0 Feeder to Finish
0 Farrow to Wean
® Farrow to Feeder 500 sows
Q Farrow to Finish
0 Gilts
0 Boars
Type of Poultry
0 Layer
O Pullets
No. of Animals
Type of Cattle
0 Dairy
0 Beef
No. of Animals
Other Type of Livestock: Number of Animals:
Acreage Available for Application: 32 +/— Required Acreage: 11-6 +/—
Number of Lagoons / Storage Ponds: 2 Total Capacity; -382, 913 Cubic Feet (ft3)
Are subsurface drains present on the farm: YES or NO (please circle one)
If YES: are subsurface drains present in the area of the LAGOON or SPRAY FIELD (please circle one)
Owner / Manager Agreement
I (we) verify that all the above information is correct and will be updated upon changing. I (we) understand the operation
and maintenance procedures established in the approved animal waste management plan for the farm named above and will
implement these procedures. I (we) know that any expansion to the existing design capacity of the waste treatment and
storage system or construction of new facilities will require a new certification to be submitted to the Division of
Environmental Management before the new animals are stocked. I (we) understand that there mast be no discharge of
animal waste from the storage or application system to surface waters of the state either directly through a man-made
conveyance or from a storm event less severe than the 25 -year, 24-hour storm and there must not be run-off from the
application of animal waste. I (we) understand that run-off of pollutants from lounging and heavy use areas must be
minimized using technical standards developed by the Natural Resources Conservation Service. The approved plan will be
filed at the farm and at the office of the local Soil and Water Conservation District. I (we) know that any modification
must be approved by a technical specialist and submitted to the Soil and Water Conservation District prior to
implementation. A change in land ownership requires written notification to DEM or a new certification (if the approved
plan is changed) within 60 days of a title transfer.
Name of Land Owner: N.G. Purvis Farms. In
Signature: Aor Akelj! /vc. r Date: I) --) O— y %
Name of Ma r(tf different fro owner): b r s
signature, Date: /��aql9t7
AWC -- August 1, 1997 1
Animal Waste Management Plan Certification
.
(Please type or Urint all information that does,not require a SLenature)
•
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Ge .e al Information:
r Natf
of Farm: Little ai ' t 11 � 62 -
0 -�
-;, Ea
O
(S) Name: N.G. Purvis Farms. Inc, one N( 948—,2297_
-i
M
a Address: 25Q4 ,ggiesgod, Robbins, N_C_ 27.125-72i * -L7t�1W
1 - Fa
h
Location: County Farm is located in: Montgomery County
Lai
de and Longitude: 35 13 10 / 79 r _2_a_ Integrator: N.G. Purvis Farms. Inc.
attach a copy of a county road map with location identified and describe below (Be specific: road
names, directions, milepost, etc.): _ See attached map.
Operation Descrintion:
Type of Swine No. of Animals
0 Wean to Feeder
0 Feeder to Finish
0 Farrow to Wean
® Farrow to Feeder 500 sows
Q Farrow to Finish
0 Gilts
0 Boars
Type of Poultry
0 Layer
O Pullets
No. of Animals
Type of Cattle
0 Dairy
0 Beef
No. of Animals
Other Type of Livestock: Number of Animals:
Acreage Available for Application: 32 +/— Required Acreage: 11-6 +/—
Number of Lagoons / Storage Ponds: 2 Total Capacity; -382, 913 Cubic Feet (ft3)
Are subsurface drains present on the farm: YES or NO (please circle one)
If YES: are subsurface drains present in the area of the LAGOON or SPRAY FIELD (please circle one)
Owner / Manager Agreement
I (we) verify that all the above information is correct and will be updated upon changing. I (we) understand the operation
and maintenance procedures established in the approved animal waste management plan for the farm named above and will
implement these procedures. I (we) know that any expansion to the existing design capacity of the waste treatment and
storage system or construction of new facilities will require a new certification to be submitted to the Division of
Environmental Management before the new animals are stocked. I (we) understand that there mast be no discharge of
animal waste from the storage or application system to surface waters of the state either directly through a man-made
conveyance or from a storm event less severe than the 25 -year, 24-hour storm and there must not be run-off from the
application of animal waste. I (we) understand that run-off of pollutants from lounging and heavy use areas must be
minimized using technical standards developed by the Natural Resources Conservation Service. The approved plan will be
filed at the farm and at the office of the local Soil and Water Conservation District. I (we) know that any modification
must be approved by a technical specialist and submitted to the Soil and Water Conservation District prior to
implementation. A change in land ownership requires written notification to DEM or a new certification (if the approved
plan is changed) within 60 days of a title transfer.
Name of Land Owner: N.G. Purvis Farms. In
Signature: Aor Akelj! /vc. r Date: I) --) O— y %
Name of Ma r(tf different fro owner): b r s
signature, Date: /��aql9t7
AWC -- August 1, 1997 1

Technical Specialist Certification
I. As a technical specialist designated by the North Carolina Soil and Water Conservation Commission pursuant to 15A
NCAC 6F .0005, 1 certify that the animal waste management system for the farm named above has an animal waste
management plan that meets- or exceeds standards and specifications of the Division of Environmental Management
(DEM) as specified in I5A NCAC 2H.0217 and the USDA -Natural Resources Conservation Service (MRCS) and/or the
Notch Carolina Soil and Water Conservation Commission pursuant to I5A NCAC 2H.0217 and 15A NCAC 6F.0001-
.0005. The following elements are included in the plan as applicable. While each category designates a technical specialist
who may sign each certification (SD, SI, WUP, RC, I), the technical specialist should only certify parts for which they are
technically competent.
II. Certification of Design
A) Collection. Storage. Treatment System
Chet,/ the appropriate box
Existing facility without retrofit (SD or WUP)
Storage volume is adequate for operation capacity; storage capability consistent with waste utilization
requirements.
I New, expanded or retrofitted facility (SD)
Animal waste storage and treatment structures,, such as but not limited to collection systems, lagoons and ponds,
have been designed to meet or exceed the minimum standards and specifications.
Name of Technical Specialist {Please
�;.0
c1 CA,a,
Affiliation Environmental Engineeripq Services Date Work drnplAd: 12 kN a
Address (Agency): jhorie Na .9167 T'.444648
r • I b
Signature: pat,. 12-29--97 t�
.�
B) Land Ap licati Site (WUP)'""2+ NC IS G��.�
The plan provides for minimum separations (buffers); adequate amount of land for waste'6tlIftu ltltl; chosen crop is
suitable for waste management; hydraulic and nutrient loading rates.
Name of Technical Specialist (Please Print): F. Graham P E �'��•'C04 JI?
•aR4
Affiliation Environmental Engineering Services Date Work orgIRIetML
Address {A } sox A26N-r- ?53i S E1'he NQj:gj97 n) b44 16AS
C) Runoff Con �_Sfrorn E or Lots �,,R'1NC1S
Check -'the aDDroDriate box V'atr,auu�
1U Facility without exterior lots (SD or WUP or RC)
This facility does not contain any exterior lots.
Facility with exterior lots (RC)
Methods to minimize the run off of pollutants from lounging and heavy use areas have been designed in
accordance with technical standards developed by NRCS. ,;itatx.rae;;t
CAR
0
Name of Technical Specialist (Please Print):, Tarry F. Graham, P.E.
Affiliation Environmental Engineering Services Date Work Complete8'141-29A97
Address (�ge ): .� 426�d�N.C. 28315 Mo Np:I-0) 5 648
i p %Siana
AWC -- August 11 l/ i � '�, 2 % '�i���14RA,18 ry{;�S

D). Application and. Handling- Equipment
Check the appropriate box
4d Existing �ex apJidiriLLciliv widi-eaWing wastugglication_equioment (WUP or I)
Animal waste application equipment specified in the plan has been either field calibrated or evaluated in
accordance with existin; design charts and tables and is able to apply waste as necessary to accommodate the
waste management plan: (existing application equipment can cover the area required by the plan at rates not to
exceed either the specified hydraulic or nutrient loading rates, a schedule for timing of applications has been
established; required buffers can be maintained and calibration and adjustment guidance are contained as part of
the plan).
O 'w e,tt2anded—or c,-istinoficilily without cxistin; %vaste a12i2.lication catiipment forApray irrigaLign (1)
Animal waste application equipment specified in the plan has been designed to apply waste as necessary to
accommodate the waste management plan; (proposed application equipment can cover the area required by the
plan at rates not to exceed either the specified hydraulic or nutrient loading rats; a schedule for timing of
applications has been established; required buffers can be maintained; calibration and adjustment guidance are
contained as part of the plan).
9 , lyew. ex rtp�Z ded.-or existing facility wi gut gaistingwaste application egUiflment for land 5preadinQ not using
y_irri �ltion. (WUP or I)
Animal waste application equipment specified in the plan has been selected to apply waste as necessary to
accommodate the waste management plan; (proposed application equipment can cover the area required by the
plan at rates not to exceed either the specified hydraulic or nutrient loading rates; a schedule for timing of
applications has been established; required buffers can be maintained; calibration ►W1Q,;4ju tment guidance are
contained as pan of the plan). CQRQr''rn
Name of Technical Specialist (Please Print):
Affiliation Environmental Engineering Services Date Wgrk C�mp4lt�
Address (Agent ): Rlonelt�igo1 o ' 9f1.
V � y
Signature -
(0
7 NQ
,f °or f r?A N C ISG►►►�►
E} Odor Contro nsect Co of iVtortality Manap_ement and Emerzencflkofiew n (SD
S1. WUP. RC or 1)
The waste management plan for this facility includes a Waste Management Odor Control Checklist, an Insect
Control Checklist, a Mortality Management Checklist and an Emergency Action Plan. Sources of both odors and
insects have been evaluated with respect to this site and Best Management Practices to Minimize Odors and Best
Management Practices to Control Insects have been selected and included in the waste management plan. Both the
Mortality Management Plan and the Emergency Action Plan are complete and ca11,kaimpWfpented by this facility.
CA Name of Technical Specialist (Please Print): Gr ��..... �'''•
Affiliation ]viroruttental En inp_erigg Services Date W:brk (°t%pletel•
Address (Agent 'P•C Box426 Aber N.Q. 28315 ; PhAeLA.:(910) *44-164$
Signature: din Swine
F) Written Notice of eiv or Ex Fa , �'rlpr.,Gj
The following signature block is only to be used for new or expanding swine farms thai''begitr' rr Kitruction after June
31, 1996. If the facility was built before June 31, 1996, when was it constructed or last
expanded -
I (we) certify that I (we) have attempted to contact by certified mail all adjoining property owners and all property owners
who own property located across a public road, street, or highway from this new or expanding swine farm. The notice was
in compliance with the requirements of NCGS 106-805. A copy of the notice and a list of the property owners notified is
attached.
Name of Land Owner:
Signature: Date:
Name of Manager (if different from owner):
Signature: Date:
WC -- August -1, 1997 3

• •III. Certification of Installation
A) Collection. Storage. Treatment Installation (IN PROGRESS)
New. expanded or retrofitted facility (SI)
Animal waste storage and treatment swctures, such as but not limiter[ to lagoons and ponds, have been installed
in accordance with the approved plan to meet or exceed the minimum standards and specifications.
For existing facilities without retrofits, no certification is necessary.
Name of Technical Specialist (Please Print):
Affiliation Date Work Completed:
Address (Agency): Phone No.:
Signature: Date:
B) Land Application Site (WUP)
Check the appropriate box
HCl The cropping system is in place on all land as specified in the animal waste management plan.
G Conditional Approval: all required land as specified in the plan is cleared for planing; the cropping system
as specified in the waste utilization plan has not been established and the owner has committed to establis)3 the
vegetation as specified in the plan by (month/day/year); the proposed cover crop is
appropriate for compliance with the wasteudlization plan.
tD Also check this box if appropriate
if the cropping system as specified in the plan can not be established on newly cleared land within 30 days
of this certification, the owner has committed to establish an interim rgp,+PBV6Ii gibtr4ontrol;
..........a.i j '
'r
Name of Technical Specialist (Please Print): Larry F_ rraham� It''0045? Est ✓
Affiliation Environmental Engineering Services _ Date Work Comb kttkl
Address (AaeDcQ:P_a. Box -.426. �-1eenL1N_c_ 28315 , ��'hor el W
FRkwijS
This following sigrofure block Wonly to be used when the box for con
above has been checked.
I (we) certify that I (we) have committed to establish the cropping system as specified in my (our) waste utilization plan,
and if appropriate to establish the interim crop for erosion control, and will submit to DEM a verification of completion
from a Technical Specialist within 15 calendar days following the date specified in the conditional certification. I (we)
realize that failure to submit this verification is a violation of the waste management plan and will subject me (us) to an
enforcement action from DEM.
Name of Land Owner:
Signature:
Name of Manager (if different from owner):
Date:
Signature: Date:
AWC -- August 1. 1997

.a
C) Runoff Controls from Exterior Lots (RC)
Facility with exterior lots
,1Aethods to minimize the run off of pollutants front lounging and heavy use areas have been installed as specified
in the plan.
For facilities wilhoul exlerior lots, no certification is necessary.
Name of Technical Specialist (Please Print):
Affiliation Date Work Completed:
Address (Agency): Phone No.:
Signature: Date:
D) Application and Handling Equipment Installation (WUP or I)
Check rhe appropriate bloc,-
91 Animal waste application and handling equipment specified in the plan is on site and ready for use;
calibration and adjustment materials have been provided to the owners and are contained as part of the plan.
❑ Animal waste application and handling equipment specified in the plan has not been installed but the owner
has proposed. leasing or third party application and has provided a signed contract; equipment specified in
the contract agrees with the requirements of the plan; required buffers can be maintained; calibration and
adjustment guidance have been provided to the owners and are contained as part of the plan.
❑ Conditional approval: Animal waste application and handling equipment specified in the plan has
been purchased and will be on site and installed by (month/day/year); there is adequate
storage to hold the waste until the equipment is installed and until the waste can be land applied in
accordance with the cropping system contained in the plan; and calibrat`Qpdat guidance have
been provided to the owners and are contained as pan of the plan. ��� c�Z •••,...; (� �,�
Name of Technical Specialist (Please Print): .���v..•o��ssj��• �'� ��'�
• • w
Affiliation Environmental Engineering - Serv' s Date Wolk C•ompl�t�d�
Address (Agent ): 0. Bo 26 rd ���bone91462914-1648
Signature:%,N2`3,`
RANCIS ,0
The following signLure block fionly to beed when the box for condition t't1val in III D
above has been checked.
I (we) certify that I (we) have committed to purchase the animal waste application and handling equipment as
specified in my (our) waste management plan and will submit to DEM a verification of delivery and installation
from a Technical Specialist within IS calendar days following the date specified in the conditional certification. •I
(we) realize that failure to submit this verification is a violation of the waste management plan and will subject Me
(us) to an enforcement action from DEM.
Name of Land Owner:
Signature: Date:
Name of Manager (if different from owner):
Signature:
Date:
E) Odor Control. Insect Control and Nfortality Management SSD, SI. WUP, RC or
Methods to control odors and insects as specified in the Plan have been installed and are operational. The
mortality management system as specified in the Plan has also been installed a{��}�' tt4f�al.
Name of Technical Specialist (Please Print): F. Graham ���� Z� •r• ��/���'f,
Affiliation Environmental Engineering Services Date_lor=1C,totnp� tff :12- 9-97
Address (Agency): P . Bo 426 , -Aberdeen, N.C. 28315 PhyWP.:4101 944-1648_
SitlattlC . Dyke: 1a.,=rS1
AIVC -- ;August 1, J97'011RA� NICIS
1"tilL111~►

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N ° MONTGOMERY COUNTY
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NORTH CAROLINA
-
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NORTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
DIVISION OF HIGHWAYS—PLANNING AND RESEARCH BRANCH
" coo,!KrI.i:Ioi "I. FM
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION

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EO
AU 6 1 i9�9
Win�to��-`3a�em
Flegional Office

I_ L, .-I State of North Carolina RECEIVED
JUL 2 7 200 D partment of Environment and Natural Resources WNATEROU Lin,sE£nON
Division of Water Quality
OENR-FAYEii 1+1LLEREGIONAL OFRCENon-Discharge Permit Application Form 'JAN ? Q 1999
THIS FORM MA Y BE PHOTOCOPIED FOR USE AS AN ORICINA1)
Genera ermit - Existing Liquid Animal Waste Opel'r"%%,pefttung
The following questions have been completed utilizing information on file with the Division. Please
review the information for completeness and make any corrections which are appropriate. If a
question has not been completed by the Division, please complete as best as possible. Do not leave
any question unanswered.
I. GENERAL INFORMATION:
1.1 Facility Name: Little River Farm
1.2 Print Land Owner's name: N.G. Purvis Farms
1.3 Mailing address: 2504 Spies Rd _
City, State: Robbins NC
Telephone Number (include area code): 948-2297
1.4 County where facility is located: M
Zip: 27325
1.5 Facility Location (Directions from nearest major highway. Please include SR numbers for state roads. Please include a
copy of a county road map with the location of the farm identified): SR 1565 Rt. 3 Box 187 A Mt. Gilead NC 27306 -
About 5 miles East of Mt. Gilead.
1.6 Print Farm Manager's name (if different from Land Owner): Rhonda Jones
1.7 Lessee's / Integrator's name (if applicable; please circle which type is listed): NG Purvis
1.8 Date Facility Originally Began Operation: 01/01/87
1.9 Date(s) of Facility Expansion(s) (if applicable):
2. OPERATION INFORMATION:
2.1 Facility No.: �— (county number); 6 (facility number).
2.2 Operation Description: Swine operation
T a ow to Feeder
500- Certified Design Capacity
Is the above information correct? Wm er yes; Fno. If no, correct below using the design capacity of the facility,
The "No. of Animals" should be the ma imum nuor which the waste management structures were designed.
Type of Swine No. of Animals TyRe of PoultrX No. of Animals Type of Cattle No. of Animals
0 Wean to Feeder 0 Layer 0 Dairy
0 Feeder to Finish 0 Non -Layer 0 Beef
0 Farrow to Wean (# sow) 0 Turkey
0 Farrow to Feeder (# sow)
0 Farrow to Finish (# sow)
Other Type of Livestock on the farm: No. of Animals:
FORM: AWO-G-E 5/28/98 Page 1 of 4 62-6

2.3 Acreage cleared and available for application (excluding; all required buffers and areas not covered by the application
system): 32.00 Required Acreage (as listed in the AWMP): l 1:60
2.4 Number o tsoon storage ponds (circle which is applicable): , Z
2.5 Are subsurface drains present within 100' of any of the application fields? YES or please circle one)
2.6 Are subsurface drains present in the vicinity or under the lagoon(s)? YES or (please circle one)
2.7 Does this facility meet all applicable siting requirements? (Swine Farm Siting Act, NRCS Standards, etc.) (Swine Only)
(!p or NO (please circle one)
What was the date that this facility's swine houses and lagoon were sited? /— /—s�7
What was the date that this facility's land application areas were sited? 1-1-97
3. REQUIRED ITEMS CHECKLIST
Please indicate that you have included the following required items by signing your initials in the space provided next to each
item.
Applicants Initials
3.1 One completed and signed original and one copy of the application for General Permit - Animal
Waste Operations;
3.2 Two copies of a general location map indicating the location of the animal waste facilities and
field locations where animal waste is land applied;
3.3 Two copies of the entire Certified Animal Waste Management Plan (CAWMP). If the facility
does not have a CAWMP, it must be completed prior to submittal of a general permit
application for animal waste operations.
The CAWMP must include the following components:
3.3.1 The Waste Utilization Plan (WUP) must include the amount of Plant Available
Nitrogen (PAN) produced and utilized by the facility.
3.3.2 The method by which waste is applied to the disposal fields (e.g. irrigation,
injection, etc.)
3.3.3 A map of every Feld used for land application.
3.3.4 The soil series present on every land application field.
3.3.5 The crops grown on every land application field.
3.3.6 The Realistic Yield Expectation (RYE) for every crop shown in the WUP.
3.3.7 The PAN applied to every land application field.
3.3.8 The waste application windows for every crop utilized in the WUP.
3.3.9 The required NRCS Standard specifications.
3.3. 10 A site schematic.
3.3. l 1 Emergency Action Plan.
3.3.12 Insect Control Checklist with chosen best management practices noted.
3.3.13 Odor Control Checklist with chosen best management p. actices noted.
3.3.14 Mortality Control Checklist with the selected method noted..
3.3.15 Lagoon/storage pond capacity documentation (design, calculations, etc.). Please be
sure to include any site evaluations, wetland determinations, or hazard classifications
that may be applicable to your facility.
3.3.16 Operation and Maintenance Plan.
If your CAWMP includes any components not shown on this list, please include the
additional components with your submittal.
FORM: AWO-G-E 5/28/98
Page 2 of 4 62-6

Facility Number: 62 - 6
Facility Name: Little River Farm
4. APPLICANT'S CERTIFICATION:
vrs A 1,10 - 141iJ- s�L(rvll �Gfr.�s (Land Owner's name listed in question 1.2), attest that
this application for _ C %�� ��,r /�6e/'�j _ (Facility name listed in question I.l)
has been reviewed by me and is accurate and complete to the best of my knowledge. I understand that if all required parts of this
application are not completed and that if all required supporting information and attachments are not included, this application
package will be returned to gie as incomplete.
Signature Date � /N
5. MANAGER'S CERTIFICATION: (complete only if different from the Land Owner)
(Manager's name listed in question 1.6), attest that this
application for (Facility name listed in question I.1)
has been reviewed by me and is accurate and complete to the best of my knowledge. I understand that if all required parts of this
application are not completed and that if all required supporting information and attachments are not included, this application
package will be returned as incomplete.
Signature
Date
THE COMPLETED APPLICATION PACKAGE, INCLUDING ALL SUPPORTING INFORMATION AND MATERIALS,
SHOULD BE SENT TO THE FOLLOWING ADDRESS:
NORTH CAROLINA DIVISION OF WATER QUALITY
WATER QUALITY SECTION
NON -DISCHARGE PERMITTING UNIT
POST OFFICE BOX 29535
RALEIGH, NORTH CAROLINA 27626-0535
TELEPHONE NUMBER: [phone]
FAX NUMBER: [phone]
RECEIVED
WATER 0041TY SECTION
'JAN 2 01999
Non-Dwarga Nmi1 fN
FORM: AWO-G-E 5128198 Page 3 of 4 62-6
I

,. w, s ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING SERVICES
Water Was
! JUL 21 2005
DENR-FAYEfTrti1LLE REGlawLoFRcE
N.G. Purvis Farms, Inc.
c/o Melvin Purvis
2504 Spies Road
Robbins, N.C. 27325-7213
Phone [phone]
• Sludge • Agricultural • Industrial • Civil
V7 q$QN
t�p�Y 1997
iJ �
R i
130 10 1999
peot6n9
Re: Waste Management Plans for the Little River Farm, Montgomery County. Farm owner - N.G.
Purvis Farms, Inc.
Dear Mr. Purvis,
The Waste Management Plans and Specifications for the above referenced farm are now
complete with a few exceptions. Please find enclosed:
• One copy of the signed Animal Waste Management Plan Certification form, signed by myself in
all categories applicable.
• One complete copy of the PHASE III specifications for waste utilization/irrigation including the
site drawings, irrigation fields, etc.
The following persons will get the following documentation:
1. Angela Hill with the Montgomery County NRCS and Anthony Moore with Purvis Farms:
• One copy of the signed Animal Waste Management Plan Certification form, signed by myself in
all categories applicable.
• One complete copy of the PHASE III specifications for waste utilization/irrigation including the
site drawings, irrigation fields, etc.
• Ms. Hill, Mr. Moore, and yourself have already been sent complete PHASE I packages related to
the enlargement of lagoon # 2 at Little River Farm.
2. DWQ in Raleigh:
• One copy of the signed Animal Waste Management Plan Certification form, signed by myself in
all categories applicable. Maps to the site are also included with the DWQ copy. DWQ does not
get a complete copy of the PHASE III specifications package.
A few of the areas associated with the waste management plan are still under construction,
particularly the second stage lagoon enlargement. This particular aspect will be certified once
construction is complete. Please see the certification letter for more details about what is being
done to better comply with the NRCS guidelines for waste management.
P.O. BOX 426, ABERDEEN, N.C. 28315 • PHONE [phone] • FAX [phone]

Please review the enclosed information and let me know if you have questions. Thank -you for your
time in this matter.
Best
cc: Angela Hill
Anthony Moore
enclosures
F. Grm, P.E.
)nmental Engineering Services

ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING SERVICES
EN ter -
JUL 2 7 2005
DENR - FA)FTEMLE REGIONAL
- Sludge *Agricultural - Industrial - Civil
rn
R EES �pN
NCDEHNR VOW
Division Of Water Quality00 2 0 W99
Non -Discharge Branch - Compliance U
P.O. Box 29535 tW petting
Raleigh, N.C. 27626-0535
December 29, I997
Re: Animal waste management plans. Technical Specialist certifications for the Little River Farm,
State Road # 1543, Montgomery County. Facility I.D. # 62-006.
To Whom It May Concern,
Please find enclosed one or more signed certification forms for the above referenced farm.
The attached Technical Specialist forms are being sent in accordance with I5A NCAC 2H. 0200
rules and regulations for animal waste storage, treatment, and utilization on new or expanding
facilities. The signed forms attached to this letter are indicated below:
Section H. Certification Of Design.
A) Collection, storage, treatment system ............................................. yes
B) Land application site..................................................................... yes
C) Run-off controls from exterior lots ................................................. yes (not 'aOplicable)
D) Application and handling equipment ...................:........................... yes
E) Odor control, insect control, mortality management, and
emergency action plan................................................................. yes
F) Written notice of new or expanding swine farm .............................. not applicable
Section M. Certification Of Installation.
A) Collection, storage, treatment installation ....................................... no (Cons(ruction In Progress)
B) Land application site..................................................................... yes
C) Run-off controls from exterior lots ............................... ....... I......... not applicable
D) Application and handling equipment installation ............................. yes
E) Odor control, insect control, mortality management, and
emergency action plan................................................................... yes
The reader will please note the following continents about the above certification(s):
General G9mmen ts
Any and all attached certification forms are being signed by the Technical Specialist in an effort to
comply with the requirements stated in the 15A NCAC 2H 0.200 rules for animal waste
management. The Technical Specialist is stating that the plans being certified are complete to the best
of his ability to comply with the intent of the rules. However the enclosed certification(s) reflect the
P.O. BOX 426, ABERDEEN, N.C. 28315 - PHONE [phone] • FAX [phone]

plans being complete at the time of development and within the scope of work ordered. If plans
were done at an earlier date, the plans being certified herein may not comply with recent rule changes
or the most recent specification revisions published by the Natural Resources Conservation Service
(MRCS), DWQ, legislative actions, etc. Some of the rules and standards developed for animal waste
systems are not well defined as of this certification date. In addition some of the rules and guidelines
needed for such certifications are still under interpretation. The Technical Specialist has made every
effort to comply with the intent of the 0.200 rules.
The Technical Specialist is certifying that the above referenced farm has a certifiable plan for the
system or systems being discussed in this letter. The details of certified plans can differ between
farms and can vary depending on whether the farm is existing or if the farm is new, The certification
form(s) indicate that the plans being discussed should work for that farm given the on-site level of
management required is provided. No certification can be all inconclusive and be certified to contain
each and every aspect of all possible outcomes associated with high intensity animal growing
operations. The reader must review the plans to see what is being certified.
Syeeiric Comments
The Little River Farm is an existing farm and is not expanding the number of animals. This farm
has been operating under a formal waste utilization plan dated November 7, 1995. A new waste
utilization plan was developed for Little River Farm and dated 12-29-97 and replaces the old
plan. The old plan incorporated waste utilization practices for both Riverside Farm and Little
River Farm. Riverside Farm was closed in the summer of I997 and currently. does not generate
new animal waste. It does however collect rain water and the utilization of that rainfalUwaste has
been incorporated in the new plan. This is a workable plan for the farm and is being certified as
such. Little River Farm is owned by N.G. Purvis Farms, Inc.
2. There is an existing lagoon system at Little River Farm. This lagoon system was not designed by
the Technical Specialist. Only the old second stage lagoon has been (is being) modified under the
supervision of the engineer (Technical Specialist in this case). The upper lagoon of the old
lagoon system have been left in place without modification in size. While the upper stage lagoon
does not meet current NRCS specifications for size, test results of swine effluent treatment
effectiveness of the old lagoon system points to the first stage suitability for the said purpose.
The expanded second stage lagoon provides 6 months of storage for excess animal waste
accumulation in addition to storm event storage. The Technical Specialist is certifying the
modified waste treatment system as suitable for the farm needs. He is not certifying all physical
aspects of the older lagoons or their.earthen dams. The new second stage lagoon does however
meet the current MRCS design criteria for storage. The expanded lagoon construction is being
observed by the technical specialist and its construction documented. The Technical Specialist is
not yet ready to certify final lagoon construction but will do so when construction is satisfactory
with design documents.

The Little River Farm does not contain exterior lots where animals are kept (e.g. feed lots,
lounging areas, etc.). Therefore the certification related to run-off control from exterior lots is
being labeled as "not applicable
4. The irrigation system on the Little River Farm is existing. The Technical Specialist has evaluated
the system and found it to be satisfactory in size and capability to deliver the irrigated effluent to
the available crop acreage. The existing system can be managed in such a way as to serve the
needs of the waste utilization plan. Many of the details of this system and its operational history
were provided to the Technical Specialist by the owner. The engineer is making the assumption
that since the system is capable of working as needed, the design is also adequate. This is the
basis of the design certification. The engineer did not design this system and did not supervise its
installation. The irrigation system has been observed in operation by the Technical Specialist.
The irrigation fields have been planted with cover crops. These crops were 4 to S inches tall
during the engineer's last site visit (mid December).
b. A few items still need to be done with regards to the waste utilization plan. Some of these items
are:
• Install an automatic low pressure cut-off switch on the irrigation motor at Little River Farm.
• Install pipe extensions on the drainage pipes from the houses below the liquid surface of lagoon
#1 .
• While a general Emergency Action Plan has been developed for this farm, a more site specific
Emergency Action Plan should be developed for more specific emergencies.-'.
• Any other small items mentioned in the plans and in the process of installation.
These tasks should be completed by the time the lagoon expansion project is completed.
A copy of all design information and the certification forms will be or has been sent to the
farm owner and the local MRCS. Should you have questions please call my office.
cc: Melvin Purvis
Angela Hill
Anthony Moore
enclosures
ices

C
JUL 2 7 2405
OENR _ FAyEMLLE REMNAL ME
RECEIVED
V#jM0limM8ECn0N
JAN 2 01999
PHASE III DOCUMENTATION permitlM
REVISED SWINE WASTE UTILIZATION AND IRRIGATION PLAN
FOR
LITTLE RIVER FARM
MONTGOMERY COUNTY, N.C.
FACILITY I.D. # 62-006
Prepared for: N.G. Purvis Farms, Inc.
' c/o Melvin Purvis
2504 Spies Road
Robbins, N.C. 27325-7213
' Phone [phone]
' Plans Prepared By: Larry F. Graham, P.E.
Environmental Engineering Services
' P.O. Box 426
Aberdeen, N.C. 28315
Phone [phone] Fax: [phone]
Copy Submitted to: NRCS
I Angela Hill - District Conservationist
227-D North Main Street
Troy, N.C. 27371
' Phone: [phone]
1 Original Plan Completion Date: November 7, 1995
Revised Plan Completion Date: December 29, 1997
Specification Development and Review By:
CARO'No
%Larry F. Grahargl .t-;-�
' N. C. egistration gumber 11602 = w
11602
2 ;A
Y li O
Date of Review:,?��:;�ru.�����,•
�r�tll�A111L1��,1

1
LITTLE RIVER FARM PHASE III - REVISED
1
1
THE MATERIAL CONTAINED IN THIS PACKAGE WAS DEVELOPED
SPECIFICALLY FOR THE NAMED CLIENT ON THE TITLE PAGE. THIS
MATERIAL SHALL NOT BE COPIED BY PRIVATE INDIVIDUALS FOR
PERSONAL USE OR DISTRIBUTION. ONLY PERSONS AUTHORIZED BY
THE CLIENT SHOULD COPY OR REPRODUCE THE MATERIAL WITHIN
THIS REPORT. REGULATORY OFFICIALS MAY HOWEVER COPY
AND/OR DISTRIBUTE THIS DOCUMENT ACCORDING TO
DEPARTMENTAL POLICY AND ACCORDING TO THE LAWS OF THE
' STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA.
Page ii

LITTLE RIVER FARM PHASE III - REVISED
Table of Contents
NOTES ABOUT THIS PROJECT: 1
INTRODUCTION 3
Project Description And Site Location 3
Report Objectives 3
Topography And Drainage 4
A BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE LITTLE RIVER FARM LAGOON SYSTEM.
5
General
5
Primary Type Of Treatment
5
Lagoon Shape
6
Typical Sludge Holding Capacity
6
Typical Design Treatment Volume
7
Typical Wastewater And Rainfall Storage
8
Severe Storm Storage
9
Normal Freeboard
9
Emergency Freeboard
9
Emergency Spillway Or Overflows
10
EXISTING LAGOON SYSTEM PERFORMANCE EVALUATION 11
Effluent Treatment Effectiveness 12
Effluent Storage Capacity 12
GENERAL SEDIMENT EROSION CONTROL SUGGESTIONS 13
LAGOON MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL PROGRAMS 14
Odor Control And Lagoon Management 14
Page iii

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1
1
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LITTLE RIVER FARM PHASE III - REVISED
Insect Control And Mortality Management 16
Personal Safety Considerations Around Lagoons 17
WASTE UTILIZATION PLANS
19
On -Farm Nutrient Production
19
Nutrient Application Rates
21
Soils Under Irrigation
22
Nitrogen
23
Copper And Zinc
23
Phosphorus
23
Soil Test Results And Metal Concentrations
23
Cropping Descriptions
25
Crop Planting Considerations
25
Crop Maintenance
26
Buffers and Set -Backs
27
NUTRIENT AND WATER APPLICATIONS 27
Irrigation Scheduling 27
Irrigation Coverage 29
IRRIGATION EQUIPMENT AND ITS USE 40
General 40
Irrigation System Layout, And Operation 41
Grading And Clearing For Travel Lanes 43
TrenchesAnd Pipe Installation...........................................................................................................................43
ValvesAnd System Safety..................................................................................................................................44
System Operation And Maintenance 45
Irrigation Examples 45
Specific Irrigation Concerns 49
Page iv

LITTLE RIVER FARM PHASE III - REVISED
GENERAL EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION AND NOTICES
Page v
50
51

1 LITTLE RIVER FARM PHASE III - REVISED
1
EXHIBIT LIST
Exhibit 1. County road map (vicinity map),
Exhibit 2. USGS Topographic map of the farm property location,
Exhibit 3, Boundary outline of entire property (aerial photograph),
Exhibit 4. MRCS soil survey map of the farm.
Exhibit 5. Waste analysis reports.
Exhibit 6, Spray field identifications and buffers.
Exhibit 7. Physical and chemical properties of Montgomery County soils.
Exhibit 8. Soil sampling instructions.
Exhibit 9, Waste sampling instructions.
Exhibit 14. Mortality management methods checklist
Exhibit 11. Example forms for record keeping.
Exhibit 12. Cooperative extension publication "Swine Manure as a Fertilizer Source".
Exhibit 13. Metals loading in soils (NRCS).
Exhibit 14. Specification guide for pasture and hay land planting
Exhibit 15. NCDA Soil Test Report.
Exhibit 16. Irrigation calibration data (for example),
Exhibit 17. Crop nutrient requirements, etc.
Exhibit 18. Swine farm waste management odor control checklist (for example),
Exhibit 19. Insect control checklist for animal operations (for example).
Exhibit 20. Emergency action plan checklist (for example).
Exhibit 21. Gun cart nozzle data.
Exhibit 22. Hard hose traveler information.
Exhibit 23, Pipe for irrigation (extension publication).
Exhibit 24. Irrigation scheduling (extension publication).
Exhibit 25. Typical systems operation guide.
Exhibit 26. Hi -Low pressure switch information.
Page A

' LITTLE RIVER FARM ED PHASE III - REVISED
S
1
' Notes About This Project:
The farm parcel discussed within this report was originally known as the Riverside and Little River
' Farm site. Due to an accidental discharge of effluent from the Riverside operation in the Spring of
1997, Purvis Farm was forced to remove all animals from the Riverside Farm in July of 1997. Since
' that time it has not had animals nor has it generated animal waste.
The lagoon system at Riverside Farm has not been closed as of this report. While not receiving new
waste it does receive water accumulation due to rain, Some space will be allotted within this
' package to report on a few of the knowns about Riverside's effluent so this information can be put to
use by the farmer as needed. This information will be factored into the overall nutrient management
details so the Riverside Farm lagoon system can be maintained.
' The Little River Farm site is still in operation. Due to the closing of Riverside Farm, Little River has
been changed from a farrow -to -wean operation to a farrow -to -feeder operation. This change has
' resulted in a slight increase in the animal steady state live weight (SSLW).
The bulk of this document will be devoted to existing conditions at the Little River Farm and
ongoing utilization of this waste. The lagoon system at Riverside will not be used to treat or store
swine effluent from Little River Farm.
Overall this waste utilization plan will be a stand alone report, independent of the first waste
' utilization plan. However, some of the same information used in the first plan will also appear
throughout this revised plan. The reader is encouraged to review the original plans (11-7-95) for a
comparison, This document fully replaces the 11-7-95 version,
' The following information relates to a specific site and situation where the need exists for a proper
and prudent plan for the utilization of swine effluent. The design parameters contained in this
document have been shown to be effective if performed in a responsible manner by knowledgeable
persons. It is impossible however to predict all future operational and environmental situations
which could cause these plans to need modification or be revised at a later date. When possible, this
' document follows the U.S. Natural Resources Conversation Service (NRCS) design criteria and is
not meant to contradict standard NRCS guidelines or the design criteria of other organizations.
Some information in this document was obtained courtesy of the N.C. Cooperative Extension
' Service.
In case the reader is not familiar with animal waste utilization plans for agriculture, he or she must
realize that this document is not a comprehensive teaching manual. In fact no such document can
' take the place of the owner/operator's experience and desire to learn all there is to know about the
operation and maintenance of animal operations, especially with regards to waste management.
' Certain specifications and assumptions herein are explained in enough detail to introduce the reader
to the design criteria and reasoning for the specifications chosen. All assumptions related to decision
details are not presented in full explanation for brevity .
' The development of a waste utilization plan is a dynamic process. This means that one design
decision will affect the next decision, and that decision will affect the next, etc. Also, on-site
situations will occasionally require plan alterations or at least make them differ from those
' parameters presented in the preliminary design outline. Therefore, the reader should use this plan for
L

' LITTLE RIVER FARM PHASE III - REVISED
' guidance and for general standards more than for exact "to the inch" measurements. The
farmer/manager however should not grossly exceed the minimum or maximum recommendations so
as not to violate the intent of the recommendations. The engineer has tried to weigh all factors in
accordance with importance. Parameters like manpower requirements, initial costs, economics of
operations, and the individual's situation enter into the plan design but may not be openly addressed
in this report, Each swine facility operates differently and must be evaluated on its own merit and the
' owner/operator's willingness to maintain best management practices.
Environmental Engineering Services (EES) often provides design information in PHASES. EES
packages may contain one or two or three major parts or PHASES, each a stand alone document
' with a specific purpose. The PHASES will be called PHASE I, PHASE II, and PHASE III, An
explanation of the different PHASES appears below.
' PHASE I plans contain details on the proposed lagoon construction before earth moving takes place.
The PHASE I portion suggests design parameters, construction guidelines, try's to predict sizes and
volumes of lagoon(s), suggests sediment and erosion control measures, and generally identifies the
' lagoon site and size. The PHASE I information may or may not appear with the word "draft" in the
text, but should always be viewed as a pre -construction document. PHASE I information is subject
to change depending on the discovered physical conditions once construction begins.
' PHASE 11 contains as -built information on the lagoon structure, dam construction, and general as
built characteristics. Usually this PHASE is prepared after all lagoon construction is complete and
' volumes and/or sizes can be measured.
PHASE III contains information related to animal waste utilization. This PHASE will contain soils
information, cropping suggestions, and on occasion irrigation suggestions as well as some lagoon
' information normally found in a PHASE II document, Many times this information is provided by
the local NRCS or others and may not be provided by the project engineer. Information provided by
others may be included as an Exhibit at the end of the package. If provided by others such
' information will help the reader understand animal waste utilization more thoroughly.
Irrigation information presented in this document may relate to a new or existing system. Either way
' the engineer is presenting this information to demonstrate the adequacy of the equipment and to give
general guidance as to performance parameters. It will be completely up to the irrigation system
operator to operate the system in accordance with these plans, to protect the surface water and
ground water of the State of North Carolina, and to adhere to all rules and regulations related to
animal waste utilization.
' All specifications within this document or other PHASES provided by EES are acceptable for use to
satisfy the animal waste management rules found in the publication titled NCDEHNR, Division of
Environmental Management, Title 15A:02H, Section .0200. The reader should refer to this State
' publication for regulatory details.

' LITTLE RIVER FARM PHASE III - REVISED
1
INTRODUCTION
' Project Description And Site Location
The physical location of the farm parcel is to the southwestern part of Montgomery County
approximately 4 miles east of Mount Gilead. Entrance to the farm is off SR# 1543. The nearest
' stream from the farm site is named Disons Creek and it is located along the western property line of
the farm according to USGS quadrangle maps. Exhibits 1, 2, 3 and 4 show various views of the
property. The owner is N.G. Purvis Farms, Inc.
' The farm property is bordered by mostly wooded land or farm land with some residential dwellings
scattered around the immediate community. The swine houses and lagoons are bordered by forest,
' open fields, and SR # 1543. More will be said about regulatory set -backs later in this document.
' Little River Farm has recently been changed from a farrow -to -wean operation to a farrow -to -feeder
operation. Little River Farm has 500 sows in 2 confinement buildings. Swine effluent is stored and
treated in an existing lagoon system and is recycled into the houses to recharge the waste removal
' systems. On occasion lagoon effluent is pumped from the lagoon system and land applied via a spray
irrigation system. The effluent is applied to farm grown crops at agronomic rates and acts as a
commercial fertilizer substitute. Exhibit 3 shows the farm site. The swine population at this farm has
not been increased and there are no plans to increase the swine population in the near future.
Little River Farm is in the process of enlarging its lagoon system to meet current NRCS guidelines.
' Since Riverside Farm is no longer an active farm, the old waste utilization plan was in need of
modification in order to accurately reflect current waste production, crop production, etc.
Environmental Engineering Services (EES) was hired to revise this plan and bring it up-to-date.
' EES was also in charge of lagoon design modifications.
Several occurrences of effluent and/or sludge releases have occurred at this farm parcel, mostly from
' the Riverside Farm (now closed). The engineer believes the problems resulting in these occurrences
have been or are being solved. To the engineers knowledge the problems were not related to
improper irrigation. Discussions about such occurrences is beyond the scope of this plan.
' Specifications contained in this report will relate to animal waste utilization. Throughout this
document there will be information and suggestions providing helpful hints on odor control and
' general long term maintenance but waste utilization will be the primary focus.
' Report Objectives
1. To describe the Little River Farm site characteristics and general design values associated with
' the irrigation of animal waste at this farm. This will include current nitrogen production, crop
descriptions, new lagoon storage capacity, etc.

1
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LITTLE RIVER FARM PHASE III - REVISED
2. To review the farm's existing irrigation equipment and plans for its use. This would include an
evaluation of the adequacy of current equipment for proper irrigation.
3, To provide general guidance to the farmer and/or irrigation operator as to some fundamental
irrigation equations and principals so on-site adjustments can be made as needed, This will
include critical elements such as application amounts, precipitation rates, gun cart travel speeds,
etc. Croppings patterns will also be discussed as well as the nutrient removal potential for the
crops grown.
4, To add emphasis to environmental concerns related to the protection of surface and
groundwaters at and near the farm,
To provide a certifiable set of plans (including information provided by others) that will
accommodate the specific farm needs, be cost effective to the farmer, and meet the basic criteria
of prudent and effective animal waste utilization and irrigation.
Topography And Drainage
In general, the topography at and around the Little River Farm consists of rolling hills with all of the
drainage from the site eventually going to Disons Creek and them to Little River. A USGS topo
map of the area can be seen as Exhibit 2 so the reviewer can get an overall view of the site. The
USGS topographic map containing this 'information is the Mount Gilead East Quadrangle map.
Coordinates for this site are approximately Longitude 79 degrees, 55 minutes, 25 seconds; Latitude
35 degrees, 13 minutes, 10 seconds.
The slopes at the farm range from 2 to 15 percent with a few places steeper. In general rainfall run-
off flows away from or around the confinement housing and the lagoon areas via pre -determined
grass water ways and ditches. Most surface flowing water that might initially flow toward the
lagoons is mostly intercepted so this water is diverted around the outside of the lagoons.
The Little River lagoon's earthen sides and spray fields should not be impacted by 100 year flooding.
This was not verified with flood insurance maps,
The Little River (Little River is a flowing body of water) is approximately 0.45 miles from the farm
property boundary in a straight line. The down-slope hydraulic path from the farm to the River is
roughly 2 miles. No towns are know to get their water from the Little River immediately down
stream from the farm site.
The discharge of swine effluent to the surface water of N.C. is prohibited. Therefore no effluent
should be allowed to make its way into the nearby streams and rivers. While no animal farming
operation is completely safe from wastewater spillage accidents, adhering to the safety guidelines
within this document and careful management should greatly minimize any such accidents. A sudden
dam breach causing a significant release of effluent is very unlikely but existing dam evaluations are
beyond the scope of this document. Likewise run-off from excess irrigation is not allowed. In a
discharge event, the effluent would be very dilute prior to it reaching any public water supply intake.
4

1
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LITTLE RIVER FARM PHASE III - REVISED
While the effects of any such occurrence is serious, the engineer believes any major threat to a
drinking water supply is minimal and would not have dramatic and prolonged effects on the
availability of the drinking water supply. Municipal water intakes would be more than 10 miles away
from the farm (downstream). Stream aquatic life would be in jeopardy associated with any large and
sudden release of swine effluent especially if the discharge would occur at dry times when stream
flows are small. The extent of such an accident would depend on the quantity and quality of the
effluent.
A state park called Town Creek Indian Mound lies approximately 2.6 miles from the farm due south.
This park is south of prevailing winds which are typically from the southwest blowing to the
northeast. The engineer does not think the park is greatly threatened by a spill or by odors from the
farm. SR# 1543 goes by the farm but is not designated a N.C. Senic By -Way.
A BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE LITTLE RIVER FARM LAGOON
SYSTEM.
General
The Little River Farm is an existing facility and has been in operation for over 12 years. The
engineer was not part of the original design or construction efforts at this farm and does not have any
of the original design documentation, Therefore the engineer will onlx be able to comment on the
observable components of the lagoon system that affect the waste utilization plan. This farm has a
multiple stage anaerobic lagoon system. All wastewater generated on the farm goes directly into the
first stage lagoon by gravity. Eventually wastewater is irrigated out of the second lagoon on to
growing crops. Lagoon #2 is being enlarged to meet current MRCS guidelines. Data presented
below will include the enlargement statistics.
TABLE 1
LITTLE RIVER FARM
Type of facility
Farrow -to -feeder
Number of head
500
Total SSLW
26 1,000ounds
Number of lagoons
2
Lagoon for storing excess water
second stage
Future Expansion Plans
None
Primary Type Of Treatment
Certain forms of liquid waste treatment lagoons have been used for hundreds of years. With the on-
set of larger and more intensive farming operations over the last 30 years, the use of on-farm lagoons
has increased as part of the overall waste management scheme. Simply put, waste treatment lagoons
are designed to both store and treat the wastes from many types of animal confinement operations

1
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L=E RIVER FARM PHASE III - REVISED
(usually for wastes in a liquid or slurry form). These lagoons rely on bacteria to decompose the
organic matter in the wastewater into gases, liquids, and sludges or solids. In addition significant
pathogen reduction is achieved by the process. Two types of lagoons are commonly used in
wastewater treatment. They are called aerobic and anaerobic lagoons.
Both aerobic and anaerobic type lagoons are effective in treating animal wastes, however the most
common type of lagoon in use for the treatment of swine effluent is the anaerobic type lagoon.
Anaerobic lagoons are being used at this farm.
Lagoon design documents and research reports often give numbers related to the design process.
These numbers may vary depending on which publication is reviewed. One fact remains constant
throughout literature; Farm Management Has As Much To Do With Odor Minimization As
Does Proper Lagoon Design! However teaching proper farm management is beyond the scope of
this document. The engineer has used design data accepted by the N.C. Cooperative Extension
Service at NCSU for basic design parameters; as well as design data accepted and used by the
NRCS.
Lagoon Shape
There is no one special shape required for the design of anaerobic lagoons. However due to
construction ease most lagoons (especially in the coastal plain of North Carolina) are rectangular in
overall shape with a trapezoidal cross section. Lagoons in the Piedmont are often less uniform in
shape due to depth -to -rock and steeper topography. Flat or nearly flat bottoms are also desirable but
not a requirement. One will find many shapes of anaerobic Iagoons functioning well. Lagoon
volume is a more important criteria than is shape. Very shallow water depths are discouraged.
Little River Farm has 2 anaerobic lagoons. The first one has a constant level and empties into the
second stage. The second lagoon has no outlet and its water level will vary with irrigation and
rainfall. Irrigation will occur out of this second stage lagoon. Both Little River Farm lagoons have
rectangular surface areas and gently sloping bottoms. The interior of these lagoons could not be
viewed because of existing effluent but rough interior measurements were taken in 1997. Lagoon #2
is scheduled for enlargement to meet NRCS criteria and better serve the farms waste management
needs. The retrofit sizes will be used for references in this document.
Typical Sludge Holding Capacity
A common practice of the modern swine producer is to irrigate sludge in a slurry form when land
application events occur. Sometimes this is done by pumping and hauling rather than irrigation. This
is usually done by first agitating the lagoon effluent to mix up the solids and the liquids. This
practice helps remove sludge accumulation on the lagoon floor. Sludge irrigation (or hauling) is a
management decision and does tend to temporarily increase the amount of objectionable odors,
especially if done at the wrong times or seasons.
Little River Farm has 2 lagoons. During the 1997 investigation, the engineer found that sludge
accumulation was greatest in the first stage lagoon. This sludge should be removed and then set
sludge removal events according to this plan. Purvis Farms plans to haul the existing sludge off-site
in the Spring when row crops are to be planted. This wiII be done per an agreement with a nearby
6

LITTLE RIVER FARM PHASE III - REVISED
farmer. Details on the soon-to-be sludge removal and application event are not final and are not part
of this waste utilization plan.
As a long term waste management tool Little River Farm should plan for sludge removal at an
optimum time of crop growth and weather conditions. For planning and future consideration, the
engineer has calculated expected sludge accumulations for this farm every 5 years to be
approximately as follows:
TABLE 2
Tyuical Sludge Storage Volumes -_First Stage Lagoon:
Little River Farm (existing est.) 693,000 gallons (92,647 cubic feet)
Little River Farm (5 year) 331,900 gallons (44,370 cubic feet)
Typical Design Treatment Volume
The design treatment volume (sometimes called Minimum Design Volume) is the volume of
wastewater needed to maintain optimum conditions for bacteria] growth in anaerobic lagoons. This
volume may require several months to obtain once filling begins on new lagoons. The owner should
be careful to add water to the lagoon until one half of the design treatment volume is achieved before
adding swine manure to new lagoons. The operator should always strive to maintain a liquid depth
greater than 6 feet in single stage or first stage lagoons to control excessive odors. Minimum depth
maintenance does not apply to storage only ponds. Second stage lagoon water levels can be lowered
below the 6 feet level before the on -set of long wet seasons.
Researchers at NCSU have conducted field work on hundreds of lagoons and seen many types of
operations. The general consensus is that lagoon management makes more difference than size in
minimizing lagoon odors, provided that the lagoon is not grossly undersized. Even lagoons of very
large size can produce abnormal amounts of odor if improperly managed. The Natural Resources
Conservation (MRCS) Service in North Carolina uses research data developed at NCSU for
designing anaerobic swine effluent lagoons. Through all PHASES the engineer chose to use design
guidelines commonly accepted in North Carolina by the NRCS. Most of this design criteria was
obtained from published articles of researchers and extension specialists at North Carolina State
University.
Requiring enlargements of existing multiple stage lagoon systems must be evaluated on a case-by-
case basis since they are usually full of effluent and it is often difficult to make them larger. It is best
to view actual effluent test results to see if adequate treatment is taking place. Below the reader will
see design volumes for a typical "2 stage" lagoon system. These are `Book Values" and should be
viewed as approximations only. Historical treatment effectiveness of the Little River Farm lagoon
system will be discussed later.
7

1
LITTLE RIVER FARM PHASE III - REVISED
TABLE 3
Typical Design Treatment Volumes (book values only):
Lagoon Structures
Design Volume
Little River Lagoon 1
1,308,028 gallons (174,870 cu. ft.)
Little River Lagoon 2
390,456 gallons (52,200 cu. ft.)
The water level in last stage lagoons (i,e. Lagoon #2 at Little River Farm) will vary depending on
wastewater productions and irrigation schedules. Water depths of at least 6 feet should be
maintained under normal conditions unless the farmer is preparing for a long wet season of excess
waste water storage. At least 3 feet of water should be maintained as a minimum in Lagoon #2,
Typical Wastewater And Rainfall Storage
Wastewater is most often pulled off of the top of the last stage lagoon and recycled to the
confinement buildings for re -use. Excess water accumulation will eventually be spray irrigated on
crops. Naturally the farmer will not desire to irrigate every day or every week. Likewise there will
be time periods when the weather will not permit responsible irrigation. This requires there to be
storage volume built into the lagoon system to give the farmer safety and flexibility in the irrigation
routine. In North Carolina the time period for this part of the design can vary between three and six
months or occasionally less if intensive waste management is used.
' Table 4 shows a 6 month water storage volume and a 1 month storage volume for this farm. The six
month storage volume includes excess wastes produced by the animals, spillage or wasted water,
clean-up water, and excess rainfall (less evaporation) directly into the lagoon. This does not include
' rainfall run-off water from outside the lagoon if it is not diverted by earthen embankments and grass
water ways. These are "book values" only.
TABLE 4
Typical Wastewater Storage Needs:
Estimated Storage Needed For Little
River Farm
Volume
Six Months
976,140 gallons (130,500 cu. ft.)
One Month
162,690 gallons (21,750 cu. ft.)
The farmer shall install a permanent pole or metered stick or stakes inside the storage lagoon so the
operator can tell at a glance the current water level and volume inside the lagoon. This measuring
device should be well marked and be of a design which best serves the operator's purpose. Pole
markings should be no greater than 1 foot apart. Highly visible permanent markers mounted up and
down the interior side slope of the lagoon will also serve the same purpose. As a minimum the

u
LITTLE RIVER FARM PHASE Ill - REVISED
farmer shall install a permanent marker at the "pump on" level and one at the "pump off' level. The
"pump on" level is below the allowance for any storm surges.
Severe Storm Storage
At any time in North Carolina there can occur a severe rain producing storm which can deposit
considerable amounts of water quickly. The standard storm surge allowed in lagoon design is the 25
year - 24 hour rainfall event. This storm event is historically different between the Mountains,
Piedmont, and Coastal plain and can even vary between neighboring cities.
Climatic data from the U.S. Weather Bureau was available to give the designer reasonably accurate
information about such rainfall events. The 25 year - 24 hour storm for the Mount Gilead area is 6.3
inches.
There Should Be No Surface Run -Off From Surrounding Areas Allowed To Enter The
Lagoon. All Run -Off Shall Be Diverted Around The Lagoon Via Earthen Embankments,
Grass Water Ways, Or Similar Water Diversion Techniques.
One 25 year - 24 hour storm volume for this farm is shown below. This value must be considered
above the 6 month storage volumes.
TABLE 5
Severe Storm Volumes:
Storm
Lagoon Where
*Total Acres
Estimated Volume
Volumes
Accumulations
of Lagoon(s)
For 1 Storm
Needed For:
will occur:
Surface
gallons cu.ft.
Little River
2nd stage
1.8
312,799 (41,818)
' * This value adds about 5 percent to the lagoons surface area to account for a small amount of "rim"
run-in.
tNormal Freeboard
Normal freeboard will be defined as the added depth needed for containment of a second 25 year -24
' hour storm event, in other words, lagoon #2 shall be able to contain at least two 25 year -24 hour
storms before overflow if this storm is allowed.
' Normal freeboard volume: 312,799 gallons (41,818 cu. ft.)
Emergency Freeboard
Emergency freeboard is the extra depth added to a lagoon for safety against an embankment
overflow or dam washout. This extra depth is a safety measure and prevents water from spilling
' over the dam, resulting in dam erosion and complete or partial failure. This amount of added depth
is usually selected to be 1 foot but can be 2 feet in some cases. This freeboard is between the top of
any emergency overflow and the top of the dam.
9

1
LITTLE RIVER FARM PHASE III - REVISED
Lagoon #1 Emergency Freeboard: 1.13 feet (existing)
Lagoon #2 Emergency Freeboard: 1.0 foot (proposed)
Emergency Spillway Or Overflows
The discharge of swine effluent to the surface waters of N.C. is prohibited. However, in the
unlikely event the water level inside a lagoon should exceed the maximum high water level it should
have a predetermined path of overflow in order to safeguard the dam. This emergency spillway
should be located on undisturbed, firm soil not easily eroded, or on a very solid surface like bedrock,
away from the lagoon dam if possible, or in a position where minimal dam height is found. Use
extreme caution when installing emergency overflows on disturbed soil or across earthen berms. The
emergency spillway should pass the overflow water without over -topping the embankment or dam.
The engineer decided to use a 100 year - 1 hour storm for emergency spillway design. Weather data
for Mount Gilead, N. C. suggests rainfall during this storm event at:
100 year - I hour storm = 3.5 inches
Assuming an almost instant flow and allowing for safety Table 6 shows overflow data. Table 6 only
relates to the second stage lagoon.
TABLE 6
Emergency Overflows:
Overflow Sizing For: Lagoon With Overflow Estimated Flow Suggested Bottom Width
Of Earthen Overflows:
Little River Farm 2nd stage 9.5 cfs 15 feet
I
cfs = cubic feet per second
' Should the reader wish to see additional details about the lagoon system at Little River Farm they
should refer to the PHASE 1 document prepared by EES, A summary of lagoon design values appear
below in Table 7.
' TABLE 7
CALCULATED LAGOQN DESIGN ESTIMATES - A SUMMARY -LAGOON # 1
10
EXISTING VALUES
TYPICAL DESIGN VALUES
SLUDGE (GAL)
693,000
331,900
MINIMUM
231,352
1,308,028
DESIGN
VOLUME(GAL)
SIX MONTH
NA
NA
STORAGE
(GAL)
10

1
LITTLE RIVER FARM PHASE III - REVISED
1
1
1
SURFACE
0
0
INFLOW (GAL)
0
0
25 YEAR - 24
NA
NA
HOURSTORM
(GAL)
NORMAL
NA
NA
FREEBOARD
(FEET)
EMERGENCY
1.13
1
FREEBOARD
(FEET)
312,799
1,679,395
TOTAL (GAL)
924,352
1,639,928
LAGOON # 2 - AS RETROFITTED
Existing Lagoon System Performance Evaluation
Prior to this point a review of typical design criteria for lagoon sizing has been presented as it applies
to this farm. However the design values are often difficult to achieve on an existing farm. In the
engineers opinion the goal of a certified waste utilization plan is to evaluate the existing farms
II
ADDED VOLUME
TOTAL VOLUME
SLUDGE (GAL)
0
0
MINIMUM
390,456
390,456
DESIGN
VOLUME (GAL)
SIX MONTH
976,140
1,366,596
STORAGE
(GAL)
SURFACE
0
1,366,596
INFLOW (GAL)
25 YEAR - 24
312,799
1,679,395
HOUR STORM
(GAL)
NORMAL
312,799
1,992,194
FREEBOARD
(GALLONS)
EMERGENCY
1
I
FREEBOARD
(FEET)
TOTAL (GAL)
NA
1,992,194
Existing Lagoon System Performance Evaluation
Prior to this point a review of typical design criteria for lagoon sizing has been presented as it applies
to this farm. However the design values are often difficult to achieve on an existing farm. In the
engineers opinion the goal of a certified waste utilization plan is to evaluate the existing farms
II

ILITTLE RIVER FARM PHASE III - REVISED
1
' potential to comply with all MRCS design criteria and develop a utilization scheme that will most
accommodate the meeting of those criteria within realistic bounds. It is not always possible to fully
meet current design guidelines without massive lagoon reconstruction, an economic impossibility
I
with many small farm sites. Therefore the engineers job is to evaluate the farms potential to manage
its animal waste within the physical and economic constraints known.
' The two main criteria one can evaluate for existing lagoon systems are 1) effluent treatment
effectiveness and 2) effluent storage capacity. While other aspects of the lagoon system are
important (i.e. emergency overflows, transfer pipe sizes, etc.) they do not play a major role in waste
utilization. The engineer will only address effluent treatment effectiveness and storage capacity for
this plan before continuing with the actual utilization specifications.
Effluent Treatment Effectiveness
Below are shown the latest test results of effluent from Little River Farm. Average `Book" values
' for similar operations are also shown below. Lagoon 1 Little River Farm is not scheduled for
enlargement. Recent effluent test data suggest that adequate anaerobic treatment is occuring in these
lagoons. However the farmer can not continue to rely on past performance unless sludge is removed
regularly. The engineer can only look at the recent test data and conclude that the existing lagoon
system is adequately functioning at nitrogen reduction. Lagoon #1 does not comply with the newest
NRCS guidelines for size. No evaluation was made on dam constuction or suitability at either of
' these lagoons. Existing dam evaluations is beyond the scope of a PHASE 1 work effort.
TABLE 8
LITTLE RIVER FARM
Date Of Sample
Reported
P.A.N. (lbs/1000 gal)
Book Value For P.A.N.
(lbs11000 gal)
4=25-96
3.2
1.66
9-24-96
1.2
1.66
3-24-97
2.4
1.66
5-16-97
1.5
1.66
8-22-97
1.7
1.66
10-24-97
1.3
1.66
Average
1.88
1.66
Effluent Storage Capacity
Typical effluent storage needs are discussed earlier in this document. As already mentioned, Little
River has a multiple stage lagoon system. This means excess effluent and rainfall will accumulate in
12

1
LITTLE RIVER FARM PHASE III - REVISED
the end stage or Lagoon #2. Below the reader will see Table 9 that shows storage requirements and
estimated availability.
TABLE 9
LITTLE RIVER FARM
Lagoons where
storage is allowed
Calculated needed
Total estimated
lagoon volume
(gallons) ++
Months of
available storage
(an.)+++
store a(gallons) +
Lagoon #2
1,601,738
1,992,194
6
+ = 6 month excess water storage plus two 25 year - 24 hour storms.
++ = This volume is considering Lagoon #2 after retrofit.
+++ = Considers available normal monthly storage while leaving room for two 25 year - 24 hour
storms and the minimum design volume.
The following conclusions can be made;
1. Little River Farm test data shows the average that anaerobic treatment values are a little less than
book value. As Table 8 shows the P.A.N. values vary to some degree with time. Sludge
removal from the first stage lagoon would probably improve overall treatment. However,
treatment effectiveness is well within acceptable levels.
2. Lagoon #2 at Little River Farm must be enlarged to allow the farm adequate excess wastewater
storage. N.G. Purvis Farms has agreed to this enlargement and the plans for such have been
developed. The reader may refer to the PHASE I plans to view the enlargement details. The
lagoon enlargement should assist with nitrogen reductions in addition to providing needed
storage.
3. A decision to abandon the lagoon system at Riverside Farm has not been made, therefore the
Riverside system will need to be managed while awaiting this decision. Details on spray
irrigating the residual Riverside effluent and added stormwater will be discussed under the waste
utilization portion of this package.
GENERAL SEDIMENT EROSION CONTROL SUGGESTIONS
1. In the future the farmer shall at all times take whatever means necessary to control erosion on the
farm and prevent sediment or nutrient transport off-site. The farmer should use terraces grass
strips, grass buffer zones, farming on the contour, silt fencing, rock dams, etc. in order to control
erosion. However, erosion control design is beyond the scope of this Waste Utilization package.
The local NRCS office may assist in developing a long term sediment and erosion control plan if
requested by the farmer,
13

LITTLE RIVER FARM PHASE III - REVISED
1
' 2. After final grading and permanent vegetation is well established around the confinement houses,
lagoon and dam and spray fields, maintain good covers with mowing and fertilizing. Annually
collect soil samples for analysis and follow fertilizer and time recommendations. Fertilize and
lime native grasses around the site and keep existing ground cover in tact as much as possible.
Maintain natural water ways and ditches. Plant new cover grasses as necessary. See Exhibit 8
for soil sampling data.
' 3. Mow grass as desired and in accordance with accepted practices, especially around the lagoon
area. Keep weeds and floating weed mats off of the lagoon.
4. Repair mulch and seed beds as necessary if areas of dead grass develop or erosion scars occur.
5. Use pesticides and herbicides only as a last resort to keep grass stands healthy. Use good
' housekeeping techniques to control insects along with or instead of pesticides.
6. New shrubs and trees should not be planted closer than 30 feet to the new lagoon and not on the
lagoon dam.
Lagoon Management And Control Programs
' Odor Control And Lagoon Management
g g
' Note: Much of this document text and exhibits are directly or indirectly related to odor control.
Likewise, common sense plays a very important part of any odor control program. The below list of
items is not intended to be all inclusive. Please refer to all information related to this farm, including
' suggestions made in the attached exhibits. See Exhibit 18 for an odor control checklist.
1. Use common sense and close observations to prevent lagoon upsets.
2. It is desirable to add manure daily or every other day in regular doses. This is preferred to slug
loading the lagoon at irregular intervals or starving the microorganisms.
3. The lagoon sludge and/or wastewater shall be tested to determine its nutrient content prior to
land applications. This shall be done every 60 days or within 60 days prior to major application
events. Send effluent and sludge samples to the N. C. Department of Agriculture, Plant, Waste,
and Tissue Lab, 4300 Reedy Creek Road, Raleigh, N.C. 27607, phone [phone]. Plant or
crop tissue samples can also be sent for regular analysis. Contact the local Cooperative Extension
Service for additional details and phone numbers. Keep in mind that sludge applications will
likely alter routine liquid application rates.
4. Keep grasses and vegetation out of the lagoon. Permanent floating mats (not weed mats) are not
likely to occur on swine lagoons. Such mats will not interfere with performance but should be
removed to help control odor and insects. Rubber gloves, plastic bags, and trash tend, to
accumulate in lagoons and should be cleaned out regularly. Keep it neat!
5. Lagoon water levels should be lowered before the on set of wet weather seasons and in
accordance with on-farm crop needs. Leave plenty of room for heavy rainfalls or long wet
seasons. Review freeboard requirements and keep enough freeboard for the appropriate storm
surges.
14
1

1
1
1
LITTLE RIVER FARM PHASE III - REVISED
6. Regularly inspect the lagoon dam and earthen embankments for settling or bulges, side slope
stability, rodent damage, jug holes or pock marks, erosion scars, wave action damage, weeping,
etc. Weeds should be mown at least one time per year and two times per year in heavy growth
years. Good weed control will help minimize insect problems.
7. Do not drive vehicles across emergency spillways. Keep the spillway clear of limbs, tall plant
growth, logs, floating debris, sedimentation, etc. Watch for erosion and settling. Keep
emergency overflow channel in good vegetative cover and free from erosion.
8. Grazing on dams and embankments can cause problems and is not allowed.
9. Inspect all dams, earthen embankments, and emergency spillways at least two times per year or
after every significant storm event. The owner/operator shall keep a written record on all
inspections, maintenance and repairs done on the lagoon and or dam.
10. Lagoons with floors below the seasonably high water table should maintain the water levels in the
lagoon at or slightly above the seasonably high level.
11. Always maintain at least 1 foot of freeboard in lagoons with pump systems. If pump units are not
owned by the farmer where he/she has control of the use of the pump then the farmer should
maintain at least a 2 feet freeboard.
12. Try to avoid large rapid liquid level reductions inside the lagoon. Always observe the inside darn
sides for possible liner sloughing during rapid liquid draw -downs. Repair damaged lagoon liners
immediately.
13. Emergency spillways should be kept clear of trash and debris. A good grass cover should be
maintained at and down slope of emergency spillways.
14. Once new lagoons are constructed and ready for filling, it is very important to first add water to
the lagoon prior to adding swine manure. The owners should be careful to add water to a new
lagoon until at least one half of the lagoon design treatment volume is achieved before adding
swine manure. In first stage lagoons the operator should always strive to maintain a liquid depth
of about 6 feet after a few months of operation, except for storage only ponds. Initial water
addition to the lagoon shall be from water wells on the farm or from nearby creeks, but if storm
water run-off can be easily added to the lagoon it may be added in place of well water. Do not
allow lagoon side walls to become eroded when filling.
15. Research literature suggests a pH of 7.5 to 8.0 be maintained in an anaerobic swine lagoon to
obtain optimum treatment conditions and minimize odors. During lagoon start-up the acid
forming bacteria will tend to populate faster then the methane forming bacteria and can lower the
overall pH of the lagoon water. If this occurs, the owner/operator should add hydrated lime to
the lagoon at a rate of 1 pound per 1000 cubic feet of water. The lime can be applied to the
surface of the lagoon and nixed into the surface waters until a proper pH is obtained. Start
adjusting the pH if the lagoon waters drop to or below a pH of 6.7.
16. The only way to accurately estimate the volume of sludge in an anaerobic lagoon is to take
measurements. This can be done by using a "sludge judge" or a variety of other measuring
devices, Measure sludge accumulation at least one time every 2 years. Plan sludge removal
events as desired by the farmer in accordance with the waste utilization plan, weather conditions,
etc. PLAN AHEAD!
17. Avoid unnecessary agitation of the lagoon when not irrigating. This will help control odors.
When possible allow water to flow into the lagoon in a gentle fashion instead of splashing or
cascading. Inlet piping should be placed below water surface as long as the water inside the
15

LITTLE RIVER FARM PHASE III - REVISED
' houses will drain out fully. Extreme care should be used when filling the lagoon so as to avoid
eroding a scar into the side of the lagoon and exposing undesirable soils. Use temporary flexible
drainage pipe if necessary to transfer water to the bottom of the lagoon area. Flexible pipe can
' be left in lagoon if it does not move or float.
18. Effluent piping from the confinement housing should be a minimum of 6 inches in diameter,
however 8 inch piping may be used. Gravity flow piping should be sloped according to the
' recommendations of the building contractor. it should be PVC piping with glue joints. The
terminal end of the piping should extend just under the water surface. Normal pipe invent
positions are between the maximum six month storage volume and the design treatment volume
' level. If the pipe outlets are under water and the pipes are air tight the pipes should be equipped
with vapor traps and vents to prevent gasses from moving back toward the confinement houses.
Clean out ports should also be provided for each set of pipes. USE EXTREME CAUTION
' WHEN INSTALLING PIPES ACROSS FILL MATERIAL SUCH AS A DAM, CONSULT
THE ENGINEER OR NRCS BEFORE DIGGING.
' 19. Lagoon start-ups are best done in warm weather, particularly in the northern climates. This is
less important in southern states. Careful consideration to pH and gradual start-up loadings can
help off -set cool weather start-ups.
' 20. Irrigation pump intakes should be a minimum of 18 inches below the lagoon liquid surfaces. The
operator may elect to occasionally agitate the sludge on the lagoon floor while irrigating in order
to minimize sludge build-up. Any irrigation pump and irrigation nozzles should be designed to
' pump solids if this is part of the irrigation plan.
21. Take extreme care to select optimum conditions for spray irrigation of wastewater and sludge
removal events. Careful planing will help minimize odors. Irrigate wastewater in dry warm
' weather if possible, preferably before 12 noon. Avoid weekend and holiday irrigation unless
absolutely necessary. Try to irrigate when wind is not blowing toward neighbors.
22. New products are being developed to help minimize odors from swine operations. The
' owner/operator may utilize such products but these should only be utilized according to
manufacture's recommendations and with caution. Many of these products do not reduce odors
and are a waste of money. Rapid additions of enzymes or chemicals could cause microbial
' upsets.
23. In North Carolina prevailing winds blow from the southwest toward the northeast. Plant or
maintain trees on the west and southwest side of the farm to act as a wind break. Plant trees
' between irrigation fields and neighbors or public highways, Avoid spraying on windy days or
when the wind is blowing toward nearby neighbors.
24. Keep trash, dead animals, and spilled feed cleaned up and properly disposed. Regularly haul off
dead animal carcasses. Refer to Exhibit 10 for a mortality disposal option checklist.
' Insect Control And Mortality Management
Insect control is an important aspect of the day to day operation of a swine production facility and
' assists the farmer in being a "good neighbor". Below is a list to consider in an insect control
program. Also refer to Exhibit 19 for an insect control check list.
16

LITTLE RIVER FARM PHASE III - REVISED
1
' 1. The farmer shall at all times strive to keep weeds and tall grass from growing uncontrolled
around the lagoons.
2. Keep large floating mats of leaves, trash, and debris cleaned out from the lagoon. These mats
' can tend to form a habitat for insects and flies. Dispose of all organic materials and trash in
containers or dumpsters.
3. Keep dead animals picked up, placed in carcass disposal containers, and hauled off-site.
' 4. Keep all grass mown, especially around houses and lagoons.
5. Keep all spilled feed and piles of grain cleaned up.
6. Follow crop stalk and root destruction programs where applicable. Fallow all BW's for crop
production.
7. Small pools of water can develop around a farm due to equipment traffic, etc, Keep these
depressions filled so water does not stand for long periods. A "dry" and manicured farm
' discourages insect breeding.
8. The farmer should consult with the local Cooperative Extension Service to discuss an integrated
' pest management program. Incorporate the use of pesticides and herbicides as needed for insect
control.
9. Employ good housekeeping!
' 10. Manure tends to pack into the corners of pits and can cause excessive odors and insects.
Regularly inspect pits, sump areas, pit walls, etc, for caked manure. Use a high pressure hose to
wash out caked manure areas.
' 11. Remove crusted solids from lagoons, pits, and channels.
'
Personal Safety Considerations Around Lagoons
I. Fencing around the lagoon is an option to the farmer if trespassing is a problem. If the public or'
children will have access to the lagoon area the lagoon should have a stock tight fence installed
around its perimeter. Clear warning signs should be installed around the lagoon and be visible
from all sides of the lagoon. Unauthorized persons should be kept away from the lagoon
' area.
2. The owners should install throw type safety devices within easy access from at least 2 places
around the lagoon in the event of a drowning accident. Safety ropes should also be kept nearby.
' At least one person at the farm should have water rescue training. Any person using a boat on
the lagoon must wear a life preserver and have a helper standing on shore in case of an
emergency. All farm personnel should have first aid and safety training.
' 3. Animal manures produce gasses as their solids decompose. Agitation of lagoon solids or
agitation of under slat liquids can cause large amounts of gasses to be released quickly. The
' owners should be aware that certain gasses are colorless and odorless and can cause asphyxiation
and death under severe circumstances (usually in confined spaces and not as likely around a
lagoon). It is doubtful gas concentrations would approach explosive levels, but the owners
' should be aware of such possibilities in confined spaces. Employees should be warned about
such dangers and trained in dealing with such matters. The primary types of gases produced by
animal manure are listed below:
17
1

1
1
LITTLE RIVER FARM PHASE III - REVISED
Hydrogen
Sulfide- H2S :
•
The most dangerous of gases produced, especially during manure agitation. This gas is
corrosive to exposed metal parts.
•
Colorless with distinct odor.
•
Heavier than air, accumulates near the floor.
•
Recommended maximum safe gas concentrations for an 8 hour exposure to humans:
10 parts per million
•
Recommended control of as: Adequate ventilation. 71
•
Not readily explosive.
Carbon Dioxide -(CO2):
• Not particularly toxic in normal concentrations. Large quantities can be released
durin manure agitation. Not particularly corrosive.
• Colorless and odorless.
• Heavier than air, accumulates near the floor.
• Recommended maximum safe gas concentrations for an 8 hour exposure to humans:
5 000 arts per million
• Recommended control of as: Ade uate ventilation.
• Not readily explosive.
Methane- CH4 :
• The most explosive of gases produced, especially during manure agitation. Not
extremely toxic at low levels.
• Colorless and odorless.
• Lighter than air, accumulates near the ceilin .
• Recommended maximum safe gas concentrations for an 8 hour exposure to humans:
1,000 parts per million
• Recommended control of as: Adequate ventilation.
• Explosive at concentrations of 50,000 to 150,000 parts per million or 5'- 15
Ammonia- NH4 :
• Not extremely toxic in lower concentrations. Irritating to the eyes and respiratory
system. Can be released in large quantities especially during manure agitation. Can be
corrosive to exposed metal parts.
• Colorless with very distinct odor.
• Lighter than air, accumulates near the ceiling.
• Recommended maximum safe gas concentrations for an 8 hour exposure to humans:
25 parts per million
• Recommended control of as: Adequate ventilation.
• Not readily explosive.
18

LITTLE RIVER FARM PHASE LII - REVISED
' 4. Workers should never go under floor slats unless accompanied by a helper and only if adequate
ventilation is in place. Drain and clean under slat pits at least 8 hours prior to entering in addition
' to providing good ventilation. Workers entering confined spaces should follow OSHA guidelines
for such activities.
t 5. The owner/operator may wish to purchase a portable hand held gas meter for questionable
environmental situations.
6. Beware of spiders and snakes around swine facilities.
' 7. Workers should attend to cuts and wounds immediately with the proper first aid.
8. An emergency action plan must be developed for this farm in case an emergency develops. A
general plan is discussed later in this document.
WASTE UTILIZATION PLANS
1
On -Farm Nutrient Production
' Anaerobic lagoons breakdown solids and nutrients in raw swine effluent. The microbes in the
anaerobic process consume some nutrients in their metabolism and help reduce the nutrient value of
the raw manure. Swine effluent contains considerable nitrogen as well as other nutrients such as
' phosphorous and potassium. In addition the effluent contains many micro nutrients such as copper,
calcium, zinc, etc. Currently only nitrogen is considered as the limiting nutrient factor for the land
' application of swine effluent, but in the future other nutrients may become the limiting components.
The farmer must perform annual soil tests for copper and zinc. The farmer should alwa s be aware
of the total nutrient composition of his/her waste and alwa.+� s look at other nutrients besides nitrogen
since these can seriously effect crop health. Some discussion about metals, etc. will be given in this
' plan. Exhibit 13 shows maximum metal loadings. Below the reader will find estimated nitrogen
amounts expected to be produced by the hogs. The Plant Available Nitrogen or P.A.N. in swine
' effluent can be estimated by using actual chemical analysis (the best alternative) or by using some
standard design numbers such as those issued by the N.C. Cooperative Extension Service, NRCS
publications, etc. All nitrogen figures are given below as plant available nitrogen or P.A.N. Actual
' test values will be used in this report for Little River Farm,
Table 8 shows recent test data from Little River Farm. The first 4 test dates represent effluent
' generated by Little River Farm when it was a farrow -to -weanling operation. The last two test dates
reflect the farrow -to -feeder operation. The number of sows has not changed.
' Little River Farm Facilities
Number of Head: 500 sows.
Type of operation: Farrow -to -feeder
' Est, per unit P.A.N. production: 1.88 lbs. per 1000 gals of digested effluent
Estimation source: Averaged NCDA test results (Table 8).
Estimated average weight per animal unit: 522 lbs
Estimated average excess water production (rainfall added) = 1.0 cu. ft. /lb.
19

1
1
LITTLE RIVER FARM PHASE III - REVISED
Excess water production est. source: NCSU - Cooperative Ext, Service.
Annual Excess Wastewater Production:
1.0 cu.ft./lbs x 500 sows x 522 lbs/head = 261,000 cu.ft.
261,000 cu.ft. x 7.48 gallon/cu.ft, =1,952,280 gallons
Annual Nitrogen Production:
1,952,280 gal. x 1.88 lbs. N/1000 gal, = 3,670 lbs P.A.N.
Riverside Farm has been out of operation since the summer of 1997. However the lagoon system is
still in tact and will accumulate rainwater. As required by DWQ, the Riverside lagoon system must
have a management plan for dealing with this lagoon system. Therefore the engineer will address
said management below. Keep in mind that the Riverside Farm effluent will continue to have less
and less nutrient value as rainfall dilutes the lagoon water. Therefore the engineer fully expects the
Riverside effluent to become less and less of a nutrient contributor over time. Regular effluent
samples should be taken from Riverside in order to accurately track nutrient levels.
TABLE 10
RIVERSIDE FARM
Date Of Sample
Reported
P.A.N. (lbs/1000 gal)
Book Value For P.A.N.
(lbs/1000 gal)
4-25-96
2.0
2.5
9-24-96
0.58
2.5
3-24-97
2.1
2.5
5-16-97
1.6
2.5
8-22-97
1.9
2.5
10-24-97
0.95
2.5
Average
1.52
2.5
* Riverside Farm was a feeder -to -finish operation during this time. Book values are for feeder -to -
finish operations.
Riverside Farm Facilities
Number of Head: 0.
Type of operation: closed.
Est. per unit RA.N. production: 0.95 pounds per 1000 gallons of digested effluent.
Estimation source: Most recent NCDA test results (Table 10).
Estimated average weight per animal unit: N/A
20

LITTLE RIVER FARM PHASE III - REVISED
' Estimated average rainfall less evaporation = 34 inches (actual value may be less).
Excess water production est. source: N.C. climate and rainfall data - estimated.
Total lagoon acreage: 1.43 acres.
'
Average Annual Excess Water From Rainfall:
34 inches x 1.43 acres = 48.62 ac -in.
' 48.62 ac -in x 27158 gal/ac-in = 1,320,422 al.
Maximum Nitrogen Content First Year:
1,320,422 gal. x 0.95 lbs./1000 gal. = 1,254 lbs P.A.N, (or less).
' Total irrigation from both farms: 3,272,702 gallons.
I
Total P.A.N. from both farms: 4,924 pounds P.A.N.
Nutrient Application Rates
There is no more important task in the utilization of animal waste than to properly apply it on a
particular crop at rates which the plants can utilize. Over application can cause nutrients to be
' washed off to surface water or leached into ground water, and under application can result in a poor
crop growth. Proper application amounts are known as "agronomic rates". The proper agronomic
rates can vary from season to season, by crop types, by soil types, by topography, by short term
' weather conditions, etc. These values are not to be confused with potential hydraulic loadings.
Hydraulic loadings will be discussed in another section. The key factor to remember is to not apply
nutrients to crops in excess of their ability to utilize these nutrients or in excess of water (hydraulic)
' acceptance rates.
A soil survey map is attached as Exhibit 4. This shows soil types found around the proposed
' irrigation site. Different soil types will have different crop yields and different water acceptance
rates. This will be discussed below. Existing crop land will be used at this farm to receive irrigation.
' The proper application of animal manure to crops must be a well thought out and planned event.
Planning for the irrigation of swine effluent must be done in advance of the need for irrigation. In
order to do the job right the farmer must collect waste samples for analysis and soil samples for
' analysis in advance of irrigation, If sludge is scheduled for removal it too should be sampled and its
nutrient values factored into the land application program. See Exhibits 8 and 9 for sampling
instructions. If long term waste analyses are available the farmer should take 5 years of data and
' drop the high and low years (for P.A.N.) and average the other 3 years. Extremely high or low
nutrient values should be questioned and reasons sought. Exhibit 5 and Tables 8 and 10 shows
recent test results and past performance.
' The soils informationresented within this document was obtained from soil survey maps. A
P Y P
certified soil scientist was not involved with this project.
21

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L171LE RIVER FARM PHASE III - REVISED
1
' Soils Under Irrigation
According to the USDA/NRCS soil survey maps for Montgomery County (Exhibit 4) the
' predominate soils series to be "potentially" under irrigation at this site are:
1. 475B - Badin - Tatum Complex, 2 to 8 percent slope.
' 2. 475C - Badin - Tatum Complex, 8 to 15 percent slope.
3. 475D - Badin - Tatum Complex, 15 to 25 percent slope (minimal).
4. 452B - Badin - Goldston Complex, 2 to 8 percent slope (minimal).
' Soil Description
'
Soil Name.............................................................
Badin - Tatum Complex
Soil Symbol(s)......................................................
475 B,C, D
Average Soil Depth ...............................................
1.5 to 2.5 Feet
'
Soil Index Number ................................................
15 (most probable)
Most Restrictive Permeability Zone .......................
0.6 in/hr. (approx.)
Maximum Long Duration Application Rate ...........
Bare Soil = 0.30 In./Hr. (Avg.)
Maximum Long Duration Application Rate ...........
On Crop = 0.35 In./Hr. (Avg.)
Maximum Short Duration Application Rate ...........
0.5 Inches/Hour
Depth Of Moisture Replacement (Hay Crop) . . .. . ....
1.5 Feet
'
"Design" Moisture Use Rate (Maximum) ...............
0,24 Inches/Day
Maximum Irrigation During Peak ET ......................
Every 3 to 5 Days
'
Maximum Application Amount ..............................
0.3 to 0.75 inches +
Soil Description
Soil Name................................................................
Badin - Goldston Complex
Soil Symbol(s).........................................................
452B
Average Soil Depth ..................................................
1.5 Feet
Soil Index Number ................................
15 (most probable)
'
Most Restrictive Permeability Zone .....................
0.6 in/hr. (approx.)
Maximum Long Duration Application Rate ..............
Bare Soil — 0.30 Inches/Hour
'
Maximum Long Duration Application Rate ..............
On Crop = 0.35 Inches/Hour
Maximum Short Duration Application Rate ..............
0.5 Inches/Hour
Depth Of Moisture Replacement (Hay Crop) ............
1.5 Feet
'
"Design' Moisture Use Rate (Maximum) ..................
0.24 Inches/Day
Maximum Irrigation During Peak ..............................
Every 3 to 5 Days
Maximum Application Amount .................................
0.3 to 0.6 Inches+
'
+ Approximate maximum irrigation in one cycle in
piedmont - (Hay crop). Usually irrigation will be
less. Highest value assumes a 75% irrigation efficiency and would only be possible in hot and dry
'
weather conditions on slopes less than 10 %. Steeper slopes or cool weather applications will require
less intensive irrigation.
1
22

LITTLE RIVER FARM PHASE III -REVISED
Nitrogen
Typically nitrogen is the limiting nutrient factor for deciding the application amounts to be applied to
' a specific crop for a given growing season. Nitrogen removal rates by crops will be discussed later.
Copper And Zinc
' Copper and zinc are trace metals often found in animal waste in small amounts. Plants must have
some of these metals in order to thrive. Copper and zinc can accumulate in soils and may eventually
reach high enough levels to become toxic to plants if applied year after year. Different plants have
' different tolerances for these metals. Harmful metal accumulation levels will also depend on the
cation exchange capacity (CEC) of the soil, Exhibit 13 shows various metals and relative harmful
levels. Soil test results shown on Exhibit 15 shall be compared to Exhibit 13. The farmer should
' always try to keep the metal levels as low as possible. NRCS, DWQ, etc, recommends that no more
than 1120 of the lifetime metals allowance be applied in any one year. Soil test data will assist in
viewing metal levels and CEC of the soil. Soil tests for copper and zinc must be taken at least
' annually. Soil tests and metal concentrations will be discussed below.
Phosphorus
Phosphorus levels in swine manure can be rather high, especially in sludge. Usually the farmer will
tend to land apply phosphorus in amounts beyond what can be taken up by plants when using animal
' manure. High phosphorus levels are more of a problem for surface transport to streams than it is a
problem for plants. This is because the phosphorous strongly attaches itself to soil particles.
Therefore the farmer must be very cautious about surface runoff from spray fields into streams or
' creeks. Good buffer strips will help keep phosphorus from getting into streams,
' Soil Test Results And Metal Concentrations
Soil samples were collected on or about 8-8-97. Test results are shown on Exhibit 15. While this
' soil report is only one "snap -shot" of the soil conditions, the following basic comments can be made:
1, The soils tested need to be limed at the rate shown on Exhibit 15. This should be done ASAP,
' 2. Crop nitrogen requirements will be minimal in the upcoming crop season, i.e, added nitrogen will
be 50 to 70 pounds per acre. More will be said later about crop production rates vs nitrogen
' application.
3. There is no real need for phosphorous or potassium on this soil in terms of crop utilization.
4. There is not a need to add copper or zinc to the soils at the farm in terms of crop production. In
' fact future loading of these metals should be minimized to avoid phytotoxicity problems. The
soil tests now indicate copper and zinc levels approaching levels of concern.
23

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LITTLE RIVER FARM PHASE III - REVISED
5. Another soil sample should be collected in the spring and compared with Exhibit 15. Closely
follow the soil sample instructions found in Exhibit 8, Do not use galvanized buckets or tools to
collect these samples.
6. Waste samples were collected on several occasions. Table 11 shows the results in terms of zinc
and copper concentrations.
TABLE 11
WASTE ANALYSIS FOR ZINC AND COPPER AT LITTLE RIVER FARM
Date Of Sample
Zinc
Copper
4-25-96
0,35 mg/l
0.19 mg/1
9-24-96
0,60 mg/l
0.19 mg/1
3-24-97
0.57 mg/l
0.32 mg/l
5-16-97
0.36 mg/l
0.38 mg/1
8-22-97
0.48 mg/l
0.32 mg/I
10-24-97
0.36 mg/1
0.23 mg/1
Average (mg/1)
0.45 mg/1
0.27 mg/1
Average
0.0038 lbs/1000 gallons
0.0023 lbs/1000 gallons
Estimated annual zinc application from Little River Farm from irrigation = 7.42 pounds.
Estimated annual copper application from Little River Farm from irrigation = 4.49 pounds.
TABLE 12
WASTE ANALYSIS FOR ZINC AND COPPER AT RIVERSIDE FARM
Date Of Sample
Zinc
Copper
4-25-96
0.32 mg/l
0,38 mg/l
9-24-96
0,70 mg/1
0.43 mg/l
3-24-97
0.49 mg/l
1.29 mg/1
5-16-97
0.76 mg/l
1.15 mg/1
8-22-97
1.96 mg/l
1,30 mg/1
10-24-97
0.81 mg/1
0.67 mgll
Average (mg/1)
0.84 mg/1
0.87 mg/l
Average
0.0070 lbs/1000 gallons0.0073
lbs/1000 gallons
24

LITTLE RIVER FARM PHASE ❑I - REVISED
' Estimated annual zinc application from Riverside Farm from irrigation = 9.24 pounds (or less).
Estimated annual copper application from Riverside Farm from irrigation = 9.64 pounds (or less).
1 Cropping Descriptions
Discussions between the farmer and the engineer were held to determine the farmer's desire for
future crop selection. in general Purvis Farms has been and wishes to continue growing hay crops
and harvest these crops regularly. The farm has been growing fescue grass in cool seasons and pearl
millet in warm seasons. A small grain crop will also be used along with the cool season fescue grass
I
to extend the spray season. No grazing is planned at this time.
All effluent will be surface applied via an existing spray irrigation system. See Exhibit 6 for a
' property sketch and field identifications. The soil survey map can be seen as Exhibit 4. Soil samples
shall be collected at least one time per year and sent to NCDA for analysis. Crops must be planted
within 30 days or be actively growing within 30 days of an effluent application event.
' Crop Planting Considerations
Fescue grass and winter wheat are now planted over all proposed spray fields at Little River Farm.
Since there is an established crop history at this farm the engineer will use Realistic Yield
Expectations (R.Y.E.) to calculate plant nutrient uptake for the fescue grass. This R.Y.E. value is an
"average" value based on historic production, not "book values". 45 lbs. of N uptake per ton of hay
has been assumed. Please note that R.Y.E. can vary by soil type for a given crop. The R.Y.E. for
each soil type is given in Table 17. These R.Y.E, values 100% of the full value since they have been
' overseeing the land with a cover crop already and these are actual values (see Table 13). Fescue
grass is a cool season perennial crop and its nutrient uptake is typically greatest in the months from
March to May, with a moderate growth from September to November. To establish, drill fescue
' grass at 10 to 15 pounds per acre or broadcast at 15 to 20 lbs/acre. Plant 1/4 to 112 inches deep.
Best planting dates in the Piedmont and Coastal Plain are between August 25 and September 15 (see
Exhibit 14).
1 Winter wheat has been recently planted over the existing fescue grass as a supplemental crop to
enhance nitrogen up -take in December, January, and February. This wheat should allow a small
' amount of effluent spraying to be done during these months. Winter wheat is a small grain and has
many of the same characteristics as rye. Typical N up -take is 45 to 55 pounds per ton. Winter wheat
can be drilled into existing tall fescue at 100 pounds per acre. Plant 1 to 2 inches deep. Best
' planting dates in the piedmont are between August 25 and September 15, but may extend to October
31. Cut wheat along with fescue. See Exhibit 14 for additional details. Winter wheat will reduce
' fescue grass yield an estimated 25 percent but when its tonnage is added back the engineer expects
similar yields to historical harvests.
' Pearl Millet (summer annual grass) will be used as a warm season crop to enhance nitrogen uptake
and extend the potential application months for irrigation. The pearl millet will be planted over the
existing fescue grass. Between April 25 and June 30 the farmer will plant the pearl millet, Seeding
shall take place at 15 to 20 pounds per acre planted with a grain drill or 20 to 25 pounds per acre if
25

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LITTLE RIVER FARM PHASE III - REVISED
planted by broadcast. The pearl millet shall be planted over the entire crop growing area scheduled
for irrigation. Future seeding rates shall be determined by the condition of the poor stand areas and
tempered with the farmers past experience. No grazing is planned on this crop in the foreseeable
future. When mature the crop is scheduled for site removal. The engineer will use R.Y.E, to
calculate nutrient uptake based on historical values, not book values. Nitrogen removal will be
assumed to be 45 lbs. N uptake per ton of harvested crop (hay). The pearl millet is a warm season
crop and its nutrient uptake is typically greatest in the months from June to August.
It is suggested that the farm minimize the cutting of grasses and/or other crops in the buffer areas
shown on Exhibit 6. Taller grass allows for better sediment control and animal habitat in the borders
surrounding the irrigated fields This is especially important in or near drainage ways or ditches.
The farmer may elect to plant some other type of vegetation in this area which requires minimal
maintenance. Cut buffer zones as needed and minimize the use of commercial fertilizers in these
areas. Land preparation and planting suggestions for forage crops appear on Exhibit 14.
TABLE 13
REALISTIC YIELD EXPECTATIONS FROM FUSTORIC RECORDS
Latest Year Yields
Latest Year Yields
Total Tons
Tons/Acre
Tall Fescue 171.4
5.36
Pearl Millet 130
4.06
Winter Wheat * NIA
0
* Assumed winter wheat yield at 0 percent typical value due to overseeding. Used mostly to extend
spray season. Assume fescue plus wheat tonnage equals historic fescue yield.
Crop Maintenance
All forage crops should be cut regularly and the residual hay removed off the site. This is vyr
important when calculating nitrogen removal capabilities of any crop. Fescue grass should be cut
when it is 10 to 15 inches tall. This will likewise cut an overseeded crop like winter wheat. Regular
cutting every four to five weeks during the growing season can be expected provided growing
conditions are suitable. More or Iess frequent cutting may be necessary. Fescue grass should go into
the warm season with 3 to 4 inches of growth. Cut pearl millet when growth exceeds 24 inches and
remove from the site. Millet cutting will likely occur between July and September. Six inch stubble
should be left standing after cutting pearl millet to encourage re -growth. Records shall be kept on all
tonnage of all crops removed from the site. Regular soil samples shall be collected and the analysis
incorporated into the desired nutrient application plan. See Exhibit 8 for soil sampling details. Soil
samples shall be collected no less than yearly. Lime and supplement fertilize according to the NCDA
soil reports tempered with yields and crop health. Annually the farmer shall compare crop removal
rates with nutrient application rates and adjust irrigation accordingly. Consult seed companies for
exact re -growth and harvesting suggestions.
26

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LITTLE RIVER FARM PHASE III - REVISED
' Buffers and Set -Backs
It is suggested that the farm minimize the cutting of grasses and/or other crops in the buffer areas
' shown on Exhibit 6. Taller grass allows for better sediment control and animal habitat in the borders
surrounding the irrigated fields This is especially important in or near drainage ways or ditches and
in areas where two hillsides converge. The farmer may elect to plant some other type of vegetation
' in buffers which requires minimal maintenance. Cut buffer zones as needed and minimize the use of
commercial fertilizers in these areas.
' The following are buffers or set -backs that shall be maintained when spray irrigation is taking place.
Keep in mind that these are minimum distances from wetted areas. Wind conditions, neighbor
activities, crop growth, temperatures, etc. may require that buffers be increased. Wind direction is
' predominately from the west and southwest in Piedmont North Carolina. Be particularly careful to
avoid spray drift if irrigating on windy days. No irrigation water can come closer than:
' • 75 feet from perennial waters (solid blue line streams)
• 50 feet from any property boundary
• 25 feet from public roads (see note)
' • 100 feet from all water wells
• 200 feet from neighboring houses (dwellings)
' • 25 feet from drainage ditches (see note)
• 75 feet from property boundaries on which an occupied residence is located
' Note: A light application of effluent over grass water ways to maintain a good grass cover is
acceptable. This is different from deep ground water lowering ditches. Use good judgment and plan
this type of activity away from rain events. The engineer would suggest a buffer of at least 100 feet
' from public roads if using big gun irrigation. Twenty five feet is required and is acceptable if using a
"honey wagon" to broadcast near public roads. Do not irrigate in wet lands. Do not heavily irrigate
in valleys which are subject to high rainfall run off or in wet weather drainage ways. 100 feet buffers
' from perennial water are recommended by the engineer for all farms.
NUTRIENT AND WATER APPLICATIONS
Irrigation Scheduling
' Understanding the more technical points of irrigating is very important to the proper utilization of
animal waste. Knowing soil/water relationships and plant/water relationships helps the farmer decide
' when irrigation is appropriate. However, it would be much beyond the scope of this irrigation plan
to dwell on highly technical aspects of irrigation, The key point to remember is that the soil must
accept and plants must be able to utilize the irrigated water in order to avoid surface run-off or
' gravity drainage. Full plant utilization of the water held within the root zone is needed to avoid
draining nutrients below the root zone. Careful observations of soil/plant and climatic relationships
will help assure a successful irrigation program. Exhibit 24 explains soil/water/plant relationships in
' more detail.
27
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LITTLE RIVER FARM PHASE III - REVISED
1
' TABLE 14
(Medium body soils)
Month Dry Days Needed Between Heavy Irrigation Events (Typical)
' January 20
February 15
March 10
' April 8
May 6
June 5
' July 5
August 6
September 8
' October 10
November 15
December 20
' Table 14 is a very general guide. On-site measurements and experience must be used to accurately
' schedule irrigation events. Sandy soils may require less dry days between irrigation events. Small
amounts of irrigation may be possible without waiting for all the dry days shown. Plant available
moisture and other soil/water relationships will dictate actual times between irrigation events. If
crops are not actively growing it is better not to irrigate.
The operator must use good judgment when applying effluent to crops. His or her judgment,
' tempered with crop growth, crop health, rainfall, and other factors will be needed to make a
workable irrigation schedule. The farmer must also adhere to lagoon designs and suggested
maximum and minimum lagoon volumes. Always know your lagoon level and available storage
' volume. A key item to remember is to keep water levels inside the second stage lagoon at
manageable levels.
' Due to the concerns over possible groundwater contamination occurrences, the owner is encouraged
to "spread out' the irrigation volumes so as to not concentrate loadings in one place at one time.
Heavy effluent loadings can cause nitrogen to quickly leach below the plant root zone. Several light
' applications per month is often better than 1 heavy application. Monitor soil moisture so that gravity
drainage from irrigation events is more or less zero.
Hard hose travelers do not always irrigate all available acreage. Corners or long narrow strips are
often missed by irrigation systems. These areas of crops need nutrients in order to thrive. The
farmer should plan to fertilize these areas with effluent by other means. Little River Farm may wish
to utilize some of this land for effluent and sludge disposal or in a "pump and haul" situation using a
broadcast wagon. Before this occurs the farmer must look at a soils analysis, nitrogen. removal
potential, cropping, etc. Lagoon water levels should not be used alone to verify effluent application
volumes over the crop land. Good records on irrigation rates, hours of pumping, and volumes are
required. Exhibit 11 shows several examples of record keeping forms.
28
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LITTLE RIVER FARM PHASE III - REVISED
Irrigation Coverage
The irrigation buffer zones are illustrated on Exhibit 6. Exhibit 6 divides the spray acreage into
fields called Fields 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8. Each field (except i and 8) is a single pull of the gun
cart, Grassy areas outside of the pull zones can also be used for waste provided they are within the
set -backs, but these areas are not scheduled for spray irrigation. A total of 32 + acres of crop is
being grown at the Little River Farm complex but only 26.3 acres is under irrigation. Waste
utilization plans should address the waste application amounts in and out of the irrigation zones.
The use of a honey wagon to broadcast effluent into corners or along buffer zones is acceptable if
one is available. For now only irrigated areas will be considered for effluent application. Purvis
Farms does not plan to use a honey wagon in the near future. If the non -irrigated fields are ever used
to receive effluent, the farmer must keep a record of this activity, This is not specifically addressed
in this document. At this farm there is one predominate soil type under irrigation but various slopes
to each field,
TABLE 15
Irrigation Field (Lane) Data
Field
Number
Wetted
Diameter
ft.
Effective
Diameter
ft.
Effective Wetted
Pull (ft.) Acres
a roa. a rox.
Effective
Acres
a rox,
Max Slope
Along Pull
ercent
F1
NIA
NIA
NIA NIA
NIA
NIA
F2
300
240
625 4.3
3.4
12
F3
300
240
890 6.1
4.9
15
F4
300
240
260 1.8
1.4
10
F5
300
240
706 4.9
3.9
12
F6
300
240
650 4.5
3,6
8
F7
300
240
520 1 3.6 1
2.9
15
F8
250
205
0 1.1
0.9
NIA
Total
NIA
NIA
NIA 26.3
21
NIA
TABLE 16
Irrigatable Acres At Little River Farm
Field
Number
Wetted
Acres
Effective
Acres
Predominate Soil Type
Suggested
Precipitation
Rate(in/hr)
Suggested
Precipitation
Depth in.
171
NIA
NIA
Badin - Goldston
NIA
0.3-0.6
F2
1 4.3
3.4
Badin - Tatum
0.3 -0.5
0.3 -0.75
F3
6.1
4.9
Badin - Tatum
0.3 -0.5
03-0.75
F4
1.8
1.4
Badin - Tatum
0.3 -0.5
03 -0.75
F5
49
3.9
Badin - Tatum
0.3-0.5
0.3-0.75
F6
4.5
3.6
Badin - Tatum
0.3-0.5
03-0,75
F7
3.6
2.9
Badin - Tatum
0.3-0.5
0.3 - 0.75
F8
].1
0.9
Badin - Tatum
0.3-0.5
0.3-o.75
Total
26.3
21
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LITTLE RIVER FARM PHASE III - REVISED
' The areas scheduled for irrigation are shown in Tables 15 and 16. From the USDANRCS soil
survey map of Montgomery County, and other references, the permeability of the most restrictive
soil layer of these type soils varies from as low as 0.6 inches per hour to as much as 2 inches per
' hour. Due to some steeper slopes, the engineer has recommended a short duration loading rate of
between 0.3 and 0.5 inches/hour to be safe against surface run-off. The suggested water depth for
these soils will be 0.3 inches on steeper slopes (or in wet seasons) and 0.75 inches on less steep
' terrain (during hot dry weather). Experience may allow changes to these values.
The topography around the spray fields is moderate to steep. Animal waste can only be applied to
' land eroding less than 5 tons per acre per year. The Little River Farm land should qualify given the
proper grass cover is maintained. Erosion could easily become a problem at this farm in the irrigated
' fields if crop covers are not maintained. It is vitally important that the farmer pay close
attention to irrigation schedules at this farm. Strong slopes will encourage surface run off to
occur, especially during rainfall events. Disons Creek is downslope from the irrigated fields
' and could be impacted by the over application of effluent or by a sudden rain storm shortly
after irrigation.
Below the reader will see Tables 17 through 22. Each table represents a different set of values
related to Little River Farm. Keep in mind that excess rainfall into the Riverside Farm lagoon system
has been added to the nutrient loading values in some of these tables. The engineer has used NCDA
test data to determine an average value for effluent P.A.N. content in order to simplify discussions
and improve the overall usefulness to the operator. Effluent testing will be the only accurate method
of determining effluent nitrogen content in the future. Again, Riverside Farm and Little River Farm
waste streams have been added together in order to simplify nutrient application discussions, but
nutrient contributions from Riverside Farm will be less and less as rainfall dilutes the residual lagoon
eluent.
Table 17 shows expected yields of the various crops to be grown on the different soil types and their
related nitrogen uptake based on yield, Future yields could be lower especially since Riverside Farm
' will be contributing less and less nitrogen in the future. All crops are scheduled for removal off the
land at harvest. Crop yields used are based on actual records.
' Table 18 summarizes potential nitrogen removal by the crops. Any crop acreage shared with other
facilities has been accounted for in the available acreage shown in these Tables. Please note that if
' the cropping scheme shown was used, the farmer would be able to remove more nitrogen than is
predicted to be available from both facilities on an annual basis, In other words the maximum
nitrogen removal capability of these crops on 26.3 is estimated to be 11,137 pounds annually.
t Estimated nitrogen from the swine effluent is estimated to be 4,922 pounds. Table 18 estimates the
farmer could get by with irrigating more heavily on approximately 11.6 acres. These are
approximations and guidelines only. By having more acres than needed and by having both cool and
' warm weather crops, the farmer maintains maximum flexibility in his/her irrigation program.
Overseeding with winter wheat may not be absolutely necessary for the future, especially since the
lagoon system at Little River Farm is being enlarged,
30

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LITTLE RIVER FARM PHASE III - REVISED
1
' This waste utilization document does not specifically address nitrogen application on young grass.
Thus the farmer must use good judgment when planting and fertilizing new crops. Young grass can
not remove large quantities of nitrogen. Applications of effluent must be light on young crops if
used. Refer to Exhibit 17 for more information. Table 19 can be studied by the reader to see
suggested application values for established crops. Application rates are shown by month in this
table. Some months may require multiple application events in order to avoid possible run-off.
' Table 19 is onlyone irrigation scheme and includes some irrigation eve month. Without the
$ $ �'
overseeding with winter wheat the farmer should not irrigate from mid November to late February.
' The reader should also note that irrigation over the entire 26.3 acres will not supply the entire
nitrogen needs or the water needs of the crops. Therefore commercial fertilizer or sludge may need
' to be applied as a supplement. However, since the soil analysis shows only a small need for nutrients
in early 1998 the engineer would suggest following Table 19 in 1998 and make adjustments based on
soil tests in 1999. Spreading out irrigation over all the cropland will also lessen metal accumulations
' on a per acre basis.
The reader must realize that monthly application rates will vary according to many factors. Also, the
' engineer has assumed that liquid effluent will be available to deliver these nitrogen quantities. If the
animal waste effluent is lacking the needed nutrients, or lacking sufficient liquid quantities the
operator could occasionally need to supplement nutrients. However, use caution when applying
' commercial fertilizers. Consider using sludge instead of commercial fertilizer as it becomes available.
Annually look at nutrients like phosphorous and metals to make sure you are not over applying this
or other. nutrients. The local Cooperative Extension Service can be very helpful in figuring these
' values. Again, soil tests will be needed to determine these levels. Remember if the soil test data
suggests levels of metals are increasing, keep a sharp eye on future results. The irrigation amounts
shown in Table 19 can be applied in several applications. Do not over apply in one event. Soil
' moisture will be key in deciding when to irrigate safely.
Table 20 shows long term water balances that could be experienced at Little River Farm only. It is
' very important to realize that the operator must use good judgment when applying effluent to crops.
His or her judgment, tempered with crop growth, crop health, rainfall, and other factors will be
needed to make a workable irrigation schedule. The farmer must also adhere to lagoon designs and
' suggested maximum and minimum lagoon volumes. Table 20 should be used for general guidance
only. Monthly excess wastewater values in Table 20 do not include large excess rainfall events.
Always know your lagoon level and available storage volume. A key item to remember is to keep
water levels inside the second stage lagoon at manageable levels. Lower water levels in lagoon
systems before the on -set of long wet seasons.
' Tables 19 and 20 suggest a more or less "balanced" water usage/availability scheme, but in some
cases nitrogen loading rates may be seriously diminished due to a lack of excess wastewater. This of
' course would not pose a significant problem and may allow for some needed sludge removal to
occur. Nitrogen application can be less than shown by any of these tables, Lower nitrogen levels
may mean lower crop yields, The farmer may wish to adjust application amounts or reduce acreage
31

' LITTLE RIVER FARM PHASE III - REVISED
' to better balance nutrients with crop demand. Always record yields removed from all acreages. Also
record fresh water irrigation events and the addition of commercial fertilizer.
' Sludge or solids removal from a farm lagoon can either be removed at one time, such as a contract
hauler might do, or gradually. If the farmer plans to incorporate sludge removal into his/her routine
waste utilization plan he/she is most often better off to do it yearly, removing approximately 20
' percent of the 5 year estimated accumulation yearly. Removing sludge every 1 or 2 years reduces
the required acreage for nutrient removal verses doing it once every 5 years.
' Table 21 shows the estimated sludge volume from Little River Farm after 5 years. This table
suggests one possible land application scheme. Estimated P.A.N. values for anaerobic sludge were
obtained from a N.C. Cooperative Extension Publication (part of Exhibit 12). The loading rates
shown should not cause problems if done after a crop has been established and is within 30 days of
heavy growth. Do not apply sludge to young or poorly established grass.
' Lagoon #1 at Little River Farm currently has a sludge build up which should be scheduled for
removal. The engineer is recommending that Purvis Farms plan for sludge removal at this farm
within the next 6 months. If possible, the engineer recommends that this sludge be hauled off-site to
a certified parcel of crop land and applied at agronomic rates. By this off-site removal, the
Riverside/Little River Farm parcel would not receive a heavy load of nutrients and metals at this
' time. This would in turn allow Purvis Farms personnel time to fully evaluate potential on-site crop
production and nutrient removal capabilities. The off-site transport and disposal details of this
option are not part of this PHASE III plan since no land has been identified as a receptor. Purvis
Farms must notify DWQ before removing sludge off-site and follow their suggestions on protocol.
Long term sludge application methods (i.e. irrigation, pump and haul, etc.) are not specifically
' addressed in this plan as a separate issue. The engineer suggests that when sludge is ready for
removal the farm operator collect a sludge (or slurry) sample for NCDA analysis. Upon review of
the results and calculating the nitrogen content of the sludge (or slurry), apply it according to
' agronomic rates using the appropriate method. Table 21 is intended to help give guidance for sludge
removal onto Little River Farm cropland by broadcast. Table 21 does not address using a slurry. If
there is not an immediate need for the nitrogen on the spray irrigated land, seek non -irrigated land
' for near term sludge applications.
Table 22 shows the approximate storage volume of the lagoon at the Little River Farm. These
numbers are only approximated and may vary slightly due to irregularities in lagoon shape. The
engineer has shown the depth of water necessary to accommodate two 25 year _ 24 hour storms.
The values presented in this table are all considered below the emergency overflow mentioned earlier
in this document. Lagoon water levels should not be used alone to verify effluent application rates
over the crop land however, Good records on irrigation rates and volumes are required.
Lagoon #2 must have permanent, highly visible markers placed in its interior. Critical water levels
are shown in Table 22 as well as in other places in this report.
32

1
LITTLE RIVER FARM PHASE III - REVISED
' The second stage lagoon at Little River Farm is being expanded to allow for additional liquid
storage. Riverside Farm has no animals but the lagoons are still open. The farmer must also manage
the water levels in the Riverside Farm lagoons. However, since water level increases will be due to
' rainfall only, the engineer has not gone into great detail about Riverside lagoon water level
management. The details on spray irrigation have incorporated the Riverside Farm effluent into the
irrigation plan and should thus satisfy the need for lagoon management at this farm.
1
1
33

FARM NAME: LITTLE RIVER FARM (INCLUDING RAINFALL INTO THE RIVERSIDE FARM LAGOON SYSTEM)
FARM OWNER($): N.G. PURVIS FARMS, INC.
FARM LOCATION: MONTGOMERY COUNTY, N.C.
R.Y.E. REDUCTION PERCENTAGE USED FOR OVERSEEDING (IF APPL.): FESCUE = ACTUAL
P. MILLET = ACTUAL
TABLE 17
W.WHEAT =
i0D.0D%
CROP TYPES AND REALISTIC YIELD
EXPECTATIONS
NITROGEN
SOIL CROP
REAL UPTAKE
HARVEST
FIELD TYPES YIELD
YIELD (ESTM.)
CROPPING
NUMBER CROP (MAJOR) UNITS
........ ........... ............. .............
EXPECTED (LB/UIYR)
x+wxxxxwxw... ............. w....
SCHEME
...x .
F2 FESCUE & WHEAT-2 BAD-TATM T/AC/YR
5.35 45
CUT & REMOVE
F2 PEARL MILLET-2 BAD-TATM T/ACIYR
4.05 45
CUT & REMOVE
F3 FESCUE & WHEAT-3 BAD-TATM T/AC/YR
5.35 45
CUT & REMOVE
F3 PEARL MILLETS BAD-TATM TIAC/YR
4.06 45
CUT & REMOVE
F4 FESCUE & WHEAT-4 BAD-TATM T/AC/YR
5.35 45
CUT & REMOVE
F4 PEARL MILLET-4 BAD-TATM T/ACIYR
4.06 45
CUT & REMOVE
F5 FESCUE & WHEAT-5 BAD-TATM TIACIYR
5.35 Ora
CUT & REMOVE
F5 PEARL MILLETS BAO-TATM T/AC/YR
4.06 45
CUT & REMOVE
F6 FESCUE & WHEAT-6 BAD-TATM T/ACIYR
5.35 45
CUT & REMOVE
F6 PEARL MILLET-6 BAD-TATM TIAC/YR
4.06 45
CUT & REMOVE
F7 FESCUE & WHEAT-7 BAD-TATM T/ACNR
5.35 45
CUT & REMOVE
F7 PEARL MILLET-7 BAD-TATM TIACIYR
4.06 45
CUT&REMOVE
FS FESCUE & WHEAT-8 BAD-TATM TIAC/YR
5.35 45
CUT & REMOVE
F8 PEARL MILLET-8 BAD-TATM T/AC/YR
4.06 45
CUT & REMOVE
TIAC/YR = TONS PER ACRE PER YEAR
BUTACIYR = BUSHELS PER ACRE PER YEAR
U = UNIT
NOTE: ACTUAL CROP YIELDS WERE USED FOR THIS TABLE. WINTER WHEAT WILL ALLOW FOR MINIMAL
SPRAYING IN WINTER BUT NO EXTRA YIELD CREDIT WAS TAKEN FOR USING WINTER WHEAT. NO YIELD
REDUCTIONS WERE TAKEN FOR FESCUE GRASS DUE TO THE OVERSEEDING OF WINTER WHEAT.
PAGE 34

FARM NAME: LITTLE RIVER FARM (INCLUDING RAINFALL INTO THE RIVERSIDE FARM LAGOON SYSTEM)
FARM OWNER(S): N.G. PURVIS FARMS, INC.
FARM LOCATION: MONTGOMERY COUNTY, N.C.
TOTAL CROP ACRES (WETTED)_ 26.3 ACRES (TAKING OUT FOR BUFFERS,
ETC.)
TABLE 18
NITROGEN REMOVAL ESTIMATES BASED ON CROP TYPE
MAXIMUM EST.
P.A.N.
ESTIMATED
REMOVAL
P.A.N.
FIELD TOTAL + POTENTIAL
REMOVALIACRE
NUMBER CROP ACRES (LBSIYR)
.......• ........... ........... .........
(LBS/ACIYR)
..........
F2 FESCUE & WHEAT-2 4.3 1035
241
F2 PEARL MILLET-2 4.3 786
183
F3 FESCUE & WHEAT-3 6.1 1469
241
F3 PEARL MILLETS 6.1 1114
183
F4 FESCUE & WHEAT-4 1.8 433
241
F4 PEARL MILLET-4 1.8 329
183
F5 FESCUE & WHEAT-5 4.9 1180
241
F5 PEARL MILLETS 4.9 895
183
F6 FESCUE & WHEAT-6 4.5 1083
241
F6 PEARL MILLET-6 4.5 822
183
F7 FESCUE & WHEAT-7 3.6 867
241
F7 PEARL MILLET-7 3.6 658
183
FB FESCUE & WHEAT-8 1.1 265
241
F8 PEARL MILLET-8 1.1 201
183
TOTAL 26.3 11,137
- TOTAL ESTIMATED PA.N. PRODUCTION FROM ANIMAL WASTE =
4822 POUNDS PER YEAR
-AVERAGE P.A_N. REMOVAL FROM THE CROPPING SCHEME =
423 POUNDS PER ACRE
- MINIMUM ACRES NEEDED FOR PA.N. GENERATED USING THE
ABOVE CROPPING SCHEMES AND SPRAYING LIQUID EFF.(AVG)=
11.6 ACRES (MINIMUM)
-TOTAL ACRES DO NOT NEED TO BE USED FOR THIS PARTICULAR WASTE APPLICATION.
PAGE 35

r m= m= m m m m m m m= m m m m m m
FARM NAME: LITTLE RIVER FARM (INCLUDING RAINFALL INTO THE RIVERSIDE FARM LAGOON SYSTEM)
FARM OWNER(S): N.G. PURVIS FARMS, INC.
FARM LOCATION, MONTGOMERY COUNTY, N.C.
TABLE 19
LONG TERM LIQUID EFFLUENT APPLICATION GUIDELINES ONCE CROPS ARE ESTABLISHED
AVERAGE AMT. OF NITROGEN PER 1000 GALS, OF EFFLUENT =
1.504 POUNDS
SUGGESTED
TOTAL
TOT.AVG.
TOTAL
ACTIVELY TOTAL RATE OF
TOTAL N GALLONS
GALLONS
MONTHLY
MONTH OF FIELD GROWING IRRIGATE N APPLIC.
TO APPLY OF EFF.
PER ACRE
INCHES
APPLICATION NUMBER CROPS ACRES (LBSIAC)++
............a... ............ ............ ............ ............
(LBS)+ (GALS.)
.........a.. ....•.......
(GAUAC)
............
(INIAC)
.aa.a.•.....
JANUARY +++ F2 -F8 W- WHEAT 26.3 10
253 174867
6649
0.24
FEBRUARY +++ F2 -F8 WW & FG 26.3 15
395 262301
9973
0.37
MARCH F2 -F8 WW & FG 26.3 25
65B 437168
16622
0.61
APRIL F2 -F8 WW & FG 26.3 15
395 262301
9973
0.37
MAY F2 -F8 FG & PM 26.3 15
365 262301
9973
0.37
JUNE F2 -F8 PEARL MIL 26.3 20
526 349734
13298
0.49
JULY F2 -F8 PEARL MIL 26.3 15
395 262301
9973
0.37
AUGUST F2 -F8 PEARL MIL 26.3 15
395 262301
9973
0.37
SEPTEMBER F2 -F8 FESCU, PM 26.3 15
395 2623D1
9973
0.37
OCTOBER F2 -F8 FESCUE 26.3 20
526 346734
132+96
0.49
NOVEMBER +++ F2 -F8 FG & WW 26.3 12
316 209840
7979
0.29
DECEMBER +++ F2 -F8 W. WHEAT 26.3 10
...........
263 174867
........... ...........
6649
0.24
TOTAL 187
4,918 3,270,013
ESTIMATED TOTAL PAX PRODUCTION AT THIS FARM (LBS.)=
4,922
ESTIMATED TOTAL ANNUAL EFFLUENT PRODUCED (GALLONS) =
3,272,700
CBG = COASTAL BERMUDA GRASS, C = CORN, PM = PEARL MILLET,FG=FESCUE GRASS, WW= WINTER WHEAT
+ = FARMER MUST ONLY APPLY EFFLUENT DURING GROWING MONTHS. HOWEVER, NITROGEN
MAY BE APPLIED IN ALTERNATING MONTHS INSTEAD OF EVERY MONTH IF NECESSARY AS
LONG AS NITROGEN APPLICATIONS DO NOT EXCEED PROPER AGRONOMIC RATES. IF MAXIMUM
NITROG=EN UPTAKE EXCEEDS AVAILABLE NITROGEN, COMMERCIAL NITROGEN MAY BE NEEDED.
++ = THE TOTAL PA.N. CAN NOT EXCEED THOSE VALUES SHOWN IN TABLE 18
+++ = MINIMAL OR NO IRRIGATION RECOMMENDED THESE MONTHS UNLESS CONDITIONS AND
CROP GROWTH ARE ACCEPTABLE.
PAGE 36

FARM NAME:
LITTLE RIVER FARM ONLY
FARM OWNER(S):
N.G. PURVIS FARMS, INC.
FARM LOCATION:
MONTGOMERY COUNTY, N.C.
TABLE 20
LONG TERM WATER BALANCES ONCE CROPS ARE ESTABLISHED
WHAT IS THE BEGINNING VOLUME IN THE LAGOON AT START?
875,000 GALLONS (ASSUMED)
EST. AVG. ALLOWABLE
WASTEWATER
ESTIMATED VOLUME #
EXCESS ESTIMATED
ACCUMULATION
OF LIQUID IN
MONTH OF
WASTEWATER IRRIGATION
OR REDUCTION
THE LAGOON
YEAR
...........
(GALIMO) (GAL/MO)
..........- ........•r•.rr
(GAL/MO)
•.•r.ra•r.a...... a:
(CUMULATIVE)
.•.•.......•..r.•...
JANUARY
162,690 104,308
58,362
933,382
FEBRUARY
162,690 156,462
6,228
939,610
MARCH
162,690 200,770
(981080)
841,529
APRIL
162,000 156,462
6,228
847,757
MAY
162,690 156,462
6,225
853,985
JUNE
162,840 208,616
(45,926)
808,058
JULY
162,690 156,462
6,228
814,286
AUGUST
162,69D 155,462
6,228
820,514
SEPTEMBER
162,690 156,462
6,228
826,741
OCTOBER
162,690 208,616
(45,926)
780,815
NOVEMBER
162,690 125,170
37,520
818,335
DECEMBER
162,000 104,308
.............
58,382
.............
876,717
TOTAL
1,950,563
1,717
= THE AVERAGE
WASTEWATER EXCESSES DO NOT ACCOUNT FOR MONTHLY RAINFALL
VARIATIONS OR
MONTHLY EVAPOTRANSPORATION VARIATIONS.
SUCH VARIATIONS
COULD BE SIGNIFICANT
AND CHANGE THE WATER BALANCE TABLE
FROM WHAT IS
SHOWN ABOVE.
THIS TABLE IS ONLY AN APPROXIMATION AND IS NOTA DETAILED
WATER BALANCE TABLE.
# m A MINIMUM VOLUME OF AROUND 390,500 GALLONS SHOULD BE MAINTAINED IN THE
LAGOON. DO NOT PUMP MUCH BELOW THIS LEVEL. PUMP LAGOON
DOWN BEFORE
LONG WET SEASONS BEGIN.
PAGE 37

FARM NAME: LITTLE RIVER FARM ONLY
FARM OWNER(S): N.G. PURVIS FARMS, INC.
FARM LOCATION: MONTGOMERY COUNTY, N.C.
TABLE 21
POSSIBLE SLUDGE REMOVAL SCHEDULE FOR THE LITTLE RIVER FARM, LAGOON 1.
SLUDGE IS SCHEDULED FOR REMOVAL ONCE EVERY 5 YEARS.
WHAT IS THE BEGINNING SLUDGE VOLUME AFTER 5 YEARS = 331,900 GALLONS
TYPICAL AVERAGE PAN IN 1000 GALLONS ANAEROBIC SLUDGE = 9 LBS
HOW MANY ACRES POSSIBLE TO RECEIVE SLUDGE? 26.3 ACRES
GALLONS OF + AMOUNT EST. "N" IN
APPLIC.
SLUDGE TO REMAINING REMOVED
RATE PER
MONTH OF REMOVE IN LAGOON SLUDGE
ACRE (N)
YEAR (GAL/MO) (GALLONS) (LBS)
........... ......... ......... .......
LBS/ACRE
..»...
JAN. (2003) 0 331,900 O
0.00
FEBRUARY 0 331,900 0
0.00
MARCH 150,000 181,900 1350
51.33
APRIL 0 181,9W 0
0.00
MAY O 181,900 0
0.00
JUNE 100,000 81,900 900
34.22
JULY 0 81,900 0
0.00
AUGUST 0 81,900 0
0.00
SEPTEMBER 81,9W 0 737
28.03
OCTOBER 0 0 O
0.00
NOVEMBER 0 O 0
0.00
DECEMBER 0 0 0
rrrrrr........
0.00
TOTAL 2,987
MIN. LAND NEEDED TO APPLY P.A.N. FROM SLUDGE IS (AVG)= 7.05 ACRES
+ - THIS TABLE SHOWS SLUDGE REMOVAL ALL IN 1 YEAR. SLUDGE CAN BE REMOVED OVER
A LONGER TIME FRAME IF NITROGEN LOADINGS BECOME EXCESSIVE. OTHER NUTRIENTS
ARE NOT BEING CONSIDERED, BUT CAREFULLY STUDY SOIL AND WASTE TEST RESULTS
BEFORE MMNG A FINAL DECISION ON SLUDGE APPLICATION AMOUNTS, THE FARMER
MAY WISH TO TRANSPORT SLUDGE OFFSITE SO TO NOT OVERLOAD IRRIGATED LAND_
CAREFULLY WATCH PHOSPHOROUS AND METAL LOADINGS IN SOIL TESTS AND WASTE ANALYSES.
Q - APPLY NITROGEN ACCORDING TO RECENT SOIL TEST DATA. ALSO, LIQUID VOLUMES
MAY HAVE TO BE REDUCED DURING SLUDGE (OR SLURRY) APPLICATIONS.
PAGE 38

FARM NAME: LITTLE RIVER FARM ONLY
FARM OWNER(S): N.G. PURVIS FARMS, INC.
FARM LOCATION: MONTGOMERY COUNTY, N.C.
TABLE 22
REFERENCE VOLUMES FOR THE LITTLE RIVER FARM, LAGOON 2
WHAT IS THE MAXIMUM VOL. AT THE OVERFLOW LEVEL?
1,992,194 GALLONS
WHAT IS THE MAXIMUM DEPTH AT THE OVERFLOW LEVEL?
10.3 FEET
AVERAGE DAYS PER MONTH ASSUMED =
30 DAYS/MONTH
MAIN PURPOSE OF THIS LAGOON? TREATMENT
AND STORAGE
DAYS OF
ESTIMATED
NORMAL
WATER LEVEL WATER DEPTH GALS. IN
AVAILABLE WATER STORAGE UNTIL
BELOW OVERFLOW INSIDE LAGOON AT
STORAGE ABOVE OVERFLOW
(FREEBOARD=i FT) LAGOON THIS LEVEL
..................,,,.,., ................ .............
THIS LEVEL (AVG. EXCESS)
...................... ..................
0 FEET 10.3 FEET 1,992,194
0 GALLONS 0
2.5 FEET+ 7.8 FEET 1,366,596
625,596 GALLONS 115
4 FEET 6.3 FEET 992,680
999,514 GALLONS 184
6 FEET 4.3 FEET 619,185
1,373,009 GALLONS Zai
7.3 FEET++ 3 FEET 390,456
1,601,738 GALLONS 295
+ = THE WATER LEVEL BEFORE THE ALLOWANCE FOR TWO 25 YR-24.HR
STORMS. START PUMPING
BEFORE THIS LEVEL. DO NOT LET WATER EXCEED THIS LEVEL.
++ = MINIMUM DESIGN VOL. AT THIS POINT. STOP PUMPING BEFORE HERE! THIS IS A SECOND STAGE LAGOON
THUS A 6 FOOT MINIMUM WATER DEPTH IS NOT MANDATORY.
PAGE 39

1
LITTLE RIVER FARM PHASE III - REVISED
i
IRRIGATION EQUIPMENT AND ITS USE
' The right irrigation equipment is extremely important in terms of the farmers ability to accurately
measure and control the application of swine effluent, However, when it comes to properly operating
' irrigation equipment the farmer must be familiar with his/her equipment and have a good
understanding of pump curves, pumping rates, basic math, and possess the willingness to keep good
records. This irrigation plan is not intended to be a comprehensive irrigation teaching tool. The
' engineer must assume the farmer can take the presented information and apply it to his or her farm.
General
' Little River Farm currently has an irrigation pump, power unit, underground piping, and hard hose
traveler. The engineer has evaluated the existing irrigation system to verify it meets the requirements
' of the farm. In general the farmer will use an engine driven irrigation pump mounted beside the
second stage lagoon to furnish water to a traveling gun irrigation system. Equipment data is shown
below in Tables 23 and 24.
' A below ground 4 inch pvc force main will transfer water from the irrigation pump to hydrants. The
4 inch main can be connected to the 5 inch pvc underground main by using a short length of
' aluminum pipe. This is done as a routine procedure by the system operator as needed, Exhibit b
shows this general irrigation setup with the dotted lines showing the approximate center of normal
irrigation lanes. The lanes shown are wetted areas. Effective irrigation areas would be somewhat
' less.
Riverside Farm has a relatively new pump and power unit. Table 24 shows the details on this unit.
This unit is now only used to pump accumulated rainwater to the basic hard hose traveler shared
with Little River Farm. The engineer has verified that this pump unit is suitable for the intended job
and could be used to replace the Little River pump in the future. However since this pump unit is
' not the primary pumping unit in use at Little River Farm it will not be discussed further.
40

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
LITTLE RIVER FARM PHASE III - REVISED
TABLE 23
Little River Farm Irrigation Enuinment Descrintions
Power supply type
John Deer 4 cyl. 60 Hp @ 2500 rpm
Pump type and size
Rainbow model 4219DF01 - 6 x 4S x 12
Traveler type
Hobbs Reel Rain - Model 2400L
Hose I.D. and length
4.1 inch I.D. 1250 feet
Gun and nozzle type (Fields F2 - F7)
Nelson Model F150R w/ 1,18 in. ring nozzle
Gun and nozzle type Field 178
Rainbird l OOT 0, 75 in. to er bore nozzle
Nelson Sprinkler diameter (wetted diameter)
300 feet @ 50 psi
Rainbird Sprinkler diameter wetted diam.
250 gpm @ 50 esi
Expected flow and pressure with selected
205 gpm @ 50 psi (Nelson gun)
nozzles
115 gpm 50 psi Rainbird un
Selected lanespacing effective diameter
300 feet x 0.80 = 240 ft +/-
Approximate effective pull length feet
Active pull length + 0Ax wetted diameter
Friction losses; 4.1 inch hose reel
2,24 feet/100 feet @ 205 gpm
4 in. sch 40 pvc pipe
1.96 feet/100 feet @ 205 gpm
4 in. aluminum pipe
3 feet/100 feet @ 205 gpm
6 in. SDR21, PR200 gasted pvc pipe
0.28 feet/100 feet @ 205 gpm
4 in, sch 40 pvc pipe
0,67 feet/100 feet @ 115 gpm
4 in. aluminum pipe
1.02 feet/100 feet @ 115 gpm
Flow velocity in 4 inch pipe @ 205 gpm
5 feet/second (approximately)
Flow velocity in 4 inch 2ipe a 115 gpm
2.8 feet/second_(approximately)
Flow velocity in 6 in. pipe @ 205 gpm
2.28 feet/sec.
Pump pressure P, 205 gpm @ 2400 m
1 325 feet 141psi)
Reel pressure @ 205 gpm (approximate)
144 feet 62psi)
Anticipated wetted gun arc (fields F2 -F7)
270 degrees
Anticipated wetted gun arc field F8
360 degrees
Horsepower required @ 205 gpm @ 2400
38 hp (approximately)
m
TABLE 24
Riverside Farm Irrigation Equipment Descri tions
Power supply type John Deer 4 cyl. 70 continuous Hp.
Pump type and size Rainbow model 4039D 6 x 4S x 13
Irrigation System Layout, And Operation
An irrigation layout is shown as Exhibit 6. The reader should realize that this layout is more or less
the most routine layout but it is only one of many possible layouts. The reader must realize that each
time the traveling gun is set up it will need to be adjusted according to the desired delivery.
Therefore it is impossible to predict in this document all pumping rates and traveler retrieval rate
combinations to achieve the desired application. The engineer must however rely on the farmers
41

1
1
1
1
1
LITTLE RIVER FARM PHASE III - REVISED
record keeping ability to accurately track gallons pumped and nutrient amounts delivered,
Adjustments can also be made in engine speeds to increase or lower irrigation rates but use caution
since this will also change application coverage. Most often the farmer will find it most convenient
to adjust gun cart retrieval speed when changing application volumes. Please note that more water
will be applied at the bottom of hills than at the tops. This will be mainly due to the higher nozzle
pressures at lower elevations, The farmer may find it more convenient to set applications to be
correct at low points and thereby apply less on hill tops as the cart is being retrieved. Averages can
also be used if over applications do not occur in low areas. Tables 25, 26, and 27 should be used for
approximations only.
Critical elements of the irrigation process are listed on an example record keeping form attached as
Exhibit 11. The operator shall also keep records on equipment repairs, maintenance, and irrigation
calibrations. Irrigation calibration shall be done at least twice per year but monthly calibration would
be better. Some information on calibration can be seen as Exhibit 16. The farmer should consult
with his or her irrigation dealer to obtain more information on calibration or contact the local
Cooperative Extension Service.
TABLE 25
Total Dynamic Head Estimates At Maximum Pipe Length
(Flow = 115 gpm)
(Field # F8)
Delivery ressures at gun
50 psi
115.5 feet
100 feet 4 inch aluminum pipe
0.44
psi 1.02 feet
13 50 feet of 4 sch 40 vc pipe
3.9
si9 feet
Elevation head 71 feet - 80 feet
-3.9
psi -9 feet
Suction head est max4.3
psi
10 feet
Mise. loss valves elbows etc.
6 psi
14 feet
Total rounded
61 psi
C141 feet
TABLE 26
Total Dynamic Head Estimates At Minimum Elevation Difference (Downhill)
(Flow = 205 gpm)
(Field # F7)
Delivery pressures at gun
50 psi
115.5 feet
1250 feet of 4.1 inch I.D. PE hose
12 psi
28 feet
275 feet of 4 sch 40 pvc pipe
2.3
Psi
5.4 feet
200 feet of 4 inch I.D. aluminum pipe
2.6
psi
6 feet
Elevation head 60 feet - 80 feet
-8.7
psi
-20 feet
Suction head est. max
4.3
psi
10 feet
Misc, loss valves elbows etc.
6.5
psi
15 feet
Total rounded
69 psi
159 feet
42

1
1
1
1
LITTLE RIVER FARM PHASE III - REVISED
TABLE 27
Total Dynamic Head Estimates At Maximum Elevation Difference
(Flow = 205 gpm)
(Field # F4)
Delivepressures at gun
50
psi
115.5 feet
1250 feet of 4.1 inch I.D. PE hose
12
psi
28 feet
320 feet of 4 in. sch 40 pvc pipe
2.7
psi
6.3 feet
550 feet of 6 inch I.D, SDR21 pipe
0.7
psi
(1,5 feet
Elevation head 88 feet - 80 feet
3.5
psi
8 feet
Suction head est. max
4.3
psi
10 feet
Misc. loss valves, elbows etc.
6.5
psi
15 feet
Total rounded
80
psi
184 feet
Grading And Clearing For Travel Lanes
For smooth irrigation, the operator will need to predetermined gun cart paths and travel lanes. This
will be most important between hills and where hills would tilt the gun cart to the side. A tilted gun
cart is more easily turned over and will also alter the effective coverage of the spray, Exhibit 6
shows these travel lanes.
Excess soil cut from the expansion of the lagoon system will be placed in some of the gullies and
valleys at Little River Farm. While these areas will be seeded for soil stabilization, irrigation will be
very limited on these areas until well stabilized. Exhibit 6 does not show this extra fill. Traveler pulls
across these fill areas will be allowed if it assists the farmer with irrigation. The farmer must keep
stormwater channels open. If earthen bridges are constructed between hills a stormwater culvert
may need to be installed. Sizing stormwater culverts is beyond the scope of this plan. Exhibit 6
shows existing irrigation travel lanes only.
Trenches And Pipe Installation
Care in installing pipes or force mains will greatly reduce long term problems and potential leaks.
Exhibit 23 goes into great detail about trench construction, pipe fitting, trench cover up, etc. For
brevity the engineer will not repeat these details here. New pipe installation is not planned at the
farm.
The underground pipe at Little River Farm is 6 inch pvc, SDR21, class 200, gasted joint pipe and 4
inch pvc schedule 40 glue joint pipe. These are acceptable sizes and types of pipe per the engineer's
opinion. New pipe (should it be needed) shall be installed a minimum of 42 inches deep (i.e. 36 inch
deep trenches). Trench depths between 42 inches and 48 inches would be acceptable. Cut trenches
and back -fill according to Exhibit 23.
Concrete thrust blocks are necessary on irrigation system piping in order to prevent pipe movement
and failure. Very often air in the pipe lines will cause water hammer to occur. Sudden shocks due to
water hammer or water rushes can loosen joints or break pipe. Thrust blocks are especially needed
43

1
1
1
s
LITTLE RIVER FARM PHASE III - REVISED
for pipes 4 inches in diameter or larger and for gasketed joint pipe. Reaction blocks should be
installed at bends greater than 10 degrees. Figure 1 of Exhibit 23 shows several examples of reaction
block configuration.
Table 28 below shows suggested reaction areas for thrust blocking various 6 inch pipe fittings.
These are guidelines only. Concrete should be well mixed and be at least a 2500 pound consistency.
Thrust blocks are usually between 4 and 12 inches thick and back up against the undisturbed soil of a
trench wall. These are given for future guidance. Thrust blocks were found as shown on Exhibit 6.
TABLE 28
Minimum Concrete Thrust Block Areas For 6 Inch pvc Pipe
Soil Type Assumed = Soft Clay = 1000 lb/sq. ft.
Maximum Test Pressure Assumed = 150 psi
Location
* Thrust Block Average (sq. ft.)
90 degree elbows
8
60 degree elbows
6
45 degree elbows
4.5
30 degree elbows
3
22.5 degree elbows
2.5
Dead ends
6
Tees
4
Hydrants
8
Drains
5
Ground ent pipe
8
Valves
6
* Calculated using formula and tables on pages 6 and 7 of Exhibit 23. More firm soils will reduce
' thrust block surface areas.
Valves And System Safety
' When the irrigation system is in operation the entire underground pipe system may be pressurized.
Caps or plugs at each hydrant prevent water from flowing except where the irrigation reel is
connected. Exhibit 23 shows a typical plumbing arrangement from the irrigation pump to
underground piping. This is an illustration only but does show needed components.
The engineer is requiring a high/low pressure cut-off switch be installed on the power unit at Little
River Farm. Should a pipe break or a pipe blockage occur the power unit will automatically shut
down. An example of a high/low pressure switch is shown in Exhibit 26. This switch would take the
' place of a pressure relief valve however a pressure relief valve is a low cost safety device that is
recommended on every system. Most brands for said purpose would be acceptable.
44

1
LITTLE RIVER FARM PHASE III - REVISED
' Valves to control flow should be of a size and type that is consistent with the volume and material
type being pumped. Swine effluent is corrosive. Ball valves tend to be more durable than gate valves
but either is acceptable. Never shut off valves quickly or open them quickly under full flow
conditions.
It is sometimes necessary to drain the irrigation plumbing or piping. Should such drainage be needed
' in the future and due to environmental concerns the engineer is requiring that any effluent which is
drained be contained either in a small pit- or tank and land applied or put back into the lagoon system.
Effluent from pipes can not be drained onto the soil and allowed to drain off-site.
'
System Operation And Maintenance
Y P
' Exhibit 25 is a general systems operation and maintenance guide. This document is adequate for said
purpose. In addition the farmer shall adhere to equipment manufactures recommendations for
equipment operation and maintenance.
' Irrigation Examples
Perhaps the best way to summarize irrigation methodology is with examples. There are examples
only but contain most of the critical irrigation elements the farmer will need to figure his or her own
irrigation parameters,
rExample 1.
Conditions
• Source of irrigation water: Little River Farm swine effluent.
• Assumed nitrogen levels in effluent: 1.88 lbs P.A,N.11000 gallons (for example only).
• Month of application: April.
• Type of cover crop: Fescue Grass - well established on Badin-Tatum soil.
• Desired nitrogen loading rate: Keep below 20 lbs P.A.N,/acre per application (for example only).
• Type of irrigation equipment: Reel Rain Model 2400L with a Nelson F150R, 1.18 inch ring
' nozzle.
• Application Conditions: Apply at no more than agronomic rates and avoid run-off.
tCalculations and considerations:
1. From the soils data presented earlier we see the maximum application volume on this type of soil
' is 0.75 inches of water or less (hydraulic limit assuming a 75% efficiency). This assumes
relatively dry soil conditions. Now compare the desired loading rates with your waste utilization
' plan for the applicable month. You may or may not be able to apply the maximum amount of
water due to nutrient limitations, poor crop health, or wet conditions. Do not allow run off and
do not over apply nutrients. From the soils data presented earlier we know that the safe hydraulic
' Ioading at any one application is estimated to be between 0.3 and 0.75 inches, Choose 0.4 inches
first. Experience may temper this value later.
45

1
LITTLE RIVER FARM PHASE III - REVISED
1
' 2. From enclosed literature and Table 23 the reel hose length is 1250 feet, The 1,18 inch ring
nozzle is being used. The pump can deliver at least 50 psi at the nozzle. The operator verifies
this with a pressure gauge on the traveling gun. At 50 psi the nozzle will deliver 205 gpm (from
calibration data the farmer can verify this value). The effective coverage of the nozzle has a
diameter of around 240 feet (300 feet x 80%) assuming no wind and more or less ideal
conditions, (Note: effective coverage values should be verified with equipment dealers and on
' site calibration for actual calculations). For more uniform irrigation coverage you may need to
use a 70% effective coverage value.
' 3. Estimate the precipitation rate for the above system. Assume we use a rotation arc (w) for our
gun of 270 degrees. The rotation arc is adjustable.
Precipitation Rate (in/hr) = 96,3 x sprinkler flow (gpm) 360
3.16 x [0.9 x sprinkler radius (ft)]2 x w
1
PR (in/hr) = 96.3 x 205 360
3.16 x [0.9 x 300/2]2 x 270
1
PR = 0.46 in/hr (This is within the acceptable short term precipitation rate for crop/soil conditions).
' 4. Remember that precipitation rate and application values are not the same thing. We have
assumed a limitation of 0.4 inches of water to be put out and safeguard against run off. How fast
' do you need to pull the traveler to only apply 0,4 inches of water?
Travel Speed (in/min) _ [19,26 x sprinkler flow rate .gpm) I
' line spacing (ft) x application volume (inches)
where: gpm = 205
' lane spacing = 240 feet
application volume = 0.4 in (soil limitations)
' Travel Speed = 19,26 x 205 = 41 in/min (3.4 ft/min)
240 x.4
5. Assume you have pulled out 900 feet of hose and wish to know how long it will take. to retrieve.
' Time of pull: 900 feet/3.4 ft/min = 265 minutes (4.4 hours)
Discussion; Please note that 0.4 inches is the assumed loading volume to try for this type soil/crop
' combination at this particular time. The farmer would now compare these values with equipment
capabilities and make sure all parameters are within the capabilities of the machine, The owner will
likely have to calculate his or her own values based on nutrient analyses and application rates. For
instance, the farmer may wish to irrigate more acres at 1 pull, or he/she may wish to pull the gun
46

LITTLE RIVER FARM PRASE III - REVISED
faster to apply less water per acre. This is why it is extremely important to calibrate equipment and
keep good records. The owner/operator must use common sense to evaluate all parameters and
apply them to the task at hand. The above calculation is only an example and is not intended to take
' the place of equipment manufactures recommendations. Also if irrigation occurs on "non-uniform"
land, the operator must account for irrigation variations. Do not over apply near hydrants or in areas
that tend to stay -wet. Carefully watch the system over an entire pull to see if run off is occurring.
' The irrigation amounts will vary between the top and bottom of slopes. If pull lanes are not side by
side you may not get uniform coverage to keep all crops in good condition.
Example 2
Lets assume that the farmer notices that one field is less steep than the others and could safely take
more than 0.4 inches of water. So he/she wishes to increase the loading to 0.5 inches and try that.
' How much should the irrigation gun cart speed be changed in order to achieve this result?
1. Use the formula shown in item 4 of Example 1 or use the ratio:
(0.4 in/0, 5 in) x 41 in/min = 33 in/min.
Therefore reduce the gun cart speed to 33 in/min in order to increase the application volume of
effluent to 0.5 in. -The precipitation rate would stay the same as calculated in Example 1, part 3
above assuming the operating pressures and pumping rates remain the same.
■ Example 3
Assume an application of 0.4 inches does not result in run-off and the farmer is happy with the
' retrieval rate of 41 in/min. He/she wishes to irrigate a field pulling out 770 feet of hose using this
same setup. How many hours of irrigation time will be required? How many gallons of effluent will
be pumped? How much F.A.N. will be applied total and per acre?
' 1. One full pull of 770 feet covers approximately 240 ft x 890 feet = 4.9 acres
(4.9 acres is effective coverage, not wetted coverage)
770 ft/3.4 ft/min = 226 minutes or 3.8 hours
'
18 8 hour = 0.78 hr/acre or 1.28 acres per hour
4.9 acres
This does not include set up time, moving the traveler, hose deployment, etc.
' 2. Total volume pumped = 205 gal/min x 60 min/hr = 12,300 gal/hr
12,300 gph x 3.8 hours = 46,740 gallons.
' The operator should not always rely on "average values" since nozzle pressures and application rates
are likely to change across a field and between fields. Fill out Exhibit 11 for each field irrigated and
' calculate individual applications per field.
47

1
LITTLE RIVER FARM PHASE []I - REVISED
1
' 3. P.A.N. Application
1.88 lbs P.A.N./1000 gallons x 46,740 gal = 87.9 pounds P,A.N,
' 879 IN RAN/4.9 acres = 17.9 lbs P.A.N./acre
The reader can compare this value with the allowable nitrogen application in that month from the
waste utilization plans. Slight over or under values are to be expected. Use test data from waste
analyses to accurately calculate PAN. To increase P.A.N. application in this example, decrease pull
' speed while not allowing run-off.
Example 4
If the annual excess wastewater production at this farm is 3,272,702 gallons, how many times will
the 26 acres need to be irrigated over the year on average using the above number?
' Average application from above is 46,740 gal./4.9 acres = 9,539 gal./acre
' 26.3 acres x 9,539 gal./acres = 250,876 gal./cycle
3,272,702 gal/250,876 gal/cycle = 13.04 times or 13 times/year
Example 5
Lets assume you pull out your gun cart to a point considerably down hill from the hydrant. After
' starting up your irrigation pump you check the pressure gauge on the irrigation reel and find it
reads 73 psi. You know this pressure may cause you to over apply water and risk run-off because
the soil is not extremely dry. What is the speed you need to pull the cart in order to go back to the
' application volume of 0.4 inches?
1. First determine the pressure at the gun cart or nozzle (calculating this pressure if no pressure
' gauge is on the gun cart). From Table 25 note that the pressure loss due to the 4.1 inch reel hose
(i.e. between the reel and the gun cart) is 12 psi. Therefore the gun cart nozzle pressure is
approximately
73 psi - 12 psi = 61 psi
' From Exhibit 21 the approximate flow from the nozzle at 61 psi (assume 60 psi for using Exhibit 21
is 225 gpm. Our desired flow from earlier calculations was 205 gpm. Now use the Travel Speed
' Equation (Example 1, part 4) to find the needed retrieve speed.
ITravel Speed (in/min) _
[ 19.26 x sprinkler flow rate (Rpm)1
line spacing (ft) x application volume (inches)
48

1
LITTLE RIVER FARM PHASE III - REVISED
1
where: gpm = 225
lane spacing = 240 feet
application volume = 0.4 in (soil limitations)
' Travel Speed = 19.26 x 225 = 45 in/min (3,76 ft/min)
240 x .4
' As the cart comes back u the hill the nozzle pressure will be reduced and the application volume
P P
will be reduced below 0.4 inches. You may wish to closely watch the application event to see if run-
off occurs at the lower portions of the hill. If it does not occur go ahead and let the retrieval speed
remain at the pre-set rate or slow it down as it comes up the hill to keep the application amount the
' same. Use good judgment.
Specific irrigation Concerns
Wastewater shall not be allowed to run off any yield at any time. Application rates should be as
low as possible to avoid surface run-off or water ponding. When using traveling guns the
instantaneous application rate is often above recommended application volumes however the
' duration is minimal so run-off should not occur. Most soils at this site could accept a short duration
loading rate of about 0.4 in./hr to 0.5 in/hr but extreme caution should be used if irrigating close to
the upper value. The reader can refer to their waste utilization plan to see suggested nitrogen
' loading rates for various times of the year. If instantaneous application rates do tend to cause run-
off, the operator should change nozzles, increase travel speed, reduce application or pump rates, etc.
Changing gun cart speed is probably the easiest adjustment. The farmer should avoid irrigating low
' areas in the fields or spots which tend to stay wet. Keep good vegetative buffers between irrigated
fields and the creek.
' All of the fields at Little River Farm pose moderate challenges for irrigation. The moderate rolling
terrain, valley channels and the moderate proximity to creeks requires the farmer to pay particular
' attention to run off and weather forecasts. Hot and dry weather may allow increased irrigation
volumes and frequencies but caution must always be used to prevent a discharge to the creeks. The
engineer would recommend very limited irrigation or no irrigation in grass water ways, stormwater
' channels, and near downslope grass buffers.
The irrigation power unit must have a high/low pressure cut off switch installed that will quickly stop
irrigation should there be a sudden pressure fluctuation (e.g. a burst pipe). The farmer shall test this
switch routinely to make sure it works. The engineer would recommend a monthly test as a
minimum.
' The operator of an agricultural irrigation system for wastewater must be certified. Certification
' details are not discussed within this document but more information on the irrigation operators
certification program can be obtained by calling the N.C. Division of Soil and Water Conservation at
[phone].
49

LITTLE RIVER FARM PHASE III - REVISED
' GENERAL EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN
Animal wastes can not impact the surface waters of North Carolina. In the event of an
' emergency. The farm manager shall take the necessary measures to minimize the impact of the
emergency. An emergency may be effluent overflow out of a lagoon, a dam failure, severe run-off of
soil and nutrients due to a storm, a broken pipe etc. As a minimum the following shall be done:
' 1. Take the necessary measures to safeguard lives.
2. Stop the discharge ASAP. Temporary measures are acceptable in an emergency. Cut off the
' irrigation pump (or other pumps) if necessary. Keep the effluent out of surface waters.
3. Get a contractor or equipment to the site to contain the discharge on a more permanent basis. Do
not wait for contractor to arrive before getting more help if needed.
' 4. Notify all of these persons listed below (as needed).
5. In the event of a lagoon problem, develop an agreement with a local earth moving contractor who
has equipment that can be on-site within hours in the event of an emergency. This shall be a standing
agreement between N.G. Purvis Farms and the contractor. In an emergency notify the contractor of
the situation and specify the type of equipment needed.
' 6, Reduce the impact of the problem if at all possible. This can be done by diverting problem flows,
putting up hay bales or silt fencing, installing temporary earthen dams with farm equipment, and/or
pump excess water to other holding areas. Irrigating during rainfall events is better than allowing a
lagoon dam to fail in an emergency, but notify DWQ first.
' 7. Notify DWQ officials within 24 hours of the problem (sooner is better).
8. Notify local authorities if lives or property are threatened.
CONTACT PERSONS IN AN EMERGENCY
1. N.G, Purvis Farms, Inc. - Office - [phone].
' 2. David Purvis - N.G. Purvis Owner - Mobile - [phone].
3. Melvin Purvis - N.G. Purvis Owner - Home - [phone].
4. Anthony Moore - N.G. Purvis Employee - Home - [phone].
' Mobile - [phone].
5. Wayne Frye - N.G. Purvis Employee - Home - [phone].
Mobile - [phone],
' 6. Don Thomas Contractor [phone].
7. Larry F. Graham, P.E. - EES - [phone].
' 8. Regional Office of DWQ, Fayetteville, N,C. - [phone].
9. DWQ emergency phone for after hours [phone].
10. Angela Hill, Montgomery County NRCS - [phone].
' 11. Local emergency management personnel in Montgomery County- 9-1-1.
12, Montgomery County Environmental Health Department - [phone].
13. Montgomery County Sheriffs Department -Phone: 9-1-1.
' 14. Others:_
15. Others:
50

1
LITTLEE RIVER FARM PHASE III - REVISED
' The farm owners should develop their own detailed Emergency Response Plan and review this
plan with all appropriate persons and employees. Exhibit 20 shows more information related to
such plans. Emergency contacts and phone numbers should be posted in visible locations, like inside
' the managers shack or office and near every telephone, This Emergency Response Plan should have
considerable well thought out detail on what to do in each type emergency. The plan should address
environmental, medical, fire, and storm related emergencies.
' As one lastoint, the farmer should take some time to walk around the site with farm employees and
P
think about possible discharge emergencies. Ask yourself which way would a discharge flow?, is
' there a creek nearby?, is there a natural diversion that could be diked to stop the flow?, is there any
emergency spill containment equipment on site?, can you drive to the nearby - creek to stop a flow
' before it gets away, etc. Go over these things in your mind and plan out your actions. Perhaps have
a few emergency drills to see how well your people are prepared. Do not neglect this plan. It could
save you a great deal of trouble in the future.
' ADDITIONAL INFORMATION AND NOTICES
The farm operator may wish to contact the following people and/or agencies for detailed assistance
with crop selections, irrigation, soil analyses, etc.
• Montgomery County NRCS office
' • Montgomery County Cooperative Extension Service
• N.C. Irrigation Society
' • NCDA
Also the reader should thoroughly review all the attached exhibits for helpful information and
' precautions.
Any person or company owning or controlling the property upon which an animal waste disposal
' system is in operation shall be responsible for all aspects of the disposal system. The system must be
maintained at all times to prevent direct seepage and/or discharge of effluent to the surface of ponds,
rivers, streams, or to any type of surface or ground waters.
Significant changes in operations, or problems should be duly noted and documented by the farmer
' The project engineer can not take responsibility for the accuracy of all information or conclusions
made by others and referenced herein. Much of the information presented above is based on
estimated conditions, estimated operational capabilities, etc. that are subject to change. When
' dealing with so many variables and natural elements it is impossible to predict in advance all
operational conditions, however the concepts and methodology presented above are reliable. The
' information above is presented in a detailed fashion so that system operators can recalculate and
adjust certain parameters during the on-going project.
51

' LITTLE RIVER FARM PHASE III - REVISED
1
All vegetation under irrigation shall be kept in peak condition at all times. This means the proper
fertilization, mowing, cutting, and liming. Overly wet or overly dry conditions can cause vegetative
stress or death, therefore the operator shall be careful to monitor vegetative performance. Baled hay
' can not be left to rot next to spray fields. Harvested crops must be removed from the. site.
The engineer takes no responsibility for changes made to the above plan before, during, or after
' construction without his knowledge. Nor does the engineer take any responsibility for human losses
or property damages which should occur due to poor workmanship, improper use of machinery,
unknown conditions above or below ground level, legal problems with boundary lines or easements,
' acts of nature, "short-cuts" the owner may take in system construction, or improper system
operation. Information given to the engineer by the owner or others and used in these specifications
shall be taken as truth if it can not be verified otherwise.
'
DWQ officials and local health officials are authorized toins act the system at any time.
It is of the utmost importance that all activities with regards to waste utilization and irrigation
be recorded and kept in a safe place on the farm. Exhibit 11 forms may be altered to include
more data if needed. Good records are essential to good waste utilization practices.
The farm owner must keep a copy of this certified report on the farm at all times. He or she
' must adhere to these plans as much as is possible. Alterations in waste management practices
shall at no time violate the intent of this plan.
This document does not contain all specifications, rules, and laws associated with the land
application and management of animal waste. Copies of such guidelines and documentation
can be obtained at the local NRCS office, the regional office of DWQ, or from the Cooperative
Extension Service.
END OF IRRIGATION PLAN SPECIFICATIONS
1
52

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-- - Gmruen Purvis Farms, N. G. Copies To: Coctrvy Enension Director
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4 Robbins, NC 27325Exhibit
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476 54.9 303 60 46.7 35•I 2.05 0.31 0.35 0.19 0.31 147
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Appfrcation Method N P 20 5 1020 Ca 619 S Fe Ma Zn Ca B Mo Cl Na Ni Of Pb
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294 18.8 462 112 30.5 16.2 2.60 0.40 0.32 0.38 0.54 167
Nutrients Available for First Crop_lbs/1000 lour
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Waste Code:
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NCDA Agronoiitk Division 4300 Reedy Creek -Read Raleigh, MC 27607-6465" (919}•733=2655 "' - R art No: W00350 W
Grmt-cr: Purvis Farms Copies To: County Extension Director
' Attn: Anthony Moore USNORCS-Montgomery
2504 Spits Rd.
' Robbins, NC 27325
Anaiysis Riohort
este rrf.,
924/96 Montgomery County
Sampie 1010.
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154 21.5 328 9919 57.0 46.5 2.03 1.21 0.70 0.43 0.05 112
Waste Code:
Nutricuts Available for First Crop tbs/1000 tions other Elements lbs/i0A0 alJons
Atppliealiolr Afellvd N P205 K20 Ca Afg S Fe ALe Z!r Cu 13 Ato Ci Na Ni Cd Pb
ALS
Description:
lrrig0ion 0.5s 0.29 2.6 0.52 0.33 0.27 0.01 0.01 T T 7 0.93
Ssiar Lagoon
Rt:cottuttcuttiatloass :.t�: � � : - _ - - .. ."_ •T�, . - � a,; :; � ;,, % '; ' ', - = F ' -� :. -. . -
_ •�t=�:�..�::
.. '.• � ��1 -' ' -� :- •: �` ,/�. :...'` y,. .. ,� ...i • •- . '• �r.'. - - .t ] .-. '� I �••' .. '•i� ...Tt � - -- ,�: •• J�• - •'••� ,: �, ,•J •. .�.. _ , .r f; -'-- '-, l �.•�in�
Nutrients aralable for the (11 c op4uerbasad on estimates of ndrtei sliiation rates and'projecled loss for the'appttcatoou ti&hodlisWC.Ccncentndons of zinc aad other metals"are riot a essite.' The i+�ste shauld�eot
e.
-
_ ...•y..,;,-_�,, i ti., ,.-., :. ; t:�.�_.:. __a .., th.w:,>...• • :<l: --. ai:..f ..� :,y.y. :, • .i t -: • ' - r:'. ' :�:`• c.=:
cause prodwoun urIeariroamental prob,�e=-if utabed acc-gk sg io ecoaunende'd�pra gtic_es. Mon_itor:nutrient buildup.w_ith an,anaual soA tcst: -. s; ` ' :'•� ,_;- - sa_; _ u :
... . - iii+_ -'r •y d 3 f:r s, ti �•".'.-''�'.{::s-'i'•i'
- -�+1�.rie'�- €Y _ .$.
Y•-`i.-�,i=T r ,k".-' =-'Zig:»•- �V{-�W .- -' --_ - 'T :7"_ :"i.C•:- . i 7�:ti: •>aii:
_ • e�,�[y ;i � : •�•-�-q+�.�.e •f��+�. e�.�± tYrt�-�•�•.-- y� �fy� . ��iT� r •:S �. L�Y� �,'�,
:F'.V ^.•s-�L�CT�-- � .0 C SI�w� L'"�j��`"•J��:t i:�Y rpt-;�F-:1�Sfy?�• �Y-SCs. ..t et._AY ':l���:���✓�.
i•1 Rte:": v.=
�� .._. •r4�/• ♦.�•.-;x�•.�_.�.� J., %(:_'•-^�.rFL. !. •i I
.O.ry��{T.��[�1 !y. c9-'s►.�T? f 1�+• lj�y'�.• .:
5/�y�/�.�. 'iA P3i� TRL�i41�T Z eC^`'�. yii.:j�[Y fV`yy.iiY T'hX+F+Y<t�WAW"..�
-Y. ,.�=. 3r �. }::�^•-.
! ♦ t .�. t}: :-'�'
laikio GIb'r�:A�oa� j t YY• ..F .1 i tr y..
•
Sam le lafo:� r
S {- -JSC moi,i1Y�:~` T.tJK: s�•jy'.' _:I t-~v`�%i�.Y�'.: '-�F Yi.••ir� r-'=: �.7-i.'..{.
=i;aborato �ReSW,[S : a�fioa'unless otherwise anted 7,.t- s� - .. . ; - -:�= '�:--��s,` Y• `���•
Sample IE:
DK% N P X Ca Mg S Fe M» Zn Cu B No Cl Na Ni Cd Pb
IR
306 65.5 z93 98.6 45.7 33.7 1.85 0.27 0.60 0.19 0.06 149
I Nutrients Available for First Crop lbs/1000 pItons
Other Elements IWIOW allons
waste Code.
AWkalimMelhad N -P205 1120 CO A19 S Fe Nn Zrt Cu 8 NO Cf
Iva Ni Cd Pb
93
Deserrpr►e'fr:
irrigation 1.2 0.88 2.3 0.58 0.27 0-20 0.01 T T T T
1.2
Striae t.a con '
�' s��r 'f.iL{>v �.''if `i.Er-tT ttL �' ��z�r;9Fi v -►+:�� -- •... -+.a• - . 5;��'"�A,},!:'�' y t .-�- �•�ta�,,, , ..r �. = "�:_ °s _ _��'=-rig:' �-:f?' �,�•�-�
- . ';'� ���- i� .�+r�. . ,s ���� .�:'i> "�s`zsri:�'#���cia-i'it:.'% '�:.•t� .a-i�G.`?„_4:. _ . t�;,6�4.� r.�. ..=a'-x��-,•;' �.. .. ��:.

Y � }�
t Q��
CD�/�_ cxy�■�pry/�� �'.1+� �%�I� ��}7/�y.��/ �~ 9I9 -- s_- ;� -
- ~�
l - - r-� '�3�
�� �T � �: �5✓�C ��SC.Si��z_�1�yCl �-Mi�R'.[rwiy �+1K,Q•�' i ����
J+l.iVaV1Y� JLYP ��llilvr - - -- --
Grower. Purvis Farms Codes To: Ciou dy Fidension Diradar
i Ann: Ard" Moore USDA-NRtS-Moilpfnery
2504 Spiess U.
- - 11 IAC 27325
Waste
Anaiysis RohOrt
Farm
3/24/97 Montgomery County
,� _ - = =�_ �-=_ _ =�=°•b-= �:�r _:.: �= r_ _ ���,_.--' �.-
; *
arn a ID: N
P 1C Ca S Fe Mn %n Cu B Ho~f Cl C
55.0 742 log 36.7 31.0 7.15 0.70 0.49 1.29 0,43
j r Total S(11 M
Waste Code: A, -N
M H H hf H +N Al M M M
Na Ni Cd A At Se Li Pit SS C.-) DM% CCl% AiE 1
5 OR -N
305 7.75
Description:
yen Ljq.H
swine L
'
-
EGD _ OI1�w= _��T_--,� }3"s _,r _'-fe='� ���S��i•'db�� f'�ti='�.s"r'-� '-a.a���� 1't�-�_� f=�:�:_ _�„��: - �y�/�� a ?;e:
_ - -O - y.- - __ .. ;_ y�.: __-- '!lr': - -�5:. __ !%.�•- K' L. - i -".''i_t__ ii�r-�
�•-= ^ .- - _.��_ u=�' - vr° ;.±sem s��=-g-
•�aisR_
AN
-_ 'S•w1i.. Yl.. �. °LGSM..�a5 4"'T-!'�. y-i� .s`' #''rZ
i?' •}i S±•�'-
-
r. -
- - - - - .+mss_
_ _ _ - -
Y.� {y d, - �p(�i p �}a ?G_�a¢�.r� • `rt �t.`.:4 _�4~-z cFT�Y4 M a:• -� _T+ ;=r SY - NL: _4�... it •'+ 'iC- 'I.LS:.'t�lS7L �ir'''4'_4. �.,Y_?3x--",
JSPLb{�1- _ _ _[s�1 h+�y�VFi� =i- L 'S.:r�- - - `\•in.i K'i -. i3•R�"4--. �i�:-`_ "r _ E9_ S
ample ID:
rV
P R Ca AfR S Fe Ms Tit Cn B No d C
A
Told 637 tff
38.2 342 159 53.1 40.1 5.57 0.28 0.57 0.32 0.26
Waste Code:
IN N
L Al H H H M Af M Af M
Na Ni Cd P6 Al Se la PH SS ON AM% CCLY4 ALEftaO
ALS
OR -.N
7.53
DeSCHPOWL,183
Swine Lgwa
H
_
�
L
•C'-_'�,�"F:=__-�` �. rr ,Rg'.`kx! iS?��- �._«L: ; �-y- �
A -.... �,P.y- rte°�`y�+`ac�'�i#jnY. -Ta��� = �11F=. •3.- •:•i jpCr�':S(f. ~S'"` -y. - w.7{^t,�.�'-TI'K}E
14
�.}.�.'-oT P-11 y .•i�-`y �8 'i` - •'«� - •_'S:
-���1.F
w-�.'L4 Sr_ L ,� '_ Li-�tL=�-4r G3.....:.�d_��'_.a 1 -....nay - r-. 2.- r.-v9•'T-:^F'.c.A "G;'3i�
_w-�'::. k:'.`�yx=5. .�'.6_
i,��y�����'s:a",... � a�� - i:i�.. i_`a.�w i7_ i_ S � - _t=��.�p�3i[�.,-�. �_Zi--,
-- ,as�.,cy;. �� �.�- __ .iwN�-,SL'•o—,t:� 1_aN-::35- i__ _�iGi .�_.Y.`."�_-.'"��Y.�r ,'?3:�1T. �.7�� 'h,..���r _ _ _ �✓S'��-t+` ,,yqiF'= "K -� L
=Ki�l� _ �Y3f `. i`�:�=s�-_�_�� � ���-. C.-.s,i� :SS..eY�Z �� :-i'!_��, g-ti�_-- 1LL;�.i 7�5'S. s` � � •G' �-+sem �d'3� �-�,�r�'"% ��S'�x +�-.
�
..,t�d=_ taw _�+Cf -
_— ri+ - __•w. �i- - jy�.. _.A�:, =�v -- -l. iLr� - �r3�1i`-C3:-_2-»elt-a :-ti,c.. --3� =9-- �� a:_ rte.#. _-_:�,�.+-= _� _ - ::�"lJ4eti.={:s M--�.�� _�`j•�-:4;:?3=i�x�-•�-, - -

m m m m m m M. M m m = m m m m m m m m
Gmr a. Purvis Farms
Copses To: county Ltension Dirwwr
=
� -Waste Analysis
Attn: "ny Moore
25041 Spies Rd,
Hollins, NC 27325
RAo-jrOrt Farm
USDA MMS-hianfgousery
5/16/97
Monigmerr County
r
�S �k
arupledl N
P X Ca
mo Zn
CH B
Ma
mm TOW —4 20 M
48.4 828 124 30.0 34.3 9.32 0.76 0.76
1.15 0.73
fN -N
Af f! M
A! H M m H
M Af
Waste Code. -NO3
Na Nd Cd
A 4l Se Li PH
SS CN
AW CCE% AM
AIS -NB4
373
8.27
Description. OR -N
Mm L . Ufaa
VH
,Cj
•-"
-- 7''S^'u i - -moi - rt • ahf -
Fi
.� s{;.-firi af�:vx ;"r'•�'•� 3_ - - _
Yns
_
y'.'•- x_ •�
1
pdeIR. tY
P K Ca
S fre Mrs Zn
C+� B
Ho CI C
_ TOW 399 m
63.8 347 167 63.4 46.4 6.85 0.28 0.36
0.38 0.20
IN -N
M M H
H ff M M M
Ai M
wa me Coda.- -NO3
Na Ni Cd
A Al Se b
SS ON
D.44% CG7s"Yi
AIS -NM4
1"
7.70
Oescripf"OR-,Y
Swim lapon I.' . Mea
H
_ _ `__ :_- ��-��' s.: _.� �_ htg�1' � . tom_ C� � -�-.�,.,•:�* � � �_ ` � �.ti _ .� _ ,� � -
��' � if � � YF f 'C: : '�_�� :i• -'i¢ -i � ___ �T�7t' "�,",'fes
jy�f}i__ �s•-'y.���p.'�I __- --+'ten -_' _ Y' _ _ 'dam--•�U ly .�v«
_�� t�:4 • Taj.- 'g^ i �:-3xT.y+
gi
!Zi
7i'+•} k- �r 3�y-•'f� �•Y.i •'`ter# xHx`.Ay
•�NS�5 �3._•_.= - Sr• t..3r �•y� meq-
��•i:r5'J,ws4s::vim t-�- is -,.6 a;= ; �`_�L.�. 5. c7C�.f.5.7s`.:=r3--^•=.:'y:� .�5.•-S is...a.''-`^i;1J

r_ �r � r■ r r� r� �r ■r �r � r r� �r r� r�
iiCDl1 A0mic DiYisiuu 43OOReed treek�Roa4;Ralei NC27607=6465 � 919 .733'1655-': y=� - 8 No. W00628` W4c -!W-
Grower.-
Grower.- Moore, Anthony Cies ro County Extension binmetor
2504 Spies Rd. USIM-NRCS-Mo stgomery -
RobWm, K 27325
Waste Analysis R,3ffort Pan
8/22/97Mon me N
� rY County a
Sample ID. N P K Ca A S Pe Mn Zn Cry B Ala CI G
=�
Total 504 M 59.9 803 14x 42.1 28.0 7.610 0.39 1.96 1.30 0.74
IN -N M H M !I M M Af M Af Af
Waste Code: -NI14
ALS NO3 Na M cd Pb Al So V Pit SS G•N DAM Ga% Al E c
Uescrtp[son: OR-N 348 7.88
vine t2mm Z - I&ca VH �n
s- _s � iu#rierits 'tab[esor-``'" -jiffi�1000 ativjiiV `'_- ' Ot1ter.EIvniils- :4-- �bsll00E} alloys_ .- T
f "-�' ? 7 '? r 2 - _ sr� a `ise y -r%.'s` v a --s=� a3.,c z_-- ' •. y _ ;,,
lL77 Qj7 1�� ��: y f•e=" '�!I r r= � a � _ f Ily Y /Ls`--"i ��Ly X"k?� gf'wlilla�(i.�lir.f? ^ �.(�E- ' F`!� i.
At-
w;
� y
swa`
-T7
x
z
0
CE
a
w
a
a�
w
EU
n

oiioiriic Divisio�i X300 Ree mCreelt Road Ralei " " tNG 27ii 07 .€..5 b9L9 7x33 ZG5
N
P
Re brt No; W01433 '
Ca
. M
Grower.- Moore, Anthony
Fe
Copies
To: County Extension Director
Cu
B Afo Cl C
2504Spies Rd.
Robbins, NC 27325
53.4
343
USDA-NRCS-Montgomery
OBW
38.1
4.57
End
Exhibit 5
0.23
�q�S�e nal ySGS e
�l�� Farm: Purvis Farms
!N -N
M
M
M
H
H
M
M
10(24/'97
M
Montgomery County
Paste Code:
NH4
am lednfo. .��,;�
�i:abarato ::#Results arts`".er�m�llton'unlesslotliecwise�noted
-
�
-
-
ample ID:
N
P K Ca M
S Fe Mn Zn
Cu
B
Afo C! C
Pb
Total 252 M
41.1 627 83.8 40.5
32.1 4.83 0.75 0.81
0.67
0.56
CN DAN CCE% ALE A al
153
!N -N
L M M M
H M M M
Af
M
Taste Code:
-NH4
lescription:
OR -N
wine Lagoon Lia.
Urea
Na Ni Cd Pb
Al Se Li pff
SS
ON
DAN CCL% ALE K of
LS
-NO3
265
7.75
escrlpflon:
OR -N
vine Laeoon Lia.
Urea
if
'atn le LD:
N
P
K
Ca
. M
S
Fe
Mn
Zn
Cu
B Afo Cl C
Total 357 M
53.4
343
91.0
42.8
38.1
4.57
0.18
0.36
0.23
0.15
!N -N
M
M
M
H
H
M
M
M
M
L
Paste Code:
NH4
kis
-NO3
Na
Ni
Cd
Pb
At
Se
Li
PH
SS
CN DAN CCE% ALE A al
153
7.46
lescription:
OR -N
wine Lagoon Lia.
Urea
M

106 Exhibit 7 Soil Survey.
(Typical Value)
TABLE 15. --PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE SOILS
[The symbol < means less than; ? means more than. Entries under "Erosion factors --T11 apply to the entire
profile. Entries under 'Organic matter" apply only to the surface layer. Absence of an entry indicates
that data were not available or were not estimated]
Map symbol and ;Depth! Clay ; Moist !Permeability ;Available; Soil ;Shrink -swell 1 factors 1 Organic
soil name ; : ; bulk ; : water ;reaction; potential 1-1-1 matter
! density !capacity 1 : 1 K 4' T
In , c 1 g cc
I 1
I I I
y► BaB, BaD, BaF----: 0-6 : 10-27 :1.40-1.60
n Badin : 6-25; 35-55 1,1.30-1.50
125-40: --- 1
-
1 40 1 -- 1 ---
I I I
BbB, BbD:
Badin----------- 1 0-6 1 10-27 :1.40-1.60
: 6-251 35-55 11.30-1.50
125-40: --- 1 __-
: 40 1 --- !
Urban land.
r k I
I i I
Ch---------------: 0-7 : 10-27 :1.30-1.60
Chewacla ; 7-64: 18-35 11.30-1.60
:64-801 --- 1 ---
Ck--------------- 1 0-6 1
Chewacla 1 6-601
:60-801
Co ---------------1 0-101
Congaree 110-401
140-701
I I
EcB, EcD --------- 1 0-6 1
Enon 1 6-281
128-651
I I
I I
EnC, EnE---------: 0-6 :
Enon 1 6-281
128-651
1 I
1 I
GeB--------------: 0-8 1
Georgeville : 8-591
159-801
I I
I I
GEB2 ------------- 1 0-8 1
Georgeville : 8-591
159-801
I r
GoC, GoF --------- : 0-7 1
Goldston 1 7-161
116-361
: 36 :
F I
HeB, HeD---------: 0-6
Hiwassee : 6-581
158-801
r I
I 1
KkB-------------- 1 0-10:
Kirksey 110-341
:34-461
46 1
10-27
18-35
5-15
18-35
0.6-2.0
0.6_2.0
0.6-2.0
0.6-2.0
0.6-2.0
0.6-2.0
1.30-1.601 0.6-2.0
1.30-1.50: 0.6-2.0
--- i ---
1.30-1.60: 0.6-6.0
1.20-1.501 0.6-2.0
5-15 4'1.45-1.65:
20-35 :1.30-1.501
35-60 11.20-1.401
I 1
I 1
5-20 11.45-1.651
20-35 11.30-1.50:
35-60 11.20-1.401
5-27 11.20-1.401
35-60 :1.20-1.40:
15-40 :1.20-1.40:
1 1
27-35 11.20-1.40:
35-60 11.20-1.401
15-40 11.20-1.40;
I I
1 I
5-15 11.40-1.60:
5-27 11.40-1.601
I I
7-20 11.45-1.65:
35-60 11.30-1.45!
7-35 :1.45-1.651
1 1
I 1
4-20 11.20-1.40:
18-35 :1.20-1.40:
5-25 11.20-1.401
I 1
2.0-6.0
0.6-2.0
0.06-0.2
2.0-6.0
0.6-2.0
0.06-0.2
0.6-2.0
0.6-2.0
0.6-2.0
0.6-2.0
0.6-2.0
0.6-2.0
2.0-6.0
2.0-6.0
0.6-2.0
0.6-2.0
0.6-2.0
0.6-2.0
0.2-0.6
0.6-2.0
1 tur 4'u I � I I I 1
10.14-0.20:3.6-6.5 :Low ---------- 10.151 3 ;
:0.14-0.1913.6-5.5 :Moderate -----10.24: :
: --- : --- :-------------:----: :
4 I I-------------
I I I I I 1
:0.14-0.20:3.6-6.5 :Low ---------- 10.151 3 1
10.14-0.19:3.6-5.5 :Moderate -----10.241 i
I I -------------
-------------
:0.15-0.24:4.5-6.5
--- -------------:0.15-0.24:4.5-6.5 :Low---------- :0.281 5 :
10.12-0.20:4.5-6.5 !Low ---------- 10.281 :
(-------------I----1 I
: I :
10.15-0.2414.5-6.5 :Low ---------- 10.28; 5 1
10.15-0.2414.5-6.5 :Low ---------- :0.32:
I --- I --- I -------------F----1
:0.12-0.18:4.5-7.3
:Low ---------- ;0.24; 5 ;
:0.12-0.2014.5-7.3
1L1x----------10.37: :
--- ---
1-------------
I I
10.11-0.1515.1-6.5
I I I I
!Low ---------- 10.281 2 1
10.15-0.20:5.1-6.5
:Low ---------- 10.241 :
10.15-0.20:5.1-7.8
!High --------- 10.281 !
I I
1 r
10.06-0.1115.1-6.5
I I f r
I I 4 1
:Low ---------- 10.101 4 1
10.15-0.2015.1-6.5
:Low ---------- 10.241 !
10.15-0.2015.1-7.8
!High --------- 10.281 :
! !
10.15-0.20!4.5-6.0
! ! ! !
!Low ---------- 10.43! 4 1
:0.13-0.1814.5-5.5
!Low ---------- :0.28! !
10.05-0.10!4.5-5.5
:Low ---------- :0.32! !
I I
I I
10.13-0.1814.5-6.0
I I I I
I I J I
:Low ---------- !0.491 4 :
10.13-0.1814.5-5.5
!Low ---------- :0.281 1
10.05-0.1014.5-5.5
'Low ------------ 0.32, i
! !
! 0.6-0.12!3.6-5.5
! ! ! !
:Low ---------- 10.051 2 !
10.06-0.12:3.6-5.5
:Low ---------- 10.051 1
1 --- -_--
;-------------:
1-------------1----I r
I I
:0.10-0.1414.5-6.5
I I I I
Mow ---------- 10.28: 5 :
10.12-0.1514.5-6.5
!Moderate -----10.28! !
10.10-0.1414.5-6.5
:Low -----------10.28! !
I I
I I I I
I I
I I
10.15-0.2215.1-6.5
I I
1Low---------- 10.431 3 :
10.12-0.1814.5-5.5
:Law ---------- !0.431 '
10.11-0.1513.6-5.5
!Low ---------- 10.43! !
--- : ---
I 1
! -------------1----, !
I 1 1 1
1-4
1-4
<4
.5-2
.5-2
.5-2
<.5
.5-2
.5-2
.5-2

06/03/97 07:51 x'910 572 9066 ANGELA x CAROL
I
NONTECHNICAL SOILS DESCRIPTION REPORT
Graham 1
'
Map
symbol
f
I Soil name and description
I
I
'
452E
I Badin-Goldston complex, 2 to 8 percent slopes
I
I This map unit consists of gently sloping Badin soils
I and Goldston soils. Badin soils are moderately deep and
I well drained and are on uplands. They formed in
residuum from Carolina slates and other fine grained
'
I rock. The surface layer is loamy with a significant
I amount of channers. The subsoil is clayey with some
I channers: Permeability is moderate and shrink -swell
I potential is moderate. Soft bedrock is within a depth
I of 20 to 40 inches. Seasonal high water table is below
'
1 6.0 feet. Goldston soils are shallow and well drained
I to excessively drained and are on uplands. They formed
I in residuum from Carolina slates and other fine grained
' I
rock. They have a loamy surface layer and subsoil with
a significant amount of channers. Permeability is
I moderately rapid and shrink -swell potential is low.
I Soft bedrock is within a depth of 10 to 20 inches.
'
Seasonal high water table is below 6.0 feet.
452C I
I
Badin-Goldston complex, 8 to 15 percent slopes
I
This map unit consists of strongly sloping Badin soils
I and Goldston soils. Badin soils are moderately deep and
I well drained and are on uplands. They formed in
'
I residuum from Carolina slates and other fine grained
I rock. The surface layer is loamy with a significant
I amount of channers. The subsoil is clayey with some
I
channers. Permeability is moderate and shrink -swell
f potential is moderate. Soft bedrock is within a depth
I
of 20 to 40 inches. Seasonal high water table is below
1
6.0 feet. Goldston soils are shallow and well drained
'
I
to excessively drained and are on uplands. They formed
I
in residuum from Carolina slates and other fine grained
I
rock. They have a loamy surface layer and subsoil with
I
a significant amount of channers. Permeability is
'
I
moderately rapid and shrink -swell potential is low.
I
Soft bedrock is within a depth of 10 to 20 inches.
I
Seasonal high water table is below 6.0 feet.
'
I
452E I
I
Goldston-Badin complex, 15 to 50 percent slopes
touuz

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
06/03/97 07:51 $910 572 906E ANGELA * CAROL
NONTECHNICAL SOILS DESCRIPTION REPORT
Graham L
I
Map I Soil name and description
Symbol I
I
I This map unit consists of moderately steep to steep
I Goldston soils and Badin soils. Goldston soils are
I shallow and well drained to excessively drained and are
I on uplands. They formed in residuum from Carolina
I slates and other fine grained rock. They have a loamy
I surface layer and subsoil with a significant amount of
I Pervneab i l i t y is 11oder a to l y rapid and
I shrink: --swell ootential is low. Soft bedrock is within a
1 depth of ii:) to 20 iviches. 'Spasonal higt•i water table is
1 below 6.6 feet. Badin soils- al -e deop alid
I well drained and are on�-tPlanrJt>. They fore ed in
I re-5iduum frortk Carol..irna slates and other firie grained
i rock. 'The surface layer z, loamy vjith a signiFic-ant
I amount of channet—s. The Subsoil is clayey with some
! channee-s. Relvneab.ilkty is moderate ai-id st�ri»k:-S+•�:�ll
I potoiltial is ni,_-derate. Soft bedi-ocF:: is withina depth
1 c+i' 20 to 4o inctle::. Seasonal high water table is below
1 6.(1 f e, c t.
i
475P 1 Tatum--Badin comple-,-, 2 to U. percent slopes
I
I This map urni•t consists of gently :loping Tatuas soils
I and F.;Adi!n -soils nn uplands. The, ; i�orinWd in reesiduum
I •f'roin Carolina slates aiid c,ther fine grained
I Tatum sc' i l s are deep and wn l 1 drained. Thay I-iav e a
loamy sim-face layer- avid a clayey subsoil. Pe.r,neabi 1 i ty
I is, rnoderate andUatenti•al iS MOC1e1-:lte.
I Stift bt-:droLlc is within a deoth Gf 4t; to.. 60 inches.
I Season�;l high water table is !3elovj 6.0 feet. Badin
I sails ai-e mc,devately deep and weal chained. The sLit-face
I .layer IG loamv with A Signx'FxL arit amount c,•!=
I 1'he subsoil is.; c_ l agcy. Pvrmeab i l i tv is moderate.
potential is moderate. Soft beds-QL_1, iS
1 within a depth of '20 to 40 inches. Seasonal high water
I table is below 6.Q 'Feat.
4;';SC I 1-ittuUn-SaC101 coneplex, G to 15 percent Slopes
I
10 003

06/03/97 07-.51 $`91.0 572 9066 ANGELA * CAROL l O04
1 NONTE=CE-NICN- SOILS GE:SCRIPT: CIN F":EPONT
i3r-ah ain t
'
------
----------__--_----_-----_--------------------------•---------------------
End Exhibit 7
"ap
1 Sail name= and desc_riptiori
Symb u 11
I
------------
- - _- _�------------------_--- --- -- ----
1 This map unit of atl'-tvrigl,7' slopiriq
--_ __..� _ _.__ .__
TatUfn Soils
I ;ered B-Adirl sc,ilu ort uplands. Thr,. for'mr?ci i.n
r-esir+L.er.tm
'
I from Carolina slates avid other -firer-_, grair7cad
roc k.s.
I Tatum soils are deep and well drainti:d. Thoy
have a
I loamlr SUrt ace layer an{j a clayey sLibSO i l . Permoab
i l l a_ y
'
1 is ,m.7,deraL-e avid �hr•ink-swell potential is moderate.
I .'oft bedrock is within a depth of 40 Lo Cita
inches.
I Seasonal high water- table is below 6.0 feet.
Badir•t
I -sc,ils are moderately deep and well drairied.
The surface
'
I Javer is loarny with a sionificarit amc,uret of
Chimm-ler-s.
I The sL!bsoi.l is c;Ia km -y. Pr,meabilit;_ is mc,deratr4.
I Shl-jIlk-SWell pr-4terrtial isss modeti-ate. Soft bedrock
is
'
1 within i -a depth of Zit tr., 40 Seasollal
high wutcv
I table is bellow 6.Ct feet.
'
4751) 1
1
Tatum--Badi.li cc,mple;;t 15 to L1.3 perceret slories
I
1
W" C i
Tatum -1 ad i.rr ce_mple::, 25 to �erj pertt?r�t slopes
1
I

When you submit soil samples for laboratory analysis, you
need and expect reliable results. Because the test report is
used in making decisions about liming and fertilization,
its accuracy can affect your costs and yields. In other
words, getting accurate results can make a difference in
dollars and cents.
The reliability of the soil test, however,, can be no better
than the sample you submit. For results you can depend
on, it is vitally Important that you take samples in away
that accurately represents the soil on your farm.
This publication tells how to obtain truly representative
soil samples and to submit them for analysis. '
Where to -Take Samples
You can obtain an aerial photograph of your farm from.
the county ASCS office. Outline you r'farm'o fleld'.boun-
daries directly on the photo oc make:a iarger-and more•. -
detailed map using the photo as a guide. Then "assign. a
permanent number to each field or management area..
Numbering the areas will enable you to keep records of
the soil treatments applied and the crop yields obtained
from each area. For your convenience in submitting soil
samples, assign each area an identifier consisting of no
more than three characters — numbers,. letters, or. both.
Every soil sample you submit for testing should consist of
about 15 to 20 cores taken at random locations • .
throughout one field or area. A sample should include
cores from. no more than about 20 acres even If the soil
appears to be uniform over a larger area. -
Keep In mind that each sample should represent only one
general soil type or condition. If the field you arc sam-
piing contains areas that arc obviously different in slope,
color, drainage, and texture and if those areas can be'fer-
tilized separately, submit a separate sample (consisting of
15 to 20 cores) for each area. (See Figure,a.)
When collecting samples, avoid small areas where -the soil
conditions are obviously quite different from'thosc in -the "
rest of the field -- for example,. wet spotst:places',where
wood piles have been burned, severely eroded areas, old
it:ive BXUCLI iOl3 Exhibit '8.
Careful Soil '
Sampling '. -
The Key.: O. -Reliable
Soil Test lnformation
Eroded Area
Light Colored'Soil
'A
B
bark,,Shc(.
Figure 1. Within each field, collect a separate sample from each
area that has a different type of soil.
building sites, fence rows, spoil banks, and burn -row
areas. Also avoid the fertilizer bands in fields where row
crops have been grown. Because samples taken from
,these locations would not be typical of the soil in,thc rest
of the,field,including them could produce misleading results.
Areas within a field where different crops have been
grown in the past should be sampled separately, even If
you now plan to grow the same crop in the whott' field.
Areas that have been limed and fertilized differently from
the rest of the field should also be sampled separately.
Sampling Problem Areas
In fields or areas where fertility problems appear to be the
cause of abnormal crop growth, samples should be col-
lected in a somewhat different way from samples used for
routine testing. At the same time you collect topsoil
samples, collect subsoil samples at a depth from 8 to 16
inches, but keep the two types of samples separate.
Follow the guidelines for collecting a good, representative
sample, taking cores at random locations throughout the
problem area even though it may be relatively small. At
the same time, collect a representative sample:from•nor-
mal areas of the same field.
More detailed Information on collecting samples from pro.
blem areas Is"given in form AD2, "Problem Area Soil
Sample Information." Copies can be obtained from your
county Extension Service office, NCDA regional
agronomists, lova) agribusinesses, or the NCDA Agronomic
Division, Blue Ridge Road Center, Raleigh, NC 27611.

When to Take Samples
Collect samples three to six months before planting
time. You will then have the test report in time to plan
your liming and fertilization program before -the busy'
planting season. If you submit samples immediately after
harvest in the fall, you are likely to receive the results
promptly because the laboratory work load is lighter at
that time than in the spring.
Do not collect samples when the soil is too wet because it
will be difficult to mix the cores. As a rule, if the soil is
too wet to plow, it Is too wet to sample.
Sample the soil from perennial or sod -crop areas three to
four months before establishing the crop or appling lime
or fertilizer.
How Often to Sample
if your farm is in the coastal plain region, it is best to test
the soil every 2 or 3 years. The sandy soils in that region
do not hold nutrients as long as soils in other parts -of the
state and are more apt to become acid through the addi-
tion of nitrogen. The nutrient levels in the silt and clay
loam soils of the piedmont and mountain regions change
less rapidly with lime and fertilizer applications.In these
areas, soil testing once every 4 years is usually sufficient.
A good plan is to sample one-third of your fields each
year if your farm is in the coastal plains region and one'
fourth of your fields each year if you are in the piedmont
or mountain regions.
How to Collect a Good Sample
Tools. Collect your samples with stainless steel or
chrome -plated sampling tools and plastic buckets to avoid
contaminating the samples with traces of chemical
elements (micronutrients) from the sampling tools. Avoid
brass, bronze, or galvanized tools. A suitable soil probe is
shown on the front cover of this folder.
Make sure that the buckets and sampling tools are clean
and free of lime and fertilizer residues. Evena small
amount of lime or fertilizer transferred- from' the; sampling
tools to the soil can seriously contaminate the sample and
produce Inaccurate results.
Sampling Depth. For areas in which field crops are
grown, collect samples to -the same depth that the.field.is
plowed (usually about 8 inches) since this is the zone in .
which lime and fertilizer have been incorporated'(Figure2).
Figure 2. Sample to a depth of 8 inches In fields plowed for row
crops, 4 Inches where perennial pasture or turf:crops are grown.
For fields where perennial crops such as fescue, alfalfa,
and turf are being maintained, samples taken to a depth
of 4 inchps•will best represent the crop's lime and fer-
tilizer needs. Where these perennial crops are to be
established, however, sample to the regular plow depth.
4
Submitting the Sample
Soil samples are analyzed by the Agronomic Division of
the north Carolina Department of Agriculture. Each sam.
ple must be submitted in a standard soil sample box and
aci:ompanled by a completed copy of form AD -1, "Soil
Sample Information." The boxes and forms are available
from your county Extension Service office, [`ICDA regional
[:agronomists, local agribusinesses, or the i`ICDAAgrvnomic
?•:;,`,,,.Division..Blue Ridge Road Center, Raleigh, NC. 27611.
Submit your samples only in the standard boxes provid-
ed, as shown in Figure 3. Samples sent in bags or other
containers'wiil not be compatible with the processing
system used in the laboratory. Do not put a plastic bag in.
side the sample box. Seal the shipping box if the soil
samples are from a quarantined area.
Figure 3. Thoroughly mix the soil sample
and till the standard NCDA sample box
two-thirds full.
The entire sample consisting of the 15 to 20 cores you
have collected will most likely be more soil than the box
will hold. Before filling the box, therefore, pulverize the
cores and mix them thoroughly in the bucket. Then fill
the sample box about two-thirds full with this mixture.
Label the box with the identifying number you have
assigned to the area from which you took the sample.
Remember that the identification can consist of no more
than three numbers, letters, or a combination of the two.
Directions for filling out form AD•l, the soil inforfhation
sheet, are printed on the back of the form. To get the
most value from your soil test, take the time to fill in the
blanks completely and be sure to list the crop'or crops
to be grown. Also check to make sure that the sample
number you put on the form corresponds to the number
on the sample box and the farm map. Mail the completed
form with the sample box, keeping a copy for your future
reference.
If you need assistance in interpreting the soil test results
or developing a soil treatment plan, consult your Total
agricultural advisors.
Prepared by
Jack V. [laird. Ealenslon, M. Ray Tuekcr. Agronomist
Agronomist — Soil Fertility north Carolina Oeparlmen1.01
north Carolina Agrl[ultural Agriculture'
Eattasion Serrice Prrbr.In40 by
THE NORTH CAROLINA AGAICULTU1tAL E;TENSION SEAVICE
NoM Grafin& Sue LWwsky u Ra%W6 No %Came+ AP K1AW11 Rd TbrN" Sn& 1Minniy IN 04puOa0.
me ow U.S. Depanlmbm of Agrk7rkmk GAopwoo rg Slab Unhwdtl Surkrt Rawlgh. N.C.. Crwuw 0. lube..
. DkKwt. OriukrAed k1 khOW&Seb W UW Acta W Cargnyls W MAY M and Jurw 70. 1914. fhb Nath CbnaN,a
AVIculwar Ea1bn0w Sauk$ WMrs ks programs b an @4.bk pb,wns rbgard4ss d fact, cola. a naranal aqe,
_ ua ii an ap&t oOWWAy neplorbr.
141-$%A-Iwn AG -3r=

%MADJIIM M M M M M AW SAWLEMOMMIUM M M M = == i
Fill out and attach to retailing carton in first class envelope and mail to: AGRONOMIC DIVISION—Soil Testing Laboratory, NORTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT
OF AGRICULTURE. RALEIGH. NORTH CAROLINA 27611. Instructions and examples are given on the back of this sheet.
GROWER'S NAME—Please Print 1
A copy of your soil test report will be sent to your County Extension Director. If you desire others to receive it copy, print their
3
names and addresses below.
(Last) (First)
6
LAB
NUMBER
(Leave -
- Blank)
(Address)
(Name)
(Name)
(City) (State) (Zip Code}
(Address)
(Address)
Total No.
CROP
CODE
(See discussion No. 5
reverse side of form)
Samples
(Following year—See
reverse side)
T/A
Submitted
MO.
(State) (Zip Code)
(City) (State) (Zip Code)
(County)(City)
Revised 6/15/90
2
3
4
5
6
LAB
NUMBER
(Leave -
- Blank)
YOUR
SAMPLE
NUMBER
LAST CROP
LIME APPLIED
WITHIN PAST YEAR
NEXT CROP
SECOND CROP
(Crop drown last year
or other use)
CROP
CODE
CROP
CODE
(See discussion No. 5
reverse side of form)
CROP
CODE
(Following year—See
reverse side)
T/A
YR.
MO.
All
Revised 6/15/90

1. 1
UIRED 2.
IORMATION
blocked areas)
Imust have this 5.
rmation before we
analyze the samples
I
%JSIRABLIE 3.
ORMATIMATION
can make better4
suggestions if we
t a
this information 6.
1;1101 Ot l;xhibi L d
INSTRUCTIONS FOR FILLING OUT INFORMATION SHEET "
(Soo Sample Information Shoot Below)
NAME, MAILING ADDRESS, ZIP CODE AND COUNTY. County listed should be where farm is located.
Incomplete or illegible address may result in non-delivery of the mailed report,
YOUR SAMPLE NUMBER - Record the identification (ano information) for each sample on a-soparate line.
Our computer will accept gnly 3 digits for sample identification. CAUTIONI Do not use the same number for
more than one sample even if tli are from dlfforent farms. Be sure the name, and sample numbers on the
information sheet aro the same as thoso on the soil sample boxes.
NEXT CROP TO BE GROWN - List )SAME and QRQP CQQE of the next crop for which you want lime and
fertilizer recommendations. EXAMPLE: Bermuda hay, or pasture establishment (E). 043: Bermuda hay or
pasture for maintenance (M), 044: Bermuda for dehydration, establishment (E), 045.
A Use LAWN (026) for all lawn grasses except CENTIPEDE. Use IILRF codes for golf and athletic field turf.
B. Use SHRUBBERY (029) for all shrubs except AZALEA. CAMELLIA, RHODODENDRON, and MT LAUREL.
LAST CROP - List NAM -E -and CROP CQDE of crop grown prior to sampling. 11 space is loft blank.
we will assume no previous crop was drown.
LAST LIMED - Tans per acre. year and month of last, lime application, it made in the last year, .
SECOND CROP TO BE GROWN - List NAME and CRQ2 QQDE of the crop which will follow 5 above. This will
enable us to make suggestions for this crop assuming that the field is treated as suggested the first year.
List second crop here even though it is to be grown the same year as 5 above.
EXAMPLE
CROPCOOE
000 No Crop
Flold Crops
001 Corn, Grain
002 Corn. Silage
003 Cotton
004 Small Grain [Whoa,,
oats, rya, barloy)
005 Miftot, Peart
006 Milo (Grain Sorghum)
007 Peanut
008 Rico
009 Sorghum, Syrup
010 Soybeans
011 Sunllowar
012 Tobacco, bur lay
013 Tobacco, Iluo•curod
'014 Tobacco, plant bad
Lawn. Gordon. Ornnmenot
020 Azalea
021 Camallia
022 Centipede
023 Gordon, Flower
024 Garden. Vegetable
025 Laurel, Mountain'
026 Lawn
027 Rhododendron
020 Rose
029 Shrubbery
030 Berries, fruit & nuts
031 Troo. shade
CROP CODE
X.MnS Troos/Nursery
036 Ln-oul/Sood Oeds
037 Fir/N Spruce. 140mlock
030 Pino/White, Virginia
039 Blue Spruce/Rad Cedar
Forage/Posture
040 Attalla. E
041 Alfalfa, M
042 Bahiagrass
043 Bormuda hay/pasturo, E
044 Bermuda hay/pasturo, M
045 Bermuda. dehydrated. E
046 Bermuda, dohydratod. M
047 Bluegrass pasture
046 Bluograss-Whito clover
049 L/Wht clover -grass. E
050 L/Wht clovergrass. M
051 R, Grovergrass, E
052 R. Clovar-grass. M
053 Pura clovers
054 Fescue -Orth grass/Timothy E
055 Fascuo-Orth grass/Timothy M
056 Legumes. Miscellaneous
057 Lospodoza
050 Sudangrass
059 Sudan -sorghum pasture
000 Sudan -sorghum silage .
ABOUT YOUR SOIL SAMPLES
CROP CODE
2
3
098 Potato, Irish
4
5
13
�+B
NUMBER
(Leave
Blank)
YOUR
SAMPLE
NUMBER
LAST CROP
(Crop grown lost year
or other use)
CROP
CODE.
Lima Applied
Within Past Year
NEXT CROP
CROP Soo discussion No. 5
CODE roverso side of form)
SECOND CROP
CROP (Following your—See
CODE reverse sido)
T/A I YR. I MO.
074 gaols
I I 1
Corn Silage
002
1 841 9,
004 Oats
010 Soybeans
IOU Slrawbarry. E
1 12
L/Wht Cl -grass E
049:
2 J. 84 9
050 1 L/Wht Cl -grass M
050 1 L/Wht Cl -grass M
CROPCOOE
000 No Crop
Flold Crops
001 Corn, Grain
002 Corn. Silage
003 Cotton
004 Small Grain [Whoa,,
oats, rya, barloy)
005 Miftot, Peart
006 Milo (Grain Sorghum)
007 Peanut
008 Rico
009 Sorghum, Syrup
010 Soybeans
011 Sunllowar
012 Tobacco, bur lay
013 Tobacco, Iluo•curod
'014 Tobacco, plant bad
Lawn. Gordon. Ornnmenot
020 Azalea
021 Camallia
022 Centipede
023 Gordon, Flower
024 Garden. Vegetable
025 Laurel, Mountain'
026 Lawn
027 Rhododendron
020 Rose
029 Shrubbery
030 Berries, fruit & nuts
031 Troo. shade
CROP CODE
X.MnS Troos/Nursery
036 Ln-oul/Sood Oeds
037 Fir/N Spruce. 140mlock
030 Pino/White, Virginia
039 Blue Spruce/Rad Cedar
Forage/Posture
040 Attalla. E
041 Alfalfa, M
042 Bahiagrass
043 Bormuda hay/pasturo, E
044 Bermuda hay/pasturo, M
045 Bermuda. dehydrated. E
046 Bermuda, dohydratod. M
047 Bluegrass pasture
046 Bluograss-Whito clover
049 L/Wht clover -grass. E
050 L/Wht clovergrass. M
051 R, Grovergrass, E
052 R. Clovar-grass. M
053 Pura clovers
054 Fescue -Orth grass/Timothy E
055 Fascuo-Orth grass/Timothy M
056 Legumes. Miscellaneous
057 Lospodoza
050 Sudangrass
059 Sudan -sorghum pasture
000 Sudan -sorghum silage .
ABOUT YOUR SOIL SAMPLES
CROP CODE
CROP CODE
098 Potato, Irish
Commercial Hort Cr922
099 Poialo, sweat
Use 024 for Gordon Vegetables 100 Radish
070 Asparagus, E
101 Rapo, colo crops
071 Asparagus. M
102 flits p-0lackbarry E
072 Baan/Hush Poo
103 Rasp-Black boo ry M
073 Baan, pole
104 Rhubarb
074 gaols
105 Rutabaga
075 Blueberry, E
106 Spinach
076 Blueberry, M
107 Squash -Pumpkin
077 Broccoli
IOU Slrawbarry. E
070 Brussol Sprouts
109 Strawborry, M
079 Cabbage
1 t 0 Tomato, Bald
060 Cantaloupe
1 I 1 Tomato. groonhouso
081 Carrots
112 Tomalo, trallis, CP
082 Caulillowar
113 Tomato. Irollis, M1
083 Collards
1 14 Truck Vegetables
004 Corn, Sweat
115 Turnip
065 Cucumbers
116 Watermolon
0136 Cucumber, Irollis
117 Beans, lima
007 Eggplant
088 Grape. E
Comm Nurs/Flowor
089 Grapo, M
120 Dahlia
090 Kale
121 Gladiolus
091 Lettuce
122 Greenhouse
092 Mustard
123 Gysophila
093 Okra
124 Flowor. bulbs
094 Onion
125 FIowa r. roots
095 Poa, Southern
126 Nuts. container
096 Popper
132 Rhoda/Natyorn
097 Plant Bad, Vag
136 Nurs/Troos
E = establishment CP s Coastal Plain
M maintenance Mt a Mountain
CROP CODE
Orchards/Fruit & Nut
13OApplo E
131 Appla M
138 Poach E
139 Poach M
140 Pecan, E
141 Pecan, M
Forastry Troos/Sood
133 Hardwood, E
134 Hardwood. M
137 Nursery. Pine
142 Pine. E
143 Pino. M
144 Hardwood. Seed
145 Fir/Spruco. Seed
146 Pina, Sued
ino T rf
150 Fairway/Athletic Turf
151 Too, Turf
152 Green, Tusf
Are they representative? A soil TEST is only as GOOD as the soil SAMPLESI Area of 10 acres or less—No major sail dilfererlces—Same
treatment history—Use good tools (iron or stainless steel)—Taka'am dry—Right depth (0.6' for plowod soils. 0.4" for sod)—No fertilizer
bands—No corners or and turn aroas-20 or moro'coras (colloctod and mixed in a clean plastic bucket)—Subsomplod and numbered—
SuHiciont information supplied.

c " A
1t M---a�zement
- „ r, lir .a �. it•.;wi4 .. •• ..
Biological and Asrieultura! Engirrtrnng North Camlirla State University
Livrs-rocx usTE SAti uxc,' AxAl YSIs -AND CALCULATION
OF LAND APPLICATION BATES
. ••I".Iama''C: `Darker*
rI. sAaLZ COLUCTION
A. Sami-Solid Loc tlinura
L. Scraped directly .from. -lo; Inco spreader
a. From loadad;'spreader, collate about 2 lbs of manure from_
dlffarenc`'lacacians• using. nonmecallia •c:611accors.
11. From scoraga -
a. Collate about'.2 •lbs; .of,,manure from, undar cha surfaca crust
avoiding baddl.%-macorials and us Ing nonaiacall Lc collaccars.
D. Liquid hAnurs Slurry
1. Under-sloecad-',floor,. pie'
a►. Excand a l/2";,norugacxllic,ConduiG open an boch ands Lnco
manure co pi�'Floo.r.
b. Sail upper:and':of•',conduic;;(4••g•,. by planing a Chumb over and
of conduit) crapping'mAnure`that has encarad lover and, ramove.
and empty slurry.inco, plastic buckac or noam.ecallic container.
e. Take subsamplas from.5,o .mo,ra locations -or ac least L quirt.
d. dix and add about 3/4►;pin�,co, nonmec�l.Zic., sample cancainer.
11. Excarior scaraga: basin or ••cank'
a. :laka .aura.;'manor"a, h,is_ been,; � 1...mi:cnd';vich a Liquid manu_a
chopper•ag:_acac pump or,propallcr +ag:cazor.
[ b. ?aka subsarples from about 5 pLe locations. from agica4ar pump
cc ..am maru:a sprnadar and place --'n.a pLascic buckac.
* ?rofesso,r and Extension SpecLaiisc,•. 9lologi.cal and Agri UIr-ural Engineering
Depar�nanc, North Carolirii'SCica'�Un:ver ity, QaLaigh, :iC.
1.0 '
A v v

C. hix and add 3/4 pint Co a nonmetallic saunpl. cont:ainar.
C. Lagoon Liquid .
i. Collect about 3/4 pLnc of racycLsd'lagoon liquid from Lnf low pipe
to flush tanks in a nonme=allic.-sample concalner.
Ii. From lagoon, " ' , ;fig+;
tA. Plica s (1/2 Fine or lass) on end of 10-15' pole'.'
b. Exzand bottle 10-15' away from bank edge.
c, $ruxh away floating scum or dabris.
d. Submerge boctla within i' of liquid surface.
e. Empty into a ylascic buckcc,•• zepeac about 5 tints Around
IAgoon, mix, 'and add 3/4 -pine to nonmetallic sample container.
D. aroiler or Turkey Lister
L, House litter
a. Visually inspect litter -for areas of •varying qualicy, e.g..
Areas' Around .1aadais-'and••wacarers, and escimara percent of
floor surfacs in cath
b. Taka about 5 lictar subsamples at 10c,scions proportionxCe Ca
item a. E.g., `Lf -'20• of litcor of •slaailar•visual qualicy is
around feeders and•wacerers,•.caka-1..subsamplc there and cite
ocher 4subsampl'ss:'frow sa'mainder• of `floor surface.
c. At each locacion,.collect litter, from a 6` by 6" area door to
earzh Floor and' placn:••in •a...plasci.c 'buckcc,
r.
d. Aft;r 5. subsamyIea` have bten'••added ;to the buckac, mix, and.,add,,.
about •2,3 lbs.lictor•,to a nonmazallic sampla concainar.such as...
a L- gallon fr�azar,.bag' and `ssal�• . • .. • ..
ii. Frost• azcekpils....,::. ."• .. . .
a. Take subsamplas from About'•5'locations at lease 18' into pile.
b. Kix, add 2,3-:1bs to nonmetallic sazpla container and seal.

'3 of J
II. SMILE ZRUA ATION AND TRANSFU
A. Place sample into an axpandabla container chit c•an be sealed. Rinse
residues from concAincr,wich clein;•wacer but do-noc use di.sinf'accants.-
SOAPS, or crcac-in any ocher way.
B. rack sampla in Lee, refrigerate, freara, or eransfar co lab quietly. ,.
C. Band-dalivary is most reliable way. -of sample transfer.
D. IF mailed, pracacc sample container with packing matarUl such as
newspapar, box or packAge with (mapping paper, and cepa.
E. Co=arcial jaAple concxincrs And mailers Are 4130 available, ConeAces;
L. A L 1<+accrn Agricultural Lib, Inc. kii. Folyfoam Packers Corp.
7521 WhieepLna Road 2320 S. Foscer Avenue
Richmond, VA 27237 Nheelin&, IL 60090
Ph: [phone] Ph: [phone] y
ii. Fisher Scientific Co. iv. MASCO
331.5 Vincon Road 901 Janesville Avenue
Raleigh, NC 17604 Forc Atkinson, VI 53538
Ph: [phone] Ph: [phone]
F. Private anAlycical labs circ available, buc sample analyses are costly.
C. The NCDA provides chis service for North Caroling rasidencs.
i. Address:
NCDA
Plant, Waste, 8 Tissue -Lab
4300 Reedy Creek Road
Raleigh, N.C. 27507
Ph. (919) 733•-2655
U. Forward $4 along with the sample.
iii. Include the -following, idancificacion informYcion With sample:
A, Livcscock species (dairy,'swine. turkey, etc.)
b, Livasrock usAge•(swine-nQrsary, finishing; turkey -breeders,
brooderhouse,,growcc, number Flocks grown on lir.-.4r; ere.).
c. Viscc ,;ype (dair!•loc striped manure, liquid slurry; swina-pit
slurry, lagoor. liru:d, broLlec•house li.c.cc, scockpllc
iv. RoucLae analyses ,pc;:ormEd an all samples: S, P, K, CA, 'Sg, :qA.
5. Fe, ;'n, Zn, Cu, 8
V. Addicional analyses perfcvmcd upon raquesc: 04, ho, Cd, Hi. Pb
5 '

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Distrbutod in lurthoranco
of the Acts of Congress
al May a and .luno 90, 1914.
Empcoymant and program
opportunillas are oflorod to
all pooplo ragardloss of
coca, color, national origin,
sox, ago, or disability. North
Carolina State University,
North Carolina A&T State
UnWrsity, US. Dopartmont
of Agriculture, and local
governments Cooperating.
SoilFacts
Waste Analysis
Agricultural, industrial, municipal, and yard wastes call be valuable to farmers
---provided they are properly managed. Waste analysis is an important key to
proper management. By deterrrrining the amount of nutrients and potentially
harmful elements in file waste, and by detertnining the product's liming
characteristics, growers and other potential users of these materials can make
infornied decisions about their application. From both all economic and an
environmental standpoint, this information benefits all North Carolinians.
This fact sheet will clarify the importance of waste analysis and describe the
procedures for taking reliable samples and submitting them to the Waste Advisory
Section at the Agronomic Division of the forth Carolitta Department of
Agriculture (NCDA),
Why Waste Analysis?
Waste products must be used or disposed of
with environmentally sound management
practices in order to prevent damage to our
natural resources. Farms, food-processing
plants, textile manufacturers, pharmaceutical
companies, wood and paper producers, and
municipalities all generate a variety of waste
products--thc disposal of which must be
managed somewhat differently depending
upon the source and the intended use. Most
waste must undergo some form of processing
before it can be applied to the land.
As landfill space becomes increasingly
limited, waste producers are being forced to
seek alternative disposal sites or potential
recycling opportunities. Land application is
one of the safest and most common altcrna-
tives--provided that best management
practices (BMPs) arc followed. Waste
products are generally applied to the land
because they contain nutrients or liming
materials beneficial to plant growth. Waste
analysis is the most accurate and efficient
way to measure the nutrient or lime value of
different waste products. Because the amount
of these beneficial components can vary
among waste products, laboratory analysis
lets the producer know the proper amount of
the waste material to apply to meet the
specific plant needs for tacit site. When
anattagenicia decisions are made without
wasic-analysis information, even well-
intentioncd users can reduce plant growth and
yields or endanger the environment.
Composting can reduce volume, improve
uniformity, and sometimes alter the nutrient
availability of waste products. Because of
this, samples from the final material that will
be applied must be analyzed.
Nutrient concentrations vary in most
organic waste products. Table 1, for example,
depicts the wide range in nutrients from
animal wastes analyzed by the NCDA
Agronomic Division. Note that the maximum
and minimum values for nitrogen, phosphate,
and potash differ by more than 100 -fold.
Thcsc numbers should solid a clear message
North Carolina
Cooperative Extension Service
NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY
COLUGE OF AGRICULTURE & LIFE SCIENCES ,

toffacts
Table 1. Variations in poultry and swine manure nutrient levels.
Minimum Maximum Averago
Poultry, broiler house pounds per tort
Nitrogen 4 137 72
Phosphate 21 146 78
Potash 12 78 46
5wlne, liquid lagoon pounds per 1,000 gallons
Nitrogen 2 345 136.
Phosphate 1 197 ,53
Potash 5 369. 133
to waste users and environmental A good analytical service should
policymakers: average nutrient always determine the concentrations
estimates are not adequate guides for of essential plant nutrients, including
the safe and efficient use of waste nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P),
materials, potassium (K), calcium (Ca),
Waste users who fail to test each magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), iron
waste material arc faced with a (tae), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn),
number of Questions they simply copper (Cu), and boron (13). Analy-
cannot answer, Are they supplying scs of certain municipal and indus-
plants with adequate nutrients? Arc trial wastes should also include tests
they building up excess nutrients that for heavy metals like nickel (Ni),
may ultimately move to streams or cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb), as well
groundwater? Are they changing the as elements such as sodium (Na) and
soil pH to levels that will not support chlorinc (C]). The neutralizing value
plant production? Arc they applying (calciuria carbonate equivalent, CCE)
heavy metals at levels that may be of products or
toxic to plants and permanently alter materials suspected of having liming
soil productivity? characteristics should also be
Because environmental damage determined.
and losses in plant yield and quality
often happen before visible plant Sampling Procedures
symptoms, growers and other users
should always have their wastes Proper sampling is the key to reliable
analyzed by a competent laboratory waste analysis. Although laboratory
and their application rales determined procedures arc extremely accurate,
by a knowlcdgcablc agronomist. they have little value if the samples
I ail to represent the waste product.
The importance of careful sampling
becomes clear when one recognizes
that laboratory determinations are
made on a portion of the sample
submitted that's as little as 0,02
pounds (1 grant) for solid materials
or less than a tablespoon (10
milliliters) for liquid materials.
Waste samples submi(ted to a
laboratory should represent the
avcragc composition of the material
Il
C
Waste Analysis Services
The Waste Advisory Section of the
NCDA Agronomic Division ana-
lyzes wastes, interprets analytical
results, and provides management
recommendations for citizens of
North Carolina. The fee is $4,00 per
sample. Private laboratories also
offer some of these services and lhcir
fees vary.
that will be applied to the ficld.. ,r
Reliable samples typically consist of
material collected frons a number of
locations, Precise sampling; mr-thods
vary according to the type of waste.
Ideally, growers should not base
application rates on laboratory test
results from previous years because
nutrient concentrations can change
significantly, particularly when the
waste has been exposed to the
environment. For example, nutrient
levels in an anaerobic lagoon can be
influenced by rainfall. Stockpiled
fitter or other wastes may also
Change significantly if left unpro-
tected. Municipal and industrial
wastes also vary as production
demands alter inputs and processing.
Liquid Wastes
Liquid waste samples submitted for
analysis should meet the following
requirements.
■ Place sample in a scalcd plastic
container with about a one -quart
volume. Glass is not suitable because
it is breakable and may contain
contaminants.
■ Lcavc one inch of air space in
the plastic container to allow for
expansion caused by the release of
gas frons the waste matcrial.
■ Refrigerate samples that cannot
be shipped on the day they are
collected; this will minimize
chemical reactions and pressure
buildup from gases.
Ideally, some liquid wastes
should be sampled after they arc
thoroughly mixed. Because this is
sometimes impractical, samples can
also be taken in accordance with (lie
suggestions that follow.
LAGOON LIQUID: Premixing the
surface liquid in clic lagoon is not
needed, provided it is the only
component that is being pumped.
Growers Willa two-stage systems
should draw samples from the
lagoon they intend to pump,

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Samples should be collected
using a (Mastic container similar to the
one shown in Figure 1. One pial of
material should be taken from it lcost
eight sites around the lagoon and then
mixed in a plastic container. Waste
should be collected at least six feet
from the edge of the lagoon at a depth
of about a Foot. Shallower samples
from anaerobic f;+goens may be less
representative than deep samples
because oxygen transfer near the
surface sometimes alters the chcanis-
try of (lie solution. bloating debris
and scum should be avoided.
One quart of mixed matcriat
should be sent to the laboratory.
Galvanized containers should never
be used for collection, mixing, or
storage due to the risk of contamina-
tion from metals like zinc in the
container.
LIQUID SLUI(RY: Waste materials
applied as a slurry from a pit or
storage batiin should be mixud prior
to sampling. Waste should be
collected Irani approximately eight
areas around the pit or basin and
mixed thoroughly in a plastic
container. Figure 2 stows a useful
collecting device. An 8- to 10 -foot
section of 0.5- to 0.75 -inch plastic
pipe can also be used: the pipc
should be extended into Lite pit, and
the thumb pressed over the end to
forth an air lock, the pipe is then
removed from the waste, and the air
Jock is released to deposit tlLe waste
in a container.
For analysis, the laboratory
requires one quart of material in a
plastic container. The sample should
not be rinsed into (lie container
because doing; so dilutes clic mixture
and distorts nutrient evaluations.
However, if water is typically added
to the waste prior to land application,
a proportionate quantity of water
should be added to the sample.
Solid Wastes
Solid waste samplcs should represent
the average, moisture. content of the
waste.
Wooden pole (10 feet)
Plastic container (5
gallons)
Plastic; cup
Figure I. Liquid waste sampling device.
PVC pipe
(2 inches diameter,
6 foot long)
Rubber ball
(2'/z Incas diameter)
Figure 2. Slurry sampling device.
A otic -quare sample is required
for analysis. Samples should be
taken frons approximately eight
different areas in the waste, placed in
a plastic container, and thoroughly
mixed. Approximately one quart of
Clean-out dowel
(i inch diameter
PVC pipe)
Plastic container
(5 gallons)
the mixed sample should be placed
in a plastic bag, scaled, and shipped
directly to the laboratory. Samples .
stored for more than two days should
be refrigerated. Figure 3 shows a
device for sampling solid waste.

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Nutrients listed in the report as
"available for the first crop" should
be used in determining the actual
application rate to meet a specific
plant nutrient requirement. For the
availability prediction to be reliable,
growers must have properly identi-
fied the type of waste and the
application method on the informa-
tion sheet submitted to the laboratory.
For waste materials suspected of
containing liming materials, such as
stack dust or lime -stabilized waste, a
calcium -carbonate equivalent (GCE)
determination should be requested.
These materials are reported on a dry -
weight basis for solid and semi-solid
materials and on a volume basis for
liquids. The CCE can be used to
compare waste materials to agricul-
tural lime for cffcctiveness in
neutralizing soil acidity. The agricul-
tural lime equivalent (ALE) is also
calculated on a wet basis. This
indicates the amount of the waste
product that must be applied to have
the same liming potential as one from
agricultural lime with 90% CCE.
Monitoring and Record
Keeping
Growers who use waste materials as
fertilizer or a source of lime should
maintain records of the analytical
results, application rates, and soil
tests for each application site.
Growers are also advised to take
Waste Analysis
plant samples to evaluate their
nutrient management program,
identify corrective actions for current
crops, and plan improvements for
future crops.
Owners of waste application sites
may also wish to sample surface and
groundwater supplies once a year to
confirm that nutrient -management
programs arc not adversely affecting
the environment. Where waste
products have been applied regularly
for a number of years, growers
should also monitor the buildup of
metals that can affect long-term soil
productivity, particularly zinc and
copper. For municipal and industrial
waste sites, nickel, cadmium, lead,
and sodium should also be monitored.

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bout -'acts end Exhibit g
Prepared by
J. P. Zublena,
Associate Stale Program Leader ANRICIM, North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service, NCSU
C. Ray CampLell,
Section Chief, Plant/WusicJSolution Advisory, Agronomic Division, NCDA
10,000 copies of this public docurnertt were printed at a cost of $1,350, or 5.135 per copy.
Published by
NORTH CAROLINA COOPERATIVE EXTENSION SERVICE
8/95— 10 M --,i MG --250372 AG -439.33

r
Exhibit 10
-Mortality Management Methods
(check which methods) are beim* implemented)
Cl Burial three feet beneath the surface of the ground within 24 hours after
knowledge of the death. The burial must be at least 300 feet from any Flowing
stream or public bodv of water.
Rendering at a rendering plant licensed under G.S. 106-168.
CI . Complete incineration
In the case of dead poultry only, placing in a disposal pit of a size and design,
approved by the Deparanent of Agriculture
Any method which in the professional opinion of the State Veterinarian would
make possible the salvage of part of a dead animal's value without endangering
human or animal health. (Written approval of the State Veterinarian must be
attached)
Decembc:• I S, 1 dab
1

Farm Owner:
Exhibit 11
Lagoon Liquid Irrigation Field Records
Irrigation Operator :
Field
No.
Date Crop
Type
Field
Size,
acres
Irrigation Time Number of Sprinkler Nozzle
Sprinklers
Start End Total Operating Diameter Pressure Flow Spacing,ft
mins inch psi gpm width length
JCB/BAE/NCSU/7-93/2
4'
H

Farm Owner
Name :
Address
Phone:
Lagoon Liquid irrigation Records
Custom Applicator (if used)
Field
No.
Date
Irrigation
Soil
Type
Crop
Type
Realistic
Yield, I
Ib,bu,ton
per acre
Nutrient
Recommendations,
lbs/acre
N P205 K20
Liquid Analysis
Plant Available Nutrients,
lbs/1000 gallons
N P205 K20 Zn Cu
Liquid Nutrients Applied
Plant Available,
lbs/acre
N P205 }CLO Zn Cu
Nutrient Balance,
+
Ibs/acre
N P205 K20 Zn Cu
volume
gals
area
acres
I
j
I
i
I
a
Totals
JCB/BAE/NCSU/7-93/1
4' -
tn

sprinkler flow rate, gpm - from manufacturers data sheet based on sprinkler operating pressure and nozzle diameter
irrigation volume, gallons = no. of sprinklers operating x sprinkler flow rate, gpm x irrigation time, mins
irrigation area, acres - no. of sprinklers operating x sprinkler spacing width, ft x length, ft
43560
liquid nutrients applied, lbs/ac liquid nutrient analysis, Ibs/1000 gallons 1000 x irrigation volume, gallons
irrigation area, acres
% x 83.5 = lbs/1000 gallons
ppm x .00835 lbs/1000 gallons
lbs/1000 gallons x 27.154 = lbs/acre-inch

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EXAMPLE RECORD KEEPING FORM
FARM NAME:
OPERATOR IN CHARGE OR MANAGER:
TELEPHONE NUMBER OF FARM MANAGER:
CROP MAINTENANCE RECORDS
DATE RAINFALL LIME COMMERCIAL
TIAC FERTILIZER
APP (LEVACI
CROP BEING
GROWN
HARVESTED
CROPS -UNIT
PER ACRE
PLANTING
RATES- L9S
PER ACRE
EXAMPLE RECORD KEEPING FORM

f ■r M M r� M M r M M M� M M M
End of Exhibit 11
TABLE 2 - Traveling Irrigation Gun Settings
EXHn31T D-2
Make, Model and Tyne of Equipment:
Field Nol
and
hydrant Not
EQUIPMENT SETTINGS
Travel Application TRAVEL MANE Wetted Noule Operating operating
Speed Rate Ef%riive ElTenive Diameter Diameter Pressure Pressure Arc
(fVmin) (infix) Width (ft) Unph (ft) (feel) (inches) Gun (psi) Reel i) Partcm3 comments
fI 11
1 l
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ISee attached map.
2Show separate entries for each hydrant location in each field.
3Use the following abbreviations for various arc patterns: F (full circle), TQ (three quarters), TT (two thirds), H (half circle), T (one third), Q (one quarter).
May also use degrees of arc.
NRCS,NC
JUNE, 1996

a
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1
Distributed in furtherance
of the Acts of Congress
of May B and Juno 30, 1914.
Employment and program
opportunities aro offered to
all people regardless of
race, color, national origin,
sex, age, or disability. North
Carolina State University,
North Carolina A$T State
University, U.S. Department
of Agriculture, and local
governments cooperating.
SoilFacts
Swine Manure as a
.Fertilizer Source
Swine manure can be an excellent source of nutrients for crop produC60& The key
to proper management is determining the nutrient content of the manure, the
percentages of those nutrients that are available to the plant, and the nutrient
requirements of the plant. Considered together, these three factors will help you
apply the proper amount.
Nutrient Content of the Manure
13ccausc the nutrient content of swine ma-
nurc varies among operations and over time,
the manurc must be analyzed before you
apply it to the land. Waste samples can be
analyzed for $4.00 by contacting the Forth
Carolina Department of Agriculture
(NCDA), Agronomic Division, Plant and
Waste Analysis Lab, P.O, Box 27647, Blue
Ridge Road Center, Raleigh, NC 27611.
Other qualified private laboratories are also
available (fees vary).
Samples collected for analysis should be
mprescnfativc of the pit or lagoon. if the
waste is to be applied as a slurry, the storage
pit or basin should be agitated before sam-
pling. Collect approximately 314 of a pint of
material in an expandable container, being
sure to leave air space.
If you cannot have a sample analyzed,
determine the application rate by using the
average nutrient values for different swine
manurc systems shown in Table 1. Table 2
shows the average amounts of secondary and
Table 1. Nutrient Composition of Swine Manure
Manure
Total
Ammonium Phosphorus
Potassium
Type
N
NH.- N
P205
: K.,O
lb/ton
Fresh
12
7
9
9
Scraped'
13
7
12
:,.'.9
ib/1,000 gallons
i.iquid slurry2
31
19
22
17
Anaerobic
lagoon sludge
22
6
49
7
lblacre-inch
Anaerobic
lagoon liquid
136
111
53
133
Source: Abridged from North Carolina Agricultural Chemicals Manual.
'Collected within 1 week..
s;,.i'.. • ,;
'Six -12 months accumulation of manure, urine, and excess water usage; does not include fresh water,toF;;: 7
flushing or lot runoll.'
,�L't;•N;��. P �r.I S:,••t_.�,* ...,f..,,,.,,',':' ,r:,.• Via:.' ' yv ,1!''I[�,North
u
i
,a,y rf 'y.. + w r► 1i�2f f f ' .Irolina tive Extension
NORTH CAROUNA STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF

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i,r'::r.•?r;r5.f.kn�(rMrki+ir'4i�' L'i^.ur=�4t!ti'.s•a;�l+
micronutrients present in swine
manures. Thcsc values can be used
as planning guidelines, as long as
you realize ilia[ they arc not as
accurate as a s,irnplc analysis.
Nutrient Availabilities
The total nutrient content reported
on a manure analysis report (or the
levels shown in Tables 1 and 2) is
not immediately available to the
crops when the manure is applied.
Some clemcnt.5 are released when
the organic matter. is decomposed by
soil microorganisms. Other elements
can combine with soil constituents
and be made unavailable. Nitrogen
may also be lost to the atmosphere
through volatilization or dcnitrifica-
tion, depending on the application
method and soil moisture levels.
Table 3 lists the proportion of
nutrients available for crop use
during the first year of application
for given application methods.
When determining the application
rate, refer to the availability coeffi-
cient for the appropriate application
method, and then multiply that
number by the corresponding nutri-
ent value on the waste analysis
report (or by the values shown in
Tables 1 and 2). Waste analysis
reports from the NCDA's Agro-
nomic Division show the nutrient
availabilities for the first crop.
The most recently applied waste
is not the only source of nutrients;
they are also available from previ-
ous applications of manures or from
Table 3. First -Year Availability Coefficients for Swine Manure
Manure
Type
Soil
Injection' Incorporation' Broadcast' Irrigation*
P,Os and K,0 availability coefficients
All manure types
0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7
Mg
N availability coefficient
Scraped
Mo
paved surface
-- 0.6 0.4 -
Liquid -
manure slurry
0.8 0.7 0.4 0.3
Anaerobic
lagoon liquid
0.9 0.8 0.5 0.5
Anaerobic
lagoon sludge
0.6 0.6 0.4 0.4
'Manure injected directly Into soil and immediately covered
'Surface -spread manure plowed or disked into soil within two days.
'Surface -spread manure uncovered for one month or longer.
'Sprinkler -irrigated liquid uncovered for one month or longer.
legumes crops. With the exception
of nitrogen, updated soil tests are
the best means of determining
nutrient reserves from manure
applications. Table 4 can be used to
estimate available nitrogen carry-
over from legumes.
Application Rates
Land application rates of manure arc
generally determined by matching
the available nitrogen or phosphorus
content of the wastes to the nutrient
requirements of the crops. In most
cases, nitrogen determines the
application rate unless the arca is
designated "nutrient sensitive" and
indicates that phosphorus movement
off-site could contaminate surface
waters. In areas not designated as
nutrient sensitive, phosphorus
movement can be adequately con-
trolled with conservation methods
that minimize soil and nutricnt
runoff. The conservation methods
include grass field borders, grassed
waterways, contour planting, and
reduced tillage. Leaching of phos-
phorus is extremely limited on
mineral soils and should not contrib-
utc to groundwater contamination.
Nitrogen recommendations for
various crops are listed in Table 5.
Use these rates as guidelines with
the realistic yield capabilities for
each crop and Geld. With feed and
forage crops, excessive manure
r, -:.'.'Table -2. Secondary and Micronutrient Content of Swine Manures
`:.ManureType
Ca
Mg
S Na Fe Mn
8
Mo
Zn
Cu
L;s`;
IbAon
Fresh
7.9
1.7
1.8 1.6 0.39 0.04
0.074
0.00066
0.12
0.029
. Paved lot scraped
1.2.0
2.3
2.2 1.6 1.03 0.19
0.015
0.00007
0.35
0.15
lb/1,000 gallons
Liquid slurry
8.6
2.9
4.7 3.7 0.69 0.15
0.069
0.0011
0.39
0.11
Lagoon sludge
15.8
4.5
8.3 2.9 1.8 0.28
0.023
0.0095
0.67
0.23
Iblacre-Inch
a agoon liquid
25.5 '
' B.3 ` '
10.0 -:57,7 '_t'::2.4,: .34
O. i 8 .
O.Q045 ::
1.5
0.3 •':,.: ,,; : :
": `:Source:Biological and Agricultural Engineering Department, NCSU. ;

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Table 4. estimated Residual Nitrogen Provided by a Good
Stand of legumes Grown in Rotation
Legume Residual Nitrogen Available
(Iblacre)
Alfalfa'
80.100
Marry vetch'
80-100
Crimson clover'
60-75
Austrian winter pea`
50-60
Soybeans2
15-30
Peanuts2
20-40
'Killed before planting currant spring crop.
't-egumo planted in previous year or season. More nitrogen will be available If the
fall -planted crop Immediately follows the legume. On sandy soils and In yoars with
normally high precipitation, loss nitrogen will be available to spring-plantod crops.
'Table 5. Nitrogen Fertilization Guidelines
Commodity ib N[RYE'
Corn (grain) 1.0 - 1.25 Ib N/bu
Corn (silage)
Cotton
Sorghum (grain)
Wheat (grain)
Rye (grain)
Barley (grain)
Triticale (grain)
Oats
Bermudagrass (hay' -3)
Tall fescue (hay2a)
Orchardgrass (hay'-)
Small grain(hay2-3)
Sorghum-sudangrass (hay'-')
10 - 20 Ib N/ton
0.06 - 0.12 lb NJIb lint
2.0 - 2.5 lb N/cwt
1.7 - 2.4 Ib N/bu
1.7 - 2.4 Ib N/bu
1.4 - 1.6 lb N/bu
1.4 - 1.6 Ib N/bu
1.0 - 1.3 Ib N/bu.
40 - 50 Ib NJdry ton
40 - 50 lb N/dry ton
40 - 50 ib NJdry ton
50.60 Ib NJdry ton
45 - 55 lb N/dry ton
Millet (hay2-3) 45 - 55 lb N/dry ton
"'Pine and hardwood trees* 40 -'60 lb Nlacrelyear
'RYE - Realistic Yield Expectation
'Annual maintenance guldeiines
3Roduce N rate by 25 percent when grazing
'On trees less than 5 feat tall. N will stimulate undergrowth competillon
application can produce high nitrate
concentrations, which can harm
livestock (through nitrate poisoning)
and promote nutrient imbalances
that may lead to grass tetany. If
loading rates arc based on phospho-
rus, apply the amount suggested by
soil test recommendations. Other
nutrients such as potassium, magne-
sium, and the micronutrients manga-
nese, zinc, and copper may not be
supplied in sufficient quantities for
normal crop production. In such
cases, apply the supplemental
nutrients with a commercial. ferti-
lizer as recommended by a current
soil test.
In addition to the supply of
nutrients, proper soil pli is required
to promote organic matter dccompo-
silion, improve crop yields, and
ensure nutrient availability. The
biological conversion of organic
matter to nitrate is an acid-forming
process that will continue to reduce
soil PH unless you follow an ade-
quate sampling and liming program.
To help you determine land
application rates, a worksheet is
provided at the end of this publica-
don.
Timing of Manure
Applications
In addition to carefully calculating
the application rate, you must also
minimize the delay between apply-
ing the manure and planting the
crop. Precise timing increases the
amount of nitrogen used by the crop
and thus reduces leaching. The risk
of surface water and groundwater
contamination is greater in areas of
high rainfall and where manures are
applied in the fall or winter for
spring crops. On sandy -textured
soils, apply manures at low rates
throughout the growing season,
wherever possible, to reduce nitro-
gen Icaching caused by the soil's
low nutrient -holding capacity.
Exercise caution when applying
lagoon liquid through irrigation onto
standing crops that are undergoing
stresses.
Acreage Requirements
for New Facilities
Whenever samples of manure or
lagoon liquid are available for
analysis, the specific results should
be used to determine application
rates and acreage requirements.
However, when you arc planning
new facilities, average values can
help determine the approximate
acreage requirements for a given
size swine operation. Table 6 can be
used to determine the minimum
acreage a new unit will need for
manure use.
An example will make these
methods clear. A producer is intcr-
cstcd in starting a 500 -sow farrow-

ISwinc Manare as a Fertilizer Source
1
1
1
1
to -finish operation using an anacro-
bie lagoon collection system. The
producer is considering spraying the
lagoon liquid effluent on bermu-
dagrass being grown for hay. The
realistic yield expected for this field
is 6 dry tons per acre. How many
acres of bermudagrass would be
needed?
Using Table 5, the maximum
nitrogen (N) rate required is 300 lb
per acre (6 tons x 50 lb Niton). Go
now to Table 6 under surface broad-
cast column 300, and you will find
that each sow would require 0.0867
acres to utilize its waste. A 500 -sow
operation would thus require 43.4
acres (0,0867 x 500 = 43.4).
Value of Manure
To compare the value of manure to
commercial fertilizer, convert the
manure nutrients to available nutri-
ents by using their availability
coefficients. In the example that
follows, the amount of available
nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P20), and
potassium (K20) in each inch of
lagoon liquid is approximately 68,
37, and 93 pounds per acre, respec-
tivcly. At $0.225 per pound of
nitrogen, $0.22 per pound of phos-
phatc, and $0.12 per pound of
potash, the manure's gross worth is
(68 x $.225) + (37 x $.22) +
(93 x $.12)
or
$15.30 + $8.14 + $11.16 = $34.60
per acre for each inch of lagoon
liquid.
I
Table 6. Minimum Amount of Land Needed to Apply Swine Manure as a Nitrogen Fertilizer
Based on the Nitrogen Rate Required by the Crop.
Soil Incorporated'
Surface Broadcast/
::..Liquid Manure Slurry
-to -Seeder per head
0.031
0.015
0.010
Ib Nlacrelyear
0.019
0.0095
0,0063
0.0047
100
200
300
400 100
200
300
400
:' Manure' Handling
0.023
. ,. Farrow -to -weanling per sow
0.36
0.18
0.12
0.099
0.22
and Production Unit
0.073
0.055
Acres/animal unit capacity
0.43
0.21
Paved Lot Scraped Manure
0.11
0.26
0.13
0.088
0.066
' Farrow -to -finish per -sow'
1.7
Weanling -to -feeder per head
0.025
0.012
0.0082
0.0062 0.0158
0.0074
0.0049
0.0037
Feeder -lo -finish per head
0.12
0.061
0.041
0.030 0.073
0.036
0.024
0.018
Farrow -lo -weanling per sow
0.29
0.14
0.095
0.071 0.17
0.085
0.057
0.043
Farrow -to -feeder per sow
0.34
0.17
0.11
0.086 0.21
0.10
0.069
0.051
Farrow -to -finish per sow
1.4
0.70
0.47
0.35 0.84
0.42
0.28
0.21
::..Liquid Manure Slurry
-to -Seeder per head
0.031
0.015
0.010
0.0077
0.019
0.0095
0,0063
0.0047
'Weanling
i,,r,r: Feeder -to -finish per head
OJ5
0.076
0.051
0.038
0.094
0.0470
0.031
0.023
. ,. Farrow -to -weanling per sow
0.36
0.18
0.12
0.099
0.22
0.11
0.073
0.055
Farrow -to -feeder per sow
0.43
0.21
0.14
0.11
0.26
0.13
0.088
0.066
' Farrow -to -finish per -sow'
1.7
0.87
0.58
0.44
1.1
0.54
0.36
0.27
Anaerobic Lagoon Sludge
Weanling-to4eeder per head
0.0019
0.0010
0.0006
0.0005
0.0016
0.0008
0.0005
0.0004
-Feeder-to-finish per head
0.0094
0.0047
0.0031
0.0024
0.0078
0.0039
0.0026
0.0019
Farrow4o-weanling per sow
0.015
0.0074
0.0049
0,0037
0,018
0.0091
0.0061
0.0046
.Farrow -to -feeder per sow
0.018
0.0089
0.0059
0.0044
0.022
0.011
0.0073
0.0055
Farrow -to -finish per sow
0.11
0.054
0.036
0.027
0.089
0.045
0.030
0.022
' 'Anaeroblc Lagoon Liquid
Weanling -to -feeder per head
0.0075
0.0038
0.0025
0.0019
0.0048
0.0024
0.0016
0.0012
Feeder -to -finish per head
0.037
0.018
0.012
0.0092
0.023
0.012
0.0078
0.0058
Farrow -to -weanling per sow
0.084
0.042
0.028
0.021
0.054
0.027
0.018
0.013
Farrow -to -feeder per sow
0.10
0.051
0.034
0.025
0.065
0.032
0.022
0.016
Farrow -to -finish per sow
0.41
0.21
0.14
0.10
0.26
0.13
0.088
0.066
_
., ,incorporated within 2 days ~
-
2Nat Incorporated for 1 month or
longer; lagoon liquid irrigated.

1
1
1
1
1
This v:llne: dues not include
labor or irrigation equipment casts,
nor docs it include the value of any
secondary or micrawtrients avail-
able in the manure. In addition, it
assumes [hat the soil test has indi-
cated a need for each nutrient,
when, in fact, many nutrients may
not be needed. Nutrients not needed
should not be considered in assess-
ing the financial value of the ma-
nure.
Swine Manure as a Fertilizer Source
Land Application
Workshect
Farmer .Zones has a swine operation
in which lagoon liquid is applied
through a travel gun to fertigaic a
field for corn. His yield goal is
about 120 bushels per acre, and he
decides to apply the equivalent of
120 pounds of nitrogen per acrc
(Table 5). His land is not subject to
erosion, nor is it in a nutrient scnsi-
live watershed. The corn crop will
be planted in the same field that had
soybeans last year. Iia has grass
borders on his field to further reduce
the potential of nutrient or pesticide
runoff.
Farmer Jones uses a starter
fertilizer on his corn crop at a rate to
supply 10 pounds of nitrogen per
acre and 34 pounds of P20, per acre.
He intends to supply the remainder
of nitrogen from liquid swine lagoon
Worksheet: Determining the Nutrient Needs of Your Crop
Example Your Farm
1. Crop to be grown corn
2. Total nutrients required
a. N (fable 5) (lb/acre)
b, P20, (soil test) (Ib/acre)
c. K 2 0 (soil test) (lb/acre)
3. Pounds of starter or preplant fertilizer used
a. N (Ib/acre)
b. PA (lb/acre)
c. K,O.(Ib/acre)
4, Residual N credit from legumes (Table 4) (lb/acre)
5. Net nutrient needs of crop (lb/acre)
Nitrogen: Total need (item 2a) minus additional N from
starter (item 3a), minus legume (item 4)
a. N: 120 —10 — 20 (Ib/acre)
Phosphorus and potassium: Total need (items 2b and 2c)
minus additional nutrients from starter (items 3b and 3c)
120
50
50
10
34
0
20
b. P20,: 54 — 34 (Ib/acre) 16
' c. K20: 50 — 0 (lb/acre) 50
RATE OF MANURE TO APPLY
6. Nutrient totals in manure (from Table 1 or waste samples), If analysis
report already gives available nutrients, skip this Item.
a. Total N (lb/acre-inch) 136
b. P.O. (lb/acre-inch) 53
c. K20 (Ib/acre-inch) 133

Soffaets end Exhibit 12
effluent. I•low much effluent docs he will be needed to supplement the of 50 pounds of each nutrient per
need to apply to meet the nitrogen crop with additional K,0 or P,Oti to acre? The answers are given in the
needs of his corn crop? How much satisfy his soil test recommendations workshcef.
Worksheet (continued)
Exampie Your Farm
7. Nutrients available to crop (items 6a, 6b, and 6c) times availability
' coefficients (fable 3)
a. Available N: 136 x 0.5 (Iblacre-inch) 68
b. Available P205: 53 x 0.7 (Iblacre-inch) _ 37
c. Available K20: 133 x 0.7 (Iblacre-inch) 93
B.Application rate to supply priority nutrient
a. Priority nutrient nitrogen
b. Amount of priority nutrient needed (lb/acre from Item 5a) 90
c. Rate of manure needed to supply priority nutrient
(item 8b)/(item 7a): 90166 (acre -inch) 1.32
' 9. Pounds per acre of all nutrients supplied at the application rate
required to meet the needs for the priority nutrient. For each nutrient,
multiply the available nutrients (items 7a, 7b, and 7c) by manure rate (item 8c).
a. N supplied: 68 x 1.32 (Iblacre) 90
b. P20s supplied: 37 x 1.32 (Iblacre) 49
' c. K20 supplied: 93 x 1.32 (lb/acre) 123
10.1slutrient Balance: Net nutrient need (—) or excess (+) after application
of manure at calculated rate. Subtract the net nutrient needs of the crop
(items 5a, 5b, and 5c) from the nutrient rate applied (items 9a, 9b, and 9c).
a. N balance: 90 — 90 (lb/acre) 0
b. P 2 0 5 balance: 49 —16 (lb/acre) +33
rc. K20 balance: 123 — 50 (Ib/acre) +73
Source: Calculation format modified from Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources, Field Application of Manure,
' October 1986.
' Prepared by
J. A Zublena, Extelision Soil Science Speciatia't
J. C. Barker, Extension Agricultural Engineering Specialist
' J. W. Parker, b:x1ension Arca Swinc Specialist (retired)
G M. Stanislaw, Extension Swinc Specialist
The authors wish to acknowledge the assistance and cooperation of the North Carolina Department of Agriculture's
Agronomic Division in the analysis of samples and the development of the data base used in this publication.
10,000 copies of this public document were printed at a cost of $1,422.00, or $.14 per copy.
Published by
NORTH CAROUNA COOPERATIVE EXTENSION SERVICE
6193--10Mi--MOC—Woodard (Revised) AG -439.4
WQWM-39
.J

1
I�
L
1
1
1
633.6
Exhibit 13
Table I EPA Regulations on Land Application of Sewage Sludge:
Metal Loading Rates (503 Rceulations)
Ceiling Monthly avcra§vc Maximum cumulative Maximum annual
ecal concentration' concentration loading rate loadin¢ rate
Arsenic (As)
Cadmium (Cd)
Chromium (Cr)
Copper (Cu)
Lead (Pb)
Mercury (Hg)
Molybdemum (Mo)
Nickel (Ni)
Selenium (Sc)
Zinc (Zn)
mg!!cg
mg/kg
kg/ha 1
75
41
41
85
39
39
3004
1200
3000
4300
1500
1500
840
300
300
57
17
I7
75
i8
18
420
420
420
100
36
100
7500
2800
2800
2.0
1.9
150
75
15
0.85
0.90
21
5.0
140
t'All sludges applied to land must have concentrations less than the ceiling concentration.
"Sludges with this concentration or less and which meet Class A vector and pathogen reduction requirements arc classified as clean biosoUds. Do
not require land application site permits.
t
J
Any field office receiving a request for assistance involving municipal or industrial sludge should contact a resource specialist at the State Office by
following the proper protocol.
t' North Carolina Department otAgriculturc Agronomic Division
PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS
A written Waste Utilization Plan shall be a part of
each waste management system design. Exhibit A is
an example of the minimum acceptable Waste
Utilization Plan and includes the minimum
specifications.
Plans and specifications are to be prepared for
specific field sites, based on the standard. Plans and
specifications include construction plans, drawings,
job sheets, construction specifications, narrativc
statements, or other similar documents. These
documents are to specify the requirements for
installing the practice, such as the kind, amount, or
quality of materials to be used, or the timing or
sequence of installation activities.
OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
Operation and maintenance requirements shall be
part of the waste utilization plan.
MRCS, NC
SEFIEMBER,1996
Rcv. 2
TABLE
Soil Test Values Indicating Potential Phytotoxic Problems'
_L
Soil Cation Exchange Capacity (1ne9/100cmJ)
Metal 1-5
6-10 11-15 15+
lbs/ac
Index
lbs/ac Index lbs/ac Index lbs/ac Index
Zinc 50
704
75 1056 I25 1761 250 3521
Copper 25
694
43 1250 65 1805 125 3472
t
J
Any field office receiving a request for assistance involving municipal or industrial sludge should contact a resource specialist at the State Office by
following the proper protocol.
t' North Carolina Department otAgriculturc Agronomic Division
PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS
A written Waste Utilization Plan shall be a part of
each waste management system design. Exhibit A is
an example of the minimum acceptable Waste
Utilization Plan and includes the minimum
specifications.
Plans and specifications are to be prepared for
specific field sites, based on the standard. Plans and
specifications include construction plans, drawings,
job sheets, construction specifications, narrativc
statements, or other similar documents. These
documents are to specify the requirements for
installing the practice, such as the kind, amount, or
quality of materials to be used, or the timing or
sequence of installation activities.
OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
Operation and maintenance requirements shall be
part of the waste utilization plan.
MRCS, NC
SEFIEMBER,1996
Rcv. 2

EXHIBIT 14
Planting Guide for Forage
� in North Carolina
J
' Distributed in furtherance
of the Acts of Congress
of May b and Juno a0, 1914.
Employment and program
opportunities are offered to
all people regardless of
race, color, national origin,
sax, ago, or disability.
North Carolina State University,
North Carolina A&T State
' University. U.S. Department or
Agriculluro, and local
governments cooperating.
This planting guide provides the best available information about planting rates, depths,
and stand evaluation for forage crops commonly grown in North Carolina. The process of
establishing a forage crop is very important because:
❑ It is expensive—$100 to $250 per acre;
❑ Perennial crops can remain productive for several years without replanting, and thus
poor stands can result in long-term low yields and increased production costs;
❑ Soil and water conservation and animal feeding depend upon rapid establishment
of persistently good stands.
Variety Selection
Variety selection can influence the produc-
tivity and persistence of a crop, but most
of the information provided here applies to
all varieties of the same species. Informa-
tion on variety performance can be
obtained from Extension Service publica-
tion AG -49, Forage Crops Variety Testing,
or from Forage Memos, available from the
Department of Crop Science. Remember,
however, that poor stands can nullify the
influence of even the best varieties.
Planting Region
The climate and soils of North Carolina
vary considerably across the state. This
variation makes it necessary to plant at
different times in each area. The state can
be divided into three major regions: moun-
tains, piedmont, and coastal plain. The
planting dates in this guide are listed for
the major regions and are based on
normal growing conditions.
A review of the average freezing dates
in the spring (Figure 1) and fall (Figure 2)
indicates significant differences in weather
within and between the three major
regions. Therefore, the planting dates
rclyt.��i, ,a ,,.1yr,�r ::: i . !• iitJ
a%� t �';�.�.;:�. _,:: •:... IIifI 11[11
{Y��'�i'� Ji�.•,i: i•� ,I•'� • • . ave'` �I lYi`:��
suggested may be adjusted a few days on
the basis of local experience and weather
records. For example, the optimum
planting dates for the mountains are 15 to
30 days. earlier in the fall than those for
the piedmont, but a review of the tempera-
ture records indicates that the best
planting dates in the southern mountains
may be similar to those in the piedmont.
Planting Time
Establishing a successful forage crop
depends partly on weather conditions
shortly before and after planting. Years of
field research and experience under North
Carolina's varied growing conditions have
made it possible for researchers to
recommend planting dates that will most
likely lead to success or minimize risk.
Delaying planting until the last possible
dates indicated in the table may reduce
the chance of a good stand by 30 to 50
percent.
Time of planting is important because
the survival rate of developing seedlings is
related to the time at which stress occurs
from drought, freezing, or competition for
light and nutrients. If no such stress
North Carolina
Cooperative Extension Service
NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE & LIFE SCIENCES

occurs, or if it occurs after seedlings are
well established, survival and produc-
tion losses can be minimized. ¢ Z
Fall Plantings. In general, the Mountains
perennial cool -season forages
can best be established by„ -
planting in the fall in a disked `
or plowed seedbed that is firm
and smooth. Seedbeds can
best be prepared during favor-
able autumn weather when weeds are not as
competitive. Furthermore, seedling root systems can
become well established before hot, dry weather the
following season. However, late fall plantings can
result in winter injury from freezing and heaving.
A disadvantage to autumn planting is that there is
often not enough moisture for good germination and
seedling development. Planting in a hot,
dry seedbed is a gamble because a
light rain followed by continued
drought can cause germination,
then death of the seedlings. If Mountains 0
planting is delayed beyond the
possible seeding dates listed Oct
here, it is best to wait until the
following spring or fall. Estab-
lishment costs are too high to
risk winterkill unnecessarily. 0� c;
Here are some points to remem- C
ber about fall planting:
N Cool -season grass seedlings are more tolerant
of freezing temperatures and heaving than legumes.
■ In prepared seedbeds, alfalfa and ladino clover
should have five to seven true leaves present before
frequent freezing weather occurs.
■ In prepared seedbeds, grasses should have three
to four leaves before freezing weather occurs.
Spring Plantings. Spring plantings in the piedmont
and mountains may be justified (1) if land or sod is
prepared In the fall or winter, and plantings can be
made early enough for the crop to become established
before summer stress; (2) if seedling diseases on
legumes have usually been a problem for fall plant -
Ings; and (3) if summer weeds can be controlled while
the seedlings develop.
Sod Seeding
Fall plantings can be made later in sod than in pre-
pared seedbeds because the existing sod provides
protection for the developing seedlings during the
winter.
(2)
Q�ryN Piedmont 1. Coastal Plain
T , Aor 1
MrM
Q Apr 1
Sandhills
Mat 22 -
Figure 1. Average date of last freezing temperature
(32°F) in spring.
0
Piedmont coastal o
Plain 0 2 v,
A
ZQ
.W
Sandhills ” `a """ ^"^' �0
0
r. �o
4� 1g
N
Figure 2. Average date of first freezing temperature
(32°F) in fail.
When planting ladino clover in an established sod
of tall fescue or other cool -season grass, late winter or
early spring (February to March) plantings are often as
effective as fall plantings. However, fall sod plantings
of alfalfa in fescue have been more successful than
late winter plantings in the piedmont and coastal plain,
except for late winter plantings made in sod killed the
previous fall. When planting low -endophyte fescue or
orchardgrass in existing sod, it is best to plant in the
fall. (See Forage Memo 16 for details.)
Seeding Rates
Seeding rates vary because of seed size, purity,
germination percentage, and seedling vigor. Under
adverse conditions, only 10 to 50 percent of the seeds
planted will establish successfully. Therefore, many
seeds are needed to obtain a satisfactory stand.

'
Jul *Aug 20
Orchardgrass + Attalla
B:5 + 20; D:3 + 15
Orchardgrass + Ladino
6:12 + 4; 0:9 + 3
Clover
Mar I -May 15
Orehardgrass + Red
0:12 + 10; D.9 + 8
Clover
Mar 1 -May 15
Tall Fescue + Ladino
B:10 + 4; D:8 + 3
Clover
Mar 1 -May 15
Tail Fescue + Red
8:10 + 8; 6718+ -EF
Mar 20•Aor 20
Mar 1 -May 15
'Clover
ANNUAL GRASSES
Feb 15 -Mar 31
Barley
FORAGE PLANTING GUIDE FOR NORTH CAROLINA
Millet, Pearl (Cattail}
B:20.25; D:15.20;
Sep 1 -Sep 30
Sep I.Oct 25
Seeding Rale
0:10.15; R:5.7
Japanese (Not as
Feb 15 -Mar 20
productive as Pearl)
Aug 25.0cl 15
Oats
8:130; D:100
'
8:120; D:100
(Ibyacre)
8:30.40; D:20-30
B: broadcast
0: dull (4- to 9-
Mountains
inch rows)
Planting
(above 2.50011 eloyalion)'
1
R: row (30+ inches)
Depth
Soo toolnoto lot below 2,500 It
Piedmont and Tidewater"
Coastal Plain"
Crop
PLS: pure live seeds
(inches)
Best Dales
Possible Dates
Bost Dates
Possible Dales
Best Dates
Possible Dates
PERENNIAL GRASSES
Bahlagrass
8:15.25; 0:10.20
V. -'h
Not adapted
Not well adapted
Feb 15 -Mar 15
Fob t -Mar 31
Bcrmudagrass (Hybrid)
B:25.40;
1 •3
Not adapted
Mar 1 -Mar 3t
Feb 16 -May 1 or
Mar 1•Mar 31
Feb 15 -Apr 15 or
Sprigs • bu. =1.2511'
R:5.15 bushels
thru Jul it irrigated
thm Jul 4 irrigated
Betmudagrass
6:6.8; 0:5-7
'/4 - 'h
Not adapted
Apr 15 -May 15
Apr 1Jun 15
Apr 1•May 15
Mar 154un 7
1
(Common-•sood. only)
-
Big Bluestein
0.8-10 PLS;
'h --Y4
May 15 -Jun 15
May 1 -Jun 30�
May 10 -Jun 1�
May IJun 30
Apr 20 -May 15
Apr 10 -Jun 30
6:10.12 PLS
'Bluegrass
8:10-15; 0:8-12
%
Jul 25 -Aug 10
Jut 15 Aug 25_
Nol well adaplcd
Not well adapted
Caucasian Bluestein
D:2 PLS; B: 4 PLS
/.
'%,
May 15 -Jun 15
May 1 Jun 30
May 10 -Jun I
_
May 1 -Jun 30
Apr 20 -May 15
Apr 10 -Jun 30
Dalllsgrass
8:20.30; 0:15.20
i '/. • Yt
Not adapted
Net well adapted
Mar 1 -Mar 30
Feb 15 -Apr 15
'
}:astern Gammagrass
D:10 15 PLS;
'/. • 1
May 15 -Jun 15
May 1 Jun 30
May 10Jun 1
May 1 Jun 30
Apr 20 -May 15
Apr 10 -Jun 30
B: Do not broadcast
Flaccidgtass
02.4; Precision
Jun 1 -Jun 15
May IWul 1
May 15 -Jun 7
Apr IWul I
May 7 -Jun 1
Apr 15 -Jun 15
plant: 1.2;
'/. • 'h
Mar 1 -Apr 7
Fob 15 -Apr 15
Fob 20 -Mar 20
Feb 1 -Mar 30
Fob 15 -Mar 15
Feb I•Mar 30
Sprig: 3.4111 in 18'
2 - 3
May 15 -Jun 15
May Will 15
Apr 25 -Jun 1
Apr 15 -Jul 15
Apr 25 -May 20
Apr 15 -Jut 10
tows; Idlers: 2.41<t
real cove
_
Indlangrass
D:8.10 PLS;
'h -'h
May 15 -Jun 15
May 1 -Jun 30
May 10 -Jun 1
May 1 -Jun 30
Apr 20 -May 15
Apr 10Jun 30
8:10-112 PLS
Orchardgrass
Bat 15; D;8.12
'/. - 'h
Jul 25 -Aug 10
Jul 15 -Aug 20
Aug 25 -Sep 15 ^
Aug 25 -Oct 25
Not well adapted
Mar 20 -Apr 20
Mar I -May 15
Feb 15 -Mar 31
Read Canarygrass
6:5.10; DA
'h • h
Jul 25 -Aug 10
Jul 15 -Aug 20
Aug 25.5op 15+—
Aug 25.Oct 25
Not wall adapted
-8
Mar 20 -Apr 20
Mar I -May 15
Mar t -Mar 31
YSop
Rescuegrass
�D.20.25, B.25-35
'h • 3'.
Aug 20 -Sep 7
Aug 15 -Oct 1
Sop 1 -Sep 15
Aug 25 -Oct 15
I -Sop 30
Aug 25.Oe1 15
Mar 15 -Mar 30
Mar I -Apr 30
Mar 1 -Mar 30
Feb 15•Apr 30
'
Smooth Bromegrass
6:10.20; D:8-15
'/. • '/,
Jul 25 -Aug 10
Jul 15 -Aug 20
Not well adapted
Not adapted
Mat 20 -Apr 20
Mar 1 -May 15
Switchgrass
0:6-12 PLS
%, • Y,
May 15 -Jun 15 T
May IJun 30
May 1 -Jun 1
Apr 1 -Jun 30
Apr *May 15
Apr 10 -Jun 30
Tall Fescue
D:10-15
'/.
Jul 25 -Aug 10
Jul t5 -Aug 20
Aug 25 -Sep 15
Aug 25 -Oct 25
Sep 1•Sep 30
Sep 1 -Oct 31
615.20:
_
y'h
Mar 20 -Apr 20
Mar 1•May 15
Feb t5 -Mar 31
Feb 15 -Mar 20
Timothy
6:10 12; D:8.14
'/. yi
Jul 25 Aug 10
Jul 15 Aug 24
Not well adapted
Not adapted
Mar 20 -Apr 20
Mar 1 -May 15
'MIXTURES
Jul *Aug 20
Orchardgrass + Attalla
B:5 + 20; D:3 + 15
Orchardgrass + Ladino
6:12 + 4; 0:9 + 3
Clover
Mar I -May 15
Orehardgrass + Red
0:12 + 10; D.9 + 8
Clover
Mar 1 -May 15
Tall Fescue + Ladino
B:10 + 4; D:8 + 3
Clover
Mar 1 -May 15
Tail Fescue + Red
8:10 + 8; 6718+ -EF
Mar 20•Aor 20
Mar 1 -May 15
'Clover
ANNUAL GRASSES
Feb 15 -Mar 31
Barley
5:140; D:100
Millet, Pearl (Cattail}
B:20.25; D:15.20;
Sep 1 -Sep 30
Sep I.Oct 25
Millet, Foxtall, and
0:10.15; R:5.7
Japanese (Not as
Feb 15 -Mar 20
productive as Pearl)
Aug 25.0cl 15
Oats
8:130; D:100
Rye
8:120; D:100
' Ryegrass
8:30.40; D:20-30
1/4 Jul 25 -Aug 10
Jul *Aug 20
Mar 20 -Apr 20
Mar 1 -May 15
'/4 Jul 25 -Aug 10
Jul 15 -Aug 20
Mar 20 -Apr 20
Mar I -May 15
'A Jul 25 -Aug 10
Jul 15 -Aug 20
Mar 20 -Apr 20
Mar 1 -May 15
'A Jul 25-Atig 10
Jul 15 -Aug 20
Mar 20 -Apr 20
Mar 1 -May 15
'A� Jul 25 -Aug. 10
Jul 15•Aug 20
Mar 20•Aor 20
Mar 1 -May 15
1-2
Aug I -Aug 20
Aug I.Oct 10
'h • )'h
May 15 -May 31
May 1 -Jun 30
'h • 1 %,
May 15 -May 31
May 1 -Jun 30
Aug 25 -Sep 15
Aug 25 -Oct 15
Not wall adapted
Apr 25 -Jun 30
May 1•May 31
_ May (Jun 30
Aug 25 -Sep 15
Aug 25.0cl 15
Not well adapted
Feb 15 -Mar 31
Aug 25 -Sop 15
Aug 25.0cl 15
Not adapted
Feb 15 -Mar 31
Aug 25 -Sep 15
Aug 25 -Oct 15
Sep 1 -Sep 30
Sep I.Oct 25
Fab 15 -Mar 31
)heavy soils only)
Feb 15 -Mar 20
Aug 25 Sep 15y�
Aug 25.0cl 15
Sep I -Sep 30
1
Sep I.Oct 25
Feb 15 -Mar 31
(heavy sols only)
Feb 15 -Mar 20
Aug 25 -Sep 15
Aug 20.00I 31
May 1 -May 31
Apr 25 -Jun 30
May 1•May 31
_ May (Jun 30
Not well adapted
May I •May 15 Apr 20 -Jun 30
May 1 -May 15 Apr 20 -Jun 30
1 •2 Not well adapted Aug 25 -Sep 15 Aug 20 -Oct 31 _Sep 5 -Sep 30 Sep )-Nov 15
1.2 Aug I•Aug 20 Aug I.Oct W Aug 25-Scp 15 Aug 20.Oct 31 Sep 5•Sep 30 Sep 1- Nov 15
'l. - A Jul 25•Aug 10 Jul 15•Aug'31 Aug 25 -Sep 15 Aug 20.00 31 Sep t -Sop 30 Sep 1-0cl 31
(3)

'
FORAGE PLANTING GUIDE FOR NORTH CAROLINAcontinued
i
1
Seeding Rale
'
(iblacre)
B: broadcast
D: drill (4- to 9.
Mountains
inch rows)
Planting
(above 2,500 It elevation)*
R: row (30+ inches)
Depth
See loolnole for below 2,500 It
Piedmont and Tidewater"
Coastal Plain"
Crop
PLS: pure We seeds
(inches)
Best Dales
Possible Dates
Best Dates
Possible Dales
Best Dates
Possible Dates
Ryegrass
Reduca ryegrass
See
Seo small grain or clover
Sao smaa grain or clover
See small grain or clover
'
With small grain or
rale by 50%
ryeg(ass,
clover mixture)
grain, or
clover
Sorghum (Sudan)
8:35-40; 12()-30;
%, • 1
May 15 -May 31
May I Jun 30
May 1 -May 31
Apr 25Jun 30
May I -May 15
Apr 20 -Jun 30
'
R:15.20
Sorghum, Forage (Silage)
RA -6
1 • 1A
May 15 -May 31
May I -Jun 30
_
1 May I -May 31
Apr 25 -Jun 30
May I•May 15
Apr 20 -Jun 30
5udangrass
8:30.40; D:20.25
1-2
May 15 -May 31
May 1 -Jun 30
May 1 -May 31
Apr 25 -Jun 30
May 1 -May 15
Apr 20 -Jun 30
Wheal
0:120; D:100
1 -2
Aug I -Aug 20
Aug t-Ocl 10
Aug 25 -Sop 15
Aug 20 -Oct 31
Sep 5 -Sop 30
Sep 1 -Nov 15
Small Grain Mix
Reduce each
1 •2
See dates for grains
See dates for grains
See dales for grains
(2 Grains)
selection by 50%
'
Small Grain
Reduce each
y, • 1
Sec dales for grains and ryograss
Sae dales for grains and ryegrass
See dales for grains and ryegrass
Ryagrass Mix
selection by 25%
PERENNIAL LEGUMES
Alfalfa
0:20.25; D:15.20
'/4
Jul 25 -Aug 10
Jul 15 -Aug 20
1 Aug 25 -Sop 15
Aug 25 -Oct 15
Sep 1 -Sep 30
Sep 1 -Oct 31
'
— _
Mar t -A r 7
Mar 1_APr 15
Mar I•Mar 31
Alfalfa (For sod seeding
D:15.20
'/4 - %,
Jul 25 -Aug 101
Aug 25 -Sep 151
Oct 15 -Oct 25
Sep I.Oct 3t
Into grass)
Sep t5 -Oct 11
Jul 25 -OCL 15
Oct 10.Oct 20'
Aug 25 -Oct 20
0lydsfaol Trefoil
6:8.10; D:6.8
'/�
Jul 25 -Aug 10
Jul 15 -Avg 30 _ _
Not well adapted_
Not well adapted
Crownvetch
8:15.20; D:10.15
'/. h
Jul 25 -Aug 10
Jul 15 -Aug 20
Aug 25 -Sep 15
Aug 15.Ocl 25
Not well adapted
ftr erosion conUol)
Mar 20 -Apr 20
Mar 1 -Apr 15
Mar 1 -Mar 30
Mar 1 -Apr 15
Ladino or While Clover
8:5; 0:3.5
V.
Jul 25 -Aug 10
Jul 15 -Aug 20
Aug 25 -Oct 15
Sep 1.Oct 25�
'
Mar 20 -Apr 20
Mar 1 -May 15
Aug 25 -Sep 15
Mar 1 -Mar 31
Sep t -Sep 30
Feb 15 -Mar 20
Ladino (For sod seeding
B:5; D:3.5
1/. • V,
Jul 25 -Aug 101
Aug 25 -Sep 151
Sep t -Sep 301
We grass)
Aug 1 -Sep 11
Mar 1•Mar 20
Aug 1 -Sep 15
Mar 1 -Mair 15
Oct 7 -Oct 151
Feb 20—Mar 10
Aug 25 -Oct 25
Feb 15 -Mar 20
Oct 7 -Oct 151
Feb 15 -Feb 20
Sep 1.Oct 31
Feb 10 -Mar 15
Red Clover
8:10.15; D:8.10
'A -'h
Jul 25 -Aug 10
Jul 15 -Aug 20
Aug 25 -Sep 30
Sep I.Oct 15
Mar 1 -May 15
Aug 25 -Sap 15
Fab 15 -Mar 30
Sep I -Sep 30
Feb 115 -Mar 20
Red Clover (For sod
8:10-15; 0:8.10
'I. - 'h
Jul 25 -Aug 101
Aug 25 -Sep 151
Sep 1 -Sep 30'
'
seeding into grass)
Aug 1 -Sep 11
Aug I -Sep 15
Oct 7.Ocl 15'
Aug 2 -5 -Oct 25
Oct7.Ocs 151
Sep I.Oct 31
Mar 1 -Mar 20
Mar I -May 15
_Feb 20 -Mai 10
Feb 15 -Mar 20
_Feb 15 -Fab 28
Feb 10 -Mat 15
Serlcea Lespedeza
B.'20.40; D:15.30
'A - 'h
Mar 15 -Apr 15
Mar 1•Apr 30
Mar 1 -Mar 20
Feb 15 -Apr 30
Mar t -Mar 20
Feb 15 -Apr 30
'(Dehulled)_
5weelclover
8:20.50; 0:10-15
1/4 - 'h
Jul 25 -Aug 10
Jul 15 -Aug 20
Aug 25.Ocl 15
Sep 1 -Sep 30
Sep I.Oct 31
(Dehulled)
Mar i -Apr 7
Mar 1 -Apr 15
Aug 25 -Sep 15
Mar I -Mar 31
ANNUAL LEGUMES
Crimson Clover
6:20.25; D:_15•_2.0
M
IA - 'h_
Jul 25•Aug 10
Jul i 5 -Aug 20
TW �
Aug 25 Sep 15 ^Aug
25�Oc125
5ep1_5ep 50
Sep I.Oct 30
—
Crimson Clover (Mixed
B:20: D:15
V. - 'h
Same as Crimson clover
Same as Crimson clover
Same as Crimson clover
with Ryegrass or
Reduce grain by 113
Small Grain)
Lespedeza, Kobe
8:30.40
'/4 - %r
Mar 15 -Mar 31
Mar I -Apr 15
Feb 10 -Feb 28
Feb 1 -Mar 30
Feb 1 -Feb 20
Feb 1 -Mar 20
Korean
8:20.30
Clover
8:10.20; 0:8.15
/6 • h
May not be adapted
Aug 25 -Sep 15
Aug 15.Oc125 _
Sep I -Sep 30
Sep 1.Oct 31�
'Subterranean
Vetch (Common, Hairy)
6;25.40; D:20.30
'h - 1'h
Jul 25 -Aug 10
Jul 15 -Aug 30
Aug 25 -Sep 30
Aug 25.Ocl 25
Sep 1Sep 30
Sep 1.Oct 25
8:20-30; 0:15.20
' vmcn arwica
Rape and Turnips 8.6.8; D:3.4 'A - A Mar 1 -Apr 30 Feb 15 -May 10 Feb 15 -Mar 15 Feb 1 -Apr 15 Feb 15 -Mar 1 Feb 1•Apr i
Jul 15 -Sop 1 Jul I -Sop 15 Aug 15 -Sop 15 Aug i -Oct 1 Sep I.Oct 1 Aug 15 -Oct 30
May extend the fall dales by 20 days, where elevation is below 2,500 teat, and seed 15 days earlier In spring.
" For the black, hoavy-textured soils in the tidewater region, use dates for the piodmonL
Me best lime to sod seed dopends on the prevalence of insmis in late August and early September and the drought prediction for September. It insects are not evident and moisture is
adequate, plant on the early dates.
A.IIak can be succesalully sodded into a sod in mid• to late winter (same as Ladino) provided that the grass sod is Mod the proAous fall (irt October or November).
(4)

Seed Size
Small seeds are not as vigorous as large ones.
Therefore, emergence rates may vary with planting
depth. The number of seeds per pound varies as
follows: ladino clover, 800,000; orchardgrass, 650,000;
fescue, 227,000; alfalfa, 200,000; and pearl millet,
88,000.
Germination Rate
The percentage of seeds that will germinate generally
declines with age, but if seeds are stored in a cool, dry
place, germination should not decline more than 10
percent the first year. In general, seeds that have low
germination levels also produce seedlings with poor
vigor.
Drill vs. Broadcast
Planting rates for drilling are 20 to 50 percent less than
for broadcasting. Since drilling concentrates the seeds
within a furrow, they occupy a smaller area of the
ground and are better able to break through the soil
crust. Seed placement, soil contact, and uniformity of
Table 1. Planting Depth Affects Grass
and Legume Establishment
Planting Depth (inches)
Crops 1/4 =/s 1 2
Established Plants (sq it)
Alfalfa, ladino 47 22 9 0:::
Tall fescue, orchardgrass 48 39 31
Sooding rates per acre were 20 lb alfalfa, 516 ladirio'. 10
fescue, and 61b orchardgrass. . .
stands are usually better with drilling than with broad-
casting, especially when planting conditions are not
optimum.
Planting Depth
Generally, small -seeded crops can be planted slightly
deeper in sandy soils than in clay soils.'Grasses can
usually be planted deeper than legumes in similar
soils. However, it is important to prepare a firm seed -
Table 2. Characteristics of Good Grass and Clover Stands
Plant Species
Seedlings (sq ft)
,,;'.Mixtures'
Ladino/fescue
20 to 35 of each living in November
.' Ladinolorchardgrass
20 to 35 ladino'and'35 to 55 orchardgrass living in November
Cool season Grasses•
Fescue
40 to 60 living in November
Orchardgrass
70 to 100 living in November
Warm Season Grasses
Pearlmillet 15 to 25 living after 1 month
Sorghum-sudan 15 to 25 living after 1 month.
Alfalfa
Age of Stand Minimum Number of Desirable Number of
(months) Plants to Keep Stand Plants for Good Production
Plants (sq ft)
3 to 6 10° 50 or more
12 10° 25 or more
24 10 15 or more
36 5108 10 or more
48 or more 3 to 5
'Assumes an autumn planting date,
.'i; 1xirAy
'These figures will eventually result in satisfactory stands; however, yields will be low during the first season as weeds encroach, s1ij Ir,
(5)

1
1
bed before planting to conserve moisture and avoid
variation in planting depth. Precision planting equip-
ment is usually required to get proper depth control for
small forage seeds. Table 1 shows how planting depth
affects grass and legume stands.
What is a Good Stand?
Since plant characteristics change depending upon
their density, age, grazing or cutting height, and other
factors, it is difficult to say exactly how many plants it
takes to make a good stand. In general, a good stand
is one that provides 90 to 100 percent ground cover
and will produce high yields when managed properly.
The clover part of mixtures should make up at least 30
percent of the stand (on a weight basis) in order for it
to significantly contribute to the mixture. One should
END OF EXHIBIT 14
walk fields several times each growing season in order
to make a fair evaluation of stands. Table 2 presents
some general characteristics of good stands for
several forage crops.
When Using This Guide Remember:
The fact that information about a particular crop is
given in this publication does not mean that the
species is recommended for North Carolina. In fact,
several crops have not performed satisfactorily in this
state. Information about these varieties is included to
increase the chance of success if the decision to plant
them has already been made. Additional information
on various forage varieties can be obtained by con-
tacting your county Cooperative Extension Service
agent.
Prepared by
J. T Green and J. P. Mueller, Crop Science Extension Specialists—Forages
D. S. Chamblee, Professor Emeritus, Crop Science
2,000 copies of this public document were printed at a cost of $520.00, or $.26 per copy.
+ i.. L'Jo.a fIN l,: I !;"tiiuL'J 70 YOU l3Y Tlip
NORTH CASOLINA COOPERATIVC EXTENSION SERVICE
RODCSON COUNTY CCNTER
LUM8ERTON, NORTH CAROLINA 28358
(910) 671.327G
Published by
NORTH CAROLINA COOPERATIVE EXTENSION SERVICE
5/93--2M--MOC-230262 (Revised) '
AG -266

lest Kesults
Soil Class Hm% WN CEC
85%
Ac pH P-1
K-f
Ca%
Mg%
Mn-1 Mn-Al (7)Wn-Al (2)
Zn-1
Zn-Al
Cu-1
S-1
SS-1
NCh-N AH-N
Na
MIN 0.92 0.89 15.1
89.0
1.6 5.8 494
213
64.0
19.0
395 246 246
1079
1079
1412
53
0.4
Same a No. Last Cmp
o
r A
Crap or Year
Lime
N f305
g Cu
zn
B
mn
See Note
RS2 Milet,Peari
1st Crop:FeslOGlfim,E
2.1T
50-70 0
0
0 0
0
0
12
2nd Cr Mi Iel,Pmrl
0
140-180 0
0
0 0
0
0
3
Test Results
Sail Class Hm% WN CCC
85%
Ac pH P-1
K-1
CA
Mg%
Mn-1 Mn-Al (I)Mn-Al (2)
Zn-1
Zn Al
Cu-1
S-1
SS-1
Na-N Nl#-N
Na
MIN 1.02 0.93 11.5
80,0
2.3 5.3 486
251
51.0
1B.0
179 117 117
797
797
667
46
0.2
Sample No, Last Crop
IL4o
Yr A
Crop or Year
Lima
N nos
mo
Mg Cu
zn
8
mn
See
Note
RS3 Milet.Pearl
1st Crop:Fes/OGlilm,E
2.1T
50-70 0
0
0 0
0
0
12
2nd Cro Milel,Pearl
0
140.180 0
0
0 0
0
0
3
Test Results
Soil Class HM% WIV CEC
BS%
Ac pH P-1
K-1
CA
Mq%
Mn-1 W Al (i)Mn-Al
(2)
Zn-1
Zn-Al
Cu-1
S-1
SS-1
Na-m Aft-N
Na
MIN 0.6 0.98
9.5
76.0
2.3 5.1 367
278
49.0
12.0
184 120 120
1200
120D
522
57
0.2

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1
1
1
Field Calibration Procedures
for Animal Wastewater Application Equipment
HARD HOSE Land application equipment used on animal production farms must be field
AND CABLE calibrated or evaluated in accordance with existing design charts and tables
TOW TRAVELER
IRRIGATION SYSTEM
General Guidelines
according to state rules that went into effect September 1, 1996. Technical
Specialist certifying waste management plans after September 1, 1996, must
also certify that operators have been provided calibration and adjustment
guidance for all land application equipment. The rules apply to irrigation sys-
tems as well as all other types of liquid, slurry, or solid application equipment.
Information presented in manufacturers` charts are based on average op-
erating conditions for relatively new equipment. Discharge rates and applica-
tion rates change over time as equipment ages and components wear. As a
result, equipment should be field calibrated regularly to ensure that applica-
tion rates and uniformity are consistent with values used during the system
design and given in manufacturers' specifications. Field calibration involves
collection and measurement of the material being applied at several locations
in the application area. This publication contains step-by-step guidelines for
field calibration of hard hose and cable tow traveler irrigation systems.
Operating an irrigation system differently than
assumed in the design will alter the application rate,
uniformity of coverage, and subsequently the applica-
tion uniformity. Operating with excessive pressure
results in smaller droplets, greater potential for drift,
and accelerates wear of the sprinkler nozzle. Pump
wear tends to reduce operating pressure and flow.
With continued use, nozzle wear results in an increase
In the nozzle opening, which will increase the
discharge rate while decreasing the wetted diameter.
Clogging of nozzles or crystallization of main lines
can result in increased pump pressure but reduced
flow at the gun. Plugged intakes will reduce operating
pressure. An operating pressure below design pressure
greatly reduces the coverage diameter and application
uniformity. Field calibration helps ensure that nutri-
ents from animal waste are applied uniformly and at
proper rates.
The calibration of a hard hose or cable tow system
involves setting out collection containers, operating
the system, measuring the amount of wastewater
collected in each container, and then computing the
0
average application volume and application unifor-
mity.
An in-line flow meter installed in the main
irrigation line provides a good estimate of the total
volume pumped from the lagoon during each irriga-
tion cycle. The average application depth can be
determined by dividing the pumped volume by the
application area. The average application depth is
computed from the formula:
Average application depth (inches) =
Volume pumped (gallons)
27,154 (gal/ac-in) X Application area (acres)
The averageapplication depth is the average
amount applied throughout the field. Unfortunately,
sprinklers do not apply the same depth of water
throughout their wetted diameter. Under normal
operating conditions, application depth decreases
towards the outer perimeter of the wetted diameter.
Big gun sprinkler systems typically have overlap
based on a design sprinkler spacing of 70 to 80
percent of the wetted sprinkler diameter to compen-

1
Field Calibration Procedures
for Animal Wastewater Application Equipment
sate for the declining application along the outer
perimeter. When operated at the design pressure, this
overlap results in acceptable application uniformity.
When operated improperly, well-designed systems
will not provide acceptable application uniformity.
For example, if the pressure is too low, the applica-
tion depth will be several times higher near the
center of sprinkler and water will not be thrown as
far from the sprinkler as indicated in manufacturers'
charts. Even through the average application depth
may be acceptable, some areas receive excessively
high application while others receive no application
at all.
When applying wastewater high in nutrients, it is
important to determine the application uniformity.
Collection containers distributed throughout the
application area must be used to evaluate application
uniformity.
Many types of containers can be used to collect
flow and determine the application uniformity.
Standard rain gauges work best and are recom-
mended because they already have a graduated scale
from which to read the application depth.
Pans, plastic buckets, jars, or anything with a
uniform opening and cross section can be used
provided the container is deep enough (at least 4
inches deep) to prevent splash and excessive evapora-
tion, and the liquid collected can be easily trans-
ferred to a scaled container for measuring. All con-
tainers should be the same size and shape to simplify
application depth computations.
All collection containers should be set up at the
same height relative to the height of the sprinkler
nozzle (discharge elevation). Normally, the top of
each container should be no more than 36 inches
above the ground. Collectors should be located so
that there Is no interference from the crop. The crop
canopy should be trimmed to preclude interference
or splash into the collection container.
Calibration should be performed during periods
of low evaporation. Best times are before 10 a.m. or
after 4 p.m. on days with light wind (less than 5
miles per hour). On cool, cloudy days the calibration
can be performed anytime when wind velocity is less
than 5 mph.
The volume (depth) collected during calibration
should be read soon after the sprinkler gun cart has
moved one wetted radius past the collection gauges
to minimize evaporation from the rain gauge. Where
a procedure trust be performed more than once,
containers should be read and values recorded
immediately after each setup.
Calibration Setup for Hard Hose and
Cable Tow Traveling Guns
Hard hose and cable tow traveling guns are calibrated
by placing a row (transect) of collection containers or
gauges perpendicular to the direction of travel, Figure
1. The outer gauge on each end of the row should
extend past the furthest distance the gun will throw
wastewater to ensure that the calibration is performed
on the "full" wetted diameter of the gun sprinkler.
Multiple rows increase the accuracy of the calibration.
Containers should be spaced no further apart than
1116 of the wetted diameter of the gun sprinkler not
to exceed 25 feet. At least 16 gauges should be used in
the calibration. Sixteen gauges will be adequate
except for large guns where the wetted diameter
exceeds 400 feet.
(Maximum recommended spacing between
gauges, 25 feet X 16 = 400 feet.) Gauges should be set
at least one full wetted diameter of throw from either
' end of the travel lane, as shown in Figure 1.
The system should be operated such that the
minimum travel distance of the gun cart exceeds the
wetted diameter of throw. Application volumes
should be read as soon as the last gauges stop being
wetted.
EO

Row of
collection -- --- >
gauges
Direction of travel
HARD HOSE AND CABLE TOW TRAVELER
IRRIGATION SYSTEMS
Reel cart -- 1
Left Right
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Gun
cart
1�1'\
Wetted diameter
(320 feet)
At least one wetted
diameter end of field
Figure 1. General layout and orientation
of collection gauges for calibration of a hard hose and cable tow traveler irrigation systems.
CALIBRATION PROCEDURES
' 1. Determine the wetted diameter of the gun.:
2. Determine the number of collection gauges and spacing between gauges.' For a wetted diameter of 320'
' feet, the rain gauge spacing should not exceed -20:feet.,,(320 ft / 16 20. ft).
3. Label gauges outward from the gun cart as either left or right (1-1, L2, L3; etc; R1, R2, R3, etc.)
4. Set out gauges along a row as. labeled and shown in Figure l,.equaily spaced at the distance determined in
item 2 (20 feet). The row should be at.least;one wetted diameter from either: end.of`the:pull.,The, first ,- *. ,
gauge on each side of the travel lane should be 112.the gauge spacing from.the, center of the lane For a .
gauge spacing of 20 feet, L1 and R1 should'be 10,feet.from the.center'of the.lane. '..
5. Operate the system for the time required for the, gun to completely`pass all collection containers. Record
the "starting" time -that wastewater begins•to be -'applied along the row of gauges and the "ending" time'
when wastewater no longer is being'appliedanywhere along the -row., Also record the. distance traveled! ,
feet for the time of operation,
6. Immediately record the amounts collected.in"each gauge. (Refer to'.Table 1 for'an.example.)
7. Identify those gauges that fall outside the'effective lane spacing, Figure 2. This volume is the overlap
volume that would be collected when.operating;the sy.5tem on,the-adjacentlane:'
8. Superimpose (left to right and vice versa) the' gauges just:outside the effective.width with the gauges'just ;
inside the effective width. Add the -'volumes together:.
For the layout shown in Figure 2,.a .the'volume.(depthj.collected'in.,gauge .R8 (outside the effective
lane spacing) to volume'(depth)_coiiected in:gauge.L5'(Inside.the'effective.lane�spacing). Similarly, R7 Is,`
added to L6; L8 is added to R5;:and17-is added to R6 This'is now.the application volume*(depth) within:
the effective lane, spacing'adjuste'd•foroverlap.

r
Field Calibration Procedures
' for Animal Wastewater Application Equipment
Lane 1
' Reel cart OF
1
Direction of travel
Left
8 716 5 4 3 2 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Gun
cart`
y
Lane 2
Left
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
0 00 0 0 0 0 0
Right I
1 2 3 4 5 6 17 8 Gun
0 0 0 0 0 0 O Cart
J'�"j
I
Ulane
Figure 2. Accounting for overlap
when calibrating a hard hose traveler system.
Right
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
/-, I
Effective lane s acing
(224 feet
rCALIBRATION PROCEDURES (continuer)
' 9. Add the amounts collected in all gauges and divide by the number of gauges within the effective area. This
is the average application depth (inches) within the effective lane spacing.
Sum of amounts collected in all gauges
' Average application depth =
Number of gauges within effective width
10. Calculate the deviation depth for each gauge. The deviation depth is the difference between each
' individual gauge value and the average value of all gauges (#7). Record the absolute value of each
deviation depth. Absolute value means the sign of the number (negative sign) is dropped and all values are
treated as positive. The symbol for absolute value is a straight thin line. For example, 121 means treat the
number 2 as an absolute value. It does not mean the number 121. Because this symbol can lead to
' misunderstandings, it is not used with numbers in the worksheets at the end of this publication. The
symbol is used in formulas in the text.
' Deviation depth = IDepth collected in gauge i — average application depth)
"i" refers to the gauge number
11. Add amounts in #10 to get "sum of the deviations" from the average depth and divide by the number of
gauges to get the average deviation.
Average deviation depth = Sum of deviations (add amounts computed in #10)
Number of gauges within effective lane spacing
12: The precipitation rate (inches/hour) is computed by dividing the average application depth (inch) (#9) by
' the application time (hours) (#5)
Average application depth (inch)
:. Precipitation rate =
Application time (hours)
1
n
B

1
HARD HOSE AND CABLE TOW TRAVELER
IRRIGATION SYSTEMS
CALIBRATION PROCEDURES (continued)
13. Compute the average travel speed
Distance traveled (feet)
Average travel speed =
Time (minutes)
14. Determine the application uniformity. The application uniformity is often computed using the
mathematical formula referred to as the Christiansen Uniformity Coefficient.
It is computed as follows:
Average depth (#9) — Average deviation (#11)
U= X 100
Average depth (#9)
15. Interpret the calibration results. The higher the index value, the more uniform the application. An index of
100 would mean that the uniformity is perfect --- the exact same amount was collected in every gauge.
For travelers with proper overlap and operated in light wind, an application uniformity greater than 85 is
common.
Application uniformity between 70 to 85 is in the "good" range and is acceptable for wastewater
application.
Generally, an application uniformity below 70 is considered unacceptable for wastewater irrigation using
travelers. If the computed Uc is less than 70, system adjustments are required. Contact your irrigation
dealer or Certified Technical Specialist for assistance.
' Table 1. Example calibration data for a traveling gun system operated in parallel lanes. Lane
spacing 70 percent of sprinkler wetted diameter.
a. Manufacturers' Specifications: Gun Model_UQ Type Taper Borg
Nozzle Dia. 0.2 inch Pressure (Gun) 70 -psi Reel 105 psi
' Wetted diameter 320 ft Effective Spacing 224 ft Flow 197 GPM
Nose Size: Length 800 ft Diameter, -in
' b. Spacing between collection containers (spacing 32D (ft)116) =2&ft
c. Number of gauges = 16
' d. Start of Irrigation event _j, .m.
e. End of Irrigation event 9:00 a.m.
f. Duration (e -d) 1 Q,S_minutes
g. Travel distance 320 feet
' h. Operate the system and collect data.
0

Field Calibration Procedures
for Animal Wastewater Application Equipment
1
Table 1. Calibration Data (continued)
'
Gauge Distance Volume
Overlap
Corrected
Deviation
No. from Center Collected
Adjustment
Volume
from Average'
(feet) (inches)
(inches)
(inches)
(inches)
'
L1 10
.94
.94
.235 (1 - D
L2 30 .80
.80
.095 (2 - j)
'
L3 50 .59
.59
.115 { etc)
L4 70 .61
.61
.095
'
L5 90 .50
.13
.63
.075
L6 110 .42
.20
.62
.085
L7 130 .33
'
LS 150 .07
'
R1 10 .73
.73
.025
R2 30 .81
.81
.105
R3 50 .92
.92
.215
'
R4 70, .64
.64
.065
R5 90 .50
A7
.57
.135
'
R6 110 .27
.33
.60
.105
R7 130 .20
'
R8 150 .13
'Absolute value; treat all values as positive.
'
i. Sum of all volumes collected in #h 8.46 inches
j. Average catch (i/number of gauges within effective
width (12)
0.705 ink es
Distance traveled (ft)320
ft
k. Compute the average travel speed =
_ =
3.04-ft/mire
Time (min)
105 min
average depth (inches)_
0.705 in
'
I. Precipitation rate =
= q.40
in/hr
application time (hour)
1.75 hr
m. Sum of deviations from the average catch 1;,^356
'
n. Average deviation from average catch (m/12)
-0,11-
o. Uniformity coefficient
'
0.705 - 0.113
u� = x 100 = $g
0.705
'
p. Interpret results. Uniformity coefficient of 84 is in the good range for a traveler system. No adjustment
is necessary.
0

HARD HOSE AND CABLE TOW TRAVELER
IRRIGATION SYSTEMS
Irrigation System Calibration Data Sheet for Hard Hose Traveler Irrigation System
DATE: Land Owner Farm No.
a. Manufacturers' Specifications: Gun Model Type
Nozzle Dia. in Pressure (Gun) (Reel)
Wetted diameter ft Effective Spacing ft Flow GPM
Hose Size. Length ft Diameter in
b. Spacing between collection containers (diameter ---.-(ft) / 16) = ft
C. wetted diameter (ft)
Number of gauges =
gauge spacing (ft)
d. Start of Irrigation event
e. End of Irrigation event
f. Duration (e -d) min
Direyllun d UnN
g. Travel distance feet
h. Operate the system, collect data,
and record on the worksheet on page 8.
i. Sum of all catches inches
J. Average catch (i/number of gauges) inches .
Distance traveled (ft)
k. Average travel speed =
Time (min)
I. Sum of all deviations from the average catch
m. Average deviation from average catch
n. Uniformity coefficient
{j) — {m)
U = x 100
I.ne I Unt 2
Ree! "A �i ® Ea
I Lell
E 716 1 0 1 2 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
I Gun
I tut
I
f
i
lal,
elyN,
0 7 6 1 4 1 2 1
1 2 1 4 1 4 7 a
u10 0 0 0 0 0 u 0 0 0 u 0 0 0
not 1
1 23 4 1 6 17 S Cewm
0 000a a '" I
111.N1 1ane1.9
(224 1-r
l I
I
l
k--lllfclMrpaelnr]_�
I 1 l
I
l I
I I
Interpret the calibration data and make necessary adjustments.
For travelers with proper overlap and operated in light wind, an application uniformity Coefficient greater than
85 is common.
Application uniformity between 70 to 85 is in the "good" range and is acceptable for wastewater application.
Generally, an application uniformity below 70 is considered unacceptable for wastewater irrigation using
travelers. if the computed U, is less than 70, system adjustments are required. Contact your irrigation dealer or
Certified Technical Specialist for assistance.
0

Field Calibration Procedures
for Animal Wastewater Application E=quipment
Caiibration Data (continued)
Gauge Distance Volume Overlap Corrected Deviation
No. from Center Collected Adjustment Volume from Average"
(feet) (inches) (inches) (inches) (inches)
L1
L2
L3
L4
L5
L6
L7
L8 .�
L9
Li O
R1
R2
R3
R4
R5
R6
R7
R8
R9
R10
*Absolute value;
treat all values as positive. Reel cart --:
Left Bight
Bowol 6 7 6 5 4 1 2 1 1 2 1 A 1 6 7 N
collection > v U u 0 0 0 U U v u U u v v v v -- ----- -
g ougcf
Gun
can
Otrection d travel
Wetted diameter At least one wetted
�- (324 feet) dlamctei erd of IIe1d

1
1
1
1
End Exhibit 16
' Prepared by
R. 0. Evans, Biological and Agricultural Engineering Extension Specialist
1. C. Barker, Biological and Agricultural Engineering Extension Specialist
J. T. Smith, Biological and Agricultural Engineering Assistant Extension Specialist
' R. E. Sheffield, Biological and Agricultural Engineering Extension Specialist
5,000 copies of this public document were printed at a cost of $1,961, or $.39 per copy.
Published by
NORTH CAROLINA COOPERATIVE EXTENSION SERVICE
Distributed in furtherance of the Acts of Congress of May 8 and dune 30, 1914. Employment and program opportunities are offered to all '
people regardless of race, color, national origin, sex, age, or disability. North Carolina State University, North Carolina A&T State University, U.S.
Department of Agriculture, and local governments cooperating.
4197---5M—JMGIKEL-270201 AG -553.2
' E97-30399

Relative Nitrogen Fertilization Rate
of Forage Species by Month (Piedmont & Coastal Plain)'
Crop
January
February
March
'
April
May
June
July
August " September
October
November
Decernbar
Reletivs
X N
Tall Fescue
N'
H'
H'
H'
M'
L
L
MS
M
ML
N
i
Co `
Orchardgrass
N
H
H
H
M
L
L
M
M
M
N
L
100 jl
Kentucky'bluegrass
N
H
H
H
M
L
L
M
M
M
N
N
65
Rescuegrass
N
H
H
H
M
M
L
L
L
M
M
L
fi5
Hybrid Barmudagrass
N
N
L
M
H
H
H
M
M
L
N
N
too
Switchgress
N
L
M
H
H
H
H
M
L
L
N
N
70 3
Racidgrass
N
L
M
H
H
H
H
M
L
L
L
N
85
Garnagrass
N
N
M
H
H
H
H
M
L
L
N
N
top
Caucasian Bluestem
N
N
L
M
H
H
H
H
M
L
N
N
70
Bahiagrass
------------------
MrJlei
N
---------
N
N
----------
N
L
----------
N
M
---------
N
H
---------
H
H
---------
H
H
---------
H
M
---------
M
L
---------
,M
L
---------
!
N
--- N ---------
N
N
N--
70
85
Sorghumisuden Hybrid
N
N
N
N
H
H
H
M
M
L
N
N
100
Crabgrass
N
N
N
N
M
H
H
H
M
L
N
N
70
Italian Ryegrass
L
M
H
H
M
N
N
N
L
L
!
L
too
Small Grain
{winter rye}
L
M
H
H
L
N
N
N
L
M
M
L
too
' N = Do not apply nitrogen; L = low rate; M = medium rate; H = high rate.
Approximate rates for bermudagrass are L X15 lbs/ac, M < 25 lbs/ac and H 50+ lbs/ac.
' Not adapted except in piedmont and mountains.
Not adapted in most of piedmont or mountains.
While some forage growth may still continue, fertilization at this time may weaken the plants ability to overwinter.
s Between May 15 and August 7 (piedmont) September 1 (coastal plain) no more than a total of 50 lbs PA-N/ac should be applied.
Is
.8,
I

1
1
1
1
r
f1�CKiL.�"ia.',+`S✓r,+� rti•:�i.: r."7"
.. "' ^•5..�1.._......_..... ..._..- .......... ......
�,.sd�5::�.rL::wlr. R.ti•....+r,» .i:.,n:..:,uf.ii
Studying nutrient removal by
plants is one of the methods
used to develop fertility
recommendations. Tests are
designed to examine patterns
of nutrient uptake in response
to dfferent levels of fertilizer
application. Ir formation on
nutrient removal alone is not
adequate for making fertility
recamnendations because it
does not take into account the
ability of the soils to retain
and supply nutrient,: It can,
however, show variatiolts in
nutrient needs among different
crops. In addition, it can
indicate the rates at which
reserves ofsoil nutrients will
be depleted.
Soi1F
... _,,:: ��:+3.t:�TtNtS•PRav1oEII"i"i7"Yk1,1 Ij, till•
' ;!L9:'t,O-'q COUN Y t:hTl!.rlt,jOj;j
i•ldtiklI IN, PoliIriI (;'A 0t11_•f1�ia
Nutrient Rle7novalby
Crops M .Nort.h. Carolina
Plant growth and development
depends on many factors, including
adequate nutrition. The exact
amount of fertilizer necessary varies
with tltc potential yield, growth, and
the concentration of nutrients that
are available from soil reserves and
decaying organic matter. These
interacting factors make it difficult
to develop reliable rccommcnda-
tions for fertility. Sound recommcn-
dations require well-planned, long-
tcrm experiments that can show
responses for a wide range of cnvi-
ronmcntal, soil, and growth condi-
tions.
Nutrients in plants that are left
in the field will partially resupply
nutrient reserves in the soil as they
decompose. Estimates of nutrient
depiction, therefore, should take
into account only the nutrients
removed with the harvested portion
of cite plant. The table on page 2
shows the mean concentration of
various nutrients that are removed
by each crop for the ycild level indi-
cated. Values arc not reported for
boron, molybdenum, iron, or clilo-
rinc because they were omitted from
the references used. This docs not
mean they arc not removal nor that
they arc unimportant. A brief dis-
cussion of each nutrient precedes
the table,
Nitrogen
Nitrogen (N) is a part of all plant
and animal proteins and a compo-
ncnt of DNA and RNA. Crop uptake
of nitrogen is relatively inefficient
and often results in average nitrogen
losses of 50 percent because of
leaching, volatilization, or deniuifi-
cation. Consequently, crop removal
values reflect a minimum amount of
nitrogen required because they do
not account for nitrogen losses.
Legumes produce most of their
own nitrogen through a symbiotic,
or beneficial, relationship with
bacteria (M zobium species) that
infect their roots. These bacteria
have the ability to convert atmos-
plicric nitrogen into forms that can
be used by plants. 'Therefore, leg-
umcs with active nitrogen -fixing
bacteria do not need additional
sources of nitrogen. if fcriilizcr
nitrogen is added to a legume, bac-
terial production of nitrogen de-
creases. Current research suggests
that legumes may be less efficient
than nonlegutne crops in recovering
nitrogen applied as fertilizers.
Nitrogen can accumulate under
some conditions in North Carolina
soils. However, tic rate of accumu-
lation and the length of availability
is extremely unpredictable and as
such is not included in standard soil
analysis. Sources of soil nitrogen
include commercial fertilizers,
animal manures, legume residues,
and otltcr forms of decaying organic
matter. For more infonnation on
nitrogen refer to Extension publica-
tion AG439.2 Nitrogen and Water
Quality. .

1 Soffacts _
Table 1. Estimated Nutrient Removal Rates of Crops
' Crop Ylold N PO, KO Ca Mg 5 Cu Mn in
lbs
Grains
Badoy (grain)
40 bu
35
15
10
1
2
3
0.03
0.03
0.06
(straw)
1 ton
is
5
30
8
2
4
0.01
0.32
0.05
Com (grain)
(siover)
150 bu
4.5 tons
135
100
53
37
40
145
2
26
8
20
10
14
0.06
0.05
0.09
1.50
0.15
0.30
.:,.;;Oats (grain)
80 bu
50
20
.15
2
3
5
0.03
0.12
0.05
2 tons
25
15
80
8
8
9
0,03
-
0.29
'(straw)
Rye (grain)
'30 bu
35
i0
10
2
3
7
0.02
0.22
0.03
(straw)
1.5 tons
15
8
25
8
2
3
0.01
0.14
0.07
Sorghum (grain)
60 bu
50
25
15
4
5
5
0.01
0.04
0.04
r
(stover)
3 tons
65
20
95
29
18
-
-
-
-
Wheat (grain)
40 bu
50
25
15
1
6
3
0.03
0.09
0.14
(straw)
1.5 tons
20
5
35
6
3
5
0.01
0.16
0.05
Hay
Alfalfa
4 tons
180
40
180
112
21
19
0.06
0.44
0.42
Bluegrass
2 tons
60
20
60
16
7
5
0.02
0.30
0.08
Coastal Bermuda
8 tons
400
92
345
48
32
32
0.02
0.64
0.48
Cowpea
2 tons
120
25
80
55
15
13
-
0.65
-
'
Fescue
3.5 tons
135
65
185
-
13
20
-
-
-
Orchardgrass
6 tons
300
100
375
--
25
35
-
-
--
Red Clover
2.5 tons
100
25
100
69
17
7
0.04
0.54
0.36
'
Ryegrass
5tons
215
05
240
40
Sorghum -Sudan
8 tons
319
122
467
-
47
-
-
-
Aybean
2 tons
90
20
50
40
18
10
0.04
0.46 •
0.15
Ttrrtoihy
2.5 tons
60
25
•95'
18
6
5
0.03
0.31
0.20
.
Fruits and Vegetables.
Apples
500 bu
30
10
45
8
5
10
0.03
0.03
0.03
' Bean, Dry
30 bu
75
25
25
2
2
5
0.02
0.03
0.06
,Bail Peppers
1 BO cwt
137
52
217
-
43
-
--
--
-
Cabbage
20 tons
130
35
130
20
8
44
0.04
0.10
0.08
-Onions
7.5 tons
45
20
40
11
2
18
0.03
0.08
0.31
Peaches
600 bu
35
'20
65
4
8
2
-
0.01
Peas
25 cwt
164
35
'105
18
10
-
Potatoes (white) 30,000 lbs
90
48
158
5
7
7
0.06
0.14
0.08
(vines)
-
61
20
54
-
12
7
--
-
-
'
Potatoes (sweet)
300 bu
40
18
96
4
4
6
0.02
0.06
0.03
(vines)
--
30
4
24
-
5
-
-
-
--
Snap Beans
4tons
138
33
163
-
'17
-
--
--
-
'
' Spinach
5 tons
50
15
30
12
5
4
0.02
0.10
0.10
Sweet Corn
90 cwt
140
47
136
--
20
11
--
-
-
• •
To.matoes
20 tons
120
40 •
160.
7
11
14
0.07
0.13
0.16
Turnips
10 tons
45
20
•`90
12
.6
-
---
-
rsR

Nutrient Removal by Crops in North_Carolina
Table 1(continued)
Crop Yield
N
Px05
K,0
Ca
Mg S
Cu
Mn
Zn
ibs
Other Crops
Cotton (sood & lint) 2,600 Itis
63
25
31
4
7 5
0.18
0.33
0.96
Cotton (stalks, leaves,
& burs) 3,000 lbs
57
16
72
56
16 15
0.05
O.D6
0.75
Peanuts (nuts) 4,000 lbs
140
22
35
6
5 10
0.04
0.3
0.25
(vines) 5,000 lbs
100
17
150
88
20 11
0.12
0.15
---
Soyboans
(boans) 50 bu 188 41 74 19 10
(leavos,stems,
& pods) 6,100 lbs 69 16 74 30 9
Tobacco, fluo-cured
23 0.05 0.06 0.05
12 ---
(leaves) ' 3,000 lbs 85 15 155 75 15 12 0.03 0.55 0.07
(stalks) 3,600 lbs 41 11 102 -- 9 7 — — --
Tobacco, burley
(leaves) 4,000 lbs 145 14 150 -- 18 24 — — —
() symbol moans the inimmilon was not availabfo in Vto roforonco used.
Reference sources incudo: The Foitlizor Institute, Potash and Phosphate Instituto, Alabama CES ci=lar ANR-449, Tsdalo and
Nelson's Sar! Fevirirty and ForUdrzors, Mortvodt, Giordano and Undsays Mieronutdonrs In AgdcOuro, and IMC's Efficient Fertrfizer
Use — FerUVzfrg far Profit.
Pliospltorus
Phosphorus (P) is involved in the
energy dynamics of plants. Without
it, plants could not convert solar cn-
ergy into the chemical energy
needed for the synthesis of sugars,
starches, and proteins. Phosphorus
moves very slowly in mineral soils
and thus tends to build up over time
when the amount of phosphorus
added in fertilizer and organic
matter exceeds the a6iount removed
in the harvested portions of crops.
Because phosphorus is relatively
immobile in soil, it is important that
plant roots have a close and ade-
quate supply. Factors that inhibit
root growth therefore can affect
uptake of phosphorus.
Much of the phosphorus added
to soil is "fixed" by chemical rcac-
tions with iron, aluminum, and
calcium and becomes unavailable
for uptake by crops. The quantity of
phosphorus available to plants is
much smaller than the total quantity
ofphosphorus ill the. soil. This
amount can be determined only
through soil tests. The quantity of
available phosphorus in soils is dic
fraction that is affected by plant
removal.
Potassium
Potassium (K) is involved in.photo-
synthesis, sugar transport, water and
nutrient movement, protein synthe-
sis, and starch formation. Potassium
helps to improve disease resistance,
tolerance to water stress, winter
hardiness, tolerance to plant pests,
and uptake efficiency of other nutri-
cnts.
Potassium removal by crops un-
der good growing conditions is usu-
ally high, and is often three to four
times that of phosphorus and equal
to that of nitrogen. In many cases
where levels of solublo potassium in
the soil arc high, plants tcnd to take
up more potassium than dtcy
need. This is called luxury con-
sunlptlon because the excess potas-
sium docs not increase yields.
Potassium is also mobile in
soils, depending on soil texture.
Movement is greatest in course -
textured sands, followed by fine
sands and then clay soils. Accumu-
lation of potassium also depends
upon soil texture. The greatest
accumulation generally occurs in
clay soils, followed by loam and
coarsc-textured sands.
Calcium and Magnesium
Calcium (Ca) is a constituent of the
cell wall and keeps the cell mem-
brancs stable. Visual evidence of
calcium deficiencies generally
occurs in growing points of the plant
at the fruit, stem, leaf, and root tips.
Magnesium (Mg) is an essential
part of the chlorophyll molecule
where photosynthesis occurs. Mag-
nesium is also involved in energy
metabolism in the plant and is
required for protein formation.

1
Soiffiacts
_
�lY-u1s�7f�FiJ�i:.�..'�^i.�:i.'. •'h vl r�.'�. 7 u�ii1_ .... ___....._.-
1
1
Depletion of calcium and mag-
nesium reserves in the soil by crop
removal is rarely a problem in limed
soils because of the large quantity of
these nutrients that are present in
liming materials. However, sonic
crops, such as peanuts, may require
more calcium than the crops can
remove.
Sulfur
Sulfur (S) is a component of sonic
amino acids that arc important in
building proteins. Sulfur is required
by plants in about the same quantity
as phosphorus.
Sulfur, just as nitrogen, is mo-
bile in soils and can be lost by
leaching. Leaching is great= in
coarse-textured soils under high
rainfall conditions and least in limed
clay soils that are low in aluminum
and iron. In North Carolina, most of
the sulfur in surface soils is associ-
ated with organic matter. About 10
pounds of sulfur per acre are dcpos-
ited annually by rainfall in North
Carolina. Values for crop removal
may be useful guides for sulfur fcr-
tilization on coarse-textured, sandy
soils with clay subsoils at depths
greater than 15 inches.
Micronutrients
Micronutrients are called "micro"
only because they arc needed in
very small quantities by plants.
Without them, however, no plant
could survive and function normal-
ly. The micronutrients are involved
in different plant processes and can
react differently in the soil.
Copper. Copper (Cu) is involved in
plant enzyme systems, protein
synthesis, seed formation; chloro-
phyll formation and nitrogen me -
tabolisnl. Copper moves very little
in soils and thus can accumulate
when application rates exceed
utilization. Copper is also held
tightly by organic matter.
Zinc. Zinc (Zn) is involved in starch
formation, protein synthesis, root
development, growth hormones, and
enzyme systems. As with copper,
zinc is relatively immobile in soils
and tcnds to accumulate.
Manganese. Manganese (Mn) is
involved in chlorophyll formation,
nitrate assimilation, enzyme sys-
tems, and iron metabolism. Manga-
nese deficiency is generally caused
by a high soil pH but can also be
induced by an imbalance with other
elements such as calcium, magne-
sium, and ferrous iron. Manganese
availability in limed soils is dc -
creased with increasing levels of
organic matter.
Boron. Boron (B) is involved in
sugar and starch balance and
translocation, pollination and seed
production, cell division, nitrogen
and phosphorus metabolism, and
protein formation. Boron, just as
nitrogen and sulfur, is highly mobile
and is not readily retained by sandy
surface soils. Because of this mobil-
ity, boron must be added annually
for crops sensitive to boron deficien-
cies. Removal of boron by crops is a
reasonable estimate of need, but
practicality and leaching dictate
using several times this much.
Boron fertilizer is required for
cotton, peanuts, reseeding clovers,
and alfalfa, and vegetable crops
often require boron fertilization on
sandy soils.
Molybdenum. Molybdenum (Mo) is
involved in protein synthesis, lcg-
Prepared by
J. P. Zublena, Extension Sod Science Spoaalist
Published by
umc nitrogen fixation, enzyme sys-
tems, and nitrogen metabolism. Dc-
ficicncics of molybdenum generally
occur on acidic soils that contain
high levels of iron and aluminum
oxides. Estimates of molybdenum
removal by crops may serve as a
general fertilization guide. How-
ever, availability of soil reserves of
molybdenum to (lie plant arc largely
regulated by soil pH.
Iron. Iron (Fe) is important in
chlorophyll and protein formation,
enzyme systems, respiration, photo-
synthesis, and energy transfer. iron
deficiency, which is not vcry com-
nion in North Carolina, is believed
to be caused by an imbalance of
metallic ions, such as copper and
manganese, excessive amounts of
phosphorus in soils, and a combina-
tion of high pH, high lime, cool
temperatures and high levels of
carbonate in the root zone.
Chlorine. Chlorine (Cl) is involved
in photosynthesis, water -use effi-
ciency, crop maturity, disease
control and sugar translocation.
While chloride leaches quite readily
in coarse-textured soils, deficiencies
arc not very common.
Sutuuiary
Estimates of crop nutrient removal
rates are useful in comparing the
nutrient demands of different crops.
Thew values, however, do not take
into account the quality and availa-
bility of nutrient reserves already in
the soil. Because of this limitation,
soil testing should stili be the cor-
ncrstone of all fertility programs.
Removal rates can be used in con-
junction with soil testing to estimate
the depiction of nutrient reserves.
THE NORTH CAROLINA COOPERATIVE EXTENSION SERVICE
NOM Ca[Wna State University at Ralolph, Nodh Carolina Agdcultural and Todxalcaf State Lldvorsity at Greensboro, aW the U.S. Doparlrncnt of Agdcultura, 00 -
operating. Stato Untvorsity Station, Ralolgh, N.C., R.C. Wolls, Diroctor. Distritxitod in lurtharanoo of the Acis of Congress of May 8 and Juno 30,1914. The North
CardIna Cooperative Extorsion SoMoo!s an equal oppodunitylafrimutive action offowar. Its programs, octivitfos, aril amployrrent practices are avallado to
alf poopfo mgardlaw of rano, color, rofiglon, sox, ago, national origin, handicap, or political airdiaka
3191--7M—TMD-210213 AG -439-16

Distributed in turtheranso
of the Acts or Congress
of may 6 and Juno 30. 1914.
Employment and program
opportunhEes are offered to
all people regardless of
raco, color, national origin•
sox, ago, or disability. North
Carolina State Univorsity,
North Carolina A&T state
University, U.S. Dopartment
of Agriculture, and local
governments cooporating,
SoilFacts
Soil Acidity and 'roper Lime Use
Situation in North Carolina
Nearly all soils in North Carolina that pro-
duce grain and oil crops, tobacco, cotton,
vegetables, fruits, some forest species, turf,
many ornamentals, and forages need time for
optimum plant growth unless lime has been
added recently. Soil test summaries compiled
by the Agronomic Division, North Carolina
Department of Agriculture, verify this need.
Nearly 2.1,000 soybean and 13,000 cotton
soil tests (July 1, 1989, through .lune 30,
1990) show that about 6 out of 10 fields will
benefit from liming. Also, NCDA agrono-
mists emphasize that a high percentage of the
"problem samples" they receive have very
low pH and therefore need lime.
Proper liming, in combination with other
sound agronomic and pest control practices,
will increase crop income in North Carolina.
Using conservative estimates of yield in-
crease from proper lime use, the return from
cotton, soybeans, and peanuts (crops that are
quite sensitive to low pill) could be increased
by about $25 million. In addition, returns
5•,
v
U
a
from tobacco, corn, commercial vegetables,
forages (especially legumes), and turf could
probably be increased another $10 million.
Although response to limc is frequently
rather subllc in contrast to a nitrogen applica-
tion to corn, ignoring its regular use limits
crop yields.
Nature and Cause
of Soil Acidity
Soil acidity is [lie term used to express the
quantity of hydrogen (H) and aluminum (Al)
in soils. On Elie other hand, soil pH is an
indirect indicator of "soil acidity." Soil pH,
which is the negative logarithm of (he soil
hydrogen concentration, is expressed on a
scale from 1 to 14. Because the pH scale is
logarithmic, soil with a pH of 6 is 10 limes
more acidic and soil with a pH of 5 is 100
times more acidic than soil with a pH of 7.
Remember that the lower the pH number, the
more acid file soil and therefore the greater
the need for time. This relationship is shown
in Figure 1.
3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0
Soli pH
Figure 1. General relationship between soil pH
and acidity.
North Carolina soils are
highly weathered (leached)
because of excessive rainfall
and therefore are naturally
acidic. This process has de-
plcicd the nutrient elements
calcium (Ca) and magnesium
(Mg) from naturally occurring
minerals as well as those of
previously applied agricultural
limestone. Plants also remove
calcium and magnesium.
Decay of crop residue or the
0 8.0 a7.ddition of animal waste or
other organic matter increases
soil acidity. Widespread use of
fertilizer nitrogen also in-
creases soil acidity.
1 r1''t� F
North Carolina
Cooperative Extension Service
NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLUGli 01: AGRICULTURE & LIFE SCIENCES

1
1
rl
1
J
III wnFacts
Soil Testing
and Target pHs
Because aluminum and hydrogen
arc the principal components of soil
acidity in mincral soils (hydl-ugen is
the principal component in organic
soils) the North Carolina soil test
report contains a mcasuretncnt
called the Ac value. This is the com-
bination of aluminum and hydrogen
in soils and is used to predict lime
needs. Lime recommendations must
take into account differences in
acidity between soils and differ-
ences among various crops' tolcr-
ancc to acidity. This explains why
soils differ in the rccornmendcd or
target phi. For most commonly
grown crops, mineral (MIN) soils
have a target pl-I of G.O. For mincral-
organic (M-0) soils the target is a
phi of 5.5, and for organic (ORO)
soils it is S.U. The reason for the
difference is that soils high in
organic matter generally contain
less aluminum and are thus less
toxic to plant roots at a relatively
low pH.
Furthermore, crops differ in their
ability to toleratc a luw pl.l. Plants
such as blueberries and azaleas are
known to be especially tolcr,am,
whereas others such as alfalfa,
cotton, and tomatoes grow better at
a higher pH. Because of the differ-
cnccs in crops and soils, the North
Carolina soil test report rccom-
mcnds varying rates of lime to
achieve the best phi for the particu-
lar soil class and crop combination
under consideration.
Lime Reactions in Soil
The most commonly used lime for
North Carolina agriculture is the
dolomitic type (CaMgCO); calcitic
lime (CaCO3) is less frequently
used. A liming material must have
more than a high calcium content; it
must also be capable of neutralizing
acid (H). The chemical reaction of
dolomitic lime with soils is as
follows:
Equation 1:
Calcium Magnesium Carbonate + Water ------r
:Calcium +:Magnesium + Bicarbonate + Hydroxide
CaMgCO, + H2O r- Ca** + Mg** + 2HCO�- + 2011 -
If dolomitic limestone -is used, the calcium or magnesium helps displace
the hydrogeq and aluminum,on-the soil exchange sites, and the hydroxyl
ions react -to. neutra47,q jhese acidic components as shown in equations
2 and 3. The bicarbonate. an ion. reacts with hydrogen to form a very
weak acid.
Bquation:2:
Aluminum +•Hydroxide Insoluble Aluminum Hydroxide
Al'' + 3OH-.• - Al(OH)s
EquatIgn,3
'Hydrogen + Hydroxide t Water
H'+ OH- --Y H2O
Aluminum hydroxide is insol-
ublc; thcrcforc the aluminum is
effectively inactivated. Also, when
hydrogen and hydroxidc ions corn -
bine, water is formed and the
hydrogen is therefore neutralized.
Because lime dissolves very slowly,
it must be ground finely before it
can effectively neutralize soil
acidity (Figure 2). Note that 40- to
50 -mesh material raised the phi to
a higher level than 8- to 20 -mesh
material did during an 18 -month
study.
Benefits of Proper
Lime Use
The solubility of many essential
plant nutrients is influenced by soil
pH (Figure 3). For most nutrients
clic optimum pH range is between 6
and 7. 1n addition, proper liming
will provide the following benefits:
■ A reduction in aluminum (and
manganese in most piedmont and
mountain soils), which may be toxic
and restrict root and associated top
pH
5.5
0.14
5.0
4'g mesh
Nd Lane
4.6
0 6 12 18
Months Atter Liming
Figure 2. Lime screen size and
soil pH.
growth. Restricted root growth also
reduces drought tolerance.
■ More efficient use of fertilizer -
supplied phosphorus (P). Aluminum,
particularly at a low pl•1, is chcmi-
cally active and combines with fer-
tilizer phosphorus, causing it to

1
1
11
1
pH 4 pH 5 pH 6 pH 7 pH 8 pH 9 Determining the
Lime Requitement
:t ^.NIlR40,•GEN;P0TAS tJA¢,fANQS�IJI!RiI'r'sr;;
SPPHO
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JA
Q .. .._-:., _;; -r-.:•;,•; ., o j,(r�'^`'�kA�i;!"V^;.!t+�;��t�,�;�;,"•�.rr�]�rC/�1c�;7;,4T.r'.�,t;�.::,�:+��'Fty�ri/�;.;+';
d
• BO'
Z :. <.!� •''',ij r i., ^,.�... ''i� �:aArw...+�•{�r.JJ!r:i5 r�;:
»t I:r:�:.Jr:i;::.��:•.='ri.uS .f...;IL�b:•Iy�iY.. wi,;y�:_.
Ql _ .•'1•$J*r7itJ lil�.7,!'r'.. .;'}"� "':S=',p•.fi",�.r•.,..-.„ ,,, v,
� 'h. '.C•O_pPER! ND�ZINC,..• ;i..:;:�•�.'�•r ,• ' r„z-r r �_.
.J ! t+. sem/ ,.,�:�-�,,���Ey SI:� �''+1'•S:, ti''r'',,
1R9N,.ALUMINUM” `M•ANGANESE`"';'r='`'�'�^".:"'�'"'r,, .
' _I� J I I 1
pH4 pH5 pH6 pH7 PH8 PH9
IFigure 3. Effect of soil pH on nutrient availability.
become insoluble. This tying up of
fertilizer phosphorus means that less
is available to the next crop. In
some instances, fertilizer phospho-
rus has inadvertently served as a
liming material, in that it has immo-
bilizcd aluminum.
■ Economical provision of csscn-
tial magnesium if dolomitic lime-
stone is used. Furthermore, the
magnesium supplied in dolomitic
limestone is released slowly over a
period of three to four years and is
therefore better protected from
leaching than that supplied by
fertilizer magnesium.
■ Improved nodulation of lcg-
umes. The rhizobia in nodules on
legume roots — those of soybeans,
peanuts, alfalfa, and clover —
synthesize greater amounts of
nitrogen from the soil atmosphere
for use by the legume where soil pl-I
is not low. Such inoculation leads to
an economical source of nitrogen
and may supply the succeeding crop
with substantial residual nitrogen,
In addition, molybdenum (Mo), an
essential clement in a legume's
nitrogcn-fixing processes, is increas-
ingly tied up as soil pH gradually
declines below 5.5 and thus
becomes unusable to the rhizobia
bacteria. Therefore, a less-Ihan-
optimum molybdenum means
nitrogcn-deficient legumes.
■ Reduced leaching of potassium.
On the soil's exchange complex
there arc a limited number of sites
that can hold nutrients such as po-
tassium. When these sites are occu-
pied by strongly attached aluminum
(low pH), any potassium added in
fertilizer is more susceptible to
leaching. Proper liming will not
completely prevent leaching of po-
tassium but will tend to minimize it,
particularly on soils with deep sandy
surfaces.
■ Improved performance of sonic
herbicides. Triazincs — atrazine
and simazinc — do not perform
effectively below the optimum pH.
Furthermore, there is increasing
evidence. that optimum pl'i also im-
proves the performance of sonic
nematicides.
It is important to remember that
soils in diffcrcnt parts of the United
stuitcs have different optimum phIs.
For example, most midwCSlcrEl soils
produce best crops at a pH of 6.5 to
7.0, but these valucs would cause
micronutrient deficiencies in parts
of North Carolina. Another problem
is that laboratories use testing
methods developed for their particu-
lar conditions. Many laboratories
use a wciglicd soil sample and
assume that the wciglil-to-volumc
ratio remains the same from one soil
to another. The North Carolina
laboratory uses a soil volume in its
test because the soils of this state
vary a great deal in wciglit-to-
volumc ratio.
According to the North Carolina
Department of Agriculture's Agro-
nomic Division, the amount of lime
required depends on the pH desired
for the intended crop, the present
soil pH, the amount of acidity (Ac),
and an adjustment for residual credit
(RC)* from recent lime applica-
tions. Each sample is classified as
mineral (MIN), mineral -organic (M-
0), or organic (ORO) because the.
desired p1l. differs for each of these
three groups. With computer assis-
tance, NCDA agronomists offer
lime suggestions calculated by the
following equation.
Tons of lime per acre =
Ac x pH desired – present pH – RC
6.6 – present pH
Example:
If soil pH = 5.0;
desired pH = 6.0; Ac = 1.2; RC = 0
then lime requirements are:
1.2 x6.0 – 5.0 _ 0 = 0.76 ton/acre
(6.6– 5.0
'Residual credit is reduced by 6 porecnt
per month front lime of application to time
of soil test for mineral soils and 16 percent
per month for mineral -organic soils.

I SoilFacts
11
1
J
When Ilse results o£ the calcula-
tion indicate that no lime is needed
and the soil pFI is 0.3 unit or less
below the level desired, an applica-
tions of 0.3 ton per acre or 15
pounds per thousand square feet is
recommended. When lime rates are
calculated for a first and second
crop, the highest of tilt two lime
rates is suggested for the first crop
and no lime is suggested for the scc-
ond crop. Lime rates arc reported in
lcnihs of a ton; no lime application
is recommended when calculations
indicate less than 0.3 ton.
Calcitic Versus Dolomitic
Limestone
North Carolina has few good natural
lime sources. Calcitic marl liming
materials (soft marine shell depos-
its) are available in the coastal plain,
but there arc no dolomitic lime
deposits in the cast. Dolomitic lime
must be obtained from the Virginia
or Tennessee mountains and is thus
relatively expensive. Occasionally,
by-product liming materials become
available. If the neutralizing value
is known and the lisle is ground
finely enough to react in the soil,
these can be economical substitutes.
Liming materials containing cal-
cium carbonate (CaCO) alone are
called calcitic limes, and those with
significant amounts of magnesium
carbonate (MgCO) (G percent mag-
nesium or greater) arc called dolo-
mitic limes. Pure calcium carbonate
is used as the standard for liming
materials and is assigned a rating of
100 percent. This rating is also
known as the "calcium carbonate
cquivalcul." All other liming
materials are rated in relationship to
it. Dolomitic limes are slightly
more efficient in neutralizing soil
acidity and may have values slightly
greater than 100.
'Calcitic limes call be used on
any soil high in magnesium. On the
other hand, dolomitic litres should
be used on soils low in magnesium.
Many organic soils and some pied-
mont soils are naturally luglt in
magnesium, whereas most sandy
soils Ill the Coastal plain are low.
'i'hc soil test report will indicate
which link should be used. It is
possible to use a nlagneSlulll furtil-
izcr instead of dolomitic lime, but
the costs of this source of magne-
sium arc almost always considerably
higher.
Liming Product Standards
for North Carolina
Size standards and other criteria
have been established for the sale of
agricultural materials to ensure a
quality product. They are as follows:
■ Agricultural liming materials
must be crushed so that 90 percent
passes through it U.S. standard 20-
tllesh screen (with a tolerance of ± 5
percent).'
■ For dolomitic limestone, 35
percent must pass through a U.S.
standard 100 -mesh screen; for
calcitic linlcstone, 25 percent must
pass through a U.S. standard 100-
mcsh screen (with a tolerance of t 5
percent).`
■ A product must contain a mini-
mum of G percent magnesium to be
classified as a doloillitic limcstoilc.
■ There is no minimum calcium
carbonate equivalent requirement
for limestone sold in North Caro-
lina. Howcvcr, the product must be
labeled to show the amount ncecs-
sary to equal that provided by a
liming material having a 90 percent
calcium carbonate equivalent. Lime
recommendations in North Carolina
are based on 90 percent calcium
carbonate equivalency. For ex-
ample, a product having a calcium
Carbonate cquivalctlt of 80 Percent
would be labeled "2,250 pounds of
this material equals 1 ton of stan-
dard agricultural liming material."
■ Pcllctcd link must slake down
whun it collies in contact with mois-
ture,
'Also applies to pcllcicd time.
Llnle it, 0rill
Most agricultural lime is sold as a
damp powder because dry lime is
very dusty and difficult to handle.
1-lowcvcr, little is occasionally
excessively wet. Lime is sold by the
pound; thus be aware that you may
be purchasing a substantial amount
of water and should adjust lime rates
accordingly.
Lime is sometimes sold in pellet
form. The pellets are formed from
lime that has been finely ground; it
is not large grains of solid lime-
stone. The pelleted product is less
dusty and easier to spread but is
more expensive. Pcllctcd lime is
slower to act than powdered lime.
Soil reaction will be enhanced if the
soil can be willed thoroughly
several days after the pellets have
been mixed into the soil and have
become soft. Pcllctcd lisle is not ail
economical source for most field
crops. Lime is also sometimes sold
as a suspension, often called "liquid
lime." It consists of fine lime par-
ticics mixed with water and a sus-
pending clay. All the lime particles
must be 100 mesh or finer. Up to
1,000 pounds of lime can be sus-
pendcd in a ton of product. The
main advantages arc case of hand-
ling and precise application. This
material, although a fluid, docs not
react any faster than dry lime of the
same particle size. Once it has been
placed on the soil it is the same as
dry lime. All of the lime in a sus-
pension is fast acting, and a ton of
product (1,000 pounds of fine lime
particles plus clay and water) will,
raise the pl•I as fast as a ton of dry
lilac. However, the effectiveness of
suspensions is short lived compared
to regular agricultural limestone,
and therefore the liming will proba-
bly have to be repeated every year.
Also, suspensions arc a considerably
more expansive way to correct soil
acidity.

1
1
Applicatioil alzd
Iitco.l-poratio❑
Lime moves little in the soil and
neutralizes acidity only in the zone
where it is applied. To be effective,
therefore, it must be uniformly
spread and thoroughly incorporated.
The poorest and most common
method of application is by spinner
spreader. Double spinners are better
than single spinners; however, all
normally apply more lime immcdi-
ately behind 'thc spreader than to the
sides, In practice, rates arc adjusted
by checking [lie spreader pattern,
overlapping the pattern, and double
spreading, making the second pass
at right angles to the first. if done
properly, this is an acceptable way
to apply lime. In many cases,
however, these precautions are not
followed and lime is applied wi-
evenly. The soil can suffer from
both undcrliming and ovcrliming.
Reduced yields may result.
Special situations may occur ill
the coastal plain that lead to over -
liming, First, if excessive lime falls
along a relatively narrow path at the
center litre of the spreader truck, the
soil pH may increase somewhat
above the desired level. Second, the
delivered rate may be loo high for
sandy ridges that occur in certain
fields. Third, there simply may
have been too much lime applied
uniformly across the field. These
three circumstances may elevate the
pH to the extent that within a year
or two an "induced" manganese
deficiency has been created, and the
crop may exhibit a manganese defi-
cicncy.
Lime can be more evenly ap-
plied using full-widtli or boom
spreaders. Full -width spreaders
allow lime to fall to the ground by
gravity. The. rate is determined by
the size of the openings in the box
and by ground speed. Doom spread-
ers use drug chains, augers, or
pneumatic pressure to move lime
out the booms and drop it on the
ground, if adjusted properly, both
types of spreaders arc vastly super-
ior to [lie spinner type. The main
limitations to their use arc the high
initial cost and more complex
operation. Most growers will likely
continue to spread lime using
spinner spreaders, but if you choose
that method you should be aware of
the limitations and take every
precaution to sce that the lime is
evenly spread.
The most commonly used lime
incorporation tool is the disk. Its
main limitation is that it incorpo-
rates lime only about half as deep as
the disk blades penetrate. Evcn with
repeated passes it will not incorpo-
rate lime well. Offset disks that
throw the soil do better. The best
incorporation implement is a heavy-
duty rotary tiller that mixes the soil
as deep as the roots need to go. if
the land is to be bottom plowed, do
not bury the lime too deep. If
plowing, the best approach is to
apply half the lime, then disk and
bottom plow, and then apply the
other half and disk again; however,
this process is costly and is not
generally used. Certain other tillage
practices, such as bedding or middle
busting, will help with lime incorpo-
ration in the long run. Chisel
plowing is very ineffective in lime
incorporation, Although lime is
applied on the surface to estab-
lished pastures and lawns, it should
be incorporated at establishment to
reduce soil acidity.
A proper soil pli can increase
your crop income. However, vary-
ing rates of lime arc recommended
depending on the best pH for the
particular soil class and crop combi-
nation. To test your soil's pH, send
a soil sample to Agronomic Divi-
sion, North Carolina Department of
Agriculture, Blue Ridge Road
Center, Raleigh, NC 27611.
Soil Acidity and Proper Linte Use

� SoilFacts
1
1
1
1
1
THIS 4ULLCTIN 13 PROVIDED TO YOU BY THE
NORTH CAROLINA COOPERATIVE EXTENSION SERVICE
ROOESON COUNTY CENTER
LUMBERTON. NORTH CAROLINA 2J350
(919) G71-3276
Prepared by
Paul Lilly, Extension Sail Science Specialist
and
Jack Baird, Professor Emeritus, Soil Scicrece
1 7,000 copies of this public document were printed at a cost of $1,05-5; or $.15 per copy.
Published by
NORTH CAROLINA COOPERATIVE EXTENSION SERVICE
4193-7M--TWK--230226 (Revised) AG -439-17

m m m m m r m■i m M. M s ■■■
Exhibit 18
Swine Farm Waste Management Odor Control Checklist
Sultrcc ~��� Cnusc 1111'il's fu A43nhu1;e Udor Sflr Sprr1lic {'r�irli�cs •�
1=nlulslcad 5+villa prulluclian }Zcgcluiivc or wooded burrcrs;
�tcconunendcd Vest Inalrng'CIllent prnclims;
�ud juclgtncnl and calmaon sense
A1lillkll Rally snifnces Ditty In-line-cuveted inlimals M, i ry Hours
Hour sill fnces Wet nl,111me-coveted Iluurs
9utled flours;
Waterers lucaled over slulled Hours;
0 11' tilers ;It Ilibll end ursulid liuors;
Crn11c muntire buildup rrom floors;
aiducicrllour-velllilaliuu Cur drying
1►•Ia111nc cullccuon pus
urine-
M I-rcgllcnt nlallllre removal by hush, pit rccnnige,
• 11attild nliclullial dcamill sitioll�
or scrape;
® Underfloor ventilnlian rin
VC11tllation CAIllust finis
• Volatile gimms;
Full lliainten.111cc;
Dust
ffr1'.frtcient nir IltoVelllcllt
—
Induvr sorlIces
Otist
I' ns11d01Vn be wceii stoups orniiinmis;
-ccd nddillves;
V:CCdcr covers; �n *zeli..,
® Iced delivery downspout exImiders to feeder
covers
Flush tanks
AgIlaiiun ul'recycted Inguon
D Flush lank covers;
licluid while tanks me filling
fa Extend rill lints to near bottom ur hulks %villi
;11111-511711011 vellis
I-IIISII alleys
Agilatiun during wislclvnler
Cf Underfloor f111s11 wills underfloor vcntilaliun
cullveyancc
Pit rcclinge puillts
• Agilatim of recycled lago0n
❑ I.Wcud recharge lilies to near bollunl urpits
liquid while pits nre filling
%V111111110-siIII1011 VCllls
Lift stations
Ahilstion during sump taut:
Cl Sump lank covers
filling and drumlown
Outside diaill eolleclim Agitati0n dabig wastcwlller 11 Box covers
0r juncliull holes c011veyallce
ANIOC - Nllvcnlber 11, 1996, I'ngc 3

Source Cause to 11.1
Iind ofdraillpipcs at Agilaliun during wasimalcr fif i:xlctstl disebarge point orpipcs tluticnicaih
lagoon cunvcyallce l goull liquid level
M = m m
ulirc U
surftccs 0 V61111ile gus culissiuus; IV i'ruper lar uelt liquid crlpacily;
• fliulugical ulixiag; ;/Miuhnum
Correct lagoun startup procedures;
• Agilaliun surface area-lo-voltlrnc rutin;
- Itlininullu agilalfon lvlleu Iluulpillg;
Cl Mccllallical acralioll;
❑ Proven biological additives
m m m
Site Specilie Pi-ndlces
hrigatiuu sprinkicr
a
I ligh ptessille agitation;
un dry days with little or nu wilnl;
Muzzles
Whid drill
:��Mgntc
Wishmum recommended operating pressure;
lunp intake near laguou liquid surracc;
L�1
Pump fruits second -stage lageon
Stwage lank or basin
•
Parlini micrubial dccumpositiun;
❑
Ijullotlt or midlevel loading;
suiGlcc
•
Mixing while filling;
❑
Tank C4YCCs;
•
Agilaliun Mimi emptying
Cl
•
Basin surracc trials of solids;
❑
Noven biological ndditives or oxidants
Settling basin surface
•
Parlial microbial dccompusiliun;
❑
Extend drainpipe outlets undenlcalh liquid '
•
Mixing while filling;
level;
•
Agitaliun when emptying
❑
Itenluve scllled solids regularly
Manure, slurry ur sludge
•
Agilaliun nYlctl spreadiug;
❑
Soil injection of slurry/sludges;
spreader outlets
0
Volatile gas cillissions
❑
Wash residual marlure From spreader after use;
❑
Proven biological additives or oxidants
Uncovered mini e,
Volatile gas culissiuus while
❑
Soil injection orslurty/shldges
slurry or sludge on field
drying
❑
Suil incorporation wilhhl 48 hrs.;
sarraces
❑
Spread In lhht mdrortn layers fur rapid drying;
❑
poven biological additives or oxidants
Ucad animals calcnss decolllpnsillult Gr Proper disposiliun of carcasses
Mad nuinlal disposal Carcass decuntpusitiun ❑ Complete covering of carcasses in burial Ails;
Illus ❑ Proper lucalioll/cullslnlclion of disposal Ails
htciucraturs IllcottgliCle culllbustiull ❑ Secondary stack bunters
AMOC - Numuber 11, 1996, Page 4

r 1. � r ■� r � i r I. � r >.■ I. �: - r
End Exhibit 18 I
Suits -cc Cause RA -11's to 61lit€ itlze Odur- Site Spedlic 1'r11cllas
Slaiitliug ivaler mulultl • 1111ploper di'ailluge; 1K Gradc and liltidscnllc Stich lliat lvaler dl'iltils
f:lcifilics Microbial decumilusii€olr of lim-ly fi-oltt fiadlitics
org.mic maller '
Mallllre hacked otllu Put ly maill(ailICd access ruatis Flitill access road maiilleliallce
public roads frulit hrul
IICCCSS
Adtliiiuual Inrur111,11€u11 : _Avallable From:
S►riltc A•lanoic A anagcmod ; 1120U 1(uIc/11W11' Puckcl - - r NCSU, Comely 1-moisiuu Center
Swille Pruthidioll 1=111111 I'uie11lial Odor Sources and Itcutetlics ; UMA13 Fact Sfleel NCSU - IJAli
S►vi11c Produclimi facilily Matlurc Muuugcnrcul: Pit Rccluirge - Lagtlon 'I'realmenl ; FUAH 128-83 NCStJ - IJAK
Slide Plllducllun facilely M,111tire Managenlcnl: Underfloor flush - Lagoon Ti-calinct11 ; 1.IJAli 129-83 NCSU - IIAI:
Larouu I)CS1811 nil(] Mallagcnicul fur Livestock Mantue'i'rcollucul and Morage ; I-BAli IOJ-83 NCSU - IlAH
Calibraliust of N1.11111:'e attrl Wasicwalrr Applicallou F(pipiticid ; GUAI: Fad Slice[ NCSU - IIAI:
Colllrolliug Odols Rom Sw€ is Ilu€Idillgs ; 11111 -JJ NCSU - Swille Iixlelrsiun
rsus•irmlulcnlal Assurance Program ; NI'l'C: Manual NC folk I'ruducers Assoc
Oplimis ror h'lamighti; Odor ; a teporl rrom the S►rine Otlor'rask Force NCSU Agri Comemmicai€ ms
Nuisance Cuucerits in Altinml Manure Matlagcuienl: Odurs and flies ; 1'1(0107, 1995 Coufcreticc i'roceediiigs Floritla Couperative lixlellsioll
AMOC - "-c11111cr 11, 1916, Page 5 -

t
Exhibit 19
Insect Control Checklist For Animal Operations
Suuree
Crime
1111I1's Io U11 1-0 Insects Site Specilic PI-11clicrs
Liquid Syslcals '
Flush Gullets
• Aectimulaliun ursulids
Flusl1 sysicin is dcsigltcd mid ullcr.11cd
surllClewly to remove accumulatcd solids Rom
l!ullers as designed. ' ,
eitcrllove blidging or uccinut*11i11Cd SuI1dS ;it
ISI:ITiII'gC
Laguults. stud fits
• cinsted Sulids
Manitailt lagullus, scliling ba9ius and Mils %vllcic - -
llcst brecding IS apparCltt to 1111111inin IIID
cl usting orsolids to n dcpllr or no more maw G -
a inches over more litatl ]U% orsurracc.
Isxccsslvc VCgclalive
• Decaying vegellTllun
Nhiiii1ain vegetative control along banks of
GIu%VIll
lagoons and other impoaudmruls lu prevent
uccullliliatioll ordecaying vegetative matter
along %valet's ctlgc oll impoundnlcnt's perimeter.
Dry Systems
Feeders Fcud Spillage W Design, operalc and mainlaitt feed sysicnls
bunkers and Irouglls) to minimize IIIc
ccumulaliou ordccnyiug waslage.
Clean ull spillage on a routine basis {c.g., 7 - I U
day interval during summer; I5=30 day interval
wring tvill(cr).
Feed Storage Accunmladulls ur kcd tesrducS Rf Reduce moisture accumulation willtilt and
around humcdinte perinlcicr or recd slarage
areas by insuring drainage amly from site
and/or providing adcqualc containment
covered bin fur brctvcr's grail: and sintiiar high
�ttuislurc grain pruducls).
M Irlspecl ror and reinovc or break up accumulaled
solids in filter strips around recd slurngc as
1lceded.
AMIC- November II, 1996, Page I

Source Cause BMPs to Control Insects•
end Exhibit 19
Site Specific Practices
Animal Holding Areas Accumulations of animal wastes 0
Eliminate low areas that trap moisture along
and feed wastage
fences and other locations where waste
accumulates and disturbance by animals is
minimal.
❑
Maintain fence rows and filter strips around
animal holding areas to minimize
accumulations of wastes (i.e., inspect for and
remove or break up accumulated solids as
needed).
Dry Manure Handling • Accumulations of animal wastes i7
Remove spillage on a routine basis (e.g., 7 - 10
Systems
day interval during summer, 15-30 day interval
during winter) where manure is loaded for land
application or disposal.
O
Provide for adequate drainage around manure
stockpiles.
❑
Inspect for and remove or break up accumulated
wastes in filter strips around stockpiles and
manure handling areas as needed.
For more information contact the Cooperative Extension Service, Department of Entomology, Box 7613, Notch Carolina State University,
Raleigh, NC, 27695-7613.
AM1C - November 11, 1996, Page 2

Exhibit 20
EMERGENCY ACTION PLAN
PHONE NUMBERS
DWQ
EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
SWCD
' NRCS
This plan will be implemented in the event that wastes from your operation are leaking,
overflowing, or running off site. You should not wait until wastes reach surface waters or
leave your property to consider that you have a problem. You should make every effort to
ensure that this does not happen. This plan should be posted in an accessible location for
'all employees at the facility. The following are some action items you should take.
1. Stop the release of wastes. Depending on the situation, this may or may not be
possible. Suggested responses to some possible problems are listed below.
A. Lagoon overflow -possible solutions are:
a. Add soil to berm to increase elevation of dam.
b. Pump wastes to fields at an acceptable rate.
c. Stop all flows to the lagoon immediately.
d. Cali a pumping contractor.
e. Make sure no surface water is entering lagoon.
B: Runoff from waste application field -actions include:
' a. Immediately stop waste application.
b. Create a temporary diversion to contain waste.
' c. Incorporate waste to reduce runoff.
d. Evaluate and eliminate the reason(s) that caused the runoff.
e. Evaluate the application rates for the fields where runoff occurred.
C: Leakage from the waste pipes and sprinklers -action include:
a. Stop recycle pump.
b. Stop irrigation pump.
c. Close valves to eliminate further discharge.
d. Repair all leaks prior to restarting pumps.
D: Leaka-e from flush systems, houses, solid separators -action include:
a. Stop recycle pump.
b. Stop irrigation pump.
c. Make sure no siphon occurs.
d. Stop all floes in the house, Flush systems, or solid separators.
December 18, 1996

1
1
e. Repair all leaks prior to restarting pumps.
E: Leakage from base or sidewali of lagoon. Often this is seepage as opposed to
flowing leaks- possible action:
a. Dig a small sump or ditch away from the embankment to catch all seepage,
put in a submersible pump, and pump back to lagoon.
b. If holes are caused by burrowing animals, trap or remove animals and fill
holes and compact with a clay type soil.
c. Have a professional evaluate the condition of the side walls and lagoon
bottom as soon as possible.
2. Assess the extent of the spill and note any obvious damages.
a. Did the waste reach any surface waters?
b. Approximately how much was released and for what duration?
c. Any damage noted, such as employee injury, fish kills, or property damage?
d. Did the spill leave the property?
e. Does the spill have the potential to reach surface waters?
f. Could a future rain event cause the spill to reach surface waters?
g. Are potable water wells in danger (either on or off of the property)?
h. How much reached surface waters?
3: Contact appropriate agencies.
a. During normal business hours, call your DWQ (Division of Water Quality)
regional office, Phone - After hours, emergency number: 919-733-3942.
Your phone call should include: your name, facility, telephone number, the details
of the incident from item 2 above, the exact location of the facility, the location or
direction of movement of the spill, weather and wind conditions. The corrective
measures that have been under taken, and the seriousness of the situation.
b. If spill leaves property or enters surface waters, call local EMS Phone number -
c. Instruct EMS to contact local Health Department.
d. Contact CES, phone number - - , local SWCD office phone number
and local NRCS office for adviceltechnical assistance phone number - -
4: If none of the above works call 911 or the Sheriffs Department and explain your
problem to them and ask that person to contact the proper agencies for you.
5: Contact the contractor of your choice to begin repair of problem to minimize off-site
damage.
a. Contractors Name:
b. Contractors Address:
c. Contractors Phone:
2
December 18, 1996

Iend Exhibit 20
1
6: Contact the technical specialist who certified the lagoon (NRCS, Consulting
Engincer, etc.)
a. Name:
b. Phone:
1
7: Implement procedures as advised by DWQ and technical assistance agencies to
rectify the damage, repair the system, and reassess the waste management plan to
keep problems with release of wastes from happening again.
1
1
1
3 December 18, 1996

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
H
1
1
1
1
OPERATION MANUAL Exhibit 21
REEL RAIN IRRIGATION
Irrigation Nozzle Data Used At Riverside And
Little River Farms.
MODELS F150T 3 P1150T 249 TrajocloryTepor Bora Nozzle
P.S.I.
Il.:.l.
V
GPM DIA.
M...lo
0..
GPM DIA.
W-1
0..
GPM DIA.
rg"IM
10.,
GPM DIA.
Mein.
11.,
GPM DIA.
soul.
17..
GPM Of&
Mouio
W.
GPM A.
as
+aa
:a1•
13o
fro'
lu
a1o'
336
1sa'
7u
370•
701
1u•
2/0
360'
ao
110
x16'
N7
7i{'
132
70/'
221
37/•
776
fU'
310
t/I'
1a{
140'
19
120
370'
146
700'
1{7
770'
146
746'
214
310•
aa/
{o0•
440
$/4•
so
121
300'
111
350'
210
3361
760
3{{•
311
1►6•
700
310'
441
411'
a0
531
7031
17/
320'
111
i41'
1l1
71{'
336
p0'
40/
110'
aT1
R/'
100
147
710'
It/
370'
337
76{'
270
17{•
1.0
198
471
420'
100
440'
110
111
770'
I{/
740'
247
311'
101
336•
$l0
410'
411
410'
ati
459-
120
1 Sir
310'
104
7/0'
1 241
371'
120
3fa•
gas
420'
400
440'
949
460•
nar.t
Tl'•
i1"M,
14"lr.r,
21'•M,
10"nw.
31'•M.114
a..
37 --ft.
MODELS F150R & P1 SUR 24* Trajectory Ring Nozzle
P,6.1,
011np
GP16 DIA.
rlinq
,R•
GPM DIA.
Nlnq '
1,36'
GPM DIA.
1.1R+n3'
GPM DIA.
Ring
1.73'
GPM DIA.
IOn�
i.34'
GPM DIA.
Illnt•
1.41
GPM DIA,
so
100 313
Sao 731•
tai S//'
20{ 300'
2/a 320'
70D p1•
310 1/0'
10
1,0 1 N'
tU 160•
,63 7031
371 111'
373 313•
130 t10'
aa{ JI{'
It
120 270•
133 209'
lar 353'
741 330'
311 a{0•
1{/ 333•
411 lla'
10
133 710'
I., 100'
210 330'
740 140•
/la 760'
3aa 7301
441 la/•
a0
131 310•
ITS 110•
333 333'
271 340•
314 aro•
40/ 110•
471 Sol,
100
143 300•
1t{ 130•
336 040'
130 110•
313 310'
477 400•
103 11p
110
leo 110'
1J1 370'
24► 310'
306 070'
370 360'
441 410•
633 431'
120
it? 311'
204 336•
;t1 110'
320 360'
a/1 40o'
466 470•
640 431•
µT1..
21'•M.
26"llir.
21'YN,
77"f M,
1 14111W.
WWI
11
AMADAS INDUSTRIES
Irrigation Traveler Travel Speed -Data.
49-
REEL RAIN IRRIGATION RATE
Hours
Acres Irngaled pas Hour
equ+re
Travel
Travel
Lane
Spacing, F6
V.Ior Mile
Speed
FIJMIn.
165
200
240
210
300
330
560
400
Travel
0 4
009
0.10
0.13
0,15
0.16
0.18
0.20
0.22
55
05
0 11
0.14
0.16
0.19
0.21
0.23
0.25
0.26
44
1
0.22
0,27
0.33
0.37
0.41
0.45
0.49
055
22
2
045
0.54
0 tib
0 i5
0.62
U.9u
0.99
1.10
11
4
0.90
1,10
1.32
t49
1.65
1.81
1.98
2.20
5.5
6
136
1.0
198
2 23
249
2:12
N3.30
3.?
8
1,91
2,20
2.64
2.97
3.30
363
3.96
4.40
2.7
10
1 227
2.75
3.30
3.72
4.13
4 54
4.95
5,50
2.2
Acres
.
Irngaled
rn '•� Ml.
Travel
50
6.0
73
82
9.1
100
1 10-9
1 12.1
49-

io,�'Ayj w
7or;
'10'� N ' A' V.
All
I p
7 4
ItI r -,-,N x I - -. r--
" - � Q

i. i J
• LaeO 16 bi g.
Thick walf"H'.6'se;
:Heap' y' D u 1,
Reeill?.:-
-90 Feet 0
Nelson; -Bi uns',
g,;.G .... ..
ipe-�&C
Z
4�.'--Turnta
IL
4�.'--Turnta

The difference is- -
Reel Rain Quality- Reel Rain Dependability
In recent years, more and
more farmers have turned to the
labor saving and portable Hard
Hose traveler irrigation systems.
The complete line of Reel Rain
travelers are leading the pack.
Because they are stronger, more
dependable and packed with
standard features, Reel Rain is
unquestionably the best value in
irrigation equipment available
today. It offers simplicity and de-
pendability for the profit minded
farmer.
Without question, the most
exciting part of the Reel Rain
Traveler system is its massive
steel frame. Time and time again,
the first comment heard is, "It
looks like it's built to do the job."
That sure makes the Reel Rain
Engineers proud because
strength was number one on their
list from the very beginning.
Strength that will continue to
serve you for many seasons to
come.
Starting with a rugged depend-
able design, Reel Rain travelers
include as standard, many fea-
tures which are optional with
competition. Reel Rain offers the
farmer as standard features
everything he needs for normal
field operation. And what a list of
features Reel Rain has for you.
Rugged Frame
Mentioned before but worth
going over again. Thick wall tub-
ing measuring 6 x 6 inches and on
the 3000 series 6 x 8 inches are
used for the main frame. Solid
wall drum construction, heavy
duty aircraft bearings, 8 of them,
are used to move the turntable,
and substantial inner drum sup-
ports all designed to give years of
dependable service.
Thick Wall Hose
Check before you buy. Reel
Rain polyethelene hose is manu-
factured for rough field use. Its
wall thickness is greater than the
competition and will in the long
run more than make up the differ-
ence in price. Reel Rain uses only
the best quality hose available.
Reel Speed Compensator
This is a must for maintaining
accurate crop moisture. The reel
speed compensator automati-
cally changes the speed of the
reel as the hose is retrieved, in
order to insure the same applica-
tion from the beginning to the end
of each run.
Variable Turbine
The Axial Flow Turbine allows
the reel speed to be set for a wide
range of retrieve rates with mink
mum pressure loss in the turbine.
Pressure loss is minimized be-
cause of a special impeller design
developed for Reel Rain Travel-
ers. There are three different
sizes of this special impeller avail-
able for low, medium and high
flow rates. To insure dependabil-
ity, Reel Rain Travelers use only
the highest quality Berkeley water
turbines.
Turntable
Most Reel Rain Traveler sys-
tems are equipped with turntables
as a standard feature. For support
of the turntable, special aircraft
roller bearings are used to insure
continued performance under the
heaviest loads. There are 8 bear-
ings used to support each turn-
table. Each bearing is rated at
11,000 pounds, a total of 88,000
lbs. of support capability. The
reason you need a turntable is to
reduce labor, you can irrigate an
area twice the length of the hose
without moving the unit.
Larger Plumbing
Reel Rain Travelers use larger
diameter plumbing with longer
radius elbows than competition to
reduce friction loss for more effi-
cient operation. Also, in keeping
with Reel Rain quality standards,
all plumbing is water tested under
pressure at the final quality con-
trol station.
P.T.O. Rewind
Another Reel Rain standard,
which competition offers as a
costly option. This auxiliary re-
wind is a must for any turbine
driven reel system. If unexpected
rains were to start or your pump
goes down, the P.T.O. rewind
would be the only way to retrieve
the hose.
Other Standard Features in-
clude:
Mechanical Hose Guide
Dependable friction Chain
Drive
Automatic Hose Retrieve Stop
Quick Couple Hose
Disconnects
Select the Gun and Cart that
fits your operation. All Reel Rain
Carts are heavy duty construction
and adjustable to fit your special
row crops.
M-10 — The standard cart with a
clearance of 42".
M-20 — This is a high clearance
cart of 62".
M-30 — This is the deluxe high
clearance cart:
It has 62" of ground
clearance plus a self
draining reservoir which
adds stabilizing weight
to the cart while in op-
eration, but drains when
the water is cut off.
Gasoline, Diesel or Turbine
Drive
Turbine — Berkeley water
turbine.
Gasoline — Honda 5 Hp. Alumi-
num block with cast iron
sleeve, sealed electronic
ignition and manual start
with compression release
Ask About
The Specially
Priced And
Specially
Equipped
10 -Series,
1400 Series, And
New Model 2370

Coverage shown is for the
eel Rain Model 3450 - A
pical set up would be -150 psi
t the unit with 90 psi at the gun.
sing 330 ft. lane spacings
ould provide 1 inch per acre
covering 1.18 acres per hour or
I0.9 acres per run with a retrieve
me of 8 hours 9 minutes. By
swiveling the unit, 21.8 acres
Could be irrigated before moving
e system.
For faster coverage, the
odel 3500 puts out up to 1000
Wpm and is capable of providing
1 inch per acre at a rate of 28.5
�cres in 13.5 hours.
Set up time for all Reel Rain systems is approximately 20 minutes.
'Hobbs -Adams Engineering's 20 plus years
of leadership In manufacturing and design
for agriculture stands behind each Reel Rain
'unit. Reel Rain Hard Hose Travelers carry the
Industries only Three Year Limited Warranty.
'eel Rain manufactured by Hobbs -Adams Engineering Company.
L
y •ai lit ,'''S: w. r5_�1�� �,, � ra rM ��{��+,.i�`'e, �+y i�}�i
"4 ,1.
1100 Holland Road 1701 Slappey Bbd. Hobbs -Adams Engineering Co, whose policy is one of continuous Improvement, reserves
uffolk, VA 23434 USA Albany, GA 31706 the right to change specifications, design or prices without incurring obligation.
V-539.0231 Telex 494 - 6083 912-439-2217 RR 001 - ogee
PRINTED IN U.S..k
Models - Specifications -Accessories
Typical. Operating Characteristics for. Maximum Flow
r
"No',
Time for one
-.`.Model
Hose Length
Nose I. D.
Typical
of Acres
Flow Rate
pull; applying
Nelson Gun
Number
(Feet)
(Inches}
Lane Spacing
Covered In
{GPM)
1" of Water
and Pressure
(Feet)
one pull
Hrs.
3500
970 5.0
360
9.18
980
4.2
P200/90 PSI
3450
1300 4.5
330
10.83
610
7.2
P200/90, PSI
3400
1500 4.0
300
11.14
445
11.4
P-150/80 PSI
24501
860 4.5
330
7.5
740
4.0
P200/90 PSI
2450Ul450L
1050 4.5
330
8.9
670
5.3
P200/90 PSI
'� "'2400U1400L
1250 4.1
300
9.42
470,
9.1
P200/90 PSI
2370
1200 3.6
270
8.10
360
10.2
P150/80 PSI
x'1375
625 3.75
330
5.72
545
4.7
P200/90 PSI
1375 XL
940 3.7
300
7.49
500
6.8
P150/80 PSI
1300
1000 3.1
240
6.03
'260
10.6
P150/80 PSI
1300L
1125 3.1
240
6.72
245
12.4
P150/80 PSI
1030
965 3.1
240
.5.95
260 "
9.3
P150/80 PSI
1030S
850 3.1
240
5.2
285
8.3
P150/80 PSI
1027S
850 2.75
220
4.73
235
9.1
P 100170 PSI
'For Standard Turbine Driven Systems - Optional Turbines and Engine Drives will result in
different Flow
Rates.
10 Series 1000 Series
1375 XL Series
1400 Series
2000 Series
3000 Series
,-''. Lenglh
13'-9" 1 T -o"
i T-0"
22'-2".
„ 18'-4"
. 22'-6".
•, Wldthl,
8'-0" T -T'
T,10"',.
9'-11"
g`:7-.,.
9'-6" •..,
12'; 6"
-s,r��
12'-6" -
y-°'
' Hobbs -Adams Engineering Co. offers comptete irrigation systems.
All'aecessorles Including pipe, pumps,, power units,
• _` ea,_
fittings, coo lera; etc. are available from your Reel Rain Dealer at competltive prices.
'Hobbs -Adams Engineering's 20 plus years
of leadership In manufacturing and design
for agriculture stands behind each Reel Rain
'unit. Reel Rain Hard Hose Travelers carry the
Industries only Three Year Limited Warranty.
'eel Rain manufactured by Hobbs -Adams Engineering Company.
L
y •ai lit ,'''S: w. r5_�1�� �,, � ra rM ��{��+,.i�`'e, �+y i�}�i
"4 ,1.
1100 Holland Road 1701 Slappey Bbd. Hobbs -Adams Engineering Co, whose policy is one of continuous Improvement, reserves
uffolk, VA 23434 USA Albany, GA 31706 the right to change specifications, design or prices without incurring obligation.
V-539.0231 Telex 494 - 6083 912-439-2217 RR 001 - ogee
PRINTED IN U.S..k

1
Exhibit 23
1 PIPE FOR IRRIGATION
*Extension Specialist(Irrigation), Biological and Agricultural
Engineering, North Carolina State University
**Rawls Pump and Supply Company, Cary, North Carolina
Ronald F. Sneed*
R. -E. Marshburn**
'
There are two categories of irrigation pipe: metallic and non-
metallic. Metallic pipe consists of aluminum alloys and black iron,
galvanized steel and coated steel pipe. The non-metallic materials are
plastic and cement asbestos.
Aluminum irrigation pipe or tubing is available in the form of
extruded (alloy 6063) and roll formed seam welded (bare alclad alloys
'
3004 and 5050) tubing. These materials are lightweight, with high
strength and have been used for irrigation piping for more than 30
years. !Maximum recommended working pressure is approximately 150 psi
and is one-third to one-half the burst pressure. ?Minimum standards for
aluminum irrigation tubing are covered in American Society of Agricultural
Engineers standard ASAE S263.1. Bare aluminum tubing is damaged by
extremely corrosive waters, therefore, alclad tubing was developed.
However, for most naturally occurring water, bare aluminum tubing has
adequate corrosive resistance.
tFor
portable aluminum and solid -set aluminum irrigation systems,
standard wall thickness aluminum tubing is used. For side roll wheel
move systems, heavy wall thickness aluminum tubing is used. This heavy
1
wall tubing must be capable of withstanding the torque placed on the
tubing as it serves as the axle for the wheels. Standard wall tubing
is available in nominal 20, 30, and 40 -foot lengths and in diameters from
2 to 10 inches. Much of the standard wall tubing is available as heavy
end to give additional protection against denting. Most of the heavy
wall tubing is available only in 40 -foot lengths. A small amount of
polyethylene plastic wrapped and vinyl coated aluminum tubing has been
'
installed underground, but the higher cost and problems with connectors
has limited this practice.
Connectors or couplings for aluminum tubing include both aluminum
and steel fittings. Female couplers are bolted, welded, pressed,onto
or pressed into the tubing. Types of fenale couplers include latch,
bell, ringlock, and lug. All couplers utilize a rubber ring or gasket
that expands against the tubing when the system is pressurized. The
bell type coupler also uses a steel spring that fits adjacent to the
e
rubber gasket. The male couplers are bolted or welded onto the tubing.
*Extension Specialist(Irrigation), Biological and Agricultural
Engineering, North Carolina State University
**Rawls Pump and Supply Company, Cary, North Carolina

1
Two types of steel pipe: schedule wall thickness and thin wall seam
welded can be used for irrigation. However, except for well casings,
very little steel pipe is used for irrigation. The schedule wall thickness
pipe is used for well casings and some permanent main and lateral lines.
' When portable pipe sprinkler systems were first introduced, thin wall
seam welded pipe was used for portable systems, but aluminum tubing has
eliminated this usage.
' Plastic pipe include a large and varied group of materials of high
molecular weight. In the finished state, the pipe is a solid; however,
at some point in the manufacturing process, the material is fluid and can
be formed into the desired shape by heat or pressure or both. Plastics are
either thermoplastic or thermosetting. Thermoplastic materials can be
softened by heating. At normal temperatures thermoplastic pipe has good
' tensile strength, impact strength and excellent ductility, and good
temperature resistance. Thermosetting pipe consists mainly of epoxies,
polyesters, and pherolics. Some resins are reinforced with glass or
' asbestos fiber to improve the physical properties.
Most plastic piping materials are resistant to deterioration by
natural waters, dilute chemical solutions that may be encountered in
the irrigation industry and most types of wastewater. The major dis-
advantages of plastic pipe are expansion and contraction due to
temperature changes and low mechanical strength. There are no quick
coupling devices for plastic pipe -so it is not readily adapted for
portable irrigation systems but is very satisfactory for permanent
systems.
Polyethylene (PE) plastic pipe is available in a variety of
pressure ratings from 0 to 160 psi working pressure. Sizes range
from 1/2 -inch to 3 -inch. Depending upon pipe diameter, it is available
in lengths from 100 to 400 feet. Both nSf(National Sanitation Foundation)
approved pipe for potable water conveyance (drinking water) and non nSf
pipe are available. Polyethylene pipe should meet the requirements of CS -
256 -63 and should be labeled with the maximum allowable working pressure.
A major disadvantage of PE pipe is the method of connection. All fittings
are internal to the pipe and clamps are used to secure the pipe to the
fitting. These fittings reduce the effective diameter of the pipe. Only
a limited amount*of PE pipe is used for sprinkler irrigation systems. Poly-
ethylene pipe and tubing are the primary piping medium for drip and trickle
irrigation systems,'especially for lateral lines. Most of the PE pipe for
drip systems will be low pressure. Generally it will be high carbon, low
density pipe that will be more flexible and less damaged by sunlight than
conventional PE plastic pipe.
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic pipe is available in pressure ratings
from 50 feet of head (21.6 psi) to 1130 psi depending upon size, type and
manufacturer. Diameters range from 1/2 -inch to 12 inches. lengths are
either 20 feet or 40 feet. These are basically three types of PVC plastic
pipe. to -head, class pipe and schedule pipe. The to -head pipe is thin
wall pipe used mainly for surface irrigation systems and drain lines for
livestock confinement facilities. Class pipe is available in five pressure
ratings: Class 100, Clas 125, Class 160, Class 200 and Class 315.
The numbers denote working pressure rating. There are two
2

t
schedule pipes: Schedule 40 and Schedule 80. Schedule 40 PVC plastic
pipe can be compared to lightweight steel pipe and Schedule 80 can be
compared to regular weight steel pipe. Schedule 80 pipe can be threaded.
The wall thickness of the Schedule pipe will be fairly constant regard-
less of pipe diameter. This means that as it increases in diameter the
pressure rating will decrease. The wall thickness of the Class pipe
will increase as pipe diameter increases, so that all sizes will have
equivalent pressure ratings.
Polyvinyl chloride plastic pipe is connected either with solvent
weld (glue) fittings or bell and gasket fittings. All fittings are
external to the pipe. Solvent weld pipe may be plain end on each end
with a separate fitting (coupling, tee, ell) being used, or the female
end may be belled to accept the male end of another piece of pipe. The
bell and gasket pipe may be plain end on both ends with a separate
'
coupler being used that has two rubber gaskets that seal against the
pipe under pressure or the female end may be belled and have a rubber
gasket that accepts the male end of another piece of pipe. For gasket
pipe, concrete thrust blocks are required at the end of a line of
pipe and at changes in direction in the line. These thrust blocks
prevent the pipe from pulling apart. Gasket pipe must be buried for
satisfactory performance. In fact, it is recommended that all PVC
plastic pipe be buried, with the depth depending upon pipe diameter
and the depth of the frost line. Normal depth is 24 inches for small
diameter pipe and 36 to 42 inches for 6 inch or larger diameter. However,
t
some growers are having satisfactory results with solvent weld PVC pipe
on the surface provided it is drained during freezing weather. The most
'
common PVC pipe for sprinkler irrigation systems will be PR -200 (PVC
1120, ASTMD-2241-67, SDR 21) PR -160 (PVC 1120, ASTMD-2241-67, SDR 26).
and
Cement asbestos (CA) pipe is a rigid, heavy pipe which has been used
'
by the water distribution and irrigation industries for many years.
However, for irrigation usage it has essentially been replaced by PVC
'plastic pipe. The product is a concrete pipe with asbestos fibers added
to provide strength. It is chemically resistant to most waters, however
'
water containing strong acids may damage the cement and result in pipe
failure. Connections for CA pipe are bell and rubber gasket. This pipe
requires thrust blocks at the ends of lines and at changes in pipe
'
direction. Cement asbestos pipe is available in diameters from 3 to 36
inches and 10 and 13 foot lengthswith shorter lengths being available
as required. Pressure ratings vary from 25 to 250 psi. The pipe.should
'
meet the requirements of ASTM C 296-63T and subsequent revisions and
should be labeled accordingly. There will be only a minimum amount of
CA pipe used for irrigation. Most that is used will be 6 inches in
diameter or larger and should have a pressure rating of jat least
'
150 psi.
Although there are a variety of piping materials for irrigation,
'
aluminum tubing and PVC plastic are the two materials most used.
Normally aluminum tubing will be used for portable and solid -set systems
and PVC plastic pipe will be used for permanent systems that are installed
'
below the ground surface.
-3-

Handling and Installation of PVC Plastic Pipe
1 Temperature has a major effect on PVC plastic pipe. As temperatures
approach freezing, the flexibility and impact resistance of PVC plastic
pipe is greatly reduced. At low temperatures when joining solvent weld
pipe, a longer time is required for the glue to set. Generally solvent
weld pipe should not be joined at temperatures below 400F. At high
temperatures pipe becomes more flexible and set-up time for the glue is
' greatly reduced.
When pipe is stacked, it should not be placed in piles more than
' five feet high. Occasionally out -of -round pipe will result from stacking.
In warm weather, once the weight is removed, it will rapidly assume a
round shape. In cold weather, several hours may be required for the pipe
' to return to the original shape.
Sunlight can have an effect on the pipe, especially in colors other
than white. It may warp and exhibit a snaking effect. When left in the
' sunlight for long periods, the color may fade and the pipe will harden
at the surface causing a loss of impact strength. Discolored pipe should
be handled carefully during installation. If pipe is to be stored out-
side for long periods of time, it should be covered with a cover of
opaque material, not plastic, and air should -be able to circulate under
the cover.
Gaskets should be stored away from excessive heat and solvents.
Some pipe comes from the manufacturer with the gaskets installed. If the
pipe is not to be installed immediately, the gaskets should be removed
' and stored.
When installing gasket pipe there are several simple steps to follow
' that will ensure leak -free joints. The gasket or ring groove should be
cleaned of foreign materials. The gasket should be properly installed.
Ample lubricant should be placed on the male pipe end, the pipe aligned and
' the male end inserted into the female end. Some pressure will be required
to force the male end to the correct depth. There will be a reference
point to indicate the required penetration depth. If penetration is not
deep enough the joint may leak; and if penetration is too deep, there is
' not adequate room for pipe expansion. Once the joint is made, the pipe
being installed should be rotated to ensure that the gasket is not pinched.
Gasket pipe may be connected in the trench or on the ground beside the
' trench and then lowered into the trench. If the latter is done, check
each joint to ensure that penetration is correct. If it is necessary to
cut pipe, either a PVC pipe cutter or a niter box with a carpenter's
' fine-toothed handsaw should be used. For gasket pipe, it will be necessary
to bevel the pipe, usually at an 30 angle, accomplished with a special
rasp or file. For solvent weld pipe, burrs, chips and filings should be
removed from the outside and inside of the pipe and it is preferable to
' slightly bevel the outside circumference.
Fittings for gasket pipe may be plastic or steel. The trend in
' the industry today is to use epoxy coated steel fittings. These are
manufactured by several companies (McDowell, Pierce, Davis, etc.) and can
-4-

1
be fabricated in almost any configuration. Some epoxy coated fittings
include stacks and hydrants as an integral part of the fitting.
' Occasionally it may be necessary to connect AVC plastic pipe to steel
or CA pipe-. This connection can be made with a coupling called a
transition or repair coupling. In-line.valves can be supplied with
' connections to gasket pipe.
Thrust blocking -is required for gasket pipe. Most thrust blocks
will be concrete. Manufacturers recommended thrust blocks at any
change in direction greater than 10°. Figure 1 gives an example of
different arrangements for thrust blocks.
r
G
Figure 1. Example of different arrangements for thrust blocks.
-5-

Figure 2. Anchorage blocks for in-line valves.
Table 1 is the forces encountered at end plugs. to calculate
forces encountered at bends, tees and wyes, multiply the figure in
Table 1 by the factors given in Table 2.
Table 1. Thrust W at End Plugs
inrusL in 105. Tur Lest pressure
Pipe Diameter 100 PSI 150 PSI 200 PSI
in psi
250 PSI
inches
1,
295
440
590
740
2
455
680
910
1140
211
660
990
1320
1650
3
985
1480
1970
2460
4
1320
2720
3630
4540
6
3740
5600
7460
9350
8
6490
9740
13,000
16,200
10
10,650
16,000
21,300
26,600
12
15,150
22,700
30,200
37,800
14
20,600
30,800
41,100
51,400
16
26,600
39,800
53,100
66,400
-6-

Table 2. Factors for Calculating Thrust W for
Elbows and Tees.
Elbows: 900 = 1.41 Tees = 0.70
60° = 1.00
45° = 0.76
300 = - 0.52
22.50 = 0.39
Table 3 gives the safe bearing load for different soil types.
Table 3. Safe Bearing Load
Soil
l b/ft2
Mulch, peat and similar 0
Soft Clay 1000
Sand 2000
Sand and gravel 3000
Sand and gravel cemented
with clay 4000
Hard shale 110,000
Thrust block area(ft2) - W -- Thrust (Table 1 & Table 2)
FSoil bearing strength (Table 3)
In placing concrete thrust blocks, check with the manufacturer of the
' pipe being used to ensure that the correct size thrust blocks are
being used.
There are a number of machines that can be used to prepare the
trench for PVC plastic pipe. Soil types, moisture content, depth of
trench required and type and diameter of pipe must be considered.
' Generally chain trenches, wheel trenches, backhoes, or vibrating plows
will be used. for trench preparation. The vibrating plow can only be
used for solvent weld PVC pipe and generally is limited to the smaller
diameter of pipe. Under most conditions the chain -trencher or wheel
' trencher will be faster than the backhoe. Where wide trenches for large
pipe are required, the backhoe will be most satisfactory. If soil
conditions permit, long stretches of open trench will expedite pipe
installation. However, if rain is forecast the pipe should be installed
and the trench backfilled. To avoid sharp turns in the line at obstructions,
trenches should be curved within limits of curvature of the pipe.
-7-

1
Most manufacturers have charts showing the radius and offsets per 20 -
foot length of pipe. When laying out pipe, place it as close to the
trench or proposed trench as possible. This will eliminate unnecessary
handling. Place -the pipe on the side of the trench opposite the soil
' deposit and out of the way of trenchers, backhoes, and other heavy
traffic.
' The trench should be kept as narrow as possible. Trenches with
four inches of clearance on each side of the pipe will allow proper
backfill to be placed around the pipe. When pipe is coupled in the
trench, a wider trench will be required than when pipe is coupled on the
' surface. A trench that is too wide may result in excess soil loading
on the pipe and possibly pipe -deformation or pipe bending. Trench depth
will depend on surface loads, need for freeze protection and earth loads.
If the pipe will be used to convey water during freezing weather, the
pipe shouldibe at least six inches below the freeze depth. In cultivated
land, pipe should be buried to a depth of at least 36 inches to facilitate
' cultural operations. In non -cultivated areas, a depth of 24 inches should
be adequate for pipe diameters of four inches or less and for larger
diameters the depth should be 30 to 48 inches. Trench bottoms should be
smooth and free of stones'or clods larger than one-half inch in diameter.
' loose material should be left for bedding support. Where rocky areas
are encountered, a four inch layer of select backfill should be placed
in the trench bottom. In backfilling the pipe, the backfill should be
' placed in six inch to 12 inch layers and tamped. Backfill adjacent to
the pipe should be free of stones of one-half inch diameter or larger.
Tamping should be done carefully so the pipe is not damaged. Coupling,
fittings (tees, ells, etc.) and valves should be left uncovered so that
' a pressure test can be run for visual inspection of -leaks.
Most of the larger PVC plastic pipe that is installed is gasket
' pipe, most of the smaller pipe will be solvent weld. The solvent weld
pipe is easy to couple and install provided a few basic rules are
followed. These include using the correct cement and primer,
' joining pipe at the correct temperature, having clean pipe
and allowing cement to dry before moving pipe or testing pipe. Details
of joining solvent weld pipe are listed below.
' Details of Solvent Weld Piping_
The solvent welding procedure detailed herein applies to PVC and
' CPUC pressure piping systems including molded fittings, belled end pipe
and fittings and socket type pump and valve connections.
A. Jo i ni na !-tateri al s Needed
cutting tool
rags (nonsynthetic, i.e., cotton)
deburring tool
cement and primer applicators
applicator can or bucket
' pipe primer
pipe solvent cement
tool tray
' notched boards
MC

■
B. Types
of Cement
1.
Light duty industrial grade is for use with all Schedule
40 and Class (SDR rated) pipe up to 6 inches in size.
2.
Heavy duty industrial grade is for use with all Schedule
80 pipe up to 6 inches in size and may be used for Class
(SDR rated) pipe up to 6 inches in size.
3.
Extra heavy duty industrial grade is for use with all
PUC pipe 6 inch and larger.
4.
CPUC solvent cement industrial grade is for use with all
sizes of Schedule 40 and -Schedule 80 CPUC piping.
5.
Pipe primer is for use with all PVC and CPUC pipe and
fittings.
C. Pipe
Preparation
1.
Cuttin . Plastic pipe can be easily cut with a power or
'
hand hacksaw, circular or band saw. For best results, use
a fine-toothed blade (16-18 teeth per inch). To ensure
square -end cuts, a mitre box, hold-down or jig should be
used. Pipe or tubing cutters can be used for smaller
diameter pipe when the cutting wheel is specifically
designed for plastic pipe.
2.
Deburring and Beveling,. All burrs, chips, filings, etc.,
should a removed from both the pipe I.D. and O.D. before
joining. Use a knife, debarring tool or a half -round,
coarse file to remove all burrs. A slight bevel is
preferable around the circumferences of the pipe end to
'
minimize the chances of wiping the solvent cement from
the I.D. of the fitting as the pipe is socketed.
D. Fitting Preparation
Prior to solvent weldinn, all fittings and couplings should
be removed from their cartons and exposed for at least
one hour to the same temperature conditions as the pipe in
order to assure that they are thermally balanced before
joining.
E. Cleaning
Using a clean, dry cotton rag, wipe away all loose dirt
and moisture from the I.D. and O.D. of the pipe end and
the I.D. of the fitting. DO NOT ATTEMPT TO SOLVENT
■
WELD WET SURFACES.
F. Priming
Pipe primer is used to penetrate and soften the bonding
surfaces of PVC and CPVC pipe and fittings. It is a high
strength product that penetrates rapidly. It is very
effective on the hard -finished, high -gloss products now
being produced.

Use a dauber or paint brush to apply the primer to the pipe. A
rag is not recommended as repeated contact with skin may cause
irritation or blistering.
Apply primer freely in the socket keeping surface wet and
applicator wet and in motion for 5 to 15 seconds. Redip applicator
as necessary. Avoid puddling in the' socket.
' Apply again to the fitting socket. The second application is
especially recommended for belled end pipe and fittings fabricated
from pipe stock for many of them -have especially hard inside
' surfaces.
i
1 G.
1
For checking penetration, you should be able to scratch or scrape
a few thousandths of the primed surfaces away. Repeated applica-
tions to either or both surfaces may be necessary. Weather
conditions do affect priming action. In cold weather more time
is required for proper penetration.
NOTE: The pipe ends can be rested on notched boards to keep them
clean and for ease of solvent cement application.
Solvent Cement Application
Using the proper applicator, (see Table 4 for specific recommendations)
proceed as follows:
1. Apply a full even layer of cement on the pipe O.D. for a distance
slightly greater than the depth of the socket of the fitting.
2. Coat the fitting with a medium layer, avoiding puddling. On
belled end pipe, do not coat beyond the socket depth or allow
cement to run beyond the bell.
3. Put a second full even layer on the pipe O.D. Cement layers
must be without voids and sufficient to fill any gap in the joints.
Table 4. Size Applicator Required
Pipe Size
5011
Dauber
Roller
Recommended
(Inches)
Size
Size
Brush Width*
Inches
Inches
Inches
1/4
1/2
3/S
1/2
1/2
3/4
NOT
1/2
3/4
RECO,M-
1/2
14
MENDED
1/2
1',
2)2
1
2i
112-
3
iz
4
2
6NOT
3
3
10
RECOM-
4 or 6
12
MENDED
7
g, 4 or 6
5011

1
t.
[i
1
11
*Natural bristle brushes should always be the alternative
to daubers or rollers. It is recognized that the recom-
mended brush width may not always be readily available.
However, the selection should come as close as possible
to the recommended width in order to ensure complete
coverage with a minimum of brush strokes.
H. Joining
1. Immediately upon finishing cement application and before it
starts to set, insert the pipe to the full socket depth while
rotating the pipe or fitting a 1/4 turn to ensure complete and
even distribution of the cement. Hold joint together for a
minimum of 10 to 15 seconds to make sure that pipe does not
move or back out of the socket.
2. For pipe sizes 6 inch and larger, a joining crew consisting of
two men is recommended and the following steps are necessary:
a. Rotation of the pipe in the fitting may be obmitted.
b. Hold joint together for 1 to 3 minutes depending on pipe
size.
c. As an aid for joining, in these larger sizes, it is recom-
mended that a comealong or pipe joining tool similar to
that manufactured by Reed Manufacturing Company be used.
I. Excess Cement
Immediately after joining and before joint is gently set back
onto a level surface, wipe off all excess cement from the
circumference of the pipe and fitting.
J. Handl ing
During the initial setting of the cement, which begins about
two minutes after application, (on small sizes) be careful not
to move or disturb the joint.
Table 5. PVC and CPVC Joint movement Times
*These temperatures above are drying temperatures and should not be
confused with atmospheric, joining temperature recommendations and
limitations.
-11-
Hot
Mild
Col
We ther*
Weather
We$theE
Nominal
90 -150OF
500-90 F
10 -50 F
Pipe Sizes
Surface
Surface
Surface
Temperature
Temperature
Temperature
h"-lq"
12 min.
20 min.
30 min.
11,"-2'2"
30 min..
45 min.
1 hr.
3"-4"
45 min.
1 hr.
1 hr. & 30 Min.
6"-8"
1 hr.
1 hr. & 30 min.
2 hrs. & 30 min.
10"-12"
2 hrs.
1 3 hrs.
5 hrs.
*These temperatures above are drying temperatures and should not be
confused with atmospheric, joining temperature recommendations and
limitations.
-11-

K. Pressure Testing
Air or compressed gas is not recommended as a media for pressure
testing of plastic piping systems.
1. Initial Joint Testin . Initial joint testing of PVC and CPVC
pipe cou —possibly be accomplished to 10% of its hydrostatic
pressure rating after drying times (listed in Table 6).
Table 6. PVC and CPVC Joint.Drying Times at 10% Pressure
*These temperatures shown are drying temperatures and
should not be confused with atmospheric, joining tem-
perature recommendations and limitations.
2. Hig_h Pressure Testing. The PUC and CPVC pipe could possibly be
pressure tested up to 100% of its hydrostatic pressure rating
after the drying times given in Table 7.
Table 7. PVC and CPVC Joint Drying Times for 1001% -Pressure
Hot
Mild
Cold
Weather*
!feather*
We8the&*
Nominal
900-1500F
50 -90 F
10 -50 F
Pipe Size
Surface
Surface
Surface
Temperature
Temperature
Temperature
2"-I4"
1 hr.
1 hr. & 15 min.
1 hr. & 45 min.
12"-2 �"
1 hr. & 30 min.
1 hr. & 45 min.
3 hrs.
3"-4"2
hrs. &45 min.
3 hrs.& 30 min.
6 hrs.
6"-8"
3 hrs. & 30 min.
4 hrs.
12 hrs.
10"-12"
6 hrs.
8 hrs.
32 hrs.
*These temperatures shown are drying temperatures and
should not be confused with atmospheric, joining tem-
perature recommendations and limitations.
2. Hig_h Pressure Testing. The PUC and CPVC pipe could possibly be
pressure tested up to 100% of its hydrostatic pressure rating
after the drying times given in Table 7.
Table 7. PVC and CPVC Joint Drying Times for 1001% -Pressure
' * These temperatures shown are drying temperatures and
should not be confused with atmospheric joining tem-
perature recommendations and limitations.
L. Do's and Don'ts
Do
1. Use the proper applicator (see Table 4 for specific recommendations)
1 -12-
1
Hot
Mi I d
Cold
Weather*
We$theE*
Weather*
Nominal
90 -150 F
50 -90 F
10 -50 F
Pipe Size
Surface
Surface
Surface
Temperature
Temperature
Temperature
2"-I4"
4 hrs.
5 hrs.
7 hrs.
1--'i"-2'2'
6 hrs.
8 hrs.
10 hrs.
3"-4"
8 hrs.
18 hrs.
24 hrs.
6"-8"
12 hrs.
24 hrs.
48 hrs.
10"-12"
18 hrs.
36 hrs.
72 hrs.
' * These temperatures shown are drying temperatures and
should not be confused with atmospheric joining tem-
perature recommendations and limitations.
L. Do's and Don'ts
Do
1. Use the proper applicator (see Table 4 for specific recommendations)
1 -12-
1

1
2. Use proper type of solvent cement for the job.
'
3. Follow the instructions completely.
Don't
'
1. Attempt to solvent weld under the following conditions:
a. if it is raining
'
b. if atmospheric -temperature is below 40OF
c. if under direct exposVre to sun at atmospheric
temperatures above 90 F
d. discard empty cans of'solvent, primer or rags in
trench or near piping. Concentrated fumes or dripping
cement or primer, can cause pipe failure.
M. Hot Water Cementin
1. Since cement contains a solvent certain precautions or steps
shpuld be taken when the atmospheric temperature is above
90"F to avoid excessive evaporation of the solvent from the
cement just prior to joining. Such evaporation will cause
the cement to prematurely set before joining, thus,
'
adversely affecting the joint integrity. Use one or a
combination of the below to reduce the chances of this
condition occuring.
a. Shade or shelter the joints surfaces from direct
'
exposure to the sun's rays for at least one hour
prior to joining and during the joining process.
b. Make cement joints during early morning hours.
c. Apply cement quickly. On 5 inch and larger pipe,
it is recommended that two men apply cement to the
pipe surface while the third applies it to the
fitting socket.
d. Join pipe to fitting as quickly as possible after
applying cement.
N. Cold Weather Cer,enting
1. Because the solvents in the cement will got evaporate as
1
readily when the temperature is below 40 F, the pipe joints
will not set up as rapidly in cold weather. If solvent
cementing must be done when the temperature is below 400F,
'
the following suggestions are offered:
a. Store pipe, fittings, cement and primer in a heated
area.
b. Pre -fab as much of the system as possible in a heated
work area.
c. Joints that must be made outside should be protected
with a portable shelter and heated with indirect heat
'
to raise temperatures above 40 F prior to joinino
The shelter and heat should remain in place for at
least two hours after joint assembly.
'
d. Pipe and fittings must dry prior to joining and the
joints should be kept dry until the cement has had
sufficient time to set. CAUTION: DO HOT ATTE14PT TO
-13-

1
SPEED THE SETTING OR DRYING OF THE CEMENT BY APPLYING DIRECT
HEAT TO THE SOLVENT WELDED JOINT. Forced rapid drying by
heating will"cause the cement solvents to boil off, forming
porosity, bubbles and blisters in the cement film.
' 0. Handling of Primer and Cement
' Note: Observe the "use prior to" date. Cement has a limited shelf
life. Do not permit solvent cement can to stand open. Do not
use cement that has dried to the point where it becomes lumpy
and stringy. Throw it away. Do not attempt to thin out
' sluggish cement with thinner or primer. The solvents in the
primer and cement are highly flammable, like a fast drying
lacquer, and should not be used near an open flame. Use
' them in a well ventilated area and avoid prolonged breathing
of the fumes. Prolonged contact with the skin could cause
a minor irritation.
' P. Estimated Solvent Cement Requirements
Cement requirements given in Table 3 should only be considered as a
guideline for usage and could vary according to a wide variety of
installation conditions. Further, these estimates should in no way
be used to restrict the liberal cement application instructions
recommended for the pipe.
Table 6. Estimate of Number of Joints That Can Be Made
Per Volume of Cement*
Pipe Sizes
Pint
I Quart
Gallons
2"
130
260
1,040
3/4"
80
160
640
1"
70
140
560
13,61
50
100
400
1Y"
35
70
280
2"
20
40
160
2 I"
17
34
136
3"
15
30
.120
4"
10
20
80
6"
N/R
8
24
8"
N/R
3
12
10"
N/R
N/R
10
12"
NIR
N/R
6
' *Each joint represents one socket in
a fitting.
' Pipe for irrigation, especially underground irrigation, has changed
rapidly in the past few years. Pipe that is availalbe today is high
quality, long-lasting material. When properly utilized, aluminum
' 16
tubing should last 25 years and PVC plastic pipe installed under-
ground has a life of 40 years or more.
-14-

POWER UNIT
ft -ATC %Mi UP
1111 V1r1 9 --
1 (.,L r✓VV VI 117V
ASSEMBLY
TELESCOPING ASSEMBLY
vi lUD STARTER
�11
10'- 201-
PRESSURE RELIEF
VALVE
t PUMP DISCH
811 PVC PIPE

1
1
1
1
1
End Exhibit 23.
AIR RELIEF VALVE

' Water & Energy Exhibit 24
Efficiency
in Irrigation
. Irrigation Scheduling to Improve
' Water- and Energy -Use Efficiencies
1
Much of the irrigation in the
U.S. is practiced in and regions
where little or no rainfall oc-
curs during the growing season.
Underarid conditions, irriga-
tion water can be applied at
fairly routine intervals and in
routine amounts.
However, North Carolina is
located in a humid region
where irrigation must be
planned in conjunction with
prevailing rainfall conditions.
In humid regions such as ours,
applying routine amounts of
irrigation water at regular
intervals will almost always
result in o verirriga tion and the
needless waste of water and
energy.
You can make most efjicieru
use of water, and energy by ap-
plying the right amount of water
to cropland at the right time.
Irrigation scheduling is the use of
water management strategies to
prevent overapplication of water
while minimizing yield loss due to
water shortage or drought stress.
Many different crops are irrigated in
North Carolina. These crops are
grown under a wide range of soil con-
ditions and production practices.
Therefore, irrigation scheduling is an
extremely important management
practice for irrigators in North
Carolina.
Importance of Irrigation
Scheduling
Some irrigation water is stored in the
soil to be removed by crops and some
is lost by evaporation, runoff, or
seepage. The amount of water lost
through these processes is affected by
irrigation system design and irrigation
management. Prudent scheduling min-
imizes runoff and percolation losses,
which in turn usually maximizes ir-
rigation efficiency by reducing energy
and water use. (Of course, in situa-
tions where not enough water was
being applied, proper irrigation
scheduling will increase energy and
water use.)
You can save energy by no
longer pumping water that was pre-
viously being wasted. When water
supplies and irrigation equipment are
adequate, irrigators tend to overir-
rigate, believing that applying more
water will increase crop yields. In-
stead, overirrigation can reduce yields
because the excess soil moisture often
results in plant disease, nutrient leach-
ing, and reduced pesticide effective-
ncss. In addition, water and energy are
wasted.
The quantity of water pumped
can often be reduced without reducing
yield. Studies have shown that irriga-
tion scheduling using water balance
methods (to be discussed later) can
save 15 to 35 percent of the water nor-
mally pumped without reducing yield.
Maximum yield usually docs not
equate to maximum profit. The op-
timum economic yield is less than the
maximum potential yield. irrigation
scheduling tips presented in popular
farm magazines too often aim at
achieving maximum yield with too lit-
tle emphasis on water and energy use
efficiencies. An optimum irrigation
schedule maximizes profit and op-
timizes water and energy use.
Irrigation scheduling requires
knowledge of:
• the soil
• the soil -water status
• the crops
• the status of crop stress
• the potential yield reduction if
the crop remains in a stressed
condition.
In this publication, it is assumed
that the reader understands these basic
relationships. Their importance to ir-
rigation scheduling is briefly sum-
marized below. The terms that are
normally used in irrigation scheduling
are summarized in the box on the
back cover. For more information on
these subjects refer to Extension Publi-
cation AG -452-1, Soil Water and
Cooperative Extension Service • North Carolina State University

Crop Characteristics Important to Ir-
rigation Scheduling.
Relating Soil -Water to
Plant Stress
The amount of water that should be
applied with each irrigation depends
primarily on the soil and the amount
of water it can retain for plant use,
referred to as plant -available water
(PA M. The amount of water
removed from the soil by the plant
since the last irrigation or rainfall is
referred to as the depletion volume.
Irrigation should begin when the
crop comes under water stress severe
enough to reduce crop yield or
quality. The level of stress that will
cause a reduction in crop yield or
quality depends on the kind of crop
and its stage of development; the level
varies during the growing season as
the crop matures. For example, corn
will tolerate more stress without caus-
ing a yield reduction when the stress
occurs during the vegetative stage as
opposed to the pollination stage.
Thus, determining when to irrigate is
a scheduling decision that should take
Fa
into account the crop's sensitivity to
stress.
Recently, scheduling techniques
have been developed that are based on
the moisture status or stress condition
of the crop. For example, to predict
crop stress by infrared thermometry,
the temperature of the crop's leaves is
related to transpiration rate. Remote
sensing of crop stress using infi•ared
satellite imagery is another method
being evaluated. Although these
methods hold promise for the future,
most of the work on them has been
conducted in and regions. Guidelines
have not been developed for humid
regions such as North Carolina.
In humid regions, the most reli-
able method currently available for es-
timating when to irrigate is based on
allovvable depletion of PAW. The
basic assumption is that crop yield or
quality will not be reduced if crop
water use is less than the allowable
depletion level. In Notch Carolina, 50
percent depletion of PAW is recom-
mended for most soils (Figure 1).
However, allowable depletion may
range from 40 percent or less in some
coarse, sandy soils to as high as 60 to
.ALLOWABLE
# � Ylr`•�: w
•4'JYi+
70 percent in some clayey soils.
Drought -sensitive crops (such as
vegetable crops) tolerate less deple-
tion than drought -tolerant crops (like
soybeans or cotton).
Influence of Rainfall
In humid regions, the irrigation fre-
quency and the amount of water to
apply are strongly influenced by
seasonal rainfall. Efficiently and effec-
tively supplementing rainfall is one of
the greatest challenges to irrigation
scheduling in North Carolina. During
periods when no rainfall occurs, 1
inch of irrigation water may be re-
quired every three to four days.
During a season when rainfall occurs
frequently, irrigation may be needed
only once or twice a month. In most
years, the need for and frequency of ir-
rigation falls between these extremes.
Figure 2 illustrates the annual
variation in rainfall at the Raleigh-
Durham airport during the corn -
growing season for the 30 -year period
from 1956 to 1985. Notice that the
average rainfall during the growing
season was nearly equal to the cumula-
tive consumptive use for a corn crop.
Flgure 1. The relationship between water distribution in the soli and the concept of Irrigation
scheduling when 50 percent of the PAW has bean depleted
50 PERCENT
FIELD CAPACITY
DEPLETED
WILTING POINT
5o Percent
AIR
Allowable Depletion
AIA
>•
AIR
WATER
s:
VOLUME
Volume Remaining
' WATEFr •Start of Irrl atlon
g
WATER
Added by Irrigation
SOLIDS
SOLID
SOLIDS
Flgure 1. The relationship between water distribution in the soli and the concept of Irrigation
scheduling when 50 percent of the PAW has bean depleted

1
1
1
u
1
1
On the average, then, enough rain-
water was received to satisfy crop
needs, suggesting that irrigation was
unnecessary. But in some years more
than enough rainfall was received,
whereas in other years rainfall was not
adequate and irrigation was needed.
These data illustrate that the timing of
rains is more important to irrigation
decisions than the total amount of rain-
fall.
Corn planted between April 10
and 15 consumes the most water and
is most susceptible to water deficits
from June 5 to July 5. During that 30 -
day period, corn requires about 0.25
inches of water per day, or a total of
7.5 inches. Figure 3 shows that in only
three years between 1956 and 1985
was rainfall adequate to satisfy the
water needs of corn throughout this
critical growth stage. The average 30 -
day rainfall was approximately 4 in-
ches, indicating that the average
amount of irrigation water required
was 3.5 inches during the 30 -day
period. But routinely applying that
average amount would have been
suitable in only 10 out of the 30 years.
In 10 of the years, applying 3.5 inches
30 CORN CONSUMPTIVE
27 WATER USE TO BLACK
LAYER FORMATION
m
24--
21 --
18-_ ------- - - - - - --- ---- ----- - - -
J 15
Q 12
LA_ 9
z 30 YEAR AVERAGE
6__
RAINFALL DURING
3 GROWING SEASON
4
1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985
YEAR
Figure 2. Rdrttdl during the growing season (April 10 to August 31) at ttte Rdelgh-
Durham drport from 1956 to 1985. Consumptive use Is the totd amount of water
extracted by a com crop during ft growing season.
12
11 CONSUMPTIVE USE
h 10 1IJUNE 5 TO JULY 5
c8 .......... .y",..... ........
av 7
J 6 AVERAGE
-1 5
2
1
0
1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985
YEAR
Figure 3. Yearly rdnfdl lfuctuatton at the Raleigh-Dcutlam drport dwIng the 30 -
day cftal MoWure period for com (June 5 - July 5) from 1956 to 1985. Con-
aul V%on Is 1t1e amount of wafer a corn crop would extract hom the aril during
the crffioal 30 -day period If sdl-water h not limiting.
would have been inadequate, and in
the 10 remaining years it would have
been excessive. The annual irrigation
requirements ranged from none to 7
inches.
Most irrigation systems have the
capacity to satisfy crop needs in the
driest year or at least in 9 out of every
10 years. In this example, the amount
of irrigation water needed to satisfy
crop demand during the critical
growth phase in 9 out of 10 years was
6.5 inches, or more than 1.5 inches
per weep. Yet if this amount were ap-
plied every week, overirrigation
would result 90 percent of the time.
This example clearly shows that the
weekly, monthly, and annual
variability in rainfall must be taken
into account when making irrigation
decisions.
Irrigation Scheduling
Irrigation scheduling is the process of
answering two basic questions:
Do I need to irrigate?
How much water should I apply?
Dehmining When to InigWe
There are three ways to decide when
to irrigate:
• measure soil -water
• estimate soil -water using an
accounting approach (the check-
book method)
• measure crop stress
Measuring Soil -Water. There
are many different methods or devices
for measuring soil water. These in-
clude the feel method, gravitational
method, tensiotneters, electrical resis-
tance blocks, neutron probe, Phene
cell, and time domain reflectometer.
These methods differ in reliability,
cost, and labor intensity. For more in-
formation on the operation, reliability,
and cost of these methods, refer to Ex-
tension Publication A0452-2,
Measuring Soil-Waterfor Irrigation
Scheduling: Monitoring Methods and
Devices.
Tensiometers and electrical resis-
tance blocks are the most cost-
efficient and reliable devices for
measuring soil -water for the irrigation
of North Carolina soils. Tensiometers
3

are best suited for sandy, sandy loam,
and loamy soil textures, while electri-
cal resistance blocks work best in silty
or clayey soils. You should be aware
that the calibration curves and recom-
mendations supplied by the manufac-
turer for these devices were developed
for general conditions and are not ade-
quate for specific soil conditions and
fields. For best results, all soil -water
measuring devices should be
calibrated for the major soils in each
field being irrigated. Calibration pro-
cedures for soil -water measuring
devices are outlined in Extension Pub-
lication AG452-3, Calibrating Soil -
Water Measuring Devices.
Checkbook Method. The check-
book method is an accounting ap-
proach for estimating how much
soil -water remains in the effective
root zone based on water inputs and
outputs (like a daily balance on a bank
account based on deposits and
withdrawals). Irrigation is scheduled
when the soil -water content in the ef-
fective root zone is near the allowable
depletion volume. Some of the
simpler checkbook methods keep
track of rainfall, evapotranspiration,
and irrigation amounts. More sophisti-
cated methods require periodic meas-
urements of the soil -water status and
moisture -use rates of the crop. Some
methods may even require inputs of
daily temperature, wind speed, and
solar radiation amounts.
Checkbook methods require
detailed daily record keeping, which
can become time consuming for the
more complex methods. One of the ad-
vantages of the checkbook approach
is that it can be programmed on a com-
puter. Computer programs have been
developed to handle the accounting
and provide timely and sometimes
precise scheduling recommendations.
Some of the more advanced programs
can predict the effect of an irrigation
or irrigation delay at a given growth
stage on crop yield and maturity date.
Computer programs can be very reli-
able tools for scheduling irrigation;
however, it is very important to
remember that the computer recom-
mendations are only as good as the
data you supply.
4
Regardless of the method used to
estimate or measure soil -water, there
will be occasions when the soil will
have reached the "tum on" level of
dryness, yet your judgment suggests
that irrigation should be delayed. For
example, if the crop has not reached
the most critical stage and the water
supply is in danger of being exhausted
before the end of the irrigation season,
then irrigation should be delayed. This
delay may cause some reduction in
yield or quality, but the reduction
would be greater if the water supply
became depleted before the crop
reaches a more critical stage of
growth. If a high probability of rain-
fall has been predicted during the next
one or two days, it may be ad-
vantageous to wait and see before
starting to irrigate.
This decision must also take into
account the capacity of the irrigation
systen-L If the system is already being
used to full capacity and water sup-
plies are sufficient, then irrigate on
schedule. If predicted rainfall does not
occur, it is impossible to get back on
schedule when the irrigation equip-
ment is already being used to full
capacity. A wait-and-see approach is
practical only when the irrigation sys-
tem is not being used at full capacity.
Determining How Much to
imgate
Enough irrigation water should be ap-
plied to replace the depleted PAW
within the root zone and to allow for
irrigation inefficiencies. Root depth
and root distribution are important be-
cause they determine the depth of the
soil reservoir from which the plant
can extract available water, About 70
percent of the root mass is found in
the upper half of the maximum root
depth. Under adequate moisture condi-
tions, water uptake by the crop is
about the same as its root distribution.
Thus, about 70 percent of the water
used by a crop is obtained from the
upper half of the root zone. This zone
is referred to as the effective root
depth. This depth should be used to
compute the volume of PAW. Irriga-
tion amounts should be computed to
replace only the depleted PAW within
the effective root zone.
The depleted volume is referred
to as the net amount of water to be
replaced. Additional water must be ap-
plied to account for irrigation inef-
Monitor
Soil
Moisture
Does soil
Monitoring Indicate
It's Time To Irrigate
YES NO
DELAY
Will Crop Yield or
IRRIGATION
IRRIGATE Guailty Be Seriously
Reduced If Irrigation
Is Delayed
Ak
YES NO
Will Water supply
NO
Be Adequate For
Remainder of
Growing season
Is This the
YES NO
Most Critical Crop
Stage to Irrigate
NO Is Rainfall predicted
YES
Within 1 or 2 Days
YES
Flgure 4. Dally dedslon proem required to schedule Itrlgallon effectively.

1
11
1
1
1
1
1
ficiencies so that the desired (net)
amount reaches the root zone. Inef-
ficiencies might include leakage at
couplings, surface runoff, or percola-
tion below the effective root depth.
Irrigation efficiency is typically 70 to
80 percent of the total water applied.
Thus, if the net irrigation amount re-
quired to replace the depletion volume
is 1 inch and the irrigation efficiency
is 75 percent, the total amount of ir-
rigation water needed to apply 1 inch
of net water is approximately 1.3 in-
ches (the net amount, 1 inch, divided
by the irrigation efficiency of 0.75).
This amount (1.3 inches) is referred to
as the gross water application. For a
discussion on strategies to maximize
irrigation efficiency, refer to Exten-
sion Publication AG452-5, Irrigation
Management Strategies to Improve
Water and Energy Efficiencies.
Thcre may be occasions when
only part of the depletion volume
should be replaced by irrigation. For
example, if irrigation replaces all the
depletion volume, there is little or no
PAW storage remaining within the ef-
fective root zone should a rainfall
occur soon after the irrigation. In this
situation, most of an ensuing rainfall
amount could be lost through runoff
or percolation. Applying only part of
the scheduled amount of irrigation
water in anticipation of rainfall will
result in more efficient use of water
and energy, although this approach
may require more frequent irrigation.
The above discussion has shown
that determining when and how much
to irrigate is a complex decision-
making process. Critical elements of
this process are summarized in Figure
4. Every irrigator must evaluate these
critical elements daily to utilize water
and energy efficiently and effectively.
The following examples demonstrate
two irrigation scheduling procedures
recommended for North Carolina,
Irrigation Scheduling:
Examples
Calibrating soil -water measuring
equipment and measuring soil -water
are the first steps in developing an ef-
fective irrigation schedule. The infor-
mation obtained allows you to deter-
mine when the soil -water content has
reached the normal irrigation range.
The calibration data are used to deter-
mine the readings of the soil -water
measuring device at the allowable
depletion volume, usually 50 percent
depletion of PAW. Using a ten-
siometer for irrigation scheduling is
demonstrated in the following ex-
ample. A similar procedure is fol-
lowed if electrical resistance blocks or
one of the other soil -water measuring
devices is used.
Irrigation Scheduling Using
Tensiometers
A calibration curve showing soil -
water tension (tensiometer reading)
versus water content for a sandy soil
is plotted in Figure 5. From this graph,
field capacity is estimated to occur
where the steeper portion of the curve
begins to flatten out, at about 10 cen-
tibars (cb). Field capacity occurs in a
sandy soil about one day after a soak-
ing
oaking rain. The water content at 10 cb is
0.20 in/in (0.20 inTn means each inch
of soil depth contains 0.20 inches of
h 0.3
r FIELD CAPACITY
v
c
`-' 0,2�50% DEPLETION OF PAW
Z WILTING POINT
z---------------
0
�...........................
wSTART IRRIGATION
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 00
TENSION (centibars)
Figure & Calibration curve of wafer content versus tensiometer reading (tension).
Field capacity Is normally Interpreted to be the point at which the rate of
decrease of water content versus tension flattens out, In this case, about 40 cb.
Table 4. Determining When and How Much to Irrigate
Calculating When to Irrigate Calculating How Much to Irrigate
plant-ovallable water
PAW e field capacity- wilting point
0.20 In./In.- 0.08 in./In.
0.12In. /In.
50 percent depletion of PAW
- 0.42 In. /in. x 0.50
0.06 in./in.
Water content at 50 percent depletion
water content (field capacity) minus
allowable depletion
0.20 In. /in. - 0.06 In, /in.
0.44In. /in.
Tension when water content is 0.14 inAn.
read from plot (Fig. 5) at 0.14 In./in.
-30cb
Net Irrigation amount (knee-high st
depletion volume times effective
root depth
0.06 In. /in, x 8 in.
0.48 in./irrigation
Gross water application
R net amount divided by Irrigation.
efficiency
0.48 In. /0.75
= 0.64 In. /irrigation
Net Irrigation amount (tasseling stage)
= 0.06In. /in. x 12 in.
n 0.72 in, /irrigation
Gross water application
0.721n,/ 0.75
0.96 in./Irrigation
5

water). The PAW of this soil as calcu-
lated in Table I is 0.12 intn.; there-
fore, the allowable depiction (one-half
of PAW) is 0.06 in/in. The water con-
tent of the soil when irrigation should
begin is 0.14 in./in. The correspond-
ing tension at this water content is 30
cb. Therefore, irrigation water should
be applied to this soil when the ten-
siometer reading reaches 30 cb.
At the time of irrigation, the effec-
tive root depth must be known in
order to determine the total amount of
irrigation water to apply and to install
tensiometers or electrical resistance
blocks at the appropriate depth. As dis-
cussed earlier, the effective root depth
represents the depth of soil from
which the plant extracts most of its
water. The effective root depth in-
creases during the growing season as
the crop develops. It begins at zero at
planting and increases to its maximum
depth by the time the crop reaches its
reproductive stage of growth, which
occurs about midseason for most
crops. In North Carolina, soil condi-
tions usually limit the maximum effec-
tive root depth to about 12 inches.
When irrigation is scheduled during
early growth stages before maximum
root development, assume that the
rate of root elongation increases
linearly from planting time up to the
maximum effective depth of 12 inches
at midseason. For example, corn
reaches its maximum effective root
depth of 12 inches at the tasseling
growth stage, 60 to 65 days after plant-
ing. Before tasseling, the rate of effec-
tive root growth is about 0.2 inches
per day (12 inches/60 days). Thus, at
the knee-high growth stage, 40 days
after planting, the effective root depth
is about 8 inches (0.2 inch/day x 40
days)
The amount of water to be added
at each irrigation is determined by
'
Table 2. Example of Irrigation Scheduling Using a Simple Checkbook Approach'
PAW In soil at start
Consumptive'
Net
PAW In soil end
Date
of day
use for day
Rall>ldla
inigalion
of day
Comments
(Inches)
r/. of PAVV)
(inches)
(Inches)
(inches)
(Inches) (%of PAVV)
5-31
1.00
1.44
100
Soaking racn, FC assumed
6-1
1.44
100
0.14
4.30
90
'
2
1.30
90
0.15
1.15
80
3
1.15
80
0.46
0.99
69
4
0.99
69
0,17
0.68
47
1
5
0.82
57
0.18
0.04
0.68
47
Time to irrigate
6
0.68
47
0.19
0.04
0.72
1.25
87
7
1.25
87
0.20
0.15
1,20
83
8
1.20
83
0.21
0.01
1.00
69
'
9
1.00
69
0.22
0.88
61
10
0.88
61
0.22
0.66
46
Time to Irrigate
41
0.66
46
0.23
0.72
1,15
80
12
1.15
80
0.23
0.20
1.12
78
'
13
1.12
78
0.23
0.89
62
14
0.89
62
0.24
0.65
45
Time to Irrigate
15
0.65
45
0.24
0.08
0.72
1.21
84
'
16
1.21
84
0.24
0.19
1.16
81
17
4.16
81
0.24
0.92
64
18
0.92
64
0.25
4,26
4.44
100
0.49 In, rocn above FC
19
1.44
100
0.25
0.31
1.44
100
0.06 in. rain above FC
'
20
1.44
100
0.25
1.19
83
21
4.119
83
0.25
0.94
65
22
0,94
65
a26
0.68
47
Time to Irrigate
23
0.68
47
0.26
0.72
1.14
79
'
24
4.14
79
0.26
0.88
61
25
0.88
61
0.26
0.62
43
Time to Irrigate
26
0.62
43
0.25
0.72
1.08
75
'
27
1.08
75
0.25
0.83
58
(Critical stage, corn sicking)
28
0.83
58
0.25
0.72
1.30
90
Irrigate sooner than 50%
29
1.30
90
0.25
0.21
4.26
88
30
1.26
88
0.24
0.38
1.40
97
'
'Sandy loam soil of calibration example. Effocllve root zone assumed to be 12 Inches, Total PAW=0.12 x 12 In. =1.44 In. Irrigate at 50%of PAW. Irriga-
tion amount based on 5096 depletion of 1.44 Inches, which Is a net amount of 0.72 Inches. Values shown do not Include Irrigation Ineflldency. .
zCoruumptive use for
Rainfall from Ralelgh-Durham
corn from Figure 7. Planting assumed to be AprII 15, so lune 1 corresponds
airport, 4985.
to 45 days after planling.
M

1
1
1
1
n
multiplying the allowable depletion
by the effective root depth. For ex-
ample, if irrigation is scheduled when
corn has coached the knee-high stage
and the effective root depth is 8 in-
ches, the irrigation amount is then
0.48 inches, as shown in Table 2. This
represents the net (desired) irrigation
amount. Assuming an irrigation ef-
ficiency of 75 percent, the gross water
application amount is 0.64 inches.
Once corn reaches the tasseling stage,
the effective root depth has increased
to 12 inches. The net irrigation
amount at this stage is 0.72 inches and
the gross water application is 096 in-
ches.
Frequently, irrigation systems in
North Carolina have been sized to
apply approximately 1 inch of water
every three to four days, which is a
general rule of thumb to satisfy ex-
pected peak -use demands. This
amount would be appropriate in the
above example when corn has reached
the tasseling stage. But notice that this
amount of water is 50 percent more
than should be applied at the knee-
high stage. Few irrigators adjust their
application amount during the grow-
ing season, which often results in over -
irrigation early in the season. Apply-
ing the design system capacity of I
inch at the knee-high stage in the
above example would result in apply-
ing 0.24 inches per irrigation that
would percolate below the effective
root zone. Thus, the irrigation efficien-
cy would be reduced from 75 percent
to about 50 percent. This wastes water
and energy.
Locating Soil- Wader Measuring
Devices
In general, soil -water should be
measured at the center of the effective
root zone. If the effective root depth is
12 inches, the soil -water measuring
device should be installed at a depth
of about 6 inches. When an irrigated
field contains more than one soil type,
at least one device should be installed
within each major soil type in the
field. The above calculations should
also be made for each different soil.
When stationary sprinklers are used
(such as solid -set or permanent irriga-
tion systems), the system should be
managed such that an irrigation zone
encompasses only soils with similar
soil -water properties. In this manner,
irrigation amounts can be adjusted ac-
cording to the soil -water retention
properties within a particular zone.
To check the computed irrigation
amount, a second soil -water measur-
ing device can be used at the bottom
of the root zone to indicate when ir-
rigation should stop. The two soil -
water measuring devices are used as
an on-off switch, as shown in Figure
6, One device (the shallow one) is in-
stalled in the center of the effective
root zone and indicates when irriga-
tion should start. The second device,
installed at the bottom of the root
zone, indicates when irrigation should
stop. As soon as the root zone is
rewetted to field capacity, water
begins to percolate below the effec-
tive root zone. The percolation is indi-
cated by a decrease in soil -water
tension of the lower tensiometer. As
soon as the tension reading on the
deep tensiometer starts to decrease, ir-
rigation should be stopped.
Scheduling irrigation is more dif-
ficult for mechanical -move type irriga-
tion systems (center pivots or hard
hose travelers) because the irrigator
must anticipate the time required for
the system to move across the field. In
this situation, irrigation must be
7

started sooner, typically after 30 to 40
percent depletion of PAW so that the
last section irrigated will not be drier
than 60 to 70 percent depleted. The
situation is further complicated by
rainfall events occurring during this
period. The PAW content may be
uniform following a rainfall, but
depending on the time required for the
system to make a complete cycle,
PAW may vary across the field by 50
percent following irrigation.
Shallow tensiometers can still be
used to determine when to irrigate,
but irrigation must be started sooner
so that the last portion to be irrigated
does not become too dry. Deeper ten-
siometers should be located near the
midpoint of the travel cycle. They
should be monitored as the system
passes to determine whether the
proper amount of water is being ap-
plied. If no change in the tensiometer
reading is observed as the system pas-
ses, too little water is being applied
and the travel speed should be
reduced. Likewise, if the tensiomcter
reading decreases before the system is
90 percent past the tensiometer, too
much water is being applied and the
travel speed should be increased.
With mechanical -move systems, soil -
water measurements arc used in con-
junction with the checkbook approach
to schedule irrigation properly and ac-
count for the additional soil -water
depletion that will occur while the sys-
tem travels across the field.
Irrigation Scheduling Using the
Checkbook Approach
The checkbook approach to irrigation
scheduling involves a daily account-
ing of water withdrawals and addi-
tions to the effective root zone. The
additions include rainfall and irriga-
tion amounts and the withdrawals in-
clude crop water use, runoff, and
percolation.
Rainfall and irrigation can be
measured with rain gauges installed
above the crop canopy in the irrigated
field. Plant withdrawals can be es-
timated from crop soil -water use
curves or by measuring pan evapora-
tion. Moisture use curves such as
those shown in Figure 7 indicate the
D
amount of water (consumptive use)
that a crop would remove from the
soil if the atmospheric evaporative
demand was high; that is, on a clear,
warm day if the amount of water
stored in the effective root zone is suf-
ficicnt. When these conditions are not
present, actual consumptive use will
be less than the consumptive use
values shown in Figure 7. For ex-
ample, on a cool, rainy, or very over-
cast day, consumptive use may be
near zero. Consumptive use rates
should be adjusted to reflect prevail-
ing weather conditions.
Daily pan evaporation measure-
ments reflect the effects of prevailing
weather conditions. Pan evaporation
is approximately equal to potential
evapotranspiration (PET).
Evapotranspiration is the process by
which water is lost from the soil sur-
face by evaporation and by the
transpiration process of plants grow-
ing on the soil. Potential evapo-
transpiration (PET) is the maximum
amount of water that could be lost
through this process under a given set
of atmospheric conditions, assuming
that the crop covers the entire soil sur-
face and that the amount of water
present in the soil does not limit the
process. However, when pan evapora-
tion is used to estimate PET, a crop
coefficient is required to adjust the
pan evaporation value to actual
evapotranspiration (AEI'). AET is the
actual amount of water removed from
the soil and can be limited by the crop
or by the water content of the soil.
Actual evapotranspiration equals
PET (pan evaporation) for an actively
growing crop that completely shades
the soil surface (full crop canopy) and
is growing in a soil near field
capacity. But a young seedling does
not transpire at the same rate as a crop
with full canopy. In fact, during much
of the growing season, AET is less
than PET because the crop canopy is
small or the crop is approaching senes-
cence and not transpiring at its peak
rate. The crop coefficient corrects for
the difference between AET (as
limited by the crop) and PET (a func-
tion of atmospheric conditions).
Crop coefficients for many plants
have been developed. An example
crop -coefficient curve for corn is
shown in Figure 8. AET can also be
limited when the soil becomes too dry
to supply water to plant roots so that
the plant can transpire at PET. The
plant undergoes temporary wilting
when this occurs. The checkbook ap-
proach includes no corrective
meant= to account for soil limita-
tions. It is assumed that the sail does
not limit water supply to the crop as
long as PAW is not depleted below 50
percent.
The National Weather Service
records pan evaporation at several
weather stations across the state. This
information can be obtained from the
local Extension Service office through
the CAROLINE network. Pan
evaporation can also be measured on
site with a fairly large pan, such as a
washtub. The pan should be covered
with some type of screen or netting
(with openings approximately I inch
wide) to keep birds and animals from
drinking the water. The most common
source of error using the checkbook
approach occurs in estimating water
losses due to runoff and percolation
losses; that is, estimating the effective
rainfall or irrigation that remains in
the effective root zone. These errors
accumulate as the season progresses.
For best results, it is necessary to
measure soil -water several times
during the growing season (preferably
every two to three weeks) to make pe-
riodic corrections of the checkbook
balance of soil -water.
To use the checkbook method,
you must begin computations when
the soil is at a known water content.
Field capacity is the usual starting
point and should be assumed to occur
soon after a rainfall or irrigation of an
amount large enough to wet the effec-
tive root zone. For marry of the loamy
soil textures found in North Carolina
(root zone textures consisting of
loamy sand, sandy loam, loam, or
sandy clay loam), field capacity can
be assumed to occur one day after
rainfall or irrigation.
A simple checkbook approach for
scheduling irrigation is shown in

Table 2. Irrigation amounts are com-
puted as shown in Table 2. Notice that
many of the adjustments discussed
above, which are needed to correct for
potential errors, have been omitted.
The checkbook method becomes time
consuming and tedious but more reli-
able when these corrections are in-
6luded. When data needed to make
corrections are available, the use of a
computer program is recommended.
Technical Assistance Is
Available
While simple in concept, irriga-
tion scheduling is rather complex in
practice. As costs of energy and water
continue to increase, irrigation
scheduling will become increasingly
important. By making more efficient
use of both energy and water, irriga-
tion scheduling can save you money.
Your county Cooperative Extension
TASSELING SILKING
w 0.3
m
U
C
w 0.2
KNEE HIGH EARLY DENT
V)
D:
BLACK LAYER
Q 0-1 MtERGENCE
r
J
a
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
DAYS AFTER PLANTING
Figure 7. Dally water use by corm as Influenced by stage of developrnent. Irrlga-
Hon scheduling decisions should be adjusted to reflect changes In water con-
sumption by the crop during Lha growing season
TASSELING SILKING
1.1
1
Z 0.9
w 0.8 EARLY DENT
0.7
LL- 0.6 KNEE HIGH BLACK LAYER
00.5--
U
�
0.3 EMERGENCE
U 0.2
0.1
a
0 20 40 60 s0 100 120 140
DAYS AFTER PLANTING
Flgure 8. Crop ooet[Ldent curve for corn for adjusting pan evaporation to actual
evapotranspiration of the crop. For most crops growing In sills with noNlmlNng
loll molshire, the coeffialent will be 1 during the peak molsture-use period, In-
dltxtting that AET W equcd to evaImallon from a mend pass A evapordlon
pan.
Service and Soil Conservation Service
can help with irrigation decisions.
Their staff members know how to
apply irrigation scheduling techni-
ques. Irrigation consulting and
scheduling services are also available
in some areas.
z

1
End Exhibit 24
' Soil, Water, and Plant Terms Used in Irrigation Scheduling
Term Definition
' Field Capacity (FC) The soll-water content after the force of gravity has drained or removed all the
water It can, usually 1 to 3 days after rainfall,
' Pemxtnerlt Wing Point (PWP) The soil -water content at which healthy plants can no longer extract water from
the soil at a rate fast enough to recover from wilting, permanent willing point is
considered the lower limit of plant- avallable water.
'
Plant -Available Water (PAW)
The amount of water held In the sod that is available to plants; the difference be-
tween field capacity and the permanent wilting point.
Depletion Volume
The amount of plant-ovallable water removed from the soil by plants and
evaporation from the soil surface.
'
Allowable Depletion VolumB
The amount of plant-avallable water that can be removed from the soil wlihout
seriously affecting plant growth and development.
Effective Root Depth
The upper podlon of the root zone where plants get most of their water. Effective
'
root depth Is estimated as one-half the maximum rooting depth.
1
1
North Carolinaowision
'
COOPERATIVE �� w' ~�• r�—r r�r r-rrr
EXTENSION
SERVICE 9W NC Departmental Economic
Prepared by 1V'PVWI and Community Development
R. O. Evans, Extension Agricultural Engineering Specialist
R. E. Sneed, Extension Agricultural Engineering Specialist
D. K. Cassel, Professor of Sol! Science
' This publication was pro duce dby rhe North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service with support provided by the En orgy Division, North Carolina
Department of Economic and Community Development, from petroleum violation escrow funds. The opinions, findings, conclusions, or
recommendations expressed heroin are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Energy Division, North Carolina
' Department of Economic and Community Development.
Published by
' THE NORTH CAROLINA COOPERATIVE EXTENSION SERVICE
North Carolina State University at Raleigh, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University at Greensboro, and the U.S. Department of Agriculture,
cooperating. State University Station, Raleigh, N.C., R.C. Wells, Director. Distributed in furtherance of the Acts of Congress of May 8 and June 30, 1914. The
North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service is an equal opportunity/af flrmative action employer. Its programs, activities, and employment practices are
' available to all people regardless of race, color, religion, sex, age, national origin, handicap, or political affiliation.
6/91 — 21M — TAH — 210308 AG -452-4
2,000 copies of this public document were printed at a cost of $1.007.00, or $.50 per copy.
1

Exhibit 25
Systems Operations Guide
System Start -Up
1. Attach traveler to hydrant and open hydrant valve fully.
2. Pull out traveler hose slowly. (make sure to observe buffer areas)
3. Move engine to lagoon and then prime pump.
4. Matte sure ground entry gate valve is open fully.
5. Start engine and leave engine at idle speed until all air is purged
from the system lines.
6. Raise engine speed until proper pump pressure is met.
7. Start traveler engine and allow engine to warm.
8. Engage traveler drive and set travel speed to designed speed.
9. Make sure the gun is set on the designed arc (270) and that no buffer
areas are being violated.
System Shut Down
1. The traveler is designed to shut down automatically when the gun cart
reaches the traveler.
2. After the traveler stops, lower the engine speed to idle.
3. Shut down the engine.
4. Shut the hydrant valve completely and move the traveler to the next
hydrant Location.
5. Repeat system start-up.
6. If at the last hydrant location, move pump and traveler: to storage area.
Winterization
1. Open all drains in the system. (pipeline, pump, traveler, etc.)
' 2. After all water has drained from the system lines close the pipeline
drain valves.
1

End Exhibit 25
Systems Operations Guide
Page 2
Winterization Cont.
3. Open ground entry Bate valve and pour in a small amount of anti --freeze.
This will help to prevent the valve from freezing.
4. Leave the ground entry gate valve slightly open.
Maintenance
1. Follow all maintenance manuals supplied with the sysL-em.
2. Replace any worn or damaged parts as soon as possible. (gaskets, hoses,etc.)
3. Coa, the inside of the impeller housing with lubricant to help prevent
corrosion.
4. Grease hydrant stems at least annually.
General
1. Be sure to follow the waste plan as it is designed.
2. Observe all buffer zone areas.
3. Make sure all equipment is in good working condition before pumping.
4. Always start the engine slow and stop the engine slow. if the system
is brought up to full speed before all of the air is out of the lines,
or is stopped without slowing to idle speed, severe damage may
result.

20 SERIES PRESSURE
SWICHGAGE`' INSTRUMENTS
DESCRIPTION
The 20 Series SWICHGAGE" is an accurate pressure -indicating
gauge. having an integral limit contact for switching at critical
pressures. The limit contact is visible and oasily adjusted to
specific control points. Tho Instrument can be used to activate
alarms and/or 10 shul-down equ;pment. Tho gauge pointer acts
as a pressuro indicator and as the pole or the switch, completing
a circuit when it touches the limit contact. The pointer of the
standard 20-P grounds through the case, and the limit contact is
wired to power, via a Murphy magnetic switch.
APPLICATIONS
Engine lubrication pressure, water pump pressure, filler
differential pressuro, turbo-chargcr'pressurelvacuum. Any
engine or oquipment function that has a pressure that is critical
to operational efficiency.
SWICHGAGE" instruments are specifically recommended for
shutdown on oil field, irrigation and industrial engines, or as alarm
Systems on construction equipment, mobile equipment, and
marine engines.
The 20 series includes water column pressvro instruments and
differential pressuro instruments for condition indicators of filter
systema or crankcaso prossures: see this bulletin and bullelins
VWC-7560 and V-8207.
For applications that roquiro Alarm Before Shutdown, or a threo
wire SPOT snap switch to make or broak circuits, there aro ASS
and fro models: see this bulletin.
STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS:
(See also OPTIONS LIST)
Dint: 2 In. (51 mm), while on black, psi & kPa.
Case: 2-V32 in. (52 mm). steel wlzinc and lridite:
Exhibit 26
0.0206B
Revised 09.93
catalog Sectlon 05
Mrs
20-P SWICHGAGEO ZW
• Combination Indicating Gauge
and Limit Switch L
• Fits Standard 2 in. (51 mm) V
Diameter Panel Openings Im Z
• Critical Pressure Limit Switch mo
is Visible and Adjustable
• Switch can Activate Alarms
and/or Shut -down Equipment v}
20•P SWICHGAGEO
(0.100 psVO-688 kPa)
Standard 20-P SWICHGAGE• features Include:
Mounting Hole: 2-1116 in. (52 mm).
Stainless Steel
Mounting Panel Thickness: 114 in. (6 mm) maximum.
Bezel
Mounting Clamp; included.
Sleet Case
Bezel: Stainless steel.
Ouse Scale Zinc 8 lridite
Gauge Connection: 11B-27 NPTM.
2" (51mm) Plated
Sensing Element: Diaphragm of beryllium copper.
Dial
Gauge Accuracy: :t2% in the Operating Range (mid 12 of scale)
13% in first and last 114 of scale.
Over Pressure: Twice state pressuro on 0-7 psi (45 kPa) thru
0-200 psi (1.20 MPa) models; 0.300 psi model maximum 500
p6i (3.45 MPa).
SWICHGAGEO Contacts: SPST; pointer and limit contact:
N.C. when the low limit is met.
Impact
Nigh wbon
Gold Plated �. polycarbonate
N.O. when pointer operates above limit.
P p
Sell -Cleaning Glass
Contact Area: pointer is nickel silver; limit contact is silver;
Contacts
current carrying areas are gold flashed.
Hex Socket
Limit Contact
Contacts have patented self-cleanin motion to ensure electrical
p g
Adjustment
continuity,
Contact Rating: Pilot Duty Only: 2 A @ 30 VACIDC,
Limit Contact Adjust: by 1116 in. Allon wrench thru 100% of scala.
Wire Conneetlons: wire lead,
Shipping Weight: a oz. (0.23 kg).
BASIC MODELS: 20 Series of Pressure Instruments
MODEL DESCRIPTION
Othor Models Avaltable
20-P SWICHGAGE", standard for series
20•1"t 20-P wiln Illumination slots
20 -OP SWICHGAGE•. Oifterential Pressure
20-P7 20-P with front, semi automalic lockout
20 -PV SWICHGAGEO. Combination prossurelvacuum
20 -P -FS 20-P with screw terminal electric connection
20 -PW SWICHGAGE•. Pump Pressure
20 -P -HL Both high and low front contacts
20 -EO SWICHGAGE•, SPOT snap Switch
20-EOI 20 -EO with Illumination slots
20 -P -ST SWICHGAGE•, with built-in LEO for alarm
20 -P -ASS 20-P with snap switch before low limit point
How to Order; see reverse side

1
1
1
1
20 SERIES PRESSURE i,'^^i +•fR�.
SWICHGAG>Ea
DIMENSIONS ifmml
ZOO W Om~T
How TO ORDER:
• Select tho 20 series pressure modol that suits your needs by
determining;
(a) typo of SWICHGAGE" (standard or snap switch),
(b) standard low contact model or an HL model (High. Low).
(c) standard alien wrench adjust or knob adjust (K),
(d) 20-P w/Alarm Before Shut -down (ABS),
(e) oil sealed,
(f} OPERATING RANGE (center 1/4 of dial scale),
(g) limit set points.
Add the Dial Scale you neod to the basic modal choson. It
your Operating Range is 30 psi to 65 psi. then the Diel Scale to
use Is 0-100 psi.
EXAMPLE: you need a 20-P with high and low limits, your
Operating Range will be 100 to 200 psi (mid 114 of scale): order a
20P -HL -300.
CONTACT & SNAP SWITCH TRIP POINT CHART
Pressure
Standard
ASS modelstt
EO modelstt
Range
models
Contact Switch
SPOT Switch
&
Contact
Low - Alarm
Low
0.7
1
—
--
--
0-15
3
3
&
3
0.30
7
5
8
s
0.50
10
B
11
a
Q-75
15
10
13
10
0-100
20
15
18
15
0-150
30
20
23
20
0.200
50
50
53
50
0-300
70
75
78
75
0400
ISO
Specify
150
tChart Is in psi, and settings are manufacturer recommended.
Standard SWICHGAGE° can be adjusted in the field,
ttABS and EO snap switch settings should not be adjusted In the
!told. Switches are set at standard, unless specified when
ordering.
2•ISiP�m, pnavir�.—.� End Exhibit 26
(57 mmJ
The Pressuro Ranges listed here are for 20 series pressure
SWICHGAGE• son Contact and Snap Switch Trip Point Chart
for factory standard settings.
DUAL PRESSURE SCALES
psi
kPa/MPa
C. RED
0-7 psi
--___ COM.
0.45 kPa
WHITE
0-15 psi
N. O. BLACK
0-100 kPa
0-30 psi
0.200 kPa
0-50 psi
0-300 kPa
0-75 psi
0-500 kPa
0-100 psi"
0-600 kPa"
0.150 psi
0-1.00 MPa
0.200 psi
0-1.20 MPa
0-300 psi
0-2.00 MPa
0-400 psi
0.2.50 MPa
"Standard
pial Scale
SEMI-AUTOMATIC LOCKOUT SETTINGS
The 20-P7 instruments lockout at preset factory
levels, see the
chart below.
Recommended
Minimum Running
Factory
Factory
Oil Pressure
Scalo
Contact
Lockout
for Reliable
Rangy
Setting
Setting
Lockout
PSI
PSI
PSI
Release
0.15
3
'4
7 ; a •�.;
0.30
4
7
13
0.50.
10
12
`.22
0.75
10
15
32
0-100.
20
22
0-150
20
30
60
0-200 '
40
•50
.94
0-300
50
75
135
0-400
100
ISO
Standard Wiring Diagrams: 20 Series Pressure SWICHGAGE•, These diagrams show the pointer in the at rest position.
Standard Models
LOW
Al D
HL Models ABS Models
LOW HIGH LO'
RED 13LACK ay=e
slandar4 Switch Raltng: PiV Duly. 2 A A 30 VAC/DC rosfspve.
Section OS
EO Models
Snap Switch Rating: 3 A 0 30 VDC Inuvaive
4 A © 125 VAC indK ivQ
N. C. REDN,
C. RED
COM.
--___ COM.
WHITE
WHITE
N. 0. BLACK
N. O. BLACK
Snap Switch Rating: 3 A 0 30 VDC Inuvaive
4 A © 125 VAC indK ivQ