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6. Conclusions
!10.1
Page 1 of 2
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Level 1: Summary Level 2: Details Level 3: Source
6. Conclusions
The source document for this Digest states:
Conclusions
Source document:
IPCS (1998)
Summary & Details:
GreenFacts (2004)
Boron is a naturally occurring element that is found in nature in the form of borates in the
oceans, sedimentary rocks, coal, shale, and some soils. Natural sources of borates released into
the environment are the oceans, geothermal steam, and natural weathering of clay -rich
sedimentary rocks. Boron is also released from anthropogenic sources to a lesser extent.
Boron is an essential micronutrient for higher plants, with interspecies differences in the levels
required for optimum growth. Boron deficiency in terrestrial plants has been observed in many
countries throughout the world. There is a small range between deficiency and toxicity in some
plants.
Comparison of the environmental no -effect concentration (1 mgllitre) with the general ambient
environmental levels of boron indicates that the risk of adverse effects of boron on the aquatic
ecosystem is low. In a few boron -rich environments, natural levels will be higher. It is reasonable
to assume that aquatic organisms in such habitats may be adapted to the local conditions.
For humans, boron exposure occurs primarily through the diet and drinking -water. The mean
global boron concentration in drinking -water was considered to be between 0.1 and 0.3 mg
http://www.greenfacts.org/en/boron/1-3/boron-99.htm 1 / 12/2009

6. Conclusions
Page 2'of 2
boron/litre.
For the general population, the greatest boron exposure comes from the oral intake of food. The
mean daily intake of boron in the diet is about 1.2 mg.
In humans and animals, boric acid and borate are absorbed from the gastrointestinal and
respiratory tracts. More than 90% of administered doses of these compounds are absorbed, as
evidenced by excretion in the urine, which is rapid, occurring over a few to several days.
Animal experiments have shown that boron in the form of boric acid and borate demonstrates
reproductive and developmental toxicity at levels that are approximately 100- to 1000-fold
greater than normal exposure levels. There is a lack of sufficient toxicity data on humans. The
tolerable intake (TI) of boron was set as 0.4 mg/kg body weight per day. The allocation of the TI
in various media should be based on the exposure data of individual countries.
Recommendations
a) Water and food guideline values should be based on the TI provided by this document.
b) The TI should be applied with the understanding that boron may provide a physiological
benefit for human health.
c) It should be recognized in applying standards that boron is essential for some constituents of
the environment (e.g. boron is an essential micronutrient for higher plants).
d) Dietary supplements that exceed the TI should be avoided.
Sourco_8 O: IPCS "Envlronmental.Hoalth Criteria.(EHC),204 EP
Summary of the Report, Chapter 1.2
For more Information, see the full1PCS document
Conclusions and Recommendations for Arotection of Human Health
and. the. Environment EP, Chapter 11
IS-_ Back to Level 2
Previous_Questlon Level 3 Duestlons
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t
Glossary: International Programme on Chemical Safety
Page 1 of 2
Green'-1�9�4,
About this Glossary I Back I Print I Forward
ABC - REF - G.HI - JKL - MNO. - PQRS - TUV - WXYZ
Languages: English [en] t s
International Programme on Chemical
Safety
The International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS)
was established in 1980 by the W,HO, the UNEP and the
1L0_ (International Labour Organisation) "for the early
warning and prevention of harmful effects of chemicals
to which humans were being increasingly exposed, and
for the assessment of the potential risks to human
health."
It has collaborated to and published many highly
recognized scientific publications.
Most publications are availaible from the INCHEM
website www.inchem.org, "a means of rapid access to
internationally peer reviewed information on chemicals
commonly used throughout the world, which may also
occur as contaminants in the environment and food."
Publications include:
• About 250 "Environment Health Criteria"
monographs (EHCs), available at
www.inchem.org/pages/ehc.html e.
• About 50 "Concise International Chemical
Assessment Document" (CICADs), available
at www.inchem.org/pages/cicads.html dP
Source: IPCS website eP
Translation(s):
Deutsch: Internationaies_Programm_I:ur
Chemikaiiensicherheit
Espanol: Programa-Internacional-de_Seguridad de_las
Sustancias_Quimicas
Frangais: Programme,,.Internatlonal_surja,S.6curite
Chimique
AA - DEF - GHI - JKL - MNO - PQRS, - TUV - WXYZ
Back l Print l Forward Top ^n
za-iz-zoos
http://www.greenfacts.org/glossary/ghi/ipcs.htm 1 /12/2009

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