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AQUATIC SPECIES SURVEY REPORT
Complete 540
Triangle Expressway Southeast Extension
Wake, Johnston, & Harnett Counties
STIP Project Nos. R-2721, R-2828, and R-2829
State Project Nos. 6.401078, 6.401079, and 6.401080
Federal Aid Project Nos. STP-0540(19), STP-0540(20), and STP-0540(21)
WBS Nos. 37673.1.TA2, 35516.1.TA2, and 35517.1.TA1
Prepared for:
North Carolina Department of Transportation
North Carolina Turnpike Authority
Prepared by:
Three Oaks Engineering, Inc.
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June 28, 2017

Table of Contents
1.0 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Elemental Occurrences in the FLUSA ............................................................................. 2
2.0 Waters Impacted .................................................................................................................. 2
2.1 303(d) Classification ........................................................................................................ 3
2.2 National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System dischargers ........................................ 4
3.0 Target Federally Protected Species Descriptions ................................................................ 6
3.1 Alasmidonta heterodon (Dwarf Wedgemussel) ............................................................... 6
3.1.1. Species Characteristics .............................................................................................. 6
3.1.2. Distribution and Habitat Requirements .................................................................... 7
3.1.3. Threats to Species ..................................................................................................... 7
3.2 Elliptio lanceolata (Yellow Lance) .................................................................................. 8
3.2.1. Species Characteristics .............................................................................................. 8
3.2.2. Distribution and Habitat Requirements .................................................................... 9
3.2.3. Threats to Species ..................................................................................................... 9
3.2.4. Species Listing .......................................................................................................... 9
4.0 Other Target Species Descriptions ..................................................................................... 10
4.1 Fusconaia masoni (Atlantic Pigtoe) ............................................................................... 10
4.1.1. Species Characteristics ............................................................................................ 10
4.1.2. Distribution and Habitat Requirements .................................................................. 10
4.1.3. Threats to Species ................................................................................................... 11
4.1.4. Species Listing ........................................................................................................ 11
4.2 Noturus furiosus (Carolina Madtom) ............................................................................. 11
4.2.1. Species Characteristics ............................................................................................ 11
4.2.2. Distribution and Habitat Requirements .................................................................. 11
4.2.3. Threats to Species ................................................................................................... 12
4.2.4. Species Listing ........................................................................................................ 12
4.3 Necturus lewisi (Neuse River Waterdog) ....................................................................... 13
4.3.1. Characteristics .........................................................................................................13
4.3.2. Distribution and Habitat Requirements .................................................................. 13
4.3.3. Threats to Species ................................................................................................... 14
4.3.4. Species Listing ........................................................................................................ 14
5.0 Survey Efforts .................................................................................................................... 14
5.1 Freshwater Mussel Surveys ............................................................................................ 14
5.1.1. Survey Locations .................................................................................................... 14
5.1.2. Methodology ........................................................................................................... 14
5.1.3. Mussel Survey Results ............................................................................................ 15
5.2 Carolina Madtom Surveys .............................................................................................. 34
5.2.1. Survey Locations .................................................................................................... 34
5.2.2. Methodology ........................................................................................................... 34
5.2.3. Visual Fish Survey Results ..................................................................................... 35
5.2.4. Electrofshing Surveys ............................................................................................ 39
5.3 Neuse River Waterdog Surveys ..................................................................................... 44
5.3.1. Survey Locations .................................................................................................... 44
5.3.2. Methodology ........................................................................................................... 45
5.3.3. Neuse River Waterdog Survey Results ................................................................... 45

6.0 Discussion/Conclusions ..................................................................................................... 52
6.1 Freshwater Mussel Surveys ............................................................................................ 52
6.2 Carolina Madtom Surveys .............................................................................................. 53
6.3 Neuse River Waterdog Surveys ..................................................................................... 54
7.0 Literature Cited .................................................................................................................. 55
Appendix A. Figures:
Figure 1: Future Land Use Study Area
Figure 2-1: North Carolina Natural Heritage Program Element Occurrence: Dwarf
Wedgemussel
Figure 2-2: North Carolina Natural Heritage Program Element Occurrence: Yellow Lance
Figure 2-3: North Carolina Natural Heritage Program Element Occurrence: Atlantic Pigtoe
Figure 2-4: North Carolina Natural Heritage Program Element Occurrence: Carolina Madtom
Figure 2-5: North Carolina Natural Heritage Program Element Occurrence: Neuse River
Waterdog
Figure 3: 303(d) Listed Streams & National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
Discharges
Figure 4: Mussel Survey Locations
Figure 5: Carolina Madtom Survey Locations
Figure 6: Neuse River Waterdog Survey Locations

1.0 INTRODUCTION
The North Carolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT), in cooperation with the Federal
Highway Administration (FHWA), proposes transportation improvements to NC 540, a project
known as the "Complete 540 — Triangle Expressway Southeast Extension," in Wake and
Johnston Counties, North Carolina. Project construction will impact streams within the Neuse
River Basin and the Cape Fear River Basin, which could potentially result in impacts to aquatic
species. Surveys had previously been conducted for this project in the Swift Creek watershed
(part of the Neuse River Basin) and documented in Freshwater Mussel Survey Report: Triangle
Expressway Southeast Extension (Catena Group 2012). Since those surveys were completed, the
Future Land Use Study Area (FLUSA) for the Complete 540 Project was extended into
additional areas and watersheds not surveyed for the original report. The FLUSA, which
includes portions of Wake, Johnston, and Harnett Counties, as well as the limits of the study area
from the initial report, are provided in Figure 1.
As of Apri16, 2017, the US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) list eight federally protected
species as occurring in Wake, Johnston, and Harnett Counties (Table 1). Yellow Lance (Elliptio
lanceolata) was proposed as threatened on April 5, 2017, and as such will be included in the
Biological Assessment (BA) being prepared for the project. Additionally, the USFWS is
expected to publish findings on three other petitioned aquatic species that potentially warrant
listing as Threatened or Endangered species under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as
amended. These three species have been reported in watersheds within the FLUSA: Atlantic
Pigtoe (Fusconaia masoni), Carolina Madtom (Noturus furiosus), and Neuse River Waterdog
(Necturus lewisi). If the finding recommends the other three species for listing, it is anticipated
that they would be proposed for listing before April 2018. Given the high potential that some, or
all, of these species will become listed prior to the completion of the Final Environmental Impact
Statement (FEIS), it was determined to be prudent to include the baseline for these three species
in the BA.
Table 1. Federall Listed S ecies; Wake, Johnston, and Harnett Counties, North Carolina
Scientific Name Common Name Status Count
Alasmidonta heterodon Dwarf Wed emussel E W, J
Elli tio lanceolata Yellow Lance Pro osed W, J
Elli tio steinstansana Tar River S in mussel E J
Fusconaia masoni Atlantic Pi toe Petitioned W, J, H
Haliaeetus leucoce halus Bald Ea le BGPA W, J, H
L simachia as erulae olia Rou h-leaved Loosestrife E H
M otis se tentrionalis Northern Lon -eared Bat T W
Necturus lewisi Neuse River Waterdo Petitioned W, J
Notro is mekistocholas Ca e Fear Shiner E H
Noturus uriosus Carolina Madtom Petitioned W, J
Picoides borealis Red-cockaded Wood ecker E W, J, H
Rhus michauxii Michaux's Sumac E W, J
BGPA — Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act, T— Threatened, E— Endangered, W— Wake, J- Johnston, H-
Harnett
This report was prepared to provide the survey results of the additional areas within the FLUSA
and to provide species information for the Proposed Yellow Lance and the Petitioned Atlantic
Pigtoe, Carolina Madtom, and Neuse River Waterdog to be included in the BA.
Aquatic Species Survey Report June 2017
Complete 540 Triangle Expressway Southeast Extension Page 1

1.1 Elemental Occurrences in the FLUSA
According to the NC Natural Heritage Program database (NCNHP 2017), accessed May 24,
2017, there are two element occurrences (EO) of Dwarf Wedgemussel (DWM) in the FLUSA,
one current and one historical (Figure 2-1). The Swift Creek/White Oak Creek/Middle Creek
population (EO ID: 13799) was first observed in March 1991 and last observed in 2016 by Three
Oaks. A historical occurrence (EO ID: 7699), located in the mainstem Neuse River, was first
and last observed in 1951.
There are three current EOs for the Yellow Lance in the FLUSA (Figure 2-2). In Swift Creek,
EO ID: 21894, was first observed in August 1992 and last observed in November 2015.
Downstream of this EO in Swift Creek is another EO (EO ID: 21890), which was first observed
in March 1991 and last observed in July 2002. There is an EO in Middle Creek (EO ID: 21892),
which was first observed in September 1992 and officially last observed in July 1999; however,
an individual was found in 2011 (Catena 2012). It is unclear why this record is not currently
reflected in the NCNHP database.
There are four EOs for the Atlantic Pigtoe in the FLUSA, three current and one historical (Figure
2-3). The EO in Swift Creek/White Oak Creek/Little Creek (EO ID: 11695) was first observed
in March 1991 and last observed in November 2015. An EO in Middle Creek (EO ID: 4770)
was first observed in May 1992 and last observed in June 2003, until an individual was found
during this survey effort. An EO upstream in Middle Creek (EO ID: 34956) was first and last
observed in July 2004. A historical EO in Walnut Creek (EO ID: 11071) was first and last
observed in 1951. Additionally, a historical EO in Black Creek (EO ID: 4370), located directly
downstream of the FLUSA, was first and last observed in 1951.
There are two historical EOs for the Carolina Madtom in the FLUSA (Figure 2-4). The EO in
Swift Creek/Middle Creek (EO ID: 9621) was first observed in June 1961 and last observed in
May 1985. The EO in Neuse River/Crabtree Creek (EO ID: 10676) was first observed in July
1897 and last observed in August 1902.
There are four EOs for the Neuse River Waterdog in the FLUSA, including two current and two
historical (Figure 2-5). The Swift Creek/Middle Creek (EO ID: 1633) population was first
observed in April 1979 and last observed in February 2017, as part of this survey effort. Middle
Creek above I-40 (EO ID: 34764) contains another Neuse River Waterdog record; and was first
observed in February 2001 and last observed in February 2014. Further upstream in Middle
Creek is a historical EO (ID: 8258) that was first and last observed in March 1954. The other
historical EO (ID: 8259) is in the mainstem Neuse River and was first observed in April 1919
and last observed in January 1987.
2.0 WATERS IMPACTED
The project will impact streams in both the Upper Neuse River Basin and the Cape Fear River
Basin. Subbasins in the Neuse River Basin are Middle Creek (HUC# 0302020109), Swift Creek
(HUC# 0302020110), Walnut Creek-Neuse River (HUC# 0302020111), Milburnie Lake-Neuse
River (HUC# 0302020107), Crabtree Creek (HUC# 0302020108), and Black Creek (HUC#
Aquatic Species Survey Report June 2017
Complete 540 Triangle Expressway Southeast Extension Page 2

0302020112). Subbasins in the Cape Fear River Basin are Buckhorn Creek-Cape Fear River
(HUC# 0303000401), Buies Creek-Cape Fear River (HUC# 0303000405), and Upper South
River (HUC# 0303000601).
2.1 303(d) Classification
The North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality (NCDEQ, formerly NC Department
of Environment and Natural Resources, NCDENR) - Division of Water Resources 2014 Final
303(d) list of impaired streams includes 18 streams within the Neuse River Subbasins of the
FLUSA (Table 2, Figure 3, NCDENR 2014). As of the writing of this report, the 2016 303(d)
list had not been finalized, though a draft was submitted to the United States Environmental
Protection Agency. If the draft list is finalized, there are potentially several streams that will be
delisted (see notes below Table 2).
Table 2. Neuse River Basin Im aired (Cate o 5) Streams 2014.
Stream AU Number Len th/Area Reason for Ratin Parameter (Year)
Middle Creek (HUC# 0302020109)
Ecological/Bio Int Benthos
Middle Creek 27-43-15- 1 bl 3 FW Miles Fair Bioclassification 2008
Ecological/Bio Int Benthos
Middle Creek 27-43-15- 1 b2 1.6 FW Miles Fair Bioclassification 2012
Middle Creek 27-43-15- 4 al 4.5 FW Miles Poor Bioclassification Fish Communi 2014
Ecological/Bio Int Benthos
Terrible Creek 27-43-15-8- 2 7.8 FW Miles Fair Bioclassification 2012
Swift Creek (HUC# 0302020110)
Ecological/Bio Int Benthos
Swift Creek 27-43- 1 d 2.4 FW Miles Poor Bioclassification 2008
Swift Creek (Lake Ecological/Bio Int Benthos
Benson 27-43- 5.5 a 0.9 FW Miles Poor Bioclassification 2008
UT to Swift Creek Ecological/Bio Int Benthos
Lake Benson 27-43- 5.5 but7 2.7 FW Miles Fair Bioclassification 2014
20.6 FW Ecological/Bio Int Benthos
Swift Creek 27-43- 8 a Miles Fair Bioclassification 2012
11.4 FW Ecological/Bio Int Benthos
Little Creek 27-43-12 Miles Fair Bioclassification 1998
Walnut Creek-Neuse River HUC# 0302020111
Walnut Creek* 27-34- 4 b 3.7 FW Miles Exceedin Criteria Co er 2008
PCB Fish Tissue Advisory
Walnut Creek 27-34- 4 b 3.7 FW Miles Exceedin Criteria 2012
Neuse River* 27- 22.5 c 39 FW Miles Exceedin Criteria Co er 2008
PCB Fish Tissue Advisory
Neuse River 27- 22.5 c 39 FW Miles Exceedin Criteria 2010
Ecological/Bio Int, Benthos
Beddin field Creek 27-37 3.7 FW Miles Fair Bioclassification 2014
Neuse River* 27- 36 43 FW Miles Exceedin Criteria Co er 2008
Neuse River* 27- 36 4.3 FW Miles Exceedin Criteria Zinc 2008
Neuse River* 27- 38.5 9.7 FW Miles Exceedin Criteria Co er 2012
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Table 2. Neuse River Basin Im aired Cate o 5 Streams 2014 continued .
Stream AU Number Len th/Area Reason for Ratin Parameter
Black Creek HUC# 0302020112
None
Milburnie Lake-Neuse River (HUC# 03020201071
None
Crabtree Creek (HUC# 03020201
2.75 FW PCB Fish Tissue Advisory
Crabtree Creek 27-33-(10)c Miles Exceeding Criteria (2012)
FW — Freshwater Mi1es, Bio Int — Biological Integrity * Indicates potential delisting based on Draft 2016 303(d) List
The 2014 303(d) list of impaired streams includes five streams within the Cape Fear subbasins of
the FLUSA (Table 3, Figure 3, NCDENR 2014). Kenneth Creek will potentially be delisted for
certain parameters with the finalization of the draft 2016 303(d) list (see notes below Table 3).
Table 3. Ca e Fear River Basin Im aired Cate or 5 Streams 2014.
Stream AU Number Len th/Area Reason for Ratin Parameter ear
Buckhorn Creek-Ca e Fear River HUC# 03030004010
None
Buies Creek-Ca e Fear River HUC# 0303000405
3.88 FW Ecological/Bio Int Benthos
Kenneth Creek* 18-16-1- 2 Miles Fair Bioclassificarion 1998
3.88 FW
Kenneth Creek* 18-16-1- 2 Miles Exceedin Criteria H 2O12
3.88 FW
Kenneth Creek 18-16-1- 2 Miles Exceedin Criteria Dissolved Ox en 2014
Neills Creek (Neals 2.65 FW Ecological/Bio Int Benthos
Creek 18-16- 0.3 Miles Poor Bioclassification 2006
Neills Creek (Neals 1.98 FW Ecological/Bio Int Benthos
Creek 18-16- 0.7 a Miles Poor Bioclassification 2006
U er South River (HUC# 0303000601)
None
FW-Freshwater Miles, Bio Int — Biological Integrity * Indicates potential delisting based on Draft 2016 303(d) List
2.2 National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Dischargers
The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) provides permits for the
discharge of pollutants into Waters of the United States under the Clean Water Act. There are 28
NPDES individual permit discharges and 53 NPDES general permit discharges in the Neuse
River subbasins within the study area (Table 4, Figure 3, USEPA 2017). Individual NPDES
permits are issued on a case by case basis and are site specific. General permits, on the other
hand, cover discharges with similar operations and types of discharges that are applicable state-
wide. The requirements of a general permit are defined and known by the permittee. In general,
an individual permit will take longer to be issued than a general permit (NCDEQ: Permitting
Process). There are two NPDES individual permit discharges and 16 NPDES general permit
discharges in the Cape Fear River subbasins within the study area (Table 5, Figure 3, USEPA
2017).
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Table 4. NPDES Individual Permitted Dischar es in the U er Neuse River Subbasin within FLUSA
Receiving Flow
Permit Facilit Stream GPD Owner
Middle Creek (HUC# 0302020109
NC0064050 A ex WRF Middle Creek 3,600,000 Town of A ex
NC0022217 A ex Terminal Middle Creek Not limited Motiva Ente rises LL
NC0062740 Briarwood Farms WWTP Middle Creek 40,000 A ua NC, Inc.
NC0082996 Holl brook WTP Middle Creek Not limited A ua NC, Inc.
Sunset Farest Subdivision Well
NC0088862 #1 Basal Creek Not limited A ua NC, Inc.
NC0086690 Stansted Well #2 WTP Basal Creek Not limited A ua NC, Inc.
NC0065102 South Ca WRF Middle Creek 16,000,000 Town of Ca
NC0062715 Crooked Creek WWTP Middle Creek 150,000 A ua NC, Inc.
Carolina Water Service, Inc.
NC0061638 Amherst WWTP Middle Creek 53,000 of North Carolina
NC0066150 Bri hton Forest WWTP Middle Creek 117,000 Town of Fu ua -Varina
NC0066516 Terrible Creek WWTP Terrible Creek 6,000,000 Town of Fu ua -Varina
Carolina Water Service, Inc.
NC0073679 Oak Hollow WTP Middle Creek Not limited of North Carolina
NC0087998 Rand Meadows Phase II Juni er Branch Not limited A ua NC, Inc.
Lassiter Farm Subdivision
NC0088714 WTP Ditch Branch Not limited A ua NC, Inc.
Hopson Downs Subdivision
NC0088889 Well #4 Basal Creek Not liinited A ua NC, Inc.
Swift Creek (HUC# 0302020110)
Pope Industrial Park II Ltd
NC0060526 Po e Industrial Park Swift Creek 8,000 Partnershi
City of Raleigh Public
NC0088285 Dem se E Benton WTP Swift Creek Not limited Utilities De artment
NC0055701 Nottin ham WTP Swift Creek Not limited A ua NC, Inc.
White Oak
NC0049034 Mount Auburn Trainin Center Creek 2,400 Wake Count
NC0025453 Little Creek WRF Neuse River 2,500,00 Town of Cla on
Walnut Creek-Neuse River (HUC# 0302020111)
NC0038784 Neuse River Villa e WWTP Neuse River 35,000 A ua NC, Inc.
Knightdale Estates MHP
NC0040266 WWTP Neuse River 25,000 Kni htdale Estate MHP LP
NC0056391 Cross Creek Mobile Estates Neuse River 70,000 A ua NC, Inc.
NC0065706 CottonwoodBa ood WWTP Po lar Creek 115,000 Crosb Utilities, Inc.
Carolina Water Service Inc.
NC0051322 Ashle Hills WWTP Po lar Creek 495,000 of NC
Kings Grant Subdivision Carolina Water Service Inc.
NC0062219 WWTP Po lar Creek 210,000 of NC
Neuse River Resource City of Raleigh Public
NC0029033 Recove Facili Neuse River 75,000,000 Utilities De artment
Beddingfield Carolina Water Service Inc.
NC0064378 Willowbrook WWTP Creek 60,000 ofNC
Black Creek HUC# 0302020112
None
Milburnie Lake-Neuse River HUC# 0302020107
None
Crabtree Creek HUC# 0302020108
None
WRF = Water Reclamation Facility, WTP = Water Treatment Plant, WWTP = Wastewater Treatment Plant
Aquatic Species Survey Report June 2017
Complete 540 Triangle Expressway Southeast Extension Page 5

Table 5. NPDES Individual Permitted Dischar es in the Ca e Fear River Subbasin within FLUSA
Permit Facilit Receivin Stream Flow GPD Owner
Buckhorn Creek-Ca e Fear River HUC# 03030004010
NC0063096 Holl S rin s WWTP Utle Creek 8,000,000 Town of Holl S rin s
NC0055051 Avocet WWTP Buckhorn Creek 90.000 Aaua NC_ Inc.
Buies Creek-Caue Fear River
None
South River (HUC# 0303000601
� None
WWTP = Wastewater Treatment Plant
3.0 TARGET FEDERALLY PROTECTED SPECIES DESCRIPTIONS
3.1 Alasmidonta heterodon (Dwarf Wedgemussel)
3.1.1. Species Characteristics
The DWM was originally described as Unio heterodon (Lea 1829). Simpson (1914)
subsequently placed it in the genus Alasmidonta. Ortmann (1919) placed it in a monotypic
subgenus Prolasmidonta, based on the unique soft-tissue anatomy and conchology. Fuller
(1977) believed the characteristics of Prolasmidonta warranted elevation to full generic rank and
renamed the species Prolasmidonta heterodon. Clarke (1981) retained the genus name
Alasmidonta and considered Prolasmidonta to be a subjective synonym of the subgenus
Pressodonta (Simpson 1900).
The specific epithet heterodon refers to the chief distinguishing characteristic of this species,
which is the only North American freshwater mussel that consistently has two lateral teeth on the
right valve and only one on the left (Fuller 1977). All other laterally dentate freshwater mussels
in North America normally have two lateral teeth on the left valve and one on the right. The
DWM is generally small, with a shell length ranging between 25 millimeters (mm) (1.0 inch) and
38 mm (1.5 inches). The largest specimen reported by Clarke (1981) was 56.5 mm (2.2 inches)
long, taken from the Ashuelot River in New Hampshire. The periostracum is generally olive
green to dark brown; nacre bluish to silvery white, turning to cream or salmon colored towards
the umbonal cavities. Sexual dimorphism occurs in DWM, with the females having a swollen
region on the posterior slope, and the males are generally flattened. Clarke (1981) provides a
detailed description of the species.
Nearly all freshwater mussel species have similar reproductive strategies; a larval stage
(glochidium) becomes a temporary obligatory parasite on a fish. Many mussel species have
specific fish hosts, which must be present to complete their life cycle. Based upon laboratory
infestation experiments, Michaelson and Neves (1995) determined that potential fish hosts for
the DWM in North Carolina include the Tessellated Darter (Etheostoma olmstedi) and the
Johnny Darter (E. nigrum). McMahon and Bogan (2001) and Pennak (1989) should be consulted
for a general overview of freshwater mussel reproductive biology.
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Complete 540 Triangle Expressway Southeast Extension Page 6

3.1.2. Distribution and Habitat Requirements
The historic range of the DWM is confined to Atlantic slope drainages from the Peticodiac River
in New Brunswick, Canada, south to the Neuse River in North Carolina. Occurrence records
exist from at least 701ocations, encompassing 15 major drainages, in 11 states and one Canadian
Province (USFWS 1993). When the recovery plan for this species was written, the DWM was
believed to have been extirpated from all but 361ocalities, 14 of them in North Carolina
(USFWS 1993). The most recent assessment (2013 5-Year Review) indicates that the DWM is
currently found in 16 major drainages, comprising approximately 75 "sites" (one site may have
multiple occurrences). At least 45 of these sites are based on less than five individuals or solely
on relict shells. It appears that the populations in North Carolina, Virginia, and Maryland are
declining as evidenced by low densities, lack of reproduction, or inability to relocate any
individuals in follow-up surveys. Populations in New Hampshire, Massachusetts, and
Connecticut appear to be stable, while the status of populations in the Delaware River watershed
affected by multiple flood events between 2004 and 2006 are still being studied (USFWS 2013).
Strayer et aL (1996) conducted range-wide assessments of remaining DWM populations, and
assigned a population status to each of the populations. The status rating is based on range size,
number of individuals and evidence of reproduction. Seven of the 20 populations assessed were
considered "poor," and two others are considered "poor to fair" and "fair to poor," respectively.
In North Carolina, populations are found in portions of the Neuse and Tar River basins; however,
they are believed to have been extirpated from the mainstem of the Neuse River.
The DWM inhabits creeks and rivers of varying sizes (down to approximately two meters wide),
with slow to moderate flow. A variety of preferred substrates have been described that range
from coarse sand, to firm muddy sand to gravel (USFWS 1993). In North Carolina, DWMs
often occur within submerged root mats along stable streambanks. The wide range of substrate
types used by this species suggests that the stability of the substrate is likely as important as the
composition.
3.1.3. Threats to Species
The cumulative effects of several factors, including sedimentation, point and non-point
discharges, and stream modifications (impoundments, channelization, etc.) have contributed to
the decline of this species throughout its range. Except for the Neversink River population in
New York, which has an estimated population of over 80,000 DWM individuals, all other
populations are generally small in numbers and restricted to short reaches of isolated streams.
The low numbers of individuals and the restricted range of most of the surviving populations
make them extremely vulnerable to extirpation from a single catastrophic event or activity
(Strayer et al. 1996). Catastrophic events may consist of natural events such as flooding or
drought, as well as human influenced events such as toxic spills associated with highways,
railroads, or industrial-municipal complexes.
Siltation resulting from substandard land-use practices associated with activities such as
agriculture, forestry, and land development has been recognized as a major contributing factor to
degradation of mussel populations. Siltation has been documented to be extremely detrimental
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to mussel populations by degrading substrate and water quality, increasing potential exposure to
other pollutants, and by direct smothering of mussels (El1is 1936, Marking and Bills 1979).
Sediment accumulations of less than one inch have been shown to cause high mortality in most
mussel species (Ellis 1936). In Massachusetts, a bridge construction project decimated a
population of the DWM because of accelerated sedimentation and erosion (Smith 1981).
Sewage treatment effluent has been documented to significantly affect the diversity and
abundance of mussel fauna (Goudreau et al. 1988). Goudreau et al. (1988) found that recovery
of mussel populations may not occur for up to two miles below points of chlorinated sewage
effluent.
The impact of impoundments on freshwater mussels has been well documented (USFWS 1992a,
Neves 1993). Construction of dams transforms lotic habitats into lentic habitats, which results in
changes in aquatic community composition. The changes associated with inundation adversely
affect both adult and juvenile mussels as well as fish community structure, which could eliminate
possible fish hosts for upstream transport of glochidia (parasitic larval form). Muscle Shoals on
the Tennessee River in northern Alabama, once the richest site for naiads (mussels) in the world,
is now at the bottom of Wilson Reservoir and covered with 19 feet of muck (USFWS 1992b).
Large portions of all the river basins within the DWM's range have been impounded. This is
believed to be a major factor contributing to the decline of the species (Master 1986).
The introduction of exotic species such as the Asian Clam (Corbicula fluminea) and Zebra
Mussel (DNeissena polymoNpha) has also been shown to pose significant threats to native
freshwater mussels. The Asian Clam is now established in most of the major river systems in the
United States (Fuller and Powell 1973) including those streams still supporting surviving
populations of the DWM. Concern has been raised over competitive interactions for space, food
and oxygen with this species and native mussels, possibly at the juvenile stages (Neves and
Widlak 1987, Alderman 1995). The Zebra Mussel, native to the drainage basins of the Black,
Caspian, and Aral Seas, is an exotic freshwater mussel that was introduced into the Great Lakes
in the 1980s and has rapidly expanded its range into the surrounding river basins, including those
of the South Atlantic slope (O'Neill and MacNeill 1991). This species competes for food
resources and space with native mussels; and is expected to contribute to the extinction of at least
20 freshwater mussel species if it becomes established throughout most of the eastern United
States (USFWS 1992b). The Zebra Mussel is not currently known from any river supporting
DWM population, nor is it found in the Neuse River basin.
3.2 Elliptio lanceolata (Yellow Lance)
3.2.1. Species Characteristics
The Yellow Lance was described from the Tar River at Tarboro, North Carolina in 1828, by I.
Lea (Lea 1828). Johnson (1970) synonymized this species with 25 other named species of lance-
shaped Elliptio mussels into Elliptio lanceolata species complex. Genotypic and phenotypic
analysis suggests that some of these formally described species are valid, including Elliptio
lanceolata (Bogan et al. 2009). This species differs from other lanceolate Elliptios by having a
"waxy" bright yellow periostracum that lacks rays. Some older specimens are brown towards
the posterior end of the shell. The periostracum can also have brown growth rests. Yellow
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Lances have a distinct pallial line and adductor muscle scars. The posterior ridge is distinctly
rounded and curves dorsally towards the posterior end. The nacre ranges from an iridescent blue
on the posterior end, sometimes becoming white or salmon colored on the anterior end. The
lateral teeth are long, with two on the left and one on the right. Each valve also has two
psuedocardinal teeth. On the left valve one tooth is before the other with the posterior tooth
tending to be vestigial. On the right valve, the two teeth are parallel and the more anterior one is
vestigial (Adams et al 1990).
The Yellow Lance is a tachytictic (short-term) breeder, brooding young in early spring and
releasing glochidia in early summer. White Shiner (Luxilus albeolus) and Pinewoods Shiner
(Lythrurus matuntinus) are potential fish hosts for Yellow Lance (Eads and Levine 2009).
3.2.2. Distribution and Habitat Requirements
The taxonomy of this species has changed several times and, therefore, so has its range. The
Yellow Lance is currently thought to be distributed in the Atlantic Slope river basins from the
Neuse River Basin in North Carolina north to the Rappahannock River Basin in Virginia, except
for the Roanoke River Basin, the Patuxent River Basin in Maryland, and possibly the Potomac
River Basin in Virginia and Maryland (USFWS 2017). It is in considerable decline throughout
its range; however, extant populations still occur in all historic river basins, except possibly the
Potomac (USFWS 2017). This species has been found in multiple physiographic provinces,
from the foothills of the Appalachian Mountains, through the Piedmont, and into the Coastal
Plain. It is found in small streams to large rivers, in substrates primarily consisting of clean sand,
and occasionally gravel, with high dissolved oxygen content (USFWS 2017, Adams et al 1990).
No remaining populations appear below point source pollution or other nutrient-rich areas
(Alderman 2003). Associate mussel species include Atlantic Pigtoe, Tar River Spinymussel
(Elliptio steinstansana), Yellow Lampmussel (Lampsilis cariosa), Notched Rainbow (Villosa
constricta), Triangle Floater (Alasmidonta undulata), Paper Pondshell (Utterbackia imbecillis),
Eastern Lampmussel (Lampsilis radiata), Creeper (Strophitus undulatus), and other Elliptio
species (Adams et al 1990).
3.2.3. Threats to Species
Threats to the Yellow Lance and many other species are similar to those described above for the
DWM. Factors that influence long term viability of this species are discussed in detail in the
USFWS Yellow Lance Species Status Review (2017).
3.2.4. Species Listing
Yellow Lance was petitioned for federal listing under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as
amended (ESA) within the 2010 Petition to List 404 Aquatic, Riparian and Wetland Species
from the Southeastern United States by the Center for Biological Diversity (CBD 2010), and is
state listed as Endangered in North Carolina. On April 5, 2017, the USFWS proposed listing
Yellow Lance as threatened. Following the proposal, there was a 60-day comment period for the
public to provide input to help USFWS in making its final decision. The USFWS usually has
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one year after a species is proposed for listing under the ESA to make a final determination on
listing the species as threatened or endangered.
4.0 OTHER TARGET SPECIES DESCRIPTIONS
4.1 Fusconaia masoni (Atlantic Pigtoe)
4.1.1. Species Characteristics
The Atlantic Pigtoe was described by Conrad (1834) from the Savannah River in Augusta,
Georgia. Although larger specimens exist, the Atlantic Pigtoe seldom exceeds 50 mm (about 2
inches) in length. This species is tall relative to its length, except in headwater stream reaches
where specimens may be elongated. The hinge ligament is relatively short and prominent. The
periostracum is normally brownish, has a parchment texture, and young individuals may have
greenish rays across the entire shell surface. The posterior ridge is biangulate. The interdentum
in the left valve is broad and flat. The anterior half of the valve is thickened compared with the
posterior half, and, when fresh, nacre in the anterior half of the shell tends to be salmon colored,
while nacre in the posterior half tends to be more iridescent. The shell has full dentation. In
addition to simple papillae, branched and arborescent papillae are often seen on the incurrent
aperture. In females, salmon colored demibranchs are often seen during the spawning season.
When fully gravid, females use all four demibranchs to brood glochidia (VDGIF 2014).
The Atlantic Pigtoe is a tachytictic (short-term) breeder, brooding young in early spring and
releasing glochidia in early summer. The Bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) and Shield Darter
(Percina peltata) have been identified as potential fish hosts for this species (O'Dee and Waters
2000). Additional research has found Rosefin Shiner (Lythrurus ardens), Creek Chub (Semotilus
atromaculatus), and Longnose Dace (Rhynichthys cataractae) are also suitable hosts (Wolf
2012). Eads and Levine (2011) found White Shiner, Satinfin Shiner (Cyprinella analostana),
Bluehead Chub (Nocomis leptocephalus), Rosyside Dace (Clinostomus funduloides), Pinewoods
Shiner, Creek Chub, Swallowtail Shiner (Notropis procne), and Mountain Redbelly Dace
(Chrosomus oreas) to also be suitable hosts for Atlantic Pigtoe.
4.1.2. Distribution and Habitat Requirements
Johnson (1970) reported the range of the Atlantic Pigtoe extended from the Ogeechee River
Basin in Georgia north to the James River Basin in Virginia; however, recent curation of the H.
D. Athearn collection uncovered valid specimens from the Altamaha River in Georgia (Sarah
McRae, USFWS, personal communication). It is presumed extirpated from the Catawba River
Basin in North and South Carolina south to the Altamaha River Basin. The general pattern of its
current distribution indicates that the species is currently limited to headwater areas of drainages
and most populations are represented by few individuals. In North Carolina, aside from the
Waccamaw River, it was once found in every Atlantic Slope river basin. Except for the Tar
River, it is no longer found in the mainstem of the rivers within its historic range (Savidge et al.
2011). It is state listed as Endangered in Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina, and as
Threatened in Virginia. It has a NatureServe rank of G2 (imperiled).
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The Atlantic Pigtoe has been found in multiple physiographic provinces, from the foothills of the
Appalachian Mountains, through the Piedmont and into the Coastal Plain, in streams less than
one meter wide to large rivers. The preferred habitat is a substrate composed of gravel and
coarse sand, usually at the base of riffles; however, it can be found in a variety of other substrates
and lotic habitat conditions.
4.1.3. Threats to Species
Threats to the Atlantic Pigtoe are similar to those described for the DWM and have contributed
to the decline of this species throughout its range. Atlantic Pigtoe appears to be particularly
sensitive to pollutants and requires clean oxygen-rich water for all stages of life. All remaining
Atlantic Pigtoe populations are generally small in numbers and restricted to short reaches of
isolated streams. The low numbers of individuals and the restricted range of most of the
surviving populations make them extremely vulnerable to extirpation from a single catastrophic
event.
4.1.4. Species Listing
Atlantic Pigtoe was petitioned for federal listing under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as
amended within the 2010 Petition to List 404 Aquatic, Riparian and Wetland Species from the
Southeastern United States by the CBD (CBD 2010), and is listed as Endangered in North
Carolina by North Carolina Wildlife Resource Commission (NCWRC).
4.2 Noturus furiosus (Carolina Madtom)
4.2.1. Species Characteristics
The Carolina Madtom (a small catfish) was described at Milburnie, near Raleigh, NC in the
Neuse River by Jordan and Meek (Jordan 1889). The Carolina Madtom reaches a maximum size
of 132 mm (5.2 inches). Compared to other Madtoms within its range, it has a relatively short
stout body and a distinctive color pattern of three to four dark saddles along its back that connect
a long black stripe on the side running from the snout to the tail. The adipose fin is mostly dark,
making it appear that the fish has a fourth saddle. The Madtom is tan on the rest of its body and
yellow to tan between the saddles. The adipose iin and caudal fin are fused together, a
distinguishing characteristic from other members of the catfish family (Ictaluridae). There are no
speckles on the Madtom's belly, and the tail has two brown bands that follow the curve of the
tail. The Carolina Madtom, like other catfish, has serrae on its pectoral fins and is thought to
have the most potent venom of any of the catfish species (NCWRC 2010).
4.2.2. Distribution and Habitat Requirements
The Carolina Madtom is endemic to the Piedmont/Inner Coastal Plain portion of the Tar/Pamlico
and Neuse River basins. It occurs in creeks and small rivers in habitats generally consisting of
very shallow riffles with little current over coarse sand and gravel substrate (Lee et al. 1980).
Burr et al (1989) found most records came from medium to large streams, i.e. mainstem Neuse
and Tar Rivers and their major tributaries. The population in the Trent River system (part of the
Neuse River basin) is isolated from the rest of the Neuse River basin by salinity levels, so it is
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therefore considered a separate population, though it has not been detected in Trent River in the
last five years (Sarah McRae, USFWS, personal communication). In the lower portions of these
rivers, Carolina Madtom is usually found over debris piles in sandy areas. During nesting
season, May to July, Madtoms prefer areas with plenty of cover to build their nests with shells,
rocks, sticks, bottles, and cans being suitable cover types. Males guard the nests, in which
females may lay between 80 and 300 eggs.
Carolina Madtom is found in water that ranges from clear to tannin-rich, which is usually free-
flowing. It is generally rare throughout its range and is apparently in decline. The Tar River
population has historically been more robust than the Neuse River population (Burr et al. 1989),
which has shown declines in recent years (Midway 2008). The Little River of the Neuse River
Basin has the largest population of Carolina Madtom in the Neuse River Basin, with records
from 2016 indicating it is present (Sarah McRae, USFWS, personal communication). A few
specimens have been collected from Swift Creek, within the Neuse River Basin. Fishing Creek
and Swift Creek of the Tar River Basin are also productive systems for Carolina Madtom
populations, with around 14 specimens collected in the mid-1980s from Swift Creek (water
levels in Fishing Creek prevented sampling during that study). In 2016, a total of 17 individuals
were recorded in Swift Creek, and a total of four individuals were recorded in Fishing Creek
(Sarah McRae, USFWS, personal communication). The Carolina Madtom has been observed in
at least 361ocalities (Burr et al 1989).
The Carolina Madtom has a lifespan of about four years, with sexual maturity being reached at
around two years in females and three years in males. Sampling for Carolina Madtom is most
effective at dawn and dusk when they are most active and feeding (Mayden and Burr 1981).
Their diet consists mostly of benthic macroinvertebrates, which they collect by scavenging along
the bottom of streams.
4.2.3. Threats to Species
Identified threats to the Carolina Madtom include water pollution and construction of
impoundments (Burr et al. 1989). It is susceptible to threats due to its limited range and low
population densities (Angermeier 1995, Burr and Stoekel 1999). As a bottom-dwelling fish,
Carolina Madtom is susceptible to habitat loss when stream bottoms are impacted by
urbanization, impoundments, deforestation, etc.
4.2.4. Species Listing
Because of its limited distribution, Carolina Madtom is listed as Special Concern and is Proposed
Threatened in North Carolina. It was petitioned for federal listing under the Endangered Species
Act of 1973, as amended within the 2010 Petition to List 404 Aquatic, Riparian and Wetland
Species from the Southeastern United States by the CBD (CBD 2010).
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4.3 Necturus lewisi (Neuse River Waterdog)
4.3.1. Characteristics
The Neuse River Waterdog is a fully aquatic salamander and was first described by C.S. Brimley
in 1924 as a subspecies of the Common Mudpuppy (N. maculosus); it was elevated to species
status in 1937 by Percy Viosca, Jr.
The Neuse River Waterdog ranges in size from 15.24 to 22.86 centimeters (cm) (6 to 9 inches) in
length; record length is 27.94 cm (11 inches). It has a somewhat stocky, cylindrical body with
smooth skin, a rather flattened, elongate head with a squared-off nose, and small limbs. The tail
is vertically flattened with fms on both the top and bottom. Distinct from most salamanders, the
Neuse River Waterdog has four toes on each foot. The Neuse River Waterdog is a rusty brown
color on the dorsal side and dull brown or slate colored on the ventral side. Both dorsal and
ventral sides are strongly spotted, but the ventral side tends to have fewer and smaller markings;
spots are dark bluish to black. They also have a dark line running through the eye. Adults are
neotenous and retain three bushy, dark red external gills usually seen in larval amphibians. Both
male and female are similar in appearance and can be distinguished only through differences in
the shape and structure of the cloaca (Beane and Newman 1996; Conant and Collins 1998;
EDGE of Existence 2016).
Individuals become sexually mature at approximately five to six years of age. Breeding
normally occurs in the spring. The male deposits a gelatinous spermatophore that is picked up
by the female and used to fertilize between 30 and 50 eggs. The fertilized eggs are attached to
the underside of flat rocks or other submerged objects and guarded by the female until they hatch
in June or July (Conant and Collins 1998; EDGE of Existence 2016).
4.3.2. Distribution and Habitat Requirements
The Neuse River Waterdog is found only in the Neuse and Tar River basins of North Carolina
(AmphibiaWeb 2006; Beane and Newman 1996; Frost 2016).
The Neuse River Waterdog inhabits rivers and larger streams, where it prefers leaf beds in quiet
waters. This species needs high levels of dissolved oxygen and good water quality. The Neuse
River Waterdog is generally found in backwaters off the main current, in areas with sandy or
muddy substrate. Adults construct retreats on the downstream side of rocks or in the stream
bank where they remain during the day. This species is active during the night, leaving these
retreats to feed. The Neuse River Waterdog is carnivorous, feeding on invertebrates, small
vertebrates, and carrion. The Neuse River Waterdog is most active during winter months even
when temperatures are below freezing. During summer months, it will burrow into deep leaf
beds and is rarely found. It has been suggested that this inactivity in summer may be an
adaptation to avoid fish predators, which are more active at these times. In addition, the Neuse
River Waterdog produces a defensive, toxic skin secretion that is assumed to be distasteful to
predators (AmphibiaWeb 2006; Beane and Newman 1996; Conant and Collins 1998; EDGE of
Existence 2016; NatureServe Explorer 2016).
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4.3.3. Threats to Species
Any factors that reduce water quality are all threats to the Neuse River Waterdog. These can
include changes that result in siltation and pollution reducing habitat quality (e.g. channelization,
agricultural runoff, and industrial and urban development). Impoundments are also a threat to
the dispersal of the species as it is unable to cross upland habitat; Neuse River Waterdogs do not
climb and are unlikely to use fish passages (NatureServe Explorer 2016).
4.3.4. Species Listing
The Neuse River Waterdog was petitioned for federal listing under the Endangered Species Act
of 1973, as amended within the 2010 Petition to List 404 Aquatic, Riparian and Wetland Species
from the Southeastern United States by the CBD (CBD 2010).
5.0 SURVEY EFFORTS
5.1 Freshwater Mussel Surveys
Surveys were conducted by Three Oaks personnel on the following dates:
� � � � � � � � � � � � �
� � � �
� � � � � � � � � � � � �
� \ � N M � \ N � 0�0 N � �
� � .-~-� ,-~-i .-~-� .-~-� N N N N M � �
Personnel
Tim Savid e Permit # 16/17-ES0034 X X X X X X
Tom Dickinson (Permit # 16/17- X X X X X X X X X
ES00343
Chris Sheats X X X X X X
Evan Mor an X X X X
Nathan Howell X X
Ma Frazer X X X
Brian Watson X X X
John Roberts X
Nanc Scott X X
Lizz Stokes-Cawle X X
John Fridell X
Hannah S1 ce X
5.1.1. Survey Locations
Survey locations were selected based on previous survey data, proximity to the FLUSA, habitat
requirements of the target species and field conditions.
5.1.2. Methodology
Areas of appropriate habitat were searched, concentrating on the stable habitats preferred by the
target species. The survey team spread out across the creek into survey lanes. Visual surveys
were conducted using glass bottom view buckets (bathyscopes). Tactile methods were
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employed, particularly in streambanks under submerged rootmats. All freshwater bivalves were
recorded and returned to the substrate. Timed survey efforts provided Catch Per Unit Effort
(CPUE) data for each species. Relative abundance for freshwater snails and freshwater clam
species were estimated using the following criteria:
➢(VA) Very abundant > 30 per square meter
➢(A) Abundant 16-30 per square meter
➢(C) Common 6-15 per square meter
➢(U) Uncommon 3-5 per square meter
➢(R) Rare 1-2 per square meter
➢(P-) Ancillary adjective "Patchy" indicates an uneven distribution of the species within the
sampled site.
5.1.3. Mussel Survey Results
Mussel survey results are reported in the following sections. Each survey reach is given a unique
site identification number consisting of the survey date and the initials of the person leading the
survey. This identification number is provided in each section title.
5,1.3.1 Black Creek 161004.2ted
This survey in Black Creek was conducted for 3 person hours near the Jackson-King Road
crossing, extending upstream to an in-stream Beaver (Castor canadensis) dam and associated
wetland complex (Figure 4). Habitat consisted of a low velocity run and slackwater. Substrate
was dominated by sand with clay banks. Water clarity was light tannic. The stream channel
ranged from 12 to 20 feet wide with relatively stable banks up to 3 feet high. A wide forested
buffer surrounded the site.
Table 6. CPUE for Freshwater Mussels Black Creek 161004.2ted
Abundance/
Scienti�c Name Common Name #live (#shell) CPUE
Freshwater Mussels CPUE
lli tio s.* Elli tio mussels 178 5933/hr
Relative
Freshwater Snails and Clams Abundance
Corbicula uminea sian Clam � R
Cam eloma decisum Pointed Cam eloma � C
* E. complanata, E. cistellaeformis and E. icterina forms present, with gradation in-between
5,1.3.2 Black Creek 161004.3ted
This survey was conducted for 1.5 person hours below Panther Lake upstream of the Old Stage
Road crossing (Figure 4). Habitat consisted of the lake tailrace extending into a Beaver-
impounded swamp downstream. Substrate was dominated by sand and gravel/cobble. Water
clarity was light tannic. The stream channel was approximately 12 feet wide with banks
exhibiting some erosion and undercutting up to 2 feet high. A moderate forested buffer and
Beaver-impounded wetland complex surrounded the site.
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Table 7. CPUE for Freshwater Mussels Black Creek 161004.3ted
Abundance/
Scientific Name Common Name #live (#shell) CPUE
Freshwater Mussels CPUE
lli tio com lanata Eastern Elli tio 13 8.67hr
anodon cataracta Eastern Floater 1 0.67/hr
Utterbackia imbecillis Pa er Pondshell 1 0.67/hr
Relative
Freshwater Snails and Clams Abundance
Corbicula fluminea sian Clam � A
5.1.3.3 Black Creek 161019.1ted
This survey in Black Creek was conducted for 2 person hours below the Raleigh Road crossing
(Figure 4). Habitat consisted of run and slackwater with substrate dominated by coarse sand and
gravel. Water clarity was tannic. The stream channel ranged from 20 to 30 feet wide with stable
banks up to 3 feet high. A wide, mature forested buffer surrounded the site.
Table 8. CPUE for Freshwater Mussels Black Creek 161019.1ted
Abundance/
Scientific Name Common Name #live (#shell) CPUE
Freshwater Mussels CPUE
lli tio s.* Elli tio mussels 242 121.00/hr
Relative
Freshwater Snails and Clams Abundance
Corbicula uminea sian Clam � A
Cam eloma decisum Pointed Cam eloma � C
* E. complanata, E. cistellaeformis, and E. icterina forms present, with gradation in-between
5,1.3.4 Black Creek 161019.2ted
This survey in Black Creek was accessed from private land and conducted for 1.8 person hours
(Figure 4). Habitat consisted primarily of run with substrate dominated by fine sand. Water
clarity was tannic. The stream channel ranged from 20 to 35 feet wide with stable banks up to 3
feet high. A wide, mature forested buffer surrounded the site.
Table 9. CPUE for Freshwater Mussels Black Creek 161019.2ted
Abundance/
Scienti�c Name Common Name #live (#shell) CPUE
Freshwater Mussels CPUE
lli tio s.* Elli tio mussels 43 23.89/hr
Relative
Freshwater Snails and Clams Abundance
Corbicula uminea sian Clam � C
Cam eloma decisum Pointed Cam eloma � C
* E. complanata, E. cistellaeformis, and E. icterina forms present, with gradarion in-between
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5,1.3.5 Black Creek 161019.3ted
This survey in Black Creek was conducted for 2 person hours upstream of the NC 50 crossing
(Figure 4). Habitat consisted primarily of run with substrate dominated by compact fine sand
and detritus. Water clarity was light tannic. The stream channel ranged from 20 to 25 feet wide
with stable banks up to 3 feet high. A wide, mature forested buffer surrounded the site. Mussels
were found in very low densities for the available habitat.
Table 10. CPUE for Freshwater Mussels Black Creek 161019.3ted
Abundance/
Scientific Name Common Name #live (#shell) CPUE
Freshwater Mussels CPUE
lli tio com lanata Eastern Elli tio 26 13.0/hr
Relative
Freshwater Snails and Clams Abundance
Corbicula uminea sian Clam � R
Cam eloma decisum Pointed Cam eloma � R
5,1.3.6 Black Creek 161019.4ted
This survey in Black Creek was conducted for 2.25 person hours downstream of the Old
Fairground Road crossing (Figure 4). Habitat consisted of deeper run and pool with primarily
sand and clay substrate. Water clarity was light tannic. The stream channel ranged from 20 to
35 feet wide with eroded banks 3 to 6 feet high. The channel was heavily scoured in areas with
large deposits of woody debris. A wide, forested floodplain buffer surrounded the site.
Table 11. CPUE for Freshwater Mussels Black Creek 161019.4ted
Abundance/
Scientific Name Common Name #live (#shell) CPUE
Freshwater Mussels CPUE
lli tio com lanata Eastern Elli tio 44 19.56/hr
Utterbackia imbecillis Pa er Pondshell 1 0.44/hr
Relative
Freshwater Snails and Clams Abundance
Corbicula uminea sian Clam � C
Cam eloma decisum Pointed Cam eloma � R
5.1.3.7 Middle Creek 161102.1ted
This survey in Middle Creek was conducted for 5.5 person hours in a reach extending upstream
from the NC 50 crossing (Figure 4). Habitat consisted of a sequence of riffle, run, and pool with
primarily sand substrate. The stream channel ranged from 30 to 40 feet wide with variably stable
to eroded banks 3 to 10 feet high. Stable patches of cobble and gravel as well as clay and
rootmats along stream banks were associated with higher mussel density and diversity. Stream
conditions were low and clear. A moderately wide, mature, forested buffer was present to
surrounding residential development.
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Table 12. CPUE for Freshwater Mussels Middle Creek 161102.1ted
Abundance/
Scientific Name Common Name #live (#shell) CPUE
Freshwater Mussels CPUE
lasmidonta undulata Trian le Floater 4 0.73/hr
lli tio com lanata Eastern Elli tio 172 31.27/hr
lli tio con araea Carolina Slabshell 3 0.55/hr
lli tio icterina ariable S ike 91 16.55/hr
am silis radiata Eastern Lam mussel 4 0.73/hr
tro hitus undulatus Cree er 5 0.91/hr
Relative
Freshwater Snails and Clams Abundance
Corbicula uminea sian Clam � A
5,1.3.8 Middle Creek 161102.2ted
This survey in Middle Creek was conducted for 2.25 person hours in a short reach upstream from
NC 50 as accessed from surrounding residential development (Figure 4). Habitat consisted of
run with mixed sand, gravel, and cobble substrate. The stream channel ranged from 20 to 30 feet
wide with relatively stable banks 3 to 6 feet high. Stream conditions were low and clear. A
moderately wide, mature, forested buffer was present and extended to surrounding residential
development.
Table 13. CPUE for Freshwater Mussels Middle Creek 161102.2ted
Abundance/
Scientific Name Common Name #live #shell CPUE
Freshwater Mussels CPUE
lli tio com lanata Eastern Elli tio 91 40.44/hr
lli tio con araea Carolina Slabshell 3 1.33/hr
lli tio icterina ariable S ike 37 16.44/hr
lli tio s c.f. mediocris o common name 1 0.44/hr
tro hitus undulatus Cree er 2 0.89/hr
Relative
Freshwater Snails and Clams Abundance
Corbicula fluminea sian Clam � A
5.1.3,9 Middle Creek 161102.3ted
This survey in Middle Creek was conducted for 1.5 person hours upstream from Barber Bridge
Road (Figure 4). Habitat consisted of a sequence of run and pool with primarily unconsolidated
sand substrate. The stream channel ranged from 15 to 30 feet wide with unstable banks 6 to 10
feet high. A large amount of recent windthrow and woody debris deposits were present. Stream
conditions were low and clear. A wide forested buffer surrounded the reach.
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Table 14. CPUE for Freshwater Mussels Middle Creek 161102.3ted
Abundance/
Scientific Name Common Name #live (#shell) CPUE
Freshwater Mussels CPUE
lli tio com lanata Eastern Elli tio 16 10.67/hr
lli tio icterina ariable S ike 3 2.00/hr
Relative
Freshwater Snails and Clams Abundance
Corbicula uminea sian Clam � C
5,1.3,10 Black Creek 161103.1ted
This survey in Black Creek was conducted for 4.6 person hours below the Raleigh Road crossing
(Figure 4). Habitat consisted of run and pool with substrate dominated by coarse sand and
gravel. Water clarity was light tannic. The stream channel ranged from 20 to 30 feet wide with
stable banks up to 3 feet high. A wide, mature forested buffer surrounded the site.
Table 15. CPUE for Freshwater Mussels Black Creek 161103.1ted
Abundance/
Scientific Name Common Name #live #shell CPUE
Freshwater Mussels CPUE
lli tio s.* Elli tio mussels 163 35.43/hr
Relative
Freshwater Snails and Clams Abundance
Corbicula uminea sian Clam � A
Cam eloma decisum Pointed Cam eloma � C
* E. complanata, E. cistellaeformis, and E. icterina forms present, with gradation in-between
5.1.3.11 Black Creek 161103.2ted
This survey in Black Creek was conducted for 2.6 person hours below the Raleigh Road crossing
(Figure 4). Habitat consisted of run and riffle with substrate dominated by coarse sand and
gravel. Water clarity was light tannic. The stream channel ranged from 20 to 30 feet wide with
stable banks up to 3 feet high. A wide, mature forested buffer surrounded the site.
Table 16. CPUE for Freshwater Mussels Black Creek 161103Zted
Abundance/
Scienti�c Name Common Name #live (#shell) CPUE
Freshwater Mussels CPUE
lli tio s.* Elli tio mussels 268 103.08/hr
Relative
Freshwater Snails and Clams Abundance
Corbicula uminea sian Clam � A
Cam eloma decisum Pointed Cam eloma � U
* E. complanata, E. cistellaeformis, and E. icterina forms present, with gradation in-between
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5.1,3,12 Middle Creek 161103.3ted
This survey in Middle Creek was conducted for 2.25 person hours in a sharp bend with steep
surrounding topography and rocky outcroppings (Figure 4). Habitat consisted of deeper run with
mixed sand, gravel, and cobble substrate. The stream channel ranged from 30 to 40 feet wide
with relatively stable banks up to 3 feet high. Stream conditions were low and clear. A
moderately wide, mature forested buffer was present to surrounding residential development.
Table 17. CPUE for Freshwater Mussels Middle Creek 161103.3ted
Abundance/
Scientific Name Common Name #live (#shell) CPUE
Freshwater Mussels CPUE
lasmidonta undulata Trian le Floater 1 0.44/hr
lli tio com lanata Eastern Elli tio 101 44.89/hr
lli tio con araea Carolina Slabshell 6 2.67/hr
lli tio icterina ariable S ike 26 11.56/hr
tro hitus undulatus Cree er 7 3.11/hr
Relative
Freshwater Snails and Clams Abundance
Corbicula uminea sian Clam � A
5,1.3.13 Middle Creek 161103.4ted
This survey in Middle Creek was conducted for 2.35 person hours upstream from the Middle
Creek 1061103.3ted site (Figure 4). Habitat consisted of a sequence of riffle, run and pool with
primarily mixed sand and gravel substrate. The stream channel ranged from 30 to 40 feet wide
with relatively unstable banks up 3 to 6 feet high. Stream conditions were low and clear. A
moderately wide, mature forested buffer was present to surrounding residential development.
Table 18. CPUE for Freshwater Mussels Middle Creek 161103.4ted
Abundance/
Scientific Name Common Name #live (#shell) CPUE
Freshwater Mussels CPUE
lli tio com lanata Eastern Elli tio 64 27.23/hr
lli tio con araea Carolina Slabshell 2 0.85/hr
am silis radiata Eastern Lam mussel 1 0.43/hr
tro hitus undulatus Cree er 1 0.43/hr
Relative
Freshwater Snails and Clams Abundance
Corbicula uminea sian Clam � A
5,1.3,14 White Oak Creek 161101.1tws
This survey in White Oak Creek was conducted for 4.4 person hours within a former Beaver
marsh downstream of NC 42 (Figure 4). Beaver dams appear to have been breached for several
months. Habitat consisted of riffle, run, and pool with mixed sand and pebble substrate. The
stream channel ranged from 5 to 7 feet wide with relatively stable banks up to 1 foot high. Some
erosion and undercutting was present along the banks. Stream conditions were normal and clear.
Aquatic Species Survey Report June 2017
Complete 540 Triangle Expressway Southeast Extension Page 20

A wide (greater than 500 feet), forested/shrub brush buffer was present on each side of White
Oak Creek throughout the survey reach. The buffer abuts a residential development about 600
feet upslope from the left descending bank.
Table 19. CPUE for Freshwater Mussels White Oak Creek 161101.1tws
Abundance/
Scientific Name Common Name #live (#shell) CPUE
Freshwater Mussels CPUE
lli tio com lanata Eastern Elli tio 189 42.95
lli tio icterina ariable S ike 8 1.82
am silis radiata Eastern Lam mussel 1 0.23
anodon cataracta Eastern Floater 14 3.18
Utterbackia imbecillis Pa er Pondshell 1 0.23
Relative
Freshwater Snails and Clams Abundance
Corbicula fluminea sian Clam � C
Campeloma decisum Pointed Campeloma � P-C
5.1.3,15 White Oak Creek 161101.2tws
This survey in White Oak Creek started at the end of 161101.1tws and continued through a large
overwash area just below the NC 42 bridge (Figure 4). The survey was conducted for 4.1 person
hours. Habitat consisted of riffle, run, and pool with a sand and gravel substrate. The stream
channel ranged from 5 to 8 feet wide with unstable banks up to 1 foot high. Stream conditions
were normal and clear. A moderately wide forested buffer was present to surrounding residential
and commercial development.
Table 20. CPUE for Freshwater Mussels White Oak Creek 161101.2tws
Abundance/
Scienti�c Name Common Name #live (#shell) CPUE
Freshwater Mussels CPUE
lliptio complanata Eastern Elliptio 283 (14 69.02
shells
lli tio con araea Carolina Slabshell 22 4 shells 5.37
lli tio icterina ariable S ike 14 2 shells 3.41
lli tio roanokensis Roanoke Slabshell 1 shell 0
am silis radiata Eastern Lam mussel 16 4 shells 3.90
anodon cataracta Eastern Floater 20 11 shells 4.88
Utterbackia imbecillis Pa er Pondshell 10 1 shell 2.44
Relative
Freshwater Snails and Clams Abundance
Corbicula fluminea sian Clam � C
Campeloma decisum Pointed Campeloma � P-C
5,1.3,16 White Oak Creek 161101.3tws
This survey in White Oak Creek was conducted upstream of NC 42 in the tailrace of Austin
Pond (Figure 4). The survey was conducted for 2.76 person hours. Habitat consisted of riffle,
Aquatic Species Survey Report June 2017
Complete 540 Triangle Expressway Southeast Extension Page 21

run, and pool with a cobble and sand substrate. The stream channel ranged from 5 to 13 feet
wide with unstable banks ranging from 1 to 1.25 feet high. Stream conditions were normal and
clear. A moderately wide forested buffer was present to surrounding residential development.
Table 21. CPUE for Freshwater Mussels White Oak Creek 161101.3tws
Abundance/
Scientific Name Common Name #live (#shell) CPUE
Freshwater Mussels CPUE
lli tio com lanata Eastern Elli tio 121 43.84
lli tio icterina ariable S ike 7 2.54
am silis radiata Eastern Lam mussel 1 0.36
anodon cataracta Eastern Floater 19 6.88
Utterbackia imbecillis Pa er Pondshell 14 5.07
Relative
Freshwater Snails and Clams Abundance
Corbicula uminea sian Clam � C
Cam eloma decisum Pointed Cam eloma � P-U
5.1.3.17 Middle Creek 161102.1tws
This survey in Middle Creek was conducted downstream of Smith Road (SR 1507) for 5.13
person hours (Figure 4). Habitat consisted of riffle, run, and pool with an unconsolidated sand
and pebble substrate. The stream channel ranged from 11 to 14 feet wide with unstable banks
ranging from 3 to 4 feet high. Stream conditions were normal and clear. A wide forested buffer
was present to surrounding agriculture and residential development.
Table 22. CPUE for Freshwater Mussels Middle Creek 161102.1tws
Abundance/
Scientific Name Common Name #live (#shell) CPUE
Freshwater Mussels CPUE
lli tio com lanata Eastern Elli tio 63 12.28
lli tio con araea Carolina Slabshell 4 0.78
lli tio icterina ariable S ike 3 0.58
Relative
Freshwater Snails and Clams Abundance
Corbicula urninea sian Clam � C
Cam eloma decisum Pointed Cam eloma � P-U
limia catenaria Gravel Elimia � P-U
5,1.3.18 Middle Creek 161102.2tws
This survey in Middle Creek was conducted downstream of Smith Road (SR 1507) beginning at
the end of 161102.1tws for 3.27 person hours (Figure 4). Habitat consisted of riffle, run, and
pool with a sand and gravel substrate. The stream channel ranged from 11 to 13 feet wide with
banks ranging from 2.5 to 4 feet high. Some erosion and undercutting was present along the
banks. Stream conditions were normal and clear. A wide forested buffer was present to
surrounding agriculture and residential development.
Aquatic Species Survey Report June 2017
Complete 540 Triangle Expressway Southeast Extension Page 22

Table 23. CPUE for Freshwater Mussels Middle Creek 161102.2tws
Abundance/
Scientific Name Common Name #live (#shell) CPUE
Freshwater Mussels CPUE
lli tio com lanata Eastern Elli tio 85 25.99
lli tio con araea Carolina Slabshell 15 4.59
lli tio icterina ariable S ike 5 1.53
Relative
Freshwater Snails and Clams Abundance
Corbicula uminea sian Clam � C
Cam eloma decisum Pointed Cam eloma � U
limia catenaria Gravel Elimia � P-C
5.1.3.19 Middle Creek 161102.3tws
This survey in Middle Creek was conducted downstream of Smith Road (SR 1507) beginning at
the end of 161102.2tws for 5.27 person hours (Figure 4). Habitat consisted of riffle, run, and
pool with a sand and gravel substrate. The stream channel ranged from 10 to 14 feet wide with
banks ranging from 3 to 4 feet high. Some erosion and undercutting was present along the
banks. Stream conditions were normal and clear. A wide forested buffer was present to
surrounding agriculture and residential development. One individual of the targeted Atlantic
Pigtoe was found.
Table 24. CPUE for Freshwater Mussels Middle Creek 161102.3tws
Abundance/
Scientific Name Common Name #live (#shell) CPUE
Freshwater Mussels CPUE
lli tio com lanata Eastern Elli tio 133 25.24
lli tio con araea Carolina Slabshell 20 3.80
lli tio asheriana orthern Lance 7 1.33
lli tio icterina ariable S ike 21 3.98
lli tio roanokensis Roanoke Slabshell 1 0.19
usconaia masoni tlantic Pi toe 1 0.19
Relative
Freshwater Snails and Clams Abundance
Corbicula uminea sian Clam � C
Cam eloma decisum Pointed Cam eloma � P-U
limia catenaria Gravel Elimia � P-C
5.1.3,24 Middle Creek 161102.4tws
This survey in Middle Creek was conducted downstream of Smith Road (SR 1507) beginning at
the end of 161102.3tws for 4 person hours (Figure 4). Habitat consisted of riffle, run, and pool
with a sand and gravel substrate. The stream channel ranged from 10 to 14 feet wide with banks
ranging from 3 to 4 feet high. Some erosion and undercutting was present along the banks.
Stream conditions were normal and clear. A moderately wide forested buffer was present to
surrounding agriculture and residential development.
Aquatic Species Survey Report June 2017
Complete 540 Triangle Expressway Southeast Extension Page 23

Table 25. CPUE for Freshwater Mussels Middle Creek 161102.4tws
Abundance/
Scientific Name Common Name #live (#shell) CPUE
Freshwater Mussels CPUE
lli tio com lanata Eastern Elli tio 37 9.25
lli tio con araea Carolina Slabshell 23 5.75
lli tio icterina ariable S ike 2 0.50
Relative
Freshwater Snails and Clams Abundance
Corbicula uminea sian Clam � C
Cam eloma decisum Pointed Cam eloma � P-U
limia catenaria Gravel Elimia � P-U
5.1.3,21 Middle Creek 161103.1tws
This survey in Middle Creek was conducted downstream of Crantock Road (SR 1504) for 3.5
person hours (Figure 4). Habitat consisted of riffle and run with a gravel and sand substrate.
The stream channel ranged from 11 to 14 feet wide with banks ranging from 3 to 4.25 feet high.
Some erosion and undercutting was present along the banks. Stream conditions were normal and
clear. A moderately wide forested/shrub-brush buffer was present to surrounding agriculture.
Table 26. CPUE for Freshwater Mussels Middle Creek 161103.1tws
Abundance/
Scientific Name Common Name #live (#shell) CPUE
Freshwater Mussels CPUE
lli tio com lanata Eastern Elli tio 77 22.00
lli tio con araea Carolina Slabshell 143 40.86
lli tio icterina ariable S ike 15 4.29
Relative
Freshwater Snails and Clams Abundance
Corbicula uminea sian Clam � C
limia catenaria Gravel Elimia � P-C
5.1.3,22 Middle Creek 161103.2tws
This survey in Middle Creek was conducted downstream of Crantock Road (SR 1504) starting at
the endpoint of 161103.1tws for 2.6 person hours (Figure 4). Habitat consisted of riffle, run, and
pool with a sand and gravel substrate. The stream channel ranged from 12 to 14 feet wide with
banks ranging from 2.5 to 4 feet high. Some erosion and undercutting was present along the
banks. Stream conditions were normal and clear. A moderately wide forested/shrub-brush
buffer was present to surrounding agriculture. Relict shells of the Dwarf Wedgemusel, Yellow
Lance, Atlantic Pigtoe and Notched Rainbow were found along a recently eroded bank. These
four species have become increasingly rare in the Swift/Middle Creek subbasin. These shells
were very fragile and many fell apart once they were handled. It is possible that these shells
were buried within the bank for several years, and were recently exposed as the bank eroded.
While the presence of relict shells is often considered to represent extant populations, these
particular shells should not be considered to represent recent occupancy.
Aquatic Species Survey Report June 2017
Complete 540 Triangle Expressway Southeast Extension Page 24

Table 27. CPUE for Freshwater Mussels Middle Creek 161103.2tws
Abundance/
Scientific Name Common Name #live (#shell) CPUE
Freshwater Mussels CPUE
lasmidonta heterodon Dwarf Wed emussel 0 1 shell 0
lli tio com lanata Eastern Elli tio 31 11.92
lli tio con araea Carolina Slabshell 17 6.54
lli tio icterina ariable S ike 1 0.38
lli tio lanceolata Yellow Lance 0 2 shells) 0
usconaia masoni tlantic Pi toe 0 1 shell 0
Villosa constricta otched Rainbow 0 1 shell 0
Relative
Freshwater Snails and Clams Abundance
Corbicula uminea sian Clam � C
limia catenaria Gravel Elimia � P-C
5,1.3.23 Middle Creek 161103.3tws
This survey in Middle Creek was conducted upstream of Crantock Road (SR 1504) starting at
the endpoint of 161103.2tws for 4.15 person hours (Figure 4). Habitat consisted of riffle, run,
and pool with a sand and gravel substrate. The stream channel ranged from 11 to 18 feet wide
with banks ranging from 2.5 to 3.75 feet high. Some erosion and undercutting was present along
the banks. Stream conditions were normal and clear. A narrow to moderately wide
forested/shrub-brush buffer was present to surrounding agriculture and residential structures.
Table 28. CPUE for Freshwater Mussels Middle Creek 161103.3tws
Abundance/
Scienti�c Name Common Name #live (#shell) CPUE
Freshwater Mussels CPUE
lli tio com lanata Eastern Elli tio 149 35.90
lli tio con araea Carolina Slabshell 39 9.40
lli tio asheriana orthern Lance 1 0.24
lli tio icterina ariable S ike 18 4.34
Relative
Freshwater Snails and Clams Abundance
Corbicula urninea sian Clam � C
limia catenaria Gravel Elimia � P-U
5,1.3,24 Middle Creek 161103.4tws
This survey in Middle Creek was conducted upstream of Crantock Road (SR 1504) starting at
the endpoint of 161103.3tws for 2.85 person hours (Figure 4). Habitat consisted of run and pool
with a sand and pebble substrate. The stream channel ranged from 11 to 13 feet wide with banks
ranging from 2.5 to 3.75 feet high. Some erosion and undercutting was present along the banks.
Stream conditions were normal and clear. A narrow to moderately wide forested/shrub-brush
buffer was present to surrounding agriculture.
Aquatic Species Survey Report June 2017
Complete 540 Triangle Expressway Southeast Extension Page 25

Table 29. CPUE for Freshwater Mussels Middle Creek 161103.4tws
Abundance/
Scientific Name Common Name #live (#shell) CPUE
Freshwater Mussels CPUE
lli tio com lanata Eastern Elli tio 57 20.00
lli tio con araea Carolina Slabshell 17 5.96
lli tio icterina ariable S ike 9 3.16
am silis radiata Eastern Lam mussel 1 0.35
Relative
Freshwater Snails and Clams Abundance
Corbicula uminea sian Clam � C
limia catenaria Gravel Elimia � P-U
5.1.3,25 Middle Creek 161104.1tws
This survey in Middle Creek was conducted downstream of Barber Bridge Road (SR 2739) for 3
person hours (Figure 4). Habitat consisted of run and pool with a sand and cobble substrate. The
stream channel ranged from 7 to 10 feet wide with banks ranging from 2.5 to 3.5 feet high.
Banks were unstable. Stream conditions were normal and slightly turbid. A wide forested buffer
was present to surrounding residential development.
Table 30. CPUE for Freshwater Mussels Middle Creek 1611041tws
Abundance/
Scientific Name Common Name #live (#shell) CPUE
Freshwater Mussels CPUE
lasmidonta undulata Trian le Floater 1 0.33
lli tio com lanata astern Elli tio 15 5.0
tro hitus undulatus Cree er 4 1.33
Relative
Freshwater Snails and Clams Abundance
Corbicula uminea sian Clam � C
5.1.3,26 Middle Creek 161104.2tws
This survey in Middle Creek was conducted upstream of Barber Bridge Road (SR 2739) starting
at the endpoint of 161104. ltws for 6 person hours (Figure 4). Habitat consisted of riffle, run,
and pool with a sand and cobble substrate. The stream channel ranged from 7 to 10 feet wide
with banks ranging from 2.5 to 3 feet high. Banks were unstable. Stream conditions were
normal flow and slightly turbid. A narrow to moderately wide forestedJshrub-brush buffer was
present to surrounding residential development.
Aquatic Species Survey Report June 2017
Complete 540 Triangle Expressway Southeast Extension Page 26

Table 31. CPUE for Freshwater Mussels Middle Creek 161104.2tws
Abundance/
Scientific Name Common Name #live (#shell) CPUE
Freshwater Mussels CPUE
lasmidonta undulata Trian le Floater 4 0.67
lli tio com lanata astern Elli tio 146 24.33
lli tio con araea Carolina Slabshell 1 0.17
lli tio icterina ariable S ike 62 10.33
tro hitus undulatus Cree er 1 0.17
Relative
Freshwater Snails and Clams Abundance
Corbicula uminea sian Clam � P-C
5.1.3.27 UT Black Creek 170201.1ted
This survey was conducted for 0.75 person hour in a short flowing reach between impoundments
(Figure 4). Habitat consisted of silt/mud backwaters of the downstream impoundment
transitioning into a sequence of riffle, run, and pool with gravel and sand dominated substrate,
much of which had been recently redeposited or washed out by Hurricane Matthew. In the
flowing section, the stream ranged from 10 to 15 feet wide. Where present, banks were heavily
scoured. There was no buffer present to surrounding residential development and road along
portions of the evaluated reach. No evidence of mollusks was observed.
5.1.3.28 Black River 170201.2ted
This survey was conducted for 0.5 person hour in limited flowing areas below instream Beaver
dams (Figure 4). The Black River in the surveyed section consisted of a wide cypress swamp
floodplain, most of which had no discernable flow due to Beaver impacts. Substrates in these
Beaver dam tailraces consisted primarily of silt and mud with occasional patches of sand and
clay underlain. A wide, forested floodplain buffer surrounded the site. No evidence of mollusks
was observed.
5.1.3.24 Neills Creek 170201.3ted
This survey was conducted for 1.5 person hours upstream of the Chalybeate Springs Road
(SR 1441) crossing (Figure 4). Habitat consisted of a moderate gradient sequence of riffle, run,
and pool with a predominately sand and quartz substrate. The stream channel ranged from 9 to
20 feet wide with banks 2 to 4 feet high that exhibited areas of erosion and undercutting. A wide
forested buffer surrounded the site. No evidence of mollusks was observed.
5.1.3,3U Buckhorn Creek 170201.4ted
This survey was conducted for 1.0 person hour downstream of the Sweet Springs Road (SR
1117) crossing (Figure 4). Habitat consisted of a moderate gradient sequence of riffle, run, and
pool with a predominately gravel and sand substrate. The stream channel ranged from 20 to 25
feet wide with unstable banks 10 to 15 feet high. A wide forested buffer surrounded the site.
Aquatic Species Survey Report June 2017
Complete 540 Triangle Expressway Southeast Extension Page 27

Table 32. CPUE for Freshwater Mussels Buckhorn Creek 170201.4ted
Abundance/
Scientific Name Common Name #live (#shell) CPUE
Freshwater Mussels CPUE
lli tio com lanata Eastern Elli tio 24 24.0/hr
Relative
Freshwater Snails and Clams Abundance
Corbicula uminea sian Clam � C
5,1.3.31 Hectors Creek 170202.1ted
This survey was conducted for 1.5 person hours downstream of the Rawls Church Road (SR
1415) crossing (Figure 4). Habitat consisted of a sequence of riffle, run, and pool with sand,
gravel, and cobble substrate. The stream channel ranged from 10 to 15 feet wide with banks
exhibiting some erosion and undercutting 3 to 6 feet high. A wide, forested buffer surrounded
the site.
Table 33. CPUE for Freshwater Mussels Hectors Creek 170202.1ted
Abundance/
Scientific Name Common Name #live (#shell) CPUE
Freshwater Mussels CPUE
lli tio com lanata Eastern Elli tio 1 0.67/hr
Relative
Freshwater Snails and Clams Abundance
Corbicula uminea sian Clam � C
5,1.3,32 Kenneth Creek 170202.2ted
This survey was conducted for 2.5 person hours downstream of the Rawls Church Road (SR
1415) crossing (Figure 4). Habitat consisted of a sequence of riffle, run, and pool with a variable
mix of silt, sand, gravel, and cobble substrates. A few stabilizing outcrops of bedrock were also
present. The stream channel ranged from 20 to 30 feet wide with eroded banks 6 to 12 feet high;
recent scour and substrate redeposits, most likely attributable to hurricane Matthew, were present
throughout. A moderately wide forested buffer surrounded the site.
Table 34. CPUE for Freshwater Mussels Kenneth Creek 170202.2ted
Abundance/
Scientific Name Common Name #live #shell CPUE
Freshwater Mussels CPUE
lli tio com lanata Eastern Elli tio 63 25.2/hr
Villosa delumbis Eastern Creekshell 2 0.8/hr
Relative
Freshwater Snails and Clams Abundance
Corbicula urninea sian Clam � C
Aquatic Species Survey Report June 2017
Complete 540 Triangle Expressway Southeast Extension Page 28

5,1.3.33 Kenneth Creek 170202.3ted
This survey was conducted for 0.75 person hour upstream of the Chalybeate Springs Road (SR
1441) crossing (Figure 4). Habitat consisted of deeper run and pool with a mix of silt, sand, and
gravel substrate. The stream channel ranged from 12 to 20 feet wide with eroded banks 10 to 12
feet high. The channel was heavily scoured, often to saprolite. A narrow to moderately wide
forested buffer surrounded the site. No mussel evidence was observed.
Table 35. CPUE for Freshwater Mussels Kenneth Creek 170202.3ted
Abundance/
Scientific Name Common Name #live (#shell) CPUE
Freshwater Mussels CPUE
/A /A � �
Relative
Freshwater Snails and Clams Abundance
Corbicula uminea sian Clam � C
5.1.3.34 Hectors Creek 170202.4ted
This survey was conducted for 1.33 person hours upstream of the Baptist Grove Road (SR 1427)
crossing (Figure 4). Habitat consisted of a shallow sequence of primarily run and pool with
substrates of fine sand, gravel, and bedrock. The stream channel ranged from 12 to 20 feet wide
with relatively stable banks 3 to 6 feet high. A wide, forested buffer surrounded the site.
Table 36. CPUE for Freshwater Mussels Hectors Creek 170202.4ted
Abundance/
Scienti�c Name Common Name #live (#shell) CPUE
Freshwater Mussels CPUE
lli tio com lanata Eastern Elli tio 16 12.0/hr
Relative
Freshwater Snails and Clams Abundance
Corbicula uminea sian Clam � U
Cam eloma decisum Pointed Cam eloma � R
5,1.3,35 Little White Oak Creek 170207.1ted
This survey was conducted for 1.0 person hour downstream of the Friendship Road (SR 1149)
crossing (Figure 4). Habitat consisted of a shallow sequence of riffle, run, and pool with
primarily sand and pebble substrate. The small stream channel ranged from 10 to 15 feet wide
with variably stable to unstable banks up to 6 feet high. A wide, forested floodplain buffer
surrounded the site. No mollusks were observed during the efforts.
5,1.3,36 White Oak Creek 170207.2ted
This survey was conducted for 1.25 person hours upstream of the New Hill Road (SR 1152)
crossing (Figure 4). Downstream and through the road crossing the stream presented as pool
habitat with no visible flow. Habitat in the evaluated reach consisted of lotic sequence of run
and pool with primarily silt, sand, and pebble substrates. The stream channel ranged from 20 to
Aquatic Species Survey Report June 2017
Complete 540 Triangle Expressway Southeast Extension Page 29

30 feet wide with eroded banks up to 6 feet high. The channel was heavily scoured in areas with
large deposits of woody debris. A wide, forested floodplain buffer surrounded the site. No
mollusks were observed during the survey.
5.1.3.37 Kenneth Creek 170207.3ted
This survey was conducted for 2.53 person hours upstream of the Rawls Church Road (SR 1415)
crossing (Figure 4). Habitat consisted of a sequence of riffle, run, and pool with a variable mix
of silt, sand, gravel, and cobble substrates. The stream channel ranged from 15 to 25 feet wide
with generally unstable banks 6 to 12 feet high. A wide forested buffer surrounded the site.
Table 37. CPUE for Freshwater Mussels Kenneth Creek 170207.3ted
Abundance/
Scientific Name Common Name #live (#shell) CPUE
Freshwater Mussels CPUE
lli tio com lanata Eastern Elli tio 33 13.04/hr
Villosa delumbis Eastern Creekshell 4 1.58/hr
Relative
Freshwater Snails and Clams Abundance
Corbicula uminea sian Clam � C
5.1.3.38 Big Branch 170207.4ted
This survey was conducted for LS person hours downstream of the Woods Creek Road (SR
1154) crossing (Figure 4). Habitat consisted of a shallow sequence of riffle, run, and pool with
primarily unconsolidated sand substrate. The small stream channel ranged from 10 to 15 feet
wide with banks exhibiting some erosion and undercutting 3 to 6 feet high. A relatively narrow
forested buffer surrounded the site; managed pine plantation and a golf course were present in
the immediate area beyond the site. No mollusks were observed during the efforts.
5,1,3,39 Little Creek 170208.1ted
This survey was conducted for 7.16 person hours in a reach accessed from a gas line right of way
off Creekside Drive (Figure 4). Habitat consisted of a riffle, run, and pool sequence with
substrates of silt, sand, gravel, and clay. A large amount of woody debris was present in pools
and along banks in areas. The stream channel ranged from 15 to 25 feet wide with variably
stable to eroded banks 3 to 6 feet high. A wide, forested floodplain buffer was present to
surrounding agricultural and residential land uses.
Aquatic Species Survey Report June 2017
Complete 540 Triangle Expressway Southeast Extension Page 30

Table 38. CPUE for Freshwater Mussels Little Creek 170208.1ted
Abundance/
Scientific Name Common Name #live (#shell) CPUE
Freshwater Mussels CPUE
lli tio com lanata Eastern Elli tio 210 29.33/hr
lli tio icterina ariable S ike 48 6.70/hr
lli tio s c.f. mediocris o common name 4 0.56/hr
lli tio con araea Carolina Slabshell 2 0.28/hr
tro hitus undulatus Cree er 2 0.28/hr
Relative
Freshwater Snails and Clams Abundance
Corbicula uminea sian Clam � C
Cam eloma decisum Pointed Cam eloma � R
5,1.3,40 Cary Branch 170208.2ted
This survey was conducted for 1.2 person hours downstream of the Rex Road (SR 1127)
crossing (Figure 4). Habitat consisted of a sequence of riffle, run, and pool with primarily sand,
gravel, and clay substrates. The stream channel ranged from 15 to 20 feet wide with eroded
banks 6 to 10 feet high. The channel was heavily scoured in areas. A wide, forested buffer
surrounded the site.
Table 39. CPUE for Freshwater Mussels
Name
zr Mussels
carolineanus
Branch 170208.2ted
Name
Pondhorn
#live
0
Abundance/
CPUE
CPUE
0.83/hr
3.33/hr
5,1.3.41 Neuse River 170321.1ted
This survey consisted of a concentrated search for live mussels in run habitat and river margins
near an island upstream of the US 64 Business crossing and shoreline searches for shells in
muskrat middens downriver from Milburnie dam to the island (Figure 4). Active surveys for live
mussels were conducted for 1.0 person hour during which the species below were found. Habitat
consisted of run and pool with primarily sand substrate, silt margins, and areas of gravel, cobble,
and boulder. The river channel was generally over 100 feet wide with variably stable banks
ranging from 10 to 12 feet high. A narrow to moderately wide forested floodplain buffer was
present to surrounding greenway and residential land uses.
Aquatic Species Survey Report June 2017
Complete 540 Triangle Expressway Southeast Extension Page 31

Table 40. CPUE for Freshwater Mussels Neuse River 170321.1ted
Abundance/
Scientific Name Common Name #live (#shell) CPUE
Freshwater Mussels CPUE
lasmidonta undulata Trian le Floater 1 1.0/hr
lli tio con araea Carolina Slabshell 4 4.0/hr
lli tio com lanata Eastern Elli tio 40 40.0/hr
lli tio icterina ariable S ike 2 2.0/hr
lli tio roanokensis Roanoke Slabshell 47 47.0/hr
am silis radiata Eastern Lam mussel 2 2.0/hr
anadon cataracta Eastern Floater 1 1.0/hr
Relative
Freshwater Snails and Clams Abundance
Corbicula uminea sian Clam � VA
5.1,3,42 Neuse River 170321.2ted
This survey was conducted for 7 person hours downstream of the Poole Road crossing (Figure
4). Surveys were concentrated on shallow river margins and runs known to be occupied by the
Green Floater (Lasmingona subviridis) and other rare associates. Habitat consisted primarily of
silt and sand with areas of gravel, cobble, and boulder in higher velocity runs. A large amount of
woody debris was present. The river channel was generally over 100 feet wide with variably
stable banks ranging from 10 to 12 feet high. A wide, mature forested floodplain buffer
surrounded the site.
Table 41. CPUE for Freshwater Mussels Neuse River 170321.2ted
Abundance/
Scienti�c Name Common Name #live (#shell) CPUE
Freshwater Mussels CPUE
lasmidonta undulata Trian le Floater 0 2 shell �
lli tio con araea Carolina Slabshell 8 1.14/hr
lli tio com lanata Eastern Elli tio 16 2.29/hr
lli tio roanokensis Roanoke Slabshell 157 22.43/hr
am silis radiata Eastern Lam mussel 9 L29/hr
asmin ona subviridis Green Floater 0 1 shell �
Utterbackia imbecillis Pa er Pondshell 1 0.14/hr
Relative
Freshwater Snails and Clams Abundance
Corbicula uminea sian Clam � VA
Cam eloma decisum Pointed Cam eloma � R
limia catenaria Gravel Elimia � R
5,1.3.43 Black Creek 170414.1tws
This survey in Black Creek was conducted for 2 person hours above the Federal Road (SR 1331)
crossing (Figure 4). Habitat consisted of run and pool with substrate dominated by sand and
pebble. Water clarity was light tannic. The stream channel was approximately 13 feet wide with
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banks up to 2 feet high. Some erosion and undercutting was present along the banks. A
moderate forested buffer surrounded the site.
Table 42. CPUE for Freshwater Mussels Black Creek 170414.1tws
Abundance/
Scientific Name Common Name #live (#shell CPUE
Freshwater Mussels CPUE
lli tio com lanata Eastern Elli tio 76 38.0/hr
Relative
Freshwater Snails and Clams Abundance
Corbicula fluminea sian Clam � C
Campeloma decisum Pointed Campeloma � C
5.1.3,44 Neuse River 170414.2tws
This survey was conducted for 3 person hours downstream of the Poole Road (SR 1007) crossing
(Figure 4). Habitat consisted primarily of riffle and run with substrate dominated by gravel and
cobble in higher velocity runs. Water conditions were slightly turbid during the survey. The
stream channel was approximately 100 feet wide with stream banks approximately 8 feet high.
Some erosion and undercutting was present along the banks. A moderate forested floodplain
buffer surrounds the site.
Table 43. CPUE for Freshwater Mussels Neuse River 170414.2tws
Abundance/
Scientific Name Common Name #live (#shell) CPUE
Freshwater Mussels CPUE
lasmidonta undulata Trian le Floater 0 1 shell �
lli tio cistellae ormis Box s ike 10 3.33/hr
lli tio com lanata Eastern Elli tio 92 30.67/hr
lli tio con araea Carolina Slabshell 6 2.0/hr
lli tio icterina ariable S ike 14 4.67/hr
lli tio roanokensis Roanoke Slabshell 104 34.67/hr
am silis radiata Eastern Lam mussel 7 2.33/hr
asmi ona subvirdis Green Floater 1 1 shell 0.33/hr
Relative
Freshwater Snails and Clams Abundance
Corbicula fluminea sian Clam � C
5,1.3,45 Little Creek 170518.1tws
The Little Creek survey at Steel Bridge Road (SR 1562) was conducted for 4 person hours
(Figure 4). Habitat consisted of riffle, run, and pool with substrate dominated by sand and
cobble. Little Creek was approximately 20 feet wide with bank height of approximately 3 feet.
Some erosion and undercutting was present along the banks. During the survey, the water was
light tannic. There was a moderate forested buffer surrounding the survey site.
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Table 44. CPUE for Freshwater Mussels Little Creek 170518.1tws
Abundance/
Scientific Name Common Name #live (#shell) CPUE
Freshwater Mussels CPUE
lli tio com lanata Eastern Elli tio 189 47.25/hr
lli tio icterina ariable S ike 19 4.75/hr
lli tio s c.f. mediocris o common name 2 0.50/hr
Relative
Freshwater Snails and Clams Abundance
Corbicula fluminea sian Clam � C
Campeloma decisum Pointed Campeloma � C
5.2 Carolina Madtom Surveys
Fish surveys targeting the Carolina Madtom were conducted by Three Oaks personnel on the
following dates:
� � � � � � �
� � � � � � �
N M � � � o\O O�
,-�
� � � � � � �
Personnel
Tim Savid e Permit # 16-ES0034 X X X X X
Tom Dickinson Permit # 16/17-ES00343 X X
John Fridell X X X
John Roberts X X X
Nathan Howell X X X
Ma Frazer X X X
Matt Hane NCDOT X
Liz Stokes-Cawle X X X X
Hannah Sl ce X X X
Nanc Scott X X
5.2.1. Survey Locations
Survey locations were selected based on previous survey data, proximity to the FLUSA, habitat
requirements for the target species and field conditions.
5.2.2. Methodology
Two fish survey methodologies were employed. The primary methodology used was based on
the NCWRC Carolina Madtom protocol, which involved conducting visual surveys in varying
reaches of target streams. The survey team spread out across the creek into survey lanes with
each surveyor covering no more than approximately 5 meters of wetted width. Visual surveys
were conducted using mask and snorkel and/or glass bottom view buckets (bathyscopes). All
habitat types in the survey reach (riffle, run, pool, slack-water, etc.) were sampled. Instream
debris (rocks, logs, bark, mussel shells, leaf packs, bottles and other artificial cavities) was
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Complete 540 Triangle Expressway Southeast Extension Page 34

repositioned to look for inhabitants. Presence of fish species observed was noted at each survey
location.
Electrofishing was also employed at some locations. In some instances, this method was used to
supplement and assess the effectiveness of the visual surveys. In these instances, electrofishing
surveys were conducted in the exact reach where a visual survey had previously been conducted.
In other situations, where habitat conditions were not conducive for visual surveys (i.e. very
shallow riffles, very swift runs, etc.) electrofishing was the sole methodology. Fish Surveys
were conducted using a single Smith Root LR-24 backpack electrofishing unit and dip nets.
Crew members not operating the electrofishing units collected stunned fish with dip nets.
Passive seining, with two biologists holding the seine in riffle and run habitat while the other
biologists shocked downstream into the seine, was employed at the Middle Creek site above
Crantock Road. All habitat types in the survey reach (riffle, run, pool, slack-water, etc.) were
sampled, with special attention given to habitats preferred by the Carolina Madtom. Stunned fish
were placed into buckets and were identified, counted and released onsite.
5.2.3. Visual Fish Survey Results
5.2.3.1 Swift Creek 170412.1ted
This survey in Swift Creek was conducted for 7.67 person hours as accessed from Swift Creek
Nursery off Cleveland Road (Figure 5). Habitat consisted of run and riffle with substrate
dominated by gravel, sand, and cobble. Water clarity was clear. The stream channel was
approximately 50 feet wide with banks up to 12 feet high. A wide, forested buffer surrounded
the site.
5,2.3.2 Swift Creek 170412.2ted
This survey in Swift Creek was conducted for 2.0 person hours upstream from Barber Mill Road
(SR 1555, Figure 5). Habitat consisted of run and riffle with substrate dominated by gravel,
sand, and cobble. Water clarity was clear. The stream channel was approximately 60 feet wide
with banks up to 10 feet high. A moderate forested buffer surrounded the site.
Aquatic Species Survey Report June 2017
Complete 540 Triangle Expressway Southeast Extension Page 35
Table 45. Freshwater Fish Observed at Swift Creek 1704121ted

5,2.3.3 Swift Creek 170412.3ted
This survey in Swift Creek was conducted for 2.0 person hours upstream from Barber Mill Road
(SR 1555, Figure 5). Habitat consisted of run and pool with substrate dominated by gravel, sand,
and cobble. Water clarity was clear. The stream channel was approximately 60 feet wide with
banks up to 10 feet high. A moderate forested buffer surrounded the site.
5,2.3.4 Swift Creek 170517.2tws
This survey in Swift Creek was conducted for 2.67 person hours above the Steel Bridge Road
(SR 1562) crossing (Figure 5). Habitat consisted of run and riffle with substrate dominated by
cobble and gravel. Water clarity was clear. The stream channel was approximately 35 feet wide
with banks up to 7 feet high. A moderate forested buffer surrounded the site.
5,2.3.5 Little Creek 170518.1tws
The Little Creek survey location located at Steel Bridge Road (SR 1562) was conducted for 2.0
person hours (Figure 5). Habitat consisted of riffle, run, and pool with substrate dominated by
sand and cobble. Little Creek was approximately 20 feet wide with bank height of
approximately 3 feet. Some erosion and undercutting was present along the banks. During the
survey, the water was light tannic. There was a moderate forested buffer surrounding the survey
site.
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Complete 540 Triangle Expressway Southeast Extension Page 36
Table 46. Freshwater Fish Observed at Swift Creek 170412.2ted
Table 47. Freshwater Fish Observed at Swift Creek 170412.3ted
Table 48. Freshwater Fish Observed at Swift Creek 170517Ztws

Table 49. Freshwater Fish Observed at Little Creek 170518.1tws
Scienti�c Name Common Name
n uilla rostrate merican Eel
theostoma olmstedi Tessellated Darter
e omis auritus Redbreast Sunfish
e omis macrochirus Blue ill
thrurus matutinus Pinewoods Shiner
ercina roanoka Roanoke Darter
5,2.3.6 Black Creek 170413.3tws
This survey in Black Creek was conducted for 2.0 person hours above the Raleigh Road (SR
1330) crossing (Figure 5). Habitat consisted of run and pool with substrate dominated by coarse
sand and gravel. Water clarity was light tannic. The stream channel ranged from 13 to 16 feet
wide with stable banks up to 2 feet high. A wide, mature forested buffer surrounded the site.
5,2.3.7 Black Creek 170414.1tws
This survey in Black Creek was conducted for 2.0 person hours above the Federal Road (SR
1331) crossing (Figure 5). Habitat consisted of run and pool with substrate dominated by sand
and pebble. Water clarity was light tannic. The stream channel was approximately 13 feet wide
with banks up to 2 feet high. Some erosion and undercutting was present along the banks. A
moderate forested buffer surrounded the site.
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Complete 540 Triangle Expressway Southeast Extension Page 37
Table 50. Freshwater Fish Observed at Black Creek 170413.3tws
Table 51. Freshwater Fish Observed at Black Creek 170414.1tws

5.2.3.8 Middle Creek 170413.1tws
This survey in Middle Creek was conducted for 2.5 person hours in a reach downstream from
Crantock Road (SR 1504, Figure 5). Habitat consisted of riffle, run, and pool with a gravel and
sand substrate. The stream channel was approximately 42 feet wide with banks approximately 5
feet high. Some erosion and undercutting was present along the banks. Stream conditions were
normal and clear. A moderately wide forested/shrub-brush buffer was present at the survey
reach.
5,2.3.4 Middle Creek 170413.2tws
This survey of Middle Creek was conducted upstream of Crantock Road (SR 1504) for 2.03
person hours (Figure 5). Habitat consisted of riffle, run, and pool with a cobble and gravel
substrate. The stream channel was approximately 39 feet wide and the banks were
approximately 5 feet high. Some erosion and undercutting was present along the banks. Stream
conditions were normal and clear. A narrow to moderately wide forest buffer was present at the
site.
Table 53. Freshwater Fish Observed at Middle Creek 170413.2tws
Scienti�c Name Common Name
n uilla rostrata merican Eel
theostoma olmstedi Tessellated Darter
e omis auritus Redbreast Sunfish
e omis macrochirus Blue ill
ercina roanoka Roanoke Darter
lodictis olivaris Flathead Catfish
5,2.3,10 Neuse River 170414.2tws
This survey was conducted for 2.0 person hours downstream of the Poole Road (SR 1007)
crossing (Figure 5). Habitat consisted primarily of riffle and run with substrate dominated by
gravel and cobble in higher velocity runs. Water conditions were slightly turbid during the
survey. The stream channel was approximately 100 feet wide with stream banks approximately
8 feet high. Some erosion and undercutting was present along the banks. A moderate forested
floodplain buffer surrounded the site.
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Complete 540 Triangle Expressway Southeast Extension Page 38
Table 52. Freshwater Fish Observed at Middle Creek 170413.1tws

5,2.3.11 White Oak Creek
A visual survey of this site was not conducted using the methods described in this section. The
site conditions were not conducive to a visual survey, as the stream was small and the water was
turbid. Instead, the methods described in the following section were used. See section 5.2.4.4
for survey results.
5.2.4. Electrofishing Surveys
Surveys were conducted using electroshockers at select sites with the highest quality Carolina
Madtom habitat observed during other efforts. The following discussion focuses on these
additional surveys and the results of these surveys.
5,2.4.1 Swift Creek 17051 L lted
This survey in Swift Creek was from Swift Creek Nursery off Cleveland Road (Figure 5).
Habitat consisted of run and riffle with substrate dominated by gravel, sand, and cobble. Water
clarity was clear. The stream channel was approximately 50 feet wide with banks up to 12 feet
high. A wide forested buffer surrounded the site.
In addition to a visual survey at this location (Section 5.2.3.1), a more comprehensive survey was
performed using the electroshocking methodology. The protocol for measuring an Index of
Biotic Integrity (IBI) was used at this site to determine the quality of the fish community. The
survey was conducted using two electroshocking units, two people using dip nets, and three seine
net blocks for a total of 6,543 electroshocking seconds. The IBI score was 52, which represents
a "Good" rating.
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Complete 540 Triangle Expressway Southeast Extension Page 39
Table 54. Freshwater Fish Observed at Neuse River 170414.2tws

Table 55. Freshwater Fish Observed at Swift Creek 170511.1ted
Scienti�c Name Common Name umber Observed
n uilla rostrata merican Eel 13
hredoderus sa anus Pirate Perch
C rinella analostana Satinfin Shiner 24
nneacanthus loriosus Blus otted Sunfish
mizon oblon us Creek Chubsucker 1
sox ni er Chain Pickerel 2
theostoma abellare Fantail Darter 16
theostoma ni rum Johnn Darter 10
theostoma olmstedi Tessellated Darter 11
theostoma vitrium Glass Darter 8
Gambusia holbrooki Eastern Mos uitofish 1
entelium ni ricans orthern Ho sucker 3
ctalurus unctatus Channel Catfish 5
e omis auritus Redbreast Suniish 39
e omis c anellus Green Sunfish
e omis ibbosus Pum kinseed 1
e omis ulosus Warmouth 6
e omis machochirus Blue ill 50
uxilus albeolus White Shiner
thrurus matutinus Pinewoods Shiner 6
icro terus salmoides Lar emouth Bass 3
ocomis raine i Bull Chub 1
otro is amoenus Comel Shiner 9
otro is cummin sae Dusk Shiner 9
otro is hudsonius S ottail Shiner 6
otro is rocne Swallowtail Shiner 9
oturus insi nis Mar ined Madtom 1
ercina nevisense Chainback Darter 2
ercina roanoka Roanoke Darter 8
omoxis ni roinaculatus Black Cra ie 6
lodictis olivaris Flathead Catfish 3
cartom zon cervinus Black Jum rock 2
emotilus atromaculatus Creek Chub 1
5,2.4.2 Middle Creek 170517.1tws
This survey of Middle Creek was conducted upstream of Crantock Road (SR 1504) for 673
electroshocking seconds (Figure 5). A visual survey had been performed previously at this site
170413.2tws (Table 53 in Section 5.2.2.9). More species were recorded using the electrofishing
methods; no species detected using visual surveys were also not found electrofishing (Table 56).
No madtom species were detected using either method (Tables 53 and 56).
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Table 56. Freshwater Fish Observed at Middle Creek 170517.1tws
Scienti�c Name Common Name umber Observed
n uilla rostrata merican Eel 6
C rinella analostana Satinfin Shiner 8
nneacanthus loriosus Blues otted Sunfish 5
sox ni er Chain Pickerel 1
theostoma olmstedi Tessellated Darter 11
Gambusia holbrooki Eastern Mos uitofish 10
e omis auritus Redbreast Sunfish 18
e omis macrochirus Blue ill 11
e omis microlo hus Redear Sunfish 2
uxilus albeolus White Shiner 15
otro is rocne Swallowtail Shiner 7
ercina nevisense Chainback Darter 6
ercina roanoka Roanoke Darter 15
lodictis olivaris Flathead Catfish 1
5.2.4.3 Little Creek 170518.2tws
The survey of Little Creek, above Steel Bridge Road (SR 1562), was conducted for 587
electroshocking seconds (Figure 5). A visual survey had been performed previously at this site
170518.1tws (Table 49 in Section 5.2.2.5). More species were recorded using the electrofishing
methods; no species were detected using visual surveys that were also not found electrofishing
(Table 57). However, the visual surveys did not detect the Margined Madtom (Table 49), yet it
was easily detected (n=7) using electrofishing (Table 57).
Table 57. Freshwater Fish Observed at Little Creek 170518.2tws
Scienti�c Name Common Name umber Observed
meiurus brunneus Snai1 Bullhead 1
meiurus natalis Yellow Bullhead 1
n uilla rostrata merican Eel 8
hredoderus sa anus Pirate Perch 2
C rinella analostana Satinfin Shiner 6
nneacanthus loriosus Blues otted Sunfish 3
sox ni er Chain Pickerel 1
theostoma abellare Fantail Darter 2
theostoma olmstedi Tessellated Darter 12
Gambusia holbrooki Eastern Mos uitofish resent*
ctalurus unctatus Channel Catfish 1
e omis auritus Redbreast Sunfish 7
e omis macrochirus Blue ill
e omis microlo hus Redear Sunfish 2
uxilus albeolus White Shiner
thrurus matutinus Pinewoods Shiner 11
oxostoma a illosum -Li Redhorse 1
ocomis le toce halus Bluehead Chub 8
ocomis rane i Bull Chub 2
otYo is cummin sae Dusk Shiner 6
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Complete 540 Triangle Expressway Southeast Extension Page 41

Table 57. Freshwater Fish Observed at Little Creek 170518.2tws
turus
;Name
hudsonius
roanoka
vzon cervinus
'ommon Name
pottail Shiner
wallowtail Shiner
Zargined Madtom
.oanoke Darter
* Many individuals captured, total number not recarded
5,2.4.4 White Oak Creek 170518.3tws
ber Observed
The survey of White Oak Creek, located at NC 42 below Austin Pond, was conducted for 489
electroshocking seconds (Figure 5). Habitat consisted of riffle, run, and pool with substrate
dominated by sand and cobble. White Creek was approximately 6 to 11 feet wide in the riffle
run section, and widened to 50 feet in the pool within the tailrace of Austin Pond. The unstable
banks were approximately 5 feet high. During the survey, the water was slightly turbid. There
was a moderate forested buffer surrounding the survey site.
Table 58. Freshwater Fish Observed at White Oak Creek 170518.3tws
Scientific Name Common Name umber Observed
meiurus brunneus Snail Bullhead 3
meiurus la ce halus Flat Bullhead 1
n uilla rostrata American Eel 8
C rinella analostana Satinfin Shiner 12
nneacanthus loriosus Blues otted Sunfish 2
theostoma olmstedi Tessellated Darter 7
Gambusia holbrooki Eastern Mos uitofish Present*
e omis auritus Redbreast Sunfish 21
e omis c anellus Green Sunfish 6
e omis ulosus Warmouth 2
e omis macrochirus Blue ill 14
e omis microlo hus Redear Sunfish 2
uxilus albeolus White Shiner 3
otro is rocne Swallowtail Shiner 1
oturus insi nis Mar ined Madtom 2
ercina nevisense Chainback Darter 1
ercina roanoka Roanoke Darter 3
* Many individuals captured, total number not recorded
5,2.4.5 Middle Creek 170519.1tws
This survey of Middle Creek was conducted downstream of Smith Road (SR 2553) for 572
electroshocking seconds (Figure 5). Habitat consisted of riffle, run, and pool with a sand and
gravel substrate. The stream channel was approximately 30 feet wide and the banks were
approximately 7 feet high. The stream banks were unstable. Stream conditions were normal and
clear. A narrow to moderately wide forest buffer was present. In addition to the following fish
species found during the survey, an individual Neuse River Waterdog was located (see Section
5.3.3.3 for details on Waterdog surveys).
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Complete 540 Triangle Expressway Southeast Extension Page 42

Table 59. Freshwater Fish Observed at Middle Creek 170519.1tws
Scienti�c Name Common Name umber Observed
n uilla rostrata merican Eel 8
C rinella analostana Satinfin Shiner 5
nneacanthus loriosus Blues otted Sunfish 1
sox ni er Chain Pickerel 1
theostoma olmstedi Tessellated Darter 11
Gambusia holbrooki Eastern Mos uitofish resent*
e omis auritus Redbreast Sunfish 21
e omis c anellus Green Sunfish 2
e omis macrochirus Blue ill 7
uxilus albeolus White Shiner 5
ocomis le toce halus Bluehead Chub 7
otro is cummin sae Dusk Shiner
otro is rocne Swallowtail Shiner 8
ercina nevisense Chainback Darter 1
ercina roanoka Roanoke Darter 11
lodictis olivaris Flathead Catfish 3
* Many individuals captured, total number not recorded
5,2.4.6 Middle Creek 170519.2tws
This survey in Middle Creek downstream of NC 50 was conducted for 537 electroshocking
seconds (Figure 5). Habitat consisted of run, riffle, and pool with sand and gravel substrate
dominant. The stream channel in the surveyed reach was approximately 40 feet wide with banks
6 feet high. Some erosion and undercutting was present along the banks. Stream conditions
were low and clear. A moderately wide forested buffer was present surrounding the survey
reach.
Table 60. Freshwater Fish Observed at Middle Creek 170519.2tws
Scientific Name Common Name umber Observed
n uilla rostrata merican Eel 5
hredoderus sa anus Pirate Perch 1
C rinella analostana Satinfin Shiner 10
nneacanthus loriosus Blues otted Sunfish
theostoma olmstedi Tessellated Darter 10
e isosteus osseus Lon nose Gar 1
e omis auritus Redbreast Sunfish 19
e omis macrochirus Blue ill 11
uxilus albeolus White Shiner 8
ocomis le toce halus Bluehead Chub 6
ocomis rane i Bull Chub 1
otro is cummin sae Dusk Shiner
otro is hudsonius S ottail Shiner 1
otro is rocne Swallowtail Shiner 6
ercina roanoka Roanoke Darter 9
lodictis olivaris Flathead Catfish 1
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Complete 540 Triangle Expressway Southeast Extension Page 43

5,2.4.7 Middle Creek 170519.3tws
This survey in Middle Creek was conducted upstream of Barber Bridge Road (SR 2739) for 389
electroshocking seconds (Figure 5). Habitat consisted of riffle, run, and pool with a sand and
cobble substrate. The stream channel was approximately 20 feet wide with banks ranging from
2.5 to 3 feet high. Some erosion and undercutting was present along the banks. Stream
conditions were normal flow and slightly turbid. A moderate forested buffer was present
surrounding the survey reach.
Table 61. Freshwater Fish Observed at Middle Creek 170519.3tws
Scientific Name Common Name umber Observed
meiurus brunneus Snail Bullhead 1
n uilla rostrata merican Eel 5
C rinella analostana Satinfin Shiner 13
nneacanthus loriosus Blues otted Sunfish 6
theostoma olmstedi Tessellated Darter 11
e omis auritus Redbreast Sunfish 15
e omis macrochirus Blue ill 6
e omis microlo hus Redear Sunfish 1
uxilus albeolus White Shiner 5
otro is rocne Swallowtail Shiner
oturus rinus Tad ole Madtom 1
ercina roanoka Roanoke Darter 6
5.3 Neuse River Waterdog Surveys
Surve s were conducted b Three Oaks ersonnel on the followin dates:
� � � � r r r r
�
O � N M ~ ~ ~ Q
N N N N r 0�0 O\ ry
N N N N N N N N
�--i �--i �--I �--i
Personnel
Kate Sevick Permit #16-ES00485 X X X X X
Tom Dickinson Permit # 16/17-ES00343 X
Tim Savid e Permit # 16-ES0034 X
Nanc Scott X X
Chris Sheats X
Nathan Howell X X X
Ma Frazer X X X X X
5.3.1. Survey Locations
Survey locations were selected based on location within the FLUSA, previous NCWRC survey
data, and Three Oaks' staff knowledge of appropriate habitat and previous sightings. Surveys
were conducted in December 2016, in Middle Creek (at three locations: Susan Road, Smith
Road, and Crantock Road), Black Creek, Neuse River (Milburnie Dam), White Oak Creek, and
Little Creek based on previous negative survey results or no available survey information. In
February 2017, four additional sites were surveyed in Middle Creek (Barber Bridge Road), Swift
Aquatic Species Survey Report June 2017
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Creek (NC 42 and Barber Mill Road) and Neuse River (Poole Road) along with repeat sampling
of two sites in Middle Creek (Susan Road and Crantock Road).
5.3.2. Methodology
Three Oaks developed methods in consultation with the USFWS and NCWRC that were
designed to replicate winter trapping efforts conducted as part of the species status assessment
undertaken by these agencies and collaborators. Ten baited traps were set for four soak nights at
each of the survey locations. Trap sites were selected based on habitat conditions and
accessibility. Undercut banks, with some accumulation of leaf pack, as well as back eddy areas
within runs were the primary microhabitats selected. Traps were baited with a combination of
chicken liver and hot dogs, and allowed to soak overnight. The traps were checked daily, all
species found within the traps were recorded, and the traps were re-baited. If the targeted Neuse
River Waterdog was found at a site, trapping efforts were discontinued.
Prior to the 2017 surveys, Three Oaks was invited to assist in a NCWRC study, in cooperation
with researchers at Nash County Community College, examining the genetics of the Neuse River
Waterdog. Tissue samples were collected in the field from the tail of any captured Neuse River
Waterdogs and sent to NCWRC staf£ In addition to new sites, Three Oaks resurveyed a few
locations that had positive captures from 2016 in an effort to contribute additional data to this
study.
5.3.3. Neuse River Waterdog Survey Results
The Neuse River Waterdog was found at three of the Middle Creek Sites (Susan Road, Smith
Road, and Crantock Road) and in Swift Creek (Barber Mill Road). In addition, 14 fish species
along with multiple crayfish were found during trapping efforts. The results for each survey
location are shown below.
5,3.3.1 Middle Creek at Barber Bridge Road (170203.4kms)
This Middle Creek survey location is at Barber Bridge Road (SR 2739) in Johnston County
(Figure 6). All ten traps were placed downstream of the bridge crossing. At this survey location,
Middle Creek ranged from 20 to 35 feet wide with water depths of 1 to 6 feet with a sandy
substrate interspersed with gravel and cobble sections. Water flow was slightly turbid and at a
moderate to fast velocity. The buffer was wide, forested, and intact within the survey vicinity.
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Table 62. Middle Creek at Barber Brid e Road 170203.4kms — Februa 2017
Tra # Da 1 Da 2 Da 3 Da 4
i � � � �
2 � � � Catfish
Blue Spotted Sunfish Blue Spotted Sunfish
3 � �1� (1), Bluegill (1), and �
Cra iish 1
4 � � � �
5 � � � �
6 ,.� � � ,.,
7 � � � White Shiner 1
g � � � �
9 � Cra fish 1) � Cra fish 2
10 � � � �
5.3.3.2 Middle Creek near Susan Road (161220.1 kms and 170203.2kms)
This Middle Creek survey location is west/upstream of NC 50 and south of Susan Drive in
Johnston County (Figure 6). At this survey location, Middle Creek ranged from 15 to 30 feet
wide with water depths of 1 to 3 feet. The site was surveyed twice. Water flow was clear and at
a moderate to fast velocity. The buffer was wide, forested, and intact within the survey vicinity
which contained multiple wetlands.
Table 63. Middle Creek near Susan Road (1612201kms — December 2016
Tra # Da 1 Da 2 Da 3 Da 4
1 � Cra fish 1)
2 � �
3 ,.� �
4 � Cra fish 1
5 � �
6 Crayfish (2) Neuse River
Waterdo 1
7 � Cra fish 1
8 � Cra fish 1
9 � Cra fish 1
10 � �
*Grey cells indicate target species presence was confirmed and additional survey days were not necessary
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Table 64. Middle Creek near Susan Road 170203.2kms — Februar 2017
Tra # Da 1 Da 2 Da 3 Da 4
1 Cra fish 1
2 Neuse River
Waterdo 1
3 �
4 �
5 �
6 �
7 Cra fish 1
g �
9 �
10 �
*Grey cells indicate target species presence was confirmed and additional survey days were not necessary
5.3,3.3 Middle Creek at Smith Road (161220.2kms)
This Middle Creek survey location is upstream of the Smith Road (SR 1507) crossing in
Johnston County (Figure 6). The banks are quite steep and eroding within this survey location.
Middle Creek ranged from 15 to 20 feet wide with water depths of at least 6 feet. The survey
location was surrounded by a forested, intact, toe-of-slope floodplain, which contained multiple
wetlands. During the survey, the water was clear with a fast velocity.
Table 65. Middle Creek at Smith Road (161220.2kms) — December 2016
Tra # Da 1 Da 2 Da 3 Da 4
1 �
2 Neuse River
Waterdo 2
3 �
4 Neuse River
Waterdo 1
5 �
6 �
7 �
g �
9 Cra fish 1
10 Cra fish 3
*Grey cells indicate target species presence was confirmed and additional survey days were not necessary
5,3.3.4 Middle Creek at Crantock Road (161220.3kms and 170203.3kms)
This Middle Creek survey location is downstream of the Crantock Road (SR 1504) crossing in
Johnston County (Figure 6). It was surveyed twice. Upstream of the crossing is a breached
concrete dam structure. Downstream, Middle Creek ranges from 15 to 20 feet wide with depths
between 2 to 4 feet. During the survey, the water velocity was fast and clear. The site is
surrounded by a forested buffer that has been logged east of the stream.
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Table 66. Middle Creek at Crantock Road 161220.3kms — December 2016
Tra # Da 1 Da 2 Da 3 Da 4
Neuse River
1 Waterdog (1),
Cra fish 1
2 �
3 �
4 �
5 Neuse River
Waterdo 1
6 �
7 Cra fish 1
g �
9 Pirate Perch (1),
Cra fish 1
Neuse River
10 Waterdog (1),
Crayfish (1)
*Grey cells indicate target species presence was confirmed and additional survey days were not necessary
Table 67. Middle Creek at Crantock Road (170203.3kms) — Februar 2017
Tra # Da 1 Da 2 Da 3 Da 4
1 Cra fish 1 �
2 � S ottail Shiner 1
3 � �
4 � �
5 � White Shiner 1
6 � Neuse River
Waterdo 1
� � Bluegill (1) and
Cra fish 1
g � Pirate Perch (1) and
Warmouth 1
y � �
10 � �
*Grey cells indicate target species presence was confirmed and additional survey days were not necessary
5.3.3.5 Black Creek (161220.4kms)
The Black Creek Survey location is approximately 0.2 river mile east/downstream of Raleigh
Road (SR 1330) in Johnston County (Figure 6). Unlike the other survey locations, the Black
Creek location is surrounded by a large wetland complex. Water was slightly tannic to tannic
with a moderate velocity. The creek ranged from 10 to 20 feet wide with water depths from 1 to
4 feet. The survey location was surrounded by a large intact forested wetland buffer.
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Table 68. Black Creek near Ralei h Rd 161220.4kms — December 2016
Tra # Da 1 Da 2 Da 3 Da 4
i � � � �
2 � � � �
3 � � � �
4 ,.� � � ,.,
5 ,.� � � ,.,
6 � � � �
7 � � � Pirate Perch
g � � � �
9 ,.� � � ,.,
10 � � � �
5,3.3.6 Neuse River near Milburnie Dam (161220.Skms)
This Neuse River survey location is downstream of Milburnie Dam and upstream of New Bern
Avenue (US 64) in Wake County (Figure 6). Eleven traps were placed at this site on both sides
of the river based on the larger size of the system. The river ranged from 140 to 200 feet wide
with depths greater than 6 feet. The water flow was clear with a fast velocity during the trapping
effort. This portion of the Neuse River has a relatively intact forested buffer approximately 200
feet on either side of the river.
Table 69. Neuse River near Milburnie Dam 161220.Skms — December 2016
Tra # Da 1 Da 2 Da 3 Da 4
1 Blue ill 1 � � �
2 � � � �
3 � Sunfish 1 Blue ill 1 �
4 White Shiner 2 Satinfin Shiner 1 Satinfin Shiner 1 �
5 � Cra fish 1 � �
6 � � � �
� � � � �
g � � Redbreast Sunfish �
1
9 � Channel Catfish 1 � �
10 � � � �
11 � � Spottail Shiner (1) �
5.3.3.7 Neuse at Poole Road (170203.6kms)
This Neuse River survey location is upstream of Poole Road (SR 1007) in Wake County (Figure
6). The river ranged from 100 to 120 feet wide with depths greater than 6 feet. The water flow
was clear with a fast velocity during the trapping effort. This portion of the Neuse River has a
relatively intact forested buffer approximately 200 feet on either side of the river.
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Table 70. Neuse River at Poole Road 170203.6kms — Februa 2017
Tra # Da 1 Da 2 Da 3 Da 4
1 � � Satinfin Shiner 5 �
2 � American Eel 1 � �
3 � � � �
4 ,.� � � ,.,
5 ,.� � � ,.,
6 � � � �
� � � � �
8 � S ottail Shiner 1 � Catfish 1
9 ,.� � � ,.,
10 � � � �
5.3.3.8 White Oak Creek (161220.6kms)
The White Oak Creek survey location is south/downstream of NC 42 and west of Anna Drive in
Johnston County (Figure 6). Only nine traps were placed at this location because of equipment
limitations. The creek ranged from 4 to 8 feet wide with water depths of approximately 2 to 6
feet. The water flow was clear with moderate velocity during the trapping effort. The buffer in
this area is forested and intact.
Table 71. White Oak Creek at NS 42 (161220.6kms)— December 2016
Tra # Da 1 Da 2 Da 3 Da 4
1 ,.� � r., ,.,
2 � � � �
3 Cra fish 1 � � �
4 � � � �
5 White Shiner 1 Fl er 1 � �
6 ,.� � � �,
7 � � � White Shiner 2
8 White Shiner 2 � � �
9 � � Blue ill (2) �
5.3.39 Little Creek (161220.7kms)
The Little Creek survey location is at Steel Bridge Road (SR 1562) with traps both upstream and
downstream of the bridge (Figure 6). Little Creek ranged from 6 to 20 feet wide with water
depths of approximately 2 to 6 feet. During the survey, the water was clear with moderate
velocity. The buffer in the area is relatively intact and forested.
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Table 72. Little Creek at Steel Brid e Road 161220.7kms — December 2016
Tra # Da 1 Da 2 Da 3 Da 4
Snail Bullhead (1),
1 Creek Chub (1), Crayfish (1) � �
Cra fish 1
2 � � Cra fish 1 Cra fish 3
3 Blue ill 1 Pirate Perch 1 � �
4 � � � �
5 � � � �
6 � � � Snail Bullhead 1
Tessellated Darter Margined Madtom Margined Madtom
7 (1), Margined �1), Crayfish (1) (1) �
Madtom 2
8 White Shiner (2) Snail Bullhead (3) � Snail Bullhead (1),
Cra fish 2
9 � Pirate Perch (2) P�'ate Perch (1), Crayfish (2)
Cra fish 1
10 Pirate Perch (1) � � Crayfish (1)
5,3.3,14 Swift Creek at NC 42 (170203.Skms)
This Swift Creek survey location is south/downstream of NC 42 in Johnston County (Figure 6).
The creek ranged from 25 to 45 feet wide with water depths of approximately 2 to 6 feet. The
water flow was slightly turbid and with a moderate velocity during the trapping effort. The
buffer in this area is cleared on the left descending bank and forested on the right descending
bank.
Table 73. Swift Creek at NC 42 (170203.5kms — Februa 2017
Tra # Da 1 Da 2 Da 3 Da 4
1 � � � �
2 ,.� � � �,
3 � � � �
4 � � � �
5 � � � Cra fish
6 Cra fish 1 � � �
� � � American Eel (1) NC Spiny Crayfish
1
g � � � NC Spiny Crayfish
1
9 � � Cra fish 1 �
10 � � � �
5.3.3, I 1 Swift Creek at Barber Mill Road (170203.4km)
This Swift Creek survey location is downstream of Barber Mill Road in Johnston County (Figure
6). The creek ranged from 15 to 25 feet wide with water depths of approximately 1 to 6 feet. The
water flow was slightly turbid and with a moderate velocity during the trapping effort. The
buffer in this area is poor with the right descending bank being a cutover.
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Table 74. Swift Creek at Barber Mill Road 170203.4km — Februar 2017
Tra # Da 1 Da 2 Da 3 Da 4
1 � � Neuse River
Waterdo 2
2 � � �
3 ,.� � �
4 � � �
5 � � �
6 � � �
� � � �
g ,.� � �
y � � �
10 � Cra fish 1) American Eel 1
*Grey cells indicate target species presence was confirmed and additional survey days were not necessary
6.0 DISCUSSION/CONCLUSIONS
The results indicate that several streams in the study area continue to support diverse freshwater
mussel and fish faunas. As discussed in Section 1.0, all target species have been reported within
some of the study area streams at some point in time. The survey efforts detailed in this report
serve to update and/or supplement species occurrence information within the study area streams.
The information was gathered to support the development of a BA for this project, which will
address direct, indirect, and cumulative effects of the proposed project on the DWM and Yellow
Lance. A full analysis of the environmental baseline, discussion of species, and effects of the
project on individual species will help determine the Biological Conclusions of federally
protected species. The other target species, the Atlantic Pigtoe, Carolina Madtom, and Neuse
River Waterdog will be included in the BA should they become proposed before the beginning
of project construction.
6.1 Freshwater Mussel Surveys
Extensive mussel surveys conducted for this project in Swift Creek have documented that the
DWM, Yellow Lance and Atlantic Pigtoe are still present. The data generated from these efforts
have been presented in many other reports for this project. The mussel survey component of the
aquatic species surveys presented in this report focused on other water bodies within the study
area, as recent survey data was not available.
61.1 DWM
Other than one relict shell at site 161102.2tws in Middle Creek, the DWM was not found during
these efforts. In addition to Swift Creek, the DWM has been found in Middle Creek, White Oak
Creek (Swift Creek Tributary) and Little Creek within the study area. The last records of this
species from these streams are from 1992, 1994, and 2003, respectively. Based on these and
other survey efforts since 1992, it is unlikely that the DWM still occurs in Middle Creek;
however, it cannot be ruled out entirely. Although it was not found in Little Creek during this
survey effort, based on habitat conditions, and minimal survey efforts since 2003, the DWM
could still be present in Little Creek.
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While the DWM was reported from the Neuse River in the 1950's there are no recent records of
occurrence. Although a diverse mussel fauna is still present in this portion of the Neuse River,
the DWM was not found during this, or other recent surveys efforts; thus, it is likely extirpated
from the Neuse River. Additionally, it was not found in any of the other streams surveyed
during this effort, and is unlikely to occur in any of them.
61.2 Yellow Lance
In addition to Swift Creek, the Yellow Lance has also been recorded in Middle Creek, most
recently in 2011. Other than the relicts found at site 161102.2tws, it was not found in Middle
Creek during this effort. However, given the recent (2011) record, it should still be considered
present in the stream. It was not found in any of the other streams surveyed during this effort,
and is unlikely to occur in any of them.
6.1.3 Atlantic Pigtoe
In addition to Swift Creek, Atlantic Pigtoe has been recorded in Middle Creek and Black Creek
within the study area. These survey efforts confirmed its continued presence in Middle Creek. It
was not detected in Black Creek and based on the survey results, it is unlikely to still occur in the
stream. Additionally, it was not found in any of the other streams surveyed during this effort,
and is unlikely to occur in any of them.
6.2 Carolina Madtom Surveys
Two survey methodologies were used to determine if this species occurred in any of the study
area streams. The NCWRC visual survey protocol was primarily used, and for the most part was
effective in detecting other species of madtoms (i.e. tadpole madtom, margined madtom). The
one exception to this was in Little Creek, where the margined madtom was found using
electrofishing, but was not observed using the visual techniques. This may be a result of a
limited amount of large cover (e.g. cobble, logs, etc.) in the middle of the channel, with the
majority of cover consisting of submerged rootmats, which are difficult to survey visually. The
Carolina Madtom was not detected during this effort and has not been confirmed from any of the
study area streams for 30 years, and thus is unlikely to still occur.
The results of these survey efforts also demonstrate that multiple methodologies may be needed
to obtain a complete inventory of all fish species present in a stream reach. The visual method
was fairly effective at detecting benthic (stream bottom) species like darters and madtoms;
however, it was not effective for many of the more pelagic (water column) species. While the
electrofishing methods detected more species than the visual methods, they still did not provide a
complete inventory of all species present at a site. This is evidenced by the Warmouth detected
in Middle Creek at the Crantock Road site during Neuse River Waterdog trapping efforts, but not
found during the visual or electrofishing efforts.
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6.3 Neuse River Waterdog Surveys
The results of this survey effort confirmed the continued presence of the Neuse River Waterdog
in Swift Creek and Middle Creek. Given that the species has not been reported from the Neuse
River since 1987, and was not observed during this effort, it is unlikely to still occur in the Neuse
River. Additionally, it was not found in any of the other streams surveyed during this effort, and
is unlikely to occur in any of them.
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https://watersgeo. epa. gov/arcgis/rest/services/OWPROGRAM/NPDESPERMIT_WMER
C/MapServer
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 1992a. Special report on the status of freshwater
mussels.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 1992b. Endangered and Threatened species of the
southeast United States (The Red Book). FWS, Ecological Services, Div. of Endangered
Species, Southeast Region. Govt Printing Office, Wash, DC: 1,070.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 1993. Dwarf Wedgemussel (Alasmidonta
heterodon) Recovery Plan. Hadley, Massachusetts. 527 pp.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 2013. Dwarf Wedgemussel Alasmidonta heterodon
5-Year Review: Summary and Evaluation, Susi vonOettingen, FWS, Concord, NH.
U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 2017. Yellow Lance Species Status Review
Aquatic Species Survey Report June 2017
Complete 540 Triangle Expressway Southeast Extension Page 59

Viosca, P., Jr. 1937. A tentative revision of the genus Necturus, with descriptions of three new
species from the southern Gulf drainage area. Copeia 1937:120-138.
Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries (VDGIF). 2014. Atlantic Pigtoe
Conservation Plan. Bureau of Wildlife Resources. VDGIF, Richmond, VA. 31 pp.
Wolf, E.D. 2012. Propagation, Culture, and Recovery of Species at Risk Atlantic Pigtoe.
Virginia Tech Conservation Management Institute, Project No. 11-108. SSpp.
Aquatic Species Survey Report June 2017
Complete 540 Triangle Expressway Southeast Extension Page 60

APPENDIX A
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Complete 540 Triangle Expressway Southeast Extension Page 61

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