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Home My WebLink About20190146 Ver 1_940047 AR14-06-0012 No Historic Properties form_2019020114-06-0012 NO NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES p�,'�� ELIGIBLE OR LISTED ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES �� ' Q �� PRESENT OR AFFECTED FORM �' ��' �4p°�` �'i �, `_. � `' q��°:�,�y��:� This form only pertains to ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCES for this project. It is not �z J��7 �� .�' valid for Historic Architecture and Landscapes. You must consult separately with the �? �� Historic Architecture and Landscapes Group. PROJECT INFORMATION Project No WBS No. F.A. No: 940047 17BP.11.R.111 Federal Permit Required? County: Document Funding.• � Yes ❑ No Watauga LIBR data sheet (PCE) or Minimum Criteria checklist � State ❑ Federal Permit Type: NWP 3/ NWP 14 tva Project Description: Replace Bridge 47 on SR 1351 (Castle Ford Rd.) over Grassy Creek. Replace structure at existing location with an off-site detour. Area of Potential Effects (A.P.E.) is 23 meters (75 ft.) from centerline on each side of the road for 92 meters (300 ft.) in each direction from the bridge. No design plans provided. SUMMARY OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL FINDINGS The North Carolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT) Archaeology Group reviewed the subject project and determined: � There are no National Register listed ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES within the project's area of potential effects. ❑ No subsurface archaeological investigations are required for this project. � Subsurface investigations did not reveal the presence of any archaeological resources. ❑ Subsurface investigations did not reveal the presence of any archaeological resources considered eligible for the National Register. ❑ All identified archaeological sites located within the APE have been considered and all compliance for archaeological resources with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act and GS 121-12(a) has been completed for this project. � There are no National Register Eligible or Listed ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES present or affected by this project. (Attach any notes or documents as needec� Brief description of review activities, results of review, and conclusions: see attached memo SUPPORT DOCUMENTATION See attached: � Map(s) ❑ Previous Survey Info Other: Signed: Caleb Smith NCDOT ARCHAEOLOGIST � Photos ❑Correspondence 4/ 10/2015 Date "NO NATIONAL REGISTER ELIGIBLE OR LISTED ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES PRESENT OR AFFECTED form for Minor Transportation Projects as Qua[ified in the 2007 Programmatic Agreement. 1 of 14 Archaeological Survey for the Proposed Replacement of Bridge No. 47 on SR 1351 (Castle Ford Rd.) over Grassy Creek, Watauga County, North Carolina By Brooke Brilliant, Archaeological Consultants of the Carolinas, Inc. and Caleb Smith, N.C. Department of Transportation April 2015 Introduction Bridge No. 47 is located on SR 1351 (Castle Ford Rd.) in northeast Watauga County approximately 5.3 kilometers (3.3 miles) south of the community of Todd (Figure 1). The bridge is located in a narrow creek valley with steep slopes on each side (Figure 2). The bridge is oriented southwest- northeast but is considered east-west for this description. Grassy Creek joins the South Fork New River approximately 825 meters (2,706 ft.) north of the bridge. The archaeological Area of Potential Effects (A.P.E.) for this project includes an area approximately 92 meters (300 ft.) from either end of the bridge and approximately 23 meters (75 ft.) on each side of the road measuring from the centerline. o , � qs,, � a , � .. �„ �SDV '� r,^ c � • , � h% � P �� o'�� 5'�C��e�;� � � ,� t�i. . . Q �ou�dY.W �l�} � �r � �� -�. � Y".i � 5� ' . .. � " ,p' � :... Na�,:�. 2 �a�l �� j%'..� h ° � / ,t' �r watatig �.� � �- �\< r� �, i�y ui.en�wm�.eWraoP�.r` . f .� � � � ..�,_ T� � ' � ' �f . s :, ``�_.,f�ya £�'��yo ' 1 ,� '�+r�+n,,•j��.- .M•fi',.. � ,. ,�`: ,'Yµ , � W , , �!` / r ;'� - ..� p j� r � � r � . ii t � �e' ..:`y�a„iM.. g � ''�4,( - J / k �� . 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S�,c I� A � cr �- .. `s�''N� D�',� ,/" � ../ '_�.�n�� ! � ��L�� 4q.?�� ..'- ..�'r6° ,t� �,d' � �,.,!°�.'" .'. ��,p!�� ' rr - 1�{a s ��47/ �",f,l � -�l -e i..nn ��, � } ,��, �� ``�'x, p'!�1- '_ ,�1 „ „� � ��ar3•tu�oe ��f r �j�� . !/ ��i>`` >� 1 '�� r �...Y cati,- . ,_ ...- ..... . ' 3- `�'�Fr '.;Rw, r.'A,��.. ,�.'t, 3�/ /. arr-a: ��,� �',t:ti. _• _ . .�.', ��,' . Y " - .l F � _ . �,�. i � �3.»� �.;.1...,].+1 i� .. .. <t �- � � r� � � � .- _ . .-.. ,.' ""�- . �Q:�rw. � C� u�_ �.: �3:-?a�. n-d3ar�r�� z ^' '�. `.`s _� �F;,;,r�.hx.�.. ,r�1.,w:� �a� L�� kxJ.�„ ca3��,A-��,Y ..d'un��, �: _ �,._�<uw. . y�' � E�__ __ .-s-�... E)Id4VPlf�'i'�u[h� a�':l�l� - '-'- � — . - - � "�� cJCUJ1T �lf� UwUC � _'�.. . . - Figure 1: Location of Bridge 47. The A.P.E. of Bridge 47 overlaps with the A.P.E. of Bridge 46 located approximately 60 meters (197 ft.) to the southwest, and of Bridge 48 located approximately 70 meters (230 ft.) to the northeast (Figure 3). The northwest and southwest quadrants of Bridge 47 are the northeast and southeast quadrants of Bridge 46, and the northeast and southeast quadrants of Bridge 47 are the northwest and southwest quadrants of Bridge 48. 2 The initial review of this project was conducted by N.C. Department of Transportation (NCDOT) archaeologist Caleb Smith on 8/25/2014. The review included an examination of a topographic map, the Watauga County soil survey, an aerial photograph, and listings of previously recorded sites, previous archaeological surveys, and previous environmental reviews at the Office of State Archaeology (OSA). Also, a visual reconnaissance of the project was conducted by NCDOT archaeologists Matt Wilkerson and Caleb Smith on 6/17/2014. The review recommended an archaeological survey of the level, well-drained, undisturbed parts of the A.P.E., specifically in the northwest, southwest, and southeast quadrants. The archaeological survey was conducted by Bobby Southerlin and Jon Rood of Archaeological Consultants of the Carolinas, Inc. (ACC) on 9/9/2014. The following description was submitted to the NCDOT by ACC in October 2014 and revised by NCDOT archaeologist Caleb Smith. Background Research Background research consisted of an eXamination of the listings of previously recorded sites, previous archaeological surveys, and previous environmental reviews at the Office of State Archaeology (OSA) in Raleigh. The A.P.E. has not been included in any previous archaeological surveys. The A.P.E. is not within or adjacent to any projects that have been previously reviewed by the State Historic Preservation Office (HPO). There are three previously recorded archaeological sites (31 WT163, 31 WT197, and 31 WT216) within a 0.8 km (0.5 mile) radius of the A.P.E. (Figure 4). None of these fall in the project A.P.E. Site 31WT163 (ASU site 31WT147) is a late Middle Archaic/early Late Archaic period lithic scatter located northeast of the project area along the south bank of the South Fork New River. It was recorded by Harvard Ayers as an addendum to Purrington's (1975) reconnaissance of Watauga County. The reconnaissance report offers a minimal site description, but does not include a site map, and does not evaluate the sites for potential inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). Artifacts recovered from the site included a quartzite Morrow Mountain II projectile point, a chert Guilford projectile point/knife, and 6 chert flakes. Site 31WT197 is an unknown component prehistoric lithic scatter located in the floodplain of the South Fork New River north of the project area. Site 31WT216 is an unknown component prehistoric lithic scatter located on a hill on the east side of SR 1351 north of the project tract. These sites will not be impacted by the replacement of Bridge No. 47. Background research also included an examination of records on recorded historic resources using the Department of Historic Resources Survey and Planning Division's mapping application web site. No recorded historic resources are located in or within a 0.8 km (0.5 mile) radius of Bridge No. 47. Archaeological Survey The archaeological survey consisted of pedestrian survey along four transects, one transect conducted approximately 10 meters (30 ft.) from the pavement edge in each of the four quadrants of the bridge replacement project. Shovel tests were excavated at a 30-meter (98-ft.) interval along each transect. These tests measured at least 30 centimeters (12 in.) in diameter and were excavated a minimum of 10 centimeters (4 in.) into sterile subsoil. All test fill was screened through 0.64 centimeter (0.25 in.) wire mesh. C! { 1,.f 4 \ •� +i �� . , �, `ti��__.,} 1,. r � .I J" - �� f _ ��'�� ' ��,� _ �.�f f �i .� � � � ; f . �- .�_.�_� f�� , �.. � .�� C` � ��- � � r� } ��..,v�'��'��--�•� � �' '� � �� ' *� �-� •.,,� .�t,.� __r �'=" �. y�..._�- �'�. °� ,� -ti � y � *. 44 "`°-� �; . �' (] ' � � �.,.�,�_ . _ � " LTM��.�'- �~'�- � �c :� ^�'��.'t� .�`'�i�'�, ..'_, " `' --- r+'' � { ��,—�. ` �s� �� k '� '"°� �,`titi_._` i- r � -,, �� "�. � ��.1+-�• -"' _�'� �� A� � � , �`"`ti.,�•� � .'s�rirrJ� f't�rh .t e�� ltlt°e•r � ��-��'`, � �.-�� - M�., J�•��.. � � ' � ti r� _ .1 f ..: �'""-� T ff, irfYlti:ti.`. �-�.i.;,�. ,� .`r �y � .. r, . � � r--� 'tr kf.. .�., �'`` ��, barn -. -�.� ..:;� , � � : • � �+� w•�%�� .-� ��.��,�� .�� ,-� � ��-'- •' ; �- = • �: -� ��= �� -� � : ��. rf� �� J f 4 ? . � � �l �P i f}� � � �1 W7197 L �i 31 WT°I63 -�� ..� � . _ ,ry ti�r �-�rr �.sv.# ��'f+ � �`� �� ' , �. �---�� ; � _ #—�'t � f� � '� � �. � _ Y�,, � � rf rf � �s r � ,�#..��c �4 _• � ; ��} f!� __ ,�'` �rl � }.. --%� r'. �� "—;�� t��r�4_; � �� { �' '�., �".'�'- �-� L:'. � ��.-..." � 1 _r - � � ....��,� . ''ti �k L �� : � � i f� � � / f �' ��, � �.T r Bridge 48 �'f,f� �,i'� 1 � .l --. �� 1 � � �� t � �� , �l � � �' , �� Bridge 47 r -�.�_. � �� Brid�e 149 , �. � � ~ + � Y i �1 � �ti.F� 1.,t4`�� i r '4 � 4-��—. �� , �k ----- �� "• � t ��"� 39WT2'IB �"�� ..' '�l �, � �� .��-r'�� ..�'�^.��+� ` � ��' �` '��. �� ' � �� Bridge 46 �'�`"�f {� � � r .�� ^�._.._.�r'�ti.r ,� , 'ti ..��ti. � � �ti � .�. � � --�. __--- ~ _�, , � ��-.�--�, `��"�=---- .��.�.�-�--�-�.�""" �� ',�� ,, `_ �'�� `�,'� ��•� � -,�,4� � , � � � � � ; �ridge 47 Re�alacc�m�n# � Bndge 47 APE ,+� Pr�uit�u3ly Record$d slle c , aa� zaa �oa ` .�� Me�ara 4 Figure 4: Topographic map of Bridge No. 47 showing the locations of nearby bridges and of previously recorded archaeological sites in the vicinity (USGS Todd, N. C. 1:24.000-scale tonogranhic manl. 5 Each shovel test was backfilled upon completion. Shovel tests were not excavated at locations with slope of greater than 15 percent. Global Positioning System (GPS) readings using a sub-meter accuracy Trimble GeoExplorer handheld GPS receiver were taken at each shovel test. In all areas, shovel testing was supplemented by comprehensive examination of exposed ground surface. A total of 13 test locations was examined, but shovel tests were excavated in only seven of these. Table 1 describes each shovel test location. The shovel test locations are shown in the aerial photograph in Figure 5 and the LiDAR image in Figure 6. LiDAR, an acronym for Light Detection and Ranging, is a remote sensing method which uses lasers to collect three dimensional data about the ground surface (English Heritage 2010). A hill-shading effect can be applied to a LiDAR image to better view topographic features. This technique uses a hypothetical light source to create shadows which highlight minute changes in the ground surface (Jones 2010; Schuckman and Renslow 2014). Table 1: Summary of Shovel Test Locations Examined. Shovel Dig / No Depth Comments Test Di Northeast Quadrant: 1 Dig 0-10 cm (4in.) 0-10 cm (0-4 in.) strong brown clay loam overlying bedrock; located in grassy flood plain 2 Dig 20 cm (8 in.) 0-20 cm (0-8 in.) rocky strong brown silty loam overlying bedrock; located in grassy floodplain on creek edge 3 Dig No Dig Located on slope on creek edge Northwest Quadrant: 1 No Dig - Located on steep slope in woods 2 Dig 10 cm (4 in.) 0-10 cm (0-4 in.) strong brown clay; below 10 cm (4 in.) bedrock; located on ridge toe in woods 3 Dig 40 cm (16 in.) 0-30 cm (0-12 in.) strong brown silty loam; 30-40 cm (12-16 in.) strong brown clay loam; located in floodplain in residential yard Southeast uadrant: 1 No Dig - Located in grassy area on slope 2 No Dig - Located in grassy area on slope 3 No Dig - Located in grassy area in floodplain; area disturbed by presence of barn 4 Dig 10 cm (4 in.) 0-10 cm (0-4 in.) strong brown clay loam; located on ridge toe in woods Southwest uadrant: 1 No Dig - Located on slope in woods 2 Dig 20 cm (8 in.) 0-20 cm (0-8 in.) strong brown clay loam overlying strong brown clay, located in garden plot in floodplain 3 Dig 20 cm (8 in.) 0-20 cm (0-8 in.) strong brown clay loam overlying strong brown clay; pebbles in subsoil' located in garden plot in floodplain G �, " - #:� �' •4��, -� - - _ . `� ' y� . - � ' � F� . 1�4 +Y� 4 } +- � s�'o �� •�� $ �r .� 'q, �} ` � '�.a r . , 4 � � . . � ° , ¢" �, ' � � � S �"'�*r�?�� ' w. � � , � ��,�,�' S'�'�� _" 1 .f. �x C � ' *�� . M.. �' "iT � �' � � ��y � � ��a ��" , � �#� �'��'`'` *� .„' � .. S '�, .� •��i {�� " � .�'M ..� �, �-:L�4 �_.y . p", � ' i . ,�� t 3 �'�+ � �[� p �. � •{�'•K.+� � �� . � • • # � f� � '�'� *y � �_7 �• �. 3.. y� � � � 'R �R_ ' ,i�� r ��Li4/� .�w�, '�� , _- I y , •f� 4'` - a + � � o " *,5,, {' .� w. ^��f,* *' �F • �' r' r ' � � . -0 �4 � ' � ., x'�� .. . j�, Q�� . [. �. � p 1 ' , 4 S' . �` *, � k'. � . �T w i , _.� � A I � d } Y �� r '1: �I�. w��?� �E Oua�• ` y�� ''� �,.• .►. }' �!j �� $$ �� .+".'. � dl g .4.�'i' �'$1� .'�"�, �, th �►' � af ,i .r r � �" % _ , { � �=•. � ^� x. •� _ ,- � _ � � �F. � - NE • �. � _ �,' .. � • � ;,� �';,,,4 . s�r' S7� .' � . �� '� , i5E a�s - . ' . `' -`, . , �� '�. ..4 �1"` T�3 �'. , , �� w.='.,;� `:�� t ... w , � � ,� � � '# ,, :� ' x,�- ` ��" � � � �' � ,� � `4 AC3u�+i �� ;�.ST ttw , � ,,,, , � �' *1Yr� . � � . . . � •�, �� ,r,. �e�" � 4'� ° � ' �ST�i1' F �,. , � � '.� a•. �� 5'N €]uad a�,.. . � �k e � • �''�� : su��„ * -• *�. ! .� r1, �''� S? # � ` '!� 4 , w r _ - ''`uT #R9 x . �µ.,� � a �', `� . � ••�` ;' �^ � � �� • � ' } i, r � � . +R . i a . . � [' ��1 ` �' \�� " . , �ri � 7 �r� ', 1 . � . _� ,,� . �; ` . �i 4 • �y}�7�/j'y/'yp � _ ` w .. {� LM �'4 ._i�� . *. ♦ �V'k�� .T/� �,'F'$ . � •��-� � � � � '�" ,t.+M � �� ' . 7 ' , f: .. �'s3. . r � � te + . �� '� _ .1 _ M � � � I � a � � � ,� ..�,, �._', � � t�, ..'4 i ' .�_ � t n,� .�,�:��. `�`�� ',. �� ; "� w . �.� � .. �� i:� ��`�°'�"� � � �i 4 �� • . .��y #i . `�' • q � a�^� �§AFs��6��1 ��# �' ��` .� T!F L i'Ii. +n4�; Y ` �'II��j � + �y� +Y��',^ � • �� + �!'�. �� V'�� 7 Y �L�� r ' �� P + . . � �t ` �. . _ �� Ye.t��_ _ JF'_t.�._4r�� _ The A.P.E. in the northwest quadrant is a flat area used as a residential yard from the bridge west for 30 meters (100 ft.), then a steep ridge toe (Figures 7 and 8). (This is also the northeast quadrant of the Bridge 46 A.P.E.) A house is located approximately 10 meters (33 ft.) west of the creek and 30 meters (100 ft.) north of the road. The residential yard area appeared to be disturbed by a driveway and residential landscaping. Two shovel tests were excavated in the quadrant, one on the ridge toe and the other in the floodplain. The test on the ridge (ST 2) was located in a wooded area and exposed 10 centimeters (4 in.) of strong brown clay loam overlying bedrock. The test excavated in the floodplain (ST 3) was located in a residential yard and exposed 30 centimeters (12 in.) of strong brown silty loam overlying strong brown clay loam. Neither of these shovel tests contained artifacts. ST 1 was located on steep slope in a wooded area and was not excavated due to slope. The soil survey describes the floodplain soil as Nikwasi loam, a frequently-flooded soil type that forms on depressions on floodplains and consists of loamy alluvium over sandy and gravelly alluvium. It is very poorly-drained and has a slope range of 0 to 3 percent (USDA 2014). The excavated shovel tests exposed profiles slightly different from the soil proiile characteristic of this area. This is likely due to erosion and disturbance from modern land use practices that resulted in the reduction of the A horizon soils. �•" �� "_ 4" ..,,�, �'► � �� , � .''.: i=! `:'L�-��.,. : b a' . ��4� � . � �� _-,; �<�-- S ��4as.� , ,� �� +� �*'' . R r��'-i.. 3.;``a ; ,. °� � �s: t�`P ;.,,Y ..,�i -,..,, - .��„ . � �- "°'"�' �'� � Bridge 47 °,�. �' - , � �� p - '` :� � r�-, ,.�' �+,-.. .+�::a ' � 1 ��, ; �� °{ f � � � � �`t��;� k�`��:.i��+� : •y _ - , . , '_., :: � :-� n .,.�."d- _ . .- � _ � < �r69 ,pd;a,,,��r3' s,.,�;.'�� ra�+...xw�k=+y�. -'�1�F'�5�1"� . - _,,.st-�. - - . �� ;.'�'�` �t � . �'�� s ��'`�t �. �� Pi: ;r ` � _ _ .. .. � ' `3 ,,`.'€�"��„ � s, �;,� . .,e ,.- . ., M . �: �`: - . - .. , ,'4 ,�.�°�'�a d .., r . � ...r;� � a� �"v ,s r". � . , ..: . , w � . ,. � � �� i,. -, � - , '_ �' ....,�. . . ._•- .. ,, • .. , . �k.. .. '� . ,. t " � � . ... . � . SR�"-` ''- , - .c = � .Y::.��^5��....��. Figure 7: North view of the northwest quadrant (September 2014). The northeast quadrant is a thin (approximately 5 meters [16 ft.] wide?) section of land between Grassy Creek and the road from the bridge east for 70 meters (230 ft.) to Bridge 48 (Figure 9). This is also the northwest quadrant of the Bridge 48 A.P.E. Two shovel tests were excavated in the grassy floodplain in this quadrant. One shovel test (ST 1) exposed 10 centimeters (4 in.) of strong brown clay loam overlying bedrock. The second test (ST 2) exposed 20 centimeters (8 in.) of rocky strong brown silty loam overlying bedrock. None of these shovel tests contained artifacts. ST 3, located on the creek edge, was not excavated due to slope. � 10 The soil type in this quadrant is also Nikwasi loam. As in the northwest quadrant, the excavated shovel test profiles differ somewhat from a typical profile of Nikwasi loam. This is likely due to erosion and disturbance from road and bridge construction. The A.P.E. in the southwest quadrant is a flat floodplain from the bridge west for approximately 60 meters (197 ft.) west to Bridge 46 (Figures 10 and ll). (This is also the southeast quadrant of the Bridge 46 A.P.E.) The area is currently used as a large garden plot. Two shovel tests (STs 2 and 3) in the floodplain exposed 20 centimeters (8 in.) of strong brown clay loam overlying strong brown clay. ST 1, located in the woods on the west side of the creek, was not excavated due to slope. Nikwasi loam is also the soil type in this quadrant. The excavated shovel tests exposed soil profiles similar to those expected for this area. The A.P.E. in the southeast quadrant is a narrow section of flat land from the creek east for 5 meters (16 ft.), then a steep ridge toe from 5-40 meters (16-131 ft.) east (Figure 12), then a flat area from 40-70 meters (131-230 ft.) to Bridge 48. The flat land next to the creek is disturbed by a gravel road. A barn is located in the flat area a short distance west of Bridge 48 (Figure 13). Only one out or four possible shovel tests were excavated in this quadrant. ST 1, actually located on the east side of the creek in the southeast quadrant of Bridge 48, was not excavated due to slope. The shovel test (ST 4) located in the western end of the quadrant on a ridge toe exposed 10 centimeters (4 in.) of strong brown clay loam (Figure 14). ST 2, located along the west bank of the creek south of Bridge 48, was also not excavated because of slope. ST 3, located in a flat area at the base of a steep slope, was not excavated because of its proximity to a barn. The area around the barn is disturbed. The primary soil type in the quadrant is also Nikwasi loam, which is located in the floodplain portion of the quadrant. 11 : . •S� � � � a ' � ' �` � . � .� � �� • . � � "� ' a^� �1., Y � "�� { ��.+°� T�'i+� � !!" ' q r . . .: • s M.p y� . � � , ' :,,. �. '- " :. �, ..� .. , . �,y� w aC � , � y ..� � Y��w ��P �� '� 1` ' } 4.. � .'T t.. . ,.� i � ` .� . � 6 � 4 �� . � �f � ;. #i , r�iy �,� � � � �,,T .$. �K � 1 i 'J..;=�i"Bi� I ��@i`''�'t� .• ' �'�� .X � �� 'e ��'P {' : p��' '�:. ! "'M r"'ea Y C �¢�F � � � � . � � �_� a .'� �"��:i �+ .+ ��;,. ;.i i I � y " ^ '�.�am�i g ++�#� � � ,. � ti. � w��' � � I k y j ��x.�. �.ry � 'l.ss�^ r..,f�� . .'�v�#'.�'��Z�-d�:=� �� i �� i � , � �� N�� , q x . . F jg s i ' �� ' i � � .'� � i '�� . �� Y'=:.i��E�^`�'��'� `��.:."�� .�'� .�.-��. � � �'.i�� • `'-� "+�r�,�.' .�,j�,�: r.l� .:.`i � r�-''. � � + � F��.�J.` • x. . � , .. . g#...,.:. L , . �-g`��yq A!-' . . . . . „ : ' a. :.:.. ... ��:..� .. ' ,' . . � ' ' � ..,+.• _ . - .`'��.-. � � . . �f,.-.:,,,.,p,_, � , � . . . . _, � . .. �..�� }� `�`�°, - � �..._ �` �''a i� ... '.-:1 , . ' . . : � Y�,s't � .f.. �� F+r 'r . 4A�t�k �, 9b d �� 5 ;,�; �d � Figure 11: Southwest view of southwest quadrant (at shovel test 3 in September 2014). � � '� , ,: :: .-, t ��: x barn ` ``�`' ' . � :,, :. �r , ,� _ ��_� �"� �., .��;� � ` � �� ' . , a �r �, � � �r � � � -�►� ��,, ,� .;� �� LL - � �r .:�f� �i r " � ,. i ,� � �= ^R ��._� _ N � �_,�`� r:`:.•. + s -. . �� ' *. ►• .: �'�... �+. x � �-; �� -- . . � * . _ ._ , r �+ .:,�, ,..:.,� .� ... �� s Figure 12: East view of the ridge toe in the southeast quadrant (June 2014). 12 13 The soil on the ridge toe is defined as Brownwood fine sandy loam. This soil type is very rocky and has slopes ranging from 50 to 95 percent. It is composed of residuum weathered from mica schist, gneiss, and other micaceous metamorphic rock, with the upper layer being affected by soil creep. The soil profile revealed in the excavated shovel test is similar to that of a typical Brownwood fine sandy loam profile. No archaeological remains were identified in the shovel tests or on exposed ground surfaces. The replacement of Bridge No. 47 will, therefore not impact any signiiicant archaeological resources. References Cited Jones, David M., editor 2010 The Light Fantastic. Publishing, Swindon, UK. Using Airborne Lidar in Archaeological Survey., English Herigate North Carolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT) 2014 Lidar image. Electronic Document. http://connect.ncdot.gov/resource/gis/Pages/Cont- Elev v2.aspx, accessed October 3, 2014. Purrington, Burton L. 1975 A Preliminary Report ofArchaeological Surveys in Watauga County, North Carolina, 1970- 1974. Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina. Schuckman, Karen and Mike Renslow 2014 Slope, Aspect and Hillshade. Electronic Document. www.e-education.psu.edu/lidar, accessed October 23, 2014. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) 2014 Web Soil Survey. Electronic Document. www.websoilsurvey.nres.usda.gov, accessed September 30, 2014. United States Geological Survey (USGS) 1966 Todd, NC USGS 7.5 minute topographic quadrangle. 14