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State of North Carolina
LACY H. THORNMIM; Department of Justice
A'ITORNF.Y(;FNF.RA1. P.O. BOX 629
RALEIGI I
27602-0629
--ML;MORANDUM--
TO: Roger Schecter, DCM, Raleigh
Rich Shaw, DCM, Raleigh
Preston Patc, DC'M, Morehead City
David Griffin, DCM, Elizabeth City
Pete Colwell, DCM, Elizabeth City
Ted Mew, DEM, Raleigh
John Dorney, DEM, Raleigh
Nat Wilson, DCM, Raleigh
Dave Owens, Institute of Government, Chapel Hill
hR.OM: Dave Heeter PO//-
DA'iE: August 4, 1992
SUBJECT: Scheduling of Hearing on Cape Hatteras
Water Association Permit
Odl?..
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---WETLANDS
WATER _QUALITY SEC l,;i
This hearing is now scheduled to begin at 9:30 A.M. in Raleigh on August
to. The exact location has not yet been announced. I anticipate this hearing
will take all of the week of August 10-14 and most of the week of August
17-21.
T have listed all of you n s potentii:il witnesses. As the hearing unfolds, I
m,ay be able to drop some of you from RCM's witness list.. I doubt. that DCM
will put on any witnesses until late Wednesday, August 12 or early Thursday,
August 13. 1 hope we can complete DCM's testimony on Monday, August 17.
I'll have to see how long it takes the Petitioner to present its witnesses before
I will know when you will need to test.it;y. If you have any conflicts testifying
sometime between noon on Wednesday, August 12 and the end of Monday, August
17 let me know immediate lY.
They Petitioner has indiCated an intent to call some of You as its
witnesses. Do not, testify for the Petitioner unless you receive a sub oena
1)11/so
scIiecternao.dli
An Equal Opportunity/Affirmative Action Employer
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STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA
COUNTY OF PARE.
IN TNt: 44FICF; OF
ADMINISTRATIVE HEARINGS
P. O. DRAWER 27447
RALEIGH, NC 27611-7447
FILE NO. 92 EHR 0303
SUBPOENA
Friends of Hatteras Island Nationals 1) 50B 27>
Historic Maritime Forest Land Trust >
P P I
O )
r reservation, Ilk- ) _X To appear in person
Petitioner, ) To produce document or object
Coastal Resources Commission of the
State of North Carolina and Cape
Hatteras Water Association. Inc.
Respondent
Party Requesting Subpoena:
X_ Petitioner Respondent
Other (specify)
TO:
Philip McKnell
Name of First Person Being Served
John R. Dorney
Name of Second Person Being Served
Alan S. Weaklev
Name of Third Person Being Served
512 N. Salisbury Street
Street/Post Office Box '
Raleigh. NC 27604 [phone]
City/State/Zip/Telephone
(Note: A single subpoena may be used for as many
as three individuals provided all are served at the same
address. If documents are subpoenaed, only one person
may be named.)
Alternate Address
City;StateiZip,Telephone
YOU ARE COMMANDED TO: (Check all which apply)
_X Appear and testify, in the above-entitled contested case at the place, date and time indicated below.
Produce the following items, at the place, date and time indicated below.
Name and Location of Hearing:
The Lee House
422 N. Blount St., 1st Floor
Raleigh, NC 27601
Date and Time to Appear/Produce:
8/10/92 9:30 a.m.
Date:
8/4/92
Signature:
1
Chief Hearings Cle
Assistant Clerk
Administrative Law Judge
_X Attorney Party
Name of Person or Agency Requesting Subpoena:
Lark Hayes
Attorney for Petitioner
Street; Post Office Box:
137 E. Franklin St.. Suite 404
City/State; Zip:
Chapel Hill, NC 27514
Telephone Number:
[phone]
RETURN OF SERVICE TO PARTY
NAMED ABOVE
H-05 (revised 09/91)
RETURN OF SERVICE i
I certify that this subpoena was received and served as follows:
Date Received:
For First Person Named on Front:
by delivering a copy of this subpoena
to the first person named on the
front
this subpoena WAS NOT served for
the following reasons:
by telephone communication with the
first person named on the front (use
only with subpoena to appear in person)
by registered or certified mail return receipt
requested on the first party named on the
front
Service Fee: Paid TDate Served: Signature of Authorized Server:
Due - For Second Person Named on Front:

by delivering a copy of this subpoena
to the second person named on the
front
by telephone communication with the
second person named on the front (use
only with subpoena to appear in person)
this subpoena WAS NOT served for
the following reasons:
by registered or certified mail return receipt
requested on the second patty named on the
front
Service Fee: Paid I Date Served: I Signature of Authorized Server:
Due
For Third Person Named on Front:
by delivering a copy of this subpoena
to the third person named on the
front
this subpoena WAS NOT served for
the following reasons:
by telephone communication with the
third person named on the front (use
only with subpoena to appear in person)
by registered or certified ma? return receipt
requested on the third party named on the
front
Service Yee: Paid Date Served: Signature of Authorized Server:
Due
11-05 (revised 09/91)
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DIVISION OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT, WATER QUALITY
December 16, 1991
MEMO
TO: John Parker
FROM: John Dorneflio>_l
RE: Reexamination of DEM, WQ analysis of Cape Hatteras well
field reports
Dare County
At our 3 December 1991 meting, Roger Schecter and Pres Pate
asked me to reevaluate my 18 November memo in the light of the 30
November memo from Ralph Heath and the Ground Water Section's
work. You also asked me to make specific monitoring
recommendations for the wellfield. The following memo addresses
these points.
It is apparent that insufficient data presently exist to
demonstrate that 1) the wellfield will be a threat to wetlands in
Jeanette's Sedge or 2) that the wellfield can be safely operated
without an impact on the Sedge. The existing data are too sparse
and the modeling assumptions too broad for any technically-based
conclusion in either direction.
If DCM plans to issue a permit for wells in Buxton Woods in
light of this uncertainty, I would propose the following
monitoring scheme which is patterned after the Ground Water
Section's 5 December 1991 memo. A performance objective of no
more than one foot of drawdown of the surficial aquifer at 25
feet (about one-half of the distance from most of the wells to
the Sedge) should be used. If this extent of drawdown occurs,
the well should be shut down until additional data are collected
on the wellfield to demonstrate that this degree of drawdown will
not adversely affect the wetlands in the Sedge. Alternatively,
the withdrawal from the well should be reduced until drawdown is
less than one foot. These criteria should apply to those wells
closest to the Sedge - namely, well #'s 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9.
All of these wells are about 50 feet from the edge of the Sedge.
At each of these wells, an observation well in the surficial
aquifer should be installed at a 25 foot radius toward the
nearest wetland following installation criteria in the Ground
Water Section's memo. Surficial aquifer control wells will also
need to be installed in order to determine whether the one foot
criterion is exceeded.
In addition, the three-well cluster for well number 6 (as
described in the Ground Water memo) will provide information on
aquifer characteristics useful in modeling the aquifer system and
to provide control data. These data will be very useful in
conjunction with the 25 foot radius wells used for performance
monitoring on the six wells closest to the wetlands.
Please call me at 5083 if you have any questions
cc: Carl Bailey
Central Files
George Everett
DEM, Washington Regional Office
Nat Wilson, Water Resources
State of North Carolina
Department of Environment, Health, and Natural Resources
Division of Environmental Management
512 North Salisbury Street • Raleigh, North Carolina 27604
James G. Martin, Governor
November 18, 1991
William W. Cobey, Jr., Secretary
MEMORANDUM
TO: John Parker
FROM: John Dorneiirt)pf
George T. Everett, Ph.D.
Director
RE: DEM, WQ analysis Cape Hatteras well field reports
Dare County
On 25 October, I received reports from Ralph Heath and the
DEM Groundwater Section describing their work on the Cape
Hatteras well field in Buxton Woods. I also have the revised
well field location map.
Given the great deal of concern about this project and the
large amount of uncertainty about the impact of the wells on
adjacent swale wetlands, I believe that only wells 1, 2 and 3 can
be safely permitted without significant threat to wetlands via
drawdown. It is clear that the other wells have been placed
close to Jeanette's Sedge (about 100 feet). Given the present
unknown status of hydraulic connection between the wells and
wetlands, I believe that wells 4 through 9 should not be
permitted until it is conclusively demonstrated with data from
the existing or new (smaller than planned) well field that these
wells will not result in a significant drawdown in the swales.
Please contact me when you have questions.
JD/lj
Capehatt.ltr/D-4
cc: DEM Washington Regional Office
Carl Bailey, DEM, Groundwater
Nat Wilson, Water Resources
Central Files Regional Offices
John Dorney
Asheville Fayetteville Mooresville Raleigh Washington Wilmington
704/251-6208 919/486-1541 704/663-1699 919/733-2314 919/946-6481 919/395-3900
Pollution Prevention Pays
P.O. Box 29535, Raleigh, North Carolina 27626-0535 Telephone [phone]
Winston-Salem
919(761-2351
An Equal Opportunity Affirmative Action Employer
e,? ? A V y
State of North Carolina
Department of Environment, Health and Natural Resources
Division of Coastal Management
Highway 17 South • Elizabeth City, North Carolina 27909
James G. Martin, Governor Roger N. Schecter
William W. Cobey, Jr., Secretary [)irector
December 27, 1991
MEMORANDUM
T0: Dr. George T. Everett, Director
Division of Environmental Management
FROM: John R. Parker, Chief
Major Permits Processing Section
SUBJECT: CAMA/DREDGE & FILL Permit Application Review
Applicant: James D. Gregory
Project Location: Buxton Woods Wellfield, off Hwy 12 in Buxton Woods, Dare
County.
Proposed Project: Placement of 17 test wells in 3 transects, one transect each
on Cape Hatteras Water Association property, State of North Carolina Property
and on property of the Cape Hatteras National Seashore.
Please indicate below your agency's position or viewpoint on the proposed
project and return this form by January 6, 1992. If you have any questions
regarding the proposed project, please contact David R. Griffin at 264-3901.
When appropriate, in-depth comments with supporting data is requested.
REPLY (/'This agency has no objection to the project as proposed.
This agency has no comment on the proposed project.
This agency approves of the project only if the recommended
changes are incorporated. See attached.
1
This agency objects to the project for reasons described in the
attached comments.
Signed
1
Route t) Rox 203, Hizaheth CJ[N', N tth ( alohn,t 2"h)')
Date - L_--
IcIcPlo nc')I`)-2o4 3901
An [.qua1 OPI)o[(miit" Ailiinnui"t V:, M I mp?uVcr
STA7r
State of North Carolina
Department of Environment, Health, and Natural Resources
Division of Environmental Management
P.O. Box 29535
Raleigh, NC 27626-0535
WATER QUALITY SECTION
FAX # [phone]
TELECOPY TO: L V `IA
FAX NUMBER:
-133-6
0
FROM: PHONE: -5)2
NO. OF PAGES, INCLUDING COVER SHEET:
COMMENTS:
r r
1 1 'j+.
M
` DATE:
TO: SUBJECT:

14
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From:
?North Carolina Department of Environment,
* Health and Natural Resources
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DIVISIC N OF ENVIRC NEZUAL MANAGEMWr
Groundwater Section
Fly 5, 1991
M E M O R A N D U M
T0: Roger Schecter, Director
Coastal Management
FR M: Perry Nelson, Chief
SUBJECT': Proposed Groundwater Monitoring in the Cape Hatteras Water
Association Wellfield Expansion
At a December 3, 1991 meeting reviewing a permit application to
expand the Cape Hatteras Water Association wellfield on Hatteras Island
near Buxton, you requested the (groundwater Section to propose a ground-
water monitoring strategy to be incorporated into a CAMA permit for the
wellfield. Recognizing that this wellfield is proposed for State-owned
property, and that the State may be required to make a future determina-
tion on the impact of groundwater withdrawals on other natural resources
in the area, it is essential that natural or ambient hydrologic
ccrxliticns be determined prior to pumping in the area. In view of this
responsibility, the following monitoring strategy is proposed.
The water table should be continuously monitored to detect
excessive drawdowns attributable to pumping which could possibly impact
wetland vegetation. The top of the first confined aquifer should be
monitored to detect possible upcoming of more saline waters from the
lower aquifer, and the production zone of a pumping well should be
monitored to relate groundwater withdrawals to changes in the water
table and lower aquifer. Surficial water levels in the swales should
be monitored to determine how these fluctuations relate to the water
table during wet and dry periods. Fluctuations of surface water levels
are also important in understanding changes in wetland vegetation.
Specifically, it is proposed that four wells be installed along a
north-south transect crossing proposed well no. 6 in the middle of the
wellfield. A three-well cluster should be constructed 25 feet north of
well no. 6, with one monitoring well in the water table screened just
below mean law-water, one well screened in the production zone, and the
third well screened just below the first confining bed. A fourth water
table well should be constructed at the edge of the wetland on the
transect south of well 6. A fifth monitoring well should be constructed
in the water table at well no. 5, located the same distance from the
production well as the monitoring well at well no. 6, in the direction
closest to the wetlands. This well will serve as a control or backup to
I
Mr. Cer Sch.pcter 2. December 5, 1991
the similarly located water table well at well site no. 6. Because of
the extreme importance of maintaining accurate water table records
during the initial stages of this project, and due to the temperamental
nature of electronic monitoring equipment, the water table well at well
site no. 5 appears justifiable. A gaging station to measure surface
water elevations should be placed in the wetlands in close proximity to
the wellfield at the deepest }moan location where standing water can be
expected for most of the year. A properly sited rain gauge should be
located near well no. 6.
Recorders capable of reporting water levels in digital format at an
accuracy of 0.01 foot should be placed on each well and the gaging
station, mid monitoring should be hourly. All measuring points used in
water level monitoring should be surveyed to second-order accuracy. The
rain gauge should also have a recorder and be measured hourly to 0.01
inches (if possible). Discrepancies noted this past summer between
measurements at the Cape Hatteras Weather Station and Frisco wellfield
necessitate more precise onsite monitoring of rainfall. All wells
should be oolstructed of 4-inch diameter casing in accordance with North
Carolina Well Construction Standards NCAC 15:2C. A well construction
permit is required prior to well installation, and may be obtained from
the Division of Envirorumental Management.
In order to establish background conditions at the well site, at
least six months of monitoring data must be collected before the well
field becomes operational, and must include the summer peak withdrawal
season. Also, a one-foot contour map of the wellfield should be
prepared at a scale of 1 inch = 100 feet, and the contour map should
extend to the center line of adjacent swales. (This surveying may have
to take place during drier periods of summer.). Such a contour map will
establish volumetric and areal extent of surface waters potentially
available for water table recharge, and will delineate the extent of
wetland vegetation potentially effected by surface and water table
lowering due to groundwater withdrawals. After two years of monitoring
data collection requirements will be reviewed, and may be revised,
depending on an assessment of the impact of withdrawals. Monitoring
data should be submitted bimonthly in machine-readable format to the
Division of Coastal Management.
If there are any questions regarding this proposal, please contact
Carl Bailey of my staff at 733-3221.
cc: Carl Bailey
John Dorney
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State of North Carolina
Department of Natural Resources and Community Development
Division of Coastal Management
512 North Salisbury Street • Raleigh, North Carolina f 23 Z'1
James G. Martin, Governor
William W. Cobey, Jr., Secretary
October 22, 1991
Dr. George T. Everett, Director
Division of Environmental Management
Dear Mr. Everett:
Ge(
ocr 1991
w Rr?r ?,V
\ pf- R QUA,'/T),
7g drai??h
The attached copy of an application submitted by:
T. Everett
Director

Cape Hatteras Water Association Modification
Applicant's Name
Buxton Woods, Southwest of Buxton Dare Co.
Location of Project County
X for a State permit to perform excavation and/or fill
work in coastal North Carolina and for a CAMA major
development permit...
for a CAMA major development permit (only) ...
... is being circulated to State and Federal agencies having jurisdiction
over the subject matter which might be affected by the project.
Please indicate on the reverse side of this form your viewpoint on
the proposed work and return it to me not later than 11/15/91
Sincerely,
h R. Parker, Jr., Chief
Major Permits Processing Section
JRP:ap:2480
P.O. Box 27687, Raleigh, North Carolina 27611.7687 Telephone [phone]
(A) This office has no objection to the project as proposed.
(B) This office has no comment on the project as proposed.
(C) This office approves of the project (or project concept) and/or recommen
these minor refinements for project management.
(D) This office objects to the project and recommends permit denial bas
on a finding of:
(1) adverse impacts under G.S. 113-229(e) 1-5 (the dredge and fi
law)as enumerated below:
(e) (1) ... that there will be significant (e)(2) ... that there will be signil
adverse effect of the proposed dredg- cant adverse effect on the vi
ing and filling on the use of the and enjoyment of the property
water by the public; any ri pari an %mrs;
(e) (3) ... that there will be significant (e) (4) ... that there will be signii
adverse effect on public health, cant adverse effect on the cc
safety, and welfare; servation of public and privi
water supplies;
(e)(5) that there will be significant
adverse effect on wildlife or
fresh water, estuarine or marine
fisheries.
(2) Inconsistency with Rules of the Coastal Resources Commissi
as enumerated in 15 NCAC 7H (or other). Please site rul
(3) Inconsistency with the local Land U W Plan (please elaborate
(4) Inconsistency with Rules, Guidelines, or Standards
this agency or a finding that the project is in confli
with other authority or interest as stipulated belo
(E) Attachment. Include memorandum or other documentation that suppo
findings relating to D1-4; or provide general comment
Signature
ate
j! 4
?n
OCT
COASTAL RE$00W[ COMM.
State of North (.:arolina
I)epartnic tit of I nvironmc tit, Health and Natural Resources
I)k+J() I l (If ( ()a<,taI NlaIligw1netIt
I lipliway 17 .`?(mtll • Fli7abeth North ('arolina 27009
James G. Martin, ( i)vt 1 n1 r R(q,,er N. Schecter
William W. Cobey, It., rcraly Director
MEMORANDUM
TO: John Parker and Selected Review Agencies
FROM: Pete Colwell 0 (1
n
SUBJECT: Modification and Reactivation of the Cape Hatteras
Water Association CAMA Major Permit Application
DATE: October 9, 1991
On November 30, 1990, a CAMA major development permit
application was received from the Cape Hatteras Water
Association. 'Phis application sought authorization to construct
nine new wells on State Property in Buxton Woods.
Because of concerns raised during the review of this
application regarding potential impacts to adjacent wetland areas
from the well withdrawals, the Cape Hatteras Water Association
voluntarily placed their application on hold. This was done so
that data could be collected through the summer of 1991 in an
effort to determine the effect of groundwater withdrawal on
wetland swales, watertable and wetland vegetation.
To implement and oversee the collection of data during this
investigation, the Cape Hatteras Water Use Advisory Committee
was formed in May of 1991. Members on the Committee had varied
backgrounds, with expertise in groundwater, hydrology, wetlands,
forestry, wildlife and resource management. This committee has
met several. times during the summer of 1991, structuring and
guiding the data collection process. The data collection
process, summary and conclusions have recently been put in
writing (independent reports from Ralph C. Heath, Consulting
Hydrologist and from Ted Mew, Groundwater Section DEM). Copies
of these reports are attached.
)113, I Ii'.-h III I i,?, "L 1111 ( ."'?I" ,i I?'')f" I "I" IIIInnr 919 ?64 39(11
An I ?(,Id I YI-II,??ot? AIlnnounr A, ti,ul I nipl„yrI
John Parker
October 9, 1991
Page Two
Based of the findings of these reports the Cape Hatteras
Water Association has proposed the following modifications to
their Major Permit application. Through consultation with DCM
and other state agencies they have shifted six of the nine
proposed well sites south of the alignment proposed in November
of 1990. The new alignment will place these wells significantly
closer to Jennette's Sedge and to the center of the aquifer.
According to the hydrologists, this alignment should produce
better quality water and a greater yield. The new alignment is
also designed to follow more of the existing trails and therefore
reduce impacts to the maritime forest.
Wells 1, 2, and 3 are to be located as in the earlier
proposal along the existing soil road beginning 100 feet from the
eastern property line. Wells 1 and 2 will require very little
disturbance to vegetation. Well 3 will require an access road of
about 80 feet to be constructed. Well 4 is proposed to be
located 450 feet south of well 3 along the existing soil road and
well 5 is to be 450 feet south west of well 4 along the same
trail. The vegetation in the area of wells 1 - 5 consists of a
canopy of loblolly pine and understory of dogwood and various
scrub oaks. The access road to well 5 will require some weaving
between large pines as the trail narrows.
Wells 6, 7, and 8 will be located along the south side of
the sand ridge above the wetlands. An access road is proposed to
be cleared through the forest approximately 150 feet south of
Well 3. The first 400 feet of the access road will weave through
the loblolly pine forest. Near Well site 6 the vegetation
changes into a dense understory of dogwood, iron wood, sourwood,
and scrub oaks. This previously logged area continues over to
well site 8. The terrain through this area has considerably
lesser slopes than the previous alignment. Well 9 will be
located approximately 400 feet south of the proposed road between
wells 7 and 8. It will be located along an existing horse trail.
There wi_]_1 be no construction in any designated wetlands
near the proposed well sites or the access roads. Access to the
well sites will be by soil roads only large enough to allow the
drill rig and daily inspection by a small pick up truck. The
access roads will be constructed within the 50 foot construction
easement under the supervision of DCM staff in order to avoid
significant canopy trees or other areas of interest. Well sites
5, 8, and 9 will also require a small turn around. Each well will
be located on a 15 ft. x 15 ft. concrete pad within the
construction easement. Utility and water lines will be placed
under ground along the proposed access roads and existing soil
roads.
I. ?I
19
u
RALPH C. HEATH
Consulting Hydrogeologist
September 24, 1991
Mr. Preston Pate
N.C. Division of Coastal Management
P.O. Box 769
Morehead City, N.C. 28557
Dear Preston:
4821 Kilkenny Place
Raleigh, N. C. 27612
[phone]
LSEP 3 0 1991
This is in response to your request on September 19 for a report on
the results of the ground-water-level monitoring program conducted
jointly by the N.C. Groundwater Section and the Cape Hatteras Water
Association staff during the summer of 1991 at the Frisco Well Field
of the CHWA. As agreed on September 19, the Groundwater Section will
also report to you separately on the same program.
Before discussing the results, I want to note that, considering the
short time schedule, the long distance between Raleigh and Cape Hat-
teras, and the passage of Hurricane Bob, this was an unusually
successful data-collection program. Ted Mew, and the Groundwater Sec-
tion personnel that participated, and the CHWA staff all did an out-
standing job.
I am going to discuss in this letter the three topics listed below
which are the principal questions raised in the past relative to the
effect of CHWA withdrawals.
1. The effect of pumping wells on the water table,
2. Effect of the Frisco well field on ground-water storage, and
3. The effect of ground-water withdrawals on water levels in swales.
Effect of Pumping Wells on the Water Table - As you already know, a
pumping well forms an inverted cone of depression centered on the
well. This means, of course, that drawdowns in water level are great-
est in the producing zone at the well. Drawdowns in the producing
zone decrease radially away from the pumping well in proportion to the
logarithm of distance squared - that is, the drawdown between the
radius of the well and 1 ft is the same as the drawdown between 1 ft
and 10 ft and between 10 ft and 100 ft.
Drawdowns in the parts of an aquifer above and below the producing ?
zone - that is, drawdowns in a vertical direction in contrast to the e_ poi S
horizontal (radial) direction - also decrease, in isotropic aquifers,
in proportion to the logarithm of distance squared. However, in stra-
tified aquifers, drawdowns decrease at a faster rate than that based
on the logarithm of distance. You may recall from my earlier analyses
Preston Pate page 2
of the response of the Buxton Woods aquifer to withdrawals, including
discussions on pages 23 and 30-34 of my 1988 report on the Cape Hat-
teras area, that I have emphasized that the aquifer is stratified
(layered) and therefore is not isotropic.
With the above discussion in mind, what did the water-level monitoring
program tell us about the effect of pumping wells on both the water
level in the producing zone and the water table? Attachment No. 1
shows water-level data for wells 22A(B1) and 21C. Well 22A(B1) is
open to the producing zone 11 ft from pumping well 22A. Well 21C is
screened at the water table 7 ft from pumping well 21.
Well 22A, when pumped at a rate of 37 gpm, has a drawdown inside the_
well of 29.35 ft and produces a drawdown in well 22A(B1) of about 4.9 .
ft. Well 21, when pumped at a rate of 29 gpm, h as a drawdown inside
the well of 6.5 ft and produces a drawdown in th e water table at well
21C of about 0.4 ft. The large drawdown inside well 22A, as compared
with that inside well 21, reflects the fact that well 22A has a very
large difference in water level across the well screen. This differ-
ence is referred to well loss and indicates that well 22A is hydrauli-

cally very inefficient. The well loss, however, does not affect the
drawdown in the aquifer outside of the screen.
The drawdown in the aquifer is directly proportional to the pumping
rate. Therefore, based on the ratio of the pumping rates of wells 21
and 22A, if well 22A were pumped at a rate of 29 gpm, the pumping rate
at well 21, the drawdown in well 22A(B1) would be about?1.5 ft)
Drawdowns at different distances from a pumping well are inversely
proportional to the logarithm of the distance squared between the
pumping well and an observation well. This means that if well 21C had
been 11 ft from well 21 (ie. the same distance that well 22A(B1) is
from well 22A), the drawdown of the water table would have been about
0.3 ft, rather than the observed drawdown of about 0.4 ft. 0 k_
I realize that this discussion may be going into more detail than you
desire. However, the point of it is that after correcting for the
differences in pumping rates of wells 21 and 22A and differences in
the distances of wells 21C (and 22A(B1)) from the pumping wells (21
and 22A), we find that the drawdown in the producing zone of 1.5 ft is
about 5 times the drawdown of the water table of about 0.3 ft. i15
Without boring you with the details, I calculate that if the Buxton
Woods aquifer were not layered (stratified), the drawdown in the water
table would have been about 0.6 ft, rather than 0.3 ft. I point this
out simply to emphasize again the importance of the aquifer stratifi-
cation in reducing (limiting) the drawdown of the water table in the
vicinity of pumping wells.
Preston Pate page 3
Effect of the Frisco Well Field on Ground-Water Storage - The drawdown
of the water table discussed above reflects the changes in ground-
water levels in the vicinity of a pumping well during typical pumping
cycles. The more important question from your standpoint is, of
course, the cumulative effect on the water table of withdrawals from
the well field during periods between rains that "refill" the aquifer.
As Ted Mew pointed out on September 19, the Buxton Woods aquifer is a
very dynamic system. For example, the elevation of the water table in
the vicinity of the Frisco well field is affected by:
1) rains that replace ground-water storage and cause the water
table to rise,
2) evaporation and transpiration of water from the swale and in
areas where the water table is within 5 or 6 ft of the land
surface which causes the water table to decline,
3) surface runoff to the west through the Swale, when the water
table at well 21C is above an elevation of about 3.5 ft, which
causes the water table to decline,
4) ground-water discharge to the Sound, Ocean, and Buxton Ditch
which cause the water table to decline, and
5) withdrawals from the well field which also causes the water
table to decline.
In other words, there is one factor, rain, which causes the water
table to rise and four factors that cause it to decline. We can use
the ground-water recession equation, that I mentioned on September 19,
to estimate the rate of decline of the water table between rains due
to ground-water discharge (factor No.4) but this will only give us the
minimum possible rate of decline. If we could also estimate the
effect of evapotranspiration and surface runoff, we could estimate the
decline in the water table caused only by well-field withdrawals.
We do not have data now that would permit us to estimate either evapo-
transpiration or surface runoff. However, recognizing the importance
to you of the effect of the well field on ground-water storage, I am
going to try in the following paragraphs to see what guesses we can
make. The best period to use for this purpose is a period without
rain.
Data are not available for any long rainless period but during the
period of 95 days between March 15 and June 19 only 4.79 inches fell.
The elevation of the water level in well 21C on March 15, at the be-
ginning of this period, was 4.4 ft. The elevation of the water level
at the end of the period, on June 19, was 0.9 ft. The decline of the
Preston Pate page 4
water table during this period, of 3.5 ft, was caused by surface out-
flow, which I observed to be occurring on March 15, by evapotranspira-
tion, by ground-eater discharge, and by withdrawals from the well
field.
Of these factors, the only one we can estimate with any confidence is
the decline due to ground-water discharge to the Sound, Ocean, and the
Buxton Ditch. Attachment No. 2 shows, with a straight line on semi-
logarithmic paper, the rate at which the water table would decline in
the Frisco well field due entirely to ground-water discharge during a
period when rains do not result in ground-eater recharge. The line on
the attachment is at an elevation of 4.4 ft on day 18. Adding 95 days
(the number of days between March 15 and June 19) to 18, we obtain day
113. At day 113 on the graph the water table is at an elevation of
about 2.25 ft. In other words, we find that in the absence of re-
charge the water table would have declined during the 95 days, as a
result of ground-water discharge only, 2.15 ft (4.4 ft - 2.25 ft).
However, on day 113 (June 19) the water table was at an elevation of
only 0.9 ft. The difference of 1.35 ft between the elevation of the
water table of 2.25 ft on June 19, as predicted from Attachment No. 2,
and the actual water-table elevation of 0.9 ft (2.25 ft - 0.9 ft =
1.35 ft) is due to surface outflow, to evapotranspiration, and to
well-field withdrawals.
Relative to surface outflow, we might assume that inflow through the
Swale at the east end of the well field balanced the outflow through
the swale at the west end of the well field in which case the decline
of 1.35 ft would be due entirely to evapotranspiration and well-field
withdrawals.
Before concluding this discussion, remember that 4.79 inches of rain
fell during the 95 day period we are considering. The largest rain
during this period was 1.33 inches that fell on March 30 after 10 days
without rain. Although we cannot rule out the possibility that some
recharge occurred during this rain, I doubt that much occurred so
that, at most, we are dealing with a decline in the water table of
about 1.5 ft (rounded upward from 1.35 ft) due to evapotranspiration
and well-field withdrawals.
Determining how much of this decline was due to evapotranspiration and
how much to withdrawals is not possible with the data presently avail-
able. I am inclined to believe, however, that not more than about
half is attributable to the withdrawals. And remember, this analysis
involves an observation well only 7 ft from a pumping well.
The Effect of Ground-Water Withdrawals on Water Levels in Swales - You
raised a question at the September 19 meeting regarding the hy-
draulic connection between the Buxton Woods aquifer and water ponded
Preston Pate page 5
in svales. As you noted, I have pointed out in previous analyses that
the layer of muck on the bottom of svales serves as a leaky hydraulic
barrier between the svales and the aquifer. I believe the data col-
lected in the ground-vater-level monitoring program confirms this con-
cept. Attachment No. 3 is a summary hydrograph for several of the
wells and the pond in the swale at the east end of the Frisco well
field. The data on this attachment were collected by both the N.C.
Groundwater Section and the CHWA.
Water-level elevations in feet above mean sea level are shown along
the left side of the graph and selected dates are shown along the top.
The parts of this attachment that are important to this discussion are
elevations in the pond, shown as solid squares, and the hydrograph of
well 21C. Well 21C is the shallow well screened at the water table,
about 7 ft from pumping well 21. Well 21C is also located about 10 to
15 ft from the edge of the swale pond. At that distance from the
pond, the water level in well 21C should be within about 0.1 ft of the
pond level if the pond were in perfect hydraulic contact with the
aquifer.
Note that through most of July the water level in the pond ranged from
about 0.2 to 0.6 ft above the water level in well 21C. During this
period, water in the pond was moving into the aquifer to replace water
lost through evapotranspiration and well-field withdrawals. However,
the large rains that began on July 26 had, by the end of the month,
replenished ground-water storage and raised the water table at well
21C and throughout the well-field area, above the pond level. From
this time until the end of August the water table was above pond level
and water was moving from the aquifer into the pond, in spite of the
fact that withdrawals from the well field were at their annual high.
The water level in well 21C during much of this period was at eleva-
tions above 3.5 ft and surface runoff was undoubtedly moving westward
through the swale to the Sound.
The important point of this discussion is that the water levels in the
pond and in well 21C are never the same except when "crossing." There
is always a difference and this difference is, in my opinion, mostly
due to the restricting nature of the muck layer on the bottom of the
swale.
This letter may have taken you deeper into the field of ground-water
hydrology than you cared to go. However, I know you are intensely 1
interested in how the Buxton Woods aquifer functions and how it re-
sponds to withdrawals through wells. In this regard, there are other
topics that I could have covered including rejected recharge which Ted
Mew and I both mentioned during the September 19 meeting. Rejected re-
charge is the surface runoff through swales which I mentioned above.
It is water that is available to replenish ground-water storage but
which is "rejected" when the aquifer is full because no storage space
is available.
Preston Pate page 6
I hope the discussions in this letter are both understandable and
cover the points of major interest to you. If you would like for me
to expand on any of the points covered or to discuss other topics, let
me know.
Sincerely,
61"ph/C. Heath
rch/mh
copies to: Jim Coleman
Bobby Outten
Ted Mew
Attachment No. 1
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RALPH C. HEATH
Consulting Hydrogeologist
November 30, 1991
Mr. Preston Pate
N.C. Division of Coastal Management
PO Box 769
Morehead City, NC 28557
Dear Preston:
4821 Kilkenny Place
Raleigh, N. C. 27612
[phone]
Jim Coleman has furnished me copies of the comments received by John
Parker related to the CAMA permit application of the Cape Hatteras
Water Association. Jim asked me to write to you regarding comments on
the hydrologic effect of the CHWA wellfield expansion.
The material I received includes a copy of Mr. Parker's memorandum of
October 22 which contains the following statement - "When appropriate,
in-depth comments with supporting data are requested." The responses
seem to me to be notable for in-depth comments without supporting
data.
As an aid to you, each of the following discussions will be preceded
by a reference to the letter or memorandum to which my comments apply.
1. Memorandum from Richard B. Hamilton, NC Wildlife Resources Comm.,
Nov. 12, 1991 - (p.1, 3rd para., line 6) - "...groundwater withdrawals
...would likely reduce storm water runoff filtration capabilities of
these wetlands."
Comment - Stormwater runoff through swales occurs when and where the
water table is at the land surface. To the extent that ground-water
withdrawals cause a lowering of the water table, infiltration is in-
creased - not reduced.
(p.2, 1st para., lines 1-3) - "The crucial question of whether wet-
land swales could be impacted from this project was not answered how-
ever as no monitoring devices were placed in the swales."
Comment - A staff gage keyed to mean sea level was installed by CHWA
in the pond at the east end of the Frisco welifield and stage readings
were made weekly by CHWA. These readings are discussed in my letter
to you dated September 24 (p.5) and are shown on attachment No. 3 of
that letter.
(p.2, 1st para., lines 6-8) - "Information on the hydraulic connection
between surface water in the swales and the water table is particular-
ly fuzzy."

Comment - This sentence, which is taken directly from page 37 of Ted
Mew's report, is also quoted in several other responses. I am not
sure what meaning Ted attaches to "fuzzy" and this may not have been a
good choice of words. It is clear from a comparison of the pond stage
measurements and the water-level data for well 21-C (attachment No. 3
of my September 24 letter) that when the combined effect of the water
losses from the aquifer (which consist of ground-water discharge from
the aquifer to the coasts, evapotranspiration, and wellfield with-
drawals) exceed recharge to the aquifer the pond level in the swale is
higher than the water table at well 21-C. On the other hand, when
recharge exceeds the loss of water from the aquifer, the water table
rises above the pond level. Periods during which both of these con-
ditions existed are apparent on attachment No.3.
Now, what do these differences mean? We know from basic ground-water
hydrology that water moves in the direction of the hydraulic gradient
in accordance with Darcy's Law. Therefore, we also know that when the
pond level is higher than the water table water moves from the pond
into the aquifer and when the water table is higher than the pond
level water moves from the aquifer into the pond. The rate of this
movement is directly proportional to the hydraulic gradient. There is
nothing "fuzzy" about this.
Ted and I have discussed the relationships described in the preceding
paragraph several times and we both agree that it would have been in-
teresting to have had a recorder record of the pond level, rather than
weekly measurements. We anticipate that such a record might show very
small fluctuations of the pond level due both to evapotranspira-
tion and to the wellfield pumping cycles. Our interest in this is
largely a matter of "hydrologist curiosity" rather than being of
crucial importance to understanding the hydraulic relationship between
the ponds in swales and the aquifer. I understand from a recent con-
versation with Ted that he, in fact, plans to install a recorder on
the pond in the Frisco wellfield in the near future.
2. Letter from Derb S. Carter, Jr., Southern Environmental Law
Center, Nov. 13, 1991 - (p.1, 4th para., lines 3-5) "...There is in-
sufficient information available to adequately determine aquifer pro-
perties and reasonably model projected drawdowns due to pumping."
Comment - This quote is also directly from page 37 of Ted Mew's re-
port. In fact, it is also quoted by Hamilton, and doubtless by
others. This is the kind of statement which, when taken out of con-
text, can lead to all kinds of mischief. I am not sure what Ted means
by "insufficient information on aquifer properties.',
I included in my 1988 report on the Cape Hatteras area the results of
an analysis of an aquifer test made on CHWA well 22A and also dis-
cussed the results of an aquifer test made by the USGS in the Cape
Point area. Both of these tests yielded transmissivity values for the
-:2 -

producing zones of about 1100 sq ft/day and values of about 3500 sq
ft/day for the entire aquifer. These values are also consistent with
values obtained by the USGS from several aquifer tests conducted in
its study of the Cape Hatteras National Seashore in the 1970's. (See
USGS Hydrologic Atlas 540, Sheet 1.) If we were to express our know-
ledge of aquifer properties for the surficial sand aquifer on the
Outer Banks, which includes the Buxton Woods aquifer, in terms of the
number of aquifer tests per unit area, I believe we would find the
number exceeds that for most other aquifers in the U.S.
The largest void in our knowledge of aquifer properties concerns ver-
tical hydraulic conductivity. However, even values for this parameter
can probably be estimated with sufficient accuracy for modeling pur-
poses from the aquifer test conducted on well 22A and from the data
Ted collected this summer on water-level fluctuations.
On page 2 of Ted's report he notes that the water-level observation
program conducted this summer addressed two issues, of which the
second was "Does the data confirm estimates of drawdown surrounding
pumping wells made by staff from the Department of Environment,
Health, and Natural Resources?" Ted mentions these estimates as
"being from one to five feet at distances up to one to two hundred
feet from a pumping well" (p.22, 4th para.). After a lengthy dis-
cussion of the results of the water-level monitoring data and his
modeling efforts, Ted estimates "that drawdowns attributable to
pumping may be more in the range of 0.5 to 2.0 feet in the immediate
proximity of the pumping well" (p. 36, 3rd para.). I conclude from
this that the data Ted collected this summer and his analyses show
that drawdowns caused by withdrawals are, in fact, less than those
predicted earlier by the DEHNR staff. I agree, of course, because
it also confirms my earlier estimates.
Finally, relative to Ted's comment on page 37 regarding "...insuffi-
cient information... to reasonably model projected drawdowns due to
pumping " my impression was that the primary objective of this sum-
mer's water-level monitoring program was to observe actual drawdowns
caused by withdrawals and in my opinion the program admirably met this
objective.
(Carter, p.2, 1st para., lines 9-11) - "If the cone of depression is
flatter and lowers the water table over a wide area, then there may be
significant impacts on biological systems."
Comment
This is a direct quotation from the 2nd paragraph on page 23 of Ted's
report. In the sentence preceding the one quoted above by Derb
Carter, Ted says "If the water table is significantly drawn down imme-
diately adjacent to the pumping well, but is drawn down little [at)
any significant distance, then any drawdown impacts would be minimal."
-3-

I am not quite sure what Ted had in mind when he wrote these two sen-
tences. As he knows, the functional equation for the drawdowns at any
point in the cone of depression formed by a pumping well is:
Q,t
s =
T,S,r2
This equation tells us that drawdown is directly proportional to the
pumping rate (Q) and the length of time (t) that withdrawals have been
underway and is inversely proportional to thi transmissivity (T),
storativity (S), and the distance squared (r ) between the point of
observation and the pumping well.
With this relational equation in mind, refer to Attachment No. 1.
This attachment shows two lines labeled Graph No.l and Graph No.2.
These lines are distance-drawdown graphs which are based on the
assumed values listed to the right of the graphs. Note that all
values are the same except that for transmissivity which, for Graph
No. 1 is 10 times the value assumed for Graph No.2.
Graph No.l, for the aquifer with the large transmissivity, is flat and
covers a wide area. Graph No.2, for the aquifer with the small trans-
missivity, is steep but not as extensive as Graph No.l. Looking at
these graphs in relation to the Buxton Woods aquifer, in which with-
drawals through wells are supplied by water that moves downward from
the water table into the producing (screened) zone and in which the
rate of movement is directly proportional to the drawdown, you can
readily see that a steep cone of depression (Graph No.2) would have a
much larger effect on the water table and on water on the land sur-
face in swales than would a fiat cone of depression (Graph No.l). The
cone of depression represented by Graph No.1 encompasses a much larger
area than that of Graph No.2 so that a larger area is affected but the
effect on the water table at any point is minimal. This seems to be
the opposite of what Ted said.
We don't have the option in the Buxton Woods aquifer of choosing a
transmissivity of course, but as I have noted many times both orally
and in writing, the stratification of the aquifer, which causes it to
respond as a semi-confined aquifer tends to cause the cone of depres-
sion formed by the CHWA supply wells to be extensive and thereby
causes drawdowns at any point to be less than they would be in a non-
stratified aquifer. As a result, the cones of depression that develop
around the CHWA supply wells are extensive and therefore do not cause
excessive drawdowns at any point. I think this explains why the vege-
tation in the wetland swale adjacent to the Frisco wellfield has not
changed significantly in the twenty-four years that the wellfield has
been in operation.
-Y-
3. Memorandum from Board of Directors, Friends of Hatteras Island,
Nov.13, 1991 - (p.1, item 4.) - "There is land available for sale to
the south of the Water Plant Road."
Comment - There is an area of about k square mile south of the Water-
Plant Road at the east end of the Frisco wellfield that appears to be
in private ownership - that is, is not in the National Seashore. This
is at the end of the wellfield that already has two parallel lines of
supply wells that are more than sufficient to produce the yield that
can be obtained from the aquifer in that area. Therefore, adding a
third or fourth line of wells in the area south of the existing lines
would not only not significantly increase the yield of the Frisco
wellfield but would also increase the effect on the wetland swale ad-
jacent to the wellfield.
(p.2, item 6) - "Jennette Sedge... is one of the best examples of a
fresh water marsh on a barrier island system."
Comment - Jennette Sedge is the largest freshwater marsh on Hatteras
Island. Other than that, it is no different than the very similar,
but smaller, freshwater marsh that has existed at the east end of the
Frisco wellfield since long before the wellfield was developed.
4. Letter from Neil A. Armingen, N.C. Coastal Federation, Nov. 14,
1991 - (p.1, 2nd para., 4th line) - "It [the proposed wellfield] is in
direct conflict with the available hydrologic data."
Comment - Support for this statement are the statements in Ted Mew's
report that I have already discussed in this letter. I am not aware
of any data, either hydrologic or biologic, that supports the above
quoted sentence.
(p.3, 2nd para., lines 7-9) - "As mentioned in the DEM report, addi-
tional withdrawals could severely and adversely impact natural systems
in the Buxton Woods Coastal Preserve."
Comment - I assume Ted Mew's report is the DEM report referred to. I
have read all of that report once, most of it twice, and some of it
three or four times and I do not remember and cannot find such a con-
clusion in it.
5. Letter from John Sutherland, N.C. Division of Water Resources,
Nov. 8, 1991 - Notes that "no monitoring wells were shown on the plans
or described in the text" and recommends that such wells be included.
Comment - Not showing the existing monitoring wells and discussing the
proposed monitoring program is an unfortunate oversight. The four
test wells constructed under State permit in Buxton Woods in 1990 were
not only for the purpose of obtaining data on the geology and water-
bearing characteristics of the aquifer but were also finished as per-
- S-
manent water-level and water-quality monitoring wells. It is antici-
pated that if the welifield is constructed, additional monitoring
wells will be installed at sites decided on in consultation with the
N.C. Groundwater Section and the N.C. Division of Water Resources.
The preceding concludes my discussion of the responses received by
John Parker. I now want to deal again with the subject of drawdowns
caused by the CHWA supply wells. At the meeting in Raleigh last March
the question "What is the drawdown a 100 ft from a pumping well?" was
raised. A simple question like this really does not ellicit much
useful information on a complex, dynamic ground-water system such as
that underlying Hatteras Island. However, because this question con-
tinues to come up, I think I should try to deal with it. Before doing
so, I would like to refer you to the section in my September 24 letter
entitled "Effect of pumping wells on the water table." You also will
need to look at the hydrograph of well 22A-B1 that Ted Mew included as
a foldout at the end of his report. You will recall that well 22A-B1
is 11 feet from well 22A which is pumped at a rate of 37 gpm.
Note on Ted's hydrograph the continuous pumping period beginning at
about 21:14 minutes on July 11 and ending about 0:28 minutes on July
12. During the first seven minutes (from 21:14 to 21:21), the water
level in well 22A-B1 declined about 1.72 ft. After 21:21 minutes the
water level remained relatively constant because movement of water
vertically downward across the aquifer stratification from the water
table equalled the pumping rate.
Assuming that the water level had also stabilized at a distance of 100
ft from well 22A by the end of this period, what was the drawdown at
that point? Knowing only one point on the cone of depression, at well
22A-B1, makes it difficult to estimate drawdowns at other distances.
However, knowing that drawdowns are proportional to the logarithm of
distance, my best guess is that the drawdown at 100 ft was about 0.8
ft, or roughly half that at 11 ft. This is the drawdown in the pro-
ducing zone.
A more important question is what was the drawdown in the water table
100 ft from well 22A? I estimated in the 6th paragraph on page 2 of
my September 24 letter that the drawdown in the water table is about
1/5 the drawdown in the producing zone. Assuming this estimate is of
the right order of magnitude, the drawdown in the water table 100 ft
from well 22A would be about 0.15 ft.
I believe this covers most of the points I wanted to discuss. Please
let me know if there are any other topics for which you would like
comments.
Sincerely,
Ralph C. Heath
rch/mh
copies to: Jim Coleman; Bobby Outten; Ted Mew
-6-
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Cape joatterao Vater Am5ociation, Inc.
P. O. Box 578 - Buxton, N.C. 27920
Telephone [phone]
September 12, 1991
Notice: Enctozed iz data cottected 6rom Cape Hattena6 WateA Mzoci,ati.on weee 6ietd
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Monti-ii MAY
Years 1991

Iemperature Data] (Precipitation Data) S YMBOLS USED IN COLUMN 16
forage Monthlyi 73.4 Total for Monthi 0,49
eparture from Noreali +6.5 Departure from Normali -3.60 1 = FOG
ghesti91 on 29 Greatest in 24 hrs. 8.47 on 20 2 a FOG REDUCING VISIBILITY
1westi,,; 56 on 3 TO 1/4 MILE OR LESS
SNOWFALL, ICE PELLETS, HAIL 3 s THUNDER
Total for nonthi 0.0 inches 4 z 1CE PELLETS
Greatest snowfall ;, ,4 ?,s; 0,0 on 5 = HAIL
Greatest snow oeptni 0 on 6 = GLAZE OR RIME
7 = BLOWING DUST OR BLOWING SAND REDUCING
VISIBILITY TO 1/2 MILE,OR LESS,
fa. of Days with) I WEATHER - No. of Days with] 8 a SMOKE OR HAZE
9 = BLOWING SNOW
ix 32 or below: 0 0.01 inch or more Precip; 3 K TORNADO
ix 90 or abovei 2 0.10 inch or more Frecip; i
In 32 or belowi 1 0.50 inch or more Precip; 0
n 0.v belowi, 1 1.80 inch or more Precipi 8
feating,,Dpg e Days ,(Base 65) l
Clear !scale 8-3) 12
Ail this Monthi 0 Partly Cloudy (scale 4-7) 9
iparture from Normal. •37 Cloudy (scale 8-10! ID
!asonal Totalt 1822
!parture from Noreali -861
?aoling.Degrie Days,(Paso 65) 1
ital this Months 267
!parture from Normali +171 I Pressure Data )
!asonil Totalt 350 Highest Sea-Level 30.39 in on 8
iparture from Normili +236 Lowest Sea-level 29178 ,n, ,n 31
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ided Date
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Temperature i n Fah renheit i Precip( in.): Snow : Wird i Fastest 1-Min: Sunsh ine I Sky s F'eak Wind
:aassaasasa:asaasassasaaaa:ssaasaass:::x:c:zxssz:zs:ss ss: Co lumns
-2- -3- -4= -5- -6a- -6b- -7- -8- -9- -10- - 11- -12- -13- -14- -15- -16- -17- -IS-
Max Min Avg Dip, ADD COD Water Snow Depth Avg, Speed Dir Mins. %PSBL SR-SS Weather Speed Dir
xasssssssaascasssa:asasass: sss::s:sassss:t::ss :sas:za :::sass:s::::::s::ass::sssac.s:c.::::ss a::s:::s:sas:p:sass:as sss:tasa :::z
81 68 75 12 0 !0 0.00 0.0 0 6.6 12 24 358 44 9 '1 16 SW
74 57 66 2 0 1 0.00 0,0 0 7.1 14 02 785 96 1 21 N
81 56 69 5 0 4 0.00 0.0 .0 10.0 15 83 820 108 0 25 NE
71 68 66 2 8 1 8.08 8.0 0 9.9 15 06 364 44 9 17 NE
81 64 73 9 0 8 8.88 0.0 0 7.0 15 16 524 64 5 16 S
:.Be 78 75 11 8 10 8.80 010 a 11.3 18 22 291 35 9 25 5W
78 63 71 6 8 6 8.00 0.8 a 10.7 17 83 493 60 8 23 NE
75 66 68 3 0 3 0.00 010 0 9.6 15 04 406 49 6 21 NE
78 58 68 3 0 3 T 0,0 0 7.7 12 14 407 49 10 16 SE
79 64 72 7 0 7 T 0,0 0 7,0 10 06 240 29 6 21 NE
75 59 67 1 0 2 8,00 0.0 0 9.0 14 86 686 82 1 ' 20 NE
79 57 68 2 8 3 8.80 0,8 8 11.0 17 23 684 82 8 23 W
03 71 77 11 8 12 0,80 0,0 8 10.2 15 24 788 94 3 23 W
83 \78 77 11 8 12 0.00 010 0 7.9 12 23 716 85 1 18 SW
84 70 77 10 0 12 0.80 010 0 6,6 13 86 566 67 4 l 17 NE
84 68 76 9 0 11 T 0.0 0 7.5 13 03 618 73 7 1 25 SE
86 68 77 10 0 12 0.00 8,0 0 6.4 10 23 747 89 4, 1,8 16 SW
87 67 77 10' 8 12 0.80 0.0 0 13.5 22 04 535 63 9 118 31 S
1.17 '66 72 4 0 7 8.80 1,8 6 14,5 21 03 327 39 10, 30 5
70 66 60 1 9 3 0.47 0.0 a 10.1 18 89 112 13 10, 22 E
80 63 72 4 0 7 0.00 8.8 a 7.1 12 10 691 8l 3 14 E
81 66 71 3 0 6 0.00 018 8 616 l0 17 794 93 6 12 SW
81 61 71 2 0 6 0.80 0.0 0 6.3 08 13 750 Be 5' 10 SE
82 60 71 2 0 6 0.00 0.0 0 6.9 09 10 739 87 8' 12 S
86 73 80 11 8 15 8.00 0.0 B 5.7 88 22 711 83 3' 12 SW
66 72 79 10 8 14 0.01 8.0 0 5.6 88 18 827 97 1 12 S
86 73 80 18 0 15 0.80 010 a 6.4 12 21 848 99 0 17 SW
87 75 81 11 8 16 B.BI 0.8 a 7.1 12 26 617 72 6 3 -17 W
91 66 79 9 0 14 0,00 0.0 0 4.8 06 04 765 89. 3 1,8 09 NE
89 63 76 6 0 11 0,00 0.0 0 6,0 10 20 772 90 11 1 14 5
98 75 83 12 0 18 0.00 0.0 0 8,1 13 25 7,17 86 31 IB W
:::ssssassasssa sssasssasassssssss ss:::s x::t:z:ssz::::s:::ccc. c::::s::: :::»: :ss:ss: :::::.:»::s:c:sz::z:ssp:zss::ssz:s::::sss::::
2525 2023 0 267 0.49 8.8 Q 254.2 18718 159
':a:a 9X a a a a a a 9a a a a s a a asaa: a a a a t as aa 3z:3 :a:2z98 7aa 9 .z::z.az:z: 2 2 z:z2 :as :z:z2 zzz2zz z z z z zzz z zz zz z s e a s cc zz z a z c s a a ca.as z::accz
81,5 65.3 8.2 Fast Dir, Psbl X 5.1 Max (mph)
Misc -- ------> 22 04 26059 72 031 S
:saasssaaaz::a :sea: sazz:cc %ZZzzaasaa:: ::s:t aetts:a z :::::::::z :c:::: .^.:::::::s:asc ssati::s:szsszszs:aa:as s:s:s
51
ion 9 readings are t aken at 8700
jin IT Peak Wi nd in M.P.N .

i. t?r{h ataati on o' WSQ CAPE HATTERAS NC
)ateo MAY 1991 To conver-i LST to UTCi '+•55
Col.40 Hourly Precipitation
tCrN,
fEEtiEERiii.
IittEtEiiILEiEitiEiiitffilEEfiZf fli3 iEtii7 iELIIf7iESf Li IIiaiii 7SSZi7iEEiiLLLSa SSSIIiIIilLESRiiiiiifiaIIS7RRi7ttiiilitiii
4y 11
. ....... 12 13 84 15 16 17 88
................................... 19
..... 11
...... It 12 13 14
.................. 15 16
............ 17
.... 18
..... 19 21 , 21
............... 22 23 24 ITotal
...................
1
2
3
4
5
`.

7
8
9 T T T T T
T T T
t
12
x

6 T T T
17

'1 \
'l 1.11
. 0. 14 1.13 0.81 T 8,17 1,12 8,14 8,13 8,83 T T T T T T 8.47
'2
!3 r : ;.
"4

1.11 T
1.11

r
9
0
it
...................
!ay 81 82 13 .........
14 85 ......
86 ..............
07 88 89 .......................------.....
11 11 12 13 14 15 16 ----_..---.....
17 18 19 ............................
21 21 22 23 24 ITotal
'essEEtiisiisisissss iiitisafsfsasissaftiffsEasafs ifassfsas% ssa aassaasss:ua s:afsassas casasa=s:sssissssssssossss7csssassEaL: sssZs
1.11 0,84 0.13 1.81 T 8.07 8,02 8.14 0.03 1.13 T T T 0.11 T T ,49
IrPatQat in-24 hours 8,47 on 20 - 20

r f.
I
1i

^'r' e x i (n i r•i a r° y L. i? (::. i 1 C, l :c in r::? ( ..> .I. ca cU ?. ?:• ?..:I, 1 J :,? In ;; r:. , :) ) ,, f:. ?a c,U ca 2
5t at i c.l-? r WafO CAF; 'e MA TTE:TRFI.i NC
MGntt': a JUN
Yel air° ; 1991
Temperature Data) (Prec:p.,tat:on 0,3ta: SYMBOLS USED IN COLUMN 16
verage Monthly( 76.6 Total for Month( 5,33
eparture from Normal: +2.6 Departure from Normal: +1.11 1 a FOG
ighestl 91 on 1 Breatest in 24 hrs, 2,40 on 28-21 2 x FOS REDUCING VISIBILITY
vwesh 33 on 9 TO 1/4 MILE OR LESS
SNOWFALL, ICE PELLETS, HAIL '. : THUNDER
iota for month; 2,0 : :res 4 = ICE PELLETS
Greatest sncwfail ;,, nr,; 0,J ?r 5 - HAIL
Greatest snow depths 0 on 6 a GLAZE OR RIME
7 a BLOWING DUST OR BLOWING SAND REDUCING
VISIBILITY TO 1/2 MILE OR LESS
No. of Days with) I WEATHER - No. of Days with) S a SMOKE OR HAZE
9 = SLOWING SNOW
ax 32 or below( 0 0.01 :nch or Bore F', a-. ip; !e K TORNADO
ax 98 or aboye: 1 0.10 inch or wore Precip; c
in 32 or below( 0 8.58 inch or more Precip: 5
In 1 or Mom 1 1.00 inch or more Precip: 2
Heating Degree Days (Base 65) )
Clear (scale 0-3) 9
otal this Month: 0 Partly Cloudy ',scale 4-71 S
eparture from Normal: 0 Cloudy (scale 8-10; 1
easonal Total: 1822
eparture fros Noreil) -161
Cooling Degree Days (Ba se 65) )
)tal this Month: 354
eparture froo Normal; 484 f Iressure Data )
?asonal Total: 704 Highest Sea-• tv?1 .L1, 5 :n, :n
eparture from Normal: +328 Lowest Sea-Leyel 29.65 in, on 4
axII,ua Prec ipit ation
Delta T) (Minutes)
recipitatlon (Inches)
nded Date
ime
INCDC RECORD HIGH TEMP FOR 1ST. RECORD LOW ON 9TH-LOW TIED
N 8TH. SEE 1168//
eassssssssassssssssssss sasszss:ssasssasasssasssssssssssssessesssssssssaasssssesassssxc::e=a:::saessssaxss:a:::e:x:seasxscs:essass
;.1 J. al iy L. 1. Caa
16,-L t•t•. i. Tarr c WE C1 (fir: k 1.4'TTER(18, NC
Mori t.l-i a JUN
Year c 1991

t w d t;±
i
i..; ra e:a
1.6
(; ca I" .;. me ;i
.^
Taapera ture in Fah renheit ; Precip( in.i: Snow ; W ind ; Fastest 1--Min; Sun shine ; Sky i Peak Wind
asssssssasrrs sssaassasssss assssassaassaaeasss sesssaxscs Col umns rssszsar aaarssarz :aa::r :asz.azxsssasa: a:ssaassaasiaassrxac)
-2- -3- -4- -5- -6a- -6b- -7- -8- -9- -10- -11- -12- -13- -14- -15- !-16- -17- -18-
Max Min Avg Dep, HDD CDD Water Snow Depth Avg. Speed Dir Mins. %PSBL SR-SS Weather Speed Dir
:s:srrasscssa asasa: sasssc: az:s:: s :ssss::ssass zssse:sass:szzs se::s:ss:z::z: s:szsz::: :::::: :az:s:szszx::z: :::::::s:s::a::z::asz
91 77 84 13 0 1? 0.00 0.0 0 c..4 08 e6 709 e2 4 B 17
W
86 74 86 9 0 15 0.00 0.0 0 4.3 28 04 530 61 9 8 12 NE
87 73 88 9 0 15 0.00 0.0 0 4.9 08 27 698 81 8 318 10 W
89 78 86 0 0 15 8.01 0.8 0 1016 21 02 675 78 7 1x318 35 N
74 66 78 -2 8 5 0.80 8.0 'A 1410 18 82 see 92 1 29 N
74 64 69 -3 0 4 8.01 0.1 8 16.3 23 e5 656 76 4 33 NE
72 63 68 -4 0 ? 0.12 e.e a 13.6 20 02 527 61 8 29 NE
78 55 67 -6 0 2 0.00 0.0 0 7,4 ii 03 ?'c7 91 5 16 NE
85 53 69 -4 0 4 0100 0.0 0 ?.0 e? 30 868 lee a 12 NW
86 59 73 0 8 8 0.00 0.0 0 6.1 08 32 789 91 1 14 NE
84 78 77 4 0 12 8.80 8.0 0 8.9 14 24 824 95 9 18 SW
83 74 79 6 0 14 0.00 810 8 14.0 26 23 782 98 a 28 S
84 64 74 0 0 9 8.00 8.0 0 11.4 16 02 842 97 4 8 22 N
85 59 72 -2 0 7 0.00 1.8 8 B.1 14 11 902 92 7 17 SE
86 76 81 7 0 It 0.00 010 0 ',4.0 19 21 943 97 3 tl 25 SW
86 75 81 7 0 16 0.20 010 2 22 ?72 , 89 3 a 23 SW
85 73 79 5 0 14 0.01 0.0 0 9.E 14 23 648 74 10 1,318 22 SW
66 74 88 5 0 15 0.02 0.0 2 12.5 26 20 471 54 9 ?,8 36 S
86 74 60 '5 6 15 1.60 8.8 0 8.9 15 21 526 68 10 21 S
83 73 78 3 8 13 9.69_ 8.0 . 8 9.2 16 20 413 47 10 3 22 W
85 76 81 6 0 16 1.76 0.0 8 7.2 12 29 546 63 9 5 23 SW
Be 7e 79 4 0 111 1.61 0.0 0 S.? 17 27 559 64 5 3,9 37 9
84 71 78 2 0 13 0.50 0.0 2 `,< 29 03 3 ? 9 45 10 1,3 40 NE
76 69 73 -3 0 8 0.00 0,0 0 :8.7 25 04 737 85 2 33 NE
81 70 76 0 e It 0.80 0.e 0 15.2 20 05 805 92 7 29 NE
84 72 78 2 8 13 oleo 8.8 a 14.0 18 11 729 84 8 26 E
86 66 76 8 0 11 T 0.0 0 10.7 15 09 624 72 7 20 E
88 71 86 4 0 15, 0.00 8.0 0 7.7 10 13 702 B1 3 13 SE
86 74 Be 4 0 15 0.00 0.0 0 !1.! 16, 21 779 89 8 21 SW
87 77 82 3 0 1:, 0.02 0, 0 2 2;', V7 96 '8 29 SW
..::aaaaa :aaa::: an r r r azcxa:a:cS:t:a:C^.:::..:::c: ..,........_...:. .._...:r:._...:... ..:..:a::r rarzcz:.:;':_..:a V. a.-......am :::.
2515 2082 8 354 5.33 0.0 32116 20668 173
:ssxsaxz xzxzxssxasacasasasccasstons sssssczasasaxss:sa :ac:zszas:::cc ::::z:::csx::a::::::xsc::zx:csazaacract:::::cxa csc::rsxasss:
83.8 69.4 10.7 Fast Dir. Psbl % ' 5.8 Max (mph)
Misc -------- > 28 03 26074 79 840 NE
ssassaa aasasaazz.. :sscc::._........__...._.:_.._::::z: ..... .......... .....::s:z:.._:z:.,.._..:c:_:sxzr::t:.:azrzr ax:r:az_:a::
51
nn 9 re adings are taken at 0700
,on 17 , Peak Mind i n M.P.H.
I
i
i
1
.
I.
t,Rt i or, c WSO CAPE: i,.1AT'1"r,7R*1(-V.:,11, NC
llatcau JUN 1991, "fc;a Llc37' Lw
CU1.40 HOUr1.y PN••uC:,a!:aa1:.r"t:Loft
sssssss0aszassaa:azssc:9998:xs:a:8989::9:88x9::szsssss:zs:::saseez::::s::::z:rxsz:9::c.x:s::::::sss:ssssass::::s:e::::as:sss::
ky 81 02 63 04 05 66 01 68 69 10 11 12 17 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 !Total
T
0,01 T
8,01
T 0,01 T 0,21 T 0,18 T
1,01
0.01
9.12
1. a1 T T I,e1
1 T 1.82 T T 0,82
•0,11 0.44 T 0.01 T 1109 0,60
l 8.15 T T T T T T T 8.15 8.49 1,69
0.96 0.55 1.12 6.13 T 1,76
1.05 1.14 6.13 1,27 0.02 1.61
. 1.28 8.,19 1.01 T T 0.11 0.01 0.50
i
T T T T T
1
i
1
".----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ty 01 12 13 14 15 06 07 Be 19 18 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 28 21 22 23 24 !Total
_:a0zss9s000zsss9sse9ss9s9ssssss8990912-es:9s9319999z8a1:ssss:ssssas:%aIsgassseassas::assassssxas2asszsssls: 2::s93:9ssssas20z
1,38 1,23 6.14 0.13 T 0.01 0.02 T T T 8.01 T 0,01 0.01 0.10 0.01 0,01 T 8.06 1,14 0,13 0.27 1,15 0.60 5.33
eatest in 24 hours 2,40 on 26 - 21
t
Preliminary I.ac.al Cl.imat.rcl.ogicaal Data (WE)' F."corms I';"° F>) , Page 2
3t at:i. ciri a WS:>(D C;F1F'L HA"rTL--:F (-)S NIG
I?leoc°c 1'. hi a JUL
Year. 1991
Temperature Datal (Precipitation Data]
terage Monthlyt 81,7 Total for Months 8158
eparture from Normal: +3.5 Departure from Norailc +3,22
ighestt 93 on 14 Greatest in 24 hrs, 3,04 on 26-27
owests 71 on 17
SNOWFALL, ICE PELLETS, HAIL
Total for months 0.0 inches
Greatest snowfall in 24 hrsc 04 on
Greatest snow depths 0 en
No, of Days with) I WEATHER - No, of Days with]
ax 32 or belowt 0 0,01 inch or more Precipc 14
ax 98 or abovet 4 0.16 inch or more Precipc 12
in 32 or belowt 0 0,50 inch or more Precipc 3
In 8 or belomi 1 1,88 inch or more Precipc 2

Heating Degree Days (Base 651 ]
Clear (scale 8-3) 1
atal this Montht 0 Partly Cloudy (scale 4-7) 12
?parture from Norealt 1 Cloudy iscale 8-10) 18
easonal Totals
aparture from Noreals 1
Cooling Degree Days (Base 65) l
)tal this Months 525
eparture from Normal) +116 f Pressure Data l
aasonal Totals 1229 Highest Sea-Level 30.25 in, on 16
eparture from Norealt +436 Lowest Sea-level 29,81 in, on, 13
a x i a u m Precipitation
Delta T> (Minutes)
-ecipitation (Inches)
aded Date
me
(NCDC CDR 19TH COL 16 ADD - X - WATERSPOUT//RECORD HIGH
:MP ON 3TH AND 14TH. SEE 18B11
SYMBOLS USED IN COLUMN 16

1 x FOG
2 a FOG REDUCING VISIBILITY
TO 1/4 MILE OR LESS
3 x THUNDER
4 s ICE PELLETS
5 x HAIL
6 = GLAZE OR RIME
7 * BLOWING DUST OR BLOWING SAND REDUCING
VISIBILITY TO 1/2 MILE OR-LESS
8 = SMOKE OR HAZE
9 a BLOWING SNOW
X c TORNADO '
sssxssasssxssxsssssxsxxsaasxasssM xxsxss;x:ass;acscass::a:as a a a:scsztoss:r.Casa axxs:s::c:tax%axs:sxxxxazzs::sssaxassxa:sazssssssz

falim inax ry L ocal C.;li maAt olog icaxl 17ait: ac (WS F7car' ma F-- 6)
f:a<,a ( .,.,J c.) r) a W1*sC) c;rlF1 EM HA T T E,1=c(1E: IBC;
1Y1 cJ n t: J"1 : ,J U L °
Y c..!.:ti r ° 1. 99 1
:it:ud c Lon( itLtda
:1cw 4-7w'-j3'3 Ond Elev . 11 ft:. S td Ti meao aaT
:cssssws ssews aszssss aasssss ssasws asscasas:zsss:ssaga:sass::xasza:x:a::::sa::seawsxccssasaa ssrsssraaxaac:ss?ssaassssazcaasasasa
Teeper ature in Fah renheit Precip( in,)., Snow : Wind i Fastest I-Min., Sun shine ., Sky i Peak Wind
Co.Jrtns
-2- -3- -4- -5- -61- -6b- -1- -8- -9- -10• -11- -12- -13- -14- -15- -16- -17- -18-
Max Min Avg Dep. HDD CDD Water Snow Depth Avg, Speed Dir Mins. %PSBL SR-SS Weather Speed Dir
:ssssss sssss sassasa swsaass ssasas asss:z:ss:sasassssssacsss:acs:::::z::z:z::s:zz:s:r::z:::s :::-sasssasass::seesssaasse::sasrsss
87 75 81 4 0 16 0.14 8.0 0 15.0 28 25 455 52 10 3; 30 SW
67 78 83 6 a 18 6.68 a.8 0 1512 17 22 834 96 6 26 SW
89 74 , 82 5 8 17 0.48 1,1 '0 8.5 16 23 709 82 7 24 S
85 74 80 3 0 15 0.47 0,0 0 11.8 24 25 411 47 10 113,8 31 SW
85 77 B1 4 0 16 0112 0.0 0 12.4 17 24 539 62 10 11,318 30 SW
88 78 83 6 0 18 8,00 8.0 2 9.2 15 24 672 78 9 8 21 W
89 78 84 7 0 19 0.00 0.0 0 9.3 14 18 739 85 8 8' 18 S
92 70 65 7 8 28 0.80 1.8 1 11.7 16 24 752 87 2 8 24 SW
90 79 e5 7 0 28 8.08 a,0 0 8.5 14 03 714 83 4 8! 21 W
89 79 84 6 8 19 0.00 8.8 6 12.0 l8 21 662 77 7 3,18 25 SW
88 79 84 6 0 19 0.00 0.0 0 918 12 05 583 68 8 8! 21 SW
89 76 83 5 8 18 0.00 0.2 0 1216 16 10 691 Be 4 1,8 .20 BE
B9 74 82 4 6 17 0.00 0.0 0 1215 18 21 579 67 5 8 28 SW
93 78 86 8 8 21 T 8.0 8 11.1 20 21 714 B3 8 1j,3,B 28 SW
85 73 79 1 1 14 1.77 a.8 0 1113 17 15 398 46 10 11316 23 6
86 72 79 1 0 14 6.27 1.1 0 11.0 16 '67 542 63 10 3,18 26 E
66 78 78 '8 8 13 0.01 0.0 a 515 09 '19 731 85 7 1 18 S
89 74 82 4 0 17 0,00. 0.0 0 819 14 22 559 65 9 21 SW
84 80 82 3 8 17 T 0.0 0 1418 16 22 675 79 10 S? 25 W
86 79 83 4 8 18 T 0.0 0 14.0 20 22 705 83 7 29 SW
88 74 81 2 0 16 8.14 0.0 8 13.7 17 23 655 77 4 318 28 SW
69 79 64 5 'a 19 0.08 0.0 a 13.0 18 24 582 68 7 0 26 SW
89 86 65 6 0 20 0,00 0.0 0 14.4 28 22 704 83 6 8 26 SW
89 81 85 6 0 20 8,00 8.0 6 14.5 18 23 678 80 6 0 29 SW
90 81 86 7 0 21, 0.00 011 1 13.8 18 21 703 83 9 8 29 SW
62 72 77 -2 0 12 2,95 0.0 0 812 13 22 292 35 10
65 75 Be 1 0 15 0.89 8,0 0 9.9 14 22 556 66 8
86 73 88 1 8 15 0.45 0.a 0 6.7 16 19 512 61 8
82 73 78 -1 0 13 0,47 0.0 0 8.1 14 23 392 47 10 11318
85 74 80 1 0 15 0.93 a.a 8 613 12 21 378 45 18 113
83 72 78 -1 0 13 0.37 8.8 0 8.5 14 24 442 53 la 3 26 SW
__: z:_-____z ::____ _:zz____. _.,___..
2714 2359 0 525 8,58 0.0 p 77,9.5 18558 239
aassasssssxsssssaas:s:a::s::assass::: zszaa:: :crzz :::::s :z
87.2 76.1 11.0 Fast Dir. Psbl X 7.7 Max (nph)
Misc - -------) 24 25 26550 70 831 SW
saassss asassaasssse sasssaassasss asaasscss:cass:a cc az aa:s::3cc:%zZ:zzzzz:xx zcsacsszzs::s:::sent saaz s:a:sz::::c:sax:zczzcc asza:r
A
an 9 readings are taken at 0700
an 17 Peak Wind in M,P,H.
t
tatione WSO CAPE HATTERAS NC
atoo JUL. 1991 To convrart LST to UTCn +S
C c,) ;1 . 4 0 M o c.c i -1 v
iy 61 82 03 04 05 66 07 88 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 21 11 22 23 24 Total
.........................................................................................................................'---
1.86 1.16 1.12 8.14
T 0.27 0.13 T 1.46
1 T 0.15 0.22 T 0.0t, 0.96 8.47
0.10 8.62 6.12
1
r ? •
1
r
I T T T T
f 1.61 1494 1.18 1.15 T T 1.77
1.26 0.11 T T C27
0.81 T 0.11
1
\
1 , T T T
it T T T

t 1.14
T 0.48 1.92 0.46 0.88 6.01 T 2.95
r 8.19 T T T T 1119
1 1.16 1.14 T 1.15 1.11 0.01 0.45
1.13 0.15 T 1.22 1.15 T 1.05 1,17 T T T T 0.47
1 T 0.83 8.39 8.38 0.85 T T 0.08 T T 0.93
l 8.11 0.85 0.21 1113 0.82 T 0.04 0.01 T T 0.37
ay 01 82 03 14 05 06 07 08 19 11 1: ;: :' !z ;5 io 18 19 20 21 22 23 w 24.:Total
.
0.78 1.11 8.37 0.61 1.16 1.85 8.13 1.02 0.53 1.99 0.50 8.15 0.05 0.09 T T 0.06 0.06 8.82 T 8.56
•eatest i n 24 hours 3.14 on 26 - 27
r
i

"Y"( 1 i, rnf ri.;xr" y, L_;ac:;:t1 L:l :l fyic':('t;.1. (:7c?1 cd3:1. ).)wa•t.:c;l ( bJ£i 1 ::)r"fy)« i"' !:> / wd(::)(•:s? a',
-L:.z•t a. W1130 C;Fdf-'E: FIAT "rE:F;i)'-> NC
3
Ih(?rttl't F-)Ucv
YF=??:?r 1991
emperature Data] [Precipitation Data]
erage Monthlyt 88,8 Total for Month; 13,19
parture from Normal( +1.8 Departure from Normalt +7,08
ghesti 93 on 4 Greatest in 24 hrs, 5,38 on 18-19
westi 68 on 22
SNOWFALL, ICE PELLETS, HAIL
Total for months 0,8 inches
Greatest snowfall in 24 hrs+ 0,0 on
Greatest snow depth; 0 on
o. of Days with] ( WEATHER - No. of Days with)
x 32 or belowt 0 041 inch or more Precip; 14
K 98 or aboyei 3 0.10 inch or pore Precip( 12
n 32 or belowt 8 0.50 irch or more Frecrpi 7
n 0 or belowi 0 1.00 inch or more Pracipt 4
eating Degt?e Days (Base 65) ]
Clear (scale 0-3) 8
tal this Manthi 8 Partly Cloudy !scale 4-71 4
parture from Nornali 0 Cloudy (scale 8-10) 19
asonal Totali 0,
parture from Noreali B
ooling Degree Days (Base 651 1
til this Months 469
parture from Normali +60 ( Pressure Data ]
asonal Totals 1698 Highest Sea-Level 30,27 in , on 24
parture from Normalt +496 Lowest. Sea-Level 29,05 in, on 18
a x i a u a Precipitation
elti T) (Minutes)
ecipitation (Inches)
did Date
se
VCDC HURRICANE BOB ON 18/19 SEE 10AB//RECORD HIGH ON 4TH//'
SYMBOLS USED IN COLUMN 16
1 a FOG
2 a FOG REDUCING VISIBILITY
TO 1/4 MILE OR LESS
3 = THUNDER
4 r ICE PELLETS
5 = MAIL
6 x GLAZE OR RIME
7 = BLOWING DUST OR BLOWING SAND REDUCING
VISIBILITY TO 1/2 MILE OR LESS
8 = SMOKE OR HAZE
9 = BLOWING SNOW
X TORNADO
zsamssas:zsazssszssasssssa:sxzsaszssszsscxxrssszzssz::s:s:s:::::::::::::::.sz=ras:sax:::::z:::x:szszszaszsr::::zs:aasa:z:z:zssr::z
r•eliminary Local I:)?at•,a (W C3 17ar°ma Fb
y at::i cart n WJCYKJ QAF'-'1- F- ATTI::R(-)w3 1uc
NI t 1—) a A U G
Yc:?aar° : 1.991
•tit:Ud e I_cjriq:i•tLtde
516 +753:3 Oricl E21rev . 11 ft. Gtd T'i rnF?. ??T
create car : XzMXxM2zxM zMx=ZxVxVV%M
Teeper ature in Fahrenheit i Precip(in.): Snow : Wind : F astest 1-Min: Su nshine : Sky Peak Wind
sasssssasassrsaaszssssesass rzxss sssesa zeerzassexssexe s:s Columns s ::::sx:s:ssa:z esaa:se :easesssxasc:a: sya?:assss saaaessess:)
-2- -3- -4- -5- -6a- -6b- -7- -8- -9- -la- -11- -12- -13- -14- -15- -16- -17- -18-
Max Min Avg Dep. HDD CDD Water Snow Depth Avg. Speed Dir Mins, %PSBL SR-SS 'Weather Speed Dir
esamsasa saaa:ae::aaasaas:ea rea :a :azxzs a:r:ss::eaesME: ::s:::s:e:::::: :e::seMeM:rcM:::xx:e: :e:aaesrasa:2XA rare ::sMaz ur a::aaerss:
82 74 78 -1 8 13 8.36 0.8 6 8.3 12 23 518 62 10 16 SW
84 75 68 1 8 15 0.25 0.0 0 7.9 12 19 493 59 l0 1 22 W
84 75 88 1 8 15 1.56 0.0 0 10.6 15 24 492 59 9 1,3 29 SW
93 77 85 6 8 20 0.80 0.0 0 9.3 13 24 700 84 3 Ile 18 SW
88 76 82 3 0 17 0.00 0.0 0 111 14 05 509 61 6 1,8 15 NE
88 73 81 2 0 16 0.08 0.0 8 9.6 15 09 665 Be 9 3,8 22 E
82 70 76 -3 0 11 1.54 010 0 9.3 17 18 266 32 10 11,3 26 S
86 74 88 1 0 15 0.00 0.0 0 8.3 12 36 707 86 7 8 16 N
88 74 81 2 8 16 0.00 6.0 6 12.2 17 24 664 81 7 .318 23 SW
88 75 82 3 0 17 0.02 8.0 6 9.4 15 22 670 82 9 ,Ile 29 SW
87 77 82 3 0 17 T 0.0 8 10.0 15 02 565 69 8 8 18 NE
98 71 81 3 0 16 0.61 0.0 0 11.4 18 14 500 61 12 113 41 SW
85 74 80 2 0 l5 T 010 6 9.6 15 24 664 84 8 113 21 $W
89 74 02 4 0 17 0.00 0.0 0 9.6 15 21 649 80 5 1,8 20 SW
85 \77 81 3 0 16 T 0.0 0 9.9 14 22 655 81 8 13 22 W
87 73 80 2 0 15 0.00 0.8 0 6.1 09 09 688 85 9 'B 12 NE
98 73 82 4 0 17 0.24 0.0 0 8.9 14 19 605 75 8 '1,3 30 5
84 75 80 .2 0 15 5.30 0.8 0 20.8 46 32 310 39 10 '!,3 74 NE
88 76 82 '4 8 17 ::T 0.6 0 15.2 26 29 691 86 2 11318 40 W
88 ' •74 77 -1 0 12 0.90 0.0 0 14.3 23 19 11.3 17 10 3,8 32 S
87 71 79 1 8 14 T 0.0 0 7.7 15 24 704 Be 2 118 23 SW
88 68 78 0 0 13 0.00 0,0 0 8.5 13 05 676 85 8 118 16 NE
88 73 77 -1 8 12 8.52 0.0 0 10.6 15 14 249 31 10 1 113 20 NE
Be 72 7b -2 0 11 1152 0.8 0 6.9 12 22 311 39 10 16 E
84 74 79 1 0 14 0.14 0.6 8 11.4 20 06 584 74 9 . 29 NE
86 73 88 2 0 l5 0115 0.0 0 8.s 14 09 551 70 81 22 E
88 74 81 4 0 16 0.00 0.0 0 18.1 16 11 714 91 1 22 NE
88 71 80 3 0 15 0.00 0.0 0 8.1 12 10 727 93 0 14 E
87 69 78 1 0 13 0.00 0.0 0 518 18 02 718 92 1 17 N
89 73 81 4 0 16 8.00 810 0 8.4 12 25 678 87 2 20 NW
89 76 83 6 0 l8 0180 0.0 0 11.6 15 23 698 90 3' 20 SW
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2674 2281 0 469 13.19 0.0 0 305.7 17774 211'
:x:aaa:rMar acc users c c act: zeecar:Zzs am=CMeZse:a cas a:eaa:srs:: s:::e::::Me Me xMe::e:: :::::::Mee:: a=Me M:e:aM::M:Marc ae:c:e s c ar xe::
86.3 73.6 9,9 Fast Dir. Psbl X 6.81 Max (mph)
Misc - -------> 46 32 25039 71 074 NE
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251
urn 9 readings are taken at 0100
:urn 17 Peak Wind in M.P.H.
v
taati con a WSQ CAFE HATTERAS NO
laatei AUQ 1991 To convert LsT to U"fC: .+•;'.;
C3c,?:I. „ ?I G?i HQUr 1 y
saaazxssammsssssaszaaszzss?__xzxxxasxxsz::_____xsaxs:.._..:__:_-._...._...r.._:.__._:s.:__c._.._zxzzssaxa_.z-..-^___.sxasss.zsz
ty 01 62 83 84 15 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 !5 16 !7 19 19 26 21 22 23 24 Total
• ...............................................................................................................................
1 1.10 8.27 8.11 T 1,36
2 T T 0,01 0.21 1,02 T T T T T 0.81 1.25
1 8.11 0.62 0,13 0,04 0.15 0,18 0.01 0.22 0.60 0.30 T 1.56
1
f
T 8.08 T 0.00,
1.27 1.14 T 0.04 8.89 T 1.54
T 1.82 0.02
T T T
T 6.54 0,85 8.82 8.61
T T T
T T
y
T T T 0.24 0.24
T T 0.02 0.03 T T 0.23 T T 0,19 0.13 0,30 1.80 1.40 1.50 8.71 T 5.30
T T T
1 8,82 1,85, T 0.10 0.68 0.10 0.02 0.06 T T 0.84 0,22 0.20 0.01 0.90
T T
t
f 1.17 T 8.13 8.13 T 1.17 1.16 0.66 T 02
1 8115 1.38 1,46 I'll T 1.87 8.54 0,01 T T T 1,52
0.12 0.02 8.14
S 8.14 T 1,11 T T 0.15
I

...------------------- ----•-----•.--....------....-...-•------•----------._---_n..-..-_-_-_...-----------------------------.-_-.-
?y 01 82 83 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 1 ;r L 16 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 ITotat
::asmmxsmsssamsmxxaaxsaxxsa sae as a:axxxx::::::.^.:i:::::-:::::: C::: L•::::::....:. Ca:: " ::3zx:::::::7xaxxxsz:xz:e :'0gxs:s:aL:::SSa
0.25 1,45 8.46 6.17 0.11 0.1o 0.45 6.20 0.15 0.37 0,61 2.57 0.42 0.04 0.09 T ,W?1 0,1J 1.08 1.09 1.64 1.70 0.71 0.01 13,19
•eatest in 24 hours T on 2 - 2
WS FORM F•6 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE STATION --
11-79) i 1 NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION
- NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE
W So C AR F- 14 q-c'C?? A s
v MONTH YEAR
PRELIMINARY LOCAL CLIMATOLOGICAL DATA ?-c V
S
?
'DATA ARE SUBJECT TO CORRECTION BY THE NATIONAL CLIMATIC DATA CENTER G V,n
e. p
LATITUDE LONGITUDE G STANDARD TIME
• I N i W FT.
TEMPERATURE •F PRECIPITA TION (/n.) WIND SUNSHINE

SNOW, U)

DEGREE DAYS ICE
PELLET
FASTEST MILE
D
R DE.
PAR. (Base 6511
TOTAL
SNOW OR
ICE TOTAL PER.
CENT
WEATHER
A
V MAXI.
MUM MIN.
MUM AVE
'
AGE TURE
FROM (water
e
uivo• FALL,
ICE ON
GROUND AVERAGE
SPEED (Min.) OF
POS.
1 OCCURRENCES

NOR
HEAT.
COOL• q
lent)
PELLETS
AT
(in. P. h.)
SPEED
DIREC-
SIBLE p
y
MAL
MAL
LNG
INO
(m.p.h./
TION

1 2 3 4 5 60 6b 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
' 57 76 53 +(a I o c) 0 11 - 15 Z30 F
2 J33 73 7 e3 1- 1 O I ?, o U -
1-7 79 02- 623 $O 10 9 4k) Ali 16o r-r
3 7 +! o f v 1 ,? g3 5
F. r
4 533 -71 ' -7 0 12 T O S,e. l ?I 1? GOO
- 78 Zµ >JE 53 t
5 /.l v 77 iZ • 3! O G•S (Z » Goo 7 G Zo 5-w Fr
s
7
'7 1 "2 OHO
e 7 7 O I 0 3 c' O D 3 g 2 ,vC A-
9 91 7 (p o o I I D O O o 3 7yo q
7 o zq o6, 1-10
lo
7-1-
7(9
tL
0
I
Z
o

12
13
14
15
16
77
16
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
261 1
27
26
29
30
31
SUM -
hyG FASTEST DIREC•
TION POS•
SIBLE %
MISC.?
TEMPERATURE DATA PRECIPITATION DATA WEATHER SYMBOLS USED IN COLUMN 16
1-FOG
AVERAGE MONTHLY TOTAL FOR THE MONTH IN. NUMBER OF DAYS- 2-FOG REDUCING VISIBILITY
DEPARTURE FROM NORMAL DEPARTURE FROM NORMAL IN CLEAR ($rnle 0.31 TO V. MILE OR LESS
HIGHEST ON GREATEST IN 24 HRS ON_ PARTLY CLOUDY (Scale 4.1) 3-Thunder
LOWEST ON SNOWFALL, ICE PELLETS CLOUDY (Scale 8-10) 4-ICE PELLETS
NUMBER OF DAYS WITH- TOTAL FOR THE MONTH IN. WITH 0.01 INCH OR MORE PRECIP. 6-HAIL

. s-L OR RIME
MAX. 321 OR BELOW GREATEST IN 24 HRS ON_r. WITH 0.10 INCH OR MORE PRECIP S
BLOOWI WING DUST OR BLOWING
MAX. 901 OR ABOVE GREATEST DEPTH ON GROUND ON WITH 0.50 INCH OR MORE PRECIP.
7-SAND REDUCING VSBV TO
MIN. 321 OR BELOW PRESSURE DATA WITH 1.00 INCH OR MORE PRECIP. 1+ MILE OR LESS
8-SMOKE OR HAZE
01 OR BELOW HIGHEST SEA-LEVEL IN. ON
MIN
.
LOWEST SEA-LEVEL IN. ON 9-BLOWING SNOW
HEATING DEGREE DAYS (Base 65
'K-TORNADO
me
,
c
•
r
n
n,?
un
i
u
,mvAiMUM PRECIPITATION
DEPARTURE FROM NORMAL r (Minutes) 5 10 15 20 30 45 60 s0 100 120 150 160
StEASONAL tOTAL RF-CIPITATIQN
(Inches)
DEPARTURE FROM NORMAL ENDEO:OATE
COOLING DEGREE DAYS (Base 63 TIME
TOTAL THIS MONTH

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
r NOAH
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE STATION
CAPE: HAM RA' 5, N.C.
SURFACE WEATHER OBSERVATIONS DATE S E P 0 2 1991 To convert LST to GMT
ADD-hrs. SUBTRACT hrs.
CLOUD AN D •S CURING PHENOMENA
TION DRY War REL.
HUMID TOTAL LOWCST LAYER SECOND LAY" THIROLAY ER
` FOURTH LAYER OTAL PR[ NET
SUM.
PR[C 1•

SUR[
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7 • L•
p/
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in •
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19

(IN
20 SKY

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21

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26

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28

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EN

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(lne) "IN[

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(ln?.)
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i[
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NO.
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(IRS.) SW
INOALL SNOW
DEPT MAX.
T ?,
%M MIN.
f MP,
MM TAT
OF SOIL

CNP STATION ?RtSSUII[ COMPUTATIONS
.
, dd (SRS.)
4S (Ino) F)
(
47
42 GRNp
51
5 2
54
55 •
56
57
so
?f
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60
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tod
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7
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a
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v 7 .AII. ??? t o try ?(?
SUMMARY OF DAY (MIDNIGHT TO 01110041"T) HER &- OBSTRU CTIONS TO VIS ION
l4NR P EAK WINO THICK. (More" SKY VCR TYPE SEDAN ENDED TYPE BEGAN EN OED
,
PRECIP. 1?NR.

M /ALL

OW NES10/ GROUND

A
R MIO 1
2

•

64

66

1
1
'1
as
WATER
t0U1V.
UNMLTO
(IRS.)
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(IRS.)
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TIME
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WATER L
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(Mt.) RIVQR
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tGU1V.
IT
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(1n•.) 69 70 (Kf•.)
71 77 7 O R@.)
74 TOP
71 •ASE
76 77 SUNS[T
711 M NT W 11
777 NE lyo3.,
A
7 SUNRISE 3 SUNSET l9
Zs
q POSCENTOIP01.sJLt
(MIN.)
3 CNARACTM "7 AC; f
C
1?
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-I Nt
/ or tEom
•'ri CI/ SPIKY
?
VIED OR ?AIITILST A>bO ATED TOME
OC
o
palto XLP.N. MILE M.P.N. OfIECTfON
-CLOCK AT: t Sec./ -* Seic./ ± Sec.
-
G.Owe Real ant LIn?O S --

1 S't"

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
NOAH
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE STATION
, sc
(?(,J -?-
SURFACE WEATHER OBSERVATIONS DATq 3 M To conYett LST to GMT
ADD--:;L-hrs. SUBTRACT hrs.
CLOUD AN D ODSC UIUNG ? ENOMENA
DAY WET 0EL.
NUMIO• TOTAL LOWEST LAYER SECOND LAY[A
iW TNL11D LAYER
fUM• FOURTH LAYER OTAL
p PR[
fVRE
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10 FAl
6 C'il
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07

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9
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SYNOPTIC 00ERYATIONS

N0.
P'
P SNOW
FALL SNOW
DEPTH MAX.
T?M P. MIN.
TIMP. STATE
OF $OIL STATION PRESSURE COMPUTATIONS
(Inw.)
(Ins.)
(In[•1
(FJ
47
(1')
41
49
GRNO
51
52
$3
54
51
6
EMP
'

so
TIME
59

V

Ouv
7 ATT, TM9ftMl.
5 73 60
1 TS 73 61 /oTS a IOd, ?Lu(1
t p Z) 76 7-3 1 4. coRM6
p
V V 3 s b?E X0780 D. v .(7

OO A
VIAM6
G V O 7? S1AR. ?A T???U *o V +.V /
SUMMARY OF DAY (MIDNIGHT TO MIDNIGHT) S T VIS ION

P EAK WI ND THICK- IROZEN SKY C OVER TYPE BEOAH ENDED TYPE BEGAN ENDED
-RECIP. 24•MR. NESS OF OROUNO
"
E
•
Et
E1 69
HATER
EQUIV. OWFALL
UNMLTO
(inc) WOW
DEPTH
J
(IM fPE[O 01•
R[C• TIME
(L.f. T,) ICE ON
WATER LAYER
(N1?.) RIVQR
OAOE Mft
TO T WATER
EQUIV.
(I w1
) p? S
(lM.)
68- 69 .

?0 (1Ct1

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7:

> (/w ?•)

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n

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m
Q
?
vV (MIN.)
«sa«E e
wE
adD dF wNMMET C
of wrl? 4
_
DR PASTEaT AE?OATEO TIM[ 1
MILE M.P.M, OPEC, ON 1 •J
,I nrV AT. + Cur / + Cur
? Cm<ln.? t.??a.?-e??.<?/? Cz,? WPCa,?-1 Sw.! Q?Iv-???? /SC_?¢ . v:?/"
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMME
RCE I STATION ?? nt?
NOAA
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE `MOrCAPEHAlTM%tM ' y
SURFACE WEATHER OBSERVATIONS F TECEP u 41991
S EP To convert LST to GMT
SUBTRACT hrs.
CLOUD AN D ESC URINO PHENOMENA
N
TIO DAY WET 11(L.
HUMID- TOTAL LOWEST LAYER SECONO LAYIA
SUM- THIRD LAYER
SUM. FOURTH LAYER OTAL
O- PRE
SURE N(T
SUN-
PRE 1
SUAE
/,)

7 tY lE
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to ITY
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23
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60 S° 2-- s - :1

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SYNOPTIC OlSERYATIOHS
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NO PRECIP. SNOW
FALL SNOW
DEPT MAX.
Tf?1P. MIN.
TEMP. TAT
Of [OIL STATION PRESSURE COMPUTATIONS
1. T.)

7 , Ons.)
(IRS.)
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(Ins.)
(F•)
47
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49
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id

51

12

53

54

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SUMMARY OF DAY (MIDNIGHT TO MIDNIGHT) WEAT HER S O VIS ION

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In. '

PnECI P 24-Mn.

Nt03 OF OnOUNO NID t E EI 64
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r
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ncf:noN
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K -('I or K AT: ± C.r / + See / ± Ssc.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE STATION
NOAH WK CAPE HATrm{?
KG
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE M
DATE To convert LST to GM T
SURFACE WEATHER OBSERVATIONS ADD hrs. SUBTR ACT hrs.
CLOUD AND 0E C '
URING PHENOMENA ' OTA ?11L
N ORY WET AlL. TOTAL LO wtfT LAYER N O L LAYtA fUM• TMIAO LAY IN SUM. fOU11TN L A Yl11 L
O• {UW! ; SUN- ?11[GI•
ION
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?[ B LB B LW NNMID•
ITY {NY
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ION AMT. TYPE N(IONT MA•
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1 1
DATE 1991
RAW WATER(MGD)
May 24 E.6ti,mated .815
May 25 .798
May 26 1.176
May 27 1.067
May 28 .790
May 29 .991
May 30 .689
May 31 .739
June 1 .806
June 2 .748
June 3 .790
June 4 .781
June 5 .756
June 6 .731
June 7 .764
June 8 .672
June 9 .815
June 10 .857
June 11 .857
June 12 .840
June 13 .932
June 14 .798
June 15 .899
June 16 New WeU6ietd .867
June 17 Meter .863
June 18 .789
June 19 .752
June 20 .762
June 21 1.093
June 22 .722
June 23 .806
June 24 .863
June 25 .842
June 26 .941
June 27 .927
June 28 .921
June 29 .942
June 30 .998
July 1 .996
Juty 2 1.054
Juty 3 1.109
Juty 4 1.129
Juty 5 1.023
JuZy 6 1.187
Juty 7 1.006
Juty 8 .979
Juty 9 1.012
Juty 10 .930
Juey 11 .787
Juty 12 .974
Juey 13 1.016
July 14 .959
Ju.ty 15 .942
Juty 16 .849
Juky 17 .923
Juty 18 .862
Juty 19 .913
Juty 20 .994
Juty 21 .918
Juky 22 1.001
JuZy 23 .970
Juty 24 1.029
Juty 25 1.093
Juty 26 .985
Jae, 27 .876
July 28 1.167
Juty 29 1.056
Juty 30 .936
JuZy 31 .974
DATE 1991
Augu.6t 1
Augub-t 2
Aug u,s t 3
Augu,6t 4
Augu6-t 5
August 6
August 7
August 8
Aug"t 9
August 10
August 11
Aug u,6 t 12
Augu,6t 13
August 14
Augu.6t 15
August 16
Augu,6 t 17
Augu,6t 18
August 19
August 20
Augu6.t 21
Augu,6t 22
Augu,s t 23
August 24
Augu,6t 25
August 26
Augu6.t 27
August 28
Augu,6t 29
August 30
Augu,s.t 31
Sep-tembeA
Sep-tembeA
SeptembeA
September
SeptembeA
Septe.mben
S eptem b etc.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
RAW WATER (MGD)
.993
1.072
1.012
.866
.977
.930
.982
.818
1.010
1.048
.976
.919
.953
.996
.893
1.013
.968
.417
.303
1.113
.919
.769
.815
.857
.862
.894
.841
.841
.830
.806
1.005
.801
.914
.790
.657
.547
.677
.720
ELEVATION TO MEAN SEA LEVEL
STAFF PLANT WELL 22AB2 WELL 22A WELL 21E WELL 2
ELEV. ELEV. ELEV. ELEV. ELEV. ELEV.
6-4-91 2.20 6.85 6.60 8.20 6.58 9.88
WELLS OFF -5.42 -4.54 -6.20 -4.08 -7.70
WATER LEVEL 1.43 2.06 2.00 2.50 2.18
(M.S.L.)
6-11-91 1.70 6.85 6.60 8.20 6.58 9.88
WELLS ON -5.60 -5.27 -34.75 -4.85 -14.35
WATER LEVEL 1.25 1.33 -26.55 -1.73 -4.47
6-18-91 1.13 6.85 6.58 9.88
WELLS OFF -5.93 -4.98 -8.60
WATER LEVEL
0.92 1.60 1.28
6-19-91 6.60 8.20
WELLS
RUNNING -4.45 -34.75
0.84 -26.55
6-25-91 2.39 6.85 6.60 8.20 6.58 9.88
WELLS -4.45 -4.59 -33.10 -4.06 7.93
RUNNING
2.40 2.01 -24.90 2.52 1.95
7-2-91
WELLS ON 1.70 6.85 6.60 8.20 6.58 9.88
WATER LEVEL -5.50 -5.25 -34.67 -4.69 -14.30
(M.S.L.) 1.35 1.35 -26.47 1.89 -4.42
7-9-91 1.72 6.85 6.60 8.20 6.58 9.88
WELLS OFF -4.93 -5.15 -6.37 -4.92 -8.74
WATER LEVEL 1.92 1.45 1.83 1.66 1.14
7-16-91
WELLS ON 2.40 6.86 6.60 8.20 6.58 9.88
WATER LEVEL -4.58 -4.71 -34.45 -4.58 -14.29
2.27 1.89 -26.65 2.00 -4.41
7-24-91
WELLS ON 1.94 6.85 6.60 8.20 6.58 9.88
WATER LEVEL -5.23 -4.94 -34.63 -4.95 -14.45
1.62 1.66 -26.43 1.63 -4.57
7-30-91
WELLS OFF 2.46 6.85 6.60 8.20 6.58 9.88
WATER LEVEL -3.82 -3.55 -5.05 -3.57 -7.09
3.03 3.05 3.15 3.01 2.79
8-6-91
WELLS OFF 3.88 6.85 6.60 8.20 6.58 9.88
WATER LEVEL -3.78 -3.70 -5.10 -2.65 -6.08
3.07 2.90 3.10 3.93 3.80
E-13 91 3.90 6.85 6.60 8.20 6.58 9.88
8-20-91 HURRICANE BOB
8-27-91 4.25 Monitors 6.60 8.20 6.58 9.88
WELLS OFF In PCa.ce-2.50 -4.75 -2.00 -5.50
4.10 3.45 4.58 4.38
9-3-91 4.98 Monitors 6.60 8.20 6.58 9.88
WELLS OFF In Ptace2.60 -4.30 _-2.23 -5.62
4.00 3.90 4.35 4.26
WELLS 3-10 ALL OPERAU
8 ON LINE
ALL WELLS CHECKED,6 DOI
ELECTRICAL, 3 PUT BACK
ON LINE IMMEDIATELY
WELL M
3
4
5
6
7
7A
8
8A
9
9A
10
10A
11A
12
12A
13
13A
14
14A
15
15A
16
16A
17
17A
18
18A
19
19A
20
20A
21
21A
22
22A
23
23A
24
24A
£5
25A
26
26A
WELLFIELD DRAWDOWN INFORMATION
SEPTEMBER 1991
Pumping Dnaw
Date Static Time Level Time. Down How,
9-10 3.57 8:45 115.18 112:571 11.61 123
Not i. O penat o n
9-10 4.32 9:00 12.88
9-10 3.83 1:09 12.80
Not i Open an
9-10 3.95 1:13 11.13
9-10 5.45 1:16 Not in
Not i Open an
9-10 6.02 1:22 18.15
9-10 4.75 1:26 12.15
9-10 4.90 1:28 14.50
9-10 4.57 1:33 18.85
9-10 7.50 1:39 17.30
Not i Ope)Lati on
9-10 4.45 1:49 18.63
9-10 3.95 1:53 21.10
9-10 5.00 1:56 17.10
9-10 3.85 2:01 16.60
9-10 5.62 2:04 18.90
9-10 3.95 2:08 18.25
9-11 8.50 9:07 22.5
9-11 3.13 9:11 12.05
9-11 6.14 9:16 14.25
9-11 3.92 9:23 12.30
Not Open an
9-11 5.10 9:37 19.50
9-11 4.98 9:42 12.1
9-11 4.44 9:47 11.90
9-11 6.90 9:50 8.60
9-11 4.90 9:52 28.50
9-11 4.45 9:55 10.55
9-11 4.55 10:08 '22.45
9-11 5.98 10:11 Not in
9-11 3.95 10:18 19.95
9-11 Not in penati.a
9-11 4.20 10:30 33.55
9-11 3.90 10:36 23.30
9-11 4.32 10:42 18.20
9-11 4.14 10:49 26.75
9-11 3.40 10:54 18.02
9-11 3.37 11:04 11.68
9-11 3.85 11:07 26.20
9-11 4.98 11:13 23.66
9-11 3.85 11:22 20.00
1:03 8.56 23
2:50 8.97 34
2:55 7.18 29
Open 'an
3: 02
3:07
3: 13
3: 19
3:24
3: 31
3: 37
3:44
3: 52
4:01
4:07
1:24
1:30
1:35
1:39
1:48
1:52
1:58
2:05
2: 15
2:20
2:25
O penal
2:33
240
248
254
3:01
3:07
3: 14
3:21
3:26
330
12. 13
8.20
9.60
14.28
9.80
14. 18
17.15
12. 10
12.75
13.28
14.30
14
8.92
8.11
8.38
14.40
7. 12
7.46
1.7
23.6
6.1
Lon
16
29.35
19.4
13.8
22.61
14.62
8.31
5.2
18.68
16. 15
16
25
26
26
22
30
44
28
47
29
46
30
23
24
23
23
19
26
18
27
20
27
135
37
43
38
43
41
44
28
33
29
Spec i 6ic
Capacity
1.98
2.69
3. 79
4.03
1.32
3.05
2.71
1.82
2.24
2. 12
2.57
2.31
3.69
2. 18
3.22
2.14
2.57
2.95
2.74
1.59
2.66
3.48
10.58
1.14
3.27
17.9
2. 18
1.26
2.21
2.75
1.90
2. 80
5.29
5.38
1.76
1.79
Cheoxi.de Inan
85 i 1.80
75
No
55
2.6
Taken
2.6
60
50
60
50
50
45
50
50
50
45
45
50
45
50
40
60
50
50
35
20
45
30
50
50
45
60
60
65
50
45
50
65
3.2
2.6
2.8
3.8
3.6
7.8
3.0
2.4
4.0
2.6
3.6
3.8
4.6
5.2
5.6
2.8
2.2
2.0
1.8
2.0
3.8
3.2
5.0
2.8
4. 1
6.4
4.1
6.2
5.2
.08
2.0
2.2
I
d n+SfAT? o?
.,?Y pMMIV?•
State of North Carolina
Department of Environment, Health, and Natural Resources
Division of Coastal Management
225 North McDowell Street 0 Raleigh, North Carolina 27602
James G. Martin, Governor Roger N. Schecter
William W. Cobey, Jr., Secretary Director
MEMORANDUM
TO: Carl Bailey, John Dorney; Dennis Stewart, Nat Wilson
FROM: John Parkero(tD
SUBJECT: Review of Proposals by James Gregory, et al, on Barrier Island
Groundwater Withdrawal And Its Impact On Wetlands
DATE: May 2, 1991
This office has been requested by Dr. Gregory to circulate to key
agencies the attached proposals for review and comment. A deadline was not
suggested, so unless I hear different from the author, I will suggest May 20
as an outside date. Perhaps those of you attending the newly formed advisory
meeting on the 14th could provide comments at that time.
Upon receiving your comments if not otherwise covered on the 14th, we
will immediately transfer same to Dr. Gregory.
JP/aw
cc/w enclosure
Roger Schecter
Preston Pate
Rich Shaw
David Griffin
Attachment
paI7
CIQ
RO. Box 27687, Raleigh, North Carolina 27611-7687 Telephone [phone]
A., r-,.,,,i n ,, eu...,,,.,,.. e,-.;.,.,
it- ..._.., A
A Proposal to the
National Park Service
For Cooperative Research Entitled
THE IMPACTS OF GROUNDWATER WITHDRAWAL ON THE
HYDROPERIOD OF BUXTON WOODS WETLANDS
Covering the Period from May 1, 1991 to April 30, 1993
Requested Support in the Amount of
$73,100
James D. Gr gory
ssociate Professor VForeig/try
Principal Investigator
College of Forest SUBMITTED BY:
h, Dean
Dr. arry W. TombaXle'sources

Dr. Arthur W. Coops , ead
Department of Forestry
Dr. William Klarman
Interim Vice Chancellor for
Research
Department of Forestry
North Carolina State University
Box 8002
Raleigh, NC 27695-8002
REVISED
APRIL 5, 1991
THE IMPACTS OF GROUNDWATER WITHDRAWAL ON THE HYDROPERIOD OF BUXTON WOODS WETLANDS
Principal Investigator:
Dr. James D. Gregory
Associate Professor
Department of Forestry
N.C. State University
INTRODUCTION
The interacting impacts of sea level rise and development on coastal areas are
issues of intense concern throughout the country. Rapidly rising permanent and
vacation populations are stressing fragile natural ecosystems of the coast.
Owners and developers are clamoring for protection of their investments from the
inexorable impacts of ccastal erosion. At the same time, the presence of coastal
developments and the alterations in coastal ecosystems caused by those
developments and man's activities inland may adversely affect the natural
processes of landscape response to sea level rise (Titus 1988).
Of particular importance to the coastal zone of North Carolina are the impacts
of sea level rise and development on the Outer Banks. That chain of barrier
islands makes possible the highly productive system of sounds and estuaries that
area hallmark of our coast. For that protective barrier to remain, the geologic
processes that have formed and maintained the islands must continue without
alteration. Many of the wider and higher elevation islands support maritime
forests that are an important element in the processes of dune formation and
stabilization. Certain basic hydrologic characteristics of a maritime forest and
the impact of groundwater withdrawal on a maritime forest are the issues to be
addressed in the research proposed here.
Maritime forests are unique, complex communities that developed as the end result
of primary succession on coastal barrier islands. They are generally found on
stabilized dune systems on the sound side of islands whose width, topography, and
orientation provide sufficient soil depth, water and nutrient availability and
protection from storm exposure to allow the establishment of trees (Bourdeau and
Oosting 1959). Maritime forests consist of species uniquely adapted to survive
and reproduce under the severe environmental conditions of low water and nutrient
availability, salt spray, wind shear, and sand blast of the Outer Banks (Barbour
et al. 1985). The maritime forests play a very important role in the
geohydrology of the Outer Banks. Development of woody vegetation contributes to
dune accretion and stability. The greatest island elevations and widths occur
where the oldest and largest stands of trees occur. Island width and elevation
are the controlling factors in the availability of fresh water on the islands.
On the North Carolina barrier islands, surface water supplies are nonexistent or
very limited and water for towns, resorts, and recreational developments is
withdrawn from groundwater. On the islands from Bogue Banks northward, the
deeper confined aquifers (e.g. Castle Hayne) are saline. Fresh groundwater
exists as an unconfined lens that extends for some distance below sea level
beneath an island, that "floats" on the saline groundwater below, and that is
maintained by the continued recharge of precipitation. The size of the lens and
its potential yield of fresh water are dependent on the elevation and width of
the island, the rate of discharge to the ocean and the sound and the rate of
recharge (Winner 1975, Heath 1988). Withdrawal of water from the groundwater
lens on Hatteras Island has raised the issues that are the focus of this proposed
research.
The maritime forest on Hatteras Island, commonly known as Buxton Woods, totals
about 3000 acres and is the largest of a series of isolated maritime forest
stands along the Outer Banks. The original distribution of maritime forests in
North Carolina has been greatly reduced by the encroachment of man, and Buxton
Woods is currently under severe pressure from resort and housing development
(Lopazanski et al. 1988). The topography of Buxton Woods consists of a series
of stabilized east-west trending dunes that has produced a complex ridge and
swale topography (Lopazanski 1988, Heath 1988). The well-drained soils of the
ridges support upland vegetation types whereas the swales contain varying
wetlands vegetation types depending on hydroperiod and other environmental
factors (Davison and Bratton 1987, Lopazanski et al. 1988, Schafle and Weakley
1985). The largest wetlands of Buxton Woods support swamp forest types and
freshwater marsh types (known locally as sedges) that are dominated by grasses
and that are unique in North Carolina. In addition the great diversity of
animals and rare plant species in the wetlands and the unique nature of the
upland forests that are dominated by loblolly pine contribute to the great
ecological significance of Buxton Woods (Weakley and Schafle 1987).
The developed areas of Hatteras Island are provided potable water by a well field
located in the western end of Buxton Woods (Figure 37, from Heath 1988). The
well field, operated by the Cape Hatteras Water Association (CHWA) since 1968,
consists of 44 shallow wells (40-60 feet deep) along an east-west line about 9000
feet long (Heath, 1988). The water table drawdown by the well field therefore
influences the water table and surface hydrology in an area of unknown width that
covers almost one-half the length of Buxton Woods. The CHWA has plans to expand
the well field to the east. Heath (1988) has estimated the potential drawdown
zone under worst-case conditions of long-term continuous pumping, but the
drawdown that occurs during operational pumping is unknown. Also unknown are:
1. The natural variation of the water table and hydroperiod of the wetlands and
how they are affected by season, weather and vegetation.
2. The basic surface hydrology of the wetlands of Buxton Woods area and how it
is affected by weather and the subsurface hydrology.
3. The influence of groundwater withdrawal by the well field on the water table
and the potential impact of water table alteration on the swale wetlands
of Buxton Woods.
4. How water table drawdown by the well field may affect the potential changes
in island geomorphology, hydrology, and vegetation caused by development.
The purpose of this research is to study the water table and surface hydrology
of Buxton Woods, determine the impact of well field drawdown on the water table,
and provide a baseline for monitoring changes caused by groundwater withdrawal
and development. The specific null hypothesis to be tested is that withdrawal
2
of water from the Buxton Woods aquifer at the current rate has no effect on the
water table and the hydrologic regime of the wetlands.
OBJECTIVES
Overall ObJectives
1. Delineate the surface hydrology of the Buxton Woods area of Hatteras Island
and determine how patterns of surface storage and runoff vary with season,
rainfall, and wetland type.
2. Determine the relationship of spatial and temporal water table fluctuation
in interdunal wetlands and adjacent uplands to environmental variables (i.e.
season, rainfall, topography, vegetation type, and soil type). Determine the
impact of groundwater withdrawal on those relationships.
3. Provide assistance in collection of field data needed for development of a
model of the Buxton Woods aquifer.
METHODOLOGY
Objective 1
The surface runoff component of the island water balance will be needed to
calibrate the model that will be developed by Lawrence Martin, National Park
Service hydrogeologist. Delineating and describing the surface hydrology of the
island will involve several procedures. Map and aerial photograph analyses will
be conducted in order to identify potential areas of surface storage and/or
drainage of water. Recent aerial photographs available from the North Carolina
Division of Coastal Management and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, National
Wetlands Inventory maps available from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and
USGS topographic maps will be utilized in the preliminary study. Periodic visits,
will then be made to the major surface water features to document their nature
under different hydrologic conditions (i.e. dry to wet), and to determine whether
intermittent or perennial streams (or canals) do exist that discharge significant
surface runoff to the sound. Discharge from any perennial nontidal channels that
drain the interior of the island will be measured continuously with a Stevens
Type F stage recorder. Discharge measurement will be accomplished by developing
a stage-discharge curve for a culvert or stable natural channel section.
The major wetland types of Buxton Woods will be characterized according to
vegetation type, soils, topographic position, and hydrologic character. The
vegetation map developed by Davison and Bratton (1988) for Buxton Woods, the
National Wetlands Inventory maps, SCS soil maps, and the aerial photographs noted
above will be used as a base and additional descriptive information obtained by
ground checking as needed.
Objective 2
Two transects of wells will be used to determine the water table relationships
noted above. A line of six wells perpendicular to the line of CHWA supply wells
3
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uoTgpagTTpO pup quawdOTanaa TapON zagpM punoao -
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agq go Sooanosag zagPM-punOaD PUP 1FBOTOOS 't96T '•3 Fzzad 'uosTom
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90 FsbOTOaP,,?H aqs 'T66T 'MazpuV •0 '@TOO PUP 'saurer '1l.zob@JS
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go gzodag ' S@DJnosag OTWOU00g PUP TPZngPN go quowgaPdoa PUTTOZPO
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