20020257 Ver 1_COMPLETE FILE_20020220

ON
?R
1 0
r ' I
?_ lam./?W ? -{
O
March 18, 2002
Mr. Mac Haupt
Wetlands Restoration Program
1619 MSC
Raleigh, NC 27699-1619
Subject: Stream Restoration
Brown Branch
Caldwell County, NC
DW Q= 020257
Dear Ms. Smith:
Michael F. Easley
Governor
William G. Ross. Jr., secretary
Department of Environment and Natural Resources
Kerr T. Stevens
Division of Water Quality
This Office is in receipt of the plans for the stream restoration project of approximately 7000 feet of
Brown Branch in the Catawba River Basin prepared by Biohabitats and submitted to this Office on February
20, 2002. Staff from the Wetlands Unit reviewed the plans and found th_- they appear to meet the definition of
stream restoration. As such, a formal application as specified in the Wa-=r Quality Certification 3257 for
USACE Nationwide Permit No. 27 shall not be required- Please be advised that additional information may be
necessary if mitigation credit for this project is to be awarded. Any request for mitigation credit shall be
addressed under separate cover.
If you have any questions regarding this matter, please contact Mr. Todd St. John at [phone].
?y Sincerely,
/ Jann R. Dorney
Wetlands Unit Supervisor
cc: Mr. Todd St. John, Wetlands Unit
Raleigh Regional Office
File
North Carolina Division of Water Quality, 401 Wetlands Certifica:!c,. Unit.
1650 Mail Service Center, Raleign, NC 27699-1650 (Mailing ldc,-;
2321 Crabtree Blvd., Rale:yn, NC 27601-2250 (Location)
O?O?- W A T ?RQG D LQ1
r
o ?
Michael F. Easley
Governor
William G. Ross, Jr., Secretary
Department of Environment and Natural Resources
Kerr T. Stevens
Division of Water Quality
March 18, 2002
Mr. Mac Haupt
Wetlands Restoration Program
1619 MSC
Raleigh, NC 27699-1619
Subject: Stream Restoration
Brown Branch
Caldwell County, NC
DW Q# 020257
Dear Ms. Smith:
This Office is in receipt of the plans for the stream restoration project of approximately 7000 feet of
Brown Branch in the Catawba River Basin prepared by Biohabitats and submitted to this Office on February
20, 2002. Staff from the Wetlands Unit reviewed the plans and found that they appear to meet the definition of
stream restoration. As such, a formal application as specified in the Water Quality Certification 3257 for
USACE Nationwide Permit No. 27 shall not be required. Please be advised that additional information may be
necessary if mitigation credit for this project is to be awarded. Any request for mitigation credit shall be
addressed under separate cover.
If you have any questions regarding this matter, please contact Mr. Todd St. John at [phone].
Sincerely,
J n R. Dorney
L
Wetlands Unit Supervisor
cc: Mr. Todd St. John, Wetlands Unit
Raleigh Regional Office
File
North Carolina Division of Water Quality, 401 Wetlands Certification Unit,
1650 Mail Service Center, Raleigh, NC 27699-1650 (Mailing Address)
2321 Crabtree Blvd., Raleigh, NC 27604-2260 (Location)
non ". 1"- 1-1---I n.n 11c I'll ;a..., tin,. _...... .... .... ,......... a,....a..r
Rinhahitats
MAR 13 ZW2
Incorporated
TRANSMITTAL
Ecological Restoration, Planning and Assessments
15 West Aylesbury Road
Timonium, Maryland 21043
410.337.3659
410.583.5678 (fax)
www.biohabitats.com

Attn: ProjectlProposal No: o l b / S , 01 . 1-701
------
To: &" O`' _ID k#1., F- . *YCPCKk D YQ Date:
a3611 era-6+nea Wyk-- wi?l-o Faso Re:
We are sending you: _ Drawings - Specifications _ Prints _ Proposal
Details _ Copy of Letter - Report Other
Via:
_ Postal Service _ Same-Day Delivery 'Overnight Delivery Under Separate Cover
Copies /Description
??? 0.1 ? t SP1Q? w? amt' ?? A A??^' r'?Y Cu I a..'?7?On S t? S rsov? i /rtu??"
Remarks:
Sincerely,
Biohabitats
Incorporated

15 West Aylesbury Road
Timonium, Maryland 21093
410-337-3659
Fax [phone] PAGE _L NO 3
PROJECT: Xpi m ? ck NO: 0/ 0 /S, o l FILE:
TELEPHONE () MEETING () NOTES () OTHER
DATE: a/oZ 7/v a. COMPLETED BY: f, MZ&, ee,

SUBJECT: ?X?n"./e o? is r p f Prr 1:33 n-h, D n 13M n .? 4-A 4 y vt/ -/v
Ir?r?lfs in J ?le P,7
r c? ?7hRQ .z`fl?en rn?5fv/a{?'aw
h
D
D4
P r -A VV)
d dg-w
onS 5
r
?'? S s .

Q _ i rn e4- , n+-7 1! C C SLJP .4 ?7^P c O- D e?
n

G?lf_ CA- 0
J
` D 0

vYV"O" - 0,0091 / in
- orl = 9 3
rn ac7,

/ S Z /,Af /P/E/V7- H677 vN a
a #l ?eE Asp D A4vPlo JD ;

J o r a lra nQ +C l? ,

U, a
L
Q SSil M at0
I-C
X
? o3s

ghee.,.- 5•!re s5
Biohabitats
Incorporated

15 West Aylesbury Road
Timonlum, Maryland 21093
410-337-3659
Fax [phone] PAGE A. NO 3
PROJECT: grnn0l-, B-,,.4^ NO: O?0 ?s 6 / FILE:
TELEPHONE () MEETING () NOTES () OTHER
DATE: COMPLETED BY:

SUBJECT:

$OLVIF ?J e / n A
k/P
`?' = 6a. -?3 a?. qa ?? . na ? ? = ?h?n? sio??. ? b•?.,.r?u w?? ?u;?
as-BS-F?

!J . J
LC
?r 1 rt fp r . Z

Sew E
a cca - 111-5 2
w ?B

Q.SS a,.rne
? ! car N

5 Gl?? -
t.-, ?' N a, GS

= 65

/'V 3

Now GO N $/NF
-fD 5 ??vE Fn R cx ?
- (?
y
c.1
U,0 3 s

cQ = O . 5J 4111
0.03-5- fd

0.?5-a? lam`?,?

l a m ? u w 8, ?
.%
Biohabitats
Incorporated

15 West Aylesbury Road
Timonium, Maryland 21093
410-337-3659
Fax [phone]
PROJECT: 8ro
TELEPHONE ()
DATE:

SUBJECT:
,??-, L3r.x.?? NO: o/ois, o
MEETING () NOTES () OTHER
COMPLETED BY: PAGE 3 NO 3
i FILE:
OZ ?1t W1 Si S 64
o a n` /e_S

aux, OZ d G. Z
IS 5 z. e, a vz We KM.o vtl
U'

D
A/ C
9,C1 P
-17 `??r O r at. - .r 7 G'
fi u e-v arm v n `. rev
e o 4? i a 60 ,

v
P
- ate. rh r

,
9

1/ Incorporated
TRANSMITTAL
Ecological Restoration, Planning and Assessments
15 West Aylesbury Road
Timonium, Maryland 21043
410.337.3659
410.583.5678 (fax)
www.biohabitats.com
To: VoalQ Sf-• '."? Date: a/010 0 D-u
N(C6 kNX PW& Re:
Attn:
Project/Proposal No: 0101$. O
We are sending you: _ Drawings _ Specifications _ Prints _ Proposal
_ Details _ Copy of Letter _ Report ?Other
Via: '
Postal Service _ Same-Day Delivery _ Overnight Delivery _ Under Separate Cover
Copies /Description
I A;5c&m Q4e, 5e.4iMUL4`IY?Mtnn/?- CiYew(A.kons 70 AW04" M49.4; ShKMA)
Remarks:
8.
'r I

Sincerely,
-'o
Biohabitats
Incorporated

15 West Aylesbury Road
Timonium, Maryland 21093
410-337-3659

Fax [phone] PAGE _L NO 3
PROJECT: Pirownrx n c.?v NO: 01D /S. o l FILE:
TELEPHONE () MEETING () NOTES () OTHER
DATE: a/d 7/v a. COMPLETED BY:
/?
SUBJECT: k"&u /e o1 fN[1L1,?Prt ?.,-b'on Le_7v n.?.?a. Ei oYV _?D G la r.nJ

?tsfv.'a?iarti
` /r J of "$ypy yu Qrtw.? 45h,4 6h-e .nq
w.4 /I / a

51 a47Un Y-
.
Y1

5 .
0 J17

111v5 e, vr ,-E ti OvVe7 _721 le- a _s sv_m, On
a ? ?» if w ? sti ? o. o ?
L n 5 tit e f

0 0 3

?I ven - 0 0091
?n "Padjdi)c 13
Cx?s -
-sexloki 9 3
We
41
4 'R417 In

WHATI &922r-1 F7 I S Z / At I I E/Y 7- Al 6 77 vN
GIVEW
#I
E D _ n. i

- PVC ska& SA-eS
-
C65 _ - k.
SaPr;f,_Q
1
? s SK m tc7?
= S Gf vy ti
?+
IN o47" orL
G.

Biohabitats PAGE NO 3
Incorporated PROJECT: NO: 0/01,5',-0/ FILE:
TELEPHONE () MEETING () NOTES () OTHER
DATE: COMPLETED BY:
15 West Aylesbury Road
land 21093 SUBJECT:
Mar
Timonium
y
,
410-337-3659
Fax [phone]

SOLVE Lf
1`DR L lc = V Wes- ' rt
k/P

aa•ss4
cpr ?
C 0. z- 5- La- Ly S 1b x A avy)q Ph 4v
1

seLH ? /`j 3 -i'Y'
w ?a
- '4-7 ?.
N
?Sv? GfM1_C

= 65
r5/ 3

I/6 •/ CON SINE
"f o 5 s?vE Fe 2 cQ ? - C.
r
?
0.0 3 S -

cQ :a 0 IbIll z
0.0?s /6?• 3 -6a,

?
S 1 E rn to r" LIP-V A "1 57
1
?
`
1 rn '1 u w 8, 7
Biohabitats
Incorporated

15 West Aylesbury Road
Timonium, Maryland 21093
410-337-3659
Fax [phone]
PROJECT: b?rm
TELEPHONE ()
DATE:

SUBJECT:
A&? 8, .r, NO: oiors, o i
MEETING () NOTES () OTHER
COMPLETED BY: PAGE 3 NO 3
FILE:

c, -o O /7 e.S .

C?, a Z v r 11
IS A wk i r" 4A r e . ? We_ k K0 vV %

= rr?mJ

ya 0ri

a - -; 7 C-"

1 e o f i a-6 o

`.ere- r e L le, ?

i 12
rn r
b,

Biohabitats
1nror?ta rri(rd

Biohabitats
15 West Aylesbury Road
'I'unoniunt, MD 21093
tcl 411) 337 3659
Gtr 410 583 5678
crncdureObiohabitats.ann
Ellco McClure
19uvial Geottmrpbologist
RE: Brown Branch
Biohabitats Project No. 01015.01
SUBJ: Responses to Design Questions
Dear Mr. St. John:
to
Thank you for your careful review of the "Brown Branch Final Stream Restoration Report" dated
February 2002. Via Mr. Jurek of the NCDENR Wetlands Restoration Program, we have received
your questions regarding the design. ,
Your initial questions and comments are listed below in italics, followed by our brief responses to
each. Most of your questions are easily addressed by our provision of the actual preliminary 90%
construction drawings and specifications. Included with this letter are copies of those items for your
review. Other items simply require clarification or are currently being developed and will be included
in the final design package.
In Stream Structures and/or Channel Blocks
1. The location of all proposed in stream structures and channel blocks must be provided on the
site plans.
The locations of all proposed in-stream structures are shown on the preliminary 90% design plans.
Where the proposed channel intersects and then diverges from the existing channel, structures have
been placed to redirect flow and protect the outer bank to prevent meander cutoffs. In many cases the
grading plan shows higher elevations outside these meander bends relative to the same floodplain
surface further downstream-also to reduce the risk of meander cutoffs.
S:\BIOTROJECI\01015.01 \Correspondence\Corpscomments.doc
Restoring the Earth and Inspiring Ecological Stewardship
1O(Y% Recycled Paper
Please provide complete typical plans for each type of structure proposed including typicals
for the various "bank treatments ".
The generic "bank treatments" used in the concept design have since been replaced by more specific
combinations of log vanes, rootwad revetments, lunker structures, rock toe protection, and log bank
protection. These combinations are shown on the 90% design plans. Standard details for each
structure component are also included in the 90% Construction Drawings, and specifications
corresponding to these details are also included for your review.
3. Please provide detail of measures used to "tie in" the side channels to the design since the
stream elevation is to be lowered.
First, the profile has been revised for the 90% design. The proposed channel now ties into the
existing channel at more locations where there are features we want to see preserved. The impact of
this adjustment is less of a drop from tributaries to the proposed channel.
Even so, some rock will need to be used at several tributaries where significant drops (>1 ft) to the
mainstem already exist (and may be at risk for developing into upstream-migrating knickpoints in the
future). Each tributary confluence with a proposed confluence structure is rather distinctive in size
and configuration, and will require specific details so that the Contractor can approach the tributary
tie-ins properly. As such, we are already developing individual cross section details for these sites
(and are not included in the preliminary 90% construction drawings). These drawings will be
included in the final 90%.construction drawings.
Bank Stabilization
4. Please provide typical plans for all bank stabilization/revetment structures including the
various "bank treatments. "
As mentioned above, details for each bank stabilization structure absent from the more conceptual
stream restoration report are included in the draft 90% construction drawings.
Morphological Measurements
5. Bankfull cross section and, hence, discharge is typically determined based on field indicators.
Determining bankfull discharge based on the NC Mountain Rural curve may not be
appropriate since rainfall varies significantly across the area. As such, it is not clear that the
correct bankfull discharge has been established. This determination is critical for any stream
restoration design. Please provide additional information to show that the proper bankfull
cross section and discharge have been established.
First, Biohabitats evaluated bankfull discharge based on field indicators along Brown Branch itself.
The resulting estimate (101 cfs) provided an initial working estimate for the upstream portion of the
study area. This value is shown in Table 8.1.
Also, since release of the report you reviewed, hydrologic modeling of the Brown Branch watershed
(not included in the report) was QA/QCed and finalized. Results predict an 88 to 187 cfs flow for
upstream and downstream reaches following the 1-year 24-hour storm, and a 122 to 262 cfs flow for
SABIOTROJECIRO 1015.01 \Correspondence\Corpscomments.doc
these reaches following the 2-year 24-hour storm. The on-site field estimate of 101 cfs falls at the
lower end of the range estimated by the hydrologic model. This, however, is not surprising, since the
modeling used a Type II storm distribution, which tends to overpredict peak discharge but is
commonly used to be conservative in some design applications.
The Stream Restoration Report (specifically Table 8.1) includes the reference site regressions only
for comparison and validation of other estimates. Biohabitats did visit both Basin Creek and Joes
Creek (each of which is near Brown Branch and has the same order of magnitude drainage area) to
confirm portions of the available data sets and collect additional data. Cross sections measured by
Biohabitats at Basin Creek and for Basin, Joes, and Richland Creeks by others yielded similar design
ratios and support the bankfull cross section used in the Brown Branch design.
The close correspondence between the Brown Branch field measurements (101 cfs upstream),
hydrologic modeling (88 - 187 cfs upstream) and regional regression values (69 - 89 cfs upstream)
is not absolute proof that selected design bankfull values are accurate. However, since hydrologic
modeling, field-based measurements, and regional curves all point to a similar range for bankfull
discharge, we believe the design bankfull discharges listed in Table 8.1 for Brown Branch are
defensible.
6. Typically, reference reach parameters should be measured in the field by the entity designing
a stream. Reference information gathered by other parties may be flawed or inappropriate.
Some of the data is somewhat subjective, and different designers may have different
definitions of various parameters. As such, the reference data used should be verified in the
field to one degree or another. It is recommended that the reference reach riffle cross section
data be verified by the designer.
Riffle parameters were verified in the field by Biohabitats at Basin Creek-the site we believe is
most appropriate as a design basis for Brown Branch.
Riffle bankfull width dimensions are less subjective than other dimensions, such as pool dimensions.
For this reason, bankfull width was essentially set early in the design (Section 8.4.1), and other
parameters were given more scrutiny. Our bankfull width measurements at Basin Creek were very
close to those measured by others, with a maximum 2-foot difference.
We concur that measurement of reference reach parameters can be somewhat subjective, and should
be considered with caution and even overridden if professional judgment finds them inappropriate.
As an example, glide and run slopes provided for reference reaches seem very low relative to our
observations and experience. Therefore, we did apply greater slopes for these features than available
reference reach data sets suggest.
7. It appears that the drainage areas for the design streams were transposed in the table. If so,
please indicate that that is the case. Please provide the average channel slope of the reference
reach and the design channels. Also, please provide the sinuosity of the reference reach.
Yes, those two numbers were transposed in Table 8.5. The upstream end of the design reach has a
drainage area of 0.74 mil, and the downstream end has a drainage area of 1.26mi2. The other
numbers in the same two columns are correct.
The average channel slopes calculated by others for reference reaches are 0.014, 0.0089, and 0.0133
for Basin, Joes, and Richland Creek, respectively (and are mistakenly shown in Table 8.5 as valley
SABIO\PROJECI101015.01 \Con+espondence\Corpscomments.doc
slopes). (We measured an overall reach slope of 0.015 at Basin Creek-very close to 0.014 found by
others.)
The average slope of the Brown Branch design channel is 0.09. Sinuosity could be approximated by
dividing channel slope by valley slope. Using this approach, sinuosity is at Brown Branch
0.011/0.09 or 1.2.
Valley slopes for reference reaches were not available to Biohabitats, and Biohabitats did not
measure sinuosity at those sites we visited. Therefore, we do not have estimates of sinuosity for the
reference reaches. I would estimate a sinuosity of about 1.1 for Basin Creek and Joes Creek based on
our field observations.
Sediment Transport Analysis
It is not clear how the sediment transport analysis validates that the proposed channel design
will neither aggrade or degrade. It is not clear what is indicated in Table 8.6 or Table 8.7. No
sample calculations were provided, and it is not clear what data was used to generate the
information. It is not clear that the pebble count data represents bed material. Please clarify
the information by providing an explanation with sample calculations that would indicate the
proposed channel will neither aggrade or degrade.
The pebble count data used in the sediment transport calculations represents surface bed material
(armor layer) measured within Brown Branch. The grain size distribution used includes 3 separate
100-particle pebble counts from three riffles. These data were lumped together to form one more
statistically robust grain-size distribution to better generalize sediment transport conditions in riffles
throughout Brown Branch.
The basis for the incipient motion calculations is the standard Shields diagram, which relates a
dimensionless shear stress to a dimensionless boundary Reynolds number. Table 8.6 relates
probable values for the critical dimensionless shear stress at Brown Branch based on analyses
available in gravel-bed streams literature post-dating Shields' original work.
Table 8.7 summarizes incipient motion calculations given the range of critical dimensionless shear
stresses shown in Table 8.6. The original calculations producing results in Table 8.4 were
streamlined into a spreadsheet format. However, we can provide an example hand computation to
help show individual steps involved.
Because the incipient motion results show increased transport of larger size fractions (D75) in the
grain-size distribution, the proposed channel design is predicted to slightly increase sediment
transport rates and be more effective at maintaining pools. The results, however, show that the Dm is
not entrained for all proposed conditions for all critical dimensionless shear stress assumptions, and
for both typical cross sections. This suggests that most but not all sediment will be mobile at
bankfull discharge, and that an active but non-degrading channel is likely. More detailed sediment
transport calculations involving a full sediment budget and field measurements of sediment transport
would be necessary to quantify this in a more detailed fashion.
SABIOTROJECnO 1015.01 \Correspondence\Corpscomments.doc
If these responses do not fully address your questions or inspire additional discussion, please do not
hesitate to contact me or Vince Sortman directly by phone at 410-337-3659.
Sincerely,
BIOHABITATS, INC.

Ellen McClure, Fluvial Geomorphologist
CC: Vince Sortman, file
Encl: 1) Preliminary 90% construction drawings
2) Preliminary 90% design specifications
S AB IOTROJECTV 1015.0 I \Correspondence\Corpscomments.doc
Brown Branch
Subject: Brown Branch
Date: Fri, 22 Feb 2002 14:23:28 -0500
From: "Todd St. John" <[e-mail]>
Organization: DWQ Wetlands Unit
To: [e-mail]
CC: "dave.penrose" <[e-mail]>, "Todd St. John" <[e-mail]>
Brown Branch...
DWQ# 020257
Jeff as we discussed... here is the bare minimum info we need to approve
the above project...
Also, I plan to look at the reference reach if possible on March 10th or
11th...
¥¥. In Stream Structures and/or Channel Blocks
The location of all proposed in stream structures and channel blocks
must be provided on the site plans.
Please provide complete typical plans for each type of structure
proposed including typicals for the various "bank treatments".
Please provide detail of measures used to "tie in" the side channels to
the design since the stream elevation is to be lowered.
YY. Bank Stabilization
Please provide typical plans for all bank stabilization/revetment
structures including the various "bank treatments".
¥¥. Morphological Measurements
Bankfull cross section and, hence, discharge is typically determined
based on field indicators. Determining bankfull discharge based on the
NC Mountain Rural curve may not be appropriate since rainfall varies
significantly accross the area. As such, it is not clear that the
correct bankfull discharge has been established. This determination is
critical for any stream restoration design. Please provide additional
information to show that the proper bankfull cross section and discharge
have been established.
Typically, reference reach parameters should be measured in the field by
the entity designing a stream. Reference information gathered by other
parties may be flawed or inappropriate. Some of the data is somewhat
subjective, and different designers may have different definitions of
various parameters. As such, the reference data used should be verified
in the field to one degree or another. It is recommended that the
reference reach riffle cross section data be verified by the designer.
It appears that the drainage areas for the design streams were
transposed in the table. If so, please indicate that that is the case.
Please provide the average channel slope of the reference reach and the
design channels. Also, please provide the sinuosity of the reference
reach.
¥¥. Sediment Transport Analysis
It is not clear how the sediment transport analysis validates that the
proposed channel design will neither aggrade or degrade. It is not clear
what is indicated in Table 8.6 or Table 8.7. No sample calculations were
provided, and it is not clear what data was used to generate the
information. It is not clear that the pebble count data represents bed
1 of 2 2/22/02 2:33 PM
Brown Branch
material. Please clarify the information by providing an explanation
with sample calculations that would indicate the proposed channel will
neither aggrade or degrade.
Todd St. John, P.E.
Environmental Engineer II
DWQ
Wetlands Unit
2 of 2 2/22/02 2:33 PM
Variables Proposed Reach Check Results Reference Reach Check Results Range SGS Staticsting Channel
1. stream type C4 C4
2. drainage area 0.74 7.2
3. bankfull width 15 33.2
4. bankfull mean depth 1.2 1.21 2.1 2.06
5. widWdepth ratio 12.50 B or C 15.81 B or C
6. bankfull cross-sectional area 18.1 68.4
7. bankfull mean velocity
d. oanKtut discharge, cis
9. bankfull max depth :nr
1.7
1.42 CHECK 0/0
3.1 1.48 CHECK
10. width of floodprone area 50
11. entrenchment ratio 3.33 C or E 0.00 CHECK
12. meander length 165 350
13. ratio of meander length to bankfull width 11.00 ok 10.54 ok _
14. Radius of curvature
15. Ratio of radius of curvature to bankfull width
16. Belt width 110 64.7
17. Meander width ratio 7.33 1.95
18. Sinuosity (stream iengttwauey length) _ 1.2 #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
19. Valley Slope 0.011 0.014
20. Average slope
21. Pool sly _ 0 0.0019
22. Ratio of pod slope to average slope #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
23. Maximum Dool depth 2.55 4.8
24. Ratio of pool depth to average bankfull depth 2.13 ok 2.29 ok
mean
26. Ratio of pod width to bankfull width 1.50 #DIV/01 1.52
27. Pool to pool spacing 130.5 Na 305
28. Ratio of pod to pod spacing to bankfull width 8.70 C or E 9.19 C or E
29. Ratio of lowest bank height to bankfull height (or max bankfull depth)
24
d Ktd
Rural Piedmont 17.46223146 71.68561072 10.446035 1.36221422
Rural Mountain 17.60890443 80.0546817 17.041614 1.011078352
Coastal Plain 16.71359961 24.51349857 10.256871 1.742043192
Design Reach 18.1 90 15 1.2
Regional Curve Predictions for Reference Reach Predicted X-Sec Pred Discharge Bkfw Bkfd
Urban Peidmont 216.3516813 1049.544036 46.926369 4.6268083 avg bed
Rural Piedmont
Rural Mountain
Coastal Plain 64.97832884 103.201823 23.650782 2.895355012
Reference Reach 68.4 375 33.2 2.1
36.94272092 131.4432596 12.209883
28.986101
Sediment Transport Analysis ala Rosgen for D50 >2mrr
d50 mm mm active channel D50 only
ds50 mm mm subsurface D50
Tci #VALUE! dimensionless
Tci #VALUE!
Di (largest) f 0.426509
S ft/ft 0 average bed slope for reach not just riffle
Dbkf propose 1.2
Dbkf needed #VALUE!
Di mm 130 mm
BKF A 18.1 ft2
wetted perirr 19.15692 ft
gRS=Tc 0lb/ft2
diagram Shields pred mm
diagram Shields pred Ibs/ft2
Brown Branch Stream Restoration MOSAW
SPECIAL PROVISIONS
SP-01 GENERAL
A. The Construction Drawings and specifications are intended to cover a complete
project. It should be distinctly understood that failure to mention any work which
would normally be required to complete the project shall not relieve the Contractor of
his responsibility to perform such work.
B. The Specifications for this project are the North Carolina Department of
Transportation Standard Specifications for Roads and Structures dated January 2002,
and subsequent addenda thereto, except as modified herein.
C. This Contract will be constructed under provisions of the North Carolina Department
of Transportation Standard Specifications for Roads and Structures dated January
2002, and subsequent addenda thereto.
D. These Special Provisions are hereby made a part of this Contract. In case of conflict
with other portions of the specifications, the Special Provisions shall govern.
E. The work shall be performed under contract and the supervision of North Carolina
Department of Environment and Natural Resources (NCDENR) or NCDENR's
assignee. The term "NCDENR" throughout these specifications shall include
NCDENR or NCDENR's assignee.
F. The term Contract Documents refers to all components of the contract. The term
Construction Drawings refers to the all construction sheets including the geometry
plan, grading, erosion & sediment control plan, details, typical cross sections, profile,
planting plan and planting schedule and details.
- END OF SECTION -
Biohabitats, Inc. Inspiring Ecological Stewardship
2/27/2002
Brown Branch Stream Restoration
Special Provision Specifications
SP-02 SCOPE OF WORK
A. The work to be performed under this Contract includes, but is not limited to,
furnishing all materials, labor, equipment, tools, plants, seed, superintendence,
transportation, and performing all work in strict accordance with these Specifications
and Drawings.
B. The work consists of stream restoration, grading, construction of in-stream structures,
seeding, planting, and all necessary incidentals described and illustrated in the
Contract Documents.
C. The work shall be completed in all its parts and ready for use in the time specified
and in strict accordance with the terms and conditions of the Contract Documents.
Any deviation shall be subject to the approval of NCDENR.
D. The Contractor shall follow the requirements of all the permits issued for the
proposed construction.
E. The Contractor shall be prepared to execute a finished project in every particular,
without extra charge, unless specifically provided for within the Contract.
F. The project site shall be accessed through the designated access points illustrated on
the Drawings. The Contractor is responsible for maintaining access throughout all
construction activities. Upon completion of all construction activities, the area is to
be restored to a condition equal to or better than found prior to undertaking work.
G. The Contractor shall assume all responsibility for the project and construction site
until accepted by NCDENR.
H. The project site boundaries are illustrated on the Construction Drawings as the Limit
of Disturbance. The Contractor shall perform all activities related to this contract
within the Limits of Disturbance illustrated on the Drawings. Final adjustment of the
LOD will be made at the pre-construction meeting.
1. Existing elevations and grades may have changed since the original survey was
completed due to stream erosion, sediment accretion, and fill. It is the Contractor's
responsibility to confirm existing grades and adjust quantities, earthwork, and work
efforts, as necessary, at no additional cost to NCDENR.
The Contractor is responsible for visiting the project site and thoroughly familiarizing
Biohabitats, Inc. Inspiring Ecological Stewardship
2/27/2002
Brown Branch Stream Restoration
Special Provision Specifications
him/herself with all existing conditions both above and below ground. The
Contractor shall satisfy him/herself as to the accuracy and completeness of these
Specifications and Drawings regarding the nature and extent of the work described.
K. The Contractor shall use the horizontal and vertical survey control points shown on
the Contract Documents to layout the lines of work, grades, limits of disturbance,
elevations, and locations of specific items of work.
L. Should there be any discrepancies between the Drawings, Specifications and/or field
conditions after bidding and prior to beginning work, the Contractor shall bring such
discrepancies to the attention of NCDENR at the work initiation conference.
M. When any article is specified by proprietary name, trade name, or name of
manufacturer, with or without the addition of such expressions as "or equal", it is to
be understood that the article named or the equal thereof is intended, subject to the
approval of NCDENR as to the quality thereof, and it is distinctly understood: (1) that
NCDENR is to use his own judgment in determining, from time to time, whether or
not any article proposed to be substituted is the equal of any article so specified; (2)
that the decision on all such questions of equality shall be final; (3) that, in the event
of any adverse decisions, no claim of any sort shall be made or allowed against
NCDENR or the Owner because of such decision; and, (4) that no article submitted
for approval will be approved which requires re-design of project facilities unless the
submittal of said article was requested in writing by NCDENR.
N. The Contractor shall take all necessary precautions and measures to protect all
adjacent properties from damage. The Contractor shall repair any damage to all
public and private properties caused by their operations and leave the property in
good condition and/or at least equivalent to the conditions found.
0. Soil borings have NOT been taken for this project. It is the Contractor's
responsibility to thoroughly familiarize him/herself with all existing soil conditions.
The Contractor shall satisfy him/herself as to the accuracy and completeness of these
Specifications and Drawings regarding the nature and extent of the work described.
P. The Contractor shall be held solely responsible for all necessary coordination
between the various County, State or Federal agencies, utility companies, his sub-
contractors, and NCDENR for the duration of this Contract.
Q. Prior to start of work, the Contractor shall submit their detailed planting schedule to
NCDENR for review. No work shall be performed until this schedule is approved by
Biohabitats, Inc. Inspiring Ecological Stewardship
2/27/2002
Brown Branch Stream Restoration
Special Provision Specifications
NCDENR. This detailed planting schedule shall conform to the Planting Plan and
shall include a timing sequence.
R. THERE SHALL BE NO CLEARING OR REMOVAL OF ANY TREES, OTHER THAN
THOSE INDICATED ON THE CONSTRUCTION DRAWINGS OR AS DIRECTED BY
NCDENR.
S. The Contractor shall exercise care in activities involving either cut and fill or grading
in the vicinity of trees at the construction site. All earth cuts in the vicinity of trees
not identified for removal shall be made in a manner that does not disturb the root
system within the drip line of the tree.
T. The Contractor shall provide and maintain in a neat, sanitary condition such
accommodations for the use of his/her employees as may be necessary to comply
with requirements and regulations of NCDENR or other authorities having
jurisdiction and shall commit no public nuisance.
U. The Contractor shall at all times keep the premises free from accumulation of waste
materials and rubbish, surplus materials, etc., and shall leave the work area
completely clean.
V. All incidental work required by the Contract Documents for which no payment is
specifically provided, and any work or materials not specified therein which are
required to complete the work, and which may fairly be implied as included in the
Contract, and which NCDENR shall judge to be so included, shall be performed and
furnished by the Contractor without additional compensation from NCDENR.
- END OF SECTION -
Biohabitats, Inc. Inspiring Ecological Stewardship 4
2/27/2002
Brown Branch Stream Restoration
Special Provision Specifications
SP-03 PROGRESS SCHEDULE
A. The Contractor shall submit to NCDENR for review and acceptance, a construction
progress schedule for the complete project. The progress schedule shall be
submitted prior to or at the pre-construction meeting. No work shall be undertaken
on the contract until the progress schedule has been reviewed and accepted by
NCDENR.
B. The progress schedule shall be complete, realistic and thoroughly detained, and as a
minimum requirement, shall incorporate the use of a critical path method chart, or a
bar chart, graphs and drawing or schematics which indicate the sequence of
construction and the estimated starting and completion dates of the various states of
the work, delivery dates for specific items of material and equipment, number of
crews to be utilized, a preliminary schedule of values of the work and all other
pertinent information that may be requested by NCDENR.
C. The approved progress schedules shall be completely updated by the Contractor each
month making adjustments for work that is ahead or behind schedule, as the case may
be, and resubmitted to NCDENR for approval. Should the construction fall behind
the schedule, the Contractor shall provide NCDENR with a detailed written
explanation as to why the project is behind schedule and at what anticipated date
each phase of the work will return to the original scheduling. If the Contractor fails
to provide updated schedules and explanations, or if, in the opinion ofNCDENR, the
updated schedules and explanations are unrealistic or inadequate, monthly invoices
shall not be processed until complete and adequate information is received by
NCDENR. The Contractor or his representative shall attend monthly progress
meetings.
- END OF SECTION -
Biohabitats, Inc. Inspiring Ecological Stewardship
2/27/2002
Brown Branch Stream Restoration
Special Provision Specifications
SP-04 MOBILIZATION
Mobilization shall be in accordance with Section 800-Mobilization of the North Carolina
Department of Transportation Standard Specifications for Roads and Structures, dated
January 2002.
- END OF SECTION -
Biohabitats, Inc. Inspiring Ecological Stewardship 6
2/27/2002
Brown Branch Stream Restoration
Special Provision Specifications
SP-05 CONSTRUCTION STAKES. LINES AND GRADE
Construction stakes, lines and grade shall be the responsibility of the Contractor and in
accordance with Section 801 of the North Carolina Department of Transportation Standard
Specifications for Roads and Structures, dated January 2002 with the following exceptions:
The existing elevations and contours shown on the Construction Drawings, cross sections,
and profiles were surveyed in August 2001. Existing elevations and grades may have
changed since the original survey was completed due to stream erosion, sediment accretion,
and fill. It is the Contractor's responsibility to confirm existing grades and adjust earthwork,
as necessary, at no additional cost to the Owner.
AS-BUILT SURVEY: During the progress of the work, the Contractor shall keep a careful
record at the job site of all changes and deviations from the layouts shown on the Contract
Drawings. The Contractor shall record such changes and deviations on the prints of the
Contract Drawings immediately. The as-built drawings shall indicate, in addition to any
changes or deviations, the actual location referenced from at least two permanently fixed
surface structures of all sub-surface utilities of work installed by him. These drawings will
be made available to NCDENR for inspection or checking at any time during the
construction period. At the time of Conditional Acceptance of the work, the Contractor shall
turn over to NCDENR one set of clean, white prints of the Contract Drawings with all the
aforementioned as-built information neatly recorded thereon in ink. The Contractor shall
provide an As-Built Survey of constructed conditions. The As-Built Survey shall consist of
the following items:
1. Horizontal and vertical controlled profile of the stream centerline a minimum of
every 25 feet.
2. Horizontal and vertical control of all grade control structures including
step/pools.
3. Horizontal and vertical control of all bank stabilization and grading.
- END OF SECTION -
Biohabitats, Inc. Inspiring Ecological Stewardship 7
2/27/2002
Brown Branch Stream Restoration
Special Provision Specifications
SP-06 EROSION AND SEDIMENT CONTROL
Erosion and Sediment Control shall be in accordance with the North Carolina Division of
Land Resources Land Quality Section Erosion and Sediment Control Planning and Design
Manual dated September 1988 with the following exceptions:
A. The Contractor shall supply, construct, maintain, and dismantle erosion and sediment
control measures in accordance with the Drawings and associated details. The
Contractor shall adhere to the Sequence of Construction found on the Drawings. The
sequence of construction must be followed unless the Contractor obtains written
approval from NCDENR and the Sediment Control Inspector.
B. All erosion and sediment control measures shall be maintained until NCDENR
approves their removal.
C. Straw bales shall be an unacceptable option for silt checks. Silt fence shall consist of
the standard synthetic filter fabric or extra strength filter fabric only as specified on
the details.
D. In the event that the Contractor utilized borrow pits or waste areas located outside of
NCDENR, the location of such sites shall be designated at the time of contract award
and the Contractor shall be held solely responsible for complying with the applicable
laws and regulations of other county or political jurisdictions.
E. Failure to obtain a permit shall not be a basis for authorized delay or extra payment.
F. Contractor shall be responsible for the protection of all existing culverts from
sediment runoff. Approved sediment control measures shall be utilized, as necessary,
for all culverts in the vicinity of the proposed construction. The failure of
Construction Drawings to indicate required measures shall not relieve the Contractor
of this responsibility. In the event sediment is carried into existing culverts, the
Contractor shall be responsible for cleaning and restoring the entire drainage system
at his own expense.
G. In case of repeated failures on the part of Contractor to control erosion or siltation,
NCDENR reserves the right to employ outside assistance or to use his own forces to
provide the necessary corrective measures. Such incurred direct costs plus project
engineering cost will be charged to the Contractor and appropriate deductions made
from his/her monthly invoice.
Biohabitats, Inc. Inspiring Ecological Stewardship
2/27/2002
Brown Branch Stream Restoration
Special Provision Specifications
H. Any contractor who experiences a stop work order for a sediment control or grading
violation will be charged the specified amount of liquidated damage per day for every
day of shut down regardless of their status on the approved project schedule, whether
the Contractor finishes on time, after or prior to the scheduled completion date. This
has no bearing on the enforcement of the provisions of this application and this
clause.
- END OF SECTION -
Biohabitats, Inc. Inspiring Ecological Stewardship
2/27/2002
Brown Branch Stream Restoration
Special Provision Specifications
SP-07 BLAZE ORANGE FENCE
DESCRIPTION
Blaze orange fence shall be installed as specified for use in areas where trees, shrubs, and
property are to be protected and as directed by NCDENR. Areas where blaze orange fence
is to be installed are designated on the Construction Drawings by the symbol "BOF".
MATERIALS
A. Blaze Orange Fence: Fence shall be international orange, high density polyethylene
diamond mesh with a mesh opening of 1 %2 inch. The fence shall be 4 feet in height
with a roll weight of 20 pounds per roll and roll size of 4 feet by 50 feet.
B. Posts: Posts shall be a conventional "T" or "U" galvanized metal post.
C. Ties: 12-gauge wire or 120 lb. test rope
CONSTRUCTION
1. The Contractor shall install the blaze orange fence in areas designated on the
Contract Documents or as directed by NCDENR prior to beginning construction.
2. Posts shall be spaced every 7 feet. Wire or rope, wrapped around a horizontal fence
strand and post shall secure the post. Tension wire or rope may be used as a top
stringer woven through the top row of strands to prevent potential sagging. The blaze
orange fence and posts shall be removed at the end of the Contract and upon approval
of NCDENR. The fence and posts shall become the property of the Contractor at the
completion of the project.
MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT
Blaze orange fence will be measured and paid for at the contract unit price per linear foot.
The payment will be full compensation for the installation, maintenance, and removal of
the fence as shown on the Contract Documents, including all materials, labor, equipment,
tools, and incidentals necessary to complete the work.
- END OF SECTION -
Biohabitats, Inc. Inspiring Ecological Stewardship 10
2/27/2002
Brown Branch Stream Restoration
Special Provision Specifications
SP-08 CLEARING AND GRUBBING
All requirements of Section 200-Clearing and Grubbing of the North Carolina Department of
Transportation Standard Specifications for Roads and Structures, dated January 2002, shall
apply, with the following exceptions:
A. The Contractor shall be responsible for any and all damage to trees, shrubs,
herbaceous plants and wetlands located beyond the limit of disturbance which occurs
from his/her operations during the life of the Contract. The Contractor shall fully
restore, at his/her own expense, and to the satisfaction of NCDENR, any trees,
shrubs, herbaceous plants, and wetlands that have been damaged or destroyed.
Wetland restoration shall be in accordance with regulatory agency conditions.
B. Tree removal shall only be allowed as directed by NCDENR. Trees to be
removed and grubbing limits shall be flagged in the field and accepted by
NCDENR prior to any disturbance.
- END OF SECTION -
Biohabitats, Inc. Inspiring Ecological Stewardship 11
2/27/2002
Brown Branch Stream Restoration
Special Provision Specifications
SP-09 PUMP AROUND
DESCRIPTION
This work shall consist of maintaining and diverting stream flow for the purpose of isolating
work areas when construction activities take place within the stream channel as specified in
the Contract Documents or as directed by NCDENR.
MATERIALS
A. Sandbags shall consist of materials, which are resistant to ultraviolet radiation,
tearing and puncture, and woven tightly enough to prevent leakage of fill material
(i.e. sand, fine gravel, etc.).
B. Sheeting shall consist of polyethylene plastic, which is impervious and resistant to
puncture and tearing.
C. Pump(s) shall be large enough to maintain uninterrupted base flow to the channel
downstream of the work area. The pump around shall include a hose suitable to
convey water overland to the downstream section. Minimum linear feet of hose
required is equivalent to the maximum estimate for one workday provided by the
Contractor. The pump shall be shut off at night and baseflow shall flow through the
completed portion of the project into the existing downstream channel.
D. Material for velocity dissipater will be approved by NCDENR prior to start of
construction.
E. The type of sediment trapping device, for dewatering the work area, will be approved
by NCDENR prior to start of construction.
CONSTRUCTION
A. Installation of sand bags, sheeting and pump around shall be installed in accordance
with the approved Erosion and Sediment Control Plan in the Contract Drawings or as
directed by NCDENR.
B. The diversion structure shall be installed from upstream to downstream.
C. The height of the sand bag diversion structure shall be a minimum of one half the
distance from stream bed to top of stream bank plus one foot.
Biohabitats, Inc. Inspiring Ecological Stewardship 12
2/27/2002
Brown Branch Stream Restoration
Special Provision Specifications
D. Sheeting shall overlap the sandbags such that the upstream portion covers the
downstream sandbag face with at least an 18-inch overlap.
E. The pump around hose shall discharge onto a temporary velocity dissipater.
MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT
Pump Around - Maintenance of Stream Flow shall be measured and paid for as a LUMP
SUM. The payment will be full compensation for installing and maintaining stream flow.
Payment shall include sand bags, sheeting, stream pump around, and any other materials,
labor, equipment, tools, and incidentals necessary to complete the work.
- END OF SECTION -
Biohabitats, Inc. Inspiring Ecological Stewardship 13
2/27/2002
Brown Branch Stream Restoration
Special Provision Specifications
SP-10 SALVAGE AND PLACE TOPSOIL
DESCRIPTION
This work shall consist of salvaging topsoil, placing salvaged topsoil, and placing furnished
topsoil as specified in the Contract Documents or as directed by NCDENR.
MATERIALS
A.
B
Salvaged Topsoil
Salvaged topsoil shall be the top 4 inches of soil salvaged from the project site where
excavation or filling is required.
Furnished Topsoil
Furnished topsoil shall be natural, friable surface soil uniform in color and texture
and not supplied from the project. Furnished topsoil shall be free from state or
federal noxious plant lists or invasive species. Topsoil shall have an organic content
between 1.5 and 10 percent by weight when tested. Furnished topsoil shall have a
corrected pH value of not less than 6.0 or more than 7.5. Grading analysis shall be as
follows:
Sieve Size
2 inches
No. 4
No. 10
Textural analysis shall be as follows:
Minimum Percent Passing by Weight
100
90
80
Soil Particle Size (mm)
Sand (2.0 - 0.050)
Silt (0.050 - 0.002)
Clay (less than 0.002)
C
Percent Passing By Weight
20-75
10-60
5-30
Excess topsoil shall become the responsibility of the Contractor and shall be
completely removed from the project site prior to final site inspection and approval of
the project.
Wood Cellulose Binder
Biohabitats, Inc. Inspiring Ecological Stewardship 14
2/27/2002
Brown Branch Stream Restoration
Special Provision Specifications
Wood cellulose fiber shall be a processed wood product having uniform fiber
characteristics which will remain in uniform suspension in water under agitation and
will blend with seed, fertilizer, and other additives to form a homogeneous slurry.
The fiber slurry shall contain a green, non-toxic, dye that provides easy visual
inspection for uniformity of application.
CONSTRUCTION
A. Salvaging Topsoil
1. When soil or weather conditions are unsuitable, the Contractor shall cease topsoil and
operations until directed by NCDENR to resume.
2. Topsoil and subsoil shall be removed from selected areas specified in the Contract
Documents or as directed by the NCDENR. Prior to removing topsoil and subsoil, the
Contractor shall mow or remove all surface vegetation over the areas where topsoil is
to be salvaged. Topsoil and subsoil shall be removed to the depth specified above.
The topsoil shall be transported and stockpiled in separate storage piles and kept
separated from other materials.
3. Storage areas for topsoil shall be constructed on well drained land, away from live
streams. Prior to placing piles, the Contractor shall install silt fence around the
perimeter of the stockpile area and maintain the silt fence until the stockpile is
removed. Topsoil shall be kept in neat and separate piles from other excavated
material.
4. Topsoil piles shall NOT be seeded. Topsoil piles shall be immediately and
thoroughly covered with a wood cellulose fiber mulch. The piles shall be
occasionally re-mulched in order to maintain a consistent cover until they are
removed.
B. Placing Salvaged Topsoil
1. All areas above the bankfull elevation that are to be excavated or filled shall receive 4
inches of topsoil to meet final grades. The Contractor shall completely prepare and
finish the surface of all areas to be covered with topsoil as specified in the Contract
Documents.
Biohabitats, Inc. Inspiring Ecological Stewardship 15
2/27/2002
Brown Branch Stream Restoration
Special Provision Specifications
2. Immediately prior to being covered with topsoil, the prepared sub grade shall be
loosened to a depth of 3 inches and be free from stones or other foreign material 3
inches or greater.
3. Prior to the start of placing salvaged topsoil, all grass, weeds, brush, stumps, and
other objectionable material shall be removed from the surface of stockpiles.
4. Salvaged topsoil shall be placed, spread, and maintained over the areas designated to
a depth of 4 inches, that after settlement, the completed work shall be in conformance
with the thickness, lines, grades, and elevations specified in the Contract Documents.
Stones and other foreign material larger than 3 in. shall be removed and disposed of
by the Contractor. Slopes 4:1 to 2:1 shall be tracked with cleated tract type equipment
operating perpendicular to the slope.
C. Furnished Topsoil
1. The Contractor shall refer to B. Placing Salvaged topsoil above, and the
following:
a) Contractor Responsibility. The Contractor shall make all arrangements
and assume all responsibility for consents, agreements, and payments with
property owners involved in topsoil and subsoil operations.
b) If the furnished topsoil is stockpiled upon delivery for future use on the
project, the stockpiling shall conform to A. Salvaging Topsoil above.
MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT
Salvaged topsoil will not be measured but the cost will be incidental to the Contract price for
Channel Excavation. Placing salvaged topsoil will be measured and paid for at the Contract
unit price per cubic yard. Placing Furnished Topsoil will be measured and paid for at the
Contract unit price per cubic yard. Payment will be full compensation for stockpiling,
subgrade improvement, placement of topsoil, fine grading and for all material, labor,
equipment, tools, and incidentals necessary to complete the work as specified in these special
provisions and on the Construction Drawings.
- END OF SECTION -
Biohabitats, Inc. Inspiring Ecological Stewardship 16
2/27/2002
Brown Branch Stream Restoration
Special Provision Specifications
SP-11 CHANNEL EXCAVATION
All requirements of Section 416-Channel Excavation of the North Carolina Department of
Transportation Standard Specifications for Roads and Structures, dated January 2002, shall
apply, with the following exceptions:
A. The existing elevations and contours shown on the Construction Drawings, cross-
sections and profiles were surveyed in August 2001. Existing elevations and grades
may have changed since the original survey was completed due to stream erosion,
sediment accretion, and fill. It is the Contractor's responsibility to confirm existing
grades and adjust earthwork, as necessary, at no additional cost to NCDENR.
B. All stockpile areas will require appropriate sediment control (silt fence) in order to
prevent erosion and sediment transport during the duration of storage. All
unsuitable and excess material shall be removed from the site to an off-site location
with an approved Sediment and Erosion Control Plan as shown on the Construction
Drawings and as directed by NCDENR. All excess material shall be disposed off-
site with an approved NCDENR Grading Permit.
The Contractor shall be responsible for temporarily stabilizing all stream banks
immediately after the completion of grading until the installation of the stabilization
matting and/or permanent seeding and mulching. The Contractor shall perform all
care and remediation work required to maintain stable stream banks during this
period including erosion and sediment control.
The care and remediation of grading shall begin immediately upon the completion of
the acceptance of planting, seeding, and stream bank stabilization measures as
specified in the Contract Documents and shall continue for a period of 1 year.
During such time, the Contractor shall perform work requested by NCDENR to reset
toe protection, rock vanes, stabilization matting, and regrade stream banks.
- END OF SECTION -
Biohabitats, Inc. Inspiring Ecological Stewardship 17
2/27/2002
Brown Branch Stream Restoration
Special Provision Specifications
SP-12 STONE
DESCRIPTION
Rock for log bank protection, rock toe protection, log vane, root wad revetment, rock
cross vane, rock "J vane, root wad/log "J" vane, log lunker, and tributary grade control
as specified in the Contract Documents or as directed by NCDENR shall adhere to the
following specifications.
MATERIALS
A. Stone shall consist of angular flat rock of appropriate color (e.g., green/gray,
brown/gray, dark gray, and/or dark brown in color) obtained from an approved
source. Stone shall not be harvested from streams or rivers outside a commercial
quarry operation. All stone shall be free from laminations, weak cleavages and
will not disintegrate from the action of air, salt water and in handling and placing.
Granular sedimentary rock will generally be unacceptable. Concrete will not be
considered as an alternative for stone. White rock is not acceptable.
B. Stone sizes shall be as specified in these Special Provisions for log bank protection,
log vane, root wad revetment, root wad/log "J" vane, lunker structure, rock cross
vane, rock "J vane, and rock toe protection as shown on the Drawings. The stone
shall have a minimum unit weight of 160 lbs. per cubic foot.
C. The Contractor will locate potential sources for the rocks. The Contractor and
NCDENR's Project manager will jointly visit the sites to determine whether the
rock meets the specified requirements. The Contractor will not be granted an
extension of time or extra compensation due to delay caused by sampling, testing,
approval or disapproval of stone protection material under the requirements of
these specifications. The Contractor shall obtain from the quarry and submit to
NCDENR a certificate verifying the following:
1. Stone classification
2. Weight per cubic foot
3. Weight of stone being supplied.
4. Stone quality shall meet all of the above specifications.
Biohabitats, Inc. Inspiring Ecological Stewardship 18
2/27/2002
Brown Branch Stream Restoration
Special Provision Specifications
D. Stone shall come from the limits of disturbance of this Contract first. If sufficient
material meeting the above requirements is not available from this Contract, the
Contractor shall obtain material meeting specified requirements at no additional
cost to NCDENR. Samples shall be submitted to NCDENR for approval.
E. DUE TO THE ANTICIPATED QUARRY PREPARATORY TIME, AND/OR
DEMAND FOR THE STONE AS SPECIFIED IN THESE SPECIAL
PROVISIONS, IT WILL BE THE CONTRACTOR'S RESPONSIBILITY TO
MAKE ALL NECESSARY ARRANGEMENTS WITH THE SOURCE OF
SUPPLY IN A TIMELY FASHION, SO THAT THE CONTRACTOR SHALL
MAINTAIN AN ADEQUATE SUPPLY OF STONE MATERIAL AND THAT
WORK SHALL NOT BE UNNECESSARILY DELAYED DUE TO
INSUFFICIENT SUPPLY.
CONSTRUCTION
The Contractor shall install rock in in accordance with the Construction Drawings,
Specifications and Contract Documents.
MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT
Payment for rock shall be incidental to the installation of log bank protection, rock toe
protection, log vane, root wad revetment, rock cross vane, rock "J vane, root wad/log "J"
vane, log lunker, and all other in-stream structures as indicated on the Construction Drawings
and Contract Documents.
- END OF SECTION -
Biohabitats, Inc. Inspiring Ecological Stewardship 19
2/27/2002
Brown Branch Stream Restoration
Special Provision Specifications
SP-13 GRAVEL TAILINGS
DESCRIPTION
Gravel tailings shall be used with various in-stream structures as indicated on the
Construction Drawings and these specifications, or as directed by NCDENR.
The work covered by this section consists of the furnishing, stockpiling, placing, and
maintaining an approved stone to be utilized to construct streambank protection devices
in and along the stream and at other locations designated on the plans or directed by
NCDENR.
The quantity of gravel tailings to be installed will be affected by the actual
conditions that occur during the construction of the project. The quantity of channel
substrate material may be increased, decreased, or eliminated entirely at the direction of
the Engineer. Such variations in quantity will not be considered as alterations in the
details of construction or a change in the character of the work.
The contractor shall furnish all labor, material and equipment required to install gravel
tailings as described in these Special Provisions and shown on the Construction Drawings.
This work shall consist of transporting, installing and maintaining log bank protection
materials within the stream channel, as specified in the Contract Documents or as directed by
NCDENR.
MATERIALS
Gravel tailings shall consist of natural field stone or natural river rock. Crushed stone from a
Quarry will not be permitted. The channel substrate material shall be sound, tough, dense,
resistant to the action of air and water, and suitable in all respects for the purpose intended.
Gravel tailings may contain small amounts of fine aggregate but shall contain no amounts of
soil material.
All gravel tailings shall meet the approval of NCDNER. While no specific gradation is
required, the various sizes of the stone shall be equally distributed within the required size
range. The size of an individual stone particle will be determined by measuring its diameter
across the intermediate axis.
Source of gravel tailings shall be submitted to NCDENR for review and approval prior to
beginning construction. Installation shall be in accordance with these specifications or as
directed by NCDENR.
Biohabitats, Inc. Inspiring Ecological Stewardship 20
2/27/2002
Brown Branch Stream Restoration
Special Provision Specifications
Gravel tailings shall be a mixture containing approximately the following
size distribution.
50 % Gravel - 0.12 to 3 inch (0.3 - 7.6 cm) diameter
50 % Stone - 3 to 12 (7.6 - 30.5 cm) inch diameter
No more than 60% of the material furnished can be gravel material and no more than
75% of the material furnished can be Stone material.
CONSTRUCTION
The Contractor shall install gravel tailings in accordance with the Construction Drawings,
Specifications and Contract Documents.
MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT
The quantity of gravel tailings to be paid for will be the actual number of tons (metric
tons) of gravel tailings that has been incorporated into the work, or has been delivered to
and stockpiled on the project as directed by NCDENR.
Material that has been stockpiled will not be measured a second time. The gravel tailings
will be measured by being weighed in trucks on certified platform scales or other certified
weighing devices.
The quantity of gravel tailings, measured as provide above, will be paid forat the contract
unit price per ton (metric ton) for gravel tailings. Such price and payment will be full
compensation for all work covered by this section, including but not limited to furnishing,
weighing, stockpiling, re-handling, placing, maintaining material, and disposal of any
material not incorporated into the project if directed by the Engineer.
Payment for gravel tailings shall be incidental to the installation of rock cross vane, rock "J
vane, root wad/log "J" vane, and other in-stream structures as indicated on the Construction
Drawings and Contract Documents.
- END OF SECTION -
Biohabitats, Inc. Inspiring Ecological Stewardship 21
2/27/2002
Brown Branch Stream Restoration
Special Provision Specifications
SP-14 LOG BANK PROTECTION
DESCRIPTION
The contractor shall furnish all labor, material and equipment required to install log bank
protection as described in these Special Provisions and shown on the Construction Drawings.
This work shall consist of transporting, installing and maintaining log bank protection
materials within the stream channel, as specified in the Contract Documents or as directed by
NCDENR.
Prior to the start of work on this item, the Contractor shall submit a proposed harvesting
schedule, including source of supply of logs, to NCDENR for review. No work shall be
performed until this schedule is approved by NCDENR.
MATERIALS
A. Footer and Bank Protection Logs
Logs shall consist of the trunk of a hardwood tree with a minimum trunk diameter at
breast height (DBH) of 30 inches. Two 18" minimum DBH logs fixed together with
reinforcing bar may be used as a substitute in the absence of 30" trunks. The trunk
(bole) of the footer and bank logs shall be a minimum of 10 feet in length.
B. Anchor Rocks
Anchor rocks shall meet the specifications for "Stone" contained in these Special
Provisions. Anchor rocks consist of rocks placed on top of the vane log on the
outside bank of the meander to keep vane log in place.
The dimensions of the rock will be a minimum of 2 feet and maximum of 4 feet
along the long (a) axis, a minimum of 2 feet and maximum of 3 feet along the median
(b) axis, a minimum of 1 foot and a maximum of 2 feet along the short (c) axis.
Samples shall be submitted to NCDENR for approval.
C. Equipment
The use of a backhoe with a "live" hydraulic thumb opposing the bucket is
recommended for correct and efficient placement of all logs and boulders.
D. Source of Materials
Biohabitats, Inc. Inspiring Ecological Stewardship 22
2/27/2002
Brown Branch Stream Restoration
Special Provision Specifications
Logs and rock to be used for this construction can be salvaged from the project site
provided that they meet the above requirements, are within the limits of disturbance,
and are clearly flagged for clearing and grubbing.
E. Source of materials
Logs and rock to be used for this construction can be salvaged from the project site
provided that they meet the above requirements, are within the limits of disturbance,
and are clearly flagged for clearing and grubbing. If sufficient material meeting the
above requirements is not available from the project site, the Contractor shall then
obtain off site material meeting specified requirements at no additional cost to
NCDENR.
CONSTRUCTION
A. Installation
1. Log bank protection shall be installed according to the Sequence of
Construction, Construction Drawings, and following specifications.
2. Should 30-inch DBH logs be unavailable, two 18-inch minimum DBH logs
fixed together with #4 reinforcing bar may be used as a substitute. The two
logs shall be fixed together by drilling two '/2-inch diameter holes through
each log, ensuring the holes are in line when the logs are stacked. Three foot
lengths of #4 reinforcing bar shall then be driven through the holes so that the
reinforcing bar is flush with the surface of the top log.
3. A trench shall be excavated in such a manner so that the top of the footer log
is flush with the channel thalweg.
4. The bank protection log shall be placed directly on top of the footer log and
fixed together with #4 reinforcing bar. Bank protection logs shall be installed
so that the exposed face of the logs is flush with the proposed grade. The fill
material behind the log bank protection shall be placed and tamped after each
bank protection log is installed.
5. The anchor rocks shall be placed on top of the bank protection log at the end
so that a minimum of one-half the diameter of each anchor rock is buried
Biohabitats, Inc. Inspiring Ecological Stewardship 23
2/27/2002
Brown Branch Stream Restoration
Special Provision Specifications
laterally into the stream bank.
6. On completion of installation of log bank protection, reshape slopes and
channel bottom to specified elevations.
B. Clean-up
Upon completion of work, reshape slopes and channel bottom to specified
elevations as specified on the Construction Drawings and specifications. Remove
unsuitable and surplus excavated materials to an off-site location with an approved
Sediment and Erosion Control Plan.
MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT
Log bank protection will be measured and paid for at the Contract unit price per linear foot of
log bank protection installed. Payment will be full compensation for the harvest and
transport of all materials, all materials (including rock), excavation, installation and resetting
of logs, and for all material, labor, equipment, tools, and incidentals necessary to complete
the work as specified in these special provisions and on the Construction Drawings.
- END OF SECTION -
Biohabitats, Inc. Inspiring Ecological Stewardship 24
2/27/2002
Brown Branch Stream Restoration
Special Provision Specifications
SP-15 LOG VANE
DESCRIPTION
The Contractor shall furnish all labor, material and equipment required to install log vanes,
as described in these Special Provisions and shown on the Construction Drawings. This
work shall consist of harvesting, transporting, installing and maintaining log vanes within the
stream channel, as specified on the Contract Documents or as directed by NCDENR.
Prior to the start of work on this item, the Contractor shall submit a proposed harvesting
schedule, including source of supply of logs, to NCDENR for review. No work shall be
performed until this schedule is approved by NCDENR.
MATERIALS
A. Logs
Logs shall consist of the trunk of a hardwood tree with a minimum DBH of 24
inches. The log shall have a length capable of extending 5 feet into the channel bed
past the thalweg and a minimum of 5 feet into the bank beyond bankfull at the
downstream end. Two logs may be required in order to meet installation
requirements.
B. Anchor Rocks
Anchor rocks shall meet the specifications for "Stone" contained in these Special
Provisions. Anchor rocks consist of rocks placed on top of the vane log on the
outside bank of the meander to keep vane log in place.
The dimensions of the rock will be a minimum of 2 feet and maximum of 4 feet
along the long (a) axis, a minimum of 2 feet and maximum of 3 feet along the median
(b) axis, a minimum of 1 foot and a maximum of 2 feet along the short (c) axis.
Samples shall be submitted to NCDENR for approval.
C. Equipment
The use of a backhoe with a "live" hydraulic thumb opposing the bucket is
recommended for correct and efficient placement of all logs and boulders.
Biohabitats, Inc. Inspiring Ecological Stewardship 25
2/27/2002
Brown Branch Stream Restoration
Special Provision Specifications
D. Source of Materials
Logs and rock to be used for this construction can be salvaged from the project site
provided that they meet the above requirements, are within the limits of disturbance,
and are clearly flagged for clearing and grubbing. If sufficient material meeting the
above requirements is not available from the project site, the Contractor shall then
obtain off site material meeting specified requirements at no additional cost to
NCDENR.
CONSTRUCTION
A. Installation
1. Log vanes shall be installed according to the Sequence of Construction, the
Construction Drawings, NCDENR, and the following specifications.
2. In the event where installation of log vanes may damage tree roots, excavation shall
be minimized. This may include reducing the length of the vane. This decision shall
be field determined and authorized by NCDENR.
3. The log must completely fill the space between the top of the vane and the channel
bottom. In the event that it does not fill in this area, two logs (one on top the other)
may be required. When two logs are required, the top log shall fit tightly against the
bottom log so that there are no voids between the two. The top log shall be fastened
to the bottom log by inserting # 4 reinforcing bar through the top log and into the
bottom log a minimum of 12". The top of the reinforcing bar shall be flush with the
top of the log. Reinforcing bar shall be placed at the thalweg, bankfull elevation and
every 4 feet between the two ends.
4. The log vane shall be placed so that the intersection of the log and the channel
thalweg match the station number on the profile. The log vane shall be placed so that
the upstream end of the log is completely buried at the thalweg and extends a
minimum of 5 feet under the stream bottom. The downstream end of the log shall be
completely buried at the bankfull elevation and extend into the stream bank a
minimum of 5 feet. The slope of the log vane from the bankfull elevation to the
thalweg shall be between 7 and 10 degrees. The angle of the log from the stream
bank shall be between 15 and 30 degrees. Two logs mOne anchor rock shall be
placed on upstream end of the vane log and buried to meet final grade.
5. Under the direct supervision of NCDENR, the Contractor maybe required to reset up
to 10% of the log vanes with grade control structures throughout the course of the
Biohabitats, Inc. Inspiring Ecological Stewardship 26
2/27/2002
Brown Branch Stream Restoration
Special Provision Specifications
project. The process will involve removing any backfill material necessary to remove
the logs and anchor boulders as necessary. Resetting will be performed as directed
by NCDENR, and will include restoring all materials including backfill and
stabilization and replanting as necessary.
B. Clean-up
Upon completion of work, reshape slopes and channel bottom to specified
elevations as specified on the Construction Drawings and specifications. Remove
unsuitable and surplus excavated materials to an off-site location with an approved
Sediment and Erosion Control Plan.
MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT
Log vanes will be measured and paid for at the Contract unit price per log vane installed.
Payment will be full compensation for the harvest and transport of all materials (including
rock), excavation and installation of logs, and resetting of logs, and for all material, labor,
equipment, tools, and incidentals necessary to complete the work as specified in these special
provisions and on the Contract Documents.
- END OF SECTION -
Biohabitats, Inc. Inspiring Ecological Stewardship 27
2/27/2002
Brown Branch Stream Restoration
Special Provision Specifications
SP-16 ROOT WAD REVETMENT
DESCRIPTION
The Contractor shall furnish all labor, material and equipment required to install root wad
revetments, as described in these Special Provisions and shown on the Construction
Drawings. This work shall consist of harvesting, transporting, installing and maintaining
root wad materials as revetments for stream bank stabilization, as specified in the Contract
Documents or as directed by NCDENR.
Prior to the start of work on this item, the Contractor shall submit a proposed harvesting
schedule, including source of supply of root wads, footer logs, and anchor rocks, to
NCDENR for review. No work shall be performed until this schedule is approved by
NCDENR.
MATERIALS
A. Root Wads
Root wads shall consist of the root fan and trunk of a hardwood tree with a trunk
diameter at breast height (DBH) of 18 inches to 30 inches. Root fans shall be
oblong to circular in shape and have a minimum spread of 4 feet as measured at its
narrowest axis and covering an area a minimum of 16 square feet. The attached
shall be 10 feet to 12 feet in length.
B. Footer Logs
Footer logs shall consist of straight hardwood logs with a diameter of 24 inches to 36
inches and a length of 10 feet to 12 feet.
C. Anchor Rocks
Rocks for securing footer and cutoff logs shall meet the specification for "Stone"
contained in these special provisions. Anchor rocks shall have a minimum diameter
of 24 inches and weigh at least 2,000 pounds each.
D. Equipment
The use of a backhoe with a "live" hydraulic thumb opposing the bucket is
Biohabitats, Inc. Inspiring Ecological Stewardship 28
2/27/2002
Brown Branch Stream Restoration
Special Provision Specifications
recommended for correct and efficient placement of all logs and boulders.
E. Source of Materials
Root wads, logs and rock to be used for this construction shall be salvaged from the
project site provided that they meet the above requirements, are within the limits of
disturbance, and are clearly flagged for clearing and grubbing. If sufficient material
meeting the above requirements is not available from the project site, the Contractor
shall then obtain off site material meeting specified requirements at no additional cost
to NCDENR.
CONSTRUCTION
A. Harvesting and Transporting Root Wads
Root wads shall be harvested by pushing over trees, leaving as much of the root fan
and accompanying sod and soil clumps intact as possible. Care shall be taken in
transporting root wads to the construction site to minimize breakage of the root fan
and loss of sod and soil clumps.
B. Installation
1. Root wads shall be installed according to the Sequence of Construction,
Construction Drawings, and following specifications.
2. Cut the trench for the upstream-most footer log so that the top of the footer
log is at the invert of the proposed channel. The upstream footer log will be
shingled with the downstream footer log (i.e. the downstream end of each
upstream footer log should extend beyond and overlap the upstream end of
the downstream footer log, with the downstream end of the upstream footer
log nearest the stream channel) a minimum 2 feet. Place the footer log in the
trench.
3. Cut the trench for the upstream-most root wad log and place in the trench so
that the root wad rests on top of the footer log. Place the root wad log on top
of the footer log so that the root fan is approximately perpendicular to the
flow. The root fan shall divert the force of the impact of the stream away
from the stream banks. Placement of the rootwads shall be initially and
Biohabitats, Inc. Inspiring Ecological Stewardship 29
2/27/2002
Brown Branch Stream Restoration
Special Provision Specifications
periodically verified by NCDENR to ensure that the rootwads are diverting
flow away from the stream banks.
4. Place anchor rocks on top of the root wad log where it crosses the footer log
and on top of the footer log on both sides of the root wad log.
5. For more than one successive root wad, cut the trench for the next footer log
as in Step 2. Cut the trench for the next root wad log with a spacing between
adjacent root wad fans as shown on the Construction Documents. Install root
wad, footer logs and anchor rocks as in Steps 3 and 4. For a single rootwad,
skip to step 7.
6. Repeat steps 2 through 5 in a downstream direction until the revetment is
complete.
7. Use rocks or logs to plug any holes between the logs to prevent the backfilled
earth from falling into the channel. Backfill the area behind the root wad
revetment and the trenches in which the root wad, footer logs, and anchor
rocks are placed.
8. Under the direct supervision of NCDENR, the Contractor may be required to
reset up to 10% of the root wad revetment throughout the course of the
project. The process will involve removing any backfill material necessary to
remove the root wad log, footer log, and boulders as necessary. Resetting
will be performed as directed by NCDENR, and will include restoring all
materials including backfill and stabilization and replanting as necessary..
C. Clean-up
Upon completion of work, reshape slopes and channel bottom to specified
elevations as specified on the Construction Drawings and specifications. Remove
unsuitable and surplus excavated materials to an off-site location with an approved
Sediment and Erosion Control Plan.
MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT
Root wads will be measured and paid for at the Contract unit price per each root wad
installed. Payment will be full compensation for the harvest and transport of all materials,
excavation, installation and resetting of root wads (including footer logs and rocks), and
Biohabitats, Inc. Inspiring Ecological Stewardship 30
2/27/2002
Brown Branch Stream Restoration
Special Provision Specifications
resetting of root wads, and for all material, labor, equipment, tools, and incidentals necessary
to complete the work as specified in these Special Provisions and on the Contract
Documents. - END OF SECTION -
Biohabitats, Inc. Inspiring Ecological Stewardship 31
2/27/2002
Brown Branch Stream Restoration
Special Provision Specifications
SP-17 ROOT WAD/ LOG "J" VANE
DESCRIPTION
The Contractor shall furnish all labor, material and equipment required to install root wad/log
"J" vanes, as described in these Special Provisions and shown on the plans. This work shall
consist of harvesting, transporting, installing and maintaining root wad/log "J" vane
structures within the stream channel, as specified on the Contract Documents or as directed
by NCDENR.
Prior to the start of work on this item, the Contractor shall submit a proposed harvesting
schedule, including source of supply of logs, to NCDENR for review. No work shall be
performed until this schedule is approved by NCDENR.
MATERIALS
A. Root Wad
Root wads shall consist of the root fan and trunk of a hardwood tree with a trunk
diameter at breast height (DBH) of 18 to 24 inches. Root fans shall be oblong to
circular in shape and have a minimum spread of 3 feet as measured at its narrowest
axis and covering a minimum area of 9 square feet. The attached trunk shall be a
minimum of 10 feet in length.
B. Log
Logs shall consist of the trunk of a hardwood tree with a minimum DBH of 24
inches. The log shall have a length capable of extending 5 feet into the channel bed
past the thalweg and a minimum of 5 feet into the bank beyond bankfull at the
downstream end.
C. Anchor Rock
Anchor rocks shall meet the specifications for "Stone" contained in these Special
Provisions. Anchor rocks consist of rocks placed on top of the vane log on the
outside bank of the meander to keep vane log in place.
The dimensions of the rock shall be a minimum of 2 feet and maximum of 4 feet
along the long (a) axis, a minimum of 2 feet and maximum of 3 feet along the median
(b) axis, a minimum of 1 foot and a maximum of 2 feet along the short (c) axis.
Samples shall be submitted to Owner for approval.
B. Footer Rock
Biohabitats, Inc. Inspiring Ecological Stewardship 32
2/27/2002
Brown Branch Stream Restoration
Special Provision Specifications
Footer and grade control rocks shall meet the specifications for "Stone" contained in
these Special Provisions. Footer rocks consist of rocks placed below the invert of the
proposed channel to provide support for the vane rocks and prevent downstream
scour.
The dimensions of the rock will be a minimum of 2 feet and maximum of 4 feet
along the long (a) axis, a minimum of 2 feet and maximum of 3 feet along the median
(b) axis, a minimum of 1 foot and a maximum of 2 feet along the short (c) axis.
Samples shall be submitted to NCDENR for approval.
E. Vane Rock
Vane rock shall meet the specifications for "Stone" contained in these Special
Provisions. Vane rocks consist of rocks placed upon the footer rocks.
The dimensions of the rock will be a minimum of 1 %2 feet and maximum of 3 feet
along the long (a) axis, a minimum of 1 feet and maximum of 1 feet along the median
(b) axis, a minimum of 1 foot and a maximum of 2 feet along the short (c) axis.
Samples shall be submitted to NCDENR for approval.
F. Gravel tailings will meet the specification for gravel tailings.
G. Source of Materials
Logs and rock to be used for this construction can be salvaged from the project site
provided that they meet the above requirements, are within the limits of disturbance,
and are clearly flagged for clearing and grubbing. If sufficient material meeting the
above requirements is not available from the project site, the Contractor shall then
obtain off site material meeting specified requirements at no additional cost to
NCDENR.
H. Equipment
The use of a backhoe with a "live" hydraulic thumb opposing the bucket is
recommended for correct and efficient placement of all logs and boulders.
CONSTRUCTION
A. Installation
1. Root wad/log "J" vanes shall be installed according to the Sequence of
Construction, the Construction Drawings, NCDENR, and the following
specifications.
Biohabitats, Inc. Inspiring Ecological Stewardship 33
2/27/2002
Brown Branch Stream Restoration
Special Provision Specifications
2. In the event where installation of root wad/log "J" vanes may damage tree
roots, excavation shall be minimized. This may include reducing the length
of the vane or eliminating trenching for footer rocks and gravel tailings. This
decision shall be field determined and authorized by NCDENR.
3. The log must completely fill the space between the top of the vane and the
channel bottom. In the event that it does not fill in this area, two logs (one on
top the other) may be required. When two logs are required, the top log shall
fit tightly against the bottom log so that there are no voids between the two.
The top log shall be fastened to the bottom log by inserting # 4 reinforcing
bar through the top log and into the bottom log a minimum of 12". The top
of the reinforcing bar shall be flush with the top of the log. Reinforcing bar
shall be placed at the thalweg, bankfull elevation and every 4 feet between the
two ends. The log vane shall be placed so that the intersection of the log
and the channel thalweg match the station number on the profile. The log
vane shall be placed so that the upstream end of the log is completely buried
at the thalweg and extends a minimum of 5 feet under the stream bottom.
The downstream end of the log shall be completely buried at the bankfull
elevation and extend into the stream bank a minimum of 5 feet. The slope of
the log vane from the bankfull elevation to the thalweg shall be between 7
and 10 degrees. The angle of the log from the stream bank shall be between
15 and 30 degrees. One anchor rock shall be placed on upstream end of the
vane log and buried to meet final grade.
4. The root wad shall be placed so that the root fan is angled approximately 10
degrees up from level, and the center of the fan is set approximately one-third
the distance between the channel bottom and bankfull elevation. The trunk of
the root wad shall extend into the stream bank a minimum of 10 feet. One
anchor rock shall be placed on trunk of the root wad behind the fan, and
buried to meet final grade.
5. The footer rocks shall be installed by excavating a trench to accommodate
both the footer rocks and a 1 foot area upstream. Existing channel material
may preclude the need for trenching and backfilling. This decision shall be
field determined and authorized by NCDENR. Footer rocks shall be placed
at the bottom and downstream side of the trench for the rock "J" vane and
shall abut one another. The footer rocks shall extend under the log vane or
abutting the log vane to minimize voids between the two structures. Backfill
the footer rocks with gravel tailings, taking care to fill all voids between the
rocks and log vane.
6. Vane rocks shall be placed so that they lean on half of the top of the footer
Biohabitats, Inc. Inspiring Ecological Stewardship 34
2/27/2002
Brown Branch Stream Restoration
Special Provision Specifications
rocks. Care should be taken when placing vane rocks that the seams between
vane rocks do not line up with the seams between the footer rocks. One vane
rock shall be placed so that it leans on the top of the log vane on the channel
bank side of the log vane. The top elevation of the vane rock adjacent to the
vane log shall be equal to 20% of the distance between the channel thalweg
and the bankfull elevation. The adjacent vane rocks shall be set so that there
remains a gap of 0.5 to 1 foot between each rock. The vane rocks shall slope
7 to 10 degrees up toward the end the end of the vane. Backfill the vane
rooks gravel tailings, taking care to fill all voids between the footer rocks and
log vane.
B. Clean up
Upon completion of work, reshape slopes and channel bottom to specified
elevations as specified on the Construction Drawings and specifications. Remove
unsuitable and surplus excavated materials to an off-site location with an approved
Sediment and Erosion Control Plan.
MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT
Root wad/log "J" vanes shall be measured and paid for at the Contract unit price per root
wad/log "J" vane installed. Payment shall be full compensation for the harvest and transport
of all materials, excavation and installation and resetting of logs and stone, and for all
material, labor, equipment, tools, and incidentals necessary to complete the work as specified
in these special provisions and on the Contract Documents.
- END OF SECTION -
Biohabitats, Inc. Inspiring Ecological Stewardship 35
2/27/2002
Brown Branch Stream Restoration
Special Provision Specifications
SP-18 LUNKER STRUCTURE
DESCRIPTION
The Contractor shall furnish all labor, material and equipment required to install lunker
structures, as described in these Special Provisions and shown on the Construction Drawings.
This work shall consist of transporting, installing and maintaining lunker structures within
the stream channel, as specified on the Construction Drawings or as directed by NCDENR.
Prior to the start of work on this item, the Contractor shall submit a construction schedule,
including source of supply of logs and rocks, to NCDENR for review. No work shall be
performed until NCDENR approves this schedule.
MATERIALS
A. Footer Log - Footer logs shall consist of the trunk of a hardwood tree with a trunk
diameter at breast height (DBH) of 24 to 32 inches. The trunk (bole) of the footer log
shall be relatively straight and have a length equal to the length illustrated on the
Construction Drawings.
B. Support Log - Support logs shall consist of the trunk of a hardwood tree with a DBH
of 24 to 32 inches. The trunk (bole) of the footer log shall be relatively straight and
have a minimum length of 10 feet. The exposed end of the support log shall be
broken or snapped off and not saw cut.
C. Cover Log - Cover logs shall consist of the trunk of a hardwood tree with a DBH of
24 to 32 inches. The trunk (bole) of the footer log shall be relatively straight and
have a length equal to the footer log.
D. Footer, Anchor, and Spacer Rock
1. Footer, anchor, and spacer rocks shall meet the specifications for "Stone"
contained in these Special Provisions.
2. The dimensions of the rock shall be a minimum of 3 feet and maximum of 4
feet along the long (a) axis, a minimum of 2 feet and maximum of 3 feet
along the median (b) axis, a minimum of 1 foot and a maximum of 2 feet
along the short (c) axis. Samples shall be submitted to NCDENR for
approval.
E. Source of Materials
Logs and rock to be used for this construction can be salvaged from the project site
Biohabitats, Inc. Inspiring Ecological Stewardship 36
2/27/2002
Brown Branch Stream Restoration
Special Provision Specifications
provided that they meet the above requirements, are within the limits of disturbance,
and are clearly flagged for clearing and grubbing. If sufficient material meeting the
above requirements is not available from the project site, the Contractor shall then
obtain off site material meeting specified requirements at no additional cost to
NCDENR.
F. Equipment
The use of a backhoe with a "live" hydraulic thumb opposing the bucket is
recommended for correct and efficient placement of all logs and boulders.
CONSTRUCTION
A. Installation
1. Lunker structures shall be installed according to the Sequence of
Construction, the Construction Drawings, NCDENR, and the following
specifications.
2. The lunker structure shall be constructed so that flowing water can enter the
void created under the cover logs.
3. The footer log shall be firmly placed so that the top of the log is at the same
elevation of the channel thalweg. One footer rock shall be placed at each end
of the footer log. The top of the footer rocks shall be set flush with the top of
the footer log.
4. One support log shall be placed 6 inches from each end of the footer log. The
broken or snapped off end of the support log shall be exposed. Support logs
shall be placed a maximum of 4 feet apart. Support logs shall extend a
minimum 8 feet back from the footer log and extend a maximum of 2 feet in
front of the footer log. The support logs shall be set level or with the front
end slightly oriented upwards. A #4 reinforcing bar shall be inserted through
the support log into the footer log a minimum of 12 inches. The top of the
reinforcing bar shall set flush with the top of the support log.
5. Two cover logs shall be placed on top the support logs parallel with the
stream bank. The front cover log shall be placed 6 inches back from the end
of the support log. A #4 reinforcing bar shall be inserted through the cover
log into the support log a minimum of 12 inches. The top of the reinforcing
bar shall set flush with the top of the cover log.
Biohabitats, Inc. Inspiring Ecological Stewardship 37
2/27/2002
Brown Branch Stream Restoration
Special Provision Specifications
6. Spacer rocks shall be placed between each support log and behind the cover
log. Spacer rocks shall be placed so that they completely fill in all voids
between the support logs and that they extend from above the cover log to
below the elevation of the top of the footer log. One anchor rock shall be
placed on each support log behind the cover log, and on top of the cover logs
where the footer and cover logs intersect.
7. Backfill the lunker structure with soil and to final grades. Compact one foot
lifts of backfill by hand or machine, taking care to fill all voids between the
rock and logs. Care should be taken to ensure that the void under the cover
logs remains free of soil to allow stream flow to enter the area.
B. Clean up
Upon completion of work, reshape slopes and channel bottom to specified
elevations as specified on the Construction Drawings and specifications. Remove
unsuitable and surplus excavated materials to an off-site location with an approved
Sediment and Erosion Control Plan.
MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT
Lunker structures shall be measured and paid for at the Contract unit price per linear foot
of lunker structure installed. Payment shall be full compensation for the harvest and
transport of all materials, excavation, installation, and resetting of logs and rocks and for
all material, labor, equipment, tools, and incidentals necessary to complete the work as
specified in these special provisions and on the Contract Documents.
- END OF SECTION -
Biohabitats, Inc. Inspiring Ecological Stewardship 38
2/27/2002
Brown Branch Stream Restoration
Special Provision Specifications
SP-19 ROCK CROSS VANE
DESCRIPTION
This work shall consist of constructing rock cross vanes as specified in the Contract
Documents or as directed by NCDENR.
The Contractor shall furnish all labor, material and equipment required to install the rock
cross vanes, as described in these Special Provisions and shown on the Construction
Drawings. This work shall consist of harvesting, transporting, installing and maintaining log
vanes within the stream channel, as specified on the Contract Documents or as directed by
NCDENR.
Prior to the start of work on this item, the Contractor shall submit a construction schedule,
including source of supply of rocks, to NCDENR for review. No work shall be performed
until this schedule is approved by NCDENR.
MATERIALS
A. Footer Rocks
1. Footer and grade rocks shall meet the specifications for "Stone" contained in
these Special Provisions. Footer rocks consist of rocks placed below the
invert of the proposed channel to provide support for the vane rocks and
prevent downstream scour.
2. The dimensions of the rock will be a minimum of 2 feet and maximum of 4
feet along the long (a) axis, a minimum of 2 feet and maximum of 3 feet
along the median (b) axis, a minimum of 1 foot and a maximum of 2 feet
along the short (c) axis. Samples shall be submitted to NCDENR for
approval.
B. Vane Rocks
1. Vane rocks shall meet the specifications for "Stone" contained in these
Special Provisions. Vane rocks consist of rocks placed upon the footer rocks.
2. The dimensions of the rock will be a minimum of 1 %Z feet and maximum of 3
feet along the long (a) axis, a minimum of 1 feet and maximum of 2 feet
along the median (b) axis, a minimum of 1 foot and a maximum of 2 feet
Biohabitats, Inc. Inspiring Ecological Stewardship 39
2/27/2002
Brown Branch Stream Restoration
Special Provision Specifications
along the short (c) axis. Samples shall be submitted to NCDENR for
approval.
C. Gravel tailings will meet the Special Provision for Gravel Tailings.
D. Source of Materials
Logs and rock to be used for this construction can be salvaged from the project site
provided that they meet the above requirements, are within the limits of disturbance,
and are clearly flagged for clearing and grubbing. If sufficient material meeting the
above requirements is not available from the project site, the Contractor shall then
obtain off site material meeting specified requirements at no additional cost to
NCDENR.
E. Equipment
The use of a backhoe with a "live" hydraulic thumb opposing the bucket is
recommended for correct and efficient placement of all logs and boulders.
CONSTRUCTION
A. Installation
1. Rock cross vanes shall be installed according to the Sequence of Construction,
Construction Drawings, NCDENR and the following specifications.
2. The cross vane shall be constructed in a "U" formation so that adjoining rocks
taper up in elevation towards the stream bank in a downstream direction. Each
side of the vane is to be angled 15 to 30 degrees from the stream bank towards
mid-channel and the center portion of the vane is to be one-third of the bankfull
channel width.
3. The footer rocks shall be installed by excavating a trench to accommodate both
the footer rocks and a 1 foot area upstream. Existing channel material may
preclude the need for trenching and backfilling. This decision shall be field
determined and authorized by NCDENR. Footer rocks shall be placed at the
bottom and downstream side of the trench and shall abut one another. The footer
rocks shall extend under the log vane or abutting the log vane to minimize voids
between the two structures. Backfill the footer rocks and trench with gravel
Biohabitats, Inc. Inspiring Ecological Stewardship 40
2/27/2002
Brown Branch Stream Restoration
Special Provision Specifications
tailings, taking care to fill all voids between the rocks.
4. Vane rocks shall be placed so that they lean on the footer rocks and fit snugly
against each other. Care should be taken when placing vane rocks that the seams
between vane rocks do not line up with the seams between the footer rocks. The
top elevation of the vane rocks placed at the thalweg (deepest portion of the
stream) shall be equal to the elevation of the thalweg, as specified on the details.
Starting at the thalweg, adjacent rocks shall taper up approximately 7-10 percent
to the end vane rocks, which shall be placed Moot above top of bank elevation.
The outermost vane rocks on each end of the cross vane shall be installed with
one-half the diameter of the end vane rock buried into the stream bank. Backfill
the vane rooks gravel tailings, taking care to fill all voids between the footer
rocks and vane rocks.
B. Clean-up
Upon completion of work, reshape slopes and channel bottom to specified
elevations as specified on the Construction Drawings and specifications. Remove
unsuitable and surplus excavated materials to an off-site location with an approved
Sediment and Erosion Control Plan.
MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT
Rock Cross Vanes will be measured and paid for at the Contract unit price per each rock
cross vane installed. Payment will be full compensation for the installation of all rocks, and
gravel mix, excavation, and for all material, labor, equipment, tools, and incidentals
necessary to complete the work as specified in these special provisions and on the
Construction Drawings.
- END OF SECTION -
Biohabitats, Inc. Inspiring Ecological Stewardship 41
2/27/2002
Brown Branch Stream Restoration
Special Provision Specifications
SP-20 ROCK "J" VANE
DESCRIPTION
This work shall consist of constructing rock "J" vanes as specified in the Contract
Documents or as directed by NCDENR.
The Contractor shall furnish all labor, material and equipment required to install grade
control structures, as described in these Special Provisions and shown on the Construction
Drawings. This work shall consist of harvesting, transporting, installing and maintaining log
vanes within the stream channel, as specified on the Contract Documents or as directed by
NCDENR.
Prior to the start of work on this item, the Contractor shall submit a construction schedule,
including source of supply of rocks, to NCDENR for review. No work shall be performed
until this schedule is approved by NCDENR.
MATERIALS
A. Footer Rocks
1. Footer rocks shall meet the specifications for "Stone" contained in these Special
Provisions. Footer rocks consist of rocks placed below the invert of the proposed
channel to provide support for the vane rocks and prevent downstream scour.
2. The dimensions of the rock will be a minimum of 2 feet and maximum of 4 feet
along the long (a) axis, a minimum of 2 feet and maximum of 3 feet along the
median (b) axis, a minimum of 1 foot and a maximum of 2 feet along the short
(c) axis. Samples shall be submitted to NCDENR for approval.
B. Vane Rocks
1. Vane rocks shall meet the specifications for "Stone" contained in these Special
Provisions. Vane rocks consist of rocks placed upon the footer rocks.
2. The dimensions of the rock will be a minimum of 1 Meet and maximum of 3 feet
along the long (a) axis, a minimum of 1 feet and maximum of 2 feet along the
median (b) axis, a minimum of 1 foot and a maximum of 2 feet along the short
(c) axis. Samples shall be submitted to NCDENR for approval.
Biohabitats, Inc. Inspiring Ecological Stewardship 42
2/27/2002
Brown Branch Stream Restoration
Special Provision Specifications
C. Gravel Tailings: Will meet the specifications for Gravel Tailings.
D. Source of Materials
Logs and rock to be used for this construction can be salvaged from the project site
provided that they meet the above requirements, are within the limits of disturbance,
and are clearly flagged for clearing and grubbing. If sufficient material meeting the
above requirements is not available from the project site, the Contractor shall then
obtain off site material meeting specified requirements at no additional cost to
NCDENR.
E. Equipment
The use of a backhoe with a "live" hydraulic thumb opposing the bucket is
recommended for correct and efficient placement of all logs and boulders.
CONSTRUCTION
A. Installation
1. Rock "J" vanes shall be installed according to the Sequence of Construction, the
Construction Drawings and details, NCDENR and the following specifications.
2. The "J" vane shall be constructed in a "J" formation so that adjoining rocks taper
up in elevation towards the stream bank in a downstream direction. Each side of
the vane is to be angled 15 to 30 degrees from the stream bank towards mid-
channel.
3. The footer rocks shall be installed by excavating a trench to accommodate both
the footer rocks and a 1 foot area upstream. Existing channel material may
preclude the need for trenching and backfilling. This decision shall be field
determined and authorized by NCDENR. Footer rocks shall be placed at the
bottom and downstream side of the trench and shall abut one another. The footer
rocks shall extend under the log vane or abutting the log vane to minimize voids
between the two structures. Backfill the footer rocks and trench with gravel
tailings, taking care to fill all voids between the rocks.
4. The vane rocks that extend up the stream bank shall be placed so that they lean
on half of the top of the footer rocks. Care should be taken when placing vane
Biohabitats, Inc. Inspiring Ecological Stewardship 43
2/27/2002
Brown Branch Stream Restoration
Special Provision Specifications
rocks that the seams between vane rocks do not line up with the seams between
the footer rocks. The top elevation of the rocks placed at the thalweg shall be
equal to the elevation of the thalweg, as specified on the Construction Drawings.
Starting at the thalweg, adjacent rocks shall taper 7 to 10 percent up to the end
vane rock, which shall be placed %2 foot above the top of bank elevation. Backfill
the vane rooks gravel tailings, taking care to fill all voids between the footer
rocks and log vane.
5. The outermost vane rock of the rock "J" vane shall be installed and buried into
the stream bank.
6. The vane rocks that form the hook shall be placed so that they lean on the footer
rocks and fit tightly against one another. Care should be taken when placing
hook rocks that the seams between rocks do not line up with seams between the
footer rocks. The top elevation of the rocks placed at the thalweg shall be equal
to the elevation of the thalweg, as specified on the details. Starting at the
thalweg, adjacent hook rocks shall taper 7 to 10 percent up to the end rock in the
hook, which shall be placed so the top of the end rock is 50% of the bankfull
depth from the thalweg elevation. Backfill the vane rooks gravel tailings, taking
care to fill all voids between the footer rocks and vane rocks.
B. Clean-up
Upon completion of work, reshape slopes and channel bottom to specified
elevations as specified on the Construction Drawings and specifications. Remove
unsuitable and surplus excavated materials to an off-site location with an approved
Sediment and Erosion Control Plan.
MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT
Rock "J" vanes will be measured and paid for at the Contract unit price per each rock " J"
vane installed. Payment will be full compensation for installing rock and gravel tailings,
excavation, and for all material, labor, equipment, tools, and incidentals necessary to
complete the work as specified in these special provisions and on the Construction
Drawings.
- END OF SECTION -
Biohabitats, Inc. Inspiring Ecological Stewardship 44
2/27/2002
Brown Branch Stream Restoration
Special Provision Specifications
SP-21 ROCK TOE PROTECTION
DESCRIPTION
The contractor shall furnish all labor, material and equipment required to install rock toe
protection as described in these Special Provisions and shown on the Construction Drawings.
This work shall consist of transporting, installing and maintaining rock toe protection within
the stream channel, as specified on the Construction Drawings or as directed by NCDENR.
Prior to the start of work on this item, the Contractor shall submit a construction schedule,
including source of supply of rocks, to NCDENR for review. No work shall be performed
until this schedule is approved by NCDENR.
MATERIALS
A. Footer and Bank Rocks
1. Footer and bank rocks shall meet the specifications for "Stone" contained in these
Special Provisions. Footer rocks consist of rocks placed below the channel
thalweg of the proposed channel to provide support for the bank rocks and
prevent scour at the toe of the bank.
2. The dimensions of the rock will be a minimum of 2 feet and maximum of 4 feet
along the long (a) axis, a minimum of 2 feet and maximum of 3 feet along the
median (b) axis, a minimum of I foot and a maximum of 2 feet along the short
(c) axis. Samples shall be submitted to NCDENR for approval.
B. Source of Materials
Logs and rock to be used for this construction can be salvaged from the project site
provided that they meet the above requirements, are within the limits of disturbance,
and are clearly flagged for clearing and grubbing. If sufficient material meeting the
above requirements is not available from the project site, the Contractor shall then
obtain off site material meeting specified requirements at no additional cost to
NCDENR.
Biohabitats, Inc. Inspiring Ecological Stewardship 45
2/27/2002
Brown Branch Stream Restoration
Special Provision Specifications
CONSTRUCTION
A. Installation
1. Rock toe protection shall be installed according to the Sequence of Construction,
the Construction Drawings, and the following specifications.
2. Rock toe protection shall be constructed so that the exposed face of the rocks is
flush with the proposed grade.
3. The footer rock shall be placed so that the top of the bottom rock is flush with the
channel thalweg.
4. Each bank rock shall be placed adjacent and tight against one another. All voids
shall be plugged with smaller rock. The fill material behind the rock toe
stabilization shall be placed and tamped by hand or machine after each layer of
rock is installed.
5. On completion of rock installation, reshape slopes and channel bottom to
specified elevations.
B. Clean-up
Upon completion of work, reshape slopes and channel bottom to specified
elevations as specified on the Construction Drawings and specifications. Remove
unsuitable and surplus excavated materials to an off-site location with an approved
Sediment and Erosion Control Plan.
MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT
Rock toe protection will be measured and paid for at the Contract unit price per ton of rock
toe protection installed. Payment will be full compensation for all materials, excavation,
installation and resetting of rocks, and for all material, labor, equipment, tools, and
incidentals necessary to complete the work as specified in these special provisions and on the
Construction Drawings.
- END OF SECTION -
Biohabitats, Inc. Inspiring Ecological Stewardship 46
2/27/2002
Brown Branch Stream Restoration
Special Provision Specifications
SP-22 PLANTING TREES AND SHRUBS
This work shall consist of furnishing and planting trees as specified in the Contract
Documents or as directed by NCDENR. These specifications shall supplement the NCDENR
Standard Specifications.
Prior to the start of work on this item, the Contractor shall submit a proposed planting and
seeding schedule, including source of plant material and seed supply, to NCDENR for
review. No work shall be performed until this schedule is approved by NCDENR.
MATERIALS
A. Plant Material
1. All plant material shall conform to the current issue of the American Standard for
Nursery Stock published by the American Association of Nurserymen.
2. Plant materials must be selected from certified nurseries that have been inspected
by state and/or federal agencies. Nursery inspection certificates shall be
furnished to NCDENR upon request.
3. The nursery supply source shall certify that the origin of the seeds from which the
trees and shrubs were produced is from Hardiness Zone 6 or 7, east of the
Mississippi River.
4. Plant material collected from the "wild" is prohibited.
5. Container grown stock shall have been grown in a container long enough for the
root systems to have developed sufficiently to hold its soil. Roots shall visibly
extend to the inside face of the growing container. All container grown plants
shall be grouped and watered daily until they are planted.
6. Plants damaged in handling or transportation maybe rejected by NCDENR.
B. Substitute Plant Material
1. All plant substitutions must be approved by NCDENR prior to NOTICE-TO-
PROCEED.
Biohabitats, Inc. Inspiring Ecological Stewardship 47
2/27/2002
Brown Branch Stream Restoration
Special Provision Specifications
2. If a substitute is selected, it must be native to the physiographic province in
which the project site is located and of the same size, value, and quality as the
original plant.
C. Water: Water used in the establishment or caring of plants and seed shall be free
from any substance that is injurious to plant life.
D. Mulch: Mulch shall consist of aged shredded hardwood bark.
E. Fertilizer: Fertilizer shall consist of a granular slow release (3 - 4 month) 19-6-12
analysis or approved equal by NCDENR.
F. Mycorrhizal Fungi: Mycorrhizal fungi applied to the plant material shall consist of
both endo- and ectomycorrhizal fungi spores.
CONSTRUCTION
A. Immediately after site preparation and approval, trees shall be planted. Planting
shall be conducted between March 15 to June 1 st or September 15 to October 30, or
as directed by NCDENR.
B. Root stock of the plant material shall be kept moist during transport from the
source to the job site and until planted.
C. All planting pits shall be dug by hand. Walls of planting pits shall be dug so that they
are vertical, or sloping outward in heavy soils. Scarify the walls of the pit after
digging.
D. For container grown plant material, excavate the pit to 1 % times the width of the root
mass.
E. The planting pit shall be deep enough to allow the first lateral root of the root mass to
be flush with the existing grade.
F. Remove all non-organic material from the pit and tamp loose soil in the bottom of the
pit by hand.
G. Remove the plant either by cutting or inverting the container. DO NOT HANDLE
THE PLANT BY THE BRANCHES.
Biohabitats, Inc. Inspiring Ecological Stewardship 48
2/27/2002
Brown Branch Stream Restoration
Special Provision Specifications
H. Place the plant straight in the center of the planting pit, carrying the plant by the root
mass. Never lift or carry a plant by the trunk or branches.
Place 1 to 3 ounces of fertilizer in the planting pit completely surrounding the plant
ball prior to backfilling.
Mix a minimum of 500 spores of endomycorrhizal fungi and 30 million spores of
ectomycorrhizal fungi to each cubic foot of backfill.
K. Backfill planting pit halfway with existing soil and tamp as pit is being filled. Do not
over compact the top two-thirds of soil.
L. Finish backfilling the planting pit and tamp firmly to completely fill all voids and air
pockets.
M. Do not cover the top of the root mass with soil.
N. An 18-inch diameter area of mulch shall be placed around each plant. Mulch shall
be 3 inches to 4 inches thick. Mulch shall NOT be placed directly against the stem of
the plant.
0. Water plant thoroughly immediately after planting, unless otherwise directed by
NCDENR.
P. The Contractor shall leave no open planting pits at the close of each day.
MAINTENANCE
A. During planting, all areas shall be kept neat, clean and free of all trash and debris, and
all reasonable precautions shall be taken to avoid damage to existing plants, turf,
structures, and private property.
B. Remove all tags, labels, strings and wire from the plant materials, unless otherwise
directed by NCDENR.
C. Final cleanup shall be the responsibility of the Contractor and consist of removing all
trash and materials incidental to the project and disposing of them off-site.
D. The plant material shall be maintained and monitored for 1 year after completion,
final inspection and approval of the planting.
Biohabitats, Inc. Inspiring Ecological Stewardship 49
2/27/2002
Brown Branch Stream Restoration
Special Provision Specifications
E. It will be the Contractor's responsibility to supply water if there is none available on
the site. Any costs associated with supplying water shall be the responsibility of the
Contractor.
WARRANTY
A. The Contractor shall maintain a 1-year, 75% care and replacement warranty on all
plants.
B. The period of care and replacement shall begin after final inspection and approval of
the initial installation of all plants and continue for 1 year, with 1 potential plant
replacement period.
MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT
Planting trees and shrubs shall be measured and paid for at the Contract unit price per plant
installed. Payment for planting trees and shrubs will be full compensation for furnishing,
installing, maintenance and warranty, including all materials, labor, equipment, tools, and
incidentals necessary to complete the work as specified in these special provisions and on the
Construction Drawings.
- END OF SECTION -
Biohabitats, Inc. Inspiring Ecological Stewardship 50
2/27/2002
Brown Branch Stream Restoration
Special Provision Specifications
SP-23 PERMANENT SEEDING & MULCHING W/ NATIVE SEED MIX
DESCRIPTION
This work shall consist of furnishing and incorporating all herbaceous seed for Planting
Zones 1 and 6 as specified in the Contract Documents or as directed by NCDENR.
Prior to the start of work on this item, the Contractor shall submit a proposed seeding
schedule, including source of seed, to NCDENR for review. No work shall be performed
until this schedule is approved by NCDENR.
MATERIALS
A. Herbaceous Seed:
1. Herbaceous Seed shall consist of seed varieties specified in the composition and
planting schedules for Zones 1 and 6.
2. Seed shall be certified that the Pure Live Seed (PLS) percentage is equal to or
greater than that which is specified on the Plant Schedules. If the PLS is less than
specified, the Contractor shall increase the seeding rate to compensate for the
PLS difference at his/her own expense.
3. All seed and seed varieties shall be free from North Carolina prohibited noxious
weed seeds.
B. Mulch: Seed mulch shall consist of straw or wood cellulose fiber.
C. Water: Water used in the establishment or caring of plants and seed shall be free
from any substance that is injurious to plant life.
D. Fertilizer: Herbaceous seeding areas shall not be fertilized.
E. Limestone: Limestone shall not be applied to any areas receiving herbaceous
seeding.
CONSTRUCTION
Biohabitats, Inc. Inspiring Ecological Stewardship 51
2/27/2002
Brown Branch Stream Restoration
Special Provision Specifications
A. All areas disturbed by construction shall be seeded in accordance with the planting
plans and schedules. The herbaceous plant seed mix is specified on the composition
and planting schedules. Areas not disturbed shall NOT be seeded.
B. All areas to be seeded shall conform to the finished grades as specified on the
Construction Drawings and be free of all weeds, trash, debris, brush, clods, loose
stones and other foreign materials larger than 3 inches in diameter or length that
would interfere with seeding. All gullies, washes or disturbed areas that develop
subsequent to final dressing shall be repaired prior to seeding.
C. Seeding shall be performed from March 1 through November 30 or as directed by the
Engineer. No seeding shall be performed on frozen ground or when the temperature
is 32°F/0°C or lower.
D. Seeding shall be accomplished by using a broadcast spreader. Any alternative
seeding methods must be approved by the Engineer prior to Bid Submittal. All
seeding equipment shall be calibrated before application to the satisfaction of the
Engineer so that the materials are applied accurately and evenly to avoid misses and
overlaps. Seed installed by a broadcast spreader shall be capable of placing seed at
the specified rate.
E. Seed shall be applied within the top '/a-inch of the soil in two different directions.
The Contractor shall maximize the seed/soil contact by firming soil around the seed
with a cultipacker, other similar equipment, or by dragging the surface with chain
link fence.
F. Immediately after seeding, the site shall be watered lightly but thoroughly so that the
top 4 inches of soil is saturated.
G. The Contractor shall mulch and tack all seeded areas within 24 hours after seeding.
H. Final cleanup shall be the responsibility of the Contractor and consist of removing all
trash and materials incidental to the project and disposing of them off-site.
WARRANTY
A. The Contractor shall maintain a 1-year, eighty-five percent (85 %) per 1000 square
foot area, care and replacement warranty on all native seeding.
Biohabitats, Inc. Inspiring Ecological Stewardship 52
2/27/2002
Brown Branch Stream Restoration
Special Provision Specifications
B. The period of care and replacement shall begin after final inspection and approval
of the initial installation of seed.
C. The Contractor will not be responsible for seeded areas that have been damaged by
vandalism, fire, flooding, animal predation, or other activities beyond the
Contractor's control.
D. The Contractor shall be responsible for reseeding all areas experiencing less than
an eighty-five percent (85 %) survival rate, prior to May 30 of the year following
completion of seeding.
MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT
Permanent seeding and mulching shall be measured and paid for at the contract unit price per
square yard of area seeded and mulched. Payment will be full compensation for furnishing
and incorporating all seed including all maintenance and warranty, materials, labor,
equipment, tools, and incidentals necessary to complete the work as specified in these
Special Provisions and on the Construction Drawings.
- END OF SECTION -
Biohabitats, Inc. Inspiring Ecological Stewardship 53
2/27/2002
Brown Branch Stream Restoration
Special Provision Specifications
SP-24 SALVAGING, STOCKPILING AND PLACING BRUSH PILES
DESCRIPTION
This work shall consist of salvaging and stockpiling brush piles obtained from woody
material salvaged from the project site during the clearing and grubbing operation. Brush
piles shall consist of harvested woody material stacked in a pile to provide wildlife cover and
habitat.
MATERIALS
A. Brush Piles
Brush Piles shall consist of an assortment of woody debris between '/4 inch to 6
inches in diameter and 4 to 12 feet in length. Woody debris may be multi-branched
and still have leaves attached. Invasive species are not acceptable.
B. Source of Material
Logs and rock to be used for this construction can be salvaged from the project site
provided that they meet the above requirements, are within the limits of disturbance,
and are clearly flagged for clearing and grubbing. If sufficient material meeting the
above requirements is not available from the project site, the Contractor shall then
obtain off site material meeting specified requirements at no additional cost to
NCDENR.
CONSTRUCTION
A. Installation
Brush piles shall be placed in accordance with the plans after completion of grading and
topsoil placement. Brush piles shall be placed in an irregular pattern and roughly take on the
dimensions of 4 to 8 feet in width and 8 to 12 feet in length. The brush piles shall consist of
woody debris so that the middle of the pile is approximately 2 to 3 feet in height tapering
down to 6 inches to 1 foot on the edges. Soil shall be mounded over brush pile edges.
B. Clean Up
On completion of work, restore grades to specified elevations. Remove unsuitable
and surplus excavated materials to an off-site location with an approved Sediment
and Erosion Control Plan.
Biohabitats, Inc. Inspiring Ecological Stewardship 54
2/27/2002
Brown Branch Stream Restoration
Special Provision Specifications
MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT
Brush piles shall be measured and paid for each brush pile installed. Payment shall be full
compensation for the harvest and transport of all materials, excavation, installation, and for
all material, labor, equipment, tools, and incidentals necessary to complete the work as
specified in these special provisions and on the Contract Documents.
- END OF SECTION -
Biohabitats, Inc. Inspiring Ecological Stewardship 55
2/27/2002
Brown Branch Stream Restoration
Special Provision Specifications
SP-25 SALVAGING, STOCKPILING AND PLACING WOOD SNAGS
DESCRIPTION
Wood snags shall consist of dead standing trees. Dead snags shall consist of dead standing
trees placed upright in the ground. Hinged snags shall consist of trees that are expected to
die due to excavation or filling around their base. Hinged snags are partially broken off and
left in place. All snags are to provide habitat diversity for avian and terrestrial wildlife.
MATERIALS
A. Standing Snags
Dead standing snags shall consist of salvaged hardwood trees from within the limits of
disturbance of the project site. Standing snags shall be trees not marked to be saved or
protected. Standing snags shall be a minimum of 14-inch DBH and 16 feet to 24 feet in
length. The root ball shall be removed from the tree and all branches shall be cut back to
within 24 inches of the trunk. The growing end of the dead tree shall be "broken" or
"snapped" off and not clean cut. Invasive species are not acceptable.
B. Hinged Snags.
Hinged snags shall consist of trees identified and marked in the field by NCDENR that are
expected to die. Hinged snags may,vary in size from 12- to 36-inch DBH. Invasive species
are not acceptable.
C. Source of Materials
Logs and rock to be used for this construction can be salvaged from the project site provided
that they meet the above requirements, are within the limits of disturbance, and are clearly
flagged for clearing and grubbing. If sufficient material meeting the above requirements is
not available from the project site, the Contractor shall then obtain off site material meeting
specified requirements at no additional cost to NCDENR.
CONSTRUCTION
A. Installation
1. Standing Snags
Biohabitats, Inc. Inspiring Ecological Stewardship 56
2/27/2002
Brown Branch Stream Restoration
Special Provision Specifications
Standing snags shall be "planted" in the ground upon completion of final grading and
topsoil placement. A hole shall be excavated or drilled at the same diameter as the tree.
The standing snag shall be inserted into the hole so one-quarter of its length is buried.
Standing snags shall be placed so that they are oriented with the growing end up and
standing plum. Soil shall be packed firmly around the dead tree so the standing snag is
firmly in place.
2. Hinged Snags
Trees marked as hinged snags shall be identified and marked in the field by NCDENR.
They will be partially cut, approximately three-fourths of the diameter of the tree, at a
height varying from 8 to 16 feet. The Contractor shall take care to fell the top portion of
the tree away from trees to be saved, existing utility lines, and paths. The Contractor may
either leave the entire felled portion of the tree as is, or trim the felled portion to no more
than one-half of its mass, to create material for brush piles, snags, and downed logs. Soil
shall be compacted around the buried portion of the de-limbed tree trunk to ensure that
the de-limbed tree trunk cannot be pulled over.
C. Clean Up
On completion of work, restore grades to specified elevations. Remove unsuitable
and surplus excavated materials to an off-site location with an approved Sediment
and Erosion Control Plan.
MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT
Wood Snags shall be measured and paid for each standing snag and hinged snag installed.
Payment shall be full compensation for the harvest and transport of all materials, excavation,
installation, and for all material, labor, equipment, tools, and incidentals necessary to
complete the work as specified in these special provisions and on the Contract Documents.
- END OF SECTION -
Biohabitats, Inc. Inspiring Ecological Stewardship 57
2/27/2002
Brown Branch Stream Restoration
Special Provision Specifications
SP-26 SALVAGING, STOCKPILING AND PLACING DOWNED LOGS
DESCRIPTION
Downed logs shall consist of hardwood logs partially buried on site to provide large woody
debris habitat for wildlife.
MATERIALS
A. Downed Logs
Downed logs shall consist of hardwood logs salvaged from within the limits of disturbance of the
project site not marked to be saved or protected. Downed logs shall be a minimum of 15 inches
in diameter and ranging in length between 12 and 24 feet. Both ends of the downed log shall be
"broken" or "snapped" off and not clean cut. No invasive species are acceptable.
B. Source of Materials
Logs and rock to be used for this construction can be salvaged from the project site provided that
they meet the above requirements, are within the limits of disturbance, and are clearly flagged for
clearing and grubbing. If sufficient material meeting the above requirements is not available from
the project site, the Contractor shall then obtain off site material meeting specified requirements
at no additional cost to NCDENR.
CONSTRUCTION
A. Installation
Downed logs shall be placed in accordance with the plans after the completion of grading and
topsoil placement. Downed logs shall be buried in the ground in one of two ways:
6. The downed log shall be placed parallel to the ground and evenly buried along its
entire length up to one-half of its diameter.
7. One end of the downed log shall be buried in it entirety and tapered so that at the
midway point the downed log is entirely out of the ground, with the remainder of
the downed log resting on the ground completely exposed. Soil shall be packed
firmly around the buried portion of the downed log so the log remains firmly in
place.
Biohabitats, Inc. Inspiring Ecological Stewardship 58
2/27/2002
Brown Branch Stream Restoration
Special Provision Specifications
B. Clean Up
On completion of work, restore grades to specified elevations. Remove unsuitable
and surplus excavated materials to an off-site location with an approved Sediment
and Erosion Control Plan.
MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT
Downed logs shall be measured and paid for each downed log installed. Payment shall be
full compensation for the harvest and transport of all materials, excavation, installation, and
for all material, labor, equipment, tools, and incidentals necessary to complete the work as
specified in these special provisions and on the Contract Documents.
- END OF SECTION -
Biohabitats, Inc. Inspiring Ecological Stewardship 59
2/27/2002
Brown Branch Stream Restoration
Special Provision Specifications
SP-27 GUARANTEE
The Contractor shall guarantee all of the work included in this Contract for a
period of one (1) year after the date of completion and acceptance of the facilities by
NCDENR as follows:
A. Against all faulty or imperfect materials, and against all imperfect, careless,
unskilled workmanship on the part of the Contractor, his sub-contractors, or
component manufacturers.
B. The entire facilities and each and every part thereof shall operate with normal care
and attention in a satisfactory and efficient manner, and in accordance with the
requirements of the Specifications.
C. The Contractor agrees to replace, with proper workmanship and materials, and to
re-execute, correct, or repair, without cost to NCDENR, work which may be
found to be improper or imperfect or which does not operate in a satisfactory
manner or fails to perform as specified.
- END OF SECTION -
Biohabitats, Inc. Inspiring Ecological Stewardship 60
2/27/2002
1
N.C. Wetlands Restoration Program
NCDENR '6WQ-

02?25I
brown branck
?inal 5tream Restoration Keport
February 2002
0
;? Biohabitats
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................1
2.0 PROJECT LOCATION ....................................................................................... 2
3.0 PROBLEM STATEMENT .................................................................................. 4
4.0 GOALS AND OBJECTIVES ............................................................................... 6
5.0 WATERSHED CONDITIONS ............................................................................ 8
5.1 TOPOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE ................................................................................ 8
5.2 BEDROCK GEOLOGY ............................................................................................ 8
5.3 SOILS ................................................................................................................... 9
5.4 LAND USE .......................................................................................................... 10
6.0 EXISTING CHANNEL CONDITIONS ........................................................... 14
6.1 STREAM GEOMORPHOLOGY ............................................................................... 14
6.2 EXISTING HYDROLOGICAL FEATURES ................................................................ 14
6.3 EXISTING PLANT COMMUNITIES ........................................................................ 15
6.3.1 Overview ....................................................................................................... 15
6.3.2 Characterization of Forest Area ................................................................... 15
6. 3.3 Characterization of Floodplain Area ............................................................ 16
7.0 STREAM REFERENCE REACH SITES ........................................................ 17
7.1 REFERENCE REACH IDENTIFICATION ................................................................. 17
7.2 REFERENCE STREAM VEGETATIVE COMMUNITY ............................................... 18
8.0 STREAM RESTORATION PLAN ................................................................... 20
8.1 GENERAL APPROACH ......................................................................................... 20
8.2 STREAM GEOMORPHOLOGY ............................................................................... 21
8.3 DESIGN BANKFULL DISCHARGE ......................................................................... 21
8.4 CHANNEL CROSS-SECTIONAL DIMENSION ......................................................... 22
8.4.1 Riffle Bankfull Width ..................................................................................... 22

'
8.4.2 Riffle Cross Section Dimensions ................................................................... 23
8.4.3 Meander Cross Section Dimensions ............................................................. 24 '
8.5 PLANFORM DESIGN ............................................................................................ 24
8.5.1 Meander Wavelength .................................................................................... 24 '
8.5.2 Radius of Curvature ...................................................................................... 25
8.5.3 Meander Belt Width ...................................................................................... 25 '
8.6 LONGITUDINAL PROFILE .................................................................................... 26
8.7 FLOODPLAIN MORPHOLOGY .............................................................................. 28 '
8.8 SEDIMENT TRANSPORT: BACKGROUND AND CALCULATIONS ............................ 28
8.9 PROPOSED PLANT COMMUNITIES ....................................................................... 32 '
8.10 IN-STREAM DESIGN ELEMENTS .......................................................................... 34
8.10.1 Structural Elements ................................................................................... 34 '
8.10.2 Soil Bioengineering Elements ................................................................... 36
8.11 FLOODPLAIN DESIGN ELEMENTS ........................................................................ 37 '
8.11.1 Wildlife Habitat Structures ....................................................................... 37
8.11.2 Wood Snags and Downed Logs ................................................................ 37 '
8.11.3 Brush Piles ................................................................................................ 39
9.0 SEDIMENT AND EROSION CONTROL PLAN ........................................... 40 '
9.1 PUMP AROUND ................................................................................................... 40 '
9.2 SLOPE STABILIZATION ........................................................................................ 40
9.3 PROTECTION OF EXTANT VEGETATION ADJACENT TO WORK AREA .................. 40
'
9.4 STABILIZED CONSTRUCTION ENTRANCE ............................................................ 40
10.0 STREAM MONITORING PLAN ..................................................................... 42 '
10.1 NOTE WATERSHED CONDITIONS ........................................................................ 44
10.2 GEOMORPHIC MAP ............................................................................................. 44
10.3 CHANNEL CROSS SECTIONS ............................................................................... 44
10.4 LONGITUDINAL PROFILE .................................................................................... 45
10.5 PHOTOGRAPHIC DOCUMENTATION .................................................................... 45
10.6 INSPECTION OF STRUCTURE INTEGRITY ............................................................ 45
10.7 BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS .................................................................................. 46

1
10.8 SOIL BIOENGINEERING AND RIPARIAN HABITAT ................................................ 46
10.9 SCOUR CHAINS AND BANK PINS ......................................................................... 47
10.10 CONTINGENCY PLAN .......................................................................................... 47
11.0 REFERENCES ....................................................................................................50

LIST OF TABLES I
Table 5.1 Observations from Historical Aerial Photographs ............................... 12 '
Table 7.1 Identified Reference Reaches ........................................................ 19
Table 8.1 Predicted and Calculated Bankfull and 2-Year Discharge Values ............. 22 '
Table 8.2 Comparison of Calculated Bankfull Widths ............................................... 23
Table 8.3 Comparison of Meander Wavelength Ratios and Values ....................... 25 '
Table 8.4 Comparison of Radii of Curvature Ratios and Values ........................... 26
Table 8.5 Brown Branch Existing and Proposed Channel Morphology versus ,
Reference Reach Data ............................................................... 27
Table 8.6 Dimensionless Critical Shear Stress (i*,; ) Measured in Natural '
Pool-Riffle Channels ................................................................. 31
Table 8.7 Results of Sediment Transport Calculations ..................................... 31 '
Table 8.8 Plant Communities along Forested Floodplain ................................... 33
Table 8.9 Plant Communities Proposed along Vernal Pool Wetlands .................... 33 '
Table 10.1 Proposed Monitoring Schedule ..................................................... 48
Table 10.2 Stream Restoration Contingency Plan ............................................. 49 '
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1 Site Vicinity Map ......................................................................3 '
Figure 5.1 Study Reach Location and Soil Types in the Brown Branch Watershed..... 11

APPENDICES
Appendix A. Existing Versus Proposed Channel Alignment, with Proposed Structures '
and Planting Plan
t
d P
bbl
C
d L
l C
i
i
E
i
i
Ch
S
,
oun
umpe
e
e
anne
ross
ect
on an
ve
x
st
ng
Appendix B. Representat
Appendix C. Existing Vegetation
i
ons
Appendix D. Typical Proposed Cross Sect
Appendix E. Existing and Proposed Profile along Proposed Alignment

?1

7

Brown Branch
Final Stream Restoration Report
1.0 INTRODUCTION
In 2000 the North Carolina Department of Natural Resources (NCDENR) selected Brown
Branch in the rural, Piedmont area of North Carolina as the setting for a demonstration stream
restoration project. The project allows the rare opportunity to improve the channel form,
function, and habitat of over a mile-long stream reach, with minimal constraints posed by
adjacent infrastructure.
The restoration of Brown Branch was conceived as a demonstration project site to illustrate a
range of stream restoration techniques effective in a rural setting. The site will showcase current
stream restoration design methods and structures to interested environmental professionals and
the community at large. Monitoring of the site will further allow reevaluation and improvements
of techniques for future successful stream restoration in North Carolina.
NCDENR secured the services of Biohabitats, Inc. to evaluate the study reach and develop an
appropriate stream restoration design. The proposed design will restore a stable channel
dimension, pattern, and profile for current watershed hydrologic conditions, will reestablish a
riparian buffer, and reconnect the present incised channel to its floodplain. .
This report outlines existing problems at the site, objectives of the project, the watershed setting,
and the proposed approach to stream restoration. Ultimately, this document is intended to
communicate the background and rationale for the restoration design of the river corridor.
Biohabitats, Inc. -RESTORING THE EARTH AND INSPIRING ECOLOGICAL STEWARDSHIP- 1

Brown Branch
Final Stream Restoration Report
2.0 PROJECT LOCATION
The Brown Branch stream restoration is located 3 miles northwest of Lenoir, North Carolina in
the rural Mountain physiographic province (Figure 2.1). The study reach begins at the
confluence of two first-order (at 1:24,000 scale) tributaries and follows the second-order channel
downstream through a broad alluvial valley. The study reach ends approximately a mile
downstream at the confluence of Brown Branch with Mulberry Creek. Mulberry Creek then
flows southwest to the Johns River, which continues south to the Catawba River.
The Brown Branch watershed lies in the Upper Catawba, United States Geological Survey
(USGS) Cataloging Unit 3050101 in the middle of Caldwell County. The Brown Branch
watershed overlaps the Globe, Buffalo Cove, Collettsville, and Lenoir USGS 7.5-minute
topographic quadrangles, with the study reach itself entirely on the Collettsville quadrangle.
Biohabitats, Inc. -RESTORING THE EARTH AND INSPIRING ECOLOGICAL STEWARDSHIP-
i
Caldwell County
Miles
0 5 10 15
Brown Branch Stream Restoration, Caldwell County, North Carolina
Biohabitats Project No. 01015.01
_ L Figure 2.1 Site Vicinity Map H.C. Wetlands Re t rarion ProLram y p
_._ _ncosrva +v-
February 2002

Brown Branch
Final Stream Restoration Report
3.0 PROBLEM STATEMENT
A suite of physical conditions were identified as key problems associated with the form and
function of the existing channel. These concerns are summarized below:
1. Unstable channel configuration
a. Historical straightening of the channel has reduced flow resistance and increased
shear stresses exerted along the channel margins.
b. In some areas, vertical channel adjustment has been limited by the shallow depth
to bedrock. Shear stresses have instead done "geomorphic work" on the more
easily eroded channel banks, resulting in an overwidened channel condition.
c. Field reconnaissance shows that meander bends with relatively low radii of
curvature are currently unstable.
d. Severe bank erosion has resulted from the existing unstable channel
configuration, with many hotspots concentrated along the outsides of tight
meander bends.
2. Poor water quality
a. Rapid bank erosion is producing high sediment load in the channel.
b. Entrained bank material is re-deposited downstream within the study reach or is
transported to Mulberry Creek.

3. Featureless bed
a. Sediment supplied by accelerated bank erosion is depositing more readily in the
existing overwidened channel, thereby filling in many pool areas and inhibiting
bedform development.
b. The featureless bed is in part geologically driven by rapid breakdown of available
metamorphic particles.
Biohabitats, Inc. -RESTORING THE EARTH AND INSPIRING ECOLOGICAL STEWARDSHIP- 4

Brown Branch
Final Stream Restoration Report
4. Lack of riparian cover
a. Agricultural activities such as farming and grazing have kept the alluvial valley
clear of non-herbaceous vegetation.
b. Trees are particularly scarce along the (downstream) right bank and floodplain.
5. Lack of large woody debris (LWD)
a. Upstream of the study reach, the forest canopy is continuous and large woody
debris is delivered to and interacts with the bankfull channel. Pools are common
in these areas.
b. Along the study reach, the delivery of woody debris to the channel is extremely
limited, and inhibits pool development.
6. Poor habitat
a. Given the cumulative effects of the high sediment supply, overwidened channel
condition, and little wood to induce turbulent eddies, in-stream habitat is poor.
b. Riparian habitat is poor due to loss of channel connectivity with the floodplain
(from historic channel ditching for agriculture) and the paucity of riparian
vegetation. Highly dependent on the lateral exchanges between river and
floodplain, biological productivity is impaired by the current channel
configuration.
Biohabitats, Inc. -RESTORING THE EARTH AND INSPIRING ECOLOGICAL STEWARDSHIP-

C

II
ICI
I
1
i?
1
1 II
5 '
III

Brown Branch
Final Stream Restoration Report
4.0 GOALS AND OBJECTIVES
The overarching goal of the project is to establish a stable planform, cross-sectional, and profile
pattern to Brown Branch, with the premise that that geomorphic and habitat function will follow
appropriate channel form. Specific objectives include the following:
1. Reduce bank erosion. Stream restoration will create a dynamically stable stream
geomorphology such that the extent and severity of bank erosion will decrease and keep
pace with sediment transport processes. The natural channel design will also reduce
future maintenance needs, such as large-scale bank stabilization projects. However, it
should be underscored that stream bank erosion is a natural process, and it should be
expected to occur in high shear stress zones during flood events. In fact, in the absence
of any sediment supplied from upstream and from within the study reach, some unwanted
geomorphic change (e.g., extreme bed armoring and/or channel bed degradation) could
then result.
2. Improve water quality. In reducing bank erosion, total suspended sediment will
decrease and water quality will be improved. Increased connectivity between the channel
and floodplain will allow deposition of suspended sediments in the form of natural
alluvial levees.
3. Enhance in-stream habitat. The reconfiguration of the channel will enhance sediment
transport processes in pools to promote deeper scour and greater hydraulic variability.
Elements such as large woody debris and overhanging vegetation also will improve pool
formation and provide shade and refuge to aquatic species. In addition, one would
expect improved biological productivity due to greater input of leaf litter, and greater
retention of organic matter and dissolved nutrients.
4. Improve functional and aesthetic value of the riparian corridor. Floodplain
morphology will be designed to support both the riparian corridor and vernal pool
wetlands. Where the riparian buffer is currently sparse to absent, riparian buffer
Biohabitats, Inc. -RESTORING THE EARTH AND INSPIRING ECOLOGICAL STEWARDSHIP- 6

Brown Branch
Final Stream Restoration Report
enhancement or establishment is proposed throughout the study area based on native
plant communities endemic of the region. In depressions of abandoned existing channel
and those created by regrading, the restoration design also includes areas with plant
community adapted to vernal pool wetlands.
5. Inspire educational opportunities and environmental appreciation. Though a plan
for environmental education is not expressly included in this part of the work effort,
bringing community members to the site to learn about stream restoration techniques and
benefits is an expected usage of this demonstration project. Both successful properties
and unanticipated problems will provide heuristic examples to be applied in future stream
restoration designs.
Biohabitats, Inc. -RESTORING THE EARTH AND INSPIRING ECOLOGICAL STEWARDSHIP- 7

L

Brown Branch
Final Stream Restoration Report
5.0 WATERSHED CONDITIONS
5.1 TOPOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE
Brown Branch is situated where the Piedmont geomorphic province meets the Mountain
geomorphic province to the west. Elevations within the Brown Branch watershed range
from approximately 1,200 to 2,120 feet. Drainage area to the site reach is approximately
0.74 and 1.26 mil at the upstream and downstream ends, respectively.
Made mild by moist maritime air to the east, mountains to the west, and the broad scale
of altitude (from about 1,000 to 6,000 feet above sea level), four discernible seasons are
characteristic of the Caldwell County area. The average rainfall is 50 inches, of which
over half usually falls between April and September (SCS, 1987). The greatest rainfall is
likely in the humid month of July (4.8 inches average), when thunderstorms dominate.
The yearly average temperature is about 58 degrees, with monthly averages of 77 degrees
in July and 39 degrees in January.
5.2 BEDROCK GEOLOGY
Slopes of the Brown Branch watershed are underlain by the Wilson Creek Gneiss, which
is granitic in composition (Reed, 1964). Bedrock outcrops are visible locally along the
southeast valley wall adjacent to the stream. In several locations along the study reach,
bedrock outcrops inhibit bed incision and southward channel migration, and establish a
stable channel grade.
In the broad valley through which the study reach flows, the geologic substrate is
floodplain alluvium derived from gneissic bedrock in the watershed. The bed material of
Brown Branch is closely coupled with its gneiss source, which consists largely of
' minerals (micas) that break down rapidly. These weak minerals form weak, oblate
gravels and finer sediment in Brown Branch. The more resistant major mineralogic
' component of the gneiss-quartz-tends to form rounded, whitish gravels that are more
' Biohabitats, Inc. -RESTORING THE EARTH AND INSPIRING ECOLOGICAL STEWARDSHIP,
8
Brown Branch
Final Stream Restoration Report
resistant to breakdown. Particles larger than gravel size are rare. As a result, there is no
significant topographic variability in the channel profile in the form of alluvial steps,
cobble ribs, or rock clusters. Instead, the bed of Brown Branch is somewhat featureless.
5.3 SOILS
The soils in the Brown Branch watershed occur in an orderly pattern related to geology,
landforms, relief, climate, and natural vegetation of the area. Each soil type is associated
with a particular part of the landscape. Figure 5.1 illustrates major soil associations in the
Brown Branch watershed.
Along the study reach, there are two soil types present in a long narrow bands following
the alluvial valley: Chewacla loam (Cm) and Conagree fine sandy loam (Co) (SCS,
1987). Both soil types are typical for floodplains along major stream in Caldwell County.
As is the case at Brown Branch, the soil is cleared in most areas and used mostly for row
crops, hay, or pasture. Where forested, dominant trees include yellow poplar
(Liriodendron tulipifera), sycamore (Platanus occidentalis), red maple (Acer rubrum),
black walnut (Juglans nigra), green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica), and river birch (Betula
nigra). Understory plants include hazel alder (Alnus rugosa), black willow (Salix nigra),
switchcane (Arundinaria sp.), greenbrier (Smilax rotundifolia), honeysuckle (Lonicera
japonica), poison ivy (Toxicondendron radicans), box elder (Acer negundo) and grape
(Vitis sp.).
The Chewacla loam follows the upper portion of the study reach, and consists of brown
loam approximately 8 inches thick over yellowish brown loam extending to a depth of 44
inches (SCS, 1987). The depth to bedrock is generally greater than 60 inches. Chewacla
loams are hydric (NRCS IIIw classification). The soil is somewhat poorly drained, and
surface runoff is slow to ponded with occasional flooding. Seasonal wetness is the main
limitation of land uses in the area.
Along the downstream portion of the study reach, the floodplain soil switches to
Congaree fine sandy loam. The surface layer of the Congaree soils is generally brown
Biohabitats, Inc. -RESTORING THE EARTH AND INSPIRING ECOLOGICAL STEWARDSHIP-

C

1
9 ?

F

F

H
u

C

Brown Branch
Final Stream Restoration Report
fine sandy loam 9 inches thick, with underlying dark yellowish brown fine sandy loam to
a depth of 40 inches (SCS, 1987). The seasonal high water table is generally 2.5 to 4 feet
below the surface. However, surface runoff from this unit is slow, and the soil is subject
to occasional, brief flooding. Although not a hydric soil (MRCS IIw classification),
Conagree loam does have some hydric properties that pose limitations to land uses.
The majority of the Brown Branch watershed-particularly side slopes (50 to 80 percent
slopes)-consist of Chestnut gravelly loam (ChG). Typically the surface layer is dark
yellowish brown gravelly loam and 6 inches thick. The subsoil to a depth of 72 inches is
multicolored, partly weathered granitic gneiss. The soil is well drained, and surface
runoff is rapid. In most areas, the soil is used as woodland. Conservation practices are
needed to control erosion along logging access roads.
On ridge crests circumventing the Brown Branch watershed and the noses of major side
valleys, the Evard fine sandy loam (EaE) predominates. The soil is well drained and
tends to occur where slopes range from 15 to 25 percent. Typically, the surface layer is
about 6 inches thick. It is grayish brown fine sandy loam in the upper part and yellowish
brown fine sandy loam in the lower part. Surface runoff is rapid, and the hazard of
erosion is severe in unvegetated, exposed areas. Along the mountain upland drainage
divide, the Evard fine sandy loam intermingles with patches of Chestnut and Edneyville
soils (CKG).
5.4 LAND USE
The upper Brown Branch watershed lies in the Grandfather Ranger District of the Pisgah
National Forest and is managed by the U.S. Forest Service. It is likely that extensive
logging occurred in the region at the turn of the century. However, geographic details are
not readily available for review. The Grandfather Ranger District began under the Weeks
Act with the purchase of an 8,100-acre tract in 1911. Now, the district covers over
189,000 acres. No details regarding land ownership and use prior to this time in the
Brown Branch watershed are readily available.
Biohabitats, Inc.
-RESTORING THE EARTH AND INSPIRING ECOLOGICAL STEWARDSHIP- 10

?t,a.
NIJ ESF CK??
f ? f
S,
EAE
ESF
Wk

sf
Soil Survev of Caldwell Co.. North Carolina. SC S. 1987

F
Soil Types
9 ' ChG: Chestnut and gravelly loam
25 to 50 percent slopes
_ CKF: Chestnut and Edneyville soils,
25 to 50 percent slopes
® Cm: Chewacla loam, occasionally
flooded
Co: Congaree fine sandy loam,
?- occasionally flooded
-
? EaE: Evard fine sandy loam,
[
15 to 25 percent slopes
Caldwell
County
Brown Branch
Watershed
Brown Branch Stream Restoration, Caldwell County, North Carolina
Biohabitats Project No. 01015.01
= Figure 5.1 Study Reach Location and Soil Types
N.C. We de Rcw.doo N.nm iw?io???t??tlCt l
in the Brown Branch Watershed
February 2002
Brown Branch
Final Stream Restoration Report
Today the alluvial valley surrounding the study reach is owned and operated by a 411
camp. Some grazing continues in this context, particularly in the downstream half of the
study reach. Over the next few decades land use is expected to remain the same.
Biohabitats, Inc. -RESTORING THE EARTH AND INSPIRING ECOLOGICAL STEWARDSHIP- 13

Brown Branch
Final Stream Restoration Report
6.0 EXISTING CHANNEL CONDITIONS
6.1 STREAM GEOMORPHOLOGY
The Brown Branch study reach extends along one side of a cleared, broad alluvial valley
surrounded by steep forested slopes. Since being ditched along the southeast side of the
alluvial valley, Brown Branch has incised and become entrenched within the valley
alluvium. The channel has low sinuosity (from straightening) and a low gradient (0.009
ft/ft) through the study area. Bed material is primarily sand and gravel. Following the
Rosgen classification system (Rosgen, 1996), the majority of the existing channel
classifies as an F4, which has poor recovery potential. (Conditions are somewhat
variable, however, with minor segments portions of Bc, E, and C channel in cross-
sectional dimension.) Owing to the lack of a buffer along the north side of the creek,
riparian vegetation plays a minor role in streambank stability along much of Brown
Branch. Instead, the channel has formed several tight, rapidly migrating meander bends
in the exposed alluvium.
Appendix B includes a representative cross section and longitudinal profile of the
existing channel. Three pebble counts were conducted in riffles in the upstream, mid-
reach, and downstream portions of the study reach. The three pebble counts are nearly
identical and were lumped to maximize sample size and more precisely identify index
percentiles. When the three pebble counts are lumped together (325 particles total), the
surface median grain size (D50) is 19 mm and the D84 (size for which 84% of the grain
size distribution is finer) is 43 mm.
6.2 EXISTING HYDROLOGICAL FEATURES
The drainage area to Brown Branch mostly consists of steep first-order streams draining
to the alluvial valley. Once the stream reaches the valley, where historical agricultural
practices have predominated, many of the tributaries are altered.
Biohabitats, Inc.
-RESTORING THE EARTH AND INSPIRING ECOLOGICAL STEWARDSHIP, 14

Brown Branch '
Final Stream Restoration Report '
Some tributaries flowing from the right (northwest) side of the study reach have been
ditched and straightened so that they travel directly to Brown Branch from the opposite '
valley wall. Others are piped from the roadway, under the alluvium, and discharge
directly to Brown Branch. Most tributaries joining Brown Branch along the study reach ,
are ephemeral, with the exception of the tributary at proposed STA 44+25.
Also prominent along the study reach is the large constructed pond northwest of the '
middle portion of the channel (STA 31+50 to 35+00, Appendix A). The pond receives '
runoff from a tributary and then releases overflow above an inlet elevation through a
drainpipe to Brown Branch. The frequency of pond discharge is unknown, but is likely '
to have a negligible effect on stream hydrology.
6.3 EXISTING PLANT COMMUNITIES '
6.3.1 Overview ,
Appendix C illustrates the vegetation types now present in the vicinity of the reference
reach. The majority of the project area has been maintained in herbaceous growth though '
mowing and grazing practices. Looking downstream, the right side of the stream valley
is a level to gently sloping floodplain used for grazing and recreational activities. t
Grazing dominates the use downstream of the horse stalls and pond. Upstream of the
pond, recreation is the dominant use. Both of these uses require the area be maintained in ,
short grass cover. Woody plants are common along the stream's riparian edge and occur
sparsely in the floodplain in the area established for recreational use. Several small
wetland areas are present in this area. Further upstream, in the vicinity of the confluence,
the floodplain is dominated by taller old field growth. This area had not been mowed or '
grazed for a couple of years preceding the field work for this project. Small wetland
areas are also present in this area. The right side of the stream is at the base of a steep '
forested slope. Upstream of the project boundary, the stream valley is in forest cover.
6.3.2 Characterization of Forest Area
The forest plant composition observed in and adjacent to the project area includes yellow '
birch (Betula alleghaniensis), tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), hemlock (Tsuga
Biohabitats, Inc. -RESTORING THE EARTH AND INSPIRING ECOLOGICAL STEWARDSHIP- 15 ,

Brown Branch
Final Stream Restoration Report
canadensis), beech (Fagus grandifolia), black gum (Nyssa sylvatica), sugar/rock maple
(Acer saccharum), white pine (Pinus strobus), and magnolia (Magnolia fraseri), with a
sub-canopy of flowering dogwood (Cornus Florida), mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia),
and spicebush (Lindera benzoin). These species were dominant on the slopes adjacent to
the floodplain.
In the more level floodplain portion of the project area, much of the project area is
actively managed to maintain a non-forested condition as discussed above (Section
6.3.1). If the active management, consisting of grazing and mowing, were discontinued,
the remainder of the project area would succeed to a forested condition.
6 3 3 Characterization of Floodplain Area
The mowed and grazed floodplain area included a variety of native and introduced
grasses and forbs, including deer tongue (Dichanthelium clandestinum), soft rush (Juncus
effusus), bamboo grass (Microstegium vimineum), panic grasses (Panicum spp.), little
bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium), and sedges (Carex spp.). The old field area in the
vicinity of the confluence includes these species as well as wingstem (Verbesina
alternifolia), brambles (Rubus spp.), dog-hobble (Leucothoe racemosa), and seedlings of
the common trees from the adjacent slopes. Along the stream and throughout the
floodplain, species of floodplain and riparian trees are present but not dominant. These
species include river birch (Betula nigra), yellow birch, tulip poplar, sycamore (Platanus
occidentalis), red maple (Acer rubrum), shellbark hickory (Carya ovalis), and green ash
(Fraxinus pennsylvanica), with a sub-canopy of ironwood (Carpinus caroliniana),
spicebush, dog-hobble, and smooth alder (Alnus serrulata).
' In addition, several emergent wetlands areas were delineated in the floodplain (Appendix
Q. These are situated in areas maintained by mowing as well as in the old field area. As
' a result, the species present include many of the species listed above, as well as water
pepper (Polygonum piperoides), hummock sedge (Carex stricta), and other unidentified
' sedges.
'
Biohabitats, Inc. -RESTORING THE EARTH AND INSPIRING ECOLOGICAL STEWARDSHIP- 16
Brown Branch
Final Stream Restoration Report
7.0 STREAM REFERENCE REACH SITES
7.1 REFERENCE REACH IDENTIFICATION
Because Lenoir lies in the Mountain physiographic province near its boundary to the east
with the Piedmont province, a reference reach from either province could potentially be
viable for application in the Brown Branch design. Biohabitats conducted an initial
"cold" reference reach search in the Lenoir vicinity using USGS 7.5-minute topographic
quadrangles. Approximately ten reaches were selected based on similar drainage area,
valley morphology, slope, and land use. Each of these sites was too altered and unstable
to represent reference conditions, or did not have suitable access.
Biohabitats then contacted individuals with the NCSU Stream Restoration Institute group
and various County offices of the Natural Resources Conservation Service (MRCS) for
potential reference reach sites in the area. Five Rosgen-classified C4 channels were
identified for potential use: Basin Creek, Joes Creek, Richland Creek, Watauga River,
and Mills River. In addition, two Bc4 channels were identified for possible use in the
design of any straighter sections of Brown Branch. These sites are outlined in Table 7.1.
Of the C4 channels, only the first three have drainage areas within the same order of
magnitude as Brown Branch (<10 mi2). As such, the Watauga and Mills River were not
considered appropriate for comparison for use in detailed design. Furthermore, no data
sets were made available to Biohabitats for these two rivers.
Data collected by agency personnel were made available for Basin, Joes, and Richland.
Both Basin and Joes Creek were visited to verify their classification and suitability for
use as reference reaches. Of the two, Basin Creek was found to be most appropriate
based on more pristine conditions and similar forested land use. (Joes Creek appears
somewhat incised in sections and lacks a wide riparian corridor.) Richland was not
visited and lies considerably east of Lenoir. Although Basin Creek is the best reference
reach, data from each of the three small basins is also included in this report for
Biohabitats, Inc. -RESTORING THE EARTH AND INSPIRING ECOLOGICAL STEWARDSHIP-

1

17
Brown Branch
Final Stream Restoration Report
comparison with the range of parameters used in design of Brown Branch (see Table 8.5
for summary of data).
7.2 REFERENCE STREAM VEGETATIVE COMMUNITY
Given the few impacts to the riparian buffer upstream of the study reach, this upstream
area was used as a reference vegetative community. The proposed plant community was
developed based on field assessment of existing plant communities in the project area and
in minimally modified areas immediately upstream of the project area. This plant
community will develop into an assemblage of native plants capable of supporting natural
ecosystem processes and native wildlife.
Biohabitats, Inc. -RESTORING THE EARTH AND INSPIRING ECOLOGICAL STEWARDSHIP- 18
Brown Branch
Final Stream Restoration Report
Table 7.1 Identified Reference Reaches
Rosgen Drainage Site Visit
Reference Physiographic Data Set Made Detailed Location
Stream Area County Conducted by
Reach Province Available Info Made Available
Type (mil) Biohabitats
Basin n
i
C4 7.2 Wilkes Mountain - Yes Yes
Creek MRCS
Detailed, from
Joes Creek C4 6.1 Caldwell Mountain Yes Yes
Yadkinville NRCS
Richland Abbreviated, from
C4 1.0 Moore Piedmont No No
Creek NCSU
Watauga
C4 92.1 Watauga Mountain No No Yes
River
Mills River C4 66.7 Henderson Mountain No No Yes
Catheys Abbreviated, from
Bc4 11.7 Transylvania Mountain Yes Yes
Creek NCSU
Mitchell No (also access was
Bc4 6.5 Surry Piedmont No No
River denied by landowner)
Biohabitats, Inc. -RESTORING THE EARTH AND INSPIRING ECOLOGICAL STEWARDSHIP- 19

Brown Branch
Final Stream Restoration Report
' 8.0 STREAM RESTORATION PLAN
' 8.1 GENERAL APPROACH
The approach to restoring Brown Branch is based on natural channel design principles,
' including the following:
' The preferred approach to implementation of goals will be the restoration of a
natural, self-sustaining system that can adjust to changes in physical processes,
' with minimum human intervention.
¦ Restoration planning and design will be based on expected variability of physical
processes, owing to hydrologic and sediment supply regimes.

¦ Restoration design will be rooted infield-based observations in the study
watershed and stable reference reaches from the same or similar physiographic
province, as well as current quantitative approaches and firsthand experience with
other stream restoration projects.
¦ Restoration channel design will focus on identifying stable planform, profile, and
cross-sectional geometries. Structural means also will be used to provide bank
protection prior to full vegetation establishment, grade control at key locations,
and enhance habitat variability within a reach. However, structures themselves
are secondary to the natural channel design.
¦ Restoration design must seek to "do no harm" to those areas that are stable and
clearly providing important ecological function. Instead, such areas should be
preserved and incorporated into the broader restoration design. In this sense, the
design is intended to work with rather than overprint nature.
Biohabitats, Inc. -RESTORING THE EARTH AND INSPIRING ECOLOGICAL STEWARDSHIP- 20
i
Brown Branch '
Final Stream Restoration Report '
¦ Restoration design will not "over-design." The design instead will include an
appropriate range of channel conditions to mimic variability in nature-rather '
than strictly follow one design value for each parameter-so that, for example,
meanders bends do not appear simply sinusoidal and planform features and '
geometry extend across the range of anticipated stable conditions.
8.2 STREAM GEOMORPHOLOGY '
The proposed stream restoration design includes the establishment of a pool-riffle
channel through the majority of the study reach. Pool-riffle channels have an undulating '
bed that defines a sequence of bars, pools, and riffles (Leopold et al., 1964). This lateral
bedform oscillation distinguishes pool-riffle channels from the other channel types. '
While riffles are the topographic cross-over from pool to bar, the term riffle is also '
loosely applied to the entire shallow channel area in this transition zone. Commonly, the
transition from a riffle downstream into a pool is referred to as a run, and the transition
from a pool downstream into a riffle is termed a glide. '
In self-formed pool-riffle channels, pools are typically spaced about every 5-7 channel
widths (Leopold et al., 1964). Pool-riffle channels typically occur at moderate to low
gradients and are generally unconfined with well established floodplains. Substrate size
in pool-riffle channels can vary from sand to cobble, but is dominantly gravel-sized. In '
the Rosgen classification system, the stream would classify as a C4-a gravel-bedded,
'
meandering, low-gradient, pool and riffle dominated-channel. Prior to human
alteration, this is likely the stream type that Brown Branch once assumed.
8.3 DESIGN BANKFULL DISCHARGE '
For the design,,. a-bankfull discharge was first selected. Table 8.1 shows bankfull and ,
two-year discharges predicted by various regression equations. The inclusion of the 2-
year flow for comparison is based on the common assumption that for a stable alluvial '
channel, bankfull discharge is approximately equivalent to a flow between the 1- and 2-
year discharges. Preliminary design discharges of 90 and 130 cfs were selected for the '
upstream and downstream portions of the study reach. (These values may need to be
adjusted once the hydrologic model is finalized during the 90% design.) '
Biohabitats, Inc. -RESTORING THE EARTH AND INSPIRING ECOLOGICAL STEWARDSHIP, 21

l

Brown Branch
Final Stream Restoration Report
Table 8.1 Predicted and Calculated Bankfull and 2-Year Discharge Values
Bankfull Discharge (cfs) 2-Year Discharge (cfs)
Source
Upstream
Downstream
Upstream
Downstream
Harmon et al., year unspecified 89.2 132.2 n/a n/a
NCSU, Rural Mountain Table 76.7 115.6 n/a n/a
Harmon et al., 1999 68.9 101.5 n/a n/a
Jackson, 1976 n/a n/a 103.4 151.3
Biohabitats field-based calculation 101 n/a n/a n/a
Selected design discharge 90 130 n/a n/a
' n/a = not applicable or available
Includes data from 14 drainage areas between 2.0 and 126 miZ. No confidence intervals shown on curves. RZ is
0.97.
2 Table includes another variation of equations as in Harmon et al., year unspecified, regression. No confidence
' intervals or RZ included.
3 Includes data from 13 drainage areas between 0.2 and 128 mil. RZ is 0.88.
a Includes data from 257 sites with drainage areas greater than 0.5 miZ.
8.4 CHANNEL CROSS-SECTIONAL DIMENSION
' The following section explains the development of average cross-sectional dimensions
used in the design. (Actual values depicted in the grading plan may differ slightly to
' create variability). All typical dimensions discussed below are shown together in
Appendix D for both riffle and pool cross sections. These dimensions are also contrasted
' with existing conditions and reference reach values in Table 8.5.
' 8.4.1 Riffle Bankfull Width
DA idths were selected after a revie regress na 4quations.
First, a regression equation was established between the three small C4 reference reaches
' described in Section 7. 1, such that:
' Eqn. 1 Bankfull Width =-1.6.3$5, (D nage Area) 0.3359 (RZ = 0.998)
' where Bankfull Width is in feet and Drainage Area is in square miles. The regression is
' based on only three data points, and so the relationship should be considered
approximate.

Biohabitats, Inc. -RESTORING THE EARTH AND INSPIRING ECOLOGICAL STEWARDSHIP- 22

Brown Branch
Final Stream Restoration Report
Table 8.2 compares the results from the regression with other similar regressions. These
regressions are different in that they include a larger data set, a range of Rosgen channel
types, and a broader range of contributing watershed area. Values were calculated for the
upstream and downstream end of the study reach based on corresponding drainage areas
Table 8.2 Comparison of Calculated Bankfull Widths
Brown Branch
Brown Branch Downstream End of
Upstream End
Study Reach
Regression of Study Reach
Predicted Predicted Value 95% Confidence
Value (ft) (ft) Interval (ft)
Basin, Joes, and Richland (Eqn. 1)
14.7 17.6 n/a
Values used in Design
Harmon et al., year unspecified 17.5 21.2 n/a
NCSU, Rural Mountain Table 16.7 20.4 n/a
Harmon et al., 1999 10.2 12.9 7-30
n/a = not available
' Includes data from 14 drainage areas between 2.0 and 126 mil. No confidence intervals shown on curves. R2 is
0.81.
2 Table includes another variation of equations as in Harmon et al., year unspecified, regression. No confidence
intervals or R2 included.
3 Includes data from 13 drainage areas between 0.2 and 128 mil. R2 is 0.81.
Existing bankfull widths observed at the site generally ranged between 20 and 25 feet,
and were observed to be somewhat overwidened for the existing planform configuration.
These field observations support the use of Equation 1 results, so that slightly smaller
bankfull widths are used in the design than those existing. Based on its consistency with
results from similar regional regressions and field observations, the preliminary design
bankfull widths were selected following Equation 1.
8.4.2 Riffle Cross Section Dimensions
Typical cross sections were developed for the riffle and meander bend settings. Two sets
of typicals were created-one for the upstream portion of the study reach, the other for
the downstream portion.
Biohabitats, Inc. -RESTORING THE EARTH AND INSPIRING ECOLOGICAL STEWARDSHIP- 23

8.5

Brown Branch
Final Stream Restoration Report
Riffle cross sections were sized for the design bankfull discharges estimates described in
Section 8.3 and bankfull widths selected in Section 8.4.1, while maintaining a shear stress
that would mobilize larger particles present in the riffle grain size distribution.
Entrenchment ratios and bankfull width-to-depth ratios appropriate to Rosgen C type
channels were also maintained in the design.
8.4.3 Meander Cross Section Dimensions
Meander cross sections were sized using reference reach ratios from Basin Creek. The
ratio of pool bankfull width to riffle bankfull width was set to that of Basin Creek (1.5),
and is a typical value for stable, Rosgen C type meandering streams. The maximum pool
depth to maximum riffle depth for Basin Creek is 1.5; this value was also used in the
design and is known to be characteristic for streams of this type. Point bar slopes were
maximized (9%-13%) in both the upstream and downstream design cross sections. This
helps provide resistance to flows approaching and exceeding bankfull. le" ar slopes
w e tprovitied in the reference ruch data sets. Our measurements of Piedmont C4
channels indicated that a range of 9 to 13% is appropriate.
PLANFORM DESIGN
The following section explains the development of average cross-sectional dimensions
used in the design. Planform pattern was designed primarily based on reference reach
data, particularly those for Basin Creek. However, professional judgment was in some
cases necessary to be conservative in design and best promote stability. A range of
values was also established for each parameter to mimic natural variability and
accommodate any site constraints within the stable channel range. The proposed channel
configuration is depicted in Appendix A. Design planform dimensions are also
contrasted with existing conditions and reference reach values in Table 8.5.
8.5.1 Meander Wavelength
A range of meander wavelengths was established with guidance from the available
meander length to bankfull width ratio for Basin Creek. This value was on the low end of
those typically observed for Rosgen type C channels. As such, a design range was
Biohabitats, Inc. -RESTORING THE EARTH AND INSPIRING ECOLOGICAL STEWARDSHIP- 24

Brown Branch
Final Stream Restoration Report
established to bracket the lower end of the range (Table 8.3). This range was applied
throughout the study reach.
Table 8.3 Comparison of Meander Wavelength Ratios and Values
Meander Wavelength/ Meander Wavelength (ft)
Source Bankfull Width Ratio Upstream Downstream
Basin Creek data set 10.5 ---- ----
Traditional range for C channels 11-14 ---- ----
Selected preliminary design range 10-12.5 145-185 175-220
8.5.2 Radius of Curvature
A range of radii of curvature was established with reference to the radius of curvature to
bankfull width ratio available for Basin Creek. This value, 1.5, was at the low end of
those generally considered stable in natural channel design.
Planform maps and field investigation helped to identify ten existing unstable bends
along Brown Branch. The radii of curvature for these bends average approximately 35 ft.
Given the average bankfull width of approximately 20 to 25 feet through the study reach,
the radii of curvature for these bends are about 1.4 to 1.7 (Table 8.4). This provides
further evidence that low radius of curvature values should be avoided at Brown Branch.
However, in the proposed design other channel design parameters (vegetation, cross-
sectional geometry, etc.) will improve the stability of such low radius of curvature bends.
In light of this a range of 1.5 to 5.0 was established, with most values used in the design
greater than 2.
8.5.3 Meander Belt Width
Values available for meander belt width to bankfull width ratios were found to be
extremely low (1.9). For Brown Branch, belt width would scale to a range of 28 to 33
feet-in some cases less than the design radius of curvature. To maintain this belt width,
the channel could not "wiggle" across the valley floor, but would be forced to follow the
valley trend precisely.
Biohabitats, Inc. -RESTORING THE EARTH AND INSPIRING ECOLOGICAL STEWARDSHIP- 25
I
II'
II
II
?I
1
I
I
I

Brown Branch
Final Stream Restoration Report
Biohabitats' professional judgment is that the reference reach value is too low, and that
this parameter does not provide any meaningful design guidance. Instead, a belt width of
between 40 and 160 feet was used, as dependent on local constraints and the balance of
other planform parameters. This higher range of meander belt width to bankfull width
(2.3 to 10.9) provides additional variability to the planform channel design.
Table 8.4 Comparison of Radii of Curvature Ratios and Values

Source Radius of Curvature/
Bankfull Width Radius of Curvature (ft)
Range (Majority)
Ratio Upstream Downstream
Unstable bends of existing channel 1.4-1.7
Basin Creek data set 1.5 ---- ----
Traditional range for C channels >2 ---- ----
Selected preliminary design range 1.5-5.0 22-75 (30-60) 26-90 (35-70)
8.6 LONGITUDINAL PROFILE
The longitudinal profile was designed to follow the planform pattern of the proposed
channel and the channel dimensions of typical cross sections. Riffle slopes were set to
range from 1 to 3%, with the majority close to 2% in keeping with reference reach data.
Glide and riffle slopes generally range from 6-12%, higher than those indicated in
reference reach data sets which were deemed excessively low based on professional
judgment. The profile was also developed to "tie" the channel into its existing
configuration in those areas where channel conditions were stable and beneficial habitat
is already present. At some locations a control structure, such as a cross vane, was used
to drop the channel more abruptly to accommodate other design parameters. Appendix E
shows the preliminary design profile developed following these guidelines.
Biohabitats, Inc.
-RESTORING THE EARTH AND INSPIRING ECOLOGICAL STEWARDSHIP- 26

Table 8.5 Brown Branch Existing and Proposed Channel Morphology versus Reference Reach Data
Proposed Channel by
Reference Reaches
Existing Channel, Location*
Parameters (variable, units)
Representative Cross Section Basin Joe's Richland
U/S D/S
Creek Creek Creek
General Rosgen Stream Type F4 C4 C4 C4 4 C4
Drainage Area (mi) -1.0 7.2 6-7.6 1.0 126 0.74
Estimated Bankfull Discharge (QbU, cfs) 101 375 320 - 90 130
Riffle Dimensions Bankfull Width (W bkf, ft ) 22.5 33.2 28.7
-
15.0
17.5

Mean (Range) (29.5- (28.3-
(16.2-16.7)

36.9) 29.5)
Bankfull Mean Depth (dbkf; ft) 0.97 2.1 2.0 0.9 1.2 1.4
Mean (Range) (-) (1.9-2.2) (1.9-2.1) (J (-)
Bankfull Cross-sectional Area (Abu; ft2) 68.4 58.1 _

2 5)
(2.7--I
Mean (Range)

Pool Ratios
Ratio of pool depth to mean bankfull depth
1.78
1.78 tt± n?!j
N!A (1.46-2.0) (1.6-2.0)
(dpool ft)
*U/S = Upstream nalr or SiUUy reacts; Ul o - L?,,,l?u?a•== _«__ ?•?
N/A = not applicable

M = M = = = = =
Table 8.5 Brown Branch Existing and Proposed Channel Morphology versus Reference Reach Data
Proposed Channel by
Reference Reaches
Existing Channel, Location*
Parameters (variable, units)
Representative Cross Section Basin Joe's Richland
U/S D/S
Creek Creek Creek
General Rosgen Stream Type F4 C4 C4 C4 4 C4
Drainage Area (mi) -1.0 7.2 6-7.6 1.0 t.26 0.74
Estimated Bankfull Discharge (Qbkf, cfs) 101 375 320 - 90 130
Riffle Dimensions Bankfull Width (Wbkf, ft) 22.5 33.2 28.7 - 15.0 17.5
(29.5- (28.3-
Mean (Range) (161-167)
36.9) 29.5)
Bankfull Mean Depth (dbkf, ft) 0.97 2.1 2.0 0.9 1.2 1.4
Mean (Range) (-) (1.9-2.2) (1.9-2.1)
Bankfull Cross-sectional Area (Abkf, ft2) 21.93 68.4 58.1 15.5 18.1 24.1
(64.9- (55.0-
Mean (Range) () () () ( )
71.9) 61.1)
Bankfull Maximum Depth (dft) 1.16 3.1 3.3 1.5 1.7 1.85
Mean (Range) (-) (3.0-3.2) (2.8-3.9) (-)
Width of Floodprone Area (ft) 30.7 - - - ?50 ? 60
Facet slope 0.0091 0.0208 0.016 - --0.02 --0.02
Mean (Range) (0.01-0.03) (0.01-0.03)
Riffle Ratios Bankfull Width/Depth Ratio (W
bid/dbkf ft/ft),
23.1 16.4 14.2 -
12.5
12.7
(13.4- (13.5-
Mean (Range) (? () () ( )
19.4) 14.9)
Bankfull Width/Max Bankfull Depth 19.4 10.71 8.7 - 8.8 9.5
(9.22- (7.26-
Mean (Range) O (? ( )
12.3) 10.54)
Bankfull Max Depth/Mean Bankfull Depth 1.2 1.51 1.65 1.67 1.42 1.34

(dm./dbks ft/ft), Mean (Range)
1.68) 2.05)
Entrenchment ratio (Wrp?Wbk, ft/ft) 1.36 8.9 9.2 - >3.3 ?3.4
Mean (Range) (2.4-15.9)
Meander Length (Lm, ft) 350 216.4
-
-
-
N/A (130
Mean (Range) () (90-94) (145-185) (175-220)
340)
Ratio of Meander Length to Bankfull Width - 10.5 7.5 - -
Planform Pattern (L,,,/Wbkf, ft/ft) Mean (Range) (5.4-5.8) (9.7-11.3) (10.0-12.6)
Dimensions Belt Width (Wbkf, ft) - 64.7 59 - -
Mean (Range) (-) (59-75) (50-68) (25-40) (50-180)
Radius of Curvature - 51.2 11.6 - - -

Mean (Range) (-) (9.3-13.8) (14.3-26.1) (22-75) (26-90)
69 3)
Planform Pattern
Sinuosity (Stream Length/Valley Length, ft/ft) 1.1 - - - 1.2
Ratios
Valley Slope (Spool) 0.011 0.014 0.0089 0.0133 0.011
Longitudinal Profile
Pool Slope (Spool, ft/ft) N/A 0.0019 0.0 - 0.0 0.0
Bankfull Width 50.3 31.4 11.1 22.5 26.0
N/A (330.0-
0
Mean (Range) (35-68)

Maximum Pool Depth 4.8 4.0 - 2.55 2.80
Pool Dimensions Mean (Range) N/A (4.1-5.2)
Pool to Pool Spacing (P-P, ft) 305 109.1 - 130.5
N/A
Mean (Range) (271-334) (27-35.3) (37.3-95.8) (38.9-422.6)
Pool Area (Ap, ft) N/A 109.6 74.6 20.1 27.5 37.9
Ratio of Pool to Pool Spacing (P-P/W bkt) 9.2 5.4 6.9

Mean (Range) N/A

-

-
--

(2.7-12.5)
Pool Ratios
Ratio of pool depth to mean bankfull depth 1.78 1.78 - 2.24 2.06
N/A
(dpooi ft) (1.46-2.0) (1.6-1.0) - - -
*U/S = Upstream half of study reach; D/S = Downstream half of study reach
N/A = not applicable
Brown Branch
Final Stream Restoration Report
configuration. Therefore, sediment transport methods developed for nonuniform,
armored gravel-bed, pool-riffle streams are most appropriate.
Gravel-bed pool-riffle streams exhibit characteristic sediment transport processes. Very
rarely is the whole bed in motion and material eroded from one riffle typically is
deposited on a proximal downstream riffle. In gravel-bed channels, the bankfull stage is
the dominant discharge responsible for establishing channel morphology and
accomplishing most sediment transport over an extended amount of time (Wolman and
Miller, 1960; Andrews, 1980). Armored gravel-bed channels exhibit a near-bankfull
threshold for general and significant bed surface mobility (Parker et al., 1982; Jackson
and Beschta, 1982; Andrews 1984). Significant sediment transport rates occurring
following armor-mobilizing events are generally correlated with discharge, suggesting
that bankfull sediment transport' is limited by transport capacity, not sediment supply.
Given these attributes of pool-riffle channels, the design of Brown Branch should allow
for incipient motion of the majority of the grain size distribution (D50 minimum up
through D84) at the bankfull flow.
A simple model to serve as the basis of this calculation is that of Shields' (1936). Based
on empirical data, Shields developed a curve to describe the dimensionless critical shear
stress, T*c; or Shield parameter, defined as:
T*ci = Tci / (Ps - P)gDi
where Ti is the Shield parameter or critical shear stress at incipient motion for the grain
size of interest, D;; g is the gravitational acceleration, and p, and p are the sediment and
fluid densities, respectively. Shields demonstrated that in fully rough flow (Reynolds
numbers >489), as with gravel-bed rivers, dimensionless critical shear stress attains a
constant value of 0.06 at this point. (Note the commonly quoted value of rc5o equal to
0.06 for rough, turbulent flow in fact reflects only a single data point within the Shield's
data set.) However, the experiment was based on nearly uniform grain sizes. Since
gravel bed rivers like Brown Branch do not have uniform grain size distribution, inter-
Biohabitats, Inc. -RESTORING THE EARTH AND INSPIRING ECOLOGICAL STEWARDSHIP- 29
i

Brown Branch
Final Stream Restoration Report
particle effects and small bedforms add complexities to the relationship and require some
adaptations of the model.
Since Shields' time, experimenters have attempted to develop more realistic values of ipso
for use in poorly sorted gravel bed material. Studies of gravel-bed channels, in fact,
demonstrate a dimensionless critical shear stress with a broad range from 0.030 to 0.086
(Buffington and Montgomery, 1993). In Table 8.6, we reportrc5o values from the
literature particularly germane to Brown Branch.
Table 8.7 shows the likely incipient particle size of the upstream and downstream
portions of the design channel based on the range and average of these i*ci values,
relative to existing conditions. The sediment transport analysis shows that, as is
desirable, there is a greater statistical likelihood that the upper portion of the grain size
distribution (D50 through D84) will be mobilized in the proposed design, without
excessive shear to mobilize the entire grain size distribution. For the meanr*ci value,
shear stress will increase in the proposed channel such that the D75 (33 mm) and D84 (43
mm) are mobilized more consistently during the bankfull flow (see boldface items in
Table 8.7).
It is worth noting that the calculations simplify many aspects of sediment transport, and
are really only a first-order approximation of the likely mobile grain-size distribution at
bankfull discharge. Here it was assumed that the existing grain size distribution remains
representative for sediment transport processes. In fact, in the restored condition, bed
armoring may be expected to adjust sediment transport rates somewhat to any change in
sediment supply in the pool-riffle channels (e.g., Dietrich et al., 1989). However, the
sediment transport results reported here are promising and are consistent with desirable
sediment transport properties for restoration of Brown Branch. More detailed hydraulic
calculations will be conducted using HEC-RAS in later design phases to quantify
bankfull shear stresses along the proposed channel versus those predicted along the
existing channel (and to guide placement of appropriate bank and bed protection where
shear stresses exceed initial expectations).
Biohabitats, Inc. -RESTORING THE EARTH AND INSPIRING ECOLOGICAL STEWARDSHIP 30

Brown Branch
Final Stream Restoration Report
Table 8.6 Dimensionless Critical Shear Stress (L*,i) Measured in Natural Pool-Riffle
Channels.
i*
Channel Type Channel Conditions and D50 surface Ups
Study (for
(Location) Model Adjustments (mm) (W)*
Dso)
Existing conditions at Impacted pool-riffle n/a 19 1.4 n/a
Brown Branch with some braiding
Ashworth and Natural pool-riffle Variable sinuosity, sidewall -50 Not 0.072
Ferguson (1989) channel (Alt Dubhaig) correction implicit listed
Ashworth and Natural pool-riffle Mildly braided, sidewall -57.5 Not 0.054
Ferguson (1989) channel (River Feshie) correction implicit listed
Parker and Natural pool-riffle No form drag or sidewall 54 1.09 0.035
Klingeman (1982) channel (Oak Creek) correction
Wathen et al. (1995) Natural pool-riffle Variable sinuosity, no 21.3 -1.6 0.086
channel (Alt Dubhaig) sidewall or form drag
correction
Average value of Tl?i 0.062
*Measure of non-uniformity of sediment nuxture, reterred to as the grapnic sorting coerncient. ijetmea oy W84 -
916)/2 where cp 84 and 916 are the 84`h and 160i percentiles of the grain size distribution expressed in units of the phi
(loge) scale.
Table 8.7 Results of Sediment Transport Calculations.
Existing Conditions Proposed Conditions
*
1 Upstream Portion of Study Reach Downstream Portion of Study Reach
c
(from Incipient D50, Incipient D50, Incipient
Mean Shear Mean Shear Mean Shear Dso>
Table particle D75, particle D75) particle
Depth Stress Depth Stress Depth Stress D75, Dso
8.6) (ft)
z
(lb/ft) size D84 (ft) )
(lb/ftZ size D84 O
ft (lb/ftZ) size
mobile?
(mm) mobile? (mm) mobile? (Min)
Min.
46
Y, Y, Y
67
Y, Y, Y
77
Y, Y, Y
(0.035)
Mean
1.0
0.55
26
Y, N, N
1.2
0.79
38
Y, Y, N
1.4
0.91
43
Y, Y, Y
(0.062)
Max.
19
Y, N, N
27
Y, N, N
31
Y, N, N
(0.086)
Biohabitats, Inc. -RESTORING THE EARTH AND INSPIRING ECOLOGICAL STEWARDSHIP- 31

Brown Branch
1 Final Stream Restoration Report
8.9 PROPOSED PLANT COMMUNITIES
As described above, the existing floodplain and riparian plant communities are a product
of anthropogenic factors (i.e. grazing and recreational uses). As a result of the proposed
I stream restoration efforts, the existing stream and floodplain plant communities will be
modified (e.g., construction activities). (The design will protect and preserve existing
emergent wetlands.) We propose to re-create forested floodplain plant communities in
the areas disturbed during construction. In conjunction with floodplain morphology
' design (Section 8.7), at least two floodplain plant communities are proposed to be re-
created in the project area, including a forested floodplain and small areas of wetland
vernal pools.

1
The forested floodplain will occupy the majority of the project area; proposed species are
shown in Table 8.8. Furthermore, these riparian woodland planting zones will be further
developed into additional subcategories, including 1) mesic upper edge floodplain, 2)
lower floodplain, and 3) large caliper lower floodplain (along meander bends for extra
root cohesion). (Additional information on plant diversity, density, sizes, and spacing
will be included in the planting plans later in the design process.)
The proposed vernal pool wetland areas are a cost-effective approach to creating a unique
and valuable habitat feature in sections of the abandoned channel and other depressions
resulting from the implementation of the stream restoration design. These wetland
depressions will have a variable hydrologic regime, supporting a diverse plant and animal
community, including amphibians, birds, and small mammals. As designed, these vernal
pool wetlands are intended to support seasonal ponding (PFO1 C) and the amphibian
community.
Vernal pool wetlands will be situated in sections of the old stream channel to be
abandoned as a result of the proposed stream restoration. These vernal pool habitats as
proposed will have a woody canopy (i.e. shrubs and trees), around them, but have no
woody plants installed in the bottom of the pool which is exposed to seasonal inundation.
These portions of the pools will be stabilized with rye grass and planted with wetland-
Biohabitats, Inc. -RESTORING THE EARTH AND INSPIRING ECOLOGICAL STEWARDSHIP- 32

Brown Branch
Final Stream Restoration Report
adapted herbaceous material (e.g., tussock sedge). Proposed wetland species are outlined
in Table 8.9 and additional information on plant sizes, spacing, and numbers will be
included in the planting plans. Wetland design areas also will be further developed
during the design process to include some shrub scrub wetlands adjacent to vernal pools.
Table 8.8 Plant Communities Proposed along Forested Floodplain
Scientific Name Common Name

Trees
Carya cordiformis Bitternut hickory
Fagus grandifolia Beech
Juglans nigra Black walnut
Liriodendron tulipifera Tulip poplar
Pinus strobes White pine
Tsuga Canadensis Hemlock

Shrubs
Amelanchier laevis Allegheny serviceberry
Cornus Florida Flowering dogwood
Lindera benzoin Spicebush
Viburnum prunifolium Black haw
Grasses, Herbs, and Forbs
Dichanthelium clandestinum Deer-tongue grass
Elymus virginicus Virginia wild rye
Lolium multiflorum Annual rye
Panicum virgatum Switchgrass
Table 8.9 Plant Communities Proposed along Vernal Pool Wetlands
Scientific Name Common Name
Trees
Acer rubrum Red maple
Biohabitats, Inc. -RESTORING THE EARTH AND INSPIRING ECOLOGICAL STEWARDSHIP- 33

Brown Branch
Final Stream Restoration Report
Scientific Name Common Name
Betula nigra River birch
Platanus occidentalis Sycamore
Populus deltoids Cottonwood
Rhododendron maximum Rosebay rhododendron
Salix nigra Black willow
Shrubs
Alnus serrulata Smooth alder
Cornus alterniflora Alternate leaved dogwood
Cornus amomum Silky dogwood
Lindera benzoin Spicebush
Grasses, Herbs, and Forbs
Andropogon gerardii Big bluestem
Carex stricta Tussock sedge
Dichanthelium clandestinum Deer-tongue grass
Elymus virginicus Virginia wild rye
Iris versicolor Blue flag
Juncus effuses Softrush
Lolium multiflorum Annual rye
8.10 IN-STREAM DESIGN ELEMENTS
8.10.1 Structural Elements
This concept design includes structural elements to provide extra protection to those areas
subject to high shear stresses. These structures act to redirect flow and protect vulnerable
outer meander bends.
' Materials used in bank and bed protection structures will include those that enhance in-
stream habitat and are perceived to be in keeping with natural aesthetics and natural
channel materials already Present in less disturbed portions of the site. These materials
BiohabitatS, Inc. -RESTORING THE EARTH AND INSPIRING ECOLOGICAL STEWARDSHIP- 34
Brown Branch
Final Stream Restoration Report
include large woody debris (LWD) interacting with the low flow and bankfull channel,
and bedrock outcrops. Natural materials (wood and rock) and the features they form are
mimicked with log bank protection, log vanes, root wads, and rock toe protection.
Specifically, the following practices are proposed:
1. Bank protection practices
1. Root wad revetments
2. Rock toe protection
2. Flow redirection
1. Log vanes
2. J-rock and J-log vanes
3. Grade control
1. Rock cross vanes
2. Log cross vanes
More than any other structural element, LWD is emphasized throughout the restoration
design. It is well documented that LWD provides significant habitat structure for fish
and aquatic invertebrates, as well as storage of sediments and organic matter. Some
studies have specifically noted these benefits in the broader vicinity of Brown Branch.
Hilderbrand et al. (1998) placed LWD experimentally as a ramp angled upstream (similar
to a single cross vane) in a third-order trout stream in the southwestern Virginian
Appalachians with physical characteristics similar to Brown Branch (slope just under 1
16.4 foot bankfull width). LWD pieces longer than the average bankfull channel were
found to be stable and induced significant adjacent scour. As has been found in studies
of streams throughout the world, research in mountainous streams of North Carolina has
shown a strong positive correlation between in-stream LWD loadings and both pool
frequency and trout use in mature forests, relative to mid-successional forests (Flebbe and
Dolloff, 1995; Flebbe, 1999). The use of extensive LWD at Brown Branch, therefore, is
Biohabitats, Inc. -RESTORING THE EARTH AND INSPIRING ECOLOGICAL STEWARDSHIP- 35

Brown Branch
Final Stream Restoration Report
directed at maximizing pool frequency and encouraging use by trout species in keeping
with project objectives.
Structures are distributed along the proposed stable channel planform layout not to
"armor" the banks but to augment to initial stability of the natural channel design as
vegetation growth occurs and the delivery of LWD increases. In time, it is intended that
the riparian zone would maintain large woody debris recruitment rates firsthand and add
to channel complexity. Furthermore, vegetation growth along the outsides of meander
bends should secure erosion-prone banks as log structures decay over the longer term.
Some bank treatments ("Bank Treatment" 1, 2, and 3 shown in Appendix A) will
incorporate multiple structures in more complex arrangements.
At many locations, the design seeks to utilize natural bedrock outcrops for natural grade
control and bank stabilization. In these locations, meanders are aligned so that bankfull
flows will hit the bedrock, create scour, and then continue downstream. This approach
allows for variety in physical features by exploiting existing conditions, and also reduces
implementation costs by reducing the number of structures required to protect outside
meander bends.
8.10.2 Soil Bioengineering Elements
Soil bioengineering, or non-structural means of stabilizing streambanks, are also
proposed throughout the restoration project. Bank stabilization using soil bioengineering
will include two main types: coir fiber logs and live branch layering.
Where live branch layering is proposed, the streambanks will be regraded to a stable
angle and geometry and utilize vegetative planting and biodegradable materials to
stabilize the streambank and prevent or reduce future streambank erosion. These
practices are proposed where there is sufficient area available to regrade the streambank,
sufficient sunlight to promote the growth of the live branches, and where the streambanks
are not expected to be exposed to frequent erosive stream conditions.
Biohabitats, Inc.
-RESTORING THE EARTH AND INSPIRING ECOLOGICAL STEWARDSHIP- 36
Brown Branch '
Final Stream Restoration Report '
Coir fiber logs will be used at the toe of banks in straighter sections of the stream, where
some added bank protection is appropriate but more intensive structural methods would
bioengineering Live is also branch integrated layering is with many proposed of the above the coir structural treatments described in ,
Section 8.10.2 and proposed along meander bends. For example, live branch layering is ,
intermingled with log vanes and root wads for bank stability. In addition, the planting
plan is integrated with structural and soil bioengineering elements to promote quick- ,
growing, large rooted species along the apex of meander bends.
8.11 FLOODPLAIN DESIGN ELEMENTS '
8.11.1 Wildlife Habitat Structures
Wildlife use snags, downed logs and brush piles for nesting, roosting, foraging, perching,
cover, or territorial displays. These features are often referred to as wildlife habitat '
structures. Many applications of forestry practices have limited the number of snags and
downed logs available for wildlife habitat. Maintenance procedures along developed '
areas also often prohibit the retention of brush piles. Wildlife dependent upon these
features may experience loss of habitat and diminished use opportunities when these '
elements are lacking.
An ecosystem restoration project has added value if it tries to provide or retain some of
these wildlife habitat structures. Within the Limit of Disturbance of this project, the '
incorporation of these elements provide habitat that may not be found until advanced
stages of succession occur. Our approach exclusively uses onsite plant materials that ,
would have otherwise been buried or removed from the site. The use of invasive plant
species for these structures is prohibited in order to avoid the spread of seeds, fruits or the t
possibility of new growth from re-sprouting.
8.11.2 Wood Snags and Downed Logs
Snags are used for wildlife nesting, shelter and feeding sites. Tree cavities also form in
the heart of trees from disease or limb loss and provide a place for nests of some birds
Biohabitats, Inc. -RESTORING THE EARTH AND INSPIRING ECOLOGICAL STEWARDSHIP- 37 '
fiber logs.
be Soil unnecessary.,

11,

t

Brown Branch
Final Stream Restoration Report
including woodpeckers, owls, swallows and others. Snags also provide habitat
requirements for cavity-dwelling amphibians, reptiles and mammals. The bare branches
of snags serve as perches for hawks, vultures, eagles and other carnivorous birds. Snags
are also attractive to insects that ultimately help to decompose the tree.
Fallen snags become logs and a new habitat element is created. Tiny soil organisms
decompose the log and in turn are preyed upon by other organisms such as insects.
Rotting logs provide a very moist environment and attract amphibians including
salamanders and tree frogs. Downed logs also serve as important habitat for ground-
dwelling mammals, birds and reptiles. Woody debris including logs can help prevent
rapid runoff and erosion, and replenishes the soil. During decomposition of the log,
nutrients are slowly released to the soil completing the cycle from which they came.
Organic matter from the decomposition process adds to the structure and porosity of
forest soils and provides conditions suited to future tree growth.
Woody debris elements, created from onsite salvaged trees include dead tree snags, dying
tree snags, hinged snags, and downed logs. Wood snags are placed throughout the
proposed woodland planting areas to provide important habitat elements. Dead tree snags
consist of dead trees placed upright in the ground. They will be selected from trees
within the limits of disturbance not marked for saving or protection. Dying snags consist
of live trees left in place during construction that are expected to die due to excavation or
filling. They will be left standing upon the completion of grading. Hinged snags are
dying standing trees that are to be partially broken off and left in place. Hinged snags
will be cut three-quarters of the way through the diameter of the tree and the top portion
of the tree will be felled. The felled portion is either left as is, or up to one-half its mass
is trimmed to provide material for brush piles, snags, and downed logs. Downed logs are
felled trees salvaged from within the project limits of disturbance. As with snags,
downed logs are also from trees not marked for saving or protection. Downed logs are to
be partially buried in the ground so the log remains firmly in place.
Biohabitats, Inc.
-RESTORING THE EARTH AND INSPIRING ECOLOGICAL STEWARDSHIP- 38

Brown Branch
Final Stream Restoration Report
8.11.3 Brush Piles
In addition to the large woody debris of snags and logs, brush piles of smaller-sized
woody material are also proposed on the plans as habitat elements. Brush piles primarily
provide cover, particularly winter cover, for rabbits, other small mammals (including
rodents), birds (for roosting), and other animals. Brush piles will be created throughout
woodland planting areas. They will consist of woody material one-quarter to six inches
in diameter salvaged from the project site during construction. This material will include
multi-branched woody debris with the leaves still attached. Brush piles will consist of
woody debris stacked in an irregular pattern, and will be two to three feet high in the
center, tapering to six to twelve inches along the edges.
Biohabitats, Inc. -RESTORING THE EARTH AND INSPIRING ECOLOGICAL STEWARDSHIP-

,9 ?

11
1

?J

Brown Branch
Final Stream Restoration Report
9.0 SEDIMENT AND EROSION CONTROL PLAN
Given the proximity of the project to vulnerable aquatic environments, stringent sedimentation-
and erosion-control measures will be implemented prior to ground disturbance and will be
maintained throughout project construction. The North Carolina Natural Heritage Program is
aware of the presence of a rare stonefly - Diploperla morgani - located in Mulberry Creek just
below the confluence of Brown Branch. Impacts to Mulberry Creek therefore must be
minimized or avoided.
9.1 PUMP AROUND
Because the work proposed for the project will be conducted in the stream channel,
sediment controls will include a pump around that will divert clean water around the
isolated work area to prevent excessive sediment from entering the stream during
construction activities. This dewatering program will be implemented such that
construction work does not affect water quality or aquatic resources within the creek.
The pump around consists of an upstream sand dike which prevents stream water from
entering the work area, and a sand bag dike at the lower limit of the work area to prevent
sediments from entering the stream.
9.2 SLOPE STABILIZATION
All newly graded slopes will be stabilized with permanent seeding and matting at the end
of each work day. Other sediment controls, such as silt fence will be used in areas where
bank stabilization, and bank and floodplain grading are proposed.
9.3 PROTECTION OF EXTANT VEGETATION ADJACENT TO WORK AREA
Riparian woodland vegetation adjacent to the construction work area will be protected
from inadvertent construction impacts by the placement of construction mesh fencing.
The fencing will be in place prior to construction operations and grading at the site.
9.4 STABILIZED CONSTRUCTION ENTRANCE
There is an extended gravel road leading from (paved) Globe Mountain Road into the 4H
Camp that should allow construction equipment sufficient distance to shed soil prior to
Biohabitats, Inc. -RESTORING THE EARTH AND INSPIRING ECOLOGICAL STEWARDSHIP- 40

Brown Branch
Final Stream Restoration Report
entering the paved roadway. However, the contractor will place some additional gravel
at the access points from the gravel road if conditions become muddy.
Biohabitats, Inc. -RESTORING THE EARTH AND INSPIRING ECOLOGICAL STEWARDSHIP- 41

11

Brown Branch
Final Stream Restoration Report
10.0 STREAM MONITORING PLAN
A technical monitoring plan is necessary to measure the success of the restoration plan.
Technical monitoring will provide information needed to diagnose unforeseen problems resulting
from changes in the environment, and the design and construction of the project. This
information can then be used to develop restoration contingency plans, and facilitate the design
and construction of future restoration projects with similar objectives and site conditions. The
technical monitoring program should address and document pre-construction and initial post-
construction conditions. The monitoring should be performed by a qualified firm with
experience in designing and implementing stream restoration using a natural channel design
approach.
Streams, by their nature, are dynamic systems which gradually adjust their cross section, profile,
and planform with changing environmental conditions. Infrequent catastrophic events can also
alter river form and course, though much more quickly. Meander bend cut offs and creation of
oxbows are often the result of high magnitude flow events. Because rivers are dynamic systems
which are subject to catastrophic events, evaluation of changes in the newly constructed channel
must be taken in the context of the entire river system. To facilitate comparison between the
relocated and natural channel, Biohabitats has developed a monitoring program which includes
monumented cross sections upstream of and within the relocated channel. General observations
of changes in natural morphology along with quantitative changes at the monumented cross
sections will help indicate which channel changes deserved immediate attention.
Natural rivers are composed of areas of slow deep water (pools) and shallow fast moving reaches
(riffles or glides). Pools are areas of bed scour (hence their greater than average depth), whereas
glides and riffles are relatively shallow due to accumulated sediment. Sediment is also
accumulated on the insides of meander bends, whereas the outside of a bend is typically a pool.
Channel aggradation (bar formation) and/or degradation (bed and bank scour) all occur naturally
as part of fluvial processes and one should not be overly concerned when they occur, especially
in areas they are expected (i.e. degradation in meander bend pools and aggradation on inside
point bars). Unexpected occurrence of channel bars and/or bed scour of the new channel may
Biohabitats, Inc. -RESTORING THE EARTH AND INSPIRING ECOLOGICAL STEWARDSHIP- 42

Brown Branch
Final Stream Restoration Report
form after a storm event, but these changes are typically transient and may be reversed by next
storm. These features will be noted during all scheduled monitoring to ascertain if they are
temporary, static, or growing.
If the bar feature or bed degradation is not chronically increasing, then no action need be taken.
If a bar is aggrading (growing) it could expand to the point where flows are directed into one or
both banks causing erosion and possible bank failure. In this case the bar needs to be removed
before bank failure occurs and the cause of the bar formation should be determined. Bar
formation is often caused by debris jams or grade control structures. Debris jams will be
removed along with the bar material and grade control structures will be modified to stop the
accumulation of sediments. Bar formation can also be caused by an influx of larger than normal
sediments Progression of bed scour could threatening the stability of the banks, log vanes, or
rock weirs.
Streams may also change through catastrophic events such as floods. Large floods may cause
local bank erosion and floodplain scour, and may even create oxbow wetlands by cutting off
meander bends. It is important to evaluate the effects of infrequent, large-magnitude events on
the newly constructed channel in the context of the entire river system. Changes in channel
morphology (bank erosion, bed scour, bar formation) of the newly constructed channel must be
compared to reaches upstream and downstream of the relocation. If a catastrophic event passes
through the area and causes widespread bank erosion upstream and downstream of the relocated
channel, then bank erosion within the relocated channel should be considered part of the natural
process. Channel changes within the relocated channel which deviate from those in the natural
channel will need to be addressed immediately.
Individual monitoring parameters are discussed below. Table 10.1 summarizes the frequency
and content of monitoring recommended. The monitoring period should extend a minimum
period of five years. In the event of a storm event exceeding bankfull flow during the first three
monitoring years (as considered on a November to November basis) and not coinciding with a
routine monitoring, an additional round of monitoring shall be undertaken within one week. The
occurrence of a drought would also warrant additional monitoring of vegetation. In either
Biohabitats, Inc. -RESTORING THE EARTH AND INSPIRING ECOLOGICAL STEWARDSHIP- 43

Brown Branch
Final Stream Restoration Report
instance, no more than one such additional monitoring round would be conducted in any
November to November monitoring year.
10.1 NOTE WATERSHED CONDITIONS
During each monitoring year, any major land use changes in the watershed will be noted
to help interpret channel changes noted downstream during the monitoring period. For
example, if extensive timber harvesting occurs in the upper watershed, one might expect
changes in the hydrology and sediment supplied to the downstream channel unrelated to
the stream restoration project.
10.2 GEOMORPHIC MAP
Using the construction as-built map of the restoration project, a qualified scientist will
walk the length of the stream and note key geomorphic features. These features will the
location of bedrock outcrops, bank erosion and/or slumping, significant and rapid erosion
and deposition, channel flow pattern, and other important ongoing geomorphic processes,
such as shallow subsurface piping and large woody debris racking. The map will provide
a basis for interpretation of channel changes noted in other monitoring components and
will guide maintenance measures required to preserve the structural and ecological
integrity of the site. Observations along the entire stream corridor will be made to help
identify land uses (e.g., livestock, bank trampling) that might jeopardize restoration
measures, such as water quality, and therefore interfere with restoration objectives.
Geomorphic mapping will be conducted annually. In the event of a storm event
exceeding bankfull flow during the first three monitoring years, an additional round of
monitoring will be undertaken within one week.
10.3 CHANNEL CROSS SECTIONS
Soon after construction, at least one permanent cross section will be established for every
thousand feet of stream restoration. This equates to a minimum of 6 cross sections to
document channel response and overall project success. An additional cross section will
be established in a riffle section at least one hundred feet upstream of the limit of the
Biohabitats, Inc. -RESTORING THE EARTH AND INSPIRING ECOLOGICAL STEWARDSHIP- 44

Brown Branch
Final Stream Restoration Report
project area for comparative purposes to observe any trends in channel change unrelated
to the restoration project. Cross sections will be re-surveyed annually.
10.4 LONGITUDINAL PROFILE
In conjunction with the cross sections identified for monitoring above, the channel profile
along the thalweg will be surveyed through the entire study reach. Survey points will be
collected along the thalweg of the stream at all significant breaks in slope in addition to
the deepest point in pools. Water surface elevations and bankfull elevations also shall be
collected in conjunction with the longitudinal profile.
10.5 PHOTOGRAPHIC DOCUMENTATION
The overall performance of the stream restoration project, including vegetation growth,
channel stability, and structure integrity, will be recorded at no fewer than twenty
photographic documentation points. Rephotography at established photographic stations
will ensure comparability. At least half of the photographic documentation points shall
be established prior to construction activities, so that the restoration changes are more
fully depicted.
If with time, a vantage may be obscured by vegetation, the vantage may be shifted
slightly to document the salient features at that location. At minimum, photographs will
be taken annually. In the event of a major storm event during the first three monitoring
years or a drought during any one monitoring year, an additional round of photographic
monitoring will be undertaken within one week of a flow event greater than bankfull.
10.6 INSPECTION OF STRUCTURE INTEGRITY
All bed and bank structures will be inspected regularly to assess their condition. At
minimum, these inspections will occur biannually in the first two monitoring years and
on an annual basis thereafter. Routine inspections of channel conditions will be
conducted during low-water (non-flood) conditions to allow viewing of the structures,
including such potential problems as displaced rock, settling and tilting, and
undermining.

1

Biohabitats, Inc. -RESTORING THE EARTH AND INSPIRING ECOLOGICAL STEWARDSHIP- 45

Brown Branch
Final Stream Restoration Report
The performance of the structures also shall be monitored annually during a period of at
least five years following construction. During the first three monitoring years additional
inspections will be conducted within one week of a flow event exceeding bankfull.
Recommendations for repair or removal of damaged structures will be made based on
these observations.
10.7 BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS
Aquatic macroinvertebrates and fish are excellent "integrators" of water quality, flow
stability, and habitat quality in that the number of species sampled at any one time must
reflect the net temporal effect of these physical conditions-even though sampling itself
occurs at a discrete time. Monitoring of these species will be conducted prior to and
following construction, as well as within the same reference reach for physiochemical
measurements. Biological parameters will be monitored annually in the five years
following construction. The North Carolina Department of Water Quality will conduct
monitoring of benthic macroinvertebrates, and the North Carolina Wildlife Resources
Commission will monitor fishes.
10.8 SOIL BIOENGINEERING AND RIPARIAN HABITAT
Many months may be required for plants to properly establish. Soil bioengineering and
riparian habitat monitoring shall include surveys of the survival of planted material,
including soil bioengineering and the broader riparian zone.
Vegetation will be monitored annually for a period of five years following installation.
Plant survival shall be a minimum of 80% each year, for a period of three years. If
survival rates fall below this level, remedial actions will be implemented in the following
fall/winter (i.e. replanting). Follow-up inspections will focus on replacement of dead or
dying plant materials and soil stabilization. In the event of a flow exceeding bankfull or
an extended drought during a monitoring year, an additional round of monitoring will be
undertaken.
Biohabitats, Inc.
-RESTORING THE EARTH AND INSPIRING ECOLOGICAL STEWARDSHIP- 46

Brown Branch
Final Stream Restoration Report
10.9 SCOUR CHAINS AND BANK PINS
To document precise changes in the bed at key points along the proposed channel
alignment, scour chains and bed pins may be used at up to five key locations in the study
reach. The equipment would be installed immediately following construction to capture
subsequent changes. In the event of a flow exceeding bankfull in a monitoring year, an
additional round of monitoring would be conducted.
10.10 CONTINGENCY PLAN
Table 10.2 outlines contingency measures to address stream channel problems that may
arise after construction.
Biohabitats, Inc. -RESTORING THE EARTH AND INSPIRING ECOLOGICAL STEWARDSHIP- .47

0
o
?ce,
w

a?
O
d
O
b
y
0
?I
i
a
C
a?
Q
ea
F-

C

cts

00
C
. ? Q
? bL
w ?

O
A

u °A

o

o
0

h

a

x x x x x x x x
z o
0o v,
z g x x x x x x x
o

z o x x x x x x x x

a

o x x x x x x x x
a z N

o g x x x x x x x x
z N
o
A
w o
u
r
+
.
x x
y x x x x x x
o f H .w
U ?

w o
o A
a

0 c
w
91

o ?
o
u
u
d
0
4
a A

a
a o w

C u u b G
.b o En ? ?"q c
? l
[ F
y

O p 0 O p O

3
C7
U
°
a
En c
i
a0

o ?
o
H
a >
o ?
II "II? II
x?¦
00
It
A
0
GG
Brown Branch
Final Stream Restoration Report
Table 10.2 Stream Restoration Contingency Plan
Parameter Concern Contingency Plan Timeframe*
P
Profile Headcut progresses past grade ¦ Divert flow away from work area or pump around Immediate
control device ¦ Stabilize head cut with large rocks (min. 30" dia.)
¦ Divert flow away from work area or pump around
" Monthly
Severe scour at downstream dia.) in scour hole
¦ Place large rock (min. 30
end of vortex rock weir footers without excavating
threatening stability of weir ¦ Push rock down if necessary to make flush with
channel
Cross Section ¦ Divert flow away from work area or pump around Monthly
Severe scour around root wad ¦ Place large rock (min. 30 dia.) at base of scour
or log vane threatening stability ¦ Fill scour area with clean fill
of structure ¦ Plant with bankers willow and red-osier dogwood
(1'- 2' cont.)

Planform ¦ Place top soil in eroded area and compact
Monthly
Bank erosion in vicinity of root ¦ Seed with permanent seed mixture and stabilize
wads, log vanes, or vortex rock with biodegradable matting
weirs ¦ Plant with bankers willow and red-osier dogwood
(1' - 2' cont.) on outer edge of eroded area
Debris jam or beaver dam ¦ Remove any obstruction that form within the first Monthly
obstructing/ redirecting flow five years
Soil Bio- Determine reason for failure. Seasonally
If failure was due to insufficient light, and shade
engineering tolerant species were used, remove the dead
cuttings and plant containerized stock of shade
Section of soil bioengineering tolerant shrubs such as red-osier dogwood, silky
not growing dogwood, arrow wood, and blackhaw.
¦ If failure was due to use of dead cuttings, improper
installation, or disease, remove the dead cuttings
and replace with live cuttings during the proper
season
Section of soil bioengineering Add topsoil as necessary to restore bank Seasonally
and bank removed by high flow Replace soil bioengineering during the proper
season and
Construction (Super) silt fence damaged ¦ Repair (super) silt fencing to meet specifications Immediate
Temporary stream crossing ¦ Recover debris from old stream crossing Immediate
damaged or blown out ¦ Rebuild new stream crossing
Flooding of new channel before ¦ Pump water out of new channel Immediate
completion ¦ Repair channel to previous condition
Erosion of berm separating new ¦ Divert flow from new channel construction Immediate
and existing channel ¦ Pump water out of new channel
¦ Repair channel to previous condition
*Timeframe is as follows: Immediate (1-7 days), Monthly (within 1 month), Seasonal (within 6 months).
Biohabitats, Inc. -RESTORING THE EARTH AND INSPIRING ECOLOGICAL STEWARDSHIP- 49

Brown Branch
Final Stream Restoration Report
11.0 REFERENCES
Andrews, E.D., 1980. Effective and bankfull discharges of streams in the Yampa River Basin,
Colorado and Wyoming, J. Hydrol., 46: 311-330.
Andrews, E.D., 1984. Bed material entrainment and hydraulic geometry of gravel-bed rivers in
Colorado, Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 95, p. 371-378.
Ashworth, P.J. and Ferguson, R.I., 1989. Size-selective entrainment of bed load in gravel bed
streams, Water Resources Research, 25, 627-634.
Buffington, J.M. and Montgomery, D.R. 1993. A systematic analysis of eight decades of
incipient motion studies, with special reference to gravel-bedded rivers, Water Resources
Research, v. 33 (8), 1993-2029.
Dietrich, W.E., Kirchner, J.W., Ikeda, H, and Iseya, F., 1989. Sediment supply and the
development of the coarse surface layer in gravel-bedded rivers: Nature, v. 340, p. 215-217.
Flebbe, P.A. and C.A. Dolloff, 1995. Trout use of woody debris and habitat in Appalachian
wilderness streams of North Carolina, North American Journal of Fisheries Management, 15:
579-590.

Flebbe, P.A., 1999. Trout use of woody debris and habitat in Wine Spring Creek, North
Carolina, Forest Ecology and Management, 114: 367-376.
Harman, W.A., Wise, D.E., Walker, M.A., Morris, R., Cantrell, M.A., Clemmons, M., Jennings,
G.D., Clinton, D., and Patterson, J., year not specified. Bankfull Regional Curves for North
Carolina Mountain Streams.
http•//www5 bae ncsu edu/prosirams/extension/wgy,/sri/mtnpaper.html (Note: according to Dani
Wise-Frederick of NCSU Stream Restoration Institute, the Mountain region table equations cited
in this paper are somewhat preferable to the equations listed in this NCSU Web site table.)
Biohabitats, Inc. -RESTORING THE EARTH AND INSPIRING ECOLOGICAL STEWARDSHIP- 50

Brown Branch '
Final Stream Restoration Report
Harman, W.A., Jennings, G.D., Patterson, J.M., Clinton, D.R., Slate, L.O., Jessup, A.G., ,
Everhart, J.R., and Smith, R.E., 1999. Bankfull Hydraulic Geometry Relationships for North
Carolina Streams. AWRA Wildland Hydrology Symposium Proceedings. Edited by: D.S. Olsen
and J.P. Potyondy. AWRA Summer Symposium. Bozeman, MT. (Rural Piedmont) ,
Hilderbrand, R.H., Lemly, A.D., Dolloff, C.A, and Harpster, K.L., 1998. Design Considerations '
for Large Woody Debris Placement in Stream Enhancement Projects. North American Journal
of Fisheries Management, 18: 161-167. '
Jackson, N.M., Jr., 1976. Magnitude and Frequency of Floods in North Carolina. U.S. '
Geological Survey, Water Resources Investigation 76-17, prepared in cooperation with NCDOT '
and NCDENR.
Jackson W.L. and Beschta R.L. 1982. A model of two-phase bedload transport in an Oregon '
Coast Range stream: Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, v. 7, p. 517-527.
Leopold, L.B., Wolman, M.G., and Miller, J.P., 1964. Fluvial Processes in Geomorphology: ,
W.H. Freeman and Company, 522 p.
NCSU, Rural Mountain Table ("Table of Regional Curve data for the-Mountain region"),
http://www5.bae.nesu.edu/programs/extension/wpg/sri/mtntable.htmi (Note: according to Dani '
Wise-Frederick of NCSU Stream Restoration Institute, the Mountain region table equations cited
in the Harman et al., year unspecified, paper are somewhat preferable to the equations listed in '
this Web site table.)
Parker and Klingeman, 1982. On why gravel bed streams are paved, Water Resources Research,
'
18,1409-1423.
Parker, G., Klingeman, P.C., and McLean, D.G., 1982. Bedload and size distribution in paved '
gravel-bed streams, J. Hydraul. Div. Am. Soc. Civ. Eng., 108, 544-571.
Biohabitats, Inc. -RESTORING THE EARTH AND INSPIRING ECOLOGICAL STEWARDSHIP- 51 ,

' Brown Branch
Final Stream Restoration Report
' Reed, J.C., Jr., 1964. Geology of the Lenoir Quadrangle, North Carolina, U.S. Geological
Survey, Map GQ-242.
' Rosgen, D., 1996. Applied River Morphology. Wildland Hydrology, Printed Media Companies,
' Minneapolis, MN.
Shields, A., 1936. Anwendung der Aehnlichkeitsmechanik and der Turbulenzforschung auf die
Geschiebebewegung, Mitt. Preuss. Versuchsanst. Wasserbau Schiffbau, 26, 26. (English
' translation by W.P. Ott and J.C. van Uchelen, 36 pp., U.S. Dep. of Agric. Soil Conser. Serv.
Coop. Lab., Calif. Inst. of Technol., Pasadena, 1936.)
' Soil Conservation Service (SCS, now the Natural Resources Conservation Service), 1987. Soil
' Survey of Caldwell County, North Carolina.

Wathen, S.J., Ferguson, R.I., Hoey, T.B., and Werritty, A., 1995. Unequal mobility of gravel
and sand in weakly bimodal river sediments, Water Resources Research, 31, 2087-2096.
Wolman, M.G., and Miller, J.P., 1960. Magnitude and frequency of forces in geomorphic
process, J. Geol., 68: 54-74.
Biohabitats, Inc. -RESTORING THE EARTH AND INSPIRING ECOLOGICAL STEWARDSHIP- 52

APPENDIX A
EXISTING VERSUS PROPOSED CHANNEL ALIGNMENT
' WITH PROPOSED STRUCTURES AND PLANTING PLAN
1

1I
II
LEGEND FOR DRAWINGS
® sTOC3a3lLE N,EA REST c ZONE ,
FONESrED rLO
' Nro ?LOaoPLM /
atlOAemeaeme BouL?R eMiA STN3EIIAT10R ® PLMTM ZONE 2
wEnAv. ABMDO ED CHM EL - -
Raa CRO55 YNE
LOG 'd° VNIE
LOG YNE
T`
ROCK ".r Y
ROOTWAD iEVE1iEN
LOG BNK PRDTECTIDk ?y 7 ?`•?1 ,
LOG CROSS VANE
COR PEER ROLL ---
' - - - - - - - PROPOSED TRALwEC
STEPPOOL 4 44
' LIVE BRNICH UYEARG
'@@@ n?7nJ BAW TREATIE T 2
o-.., `
BIM TREAT1ffNT ' a/
4-7\ 1 4 4,4
,?. LU
4 4,
-A 4,3 4,
- --
44
.. r
X - LLI
r -
44 -3(
-
r W -
F
,F,•.- - ?ti - -
45 -39,
.
?f1 eo1
i u i, doe
11r???
avert uwt artnam aia?w¢omn
1/24,02 =
ETNA Biohabit&jnc. BROWN BRANCH
I i, ?? amour ? i
>vn TLS tl 15 Wes, Aylesbur Road
y
J KB Timonium, M.
rvlar,d 21693 STREAM R E S T O R A'F I O N
d
L ? ?,-:w ?- --- - ---- ? - --- Phone: [phone]
II i ? '"'01ID Fax [phone]
TM ml -I
p- JV '1J >Mrl?
SCALE
o zoo a of
RESTORATION R r? o
PLAN I
ff I r1P ?r
I
? 11

',1
LEGEND FOR DRAWINGS
STOCKPILE AREA / PLANING ZONE I
FORESTED FL000PLm
amMmmoemmoo BOULDER BANG STABIIIATTGN TT M30E 2
WETLAIIO
ABANDONED CHANNEL
14
ROCK CROSS vAME

.
i.'k. k I
.d
LOG 'J" VALE _
LOG VANE
ROCK *J" VANE
ROGTWAD REVETMENT
LOG BAN PROTECTION
LOG CROSS VANE
® COAT FM ROLL
4, BANIWULL `
j?t1 7? 7 UWSTEPPOQ s
uvE BRANCH uVETMIfv
41-A 4'j BIN( TREATMENT , -
77 _ _
4 ? 4 LJ eANK TREATMENT 2 F
3= 7??
BAK TREATMENT 3
44
Nxi
4 4,-% ON
?.
iY - --a
?, - Z
04 Z!?
J ?,.- -
4 4 ' k \ ?
Wi; i y?
z 6-
u
_ Tl
J
.. ? .. _ ...„_
f
of
.? ?6?I U?orrryryuab?
If B'lahael
l
am 1/24/02
,,Uw@. EM61
?vw TLS
C,,m JKB
u..nn
Biohabkaks inc.
15 West Aylesbury Road
Timonium; A1ary1orld 21093
- ` Fax- 410-583-5678 BROWN BRANCH
Phone; 410 337 3659
STREAM RESTORATION

SCALE
CTTnmmg2~ O
RESTORATION 1 sa2o-
PLAN f COx' 7RAC7 r
?,,7 it

i
F
W
W
N
N
W
LEGEND FOR DRAWINGS
STOCKPU AREA
emempme?+m BOUDER BAW STABLUATM
RACK doss VARE
LOG I r V*E
a LOc VME
ROCK •J' VNE
RWWA9 REVETMMT
LOG SW PRMCTM
Lac cross vA+E
COR FM ROLL
- - - - - - - PROPOSED TH&WEG
BAWFULL LYrs

M
I-
LU
srEPPOOL - ?.-
® LIVE BRMIkd LAYERIIG 4
® _-
? BA,K TRSAT?aIT ,
LJ )LJ Bw TREATMMT 2
NW TREAT&IM 3 '
?k? 4
4 ,
4 44
44 -? 144 4 44 ? 4-41 -31
t
t?
xx
- 7? A 4'39,
-tA 4,
LA -7111 41
.? . -
?.,
a
41
.-
?•
_
y

- RT6,, ,,asenG an Donanents
' TM doud Uie ideas and ??sy iempara0ad
f't
f
md
5
i
¢
' erv
ce,
rn,property
en as an netrunmtaorot
eeto he a
aed
n
part
ro
of Biahahitafa
w b
,
, ect
] tflf PPryry 01Ikf afaJOCI MIa?WL the MIUM 01MfCa1On
?'1 at Bd10DdatAlla.
i?
R 1/24/6"
cue
MTa ?
?
>?EW
z- ? >vn ns
-
JK8
E ?j aarra
Biohab]tats.bc.
15 Wes; Aylesbury Road
Tirnoniurre, Moryland 21093
Phone: [phone]
-Fax [phone]
BROWN BRANCH
S l REAM RES T ORAa110N
rvl%o
SCALE'
-t
0 21,1
RESTORATION
PLAN
Fl -
n
1
LEGEND FOR DRAWINGS
STOCKPILE AREA
mmmrmmo BOULDER SANK STISED:ATION
ROCK CROSS VNE
LOG "J" VANE
LOG VANE
ROCK "J' VINE
ROOTWAD REVETMENT
LOG BANK PROTECTION
LOG CROSS VANE
® COR FIBER ROLL
------- PROPOSED TNALWM
BNIffLLL LNTS
stTrPOOL
PLIE ZOIE ,
PaRESTESTE
. ? D FLO PIAOOPLIN
zalE 2
PLANTM
WETLAND, ABANDONED CHANNEL
2)
® LM BRANCH LAYERING

- ;_
Al-
eMIK TREATMENT I
?fi ti_ _ nJ ?f 1J KINK TREATIEIr 2
?3 -3
ZZ,
'\'_ '1' ....._. - •_ BANG: TREATNINT S
' %- '
--
?.
= - r= - -
X
'' Z
-?, ?7.r
'' _--}
?v ??.
"TV 1/24/02
moan EMM
mine TLS
,,was, JKB
unwa
!lf 7! ':I ly
Biohaoitatjmc.
15 West Avles6ury Road
7iman'... MarylO.e 21093
Phone: 41C--337-3659
Fax:410-SB3-5678
BROWN BRANCH
z STREAM
I C PC3 € OR IOh
N' I',' r C/? gym ( DWI ? ?il??n' ? - 11- SCALE
I
O 20 40
RESTORATION SALE:
," - 20'.0.
PLAN CONTRACT R;
SHc'E"i
s
?
OF ,?3?

1?

LEGEND FOR DRAWINGS
® sTOaaKE AREA PLmnw zoN ,
FORESTED FLO ODPLM
amot>rmlmom? E,OIRDER BNR STN IZATgN PLINTM ZONE 2
® WEMAW.

L7

f- * \
PIZ
- ---- -
.
' i3"nae of Daamnlb?,
(itl ? ? 1118 It?89 Qd
fii m m mtruneni of holwiad5eria??Ne. props
j ta, and a not to ne amen ada a n psi,
me amen adnt¢a6on
Vi'? my oIM Mw.?K ninwt

{ R -? -d :a Ems '°Z I Biohabi4ts*. I BROWN BRANCH LIL TLS I 15 West Nylesbury Road STREAM RESTORATION
Timonium klaryland 2h?93
JK8
I( norm
Phone; 410-337-3659
?? ? oe¦?>m i i? r Fox 410-58 ?-5678

w.
7_,?l
c
SCALE -?
O 2?0 40
Y:
LU
CA
F ?I
Li
Z?
?I
RESTORATION iI so o:
PLAN 11 rA:-
ld.?'f

? 11
? 1.1
=-?
W ? BAiC 1REATIENT 3
Z -- w-_ .. r 1 J/ N 4
/ 1a
4 -591
_
44 -34
® BW TiEMENT
LA - _?
n^ n^
BW TREMENT 2 =
LEGEND FOR DRAWINGS
STOCPe1.E AREA
a?iraogt, 000UXR BAR STABLQATION
ROCK, CROSS ME
LOO 'Lr VANE
dgb=ci LOO VMIE
ROCK •r YAE
ROOTWAD REVETMENT
LOO BANK PROTECTION
LOG CROSS VAE
? COR FBER ROLL
.-.,_ _ .. PROPOSES 1HN.YPEG
- - - _ - __
-
.w
_ STEPPOOL
W LIVE BRANCH LAYERNG
RAN

t1 •?
i
44
-3K 4
4:
a\?
1
Ak;
y
I r?'
xi of f7oamaA+:
Tm banni? ad ate idem aN rarporalM
ru`„?? n
to be tmd
itllr 1. ^1 abler ppapa ?AYOUt the eitlen oR1ar¢ahon
I Sri Ili I?ilat&ic. '

111 R "M 1/24/02
EkW
_ L -
I _ wnr TLS
?I JKB

Biohabitats,hlc.
15 West AYiesbury Road
Timonium, Maryland 2109:
Phone; 410-337-3659
Fax: [phone]
BROWN BRANCH
STREAM RES'ORA 'lON
"-4-Y".T- r, lllLi Alf V" nt l'(1 Y Z mon
SCALE
O 20 40
RESTORATION' ,,, , za-o..
RESTORATION' ???
PLAN CONTRACT NC
SHEET

-0 W
:
r _
?N
42,

f
W
W
N
N
F
W
Z
u
. 1 l 11r
yr? 1(fy?
1
;W,511
--LEGEND FOR DRAWINGS
2
F
Q
E
r
1
rrm aRnaamdAs:
?r???; ,adits'?09 ad detvp i(mmorated
1411 m m mtummt o ? Satiu, is tln property
be uad rtde a in pal,
, ? p?ab9?Aa?fs,plrxu. ad is noR to 'n
'I,a Bil?laR Yrc. tM.?ttm aAnriZatw
r

LOG
VANE
ROCK •r "
VANE
ROOTITAD REVETMENT
C?'^ LOG BANK PROTECTION
LOG CROSS VANE
COR FIBER ROLL
------- PROPOSED TNALMEG
BANKIrLILL WITS
STEPPOOL
1 M BRANCH LAYERING
? I BANK TREATMENT 1
BAE TREATMENT 2
BANK TREATMENT
` PLANTING ZONE 1
FORESTED FLOOOPLAPI
PLM,ITM ZONE 2
WETLAND, ABANDONED CIAMEI.
®
SCALE
Il"
z

ufe rt ?? ifs 1/24402 - SCALE:
Biohabitts,Inc. BROWN BRANCH RESTORATION - 20'
, CONTRACT '
JK8 Wm TLS
Ury Road
LEE= - Phone: STREAM RESTORATION p oMA?T R
Timonium, Mar M yy -
Od 2W
?
15 e37 3659
I y.
Fox 41035678
f -j
T` STOCKPILE AREA

?,?
'f - eomm?mtmam BOOLOER BANK STABILIZATION

ROCK CROSS VANE
r LOG "J" VANE

I
?I I
i
,
%0
r
F
W
W
H
F
W
Z
J
1 _ J
a~ - GL?LLG'lll STOCIPLE AREA FORESTED PLANTING ZONE I
A
COMMOVAMM, BOULDER BARK STABILIZATION
WETLAND. ABANDONED CHANNEL
F
Q
SCALE:
0 20 40
°s 1/24/02 1 Biohabitatsjnc, BROWN BRANCH
EMM TLS 15 WestAyles?ury Road STREAK RESTORATION
cmm JK8 F Timonium, Mar land 21093 A
.nwm Phone: [phone]
r? n Fax: [phone]F
?- ?, ? ,. ._ -- ----- - - ? - - ?_-" _ _ ?_?,? ,n??,? .? ??wn?^? ^,?Zrr^?t?nnr?cv?,?ny-i •?a, r?nnr? ?r
RESTORATION ,•5-DZ01-C•
PLAN CONTRACT n
- -j
1? n

J

APPENDIX B
REPRESENTATIVE EXISTING CHANNEL
I CROSS SECTION AND LUMPED PEBBLE COUNT

u

0
0

Existing Cross Section and Channel Profile
Brown Branch
Biohabitats
Copyright of Biohabitats, Inc.

X/S A
320
00
.
E Existing Ground
m
310.00 ---- Bankfull Width
:o
-A- Flood Prone Elevation i
c
m
>
ME 300.00
I
m
-----
-

0 --
---------------

W 290
00 i
.
0 20 40 60
Distance from an arbitrary datum (ft)
Longitudinal Profile at X/S A
310
00
.
o
300
00 X/S A -Thalweg
? ,.
.
co
v
T 290
00
.
>
a
>
W f0 280
00
.
0.00 100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00
Distance from an arbitrary datum (ft)
Rosclen Stream Type Classification Flow Calculations
Bankfull Width 22.50 (ft)
Entrenchment 1.36 Bankfull Depth 0.97 (ft)
Width:Depth 23.09 Area 21.93 (ft)
Sinousity -1 Manning's n 0.0300
Slope 0.0091 Velocity 4.62 (ft/s)
D50 21 (mm) Discharge 101.28 (cfs)
Stream Type F4 Shear Stress 0.55 (lb/ft2)
Biohabitats Project Number: 01015.01
Surveyed: July 18, 2001 B : VS/EMM

r
L
C

Pebble Count Data Sheet Project Name: Brown Branch
"Am
Project No: 01015.01
Biohabitats
In-stream riffle only Date of Sam ple: 11/15/2001

Particle Size mm Total # % in Range % Cumulative
Sand and Silt < 2 28 9% 9%
2-4 8 2% 11%
4-6 17 5% 16%
6-8 23 7% 23%
8- 12 42 13% 36%
Gravels 12- 16 26 8% 44%
16 - 24 49 15% 59%
24 - 32 49 15% 74%
32 - 48 47 14% 89%
48 - 64 20 6% 95%
64- 96 11 3% 98%
Cobbles 96 - 128 4 1% 100%
128- 192 1 0% 100%
192 - 256 0 0% 100%
256 - 384 0 0% 100%
384 - 512 0 0% 100%
Boulders 512- 1024 0 0% 100%
1024- 2048 0 0% 100%
2048 -4096 0 0% 100%
Bedrock 0 0% 100%
TOTALS: 325 100%

Particle Size Histogram
Distribution 16%
100% r
.. 14%
90%
I
80% 12%

0
70%
60%
50% W 8%
c

0 40%
0 6% I
30%

20%
10% ?.. i .. ..:: 2?6
0% ....
0%
1 10 100 1000 10000 ti
. a
Particle Size (mm) Particle Size (mm)

APPENDIX C
EXISTING VEGETATION
LEGEND:

RECREATIONAL- GRASS AND/OR
BARE GROUND
OM RECREATIONAL- MOWED
EMERGENT WETLAND
GRAZING AREA- GRASS AND FORBS
STEEP,FORESTED SLOPES
DOMINATED WITH BEDROCK
OUTCROPS AND DOGHOBBLE
FLOODPLAIN FOREST
TREELINE
,?
i
Race of Ooa.ents:
Tta donned, and the idem ad kcapwded
a m mhunnt of Profesiad5avia, s kgroperty
Fo(tasitats, k - and is not to he k dale a ippat,
C d wlhad the wilt. siRnrmotion
(2)
SCALE
n® n
N
H
W
W
W
W
N
W
Z
J
V
H
Q

E
N
4/oZ Bi
h
bit
t
l EXISTING VEGETATION SC:
6o
A
A o
a
a
nc.
s, BROWN BRANCH -o„
1..
rse TLS 15 West Aylesbury Road
STREAM RESTORATION CONTRACT NO.
JKB Timonium, Maryland 21093
' ..nwm Phone: [phone] SHEET
w.a.re.F... Fax: [phone]
n
?

??'? Bao
• FOat?riIIn loQio-l 9taw?rdahip ? ?A peppy TO1????p y??L {?V ryUN??Ty p pryN?
MVLOGRR TOWNSHIP CluWe?11LL NO/gyRTH NTVLaM `
OF V
O
fI
LEGEND:
GRAZING AREA- GRASS AND FORBS
STEEP,FORESTED SLOPES
DOMINATED WITH BEDROCK
OUTCROPS AND DOGHOBBLE
OLD FIELD
M
FLOODPLAIN FOREST
0
~
W
l W
i
N
W
W
_ y
W
Z
J
?0?11
fi\\l f
RECREATIONAL- GRASS AND/OR
BARE GROUND
RECREATIONAL- MOWED
EMERGENT WETLAND
W
W
W
N
W
t/1
' W
Z
J 1
F
a
mume of Occunente:
he doomed. an, theeidem iraporded
a.. m iuhiri,t of R' Service, s ka property
nc ord is wt to be mmd in ihk u n put,
otlix project w1hout the wdtm adhormvfion
SCALE
O® O
1/24/02 Biohabitats
Inc BROWN BRANCH EXISTING VEGETATION TSC?-o.i
,
.
mmn TLS 15 West Aylesbury Road
STREAM RESTORATION CONTRACT NO.
Timonium, Maryland 21093
' mmv.rtm Phone: [phone] SHEET
r..rr raµ va Fax: [phone]
2 aF 30
OWZ.01 • Fo?tarinQ 1E--1.6i--1 Stawardahip , MULBERRY TOWNSHIP CALDWELL COUNTY NORTH CAROLINA
(7)
LEGEND:
RECREATIONAL- GRASS AND/OR
BARE GROUND
RECREATIONAL- MOWED
EMERGENT WETLAND
® GRAZING AREA- GRASS AND FORBS
® STEEP,FORESTED SLOPES
DOMINATED WITH H BEDROCK
OUTCROPS AND DOGHOBBLE
OLD FIELD
_ FLOODPLAIN FOREST
TREELINE
t
N
H
W
W
N
W
W
V1
W
Z
J
V
H
Q
1
rm 1/24/02
EMM
?n TLS
JKB
01015.01
Biohabitats,lnc.
15 West Aylesbury Road
Timonium, Maryland 21093
Phone: [phone]
Fax [phone]
• Foatarin¢ Eoolo¢ioal 9taw ardahin
BROWN BRANCH
STREAM RESTORATION
GULBERRY TOWNSHIP CALDWELL COUNTY NORTH CAROLINA
SCALE
O 60 120
-0"
EXISTING VEGETATION 1" - SCALE:
CONTRACT NO.
SHEET
3 OF 30

APPENDIX D
TYPICAL PROPOSED CROSS SECTIONS

Project Name: Brown Branch Stream Restoration
Biohabitats Project No.: 01015.01
Date: December 10, 2001
Prepared by: EMM
Cross Section Type: Proposed Typical Riffle Cross Section
Cross section Pollen
Input Variables Units
Mannings "n" of channel = 0.035
Mannings'n' of lbodplain = 0.1
Equivalent "n" for flood flows = 0.04
Charnel Slope = 0.01 (ft/ft)
Design B.F. Discharge = 90 (cfs)
Bar*U Elevation = 9.5 (ft)
Floodprore Elevation = 11.20 (ft)
BarduA
d Width =
15
(ft)
Floodprone Width = 50 (ft)
Calculated Variables Units
Bankfull Cross Section Area = 18.1 (it)
BankU Wetted Perimeter = 15.6 (ft)
Bankfull Hydraulic Radus = 1.18 (11)
Bankhd Discharge = 89 (cfs)
Floodprone Cross Setion Area = 73.3 (ft')
Flcodprone Wetted Perimeter = 51 (ft)
Fkhodprone Hydraulic Radius = 1.44 (fl)
Floodprone Discharge = 378 (cfs)
Bankh A Average Depth = 1.20 (ft)
BarkM W/D Ratio = 12.5 (ft/ft)
Bankfull Entrenchment Ratio = 3.3 Iftlftj
Bankfull Shear Stress = 0.79 oo/ft)
D84= 52 (mm)
BankkA Max Depth= 1.70 (ft)
Relevant Equations
Continuity Equation:
Q=VxA
Mannines Equation (English units):
Q = 1.49A(R)'(S)2
n
Shear Stress Equation:
T. = pgRS
Stream Design Worksheet, Typical Riffle
Upstream half of study reach
Opighabitats
Copyright of Biohabitats, Inc.
BankfitR Chanel Calculations;
Feet. Re i;
Disteaxa ftl Relative
Elevation (ft) Cross Section Area
Ile) Wetted Perimeter
(ft)
Floodprone -25 11.20
-25 11.20
Banldul -7.5 9.50 2.625 3.81
-4 8.00 6.4 4.00
Max Depth 0 7.80 8.4 4.00
4 8.00 2.825 3.81
Bankfull 7.5 9.50
25 11.20
Moodprone 25 11.20 Told Area • 18.05 Total WP • 15.63
=--prone Charnel Calculadone
Cross Section Area Wetted Perimeter
Ift 1 Ift)
0 0.00
IA.fp 14.875 IP.fp 17.58
8.575 3.81
13.2 4.00
13.2 4.00
8.575 3.81
r -fp 14.875 rP.fp 17.58
0 0.00
Total Area v 73.3 Total WP = 50.79

Project Irerne: Brown Branch Stream Restoration
Blohablats Project mo.: 01015.01
Date: December 10, 2001
Prepared by: EMM
Cross Section Type: Proposed Typical Left Meander Cross Section
Meander/Riffle Max Depth Ratio (1Vft) = 1.5
Meander Depth (ft) = 2.55
Meander BarMA Width (ft) = 22.50
Bar Slope (%) = 10.0
(Ater Bank Slope A = 0.8
Input Meander Channel Dimensions
Feature Relative DWance
Relative Elevation (ft)
(ft)
Top of Be*
Floodprone Left
Top of Bank at Banlltl -10.00 9.50
Pod -8.50 7,00
Max Depth -8.50 8.95
Bar Toe 100 7.70
DSR Basellow 0.00 8.10
Bar 4.50 8.70
Bandar Right 12.50 9.50
bdprone Right
of Banat
Output of Meander Geometry
Relative Distance (ft) Relative Depth (ft) Wafted Perlnster (ft) Area
1.5 2.5 2.92 1.88
2 2.8 2.00 5.05
3.5 1.8 3.58 7.81
3 1.4 3.03 4.80
4.5 0.8 4.54 4.95
8 0.0 8.04 3.20
Wetted Perhneter (ft) Area
Ift 1
Total 24.10 27.48
ft
1.14
Stream Design Worksheet, Typical Pool
Upstream half of study reach
Akidiabitats
Copyright of Biohabitats, Inc.

Graphpnp Parmneters
BanMWI Distance
(ft) BankftA Elevation I Floodpronx Floodprorro
Iftl Distance (ft) Elevation (ft)
-10.00 9.50
12.50 9.50

ProjectName: Brown Branch Stream Restoration
Blohabitats Project No.: 01015.01
net.: December 10, 2001
Prepared by: EMM
Cross Section Type: Proposed Typical Riffle Cross Section
Cross Section Poktts
Input Variables Units
Mannings "n" of channel = 0.035
Mannings'h" of floodptain = 0.1
Egdvalent'h" for flood tows = 0.04
Channel Slope = 0.01 (full)
Design B.F. Discharge = 130 (cis)
Ba*kA Elevation = 9.5 (11)
Floodprooe Elevation = 11.35 (fl)
Bar*M Width = 17.5 (fl)
Floodprone Width = 80 (fl)
Calculated Variables Unite
BankM Cross Section Area = 24.1 (ft2)
Bankk,l Wetted Perimeter= 18.2 (it)
Bankfull Hydraulic Radius = 1.32 (ft)
Bw*fuff Discharge - 130 (.is)
Floodprone Cross Salton Area = 95.8 (fl')
Floodprone Wetted Perimeter = 81 (ft)
Floodprone Hy&aLdc Radius = 1.57 (ft)
Floodprcne Discharge = 530 (cfs)
BanIM Average Depth = 1.38 (it)
Bankful W!D Ratio = 12.7 (tuft)
Bankfull Entrenchment Ratio = 3.4 [tuft]
Bankful Shear Stress = 0.91 (-1)
DB°= 80 (mm)
Bankful Max Depth= 1.85 (ft)
Relevant Equations
Continuity Equation:
Q=VxA
Manning's Equation (English units):
Q = 1.49A(R)'(S)l
n
Shear Stress Equation:
T. = pgRS
Stream Design Worksheet, Typical Riffle
Downstream half of study reach
?Biohabitats
Copyright of Blohabltats, Inc.
Bankfu8 Channel Calculations
Feature Relative
Distance (ft) Relative
Elevation (ft) Cross Section Area
(ft) Wetted Perimeter
Ift)
Floodprone -30 11.35
-30 11.35
Sankful -8.75 9.50 3.5 4.37
-4.75 7.75 8.55 4.75
Max Depth 0 7.85 8.55 4.75
4.75 7.75 3.5 4.37
Bankfull 8.75 9.50
30 11.35
Floodprone 30 11.35 Total Area a 24.1 Total WP - 18.23
F-odprone Channel Calcdallons
Cross Section Ares Wenad Perimeter
Ile) (ft)
0 0.D0
IA.fp 19.85825 IP.fp 21.33
10.9 4.37
17.3375 4.75
17.3375 4.75
10.9 4.37
rAAp 19.85825 rP.fp 21.33
0 0.00
Total Area = 95.7875 Total WP = 80.89

Project Name: Brown Branch Stream Restoration
B;0hawats Project No.: 01015.01
Date: December 10, 2001
Prepared by: EAM
Cross Section Type: Proposed Typical Left Meander Cross Section
Meander/Rift Max Depth Ratio (*Ml = 1.6
Meander Depth (ft) = 2.80
Meander Ban U Width (ft) = 26.0
Bar Slope (%)= 9.0
Outer Bahr Slope :12 = 0.6
klput Meander Charnel Dimensions
Feature Relativ i Distance Relative Elevation (R)

Top of Banc
Flcodprone Left
Top of Bank at Bankkil -6.50 12.50
Pod -4.90 9.70
Max Depth -3.25 9.70
Bar Toe -2.45 9.80
DSR Baseflow 0.00 10.00
Bar 7.80 11.20
Banck# Right 19.50 12.50
Floodprone Right
Tof Banc
Output of Meander Geometry
Relative Distance (R) Relative Depth (1t) Wetted Perimeter (it) Area
1.8 2.8 3.22 2.24
1.85 2.8 1.65 4.62
0.8 2.7 0.81 2.20
2.45 2.5 2.48 6.37
7.6 1.3 7.89 14.82
111 0.0 11.77 7.61
Area
Wetted Perimeter (it) (it)
Total 27.80 37.86
Hydraulic Redlus
1.36
Stream Design Worksheet, Typical Pool.
Downstream half of study reach
Biohabitats
Copyright of Blohabltats, inc.

Graphing; Pararneters
Bmckfutl Distance BankftA Elevation Floodprone Floodprone
(ft) (it) DMance (R) Elevation (R)
-6.50 12.50
19.50 12.50
APPENDIX E
EXISTING AND PROPOSED PROFILE ALONG
PROPOSED ALIGNMENT

I
? M,
nwtLR?w rei nwpi I rnIINTV NORTH CAROLINA
SCA,
AS SWI'm
CONTRA."j
18 OF 30
1210
---------------- -------------------------------- ------------ ------ ---------------------- - ---- -------------------- ----------------
1200
I 1
1
V J
I J
i I
1
EXISTING GROUND
0
PROPOSED GRADE N
W
.` W
- -- ----- -------- ---------- ------- ----- ----
1 1 i W
I 1 ?\ ?i H
II 1--? W
Z
I
I J
H
Q
1190
1180
° ° ° °
o o o o
r 00 o) O N
td awnDomxmf&
n and ft Wm marwapaded
M= m wpbunmt of Prof ? PP d% RoM+fY
M*t r?eaWt tl wi ftm wOwdoWn
1/
Ulm ae x ?nw
24/02 81Ohab1ta5 ffic.
EMM
.,,. TLS 15 West Aylesbury Road
' ,ice Timonium. Maryland 21093
Phone: [phone]
Fox; 410-583-5678
MWM1W M}i M
??.? ? FouCnrina Hooloalonl 9tsward?htD .
BROWN BRANCH
STREAM RESTORATION
MULBERRY TOWNSHIP CALDWELL COUNTY
NORTH CAROLINA
PROFILE
SCN>
AS SH(17-
CONTWIr NO.
SHM7
19 OF 30
H
W
W

---- ------------ ------ --

' I

' O O O O O O O

d In Co r W rn
? r r r e- r
'
' pmt b. u W iOrL n U a f
,a= *1 MNp1Iim MAIM oudwhation
o jc,
Mtn tt IY4>AI?
Dam 1,24,02 BiObabitats,kc. BROWN BRANCH PROFILE
?e ENM
?,.. TLS 15 West Aylesbury Road STREAM RESTORATION
' Ac6 Timonium, Maryland 21093
Phoe: 40-337-36
Faxn410 1-583-567859
WwmlMw %Am DCDOV T/NY?ICLrD nAt nwel1 f%"IUTV ?V%DTu PAD"IMA
SC111LE:
AS ,i1WWN
CONTRXT NO.
SHEET
? OF 30

------------------------------- ------ ------ ---- ------ ------------ -------- -- -- ------- -- ---- ------- ------ ------
------ ------ ----- -
1
I1 I \\
II ! ?-- ?-
il I 1
i I? \\
-------------=? I \
-------------"
r
{ I 1
1 1 I ?,
W I i t- ----
?,- I r
r I I
W 1
-------------

n

11
O O O O O O

1 N N N N N N

W. W &.l inw.Md
- M10 ELW _
sue wr Biohabitats,kc.
Mu TLS
am Jc8 15 West Aylesbury Road
Timonium, Maryland 21093
' Phone: [phone]
r? P-1-
MMRM
. s...a...t... Fax: [phone]
tlwnln.....Cl.... r.d. hte _
BROWN BRANCH
STREAM RESTORATION
MULBERRY TOWNSHIP CALDWELL COUNTY NORTH CAROLINA
PROFILE SCALE: ?WN
CONTRACT No.
SV£ET
? OF 30
7
I_
EXISTING GROUND
1220
..:_....---- .------ PROPOSED GRADE
----------------
----
----------- ------
1210

1200

1190
' 0 °o °o °o o °o °o
00 N N N N n ??
I
iurnr de maanm uuaam+raa an parr,
it oar ?4a' pepet ¦Uaut rflhn aNwrita6an
0 EMI ?{rulrb lnc.
nwnnat
bas x aaimaa ma 1/24/02
a00as EMIT
aun TLS
' ,xca
unwm
.._ rrww.f ? w
Biohabitats,kc.
15 West Aylesbury Road
Timonium, Maryland 21093
Phone;410-337-3659
Fax: [phone]
BROWN BRANCH
STREAM RESTORATION
LAIRFRRY TOWNSHP CALOWELL COUNTY NORTH CAROLINA
PROFILE 5?C
CANTR?.N:,N N0.
SHM
220F30

-7 1210

O O O O O O

M LO c0 00
' M M M f M M M
PROFILE S SK
?
;`02 - Biohabitats,Inc. BROWN BRANCH
?a.
TLS 15 west Aylesbury Road STREAM RESTORATION CONTRAT
' cam Jx8 Timonium, Maryland 21093
Phone: [phone] SHEET
Fax. [phone]F30
01M.m MULBERRY TOWNSHP CALDWELL COUNTY NORTH CAROLINA
1240
r-EXISTING GROUND

1' 1210
? t o 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0

r thed 4??p rrAvaUd
rtiG?n o aaMStrvKe Um popaiy
a
d
d i
'
r4'
.
bn uw
n or in pa
1r
_
1 w- ab k not
mi ?1wx popalydmd wMpn ouvwaaden
d rf dLifkt.

"* ?w
dw 1/24/02
asaw EMM Biohabitais,Inc. BROWN BRANCH SWW

WN
PROFILE
W'm TLS 15 West Aylesbury Road
STREAM RESTORATION
aaef
"'°.
aw Timonium, Maryland 21093
,,,?,¦ Phone: [phone]
Fax: [phone] ?? AFRRY TOWALSI Cdl 11WFI I ll)IWTY NORTH CAROLINA 240E `30
H
W
W
N
N
H
W
W
N
1220
° ° ° ° 0 0
o o o 0 0 0

q ? ? L

W
Ww 1230
.. . .

N rr??.

_-___-___-_i
W ?

' W
W-
-
Z

V
H

1220
0 0
' 0 0 ' 00
+ +
td
r
rfm I.- =d. wt to be uftd in vhc4 rL
LO
In
eye n l??pon? mr 1/24!02 SGQU.
1 Biohabitats,kc. BROWN BRANCH PROFILE AS ???
.,,. TLS 15 West Aylesbury Road STREAM RESTORATION "?ZY
' AS Timonium, Maryland 21093
Phone: [phone] SHEET
,.,-,,, pw„ Fax: [phone]F30
01M.01 .Fem....,.. - 4......,.?,e - MULBERRY TOWNSHIP CALDWELL COUNTY NORTH CAROLINA
Office Use Only: Form Version October 2001
USACE Action ID No. DWQ No. U 2 U` r. 7.
If any particular item is not applicable to this project, please enter "Not Applicable" or "N/A" rather than
leaving the space blank.
1. Processing
1. Check all of the approval(s) requested for this project:
® Section 404 Permit
? Section 10 Permit
® 401 Water Quality Certification
? Riparian or Watershed Buffer Rules
2. Nationwide, Regional or General Permit Number(s) Requested: Nationwide 27
3. If this notification is solely a courtesy copy because written approval for the 401 Certification
is not required, check here: ?
4. If payment into the North Carolina Wetlands Restoration Program (NCWRP) is proposed for
mitigation of impacts (see section VIII - Mitigation), check here: ?
II. Applicant Information
1. Owner/Applicant Information
Name: NC Wetlands Restoration Program
Mailing Address: 1619 Mail Service Center Raleigh, NC 27699-1619
Telephone Number: 919-733-5208 Fax Number: 919-733-5321
E-mail Address: [e-mail]
2. Agent Information (A signed and dated copy of the Agent Authorization letter must be
attached if the Agent has signatory authority for the owner/applicant.)
Name:
Company Affiliation:
Mailing Address:
Telephone Number: Fax Number:
E-mail Address:
Page 5 of 13
III. Project Information
Attach a vicinity map clearly showing the location of the property with respect to local
landmarks such as towns, rivers, and roads. Also provide a detailed site plan showing property
boundaries and development plans in relation to surrounding properties. Both the vicinity map
and site plan must include a scale and north arrow. The specific footprints of all buildings,
impervious surfaces, or other facilities must be included. If possible, the maps and plans should
include the appropriate USGS Topographic Quad Map and NRCS Soil Survey with the property
boundaries outlined. Plan drawings, or other maps may be included at the applicant's discretion,
so long as the property is clearly defined. For administrative and distribution purposes, the
USACE requires information to be submitted on sheets no larger than 11 by 17-inch format;
however, DWQ may accept paperwork of any size. DWQ prefers full-size construction
drawings rather than a sequential sheet version of the full-size plans. If full-size plans are
reduced to a small scale such that the final version is illegible, the applicant will be informed that
the project has been placed on hold until decipherable maps are provided.
1. Name of project: Brown Branch Stream Project
2. T.I.P. Project Number or State Project Number (NCDOT Only):
3. Property Identification Number (Tax PIN): _
4. Location
County: Caldwell
Nearest Town: Lenoir
Subdivision name (include phase/lot number):
Directions to site (include road numbers, landmarks, etc.): Hwy 90 from Lenoir, Right on
Globe Mountain Road; 4 miles Camp Anita Alta on Right
5. Site coordinates, if available (UTM or Lat/Long):
(Note - If project is linear, such as a road or utility line, attach a sheet that separately lists the
coordinates for each crossing of a distinct waterbody.)
6. Describe the existing land use or condition of the site at the time of this application: 4-H
camp, some Agriculture-livestock
7. Property size (acres): 15
8. Nearest body of water (stream/river/sound/ocean/lake): Tributary to Mulberry Creek
9. River Basin: Catawba
(Note - this must be one of North Carolina's seventeen designated major river basins. The
River Basin map is available at http://h2o.enr.state.nc.us/admin/maps/.)
Page 6 of 13
10. Describe the purpose of the proposed work: Stream Restoration
11. List the type of equipment to be used to construct the project: Track Hoes, loaders
12. Describe the land use in the vicinity of this project: 4-H camp, caretaker has some cows and
horses
IV. Prior Project History
If jurisdictional determinations and/or permits have been requested and/or obtained for this
project (including all prior phases of the same subdivision) in the past, please explain. Include
the USACE Action ID Number, DWQ Project Number, application date, and date permits and
certifications were issued or withdrawn. Provide photocopies of previously issued permits,
certifications or other useful information. Describe previously approved wetland, stream and
buffer impacts, along with associated mitigation (where applicable). If this is a NCDOT project,
list and describe permits issued for prior segments of the same T.I.P. project, along with
construction schedules.
V. Future Project Plans
Are any future permit requests anticipated for this project? If so, describe the anticipated work,
and provide justification for the exclusion of this work from the current application:
VI. Proposed Impacts to Waters of the United States/Waters of the State
It is the applicant's (or agent's) responsibility to determine, delineate and map all impacts to
wetlands, open water, and stream channels associated with the project. The applicant must also
provide justification for these impacts in Section VII below. All proposed impacts, permanent
and temporary, must be listed herein, and must be clearly identifiable on an accompanying site
plan. All wetlands and waters, and all streams (intermittent and perennial) must be shown on a
delineation map, whether or not impacts are proposed to these systems. Wetland and stream
evaluation and delineation forms should be included as appropriate. Photographs may be
Page 7 of 13
included at the applicant's discretion. If this proposed impact is strictly for wetland or stream
mitigation, list and describe the impact in Section VIII below. If additional space is needed for
listing or description, please attach a separate sheet.
1. Wetland Impacts
Wetland Impact
Site Number
(indicate on ma)
Type of Impact* Area of
Impact
(acres Located within
100-year Floodplain**
(es/no) Distance to
Nearest Stream
(linear feet)
Type of Wetland***

* List each impact separately and identify temporary impacts. Impacts include, but are not limited to: mechanized clearing, grading, fill,
excavation, flooding, ditching/drainage, etc. For dams, separately list impacts due to both structure and flooding,
** 100-Year floodplains are identified through the Federal Emergency Management Agency's (FEMA) Flood Insurance Rate Maps
(FIRM), or FEMA-approved local floodplain maps. Maps are available through the FEMA Map Service Center at 1-800-358-9616, or
online at http://www,fema.gov.
*** List a wetland type that best describes wetland to be impacted (e.g., freshwater/saltwater marsh, forested wetland, beaver pond,
Carolina Bay, bog, etc.)
List the total acreage (estimated) of existing wetlands on the property: 1 acre
Total area of wetland impact proposed: 0 acres
2. Stream Impacts, including all intermittent and perennial streams (SEE PLANS)
Stream Impact
Site Number
(indicate on ma)
Type of Impact* Length of
Impact
(linear feet)
Stream Name** Average Width
of Stream
Before Im act Perennial or
Intermittent?
(please secif )

* List each impact separately and identify temporary impacts. Impacts include, but are not limited to: culverts and associated np-rap,
dams (separately list impacts due to both structure and flooding), relocation (include linear feet before and after, and net loss/gain),
stabilization activities (cement wall, rip-rap, crib wall, gabions, etc.), excavation, ditching/straightening, etc. If stream relocation is
proposed, plans and profiles showing the linear footprint for both the original and relocated streams must be included.
** Stream names can be found on USGS topographic maps. If a stream has no name, list as UT (unnamed tributary) to the nearest
downstream named stream into which it flows. USGS maps are available through the USGS at 1-800-358-9616, or online at
m,
www.uses.eov. Several intemet sites also allow direct download and printing of USGS maps (e.g., www.topozone.co
www.mapquest.com, etc.).
Cumulative impacts (linear distance in feet) to all streams on site: 7000 FT
Page 8 of 13
Open Water Impacts, including Lakes, Ponds, Estuaries, Sounds, Atlantic Ocean and any
other Water of the U.S.
Open Water Impact
Site Number
(indicate on ma)
Type of Impact* Area of
Impact
(acres) Name of Waterbody
(if applicable) Type of Waterbody
(lake, pond, estuary, sound,
bay, ocean, etc.)

* List each impact separately and identify temporary impacts. Impacts include, but are not limited to: fill, excavation, dredging,
flooding, drainage, bulkheads, etc.
4. Pond Creation
If construction of a pond is proposed, associated wetland and stream impacts should be
included above in the wetland and stream impact sections. Also, the proposed pond should
be described here and illustrated on any maps included with this application.
Pond to be created in (check all that apply): ? uplands ? stream ? wetlands
Describe the method of construction (e.g., dam/embankment, excavation, installation of
draw-down valve or spillway, etc.):
Proposed use or purpose of pond (e.g., livestock watering, irrigation, aesthetic, trout pond,
local stormwater requirement, etc.):
Size of watershed draining to pond: Expected pond surface area:
VII. Impact Justification (Avoidance and Minimization)
Specifically describe measures taken to avoid the proposed impacts. It may be useful to provide
information related to site constraints such as topography, building ordinances, accessibility, and
financial viability of the project. The applicant may attach drawings of alternative, lower-impact
site layouts, and explain why these design options were not feasible. Also discuss how impacts
were minimized once the desired site plan was developed. If applicable, discuss construction
techniques to be followed during construction to reduce impacts.
_SEE PLAN
VIII. Mitigation
DWQ - In accordance with 15A NCAC 2H .0500, mitigation may be required by the NC
Division of Water Quality for projects involving greater than or equal to one acre of impacts to
Page 9 of 13

freshwater wetlands or greater than or equal to 150 linear feet of total impacts to perennial
streams.
USACE - In accordance with the Final Notice of Issuance and Modification of Nationwide
Permits, published in the Federal Register on March 9, 2000, mitigation will be required when
necessary to ensure that adverse effects to the aquatic environment are minimal. Factors
including size and type of proposed impact and function and relative value of the impacted
aquatic resource will be considered in determining acceptability of appropriate and practicable
mitigation as proposed. Examples of mitigation that may be appropriate and practicable include,
but are not limited to: reducing the size of the project; establishing and maintaining wetland
and/or upland vegetated buffers to protect open waters such as streams; and replacing losses of
aquatic resource functions and values by creating, restoring, enhancing, or preserving similar
functions and values, preferable in the same watershed.
If mitigation is required for this project, a copy of the mitigation plan must be attached in order
for USACE or DWQ to consider the application complete for processing. Any application
lacking a required mitigation plan or NCWRP concurrence shall be placed on hold as
incomplete. An applicant may also choose to review the current guidelines for stream restoration
in DWQ's Draft Technical Guide for Stream Work in North Carolina, available at
http://h2o.enr.state.nc.us/ncwet]ands/strmaide.htm1.
1. Provide a brief description of the proposed mitigation plan. The description should provide
as much information as possible, including, but not limited to: site location (attach directions
and/or map, if offsite), affected stream and river basin, type and amount (acreage/linear feet)
of mitigation proposed (restoration, enhancement, creation, or preservation), a plan view,
preservation mechanism (e.g., deed restrictions, conservation easement, etc.), and a
description of the current site conditions and proposed method of construction. Please attach
a separate sheet if more space is needed.
SEE PLAN
2. Mitigation may also be made by payment into the North Carolina Wetlands Restoration
Program (NCWRP) with the NCWRP's written agreement. Check the box indicating that
you would like to pay into the NCWRP. Please note that payment into the NCWRP must be
reviewed and approved before it can be used to satisfy mitigation requirements. Applicants
will be notified early in the review process by the 401/Wetlands Unit if payment into the
NCWRP is available as an option. For additional information regarding the application
process for the NCWRP, check the NCWRP website at http://h2o.eiu-.state.nc.us/wrp/index.htni. If
use of the NCWRP is proposed, please check the appropriate box on page three and provide
the following information:
Amount of stream mitigation requested (linear feet):.
Amount of buffer mitigation requested (square feet):
Page 10 of 13

IX.
Amount of Riparian wetland mitigation requested (acres):
Amount of Non-riparian wetland mitigation requested (acres):
Amount of Coastal wetland mitigation requested (acres):
Environmental Documentation (DWQ Only)
Does the project involve an expenditure of public funds or the use of public (federal/state/local)
land?
Yes ® No ?
If yes, does the project require preparation of an environmental document pursuant to the
requirements of the National or North Carolina Environmental Policy Act (NEPA/SEPA)?
Note: If you are not sure whether a NEPA/SEPA document is required, call the SEPA
coordinator at [phone] to review current thresholds for environmental documentation.
Yes ? No
If yes, has the document review been finalized by the State Clearinghouse? If so, please attach a
copy of the NEPA or SEPA final approval letter.
Yes ? No ?
X. Proposed Impacts on Riparian and Watershed Buffers (DWQ Only)
It is the applicant's (or agent's) responsibility to determine, delineate and map all impacts to
required state and local buffers associated with the project. The applicant must also provide
justification for these impacts in Section VII above. All proposed impacts must be listed herein,
and must be clearly identifiable on the accompanying site plan. All buffers must be shown on a
map, whether or not impacts are proposed to the buffers. Correspondence from the DWQ
Regional Office may be included as appropriate. Photographs may also be included at the
applicant's discretion.
Will the project impact protected riparian buffers identified within 15A NCAC 2B .0233
(Neuse), 15A NCAC 2B .0259 (Tar-Pamlico), 15A NCAC 213 .0250 (Randleman Rules and
Water Supply Buffer Requirements), or other (please identify )?
Yes ? No ® If you answered "yes", provide the following information:
Identify the square feet and acreage of impact to each zone of the riparian buffers. If buffer
mitigation is required calculate the required amount of mitigation by applying the buffer
multipliers.
Zone* Impact
(square feet Multiplier Required
Mitigation
1 3
2 1.5
Total
* Zone 1 extends out 30 feet perpendicular from near bank of channel; Zone 2 extends an
additional 20 feet from the edge of Zone 1.
Page 11 of 13
If buffer mitigation is required, please discuss what type of mitigation is proposed (i.e., Donation
of Property, Conservation Easement, Riparian Buffer Restoration / Enhancement, Preservation or
Payment into the Riparian Buffer Restoration Fund). Please attach all appropriate information as
identified within 15A NCAC 2B .0242 or.0260.
XI. Stormwater (DWQ Only)
Describe impervious acreage (both existing and proposed) versus total acreage on the site.
Discuss stormwater controls proposed in order to protect surface waters and wetlands
downstream from the property.
XII. Sewage Disposal (DWQ Only)
Clearly detail the ultimate treatment methods and disposition (non-discharge or discharge) of
wastewater generated from the proposed project, or available capacity of the subject facility.
XIII. Violations (DWQ Only)
Is this site in violation of DWQ Wetland Rules (15A NCAC 2H.0500) or any Buffer Rules?
Yes ? No
Is this an after-the-fact permit application?
Yes ? No
XIV. Other Circumstances (Optional):
It is the applicant's responsibility to submit the application sufficiently in advance of desired
construction dates to allow processing time for these permits. However, an applicant may
choose to list constraints associated with construction or sequencing that may impose limits on
work schedules (e.g., draw-down schedules for lakes, dates associated with Endangered and
Threatened Species, accessibility problems, or other issues outside of the applicant's control).
Page 12 of 13

Applicant/Age t's:Sign ture Date
(Agent's sign ure is lid on (yif an authorization letter from the applicant is provided.)
Page 13 of 13