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HomeMy WebLinkAboutWQ0007288_Final Permit_19930324State of North Carolina Department of Environment, Health and Natural Resources Division of Environmental Management 512 North Salisbury Street • Raleigh, North Carolina 27604 James B. Hunt, Jr., Governor Jonathan B. Howes, Secretary March 24, 1993 Mr. William L. Robinson c/o Mr. John Myers Craven County Dept. of Health Post Office Drawer 12610 New Bern, N. C. 28561 Subject: Permit No. WQ0007288 Mr. William L. Robinson Craven County Innovative and Alternative Demonstration Program Single Family Residential Wastewater Spray Irrigation Craven County Dear Mr. Robinson: In accordance with your application received on November 20, 1992, we are forwarding herewith Permit No. WQ0007288, dated March 24, 1993, to Mr. William L. Robinson for the construction and operation of the subject wastewater spray irrigation facility. As indicated on the plans for this system, the spray irrigation area is located on lot 5, which is currently owned by Craven County. In the future, ownership of lots 4, 5, and 6 will be transferred to you; however, Craven County has stated that you are granted use of this property until that time. The irrigation area is almost adjacent to the east and west property lines of lot 5; however, since Craven County ownes lots 4 and 6, the buffers to those (of lots 4 and 6) property lines are the ones in question. Please note that this permit is issued to allow a variance for the irrigation area property line buffers. The buffer between the irrigation area and; the west property line of lot 3 is 110 feet; the north property line of lot 5 is 82 feet; the east property line of lot 6 is 107 feet. This permit shall be effective from the date of issuance until February 28, 1998, and shall be subject to the conditions and limitations as specified therein. Please pay particular attention to the monitoring requirements in this permit. Failure to establish an adequate system for collecting and maintaining the required operational information will result in future compliance problems. Regional Offices Asheville Fayetteville Mooresville Raleigh Washington Wilmington Winston-Salem 704/251-6208 919/486-1541 704/663-1699 919/571-4700 919/946-6481 919/395-3900 919/896-7007 Pollution Prevention Pays P.O. Box 29535, Raleigh, North Carolina 27626-0535 Telephone 919-733-7015 An Equal Opportunity Affirmative Action Employer If any parts, requirements, or limitations contained in this permit are unacceptable to you, you have the right to request an adjudicatory hearing upon written request within 30 days following receipt of this permit. This request must be in the form of a written petition, conforming to Chapter 150E of North Carolina General Statutes, and filed with the Office of Administrative Hearings, P.O. Drawer 27447, Raleigh, NC 27611-7447. Unless such demands are made this permit shall be final and binding. One set of approved plans and specifications is being forwarded to you. If you need additional information concerning this matter, please contact Mr. Rarrdyjones at 919/ 733-5083. Y, A. Preston Director cc: Craven County Health Department Washington Regional Office, Water Quality Washington Regional Office, Groundwater Groundwater Section, Jack Floyd Training and Certification Unit Colonial Engineering Facilities Assessment Unit NORTH CAROLINA ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT COMMISSION DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT, HEALTH AND NATURAL RESOURCES RALEIGH SPRAY IRRIGATION SYSTEM PERMIT In accordance with the provisions of Article 21 of Chapter 143, General Statutes of North Carolina as amended, and other applicable Laws, Rules, and Regulations PERMISSION IS HEREBY GRANTED TO Mr. William L. Robinson Craven County FOR THE construction and operation of a 360 GPD wastewater spray irrigation facility which consists of an existing 1000 gallon septic tank, a 77 square foot recirculating sand filter, a tablet chlorinator, a minimum 9474 square foot irrigation area with a vegetative buffer, and all appurtenances to serve the William L. Robinson residence with no discharge of wastes to the surface waters, pursuant to the application received on November 20, 1992, and in conformity with the project plan, specifications, and other supporting data subsequently filed and approved by the Department of Environment, Health, and Natural Resources and considered a part of this permit. This permit shall be effective from the date of issuance until February 28, 1998, and shall be subject to the following specified conditions and limitations: I. PERFORMANCE STANDARDS 1. Upon completion of construction and prior to operation of this permitted facility, a certification must be received from a professional engineer certifying that the permitted facility has been installed in accordance with this permit, the approved plans and specifications. Mail the Certification to the Permits and Engineering Unit, P.O. Box 29535, Raleigh, NC 27626-0535. 2. The Washington Regional Office, phone no. 919/946-6481, shall be notified at least forty- eight (48) hours in advance of operation of the installed facilities so that an in-place inspection can be made. Such notification to the regional supervisor shall be made during the normal office hours from 8:00 a.m. until 5:00 p.m. on Monday through Friday, excluding State Holidays. 3. The spray irrigation facilities shall be effectively maintained and operated at all times so that there is no discharge to the surface waters, nor any contamination of ground waters which will render them unsatisfactory for normal use. In the event that the facilities fail to perform satisfactorily, including the creation of nuisance conditions or failure of the irrigation area to adequately absorb the wastewater, the Permittee shall take such immediate corrective action to correct the problem, including actions as may be required by the Division of Environmental Management. 4. The issuance of this permit shall not relieve the Permittee of the responsibility for damages to surface or groundwaters resulting from the operation of this facility. 5. The sludge generated from these treatment facilities must be disposed of in accordance with General Statute 143-215.1 and in a manner approved by the North Carolina Division of Environmental Management. 6. Diversion or bypassing of the untreated wastewater from the treatment facilities is prohibited. 7. The following buffers shall be maintained: a) 400 feet between wetted area and any residence or places of public assembly under separate ownership, b) 150 feet between wetted area and property lines, C) 100 feet between wetted area and wells, d) 100 feet between wetted area and drainageways or surface water bodies, e) 50 feet between wetted area and public right of ways, f) 100 feet between wastewater treatment units and wells, g) 50 feet between wastewater treatment units and property lines. The buffers specified above are not applicable to those facilities that have been designed using other minimum buffers (as described on the approved plans). 8. A leakage test shall be performed on the septic tank and dosing tank to insure that any exfiltration occurs at a rate which does not exceed twenty (20) gallons per twenty-four (24) hours per 1,000 gallons of tank capacity. The engineer's certification will serve as proof of compliance with this condition. II. OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS 1. The facilities shall be properly maintained and operated at all times. 2. A suitable vegetative cover shall be maintained. 3. Irrigation shall not be performed during inclement weather or when the ground is in a condition that will cause runoff. 4. Adequate measures shall be taken to prevent wastewater runoff from the spray field. 5. The facilities shall be effectively maintained and operated as a non -discharge system to prevent the discharge of any wastewater resulting from the operation of this facility. 6. The application rate shall not exceed 0.038 GPD per square foot. 7. No type of wastewater other than that from the William L. Robinson residence shall be sprayed onto the irrigation area. 8. No traffic or equipment shall be allowed on the disposal area except while installation occurs or while normal maintenance is being performed. 9. Public access to the land application sites shall be controlled during active site use. Such controls may include the posting of signs showing the activities being conducted at each site. F1 10. In the event that Craven County, in conjunction with the Craven County Innovative and Alternative Demonstration Program, is no longer in responsible charge of the operation and maintenance of the facility and upon classification of the facility by the Certification Commission, the Permittee shall employ a certified wastewater treatment plant operator to be in responsible charge of the wastewater treatment facilities. The operator must hold a certificate of the type and grade at least equivalent to the classification assigned to the wastewater treatment facilities by the Certification Commission. Once the facility is classified, the Permittee must submit a letter to the Certification Commission which designates the operator in responsible charge within thirty days of notification by the Certification Commission. 11. Craven County, in conjunction with the Craven County Innovative and Alternative Demonstration Program or the certified wastewater treatment operator, as specified in condition 111. 11, is responsible for the operation and maintenance of the entire treatment and disposal system including, but not limited to, the following items: a. The septic tanks and recirculation tanks shall be checked annually and pumped out as needed. b. The disinfection facilities shall be inspected weekly for proper operation. c. The storage, pump, and alarm systems shall be inspected weekly. The scum layer shall be removed at the same interval as the septic tank is cleaned out. d. The spray system shall be inspected weekly to make certain of the sprayers proper operation, that the vegetative growth allows proper spray patterns, that the soils are adsorbing the disposed treated wastewater with no surface runoff, and that no objectional odors are being generated. The inspection frequencies specified above are subject to modification, upon classification of the facility by the Certification Commission. III. IT RI AND REPORYING REQUIREMENTS Any monitoring (including groundwater, surface water, soil or plant tissue analyses) deemed necessary by the Division of Environmental Management to insure surface and ground water protection will be established and an acceptable sampling reporting schedule shall be followed. 2. Craven County, in conjunction with the Craven County Innovative and Alternative Demonstration Program or the certified wastewater operator, shall maintain records of all maintenance performed on the system and irrigation area, as required in condition 11. 11, for a minimum of five years. This information shall be provided to the Division of Environmental Management upon request and at the time of permit renewal. 3. Noncompliance Notification: The Permittee or Craven County, in conjunction with the Craven County Innovative and Alternative Demonstration Program or the certified wastewater operator, shall report by telephone to the Washington Regional Office, telephone no. 919/946-6481, as soon as possible, but in no case more than 24 hours or on the next working day following the occurrence or first knowledge of the occurrence of any of the following: a. Any occurrence at the wastewater treatment facility which results in the treatment of significant amounts of wastes which are abnormal in quantity or characteristic, such as the dumping of the contents of a sludge digester; the known passage of a slug of hazardous substance through the facility; or any other unusual circumstances. 3 b. Any process unit failure, due to known or unknown reasons, that render the facility incapable of adequate wastewater treatment such as mechanical or electrical failures of pumps, aerators, compressors, etc. C. Any failure of a pumping station, sewer line, or treatment facility resulting in a by- pass directly to receiving waters without treatment of all or any portion of the influent to such station or facility. d. Any time that self-monitoring information indicates that the facility has gone out of compliance with its permit limitations. Persons reporting such occurrences by telephone shall also file a written report in letter form within 15 days following first knowledge of the occurrence. This report must outline the actions taken or proposed to be taken to ensure that the problem does not recur. IV. GROUNDWATER REQUIREMENTS Upon a determination by the Division that the facility operation has or will contravene groundwater standards at or beyond the compliance boundary, the Permittee will cease use of this facility immediately upon receipt of notice of such contravention. 2. Any additional groundwater quality monitoring, as deemed necessary by the Division, shall be provided. 3. The Compliance Boundary for the disposal system is specified by regulations in 15A NCAC 2L, Groundwater Classifications and Standards. An exceedance of Groundwater Quality Standards beyond the Compliance Boundary is subject to the penalty provisions applicable under General Statute 143-215.6(1)a. The sale of property, by the Permittee, which is within or contiguous to the disposal site, may alter the location of the Compliance Boundary. For facilities permitted on or after December 30, 1983, the Compliance Boundary is established at the lesser of 250 feet from the spray field or 50 feet within the property boundary. If the title to any property which may affect the location of the Compliance Boundary is changed, the Permittee shall notify the DEM Director within 14 days. The Director shall then establish a modified Compliance Boundary which will be done as a modification to the Permit. The REVIEW BOUNDARY for the disposal system is specified by regulations in 15A NCAC 2L, Groundwater Classifications and Standards. A REVIEW BOUNDARY is established around disposal systems midway between the Compliance Boundary and the perimeter of the waste disposal area. When the concentration of any substance equals or exceeds the maximum allowable concentration of that substance at the REVIEW BOUNDARY, as determined by monitoring, the Permittee shallie then (i) demonstrate, through predictive calculations or modeling, that natural site conditions, facility design and operational controls will prevent a violation of standards at the Compliance Boundary; or, (ii) submit a plan for the alteration of existing site conditions, facility design or operational controls that will prevent a violation of standards at the Compliance Boundary, and implement that plan upon its approval by the Director. 0 �_ • Adequate inspection, maintenance, and cleaning shall be provided by the Permittee or Craven County, in conjunction with the Craven County Innovative and Alternative Demonstration Program or the certified wastewater operator, to insure proper operation of the subject facilities. 2. Any duly authorized officer, employee, or representative of the Division of Environmental Management may, upon presentation of credentials, enter and inspect any property, premises or place on or related to the disposal site and facility at any reasonable time for the purpose of determining compliance with this permit; may inspect or copy any records that must be kept under the terms and conditions of this permit; or may obtain samples of groundwater, surface water, or leachate. VI. GENERAL CONDITIONS 1. This permit shall become voidable unless the facilities are constructed in accordance with the conditions of this permit, the approved plans, specifications, and other supporting data. 2. This permit is effective only with respect to the nature and volume of wastes described in the application and other supporting data. 3. This permit is not transferable. In the event there is a desire for the facilities to change ownership, or there is a name change of the Permittee, a formal permit request must be submitted to the Division of Environmental Management accompanied by an application fee, documentation from the parties involved, and other supporting materials as may be appropriate. The approval of this request will be considered on its merits and may or may not be approved. 4. Failure to abide by the conditions and limitations contained in this permit may subject the Permittee to an enforcement action by the Division of Environmental Management in accordance with North Carolina General Statute 143-215.6A to 143-215.60. The issuance of this permit does not preclude the Permittee from complying with any and all statutes, rules, regulations, or ordinances which may be imposed by other government agencies (local, state, and federal) which have jurisdiction. 6. A set of approved plans and specifications for the subject project must be retained by the Permittee for the life of the project. 7. The annual administering and compliance fee must be paid by the Permittee within thirty days after being billed by the Division. Failure to pay the fee accordingly may cause the Division to initiate action to revoke this permit as specified by 15 NCAC 2H.0205 (c)(4). 8. The Permittee/Craven County, in conjunction with the Craven County Innovative and Alternative Demonstration Program, at least six (6) months prior to the expiration of this permit, shall request its extension. Upon receipt of the request, the Commission will review the adequacy of the facilities described therein, and if warranted, will extend the permit for such period of time and under such conditions and limitations as it may deem appropriate. 9. Upon the availability of a municipal or regional sewerage collection system, the subject wastewater treatment facilities shall be abandoned and all wastewater discharged into the municipal or regional sewerage system. 5 10. This permit shall become voidable unless the agreement between Mr. William L. Robinson and Craven County, in conjunction with the Craven County Innovative and Alternative Demonstration Program for the operation and maintenance of the facility, is in full force and effect. 11. Upon request for the extension of this permit, the Technical Advisory Committee of the Craven County Innovative and Alternative Demonstration Program shall review all effluent monitoring data and any Groundwater monitoring data and shall submit recommendations to the Division as to the continued applicability of these monitoring parameters. Upon review of the monitoring data and the recommendations of the Technical Advisory Committee of the Craven County Innovative and Alternative Demonstration Program, the Division shall amend the monitoring requirements accordingly at the time of permit reissuance. 12. In the event that there are public complaints regarding access to the spray irrigation site or complaints regarding the misting of wastewater, appropriate fencing shall be constructed around this irrigation area. Permit issued this the 24th day of March 1993. ,NQRTH CAROLINA ENVIR i . A. Preston Howard,,Jr., P.E., Division of Environ By Authority of the Environms ermit Number WQ0007288 AL MANAGEMENT COMMISSION anagement Commission Z Permit No. WQ0007288 March 24, 1993 Engineer's Certification I, , as a duly registered Professional Engineer in the State of North Carolina, having been authorized to observe (periodically, weekly, full time) the construction of the project, Project Name Location for the Permittee hereby state that, to the best of my abilities, due care and diligence was used in the observation of the construction such that the construction was observed to be built within substantial compliance and intent of the approved plans and specifications. Signature Date 7 Registration No. 'i Z 10 1 :133HS_l t 16 2 'ON T0,4d / -10 0\ i ' v r � /,/ v General Location Ma RATING SCALE FOR CLASSIFICATION OF FACILITIES Name of Plant:_1�la.r* llo�rn N CravG.. CJac,_�,y_/1lI�Ve'�.✓ar'^ fGr"`Tiv` Owner or Contact Person:lJ.L.r';ob.,sU��t�.. Mailing Address:f 'F— 12- alp County: Telephone: NPDES Permit No. NC00 Nondisc. Per. No.W,?2 Issue Date: 3-21-4---23 Expiration Date: Existing Facility New Facility ✓ Rated By:7.�Date: 3 - 1is'` 93 Reviewed (Train. & Cert.) Reg. Office Reviewed (Train, & Cert.) Central Office ORC Grade Plant Class: (circle one) I II III IV Total Paints /1P ITEM POINTS (5) SE=CONDARY TREATMENT UNITS (a) Carbonaceous Stage (1) Industrial Pretreatment Units and/or WAeration - High Purity Oxygen System ... _ , 20 Industrial Pretreatment Program Diffused Air System ........... 10 (see definition No. 33) 4 Mechanical Air System (fixed, (2) DESIGN FLAW OF PLANT IN GPD floatingor rotor nota livable to non -contaminated coolie waters, sludge ( applicable 9 9 a Separate Sludge Reaeration ..... 3 3 handling facilities for water purification plants, totally (ii) Trickling Filter closed cycle systems (def. No. 11), and facilities High Rate ................... 7 consisting only of item (4) (d) or Items (4) (d) and (11) 0 20,000 1 Standard Rate .............. 5 - .......................... Packed Tower. 20,001 -• 50,000 .......................... 2 (!if) Biological Aerated Filter or Aerated 50,001 -- 100,000 .......................... 3 Biological Filter ...................... 10 100,001 •- 250,000 .......................... 4 (iv) Aerated Lagoons ..................... 10 250,001 •- 500,000 .......................... 5 500,001 --1,000,000 .......................... 8 (v) Rotating Biological Contactors .......... 10 1,000,001 -- 2,000,000 ........................ 10 2,000,001 (and up) - rate 1 point additional for each (vi) Sand Filters - 200,000 gpd capacity up to a intermittent biological ..... 2 maximum of 30 recirculating biological ..... 3 Design Flow (gpd) (vii) Stabilization Lagoons ................... 5 (3) PRELIMINARY UNITS (see definition no. 32) (viii)Clarilier .............................. 5 (a) Bar Screens ................................ 1 (Lx) Single stage system for combined or carbonaceous removal of BOD and (b) Mechanical Screens, Static Screens or nitrogenous removal by nitrification Comminuting Devices ........................ 2 (see def. No. 12) (Points for this item (C) Grit Removal ............................... 1 have to be in addition to items (5) (a) or (i) through (5) (a) (viii) ................. B (d) Mechanic -at or Aerated Grit Removal ........... 2 (x) Nutrient additions to enhance BOD (e) Flow Measuring Device ....................... 1 femoval .. .......... .. ......... 5 or (xi) Biological Culture (`Super Bugs') addition (f) Instrumented Flow Measurement .............. 2 to enhance organic compound removal ..... 5 (g) Preaaralion................................ 2 (b) Nitrogenous Stage (i) Aeration - High Purity Oxygen System .. , . , 20 (h) Influent Flow -Equalization ................... 2 Diffused Air System ........... 10 (i) Grease or Oil Separators - Gravity .......... 2 Mechanical Air System (fixed, Mechanical .......... 3 floating, or rotor) ...... ...... a Dissolved Air Flotation, 8 Separate Sludge Reaeration ..... 3 Q) Prechlorinalion .............................. 5 (ii) Trickling Filter - High Rate .............. 7 4) PRIMARY TREATMENT UNITS Standard Rale ............ 5 (a) Septic Tank (see definition no. 43) .......... Packed Tower ............ 5 (b) Imhoff Tank.............. .................... 5 (iii) Biological Aerated Filter or Aerated (c) Primary Clarifiers ............................ 5 Biological Filter ......................... 1 0 (d) Settling Ponds or Settling Tanks for Inorganic (iv) Rotating Biological Conlactors ............ 10 Non-toxic Materials (sludge handling facilities (v) Sand Filter - for water purification plants, sand, gravel, Slone, and other mining operations except intermittent biological .... . recirculating biological ........ recreational activities such as gem or gold (vi) Clarifier . 5 mining) ...................................... 2 *r. (6} TERTIARY OR ADVANCED TREATMENT UNIT (10) -CHEMICAL ADDITION SYSTEM (S) {See definition No. 9) (a) Activated Carbons Beds - (not applicable to chemical additions rated as item without carbon regeneration .................. 5 (3) (j), (5) (a) (xi), (6) (a), (6) (b), (7) (b), (7) (e), with carbon regeneration .................... 15 (9) (a), (9) (b), or (9) (c) 5 points each: List: (b) powdered or Granular Activated Carbon Feed - 5 without carbon regeneration ................. 5 5 with carbon regeneration .... ............. is 5 (c} Air Stripping ........ . .................... 5 ... . .. 5 (d) Denitrification Process (separate process) ..... 1 0 (e) Electrodialysis .............................. 5 (1 t) MISCELLANEOUS UNITS {f) Foam Separation ............................. 5 (a) Holding Ponds, Holding Tanks or Settling Ponds {g) ton Exchange ................................ 5 for Organic or Toxic Materials including wastes (h) Land Application of Treated Etlluenl from mining operations containing nitrogen and/or (see definition no. 22b) (not applicable for phosphorous compounds in amounts significantly sand, gravel, stone and other similar mining greater than is common for domestic wastewater .......... 4 operations) (b) Effluent Flow Equalization (not applicable to storage (i) on agriculturally managed sites (See def, basins which are inherent in land application systems)_ 2 No. 4) .... • .. • .. • . • • • . • • • . • • . • • • • • • ... • . • 1 0 (c) Stage Discharge (not applicable to storage basins (ii) by high rate infiltration on non-agriculturatly inherent in land application systems ....................................... 5 managed sites (includes rotary distributors (d) Pumps._..____._..... 3 and similar fixed nozzle systems) ........... 4 (e) Stand -By Power Supply_. _ _„„ ....... ... .... 3 (W) by subsurface disposal (includes low pressure (f) Thermal Pollution Control Device: ................................. ... 3 pipe systems and gravity systems except at plants consisting of septic tank and nitrifica- tion lines only) ............................. 4 TOTAL POINTS (7 Microscreens.................................. 5 {j) Phosphorus Remo ral by Biological Processes CLASSIFICATION (See del. No, 28) ............................ 20 (k) Polishing Ponds - without aeration ....... 2 Class 5 - 25 Points wilh aeration .......... 5 1... ..... ..... 26- 50 Points (t) Post Aeration - cascade .............. 0 Class III .„_................................ _ _�, ., 51- 65 Points diffused or mechanical ... 5 Class IV..............66- Up Points (m) Reverse Osmosis ............................... 5 (n) Sand or Mixed -Media Filters - low rate . I ...... I .. 2 Facilities having a rating of one through four points. inclusive, high rate .......... 5 do not require a certified operator. Classification of all other a) Treatment processes for removal of metal or facilities requires a comparable grade operator in responsible cyanide.................................... 15 charge. (p) Treatment processes for removal of toxic materials other than metal or cyanide ........ _ 15 Facilities having an activated sludge process will be assigned a minimum classification of Class 11. SLUDGE TREATMENT Facilities having treatment processes for the removal of metal (a) Sludge Digestion Tank - Heated ............... 10 or cyanide will be assigned a minimum classification of Class lt. Aerobic ............... 5 Unheated ...... ....... 3 Facilities having treatment processes for the biological removal (b) Sludge Stabilization (chemical or thermal) ....... 5 of phosphorus will be assigned a minimum classification of Class (c) Sludge Drying Beds - Gravity .......... ....... 2 Vacuum Assisted ....... 5 (d) Sludge Elutriation ............................. 5 In -plant processes and related control equipment which are an (e) Sludge Conditioner (chemical or thermal) ........ 5 integral part of industrial production shall not be considered waste (f) Sludge Thickener (gravity) ...................... 5 treatment. Likewise, discharges of wastewater from residences (g) Dissolved Air Flotation Unit having a design flow of 1,000 gpd or less, shall not be subject to (not applicable to a unit rates as (3) (i) ......... 8 rating. (h) Sludge Gas Utilization (including gas storage) .... 2 (i) Sludge Holding Tank - Aerated ................ 5 ADDITIONAL COMMENTS-. Nan -aerated ............ 2 (j) Sludge Incinerator - (not including activated carbon regeneration) ..... 10 (k) Vacuum f=ilter, Centrifuge or Filter Press or other similar dewatering devices .................... 10 (8) SLUDGE DISPOSAL (including incinerated ash) (a) Lagoons ........................................ 2 (b) Land Application (surface and subsurlace) (see definition 22a) -where the facility holds the land app. permit ... 10 -by contracting to a land application operator who holds the land application permit ................ 2 -land application of sludge by a contractor who does not hold the permit for The wa5lewaler treatment facility where the sludge�is generated ......... 10 (c) Landtilled (burial) .............................. 5 (9) DISINFECTION 5 O (a) Chlorination ............................. (b) Dechlorination ........................ 5 (c) Ozone .............................. 5 (d) Radiation .......................... 5