NC0086606_CSW Fact Sheet w RPA 18Sep2018_20180918

FACT SHEET
FOR COMPLEX PERMIT RENEWAL
NPDES Permit NCO086592
Table 1-- Basic Information Summ
Permit Writer / Date
Joe R. Corporon, L.G. — 09Sep2018
oe.co oron ncdenr. ov 919-707-23_17
Permit Number
NCO086592
Permittee
Carolina Water Service [CWS], Inc. of NC
PO Box 240908, Charlotte, NC 28224
Permittee's Consultant / Contact
Steve Bond, El (LandDesign) 707— 333-0325
Facility
The Point — Well #1 WTP, Class PC -1
NC SR 1100, Mooresville
Regional Office / Contact
MRO /
Basin Name / Subbasin Number
Catawba / 03-08-32
Receiving Stream / Verified
UT Lake Norman (Catawba River)
se ent 11-75 / Yes.
Stream Classification in Permit / Verified
WS -IV; B; CA
Does—Permit need Daily Max NH3 limits?
No
Does permit need TRC limits/language?
Yes limit 17 /L — updated TRC footnote
Does permit have toxicity testing?
Yes — test TGP313 in accord w/ IE treatment Technolo
Does permit have Special Conditions?
Yes, see Section A. 3.) re -opener clause for stuoy results
Does permit have instream monitoring?
No
Is the stream impaired [303(d) listed]?
No
Any obvious compliance concerns?
Yes — effluent consistently fails chronic WET test [sodium
ion -exchange (IE) treatment]. Zero -flow conditions at
outfall (no credit for dilution).
RPA concludes that parameters shall limited to SQ
standards. The Permittee may consider changing treatment
technology, or, extending the outfall into the lake to receive
dilution credit; this option requires fitting the outfall with a
approved/modeled diffuser.
Renewal adds compliance periods for metals [one (1)
permit cycle]; for Total Chlorides (3 years), See section A.
(1.) footnotes and section A. (3.).
Any permit MODS since lastpermit?
No
Current expiration date
March 31, 2018
New expiration date
March 31, 2023
RENEWAL SUMMARY
Flow Monitoring — During the previous data -cycle Jan2014-Aug2018, the Permittee, on three (3)
occasions, reported waste -flows exceeding 30,000 gpd [average flow rates higher than 30K gpd
require installation of a composite sampler]. However, the Permittee explains these three discharge
events as resulting from "...contractors repairing the softener units." If the RPA disregards these three
data points, wasteflows average 0.00372 gpd. Therefore, DWR concludes that this facility does not
require a composite sampler.
Page 11

Monitoring frequency set at 2/monthly; edited table footnote [A. (1.)] to require both "flow rate and
flow duration;" logs to be kept available for DWR review. DMR's from January 2014 thru February
2018 reported an average potable flow of 0.00372 MGD; this figure was used for the RPA analysis,
per WTP Strategy 2009. The maximum reported a waste -flow rate of 0.154 MGD (Nov2015) was
judged a reporting error (not used for RPA).
1. Table 2 – Flow Summary in MGD by year - Jan2014- Aug2018
Year
Max
Reported
Minimum
Reported
Reported
Average
Discharge
Events (n)
2014
0.154
0.00001
0.0027
54
2015
0.050
0.0007
0.0057
74
2016
0.019
0.000002
0.0029
144
2017
0.029
0.00001
0.0067
36
2018
0.0224
0.00001
0.0045
72
DATA REVIEW SUMMARY / BIMS DOWNLOADS:
1. For renewal: Updated effluent parameters of concern (POC) in accordance with Ion -Exchange
(IE) WTP technology guidelines (2009); updated permit template, facility location, facility
description, and added 8 Digit HUC to the map; Added parameter monitoring and limits based on
zero -flow conditions (IWC=100%), see Reasonable Potential Analysis (RPA).
Table 3 – IE Wastewater Data Summary (Jan2014 - Aug2018)
* Max Allowable under zero flow receiving -stream conditions.
Page 12
Max
Average
RPA
Max
Max
Parameter
Reported
Reported
(n)
Predicted
Allowable*
Flow (MGD)
0.154
0.00372
381
N
N
( used for "A)
Total Residual Chlorine
50
23
107
N
N
ti'L)
Total Chloride (mg/L)
18,000
5,050
54
18,540
230
Total Suspended Solids
24
5.11
108
—
---
m L
Total Copper (µg/L)
27
13.2
18
40
7.88
Total Lead (µg/L)
500
14.55
50
270
2.9
Total Manganese (µg/L)
440
78.76
54
453
200
Salinity (ppth)
23.7
4.89
54
N
N
Dissolved 02 (mg/L)
12,17/
4.53
54
N
N
0.10 min
TDS (mg/L)
30,000
8,996
107
30,900
500
Turbidity (NTU)
11
1.8
55
N
N
Total Zinc (µg/L)
6,800
1,299
18 1
12,240
127
* Max Allowable under zero flow receiving -stream conditions.
Page 12

2. Toxici - Compliance Histoma— The WTP failed 18 of 18 quarterly WET since Jan2014.
Compliance generally good with no violation proceeding to enforcement. BIMs records indicate a
Notice of Violation (NOV) for failure to report Chloride (30Jun2015) and three (3) Notices of
Deficiency (NODs) for reporting (March and August 2017).
3. Previous Special Condition — DWR has reviewed CWS's response to previous Special Condition A.
(3.) providing the required Discharge Alternatives Evaluation (DAE) as attachment to its
application to renew. The Division concurs with conclusions that a surface -water discharge is the
best discharge alternative based on cost.
4. Revised Treatment Rgguired — permit Special Condition A. (3.) details permit limits and
compliance deadlines as:
• compliance to metals limits begins on -or -before the expiration date of this permit.
• compliance to Total Chloride limits begins on -or -before September 30, 2021.
DWR may reopen this permit to incorporate new data, as warranted [see A. (3.)], per discussion
with the Permittee on June 22, 2018 [DWR/CWS pre -draft permit review, Steve Bond, Tony
Konsul (CWR) et.al., DWR Compliance Supervisor John Hennessy, Joe Corporon (NPDES)].
REVIEWAL CONCERNS AND PERMIT -LIMITS RATIONALLE:
1. Effluent Data Concerns — Data suggest that the current treatment system is not adequate to meet
Surface Water Quality Standards for dissolved metals and for Total Chloride, considering a
discharge to a stream classified WS -IV; B; CA [Water Supply; swimmable; habitat -critical area].
The Permittee is admonished to consider applying an alternate potable -water treatment
technology other than sodium ion -exchange (IE). Other alternatives may include, but are not
limited to, extending the outfall into the lake to afford effluent dilution; this option requires a
DWR-approved effluent diffuser and modeling to establish dilution credit.
2. Re orted Units of Measure - The Permittee's effluent databases for this past permit cycle were in
part reported with conflicting units of measure. In addition, the Permittee has reported analytical
data as "not detected," entering "0" on the DMR/eDMR instead of given a test procedure's
practical quantitation level (PQL) or minimum detection level (MDL) of the applied analyses.
This is a permit reporting violation.
3. reasonable Potential Anal sis RPA — Databases for copper, zinc, lead, and chloride show
reasonable potential (RP) to exceed their respective surface water -quality standards. Under zero -
flow receiving -stream conditions [7Q10/30Q2 = 0.0 cfs]. each parameter showing RP requires a
permit limit equal to its surface water -quality standard (i.e., no credit for dilution). Future soluble
metals calculations require Total Hardness effluent monitoring [upstream not possible under zero -
flow]. See Section A. (1.).
4. Total Iron is no longer considered a parameter of concern; monitoring is hereby discontinued.
Page 13

Table 3 -- Renewal Summary
Characteristic DWQ Action
WET Testing I Continue WET testing per current IE WTP guidance
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) Monitor Month, no limit
...........
Monitor Monthly with limit, Daily Max = 230 mg/L - to
Total Chloride protect human health through water consumption and
fish tissue consumption; compliance required on or
before 010ct2021.
Based on RPA, limit = standard; Monitor Monthly — to
protect human health (HH) and aquatic life (AL) for
Metals [dissolved fraction] Water Supply [Class WS -IV; B; CA] considering
bathing, and consumption of water and fish tissue. The
Permittee has one (1) permit cycle to establish
compliance with permit limits for soluble metals.
Composite Sampling Composite sampling not required for this facility
[reported ave. 0.00372 MGD, i.e., less than 0.030 GPD].
Draft Permit to Public Notice:
Permit S
Permit Writer:
September 19, 2018
November 1, 2018
Date:
Page 14

NPDES Implementation of Instream Dissolved Metals Standards - Freshwater
The NC 7007-2015 Water Quality Standard (WQS) Triennial Review was approved by the NC
Environmental Management Commission (EMC) on November 13, 2014. The US EPA subsequently
approved the WQS revisions on April 6, 2416, with some exceptions. Therefore, metal limits in draft
permits out to public notice after April 6, 2016 must be calculated to protect the new standards - as
approved.
Table 4 - NC Dissolved Metals Water-Oualit►° Standards/Aquatic Life Protection
Parameter
Acute FW, gg/L
(Dissolved)
Chronic FW, pg/L
(Dissolved)
Acute SW, gg/L Chronic SW, µg/L
(Dissolved) (Dissolved)
Arsenic
340
150
69 36
--- ---
Beryllium
65
6.5
Cadmium
Calculation
Calculation
40 8.8
Chromium III
Calculation
Calculation
---
Chromium VI
16
11
1100 50
Copper
Calculation
Calculation
4.8 3.1
Lead
Calculation
Calculation
210 8.1
Nickel
Calculation
Calculation
74 8.2
Silver
Calculation
0.06
1.9 0.1
Zinc
Calculation
Calculation
90 781
Table 4 Notes:
1. FW= Freshwater, SW= Saltwater
2. Calculation = Hardness Dependent Standard
3. Only the aquatic life standards listed above are expressed in dissolved form. Aquatic life
standards for Mercury and selenium are still expressed as Total Recoverable Metals due to
bioaccumulative concerns (as are all human health standards for all metals). It is still necessary
to evaluate total recoverable aquatic life and human health standards listed in 15A NCAC
2B.0200 (e.g., arsenic at 10 µg/1 for human health protection; cyanide at 5 µg/L and fluoride at
1.8 mg/L for aquatic life protection).
Table 5. Dissolved Freshwater Standards for Hardness -Dependent Metals
The Water Effects Ratio (WER) is equal to one unless determined otherwise
under 15A NCAC 02B .0211 Subparagraph (11)(d)
Metal
NC Dissolved Standard, pW1
Cadmium, Acute
WER*{1.136672-[ln hardness](0.041838)} e^{0.9151 [In hardness] -3.1485}
Cadmium, Acute Trout waters
WER*{1.136672-[ln hardness] (0.04183 8)) a^{0.9151[ln hardness] -3.6236}
Cadmium, Chronic
WER*{1.101672-[ln hardness](0.041838)} • e^{0.7998[In hardness] -4.4451}
Chromium III, Acute
WER*0.316 eA10.8190[ln hardness]+3.7256}
Chromium III, Chronic
WER*0.860 a^{0.8190[ln hardness]+0.6848}
Copper, Acute
WER*0.960 e^{0.9422[ln hardness] -1.700}
Copper, Chronic
WER*0.960 • e^{0.8545[ln hardness] -1.702}
Lead, Acute
WER*{1.46203-[In hardness](0.145712)} • e^{1.273[In hardness] -1.460}
Lead, Chronic WER*{1.46203-[ln hardness](.0.145712)} • e^{1.273[In hardness] -4.705}
Nickel, Acute WER*0.998 • e^{0.8460[ln hardness]+2.255}
Page 15

Nickel, Chronic
WER*0.997 • e^{0.8460[ln hardness]+0.0584}
Silver, Acute
WER*0.85 • e^{1.72[ln hardness] -6.59}
Silver, Chronic
Not applicable
Zinc, Acute
WER*0.978 a^{0.8473[ln hardness]+0.884}
WER*0.986 a^{0.8473[ln hardness]+0.884}
Zinc, Chronic
General Information on the Reasonable Potential Analysis fRPA)
The RPA process itself did not change as the result of the new metals standards. However, application
of the dissolved and hardness -dependent standards requires additional consideration to establish the
numeric standard for each metal of concern of each individual discharge.
The hardness -based standards require some knowledge of the effluent and instream (upstream)
hardness and so must be calculated case-by-case for each discharge.
Metals limits must be expressed as `total recoverable' metals in accordance with 40 CFR 122.45(c).
The discharge -specific standards must be converted to the equivalent total values for use in the RPA
calculations. We will generally rely on default translator values developed for each metal (more on that
below), but it is also possible to consider case -specific translators developed in accordance with
established methodology.
RPA Permitting Guidance/WQBELs for _Hardness -Dependent Metals - Freshwater
The RPA is designed to predict the maximum likely effluent concentrations for each metal of concern,
based on recent effluent data, and calculate the allowable effluent concentrations, based on applicable
standards and the critical low -flow values for the receiving stream.
If the maximum predicted value is greater than the maximum allowed value (chronic or acute), the
discharge has reasonable potential to exceed the standard, which warrants a permit limit in most cases.
If monitoring indicates a pollutant is not present (i.e. consistently reported below detection level), then
the Division may remove the monitoring requirement in the reissued permit.
1. To perform a RPA on the Freshwater hardness -dependent metals the Permit Writer compiles the
following information:
• Critical low flow of the receiving stream, 7Q10 (the spreadsheet automatically calculates the
1 Q 10 using the formula 1 Q 10 = 0.843 (s7Q 10, cfs) 0.993
• Effluent hardness and upstream hardness, site-specific data is preferred
• Permitted flow
• Receiving stream classification
2. To establish the numeric standard for each hardness -dependent metal of concern and for each
individual discharge, the Permit Writer must first determine what effluent and instream (upstream)
hardness values to use in the equations.
The permit writer reviews DMR's, Effluent Pollutant Scans, and Toxicity Test results for any
hardness data and contacts the Permittee to see if any additional data is available for instream
hardness values, upstream of the discharge.
Page 16

If no hardness data is available, the permit writer may choose to do an initial evaluation using a
default hardness of 25 mg/L (CaCO3 or (Ca + Mg)). Minimum and maximum limits on the
hardness value used for water quality calculations are 25 mg/L and 400 mg/L, respectively.
If the use of a default hardness value results in a hardness -dependent metal showing reasonable
potential, the permit writer contacts the Permittee and requests 5 site-specific effluent and upstream
hardness samples over a period of one week. The RPA is rerun using the new data.
The overall hardness value used in water -quality calculations follows as Combined Hardness
(chronic):
_ (Permitted Flow, cfs *Avg. Effluent Hardness, mg/L) x (s7010, cfs *Avg. Upstream Hardness. mg/L)
(Permitted or assumed Flow, cfs + s7Q10, cfs)
[Combined Hardness for acute is the same, but the calculation uses the 1Q10 flow.]
3. The permit writer converts the numeric standard for each metal of concern to a total recoverable
metal, using the EPA Default Partition Coefficients (DPCs) or site-specific translators, if any have
been developed using federally approved methodology.
EPA default partition coefficients or the "Fraction Dissolved" converts the
value for dissolved metal at laboratory conditions to total recoverable metal
at in -stream ambient conditions. This factor is calculated, using the linear
partition coefficients found in The Metals Translator: Guidance for
Calculating a Total Recoverable Permit Limit from a Dissolved Criterion
(EPA 823-B-96-007, June 1996) and the equation:
Cdiss — 1
Ctotal 1 + I [Kpo] [SS(I+a)] [10"6] }
Where:
ss = in -stream suspended solids concentration [mg/1], minimum of 10 mg/L
used, and
Kpo and a = constants that express the equilibrium relationship between
dissolved and adsorbed forms of metals. A list of constants used for each
hardness -dependent metal can also be found in the RPA program under a
4. The numeric standard for each metal of concern is divided by the default partition coefficient (or
site-specific translator) to obtain a Total Recoverable Metal at ambient conditions.
In some cases, where an EPA default partition coefficient translator does not exist (ie. silver), the
dissolved numeric standard for each metal of concern is divided by the EPA conversion factor to
obtain a Total Recoverable Metal at ambient conditions. This method presumes that the metal is
dissolved to the same extent as it was during EPA's criteria development for metals. For more
information on conversion factors see the June 1996 EPA Translator Guidance Document.
Page 17

5. The RPA spreadsheet uses a mass balance equation to determine the total allowable concentration
(permit limits) for each pollutant using the following equation:
Ca = (s7Q 10 + w) (Cwgs)(s7Q 10) (Cl?)
Qw
Where: Ca = allowable effluent concentration (gg/L or mg/L)
Cwqs = NC Water Quality Standard or federal criteria (gg/L or mg/L)
Cb = background concentration: assume zero for all toxicants except NH3* (gg/L or mg/L)
Qw = permitted effluent flow (cfs, match s7Q 10)
s7Q 10 = summer low flow used to protect aquatic life from chronic toxicity and human health
through the consumption of water, fish, and shellfish from noncarcinogens (cfs)
* Discussions are on-going with EPA on how best to address background concentrations
Flows other than s7Q 10„ mg be incorporated„as apilicable:
1Q10 = used in the equation to protect aquatic life from acute toxicity
QA = used in the equation to protect human health through the consumption of water, fish,
and shellfish from carcinogens
30Q2 = used in the equation to protect aesthetic quality
6. The permit writer enters the most recent 2-3 years of effluent data for each pollutant of concern.
Data entered must have been taken within four and one-half years prior to the date of the permit
application (40 CFR 122.21). The RPA spreadsheet estimates the 95th percentile upper
concentration of each pollutant. The Predicted Max concentrations are compared to the Total
allowable concentrations to determine if a permit limit is necessary. If the predicted max exceeds
the acute or chronic Total allowable concentrations, the discharge is considered to show reasonable
potential to violate the water quality standard, and a permit limit (Total allowable concentration) is
included in the permit in accordance with the U.S. EPA Technical Support Document for Water
Quality Based Toxics Control, published in 1991.
7. When appropriate, permit writers develop facility specific compliance schedules in accordance with
the EPA Headquarters Memo dated May 10, 2007 from James Hanlon to Alexis Strauss on 40 CFR
122.47 Compliance Schedule Requirements.
The Total Chromium NC WQS was removed and replaced with trivalent chromium and hexavalent
chromium Water Quality Standards. As a cost savings measure, total chromium data results may be
used as a conservative surrogate in cases where there are no analytical results based on chromium
III or VI. In these cases, the projected maximum concentration (95th %) for total chromium will be
compared against water quality standards for chromium III and chromium VI.
Page 18

9. Effluent hardness sampling and instream hardness sampling, upstream of the discharge, are inserted
into all permits with facilities monitoring for hardness -dependent metals to ensure the accuracy of
the permit limits and to build a more robust hardness dataset.
Hardness and flow values used in the Reasonable Potential Analysis for this permit included:
Parameter
Value
Comments (Data Source)
Average Effluent Hardness (mg/L)
25 mg/L
[assumed; no data to date]
[Total as, CaCO3 or (Ca+Mg)]
Average Upstream Hardness (mg/L)
25 mg/L
[assumed; no data to date]
[Total as, CaCO3 or (Ca+Mg)]
7Q 10 summer (cfs)
0.0
zero -flow stream conditions
1 Q 10 (cfs)
0.0
zero -flow stream conditions
Flow (MGD) per WTP guidance
0.00372
Average used for RPA
Page 19

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