20190397_Environmental Impact and Toxicological Characteristics of CMA, Chptr 5 B_20180810

CHEl��IICAI�
I)�ICERS �nd the
ENVIR(�N14�IENT
Ediied bv
�
Trank M. D'Itri
'1 LEWIS PUBLISHERS
Boca Raton Ann Arbor ��ondon 1'okyo

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Chem[c:� beicers and the Environment
Bi6(iography: p.
Inc(udes i�dex.
1. UeSce��-CMA����Sait-Caicium
Ciilonde-Environment-Contamina[iqn-Suducr and Gmund
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PREFACE
This book is an our.gsowth of the Alteriiative Deicing
Technologi=s and Che Enviro:�ment Cnnference convene3 at Micni-
gan St:ate L'niver,sity on March 25-26, 1?91. At that T,i�ne scierr
tists, legislatars, transporCation engineers, and concerned
c3xizens presented and eva7.�_iated dara regrard3ng the ecnnomic
and environmenCal advancages and disadvantages of Che various
commezcial cneaical deicezs cisrent7..y on che �narket. The
obiectives were to provide a forum to: (1) Identify and
assess the er.vieo:�mentvl aed ecoimmic impacCs fron� th� cnntin-
ued use of :oad salts, (_} Share irformaeion concernin,v, the
envj.�onniental feCe of etlternative commescial ueic�zs, and {3)
Discuss the cur:enr use of dzicers in the ureat L:�kns regi.an of
the Oniced S`.ates.
Thic Ls [he first boak davote_d e�tiiel.y r.� ch�mical
d2ic-.zs, tkv��ir aE��lieation and �zrvi,z'on:nenta� as H��L. ae athi_i
ePEects, It a?.Go rapxe>en�s one nf Ch��fir.=.t attem�ts eo
summx[ize Ct�o history .nnd stste-ot-rhe--ax-,-, cPiamival 3eieeTM
[eehnology Ln tne UniCed S�ates qnd Car.aria. Mosc ef rhe deicaz
informatior. pr.santed to dac�a has bcen includeu primari.ly" i.n
reports b}� [he Feueral. Highway 9�inistraT.ion, the U.S, Envi-
ronmental Yrotection H�zncy, the TransporCution R�^.search Ro3x'd,
the Ontario MinisCry ot Trans�rn:taCion ai:d Communicati.ctn, ancl
individi.al staCe,�prcviriciai.. highway/tr:ans�ott�tin;. d�partmenCs
as wa11 as pzpets in the scientitic 1i�erneurc �nci sradz jotAe-
nals.
Scudies o£ che�aicnl deicers huve been eon�{ueted sa.ncQ C�l:a
1950s; and th� resuits havc: been widely di,.persed is^. T,he ;.iter-
ature, e:ceept fot eon£ernne.e proCee�ciings whi.ch tiave hac' 7.lcnitrci
distri6utinn. Ey the midd7.e of the 19GOs, articl.es beg�art T.tr
aPpear with increasi.n� frequancy on the cor'rosive effecCs of
salting on automobiles, bridges, and oCher st-ructures. These
.rere followed in the late I960s and 1970s by other articles
exp[essi.ng concerns ahout the detriment'a1 effects uf salt nn
r�e environ,'nent. Ia 1976 the U.S. Eirvi.rocunen[a1 Pror_ectio�i
Agency repurted that the tatal, annual, nat:onal cost of sal.t
relat�d damage aoproached Chree billinn dollara or a&out 15
ti.mes the annual national cost to purchase an3 apply th� sa1t.
This figure, in all likclil�ood, alsa substanti�l.iy underesti-
mated Che actual costs as environrstental. degra3ati.on 3nd its
remcdiation are extremely diFficult r_o calr_ulate.
Chemical Deicers and the envi.ronment is divi2ed into five
major sections: Chapters 1 through 4 present Snformaticn on

CNAPTER 5
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ANL 7'QXIC�LOGICAL CHAR.ACTEY.ZSTICS
OF CALCIUM MAGNESIUH ACETATE
by
Beverly L. HcFarland and Kirk T. 0'Reilly
Environ�nantal Croup
Chev:an Reseazch and Tech��cic�gy� Comyr�rry
S00 Chevrpn Way
Riat�m�nd. Gd. 948U2-06?,J
INTRODUCTION
Whenever a new ch��mical. i,s propone�l £oc crid<t-�sc:11� u;;e, Lc
bzcom�s lmportanC to determirtN Che poCenti�l effeeCs an humans
and thc om�ironinent. S�diaT s�nd cal.civm chlorldes have bet.n
w3dely us�=.d as eff�c�ive highway dFicers for manp yE�*:,n. B�ie
their use haw not �ecn w1.Nnou� some cn,Sr t�,o C�ie envi!'cmn:�nt in
Tesms o£ impacts on tnadside �regnCaClr,n (�Lmnis, 1971; Hanes ee
a2., 19")6; Gidley, 7.990), st.e,m.^, and 'Lekes (IIu6eck rt ai_,
1977.; Goldman and Ho£fnian, 1975; Judd, 1'875; Hoffrn:�n ez ai..,
1981; Hoene;r, 1988), unc? soils an� serlS.ments {.Iu3c1, 1476; Frior
and Berthoux, 19i6). C�nccrns over these negativra i�n�ac[s
prompCed sCudies into alt�rnahe de�te_eis which 1ed te ch� ru¢am—
mendaCion oi" calcium mapnzxiunr acetat� (C@tA) as t6e hesC cvl.r,�r�-�
native to road salt dve Co its. poeantial sor lacg�-�scale prbdu�a-�-
tion and excreniely low I.eveLs oE toxic#ty on t�rre.otx�ial ar,d
aquatic oryanisms (Dunn and Sc?�enk, 19SQj.
PNYTOTOXICTTF OF C,tLA TO TEAREBmftIAL PLriNTS
The negativ� eff.ecCs of sal[ on ve�getation and Crecs tire
well duciunented (Leis�:t ec a1, 19$0; NUS Corncr�C�ien 1984'!. Sn
westerc fiurope i.z was escimatec Chac »ome 700,p0(� rrees die
annuall.y as a result af d2icing salt appli.cati.ons to roads
(.Jordan (1971) cit2d by f'lvekiga�r a_nd Heauiv, 1481.j. Th��ir„
esCimat� did ��ot include those CreeS weakened end �rn�ispused no
atrack by diseases and pests.

194 CHEMiCAL DEICEX3 AND TflE ENVI$p�j�
Damage to vegetati.on can vccur [hrough deicing chemical
deposition on [he soit surface foliowed by leaching through the
soil profile making the deicing cher.�ical availat,le for ausorp-
tion ty the plant roots. Cnleride accivnulates in leaf mar�;ins
and shoot tips causing marginal scorettin ,
sodium p�ip lorated ip the. plas�nalemm> w�j.�hsmay�e.ducecceil}1e
Curgor (Jennings, 1976) r.iakf.ng plan[s lose cold nardiness and
predisposing Chem to injury LYom diseases and pcsts. Ss1�t
application cazi lead to osmotic sCress and
dcnEh. A1so, the deicing ct,emicaj can be dprectiyndepusited
from applicatiori aeroscl� cnto Che plant surfar_P, i� ifi
ed that any ntw deicing chemi.cal_ accepted For use b}' the public
would nc:ed Co bc less damaKj.i�� to vege[at�on and tr2es tlian
sa1t.
G`SA was evaluatcd in both greexihouse and f3e1d sCudies Eox
it; effects on terrc;sirial vegetar��n_ Foz rt�ost studies,
cocicenctation.; oF deic�ng chemical a,ed th�
N for �prqscl a rsn�e 6etav��n � 5 to �.��
ppl�i.caLio�y ancl 6e�we�n 1 to 5 kg/�n� (sulutiuns
ge�ner�11�+ ecntain eatween 1 and 10� millizq�i;•�,,;1��pT.$) for
irrt�arpon sridy.es. Thase cocsentrastions aze thoaghr ��� br�.-,�
Che eangc of conce.ilrn io�s tEist mig,�G ba eepec �u -' ker
terri.- rial P1an[< whos habxeae w�� v.eY',in 7.5 ft o[� >c u� ��ti
whtr� the deic�r _s b��ing a 1ie�i ' t• high�vay
P[� !wiat�=� at e1., 15�85)
?hytotexic:ty Creenhouse Studies
IC1 Y�rEenYiou�E p�t ta�rs wtCM £Se7.d soi1, 9ornoc' {j,')$x)
idei�tiFted Chat Chere were nc� ne,vvTive impz�rs ot (S[.[� ,oil
con<encratiuris of betvP���i G.5 an� 1..0 gm GhFA/k� o�' co�,.i o:� p�h�
fotlowing �lyc�ptrycic (noC s�l[ Ccl.erar,c oz resis,tsnt) plant
species: rnmaine :ectuce. bucknur,t p1;;n[ain (aiantago iar,c:�E-
�1� a), sunflower !Xeli ncn�� annmi�j, Douglzis f�r (Fseud�tsuga
mer.z+esii), balfi�m £ir (AbAos baSsarr,ina) fii�� reci mep7e (p�er
rubr-), edveise impacts on these specicc F,Er� sepn uith C,tA
cor�ce,ntraeions of 2 ro q��n�(�� soyl unless thc soil was incu-
baced ¢or Gg hr and ramoistenec priar i'.o planting. No sta[j,s-
Gically sign3ficant effecCs of GMe1 presence Cn th�
observed. Horner hy othe � 9�'il. wcre
P �izad that osmo[ic stress dua. to
increased soil coaductivi6y was r�gp�nsible for [he cMq qnduced
p&ycoto�,.iefty and Chat ion coacantrations d�crease3 within 48 hr
ef Ci�:1 =_pPlic�at:on due tn acetate biadegradation and ion e;;-
change m� P±anisies in t�e soil (�ornet, 148fi). �ue to � v�re,�ccr
eY.cha���� c�paciCy of Che soil, OMA h2d less ¢[fP�y; �eY planrs
Sio�"�� in 71ty 7.oam conip��ed to thosc �i'ow�� ;n �endk soil
('��rner, 1988�, _
IMFACT AND TO�IC(JLOGICAL CRAftAr,TERISTZCS Ok' CMA 195
Phytotoxicity Studies with CMA in Por.s ar,d Soil Hiri>
In a study donc in 1.985 for tha California Dep.arrme�i[ n{
Trsnsportation Cl7iilt�is e� a1., 1985), Cl�e phytoCoxic elfU.cts of
CMA ssnd NaC7. were compaxed cn zighteen wno�ly plant� ;�:;p�pies ±n
pots. Deicing ch�mioals were apUl.ied fur a coCal of f:ive
applications as aerosoSs or uspd T.o iY'Yigate the pots Yc� siniu-�
7.ate the i�pacts of sakt� leaVing �jjF ro¢dway aa, runo£f. In [he
firsC year, the rasnitG su�gested thxt Ci4A was les.� ciareu�iny
than NaGl in 16 0£ trie L8 species te ted, whil� Eunx syucies
showed about tna sa¢e dogree of dama�e .�s t�af1 BecausF, pf
variai�illCy encounteie3 during the Pirst year, thN t;es;� wez�
ennCinued foc anothex, In the second yeu�r of t�e study, rii.zse
species were more severely damaged by NtiCl, one sUucias wa.;; more
sev�rely damaged by GMq and in ei�hc specie=_ t'��, de�ree oi�
rlamage was Coo �oa C� a1.1ow � compar,ison (lv"ir�� is r�: z�, ZygS�
�lo aa- �rse efTec �f (,^qP aynlied to � g�.racic,� iu bins �p�f yqil
were obaervad (toc,aT, 19fi81.
1h rrwlt� > rh� nub�i�h'�d r_��i ar.t�ve jn tor��.,i Lv
scudS.es �oY G3A a� n!c,C1 �'ii�ters at ,�i , jyg i t, ,�r i� 1 So �: ,
1990; Dob on, i� U) hive b n vo�,�ile. co icien...xy dLfEc� nr��
bcCween d�ma�es ,_syi,g b� uF�J..icscien_ o� G?L? �.ixpaced tc� Na�i
sreacrenrs c� ^�dCe� oT 3.nsge j.n r,.l�a pi,bli..Y.0 wrrrk tiaec-3
report u s Eo1i r c.r,iosts, stem eis ua �lie �nc< P�rcri '
f�1tx�,m nf.sece.� p�-centa},e o€ leaf irf�e ,afr,. � �n �«rnll��
planr, L�ealett n:s�� _c i�ting, Pecccnr�ue 6ud crei-�_ece, aad
eXY�nt uf shoor„ excen3ion Si�;E we wantefl eo �ee �n overall
estimarz of r,he e- .�cive ;ocal. ols�nC �ta'.iage e..0 =d Lv C,� ._����y
�
VaG1, z11. uf th� e a�inp, ca yuri'<� w �oiri�� d tce 'i;s�
ar�3l�sis Tlae m ho1 >f 7�,is.i �iid Sch (13S,il) a� �._;��i t�
a„sesa th �1�La �o. btt31 oi 2� diE �tE.n� plutt �rci, �.�
��1c�.Qy�anr rhe �'io of rtw Aamagt is ,i .,ouii , r}�i��y�{t t_o the
damage fzoR GH,q, tF - m.imexic x'ati�� y 37<> �7a�a (i e, p1<.i,t
heal��h indi�e�s? anu acCual ne,asurem�❑ aarl {? p:'t�uoC
�z:
sion length) weie <enver'ted ec pesc�n 3�,^.�� with duc;i z'i��� hr-;
untceat�l oox�eioi planc include� ,i,n thie same p�nl� atieul�_ Thy
ai:c sin tronsfo:mnC.t.on of t?�e square m��>t of rti x::eing i]ard i�y�
detarmined to be spprupriatE once it wa� cy;261i he�t ths
tl� e
daCa were not normally di:;lzibuttd and t?�iht uae�ual variaqce�
were present. The 2Fa plai3c speeies ii�clnded musely woedq nlenCs
with eight spocies dnd Lhree intrudne�d species o cirirLi�g or
usen in the northeasC�n� cs�d midwasCern states and ;r.�ven
speciv�s napive ro the Siesra Nevada tfountatn� ac:� parts oE p+:her
wvsr.er.n ��_ata� C3.e.iser �:nd Soh,n, 19yp; Wi:n[mks ec aZ., 1-�R5) an¢
six com,mon Eurnyesn specia� (D�,>bspn, 19'30).
Th� results ia.Pf�ure 1 clearly �how tha groattr Co].err�ace
of. the t�;rrestrial ve�,�tatioci tesce3 Co ChSA 2'oi bor
soil applications, On1y 5 percent o{ a11 Ct1e side-t� ��i�ar arid
com aris y�'
p' ons oP CM,A and N�iCl showed gc�aeer dama�a fer thc L"t7.;
�sr*.�.�,, � . .. . .. ..

i96 GHEMICAL ➢SICERS A2dD THE ENVIRONMENT �^,, IMPACT AND TORSCOLU6rCAL CttA1i9CTERISTICS �F' G*tA 197
50
40
3�
Percen;e�e of
Tcial Tests
20
10
0
Hum;ers Abaae par5
Nc�ler:u Atluai
Nun'ibar of Tas�s
15
9
� Aemsol Appiicatlons
CMA Concen6ation 1000�60,000
ppm, n = 82
� Soil irriyation
CMA ConcentraHon �.5-5 k�lm2
SUr(ace A(ea, n = 7tl
18 SpeUes A. T. Lelser & S. A, dc
199p
B Species M. C. Oobson, 7990
te Species G. R. Winters et al., i
12
ti e,�rn, 6
225 Hiyiier 1.5-2.49 7.754.A8� 09-1.14 <�.89less
Tolerance Pdadnrete Lower Equal Tolerance
Tolerance Toierance Tolerance
Rz!(o oF Sodium Chluride Plant Camage to CMA Piant Dan:age
Pig;usc 1. Ae7.ecive tulerance of v<,�et:stlUn Cc damE�y� Ftoni
<ieici�g. che�nicnls. t;MA is less phycotoxic than ax�dium eRlotide.
Crextr,d pl�nCs, Thr data also s7�iow r.hat CMA acrasozs are
genr.ral.ty less phytoroxic than sai.t 2erusols aad tkat C�[:>
aerosol applications are slighely leas toxic overall chaei CM.A
so[1 2ppllcaT.ians.
The plants £ound Ce� have greaCer toleran�a to GAtA eRe�n to
YaCl }nclur3e�t; Llhite fir (Aby,a3 ;;qr,coZor), greznleef manz�ni.Ca
(Arcostaptlyioc pat�la;i, caF,b�t bru�n (Chry.sctha;nr;us n�y�seoususj,
Je'frey pine (Pinus je{freyi.), s�agar pipe (pinus lam6en¢Sona),
sugar maple (Acer saccharum), shadblow or servicebexry
(.9me3archaer canadensis), eastern flowcring dogwood (Corncs
PZor.i�a), incense ced�r (Calocedrus decurrons), graen ash
(Praxinos penn,y;venica vac. Zanceolaka), Hopa r_r.aneppla (:Ya1ua
'Hopa'j, eastern wtiiT,e oak (Querces aZba), red eak (Qv�rcus
rvbz-a), wayfaeing Cree (vibvrnum Iantana), canoe birch CEecuZa
paoyrifera), p,msrican arborvi�tae (Thuja occic+enta?zs). Of Ghe
Eeropean species tesced, Nor.ray mapie (Acar gZatanoides),
n�wthosa (Czatequs rnoroqyna), ash (Fraxir�us exceS3lor), finglish
oak (queruus roEvr), liitle (Pi2ia �3i�data), beach (Fag:zs
sylvatica), horsechescriuT. (Aesrulvs hinpucastanum), and cherry
(Prunu� aviem) all toLrat� GMA better [l�an NaC1 (➢obson, 1990j.
Yellom willoW (3aZix lucoa) appear.ad at�out eq�aally �unsi-
tice to NaCl aricl CMA in one study and Russian olive (Elaeagnus
angvstifoZia�) was equal to oc more serisitive to C.MA than to NaCl
(Leises and Sohn, 1990; Winter� et ai., 1985)..
Phytocoxicity Field Experiments
Field trials witn CMA ha���e shown no effect on piant yi.�ids
from CMA treated Eield plcts *�lanted wieh�.coe�won ron(i�ide cover
plants (red fescue, cehite �lutch elover, oz co�nmon cetch) ar�n
Douglas £ii, red maple, planCai.n, anci 6saCceroup sec.ii],iiigs
fHnrner, 19R3j. Both rocCing depth and soot incensity were
similnz foc GMA craated and control plants. �itnougn some
species composiCi.o*i shi.its were sioted in Che ChU4 rre:ited plots,
these wera not regard�ci as enviscnmentaily signi.Fica'��ic. No
evidence for transitory CMA injucy such as spocti.ng, le�af
curling, chlorosis, or necrosi..s was. observed to resulc frcm Ci1A
treatmen't. A vari�ty of woody sapliny.,s and seectli=tg,s (Dou�,las
fir, red alder, ualsem fir, and red maple) spcayed ieptutz�,�iAy
with CMA were equall.y heslthy as untr�ateti coaGx'ol_, (Hnrper,
198A).
Sumnarr oi Phytotaxicity ResulCs
No demcnstsae�d oipect oi ;Md appiicatioi �>sti 6e esTab-
Lished in ariy tesr �thee C4ian tYiis sui' i�ca�o< �:nn ,R,r� i eiSe
poe cest�. ln Chese ces�s, pnye�totic rtspons .,._„ ut'�.rcad
� for some plancs when G.'fA ::oncexitra.cion> e>:ceedeu 7_SOQ ;n,_,/;., �a�o-
and-¢-h�lf times Cha mazimwn e:�;pect�d re.inoit eoimenCrati_en
l,Horner, 19fl8). SCu3ies wirh lsrger soi' vn7ii;n:*s an<t Lietd p1�t
4eudies with etie seme plant sy�cies and wieh spray an5 }'icotl
applica[ions o£ 300U mg%1 CMA di.d noe.' si�ow. Cne Sac;e 4mpac[s as
Cl�e gresnhause poC Lasts. Tllere was na �£f'ecc or� tP�e yi.al.d,
cover, vLgor, oi rooYSiip,� of l�erbaceous anu� woa�'y 5eedlisigs or
Dou�las fir ¢nd alder saplin�s_ B�C isE CNIE. c�r� enr,rat �,!� in
highway xunoff and spray aYe ���-pectecl r,� �� Sy���iF'icanri� i.owee
,han those found to nP�at�vely iml>act p7.ants in tliu g,re�nt�ouse
studies, it seenrs saf� [o proceed wich CM.4 �as a b��tt'�r dii.ci.nF
chemical than salr_ for preservi.ng tl�ie vegFra[Sva beaury uf our
....,. roadsides.
SMPACT OS CALGIt7M MAGNESZUM ACETATE ON TRE MO&II.ITY QF METAtS
Trd�c meeal cor.taminati,nn of grntmciwacers mi�hr res,,xlc fznm
che use �E deicing chemicals if inetaia are mobilized E'rom soils.
and sadimenYs followin�, deieing chemicxl ��pplic�tion���. Concern
thnt GMA may increase rhe moLS.iiCy o£ c�zrt:¢in traoc metals Erom
roadside sotls (Hornet, 1988; Wi.ntezs �t ad., 198i) arose Prom
the 1�act th¢t acetates are cormnun7.y used reagEiics Eor estr�ar_tinb
metaLs from soils (Burau, 198"<; Hickeg and Kittri.ck, 1.9II4;
Miller et s1., 19&6j. Tkiere was also aonr_ern Ck�aL caZr.z�xm end
magnesium might displaee trace metal� £t'om cation ex�hange sites
to a greateY estent than sodiuni, and t2iat acetace waul.d Yor�n a
stronger metal-acetaLe ion pa3r than chloride„ p�ytent:ially

198
yzo
ioo
ao
mmol�' L^ 80
40
20
�
�
CHEMICAL DEICERS AND TAE ENVIPONMENT
` " o S �U 12 14 16 7S 20
Time, Uays
FSgure 2. Ghanges in soil �t;e,nistcy witL: OD1(t bicrdegra�ation.
Psacipitatioe of Ca�' an{i ^7��' wj.th bi.catbonate forroed Prom
biodegTndation of GMA (Ar.:chein and Sirong, 1990a).
increasin� the concentzyCiuns of disselved meCals in sois.
solutions (Amrhein anti Srronp,,, 1990a; 1990bj,
Because C.^Sr1 is propose<Y as an alcernace deicing c'.iemica: eo
f7aG1, the solu6ility oi meeals in CMfi r.reaee� soiis aas compare�
with NaCi soil Cx'eat�nenr.'� ae equx�l conc�.ntratioi�� (bz�sae,i ort
mo1,./1) and with dis[i7.lad water treltments (.snowniejr). guils
were collected along�i�ir. hi�hways thr�ughcut rhe GniCen S ate:,,
These sails cepresented a rar�e cf or.ganic matter conreii,.sa-
Lions, soil st'ructures, and chemical pruper�ies such as c�tion
e:tchange capacity (Amrhein and Seronp,., 1990a; 19506). 'Shesc.
suils nxtural?y conrained thc higher levtls of ineCals commenlv
associaCed wit7 roadside soils. The goai of the study was [o
dztermi.ne (1) changes in Che mubility of trace meCals in soit
cnlwnns 1a,ache3 with deicirg chem:_calg, (2) ciianges in the
element�al chemisCry of soil in�ubated with GI�u1 rand NaCl, and (3)
the effecc of CMA degradation on the Pb and ;d c�ncenCration in
aqueous syste�s. Pb and Gd were selected becau=e of thcit:
toxicity. SZtie critfcal Pb and Cd concentraeion far drinkin�,
waters is -0 Ng�7. fr•r Po and 10 µg/1 for CA (L'-S Ef'9, 1975) _
By Che third day in batch studies wi.Th metal cur,taminated
roadside soils, essent;.oll.y al. the acetaCe bicdegsaded, the p}I
incrsased ar,d the Ga�* and Mg�* concentrations dropped (Figurz 2
frcm Amrhein and Strong, 1990a; 1990b). Most soils have a
dominance of Ca2' on Cheii cation exchange Sites, followed by
7
mmol� • L-'
HCCy or
CH�C00"
IMPACT AND T9XZCOLOGICAL CHANACTERISTICS OF' GMA
1?9
0 2 4 6 0 70 �2 t4
Time, �ays
Pigure 3. 'Lhe formati.or� of biceLbonate ducinZ (^7.4 biod e,rzda-
til�n (Amzheixi ans Slxon�„ 1�'9qa).
ha"', a2td Co a lesse� exCenL virh Mg�'. W:��n a soiutir�n n` fM1g'`'
and Ca�' is ad'3ed to a soi1, the yoil rapidly sl�iifc^; to a new
equi7.ibciwn as a zesule of ca�ion eo-;change ceaeeions As ChLA
degradation proc,aeds, 6CO3 is prr,ducod (Pi.gur� 3 frv.n Amrhein
anU Stc,ng, 14�Oa; Amrhei.r mnd Suarez, 198?):
CH3G00- + 2Lz � COz + Hz0 k bir]U;-
As a sesulc of rhe ace _a[�e biode�+r�,t3aCior proce�a �t e
prod+iction vf bicarbonate) tl�e soil soluhic�� b�cott�s siJ s,are-
raCed uiF,h GaCQ3. ihe pxecipitation of CeCO� shiEts tPie catci.um
snd magnesium�equili6rium reiationsk�i}> and Ca�' is relee�s�id it1t�>
the soil soluci.on in exeha_irc for Mg�" which 1ri turn I.ncrF:nsas
the amount of C:aGO� tRar precipitates. TP�e encl xasu';t ar�
estensive decraase in solutlon elec[ri.cal. ci�ndu<Civ4Cy +nd total
solublr� ions (Pigute 4£rom Amrhein aeiU Strong, 1990�9; 7.99U3f).
The fact that Che chemical YcacCiens Seadi.rig to decr��essed soil
electri.cal conductivi.ty are compl2tPd around Che cecund or third
day aftet GMA cxe�atmexit agree� with Horner's (19$B) o�oservaeinn
of 13tYle to no planc dam3ge Eollewi�g � 4$�hr waitin� F�eei.od
aftea CMA soil incorpocaCiml. 9ener:atlp, Cher� was liGr�le oe no
changP Sn ehe ion sclueion chemistxy observod Lor N3C1 treated
soile (f�nxheir. and Stc'�rig, 1990a; 194Jb). There was 7.ittl.a
di.ff2rence ir. Che mobility of inetrsls from soils leaclied mich
c;acer, CMR (10 or 100 mmplt/1) or NaGl (1t� or 100 mmn7.�/1)
(Nnrhein and Stzong, 19y0a; 199Lb).
,., , _. ... .. ... .. . '"`�s� .. ... , , .... .... ... . . .

2fl0 GrinMIGAL AEIGERS AND TIiE ENVYR�NMENT
S.fl
0.9
� � .. � � �,.:.,��,��� �' 0.8 . . �.
.pH� . 8A �.�
'0.7 Ec es•m•�
. . .■.pH� . � .
� .. �1 EC . . � � :.0.6 ..
.. .�. 7.a ::. . ..�� . . � .
.. .�� � `� ... 6 8�� � 10: � . y2 14'� .
. Time, pays
i�1g*;re 4. � Chanp,es in pH and elec[rital uoixduv[ivity��:iiurin� CMid.�
bio<tegraeaC:i.on (Fvnrhei:n�and Stroii�, 1490a)�.
��1s m�ntii.nn�d akove, rhe 1>ioe3e�radatiUa of �ceGa,^�a ran trad. .
to�tha prroducCto�x uk bzcirhQnape�.and Che prr�.�,pyigsycr� nP
calciuis catbanacP. GedmSuni re;aailc cp�reciyEi[aces w#Cb Che
calcica chtxs iowering Y.Ua sniuUiz.��concen[x.aiion of thzy metak :�
(F�gur� 5 from Amrhei,r. and StxanS, 199Ua, Y99t3hi Sv�;���. Gh2A
adtiffiion actually decreased Che mobiliLy o£��.o�ic m,atels such as
Gd� �-'thmii�t� che £ollo�aiz�� c�pr,e�ci,piCa[iozi reac[iMnsa.'�
2fNaC4�' �+ q4Z � � 2}IGO�' �+� 2CDy a _�(;zp . .
�.w�* �- �2Et�c�y' -. CaCo�ce� + Co2 .r y�p
(1�-.x9Ga�* t xGd�" + 2ftCqa� -' iGa _ Cdx c.6 .
. i x ),. a<s; f G(lz �+ tt�,o
Tfiis:�:;ras demonscraCed.�tiotti�in soi7. ar,d aqudtic systems��,�Amrhain�::.
ai2d.�Strong�.. 1490a�,� 194{76).. . .
��Lead was��l�rgely c�mpLexod��uit2 che�organic £ract{�;� r�f rhe�:��.
soi�r alGhou�h.ie c�uld also be.pr�sane as�.an ewchnn�,eabit: �
catioii (simrhai.n and Str�ng, 1490n;��19iiQb), �.��Wtiile t}ie.�concen- .
tracion o£ lead was high;�.in al.l ehe z�adside.�-��is {thP. oxw-day :���.
�xfiracc fraq�iectlX sxe�e�,e�d tha dru�kLn�* w�.yer srandartl}, tlne
lead-concentr¢T.�ion slnwLy �eereasad with CLine kii al1 y�jutLans
regac'cdless o€.deicixx� chemZcal �pp3.icaciQe: Ths conrerrration �
of complex organic ¢o1�c:ules in�Chc snil. was Pounu te�have, a
mueti greaCac.etfect an: matals mabi,lizatian than the t}�pe nf �
deicing chemlcal added ("P<mrhein aRd SCTOA�, j;990a� �,$'9Qbi. '°,
4
i�x
z�
�
lli
c
t�
�
`:�
.,. .... ,.. �,., . . . ... Ba
IMFAGT AN� TOXICOLflGSGAL�GHARACTEHISTI�& OF GMA, 207.
. . 8 �— . . 7G0
� ... � � ■ p��:. iao
s ♦ ca�' rzo
.. . �. � . . ♦ Ph" 100
a Caz,
.Oa.& tdg 4�. .. ���yg.µy.�'' P4:Added IIO Cd & Pb
... mmois •C � . . . � R9•��
� 3 .... � 173 �g.t"' Cd�Added fi0
. � 2.��. . . . . .A{!
i �� 2A
. � � .�__�_,..,.._t p
Q�:� �.. P �A.:.. 6 �.�.8 79 .12... 74
� .� . Tlme;.�ays
�� � � Fig+,sa 5�. ��Thv iuta oE se2eer:essl nier�ls in (;,"k� trear�;� wan�=_cs,
TF�e� p£F�neC qf �C,MA. 6icd��raaoar°un an t4e chesui,^,try �f C;�.%�* and
� 'Pb�` (Amrheia2�and Scron�.;. 1H!�li9)"-
Ghtum7,uni usuxlty 3s
� ��.Cr�* or less commeniy a;
GcCti,�'�. Clisacna�Ce I,GrUy� ;
@0tlrieY v�flm�.P�4uS C4 OYCii
Sinae uwiCH�c Cl` cor P,h'
ab;.asbed chr�uiate the�c
� indepe�de�T.oE dai in,o, �
. �txivslant cat�irzx. _s gen�.
�as metai oxvhydtotides.:o
. .dnd Gx(S7i)�genee.��1y 6a
. �..Kimble.. 1?�76u).
� moYe � Gu°'
amended w,
. Aiehaugh t
. ch�se mac�
7 eaciiin„ t
Iu pH coxi7
caziClg di7
f1C@C3"4 !1:
Che satls
�d i,n aoiis as a.h xva3rnr_ �atic+n,
o:zuaxiion In T.Yice hetava3.ent etete
sY.rong;ly adsocLec� : s+>i1a ;.n a
opinare (2�¢ze7.er.t und Ki�b}a7.a.. 7.97Gb).
are �b:r� ta displace s�iec�.tiam3ly
�t*,icion o£.saiwlaLe chrnm3_rare w:��v
.tr.atian and�incunsc3c�n rimc. 'L'sie
• coprr�ci�zC�ted watk'n 1��� A7, and Mr
�ongLy hetd on cacion e�ehringk siCes
� a9 Al('SST) ir! soils (P;�arCleCt. axid
c.an� LinR iL'JF7) rspgxcs;d Chat W.7.��M GM.4 extraatced
ana.Zn�* then ��:�:Q1 M GhtA and�0...0U25 t� NaCl.in suil.s
Ch metal contasi�znaceti municipal sewage sl�xag4.
ha addi�ior. p£:GMP. tliti,-.11y increxsed rhe mai>ility �7£
1�,��Lti� perrmll eiia�t�was a nwt suppxessi�al aF
.ue Co Cna pti rieuUxalizizi� ofEeats af Che :.cetac�, ions.
colled e�pex taients, th�.. acc�r_ste inu wae nnt ssig,iii£i-
feranc fram Gi' ox NO3'� 3.n gxumocing r��c�.1 solutaS.li�ty.
�' cot appe,+r Gc acc as:�a si�,nificane met�aS chelatvr i.t�
Ccs`:ed

2�z CHEMICAL DEICERS AND THE ENVIRONMENT
Ssmmary of Metals Mobilization llata
Contrary to ezpe�tations, CMA was eiot found to mohitize
preehisting heavy meeals £ros a variety oF roadside soils.
A1so the data suggested potential banefics of CMq in maintaining
soil porosity, as opycsed to sodium whi.ch seems Co des[roy soi.1
porosity, which would be beneficial Lo soil structure (qmrhein
and Strong, 19gpa; i990b).
BIODEGRADATION OF CMA IN SOIZS
To nrovide a better esCimace of CbU1 concentra�ions 1ikely
�� czach receivi.ng bodies oE watcr, i[ is necessary to hava a
reasoriable esCimaCe of' c}�e bfo3e�radaCion rates of CNA in
different �soils at diffeeen: Cemyeratr.�res.
CPfA bioda�rer,ia�r_ien in !�;oils was rtionicnred usi,ng� analvti,ezl
mcasuremen;s�o{ acetzte concez�craCion� and respircrmetry to 2ivaid
the diFficul.Cies in arCernpting to mony,tor total carbon conver-
s'ton to GC3, arid quaririYying bhe frevc�i�n Chat pr�ciPirarys �s
earbonate in che 5oil (tivdroQ�al., 1990
d¢-teC:pinn !� �°�[1ta15 +aurg Cun Co
�. the bac6-ground acet3te cotcm-rarj,ur, in unL:eate;
soils and the okvgpii �iri� za�ion noC sssociaeed with CS1� nxLda-
�ia� Sh�� _-terii biod�_�ts�y,,tnxi etpezi:.ieaY.y oP tye^ween 30 eincl
eG m�n ,of_re co dic��d 4,i.n hign spe.::aTi.c ac ivity raciulabelled
•aC-ac�tae¢, a ...5 .
was monicor�� a5 �n addi�io�al �indicatnr�ofcso;i microbialCiun
accLvity (Idydtot�ual, 194U)_ The CpL1 de;radatimn kinetics of
rhi�F r�ad;;ide snils (Albanj, tiY, f,3py C�d, �,,� and Donr�er
Pa;s, CA) wete de erma.ned
:hc soils var£ed ir. ntganic conCent
(0.4 to 3.5� m.z.nic mtiece ), tntion exchan�e capaciCy ar,d soil
�etruc:ure anfl wex�e su6samplee. from ti�e samr so11s uaeJ :ox'
metal.s mobilizaeion experimer.cs (A�rirhel.A nnd ��rong, 1990a;
2990b). The sr�ils cac:re dosed with 0, 1,?.50 or S,OOq niy� Cp�(1
soluCions to bririg the soil moisGure of e.ach scil [e 75
�f fi�1.1 moisri:tre capacity, The 1,"<Sq mg/1 concentr:ati����rcant
tenres�nts a r�asopable upp�r bound estini¢te of C,'1.9 in ruzi�ff
and {b� 5,000 mII/1 ecncerir.r�yion �s 9.ndicacive of' a worst csse
scen¢rio (HydroQufll, 1440
cvrves weze an,lyzed assiamin Tne r,un�ul.ative o:rygen cona�unprion
the rea B£irsc urdEr kinetics to eva:xtate
ction iag tirne, First order rate cocfficient and frauCion
of applled GMA conv�,-;ed to c.atbot�
tenp � dio:�i.de and carboiia[a at each
e:a[ure in eac?i saii.
CMA o;cidation aas esseptiall,y coiuVleCe in 3 en 6 daj�s
(Po�irhein and Scrong, 1990u: 19906; HydroQuul:. 1990; Hc�rner,
1933; for mosr combinati�,�ns of soiis and CvA concener�[i,ons
tesYed aC 10 througj; �G ° C, although di.±ferer,ces in 1ag tirce
were observed, Resalts obtained
(Pi ure 6 at 2° C were more vai-iable
g ). The camulat`lve oxygen consmnption cnrves for a11
soiis, temperatures and ChIA cuncentracions tested wer.e
IMPACT AND TOXICOLOGIGAL CHARACTERISTICS OF C:fA 203
70
1
K,(Y/DaY)
a.�
3ny
¢ �Od
ner Pass
= 2.15/Day
ta = i,103
0.01
0 5 10 i5 �.. 20 25
Temperaiore, °C
Fi.gure 6. ?he e i-�t oL cupeeaturc nn r,M,A b�c'�=^�aud�ten r,i.��
in three cosdside .,oi1s (H, iruilual, 1«90)_
consisteoL with a?.ag pr^xiad folir�ved by fisst otd�s kinetice
(Hydcv�ual, 199flj. ihe data was fit with a meclifiel firsc acder
¢xpression whi.ch acc,oun�s Eor, the lag t1me:
c(t) ��� 0 for t< Cy
and
c(CJ = cm[1 - e���:-`,;1 Yaz C> t�
Regreesion analy§is provided �: 'Lm:a[es o�: tfie Chr � p�rame-
cer.v t„ e,�, end Kz. DeFendiag an Ch� soil �Cy�e snd teinu=ra-
turz, the obscrved 7ag time ranged from 0 te 10 days. The la�
time was generally longes� 2t the hip,lier dose level.s, �sid at
lower temperatures, and appea,:ed to be soil speci[i.c (f(yelr��va7.,
1990). k{owever, Che lxg [iR�es observed in Chis stud'y wc=.re
=ignifir_antly :ess Chan those observed by i{�rner (149N1 whieh
were on the or�3er af 13 to 74 days a;. '7.° f, and 7 Cu 9 days ,st
10°C. Horner al.so observed lon�er lsg ti}nas aC thP higtier CMP.
loa3ing zaCa. Di£;.�,ronces o6served iri lag perio3s Tor di�ferent
soils may t�e due to diffecences ix�ticrent in thc. aei.i.. s;:vr�ples
themseives (such as 3ifYerenr microbial popul;aticnsj, oc due to
diEfere.nces iri,n,oi1 e;ainnle sY�rage 2eid hanvlin� p-ior to �:n.ly-
. .... .. . . . . . .. . .. . . . ., .. Y�� a .. . .. .. .. . . .. . . . .. . .

204 CNEMIGAL DESCEP.S ANU THF EN9IRONMENP
sis, or differences in tkie analytical methods uGed to mot±itor
CP� biodegradation. Ir. is not clear wheeher these lag ti�nes
would sci11 occur if the samples had be�ri respiked wi.th Ght4.
The data suggest that microbial populations of field soils will
increase following esposure to CMA in runoff (Horner, 198b;
FiydroQual, 1990). It is not knawn whether any potenL-ial micro-
bial population increase would parsist from tne znd of one
winter Co the beginning of the nnxt. Data are also not avail-
a61e on the rate at which microbial poputatians mi�h[ retuTn to
conrrol levels af�er CM.4 treaT,ments ase Aiscoatinued.
Usii+g two indeper,dent m�:thods oP estimaCing CMA biodegrada���-
cior. eate coef£icients (cha in�tial micmMai activiry me9asure-
inents based m1 '-4G-xcetate an� Che^ Chs oxype� utili2ation based
measutements) Tke predfr.Ced fisst oTd'er raCe r_oefficieats weee
consietent within a Eaceoc oF Cwo. Thi.s agzeemen� occnrsdd ev:�n
thou�;h tt;e acetaCc+ do>e 1evols wi.th the z0C-7.aboied �cer.3ca were
se-.ierxl ordets ��f magnituda 1.ower than t@e G[1A-�icecaCe dhsc
1cv2Ls and chE ohggan utSlization zaee basod rr.easnremenCs were
obtained aEtec tt�e end o£ the 3nitial l.sg j>eried.
The reluti.onship o4 C:L1 soil deg-.adaeion racc tn �em�pera-
Cure- musc be d3t-rmin�� pz.or co ��icexporatipg ��i.ndegratlat:�s2
into a aiodclino aial _,.� -o yr„dic,C c4e %ete of OiAA in SL_.vrent
eaologa,c.a1. a�rein,,,, ha u�vgse-_ utiL��e'Aioo ruc� laased r,�co
coeF£iciart iu�ssur :nenr,s saere��sed in th� iollowi.ng xnal��-is
sFnens 3 lar�tt daca �ec cou;d 'oe used to deve]ap thc tamperacnre
gn�1 biodegr�datic�n rstc rei.ario.rishY.�s. 'LFe fotiowing rala-
tionshi.� was used by kiydra(�iaal (1930):
l�(T; m Kszue�:-zol
where:
Ks(T} - Eirsc or�iec soit de�radaCi.nn rate coefficieTi� a�
tampEracture T f° C)
�,i�i . fi.[st �rder se�i1 dogradation tace coo`cficienC ac
1' = 7.0° C
B = e.mpi�-ical coefflcien[
Tfie decay rate versus teir.pecature relationships were dete.rmined
for all three soils and K,�a and e values determinad to be nut
significantly different across the suils used in these e,xperi-
ments (HydroQuss7.. I990j. The dat� for all soil=.;*�*e[e pncted ar.d
overell R,i� and B values esr_imsted (Figuz'e 6}. This results in
an estimated soi.7. f3rst order decay ratc cneffii;ient of Kszu ""
21.SJday (95& ._onEicYEnce limits oE 1.23 to 3J4/day) for ¢,11
Chrme soils at 20° C at b�th GMA tr��tu�ent lovels {1,250 and
5,000 mg/1)_ 'fhe e£fact oE cem�razature was decermined by
estimatiug the empirical ccefEicient A, for c;hic!'� an ovErali
value for 9 of I.103 was calculatecl (�58 con£idence limits of
l.OSG to 1.153). A E+ oF 7.103 in�icates a faceor of about 2 J
change in decay rate for each SO°C cttang� in temperatuxe. This
IMPAGT AND TOXICOLOGICAL CHARACTERSSTICS OL GMh 20>
is in e�cellent agreement with Horner's. r.eport (19�$? of a 2.4
foLd increase in soi7. de�radnCion zate wnen soil trainp�rat��xe czas
i±irreased from 2 to iG`C. The indepexidenrL,y detcrmined temperu-
ture relationships usin� Che 34C-acetatc data resulte,A in Ks,� _�
1.91/day <958 conlidence li.mits of 1.29 [0 2.84/day) and e�
1.117 (953 confidence limits oP 1.981 to 1.154) a.td weie in
excellent agroeinen[ with the results ui the resparatioi�t�aae.d
snil dEgradation ra�[e consCancs repos'ted above {IlydToQunl,
1940)
On average, 51 petcenc of the CheoreCicel maxirt:u�a oxy�en
u�ilizaCieir zequiremenT_, beised nn nom3�al de�se levels, is
satisfied (ffvdroQual, 3090) 3czos, a71 three soils at 2, 10 and
20° C. Tnis�is slight:lv less thari Ctaat observe�i in war,er sys-
teins in which be�weeci 67 Co 71 percenr_ of tPie [heoxeci.cal oxy�en
demand is use�i dcxSr.g b.iedegz3dacicn (HydxoQual., 1�901. Tbie
rrduced ovygen cun.suni�cion cempare�d -wir,h theoszCical uxvpen
dentartd vel�es� qbserved in bor_h soil rnd aqeaC sf�2r_me ndy b&
due in part Co nono�yy:��n dependcnt ��chwsi/, Eoi ac�ta[e iaaE.a}�o-
1ism, sin�ze no re�iduaL acoeate was Peunel in k= , i�nn:�s_
55.mi].aT casuits 1:or awtate bios vYadacior in sai.ts� Ln
wt3.ch l.�s� cl�ac� SU paccariC o£ Che a�u..i,ed aacta�e ca[b�.. ,W.a�
reeovercd as CI)i i �e ixxe ob�atnad Sv o�ker rF ur �L�d+.�
(SGevenson arid Kuc�neL.�on, 19�8; SLe✓�..ison ari i.ur5�tt, 7)64;
Iverson attd St+.✓ec�u+cvn, 1%b�+j ihis r�covvry r�t ,�ceTaC� �nt5on
irv c�rbon dioxidr muy i�x� 1ow due tu f'orimation of r_artaous�e in
the soi7s as a bvpxodue� of aceeate degradacY.o�i which is- z�oe
inrlu3ed in ti�ie t`COq measuuaciencs. I:n Sarenson and Pau1 (1'37S)
all Che acy,:tYte wss �?ietabelizeci hy b days ar gy� U yC whirL ti;ne
about Sq petcent e'vcLvzr] to CQz und 20 pexrcent was re:.c�ve�red aa
cacbonatw in �iie soi�.l. MCui11 et a1_ j19i5) £ound �hat t4bou�G 8Q
percenr, of the i`C-acotace adde� to s�zils was r�syirc�d tiaicM n 5
to 6 days ac 18° G with the Yemzi.nder incorpo_'��Ced ixito C?�e soil
organic maLter.
Ic was not �ossi'p1e Ta develog a,i,goiifioant relacio«ea�ip
beCween Cb�.4 de�,radation taCe and soil chzsaatexCstic_ in Lh4
HydYcl�ual !1490) study, as s9.g.-�i£ioant d1.£fc.�renc=�s acrn3s soil
types wcrv r.a[ obsexved. Hawcver, in th-� abscnce oE si�e
speci.fic suil degiadation tar.e ciata, iC wxs possible co e�ti.maCe
the CMA degradztion potenrial of a gi.ven soil Chzoug;h Che use o£
tt+e simp7.er 14G-ac,eC:;t�e S.eehod. Thr 1�Ct,er me[hod a1F�3 Forovl.d�d
an Indicacion of whe.trer an inir.,ita1 l.ag period pelor to ini.Cia-
Cion of CAfA dagrad3ti.on r�i.�;ht be exper�ted. LiCtle ca xie 1ap,
period wa> o6�erved whEe thc Sniriel »oit mcY.vtty r�=_z.,unemenCs
arc- greater tRan 2 µg C/k�-suil/h� (HvdroQuel�., 194�). alt lower
soil activieies, sZ�reifird�t laa� timee wera cbserved wil:h soraa
soii samples 1>uc not aitit otuers.
. . .. . . . . . .. . .. . .. ... . ... ,, , .. "^�� # ��. .. . .... ::. .... . . .

205 CHEMZCAL DEICCRS AND THE ENVIRONMENT
Summary of CMA Soi1 Biodegradatior, Studies
CMA oxidation in soils is essential.ly complete withi.n 3 to
6 days for most combinations of soils xnd CMA concen[rations
tesced between 10 and 20 °C (Amrhein and Strong, 1g90a; L906;
�ydroQual, 1990). While the vari.abiliey of the, daT.a increased
sipnificantly at iow temperatures, :t was possible to develep
scil degradaCi.on and Cemperature relationships using Cwo inde-
yendent methods of analysis that were in guod agreement £cr use
in mod�lling eEforts. Addieionally, saverai field stud3as have
not demonsCrated riegaCive impacts on gxound-wates quallty resu7.t-
ing frcm use of CMA as a deici.ng agent (Pollock, 1989� Wi.scon-
sin, 1991). '
MODELLING THE aFFECT5 OF C;�.4 APPLICATIONS
ON SURFACE 47APER OXYGEN C0�7CENTRhTZONS
Bo h;ult ai�u� C;qp appl.i vaon� h- �c c„e p�r.anCial [a �r��a�r_
disc<Lved oty�rn rslationship�� ip ;,q;xat..e systems. Sa1c aecume-
laei.on frnm runoff pRn res��lt in a�rrox�c cone3 tions i�i [he
i'�Ypolinnion via �ncnaiiple e ms._cing �.n cr.e spiin� due Co s�,lt
inducad temPoYaYj� or per-.inen': chew<�c'�tnes {@i,ibeek et a1 1971,
'4oftman =t a2, 1}g1; L�u�e �. .and Bcrtori, 198a}, Bi>ue,t�Tation
of the aceta�e in CfM ma} �Y'fect di.ssoive� ot���en lyve7.s 1n
w�Cers xoce�Lving rui�off irum treae d�rtdways l�{orner, 1988j.
'I'he� faccors contribur,iap r.o ehe mxynz,b�de oT' th2 p�tentia7.
dissolved oxygen eT£�ct ate�: (t) the eelationahip ketween ehe
quantiey of daicer usod and Lhe qeantity of, dei.cer enteri.n� che
watar bqdy, a��d (2) Ctie inc�+-,�ecian betwecn biode�i:adatiori oT
che ozganio mmponent ��f hc de=_�.er and tha �[h�r soixre�s e4pr1
sinl<s of dissolvcd „xyy_,an in Che ra�eivin �ohy of w3��r
8
(Gonnol?y et� a.1 tg9p: HYdioc,ua:., 7.9y�11. H�>. utih of the
aE,rplided deicee' Lh.��. acLi�.nl1} ceaches Ch� x>car L�_:y wi11. depead
9n: (1) [he area ol� treaC� d-es�lwa� chac drain� to tho wE;eer
body�, il) ek�e £requency an� cecrr of applieation oP tha detee*-,
(3) Che route o{ �ransyc+rc from tFe roac;wd�� to �he wxt�r hn�y�
ar.d (4) ehe extent nf oiedr��YadatLon aiony, the ro�.�te.
The effect of C,hSE appiication on surface wateY oxypen
concentration was estimated utilizing the,. rate and empirica:
coefficients deCermined above aT. difler=_nt GKA appli.cation rates
(Connolly et a1., 1490; k{ydte�i�al, 199p) Cpip, apptiacl ey� a e�a2c1
is presumed to aitPier be (11 esansporred e-y� srrocnnzlt sunoff ca
adjan_ent soil. wnY-.e ic bagins Co bicidagrack�, ur (2) yrorad in
the snawbank unt11 a LatEr tim«� wher Che snow �r�dxtaily mel.s
info Che ground. A,s Che snow melts, ehe Chffi is transpoete;rl aver
the seil where. a portion of [he ace�tate is 1u�c to 6':odegrada-
Cion. The sibsequent runoff is presumed cc entar v por,d o;' iake
that is assuned [o be a completely mixed system.
IMPACT AND TOXZCOL�GICAL Ck�FAGTERISTIGS OF CMA 20i
The loss of acetate zn Che scil vas motielled usin� a
nodified nen-puint source �nelel exlle3 Simulato� of Waccr
Resaurces in Rural Basins or SWRRB (Hydro�ual, 19AOj. ThYa soi.1
�de<ay rates were based on the pooled sesults nY ehe respiro;nstcer
experiments (Figure 6).
Tha tato oi ��IA dagcadaCion in a n�nd is d�pan3errU un the
microbi.al activity an3 the auitriert temp:raturc, The oxyy;e*n
utilizaeion rete is eq�3a1 to vhe degcadation cu¢ee s; imFlied in
the equatiorts (HydioQual, 1990):
ar�/a� _ -u�c
and
deJr]t u -K�i.
where
L � GMA concen[xstion as �ng/i oxyaen demand ui:i[s
i&Uli)
K� x dayrad:�Cir�n rst� r,oefEici.en�
c = dissclned o�,.ktn coic:��tzacian (mg�l)
The Cn;A de�rnda�ion tace K wds 3 c�nead u in� �iatural
waG�rs collecc�a Leqr �an oli �r,�rop�ta ]34t {7 Ko i�l�oe� 9
euT,r.opYii� rQsar �tr (Na1ce' i.�.,ec��c. r� ar�rt a i 1�� s t r �.
Lthc3e S„l.and. Lk�e it�i.tiai C L0. mri itYesunnn .,c st=.d r,� r y J£loei
5 to 5,OOU m�,�l. Rutiae s�. .«v=Y���:ed zl 3 C��}e2aCu;'z:�, 2,
10, nad 20°G. In� cial. mice_,.� a1 a�_t'�rity was 1 �unised by-
short term l,3b min.) meu ut;ntnCs Che uptake and r� y.ar.inn
cf t`C-ace�ata. Ttie uLilizetion ot c��a`e ws; �etaziuined by
m�usurSng ehe chonges jn a_'tatrs evr ci�ratiori, Co[al d^vlvr_d
otganic caibon (DUU), and chentic37. o,� �een �d:*3nc3 (C;UL1).
Bi:�d�grsdaCion kii7otu� �e � iFae.e u anf. 9�C d a�.
The bio�legx'adaeLon c�E C�L'+ Eoli'�iw� t„� nracr kinct,,.re 4 i'71i
conee��i,racioas > 500 mK/1. fnc Chu chr ' watec s�rt>las c y:�,d,
At C:9P, concentxaLions e SC mg/l., Ch rnclin�; ii 6�C' wss u r+�i:a-
c�n[ with � firsC �rder proaass. The GPLl h4�ilenr,qiducion t'at2
coxutanGs di.EYerEd �or �ach aiate: a-r� wich temp�raC.uta ar
Iollows:
C%,1A Bioi7,Cvrada"ton 4at� CansS.�nL,�.k_, 1�di
CJ�t�r Souzce �°�,C ]�� _p�
Nal.edon [e-mail] 0_04. U.12 p_'?8
Nhnde Zsland �7.p3 -0.OS 0.07
Lakc Tahoe 0,03 U.IY' �.05
Thc cajpulaned ther� �i'�+r eaoh water �raa niniil3c {rniiP;e 1.�? -
1.11j aad similar tn [h+st obCairitd =i�r soil sysCemu (5ydroQual,
1990). Ph� rate was highest in the wat�r wich c6e Pi�gLasc
ini.ti:�1 micsobial acti.viry and highest nutrient ecnc�cntrar.ioes
(Hal�+dan Resex'voir). Data obTniaed frum all :�a[ers ovac e11
... .. .. . . _ . .. .. .. �<.hw,g� , ... .. . ... � .

2�8 CHEYICAL ➢EICERS ANp TBE ENVIRONMENT
temperatures indicated a linear relationship between initial
microbial activity an3 observed C�q bi.odegradation rate. This
relationship suggests that the microbial activity can be used to
predict thz race of CMA degradation i� other bodies of water ang
o[her suils.
Reaeration is defined by a rate constant and the 3ilFeren�e
betueen the oxygen concentration and the temperacure dependent
osygen saturation. The oxygen concentration can be calculaw�
at specific depths. Althou h the
cocfficienc � reaerati�n mass transfer
increases with wind vtlocity, caim conditions were
used since we were in[erested i❑ determining GiNA impacts under a
worst case sce��rio,
Model Predictfors of Potetttial CMA Impacts to Dissolved Oxygen
The base case simulaCior. assumed ehaC Cwo hi�.haav lanes
plus thc yhoulde,=.r of r_I;<a highw3y, �E�ivereci ruiid£Y water and �q
Co a 7.0 fc wide buffer z�ne. gassd on soil biodagriidztioa
r�tt�s, che �v�ra�,e p�rc.ennage decay ip �_g,ri �;uncerieratioi� w;;:h
Yunoff disCance is about 70 nercenr M1
distance if Ct4A is anplied direa�t7.y to the�soi�l�or�5�� �f runoff
iC i� added co snow pack, rig¢re 7 shows tt���e Pz'zrent i:
ramuiain� 3;y d fimction of distar=.�= P"di��� C`t�
significanC in�,t� ag f�9 Co a recetviny,�body�oP wa�cr apoc�r�
unlikely [o ooc.ur unless the water i�; directiy adjace.nt to an
a��lication sice.
Thn eFfec[ of C.^W loadinn, on the dissnlved cxygen concan-
trati.on oi a com�letely niixed ponti can be �stim�ced by
halanc� eyuatinn� (uydreQua7., 1990 Mess
m=te, fl.ow Chroug?� Clae Lake was i aoted�for��ns'rvatLve esti-
Chat the anly source of ox r. is�reaereaticnhandsthetonLyrfate
of C;SA is biodegra�'ation. yTt�e mass bat.ance equaCions usad c:�
YC ;
wher�
Wy �
Vy
dL/d[ > G'i/V _ QL/� - KaL
d:/dt = K�N ��s �? - KaL
loading rate of CMA i.n HOD units
volume of the pond
Ginen an ir.put of mass M intu a pon3�oi cmistant temperacure Che
dissolved oxygep deficit (D �e cs - c) is �iveri as:
���'aM/A(Ki Kak{) � e-xac _ e�M.e/e� + Loe �.v./e�
anci the maximum dpficit (Dm) is:
Dm ` ��:dfiti� �it�k�i e Kdtc
Percent of
CMA
Reroaining
IMPACT AND TOXSGOLUG3CAL CHAR..4CTERZSTIG5 OF CPfA
100
90
8�
%0
60
5fl
40
3fl
20
10
209
Qi . ""t-�-__.y
0 20 40 f0 80
Disiancti, Feet
Figure 7. The average lnss n.f GMA p�r Eoot o riu ���: d s.�si;ce
assuming two hip,hway lanes (p'_us ch� mhoutdzr� clvi �er rur.off
and ��`tA to a 10 ft wide buffer zane,
Cmm�uCarfc�ns were per£aruied £or pon�3, ran�ing in s�z.e Yinn 1 W
l+� ha ard in de�Ch frmn 2 to S m. 6iarie�grad:n�i�i� ...:s ¢;imulr�fim�
using the 20"C rate and tempersCilre d�pendenc� ftimccit�xi devwl-
oped for Che e�Ysophic Haledon @.eservair axid oltr„�Crooh�c Lake
Tahoe wxtcrs C� bracke[ a ran,�N of reneiuing b���{y w2r.er condi-
tions. '{'he annual Cempexature cycle wa� based on d.�[a Ytom a
sma11 stream in Rhode Islatid. CMq 'tnputs Cr Chz recriving hody
o£ water were assumed co be weekly events fiom IIeoer:ber cttrp.sgh
M�rch.
As e:�pected, the masimum i:mpacc of C.`7A applicatioc, on
d�s,solved oxygen relatienships occurs in a shallow lake with a
high biudegradation rate (HydreQual, 1990). lising the. r:�te
data £rom idaled�n Reservoir, a 1 ha pord wiCh a depCh oE 2 m and
an aiinnal lcading oi 60 gm B(1DJmi has a maximnm osyg�an 3�fiei�_
o£ abouC 2 mg/7. (Figure ti Psnm Connqlly ot a2., 1.9Si('J)_ Such an
oxygen deficit, oecuxring at 7 Time ef ye�r when other oxyg�n
sinks are iikely Co be minor, wou13 probably not hr: significant
in most situatio�s. The low deficit is due in part tu the 1u�o
biodeaTadation raCes at winter temperatures wt��en the oxy:�ei�

21� CHENIGAL DEICERS ANp THE EhPIAONMENT
2.5
2.Q
Maximum
CMA
Dissoived 1•5
Oxygen
DeFicit,
mg/L t.0
0.5
�
�
� 4 0 � io i2 ia re
Pond Area{ha)
Figur� 8. Relaticnahip o{ msximu�l 3�ssol�.•ed oayP�� d�.°ic:.t [o
pond surface aY.e¢. Ytedict�d ^�axtr�urn di_co].ved oxyRei� 3.F:ei.cs
as a funetion of pop<3 are i,..+3seci �i7 � l oading �p gG0 6�.� of Cb1A
(tiyacoijuai, 19�70), ..
utilization rac�F �ioFs noc uv�rwhelm reaexaCien_ If runoEf
e�tered an ice covzre�3 po�d, reaeraCior� wnuld be irhibitcd an<1
the, deficit wculd irmrease.
Two facGors which inPliwnce oxygen deficit nre �oi�� qize
and loadin�. rr�ce The oxygen deficit decreus�s siy�ni�fir_antly as
t�he ize �i Cpi= pond i�creases (ri iare 8_ -
:.aCes Chae depth is noc ar. tm�crtant variabl����Alth�ugh diL�u-
m
eion ic�cieases wich depth cexeraeion decreases. The <IaF�eit
appesra lineacly �elated Ca ioadi.ng rat= (Connolly .,� al_
19901, Even at hi.,�h loading ratis, tYie deficit is preaicCtd CU
be less than 2.5 mg/i,
Summary of Modelling Results
Modellin� results sugpF�t that Ci�L4 applicatiens es a
deicing chernical should have litCl:e i�npact ort the <i�ye;�ived
�:�yg�a co�contraei.on cf' ponds and lakes. Mncr o£ Che CM.q wi,11
t�e biodegraded ia soil. prior to ever reaching tho receivinj. tndy
�f water. Even if CMA does noc }�egir. to biode�rade urrtil a
runaff event occurs, only about 1.0 percent Of LRt' mdCBTld� W111
T871181t1 BfteY fiowing 3G ft (Figure 7), Due ta the iow bi.odegra-
IMPAGT AND TOXICOLOGICAL CHARACTERiSTICS OF CM£� 2ll
3ation rate relative to reaeration rstes at winter tcmp�rar,ures,
che maximwn ozygen d=_f=cit d�+e to ChL9 2oad:ng should b� less
than 2.5 mg/1 for most application sr.�snarics.
Ci3A IN�UCED OXYGEN DEFICITS IN THE FIELD
In a report prepqred for che ll.S. Ttanspnrtat�on P,.aee�TePi
Board, Norner (1988) investigated the ef£ect qE CALA on tne
dissolvec3 o;typen ConcenCraCion ia pond� receivin� Ght�� apn].ica�-
tions in a concxolled field plot. Hunof£ contai'.,ing G,�A tiowad
inCo ponds with surf:ace areaa o$ 1� m� anc d�pths uL l rn. 'Che
results we�e sirnilar to those pr.edict'xd hv tPic HydroQtiai tnodall-
ing e£fnres (149�I). Following x tempeeaTwre and soLi de�ien�enc
lag cime, GBfA was� biod�Pradzd in sai1. A soS1 col.umn o`.� 3 en
was sufficianr to dec��upose much o1 cYv acetac�. Tl�e d:'sol��ed
oxygen cormeneration in rhe pend reeeLvl.n��; t1�e run�f.r di�1 3ip
fcllowing tYie addi tiun of "4�1, buC di t:ic t x`aP I�� 1ow 5 mq,/1 .
Pri'+ate wster supplies that are nc.,r r�ines esper:+aen;al:y
creeted aiti� CMA hav� vnly hart pnsici:< repox'ts �ccar:� �?, ChL?
(�.'Lsconsin, 19911; nn anaxi._ has occ4rrc� �va�i i_o iias is5o
6�on a significnnt dPcieaa- in ehe s� ��cer r �ii5 i hese
daeers (Pc11�e,: 15 9). I1iil decre� d seo t ",e ._
obsera� d tor �wo ouc of tlir ��1t vsl:am �ur ., .._ c.in'r �
�,.
one of Cir khr=_� contr�l p nr;is Chac .i"� n�_ �_ ...,, L�lst
had sign3ficant dissolcaai >�a��n de,C i.t� onse <d (��2e�i'=_,.
and Rea, 19991. No hiscr�rir_a1 daca svai= �- r�r: c >ce
cr,
s�asor.tal veri.ntiot�s� i.n diss�Jlves a;,yv�� i ..._ � cc.ce o C;'�A,
�p
mat.i.nb inte[pretatio� c�f tk�' ab�ec��ed f� .; i frir:L:'
Aelditiondl <Cud3as need to be >>wplet�a a� s.::y f��1c. LecaL cy�
ntovi3e better insights into ehe complex d�s:,Qi=ee<; oxycen
ealationshi.ps of GN41 and nar�izal wat r vs. � s �� �i�o vtt
iec¢ivic�v� hcdi�s of va�er may shaee v�ny oo m�n �ca....,.�s fp'i;si-
c,a1 si �a �hemical -nd bi�lov _a1 eorrc i'toP!'i [r�. ta� rany
subtl� d�.f,:�rdne �at m3h �n�=_a� umy c lne u o�� �� Fi r,ecr
��i�nula : ons ptovides a ui�ans .o i�3ent� t� C� n� '� �_�
scenarios of aeola�,ica1 co�e�ie Yer }y« iC i i�z cY" �.1 r,o
c�6cain „ai�itionai field irifoxm2tiop nr pu �nC.i c si= a pc�isC
ed with GN7A us� as a deicing c�i�rnical_ Moc�=L g e'corv Liave
so £az ixidicated thaC fox Che vast majo[ity ot ChiA applZcaGi.ons,
the use oi C;tA a� a roati d�icer will h�:�.va litcle i;np�c* ori
�rec�ivin�; waeees (ponnol7.y ee a1., 1990; NydraQuxl, lii'30).
TRE TOXICITY OF CALCItI'M MAGtiESIU:f AGETATE TO AQUATIC GYR�AtiISMS
Damage to eqoati�„ acosyst�ms ad�.�<uiC eo ri� �3way� r ��ac3ri
wlth deiciti�� chemia�ls, sodium ehloiide i�i par�t �A1sr, h�s
frequently been cited as a drawt�ack t� the�. use of t}iese pxoducts
($ubeck et a1., 19�1; 1udd, 19�6; 11o£fman ee al., Z9f'i1). ahe
.. . .. . . . ... .. ... . . . .... . . . .. .. . .. .. 1 : .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . . ..

212 cxEMICAL DEICERS AND TIiE ENVIRONP(E2r'T
e£fects of CMA on aquatic ecosystems hav= been exatnined in
several studies (liorner, 1988; 1990; I,aPerrier.e and Rea, 1989;
Goldman et a1 „ 1940) in controlled lahoratory tests as we11. as
in natural aquatic systems. In one European assessm�nt of the
water ha'r.aYd pf C,MA, the researchers used a battery of tests
(bacterial toxicity, aCute fish toxicit '
behavior, and acut y, biolog�r,al deora�3ation
e oral toxicity) to assign a water danger
classification to CMA. ThesE researchers calculated a mean
waCer danger class of 1.7 for C,MA, On ttieir scai.c, O.0 to 1_9
is assi�ned a water danger classi.fi.cation oii 'p', thae is i.n
gPBn�ra1 not waLer-endangerirg (IlVgiene Institut des Ruh:pebi.eCs,
>.
CMA effects on algal, phytoplanlceon, and periphyton assemblages
Several studies reported on ths potential impacts op U';�yq �n
a1gs1 (pjrytopinnkton) and periphyT.on biomasn (Hornee 1988�
�oldmaxt et a1., 14`36; LaPc�rrfere and Ltaa, 1989) in nacurcvl.
waCas eanging fion q�ristine (ulc'taaligoerophic) to nuctient
contnnin,�Pr{ (�u��rop{�ic). 5[u�iies done S.r1 lrboracr�:ies undee
controlled ccnaiticns csing syflthetic med3a hn-;e sk�own C;-fA eo i�e
in}�ibiLur� Cv laioassay CesC organisms. Seier.astrum capriror-
naturn wa� inhSbf�ed by �� at co,^.�-entr3tl.ons greaeyr ch2n 1D
mg/1 (@o�nee, :9ff2, Sly.ntecs eC a1., 1985). Iv�abee+na fLus-sov3E
w�s ieil�itited :a. 1ti mg/i and 1571 mg/Y (Glincers et 3} , iggyj_
�F"A w-'. r�poYte� cagat,t� oi Stimulatiitg pP�iphyYun bruw�h ac
conr_¢nr.ratinns bc�meen Ln0 and 500 mp,/1 (liurnar, 19E3). So�lium
chlurl.de at si¢�ilar concenesations k�ad 1it21e co no aPfect on
these sam� bioassa 9. ktowevex�,
bacCerial counts were elel�aCed innthe C:1e.£trhatr„eprsdfpr C�'�L1
concen x'utions �hoae 50p ir.g/1. (Horner, 1430). Lt was pn>tuluted
CP�a_ the bacr.eria �ray havu ouc-c�mpe[e8 ttte s1�„�e for availnl�le
nicTx'IenCs Ynsui.t�ng in reduced a7.�al growCh ceU��r Chan :ai�,ae
b�ieg inhibi.teA by o�amor,�c eE'S'ects uE C.MA (F{�rn�r, 1990), lThen
fhese saiue bioxs�ays wete run in naiueal w�rieets, c�thet [hen
syntheeic me<iia, nniy Ci�.a 7.5J1 mgfl C:1P trealmenC shcwed �
signi£3cr�nC redisction of S. capricornaCvm stcind'sa� crop and
growch r�te. A conservucive estimate of Clie� maxinEwn concen-
CrziCion at whic,h 1i[cl.c efTect from CMfa would be observeri was
set at less [han 50 mg/1 (Winters et a1., 1y85), In £ield te,ts
wiGh C{fiA conceaCxations rangina between 10 and 100 mK/�, n�
otrvious efYects of ChiA a3dition on pond a1ga1 pop�ilations wer,=
ohserved (Horner, i?8H� 1990).
One goal of pr_dur.t :oxicity CesF.ing is to be able Co
Rredict the effecLs o£� L�f4A in natural eco,sy�zF�,r _here is not
�;�ad dgTeem�nc among experrs as to the priE�tse relaGionshi
betwtcn Che toxicity observed for a given chersiical in the �
con.xellod labor�aCory Cest and a toxic impac[ aC the field
1evE.1. Therefore, a corr:pilacion of al1 GMA tests CQriciucted on
al$al., pilVtoplankton, az.d periphytnn systens in natural wryteze
IMP9CT AND TGXSCOLOGICAL G9.9FP.CTEASSTICS OF CMA 213
100
10
Chlorophyll A
Conteni of CMA-
Treated Waters
y
9.t
a. i
■ 0. R. Goltlman, et al., Y�J90
• R. fl. Harner, 19£38
♦ J. D. LaPerriera and C. L. Rea, 7989
Cft7A � � ��
Concentrations
Rangefrom L �y"
0.1-10 mgtL J'�.V � Ya
i
�
r' = o.az
n - 70
1 70 100
Chlorophyll A Conter.t of Goniroi Waters
1'i.gure 9. CPfA effects �an a1�,a1 :,nnd perip'nyton '�u�iraniYies ia 20
natural aivatic systems.
was pertoemed. S»die� in wtirnc �hio opt.y,:F a u.>ir r �����
aaci ta ndi�.are �han�es r-� raigal, ptyrui�.adc � r? p th �oe
biom��a in che �cesence oF dafYerea .,ai.centriC � 5f r we.a
compil.ed ,Eor a vaa ty ue n C= ral war is. llst �rai a otal c+A
14 differeriT aquati e:b,� ..r�m2 ve;r �..ol.le<:teft ErUnr -.h�a
pubiished liteca[ure Q�7orn�r, 198f5; C,oJdman ac sl 149�1,
LaPerrier anQ Rea. 1989). 'Phe com� ttta�'e Naul nd ;:"1.4 d�,
presenr.=d in [lincers er a1 (1985) touLd noc be a.nrluded i..e
ehe tesuies wece not reporte�� in ten u of Gh1vr �,h�71. a �n _nt.
A 10� tran�foT�n�Cion wa� used afCex d c�ri�intn t� iazi .as
2ognozmall} distxSbuted u',ing ehe di 'nLuC_mi fi�i�.tioi5 s,s r�ii
a computet° sc�£ewar� gtari. t�es- pssek gc lS.ATtIRfiHi(u^ Vco , 3.0,
�9tntiotical Gralh-os Corpoi,�,ciori, 1951, IS13� 0 OfIF�6b3--06-J)_
In additicn, re�r .sion anal.ti.is co piring eh chi�:.rs�pnytl a
content of CCt? trea�cd wtvc�.rs to thci� pair=_d < ni�rol w Pr� was-
eonducced usi�g the sam� cot[ware �rrogram.
There was no a:Eect of 0.1 to 1C1 ;��J1 addi.tions nf CMA on
a1ga1 and periphvton biomass i.n any ot" the 14 naruxal. w:�ters
tested ("r�gure 9). These.waters rang�ud from pris���ir.� �Lake
'Lahoe) co fa�ic7.y eutru�fi9.c (M��tis Creek and Hxler.`.cn Reser:voirsj
in CY�eir inorganic n+ztriant coatenv, A1.Choagt ncr stac� t.�.cally
sigr.iLiccnt, thrre :vas a slight Cend'�nr_y towaxc{ +I1 �mrlica-
[ians decroasing �he a1�,a1 xnu p�riphyton �io• a c.un�rn' o[ tha
wate;s initia]7y containinp relaCively high 1 vils aL a1��-. anc3
patiphyCon. The �at� [ends ducmward from ehe no �ffecc "i.ine o'L
eq¢ivalency" (Figure �1 in r.ariarsl warex� vriih 40 to 50 u�(1
inieial chlorophyll a content. Therafcre, it ap}reara tk�z,: GhL^,
. ...... . ... . . . ... . .. ., '�1r• 3 _ .. ... i:, ... . . . . .

214 CHEMICAL DEICERS AND THE ENYIRONMENT f�"',��,
„t„„, IMPACT AND TOXICOLOGICAL CHA2ACT%RISTSCS OF CMA 215
Tabie 1
C�S has little toxicity to aquatic invertebrates.
Bioassay Toxici.�ty
Test Testing
Species Mr,thod
oaphnia 48 hr acute
magna
(Water£ica) 96 hr acace
LC,,o or NOEG
(�S/1)
LCSo > 1000
LC;� 20U0
�Reference
Noi'thwest Aquatie
La6 (1990)
Horner (19`�t))
96 hr .:&c�acc i.,C,so 1461 Winters rt a1. (19H5)
' _ ' ' _ ' _ ' ' _ ' _ _ ' _ ' _ _ ' _ ' _ _ ' _ ' ' ' ' _ ' _
eyaYZeZa Fiow—threugh LCs� 2QU0 Hucner (1990)
a_teca
(ambhi.pad) 14 riaye
eppliri �i �aj noi; lead Co a1�a1 5.on,ns, Sue iiy ac�.uallp
d�+cYe a� algnl = zd per�phy;p� hion�a s� han C�!h_'. run�£: ec,,.�pCex—
C�icns ��re �reatet theii or equal r,o 10 mg�l, pa ricular'iv ic
t'i�r�pr� . ysLe s Euaofl�i� syst�n IYPi¢�,1 y hs-✓e f�at-ly hi�h
mnaen[ra,.�ons o£ i.norg;�ntc mt:�rtents. Th� addi�i�+i of an
organic sul�strar� (�cerate from CMA) mav a11o� b;,ctexi.a, grevi—
��u1y liTttza by 7.�w coricencraticns of' disso2ve�3 orgar,ics, Co
ouccomp �� a1R3e for Che inocganle ruecl.ents �Wrignr and Hobbir_,
195�b; GoLd��ar. et ai., 1990)_
CM.`, a1�o does not appeac Cc� ba toxi.c Co v r�.�sC�ad s�.udge
Y>ioriai�s (Hygiea2 Ipstitut des Ruhrgehi�ts, 1.9Ei) oe to bac,.:eri.a.
tbr exanp7.E, psecdomcna� putlda has a rio efiecc [ox�.��c;
threshul�l r_a�icentr.atiion oE 2850 mg/1 (Vecschueren, 19$3) gfl1'
areti,c a<�.id. PreYozoan s�nsitiviCy to autti.ct acid varies
between 12 and 1350 m,a,/1 (Varschuecer, 198'_-).
CMA Poxicity to Invertebrates
E�ossibie toxic e�ffects o£ ph4A on thc� clxdoCeran zoopixnkter
Daphnia magaa were e:camined in acute tox�c'iTy b:oassays (T�bie
1). }��rncr (1988, 19'30} fnund that znimaLs e�poyed [0 104 or
500 mg GAtA�l hmd less mLrtaliiy and incruased reyroduceioa
emu�ared wtT.h hhe controls. At concentYaC:ior.� a6ov=_ 100b myfl,
theze wss tom suxtiival, pxe,nmabl,y due te the tlecrea;e in �.;Xg�;;i
in rhe tese system due to contaminatin� bacteri�a. In a r�odified
tOSt 1n wllich the contaminaCing bacteriz were remeved, the 9b hr
LCS� was estimate3 to be 2000 mg/1 (Horner� 19a(7�. Northwestesn
Aquatic Lab (1990) 3eterminad 4S hr LCSC values of grear.ts Chan
1000 mg/1 (the highes[ concentraei.on tested) and con{'ir�r,�zd tt�eir
nomir.al concentraeions val.ues for CMA wir.h cunductivSty maa.siire—
ments durie�g Che test. Wineprs eY. ei, (1.48>) report<=ry I-Gsu
v�lues oi less than 3�4 mg/L when co�'�ta�inacLn� bac::eria wece
prrsent and 1421 mg/1 wkie:s ront.anainating bacc�asia wex�; a6seni'.
sugp,'esting the observed eiFect may havi� been dua Cn bacTerial
conswnptivn of oxygen rather than direct C:M. toxic:.ty. Thci.c
LCsa calue for NaCI was 4500,mgJl. Tn chronia Lioass;iys witi� D.
magna, Hornec (149D) Eound SOb mg CttAJl rNsulced in improvAd
mortality, increased nunSber oY F,roods end determs.n?d a ivo
Observa6le £YfceCs Concencracion (90�C1 fer mosLal.it}' ef azuur.d
1060 mg/1 wnEreas Wintess eC a3. (1935) repor[u3 NUSG velues ;uc
Ct1�1 of 125 mgJl and for NaC1 as S60 mg/7_ One pp>Fih1a reasrsn
for the di£ferer�ce is [hat sl°ghcly diiftsenC Ce=rinv erpr:ea�.;res
wece iaeed and ti�e soiaxca of the CMF. a r� 3if£e, i�ora= �9S6;
WinCers et a1 „ LuSS). The acuCe tc.sicirv of C:M '...,_ _.,�
�;r-,
Cesc�d ag,ainsC axs ampl�inod, KyaYieLa nz�ea-a, a ci r� , . mp�-
[,reazed to 6e isr�ar 2,OU0 mg/1 (Tab1e 1).
Oae uf Che concocos in c�tTempti.ag tfiis tyoa ot cor,:p,�ri���n
centet's ereui�d pia't'ible di£f'rances .r 1'e che l�� -bi3_[,� -�ict�
of thie -sriovs C:l?. prep�ea�ioas us��i ri Che sr ia��a_ Fr-�d
�ii�iished �epores inciirde l�micel u,q�i��n ,.. w� �.,.
pzoduct used. Cht9 may be an�tac[zic�i �v �7eti � oc� 61>>n��_ra_
peoce� '�:s ard r.he 6y�roducC. preeRnt wi11 6e t, ';:nr c F ,.'.�..,
u�on tk�i�: prucess used. Fox e.amjle, oiole�ic�aLi, pr,�car�r. ���,-t4
wi1? terd [o hav �rgreni.cs rv�aainSng t*'om the t �..ta�i.�n
pracess which are a7.so pre.>�ti'_ in th�. pxx�uct. -�.��,� can con-
tribute to the EOD (Horner, 199CJj. thqspharu= leveLs rt,��r[e.d
£or C:'�LA vary frpm }eg/L Cu 3b00 mgji dep�i�idir.g ieon rt.e ��.ourc� of
tho CM.A (Hornar, 19Sfi; Coldm.�n, ec al., 1990; L-eiicro�. sr!d
Re�, 19139). Sizvtlar;.y, rieta Yrom� sslt jnay noti acpl�� �iivEormi��
Co inhi6ited roael s 1.Cs ur octer r,o�el salt ;�rod c.x�ta i��,
impurities oY xddiY,.t-es. � �lemicsl iiil�sis �f nou�it c., �xe
iaiportaat daca ro tnrlude in all. £utur�: enviro�� ,.a'i inua�C
•ac�rk so thac Yhe effeccs oE CtAA r_un b .rsb��a* 'rci&y�er .=n¢1y
of effects due Co conteroiT:ating et:en�icals whL<�ti m�y hoC be
pces�nt f.n Che final intanufa<,:cure�� peo�J.neC_
Aquatic Toxicity to Fish
Horrer (1�'86) ai3d Wi.ntere et a1 (19f35) de�.;criba the
results of acute and chmnic Coxici.ty Cesting aith z var:.��r.y esf
fresnwdcer £ish. Very high CtyA cvncentrations were C�e¢ui�rad to
obaznse any acutely �oAir. e�iects. Izi 95 hy sumre toxiciCy
tests for aLCher fath¢ad ¢ii�n�>ws or tx'out, �hex'� was ove� 90
pescenC sur�ival aC 10,00G mgjl (Teble 2). TSS.s conr,epCYatiun
is we11 above a Cezlistic GAV1 level expected in zegular Y�ighway
xunof'E, estimmted� ac beC'ween 100 and 1.000 mg/I in a wor�e case
..... .. ... . .. . ... .. ,. .. ,.., � ,._ ... .. .. .... .. . ... . ....... .

216 GtiEMICAL DEICERS AND TEE ENVIRONMENT
Tab1e 2. C"L9 and NaCI. shaw little toxic:ty to fish. --
Bioaesay Toxicity Testing
Test Species Mechod LCy� or NDEC Reference
Oncorhynct:us Acute sCatl.c 96 hr LCSp 17,500 (i.)
mykiss Acute s�atic 96 hr LCSo 18,700 (2j
(Rainbow Trout) Acute staEic 96 hr LC;o > 1,OOU (3) -
NaCL acute static LC�� 12,200 (2)
f,hronic Larvat NOF.0 1 000 (lj
Staeic Remewml (Z)
45 daas
Pime�ha2d� Acuee sLae'_c 9E hY LC,p 12,5Q0 (7.)
promelas Acuce statu 96 hi- LC-� 21,000 {?.)
(Ear7ead PCinnc�-a) NaG1 AcuC'e uracic LC,o i.1,40� {2)
Eauczscue idvs Acuce �taTic �8�hr ROEG 8,000 (4)
(1) �Narner (1990)
(2) Wintecs et aL (19H�1
(3) Nor�hwest Aqua[ic La.b Z1j9b)
(!�) t9y„�.ene-LnstiC. des Ftunra�ehiete (19t�4)
scenario (ttorxier, 19F�8). Ln chrouic trocit: testi.i�g, the affect
pf C6LA on hatchi:i.g and ity survivai wzs teste<i. A.1 ChE e�;..,r.�s
hatched witkiin 8 �3ay� in a11 t6a roncentrutions test=d, ¢(� to
anci Lncluding SC00 mg/1. There s:as nn e£E<ct oix survivsl over
21 days until GMA wncentracions w�ere SU�O m�/1.
Aquatic Texicity Observacions in thc Field
Smuil artificial ponds wh�i.ch re.c�ive�� C'.MA runoPf were
monitosed £ot the �tinLi�-:nce and species compos�.tiun oP aon�2ani�-
tcn ard bentk�ic inue�i'tebraees, and the sur�aival oE bluegill and
fathead minnoias (Horner 198P,; 1490), Except FoL one pond,
zooplankton were n�ore abundant in the CMA ponds chan in the
coritrol ponds.. Du'r, to ihe large vari.aoili.ty wi.thin each treat-
ment group, no direcr eEfeces of CMH on invertebrace=_ or zon-
SMPACT AND TOXIC4LOGZCAL CHARACTERISTICS OF GMA 217
plankton could be determined.. [7one o£ the bluegill.s dieet =n
elEher the control or CMA punds. Fathead minrmws were eihte to
reproduce and esCablish healthp p�pulaeitins- in al.l of the pnnds
to which CMA wds adued.
A� witn ail field studies, tlaere ie inherently �;ceacer
variability obser'✓ed within the treaCment; than for lab�r'��ory
,cudies (Hcrnez' 198&; Gol�nan, 1990) whic,h can cnntixib�aTe. Cn che
Lack of staeistical significance when rt�aking comparisons bet:�aeen
treaiments in the s>me st�ady. Rov:ever, this variabil.icy likely
reflects tne vaxiabili.ty of natux�a7. aquatic t:cusystE�ds. IC fs
hoped that by accempting co intey,xate tns resulcs from a11 G2t�'�
aqnati.c ioxicology studie�s�, �,uldanee fex field eypiicat:�ns u£
CYA can be made on a technicaliy sound basis.
Summary of Aquatic Toxicoingy Dar.a
g�ss�d u;2 che aquatac wx.�ulogy t� c romulr�u7 t� dar.
(Tables 1 aad 2j, 4:�"it� apP�3rs x'elativ�l.y h%r.nless tu "h�: �Ru'.t��
os�unisivs tr:sr_dtl �.�sing generally tecngn_Ze,d cric�cia Lcr �vs�' �
ing acute; aquatic Coxieitv.
POTENTIAL IMPACTS OP CMA IN Rliti6FF ON MU��^iIf.7FAi. FO'I'tds
Wi.despread uwe of�CMA could resnl' in !�Cs ai7j�i=3���� ti'
sew¢ge trcacment ylance. GMA shu��ld no o� �oxic o e ir�i-
crob�s in "h���' C�re�emenc p1anC. base�3 on rhe �'iotle}xad�ei�n
i.n£onnadon y��o3ished in ci=e li.ceratur ( e' chuEr n 148i)
a_rJ.i
tkie incre�.se in baceerial dehyArogoria:-P aciivEc� �ei witY� t'MA
esposuso (Idy�iene InstiCu�: de� Nuktx��biv�s, 1�184? 9s�r w.� iC:
exn�cted that e public owned C,aT.ment p1�n' might liav�� �t hl rn
iueeCing nn NPDGS permit due to bioxssay Coc,.cii9 pr��7�'���� 1 a'`"�'�
on the low r�q�iat3c to:�iv-ity cf Ghis msceri.=.1 CT==bla: 1 xi''� L).
The most 1Skely putentirl nceeci.ve ur=pnct w�s rolat�d u� .°�r--
ment problems Y�sulTing, from she incsea�ed ROD S�adin� (No rFx',
1985; Connolly et aZ., 1990j.
A sCudq done foi bP Chemicnl� st T.t'�e i'haniem Watt<x' Rye Mead
S�wuge T[eatment Warks invesCigated thc efEects ot C:hA nn -he
actieattd sludge process (Washbrook, 1'3239). An isolated a=_rs.-
T_i�.on unit operacing at a 2 �c 3 hr hydraul7.c ratention tim.=. anci
a tliixed liqaor suspended�solids ecntent betweexi 25Q0 �ix� 4�'��
GtAei s�lucivai was
mgjl was do�ed ovec an eight eay peciod. A
addec' to tiie aeratiun ba�in at a constant flow €rcm a 13 i:+3 Cunl:
(with liquid recirculaCi.en? Chac was calibratcS t� xe�;ul.c. in a
CMA concezntrarion o£ 2S m� CMA/1 cf aerati�n bnsin �ul..;ta,. It
was determined Citae the $OD added i'xom the t¢nk par 100 mgJl. uf
C?1.A was appcoxi�ntiteiy b6 mg/1 which is in good agreement with
other published values Lor this m3terial (Hydronual, 7.99�).
... . .. . . . . .. ..... .. . �.�,+;A . . .. . . .

21& CAEMZCAL 6EZCERS ANG RHE ENVIRONMENT .-;�
IMPAGT AND TORICOLOGIGAL CHARAGTE&ISTICS OF CMA 219
Table 3. Selected activated sludge treatment process perfor-
mance parameters after CMH addi[ion is startcd oei day 1(Wash-
brook, 1989).
- ------ -Mixed Liquer Analysis -------
Suspended
CMA Added Solids Ammor,ia as N Nitrace as N ilcecate
(mg/1} (mg/1) (mg/Lj (mgJl)
Day 1 7534 0.1 13.9 ---
Day 2 2900 < 0.1 14.A --
Day 3 3011 C.5 l�.e <'2
D'ay �+ 3f304 < 0. i 1'2. 5 < 2
Day 5 39q4 5 U.1 13,5 —
Day 5 3592 � 0.1. ?_9 � Z
Da} 7 233`26 U_G 5.7 —
Samplev wt�r tek�n fsom che �acad�on Y�asia ::ind ana�yzed ior
inixed l�.,uor susPesidad sal:ds, �rwmni.a, ciCr.�te aitd ��:,idusi
irc[¢ea corr.encra[ions, Temperat�r_ ani tii�so'�td �.t�pe�
rsadings .� re ta1<en a� e2gular inteYvels. 'Lhe efYecc ot e;hLA or.
foam Eo �*r¢cion was an impoTtanr coeisi.aec:�tiun Ln tt.i� st�idy, a5
[his rr�v���ient works had in erni�tPnt pr.qblams aith �aesi*te u
foamin� d�t� to blooms of the f�.�:�rnentou.� bucttri.u�n. Micro_h�.:x
parvicel3a, and excews foaniSng could lead te� serious probLeis,s
with ehe pfEeetiver.ess of the acCivateci slu;ige cre2r_rnoac prqenss
([Jash6roek. 1989) .
Ttie suspended sr,tlids remaino� wi�t�in their expen_te<i rznge
and. thare was no ii:hibi:fun of biological nicxificatien as
evidenced by relaCively unchar.ged �a�mnonia .snd ciitrate cGncentrx-�
Ci.nns {Tsb7.e 3). Nr� rasidu�i acetare w�s detecCed ir ctle
:aer�tion basi.c�, c?emoustrating completo acetate EiLc�3egxadatinn
within c�tae rsi3ence time oF tha aeration 6asin. 2t�iea-e was no
significar,r. increase in the acnaunt u: Microthrix parvicella
£oaming, although sonie ioam3r�g was ohseK`�°ed on Che sarfae;e of
T.he CMP. dosing tank due io product foaming ra^.her thzn mi.crobial
acticn. The percznt of dissolvei3 oxy�en s.sieuraTion varie.q
signiPicantly he�ween ceaelin�s but was not ennsideced signifi-
aant ¢omyared with nounal propesn^ vars.ar_inn in diss.l-red oxygan
3�vels. While so�ae 2"4A ccntribi�cion t� th2 BO➢ 1.nad�w,ns e.epecC-
ed, aC 25 mgfl there wss insu££fclenE IIO'il Load eo ca��ee � dcup
in the dissolved exygen levels. Tho inr,ceased BUD S.oad crx,
deCexmined Co be appr<>xi�ac�lv 9 percenc of se._T.ied ,sewzge.
This BOD increase was much less than tile :iotmal day—to—dag
variations in BOD observed at the plant 'Pi�e t�mpecaCure range3
bctween 12.4 and 1s.2° G during ¢he 8 day ce�t peri�d. Wash-
bzook (1489) concluded thet iC would be �nl.i.kcly tq encnantee
any arable�s if the wi.descre,ad use of CMA is impiemenced.
ANIMAL AND HUMAN TOXICOLGGZCAS. ZMPACTS OF CNu1
Because road workers may be esposed tq Ci1A during Sts use
as a deicing ehemical, ite potenYiel Coxicity has t>een.(iecez-
mined in a se.ries of short-tern� or acute tUr.icicy Cests using
#
the Chevron Chemical Chlt m�,nuissetured undor Cha [ ai�;:n�itik n�.ra
af SGF.-B-GONTM. Tt�eso acnte [�:�ycity Y'ests weru incended to
rapiese�ic tl>e potential risks frorn >cciciencel. ex}��s�arae co (:Nt31
and were conduet�d ehrn�agh the Ghevron Envicorun¢nCai {3c�ai�n
C,enter-
SaLc is a Chamicel �ccspteti by the p�iblic as "nontoxie".
Befora che pablic caa� t�e expecced to acc�.utr ano2her cPret�i.caL �s
ae alCeznative deicin� ar�duct, its tor:ini.Cy shou7.d be evaluated
and compaced agd�iinsc saLc. The p�tenti.ul. foe Gt1A �a �.::au>e
he�a7.�h eEfects S�llowing oral, desrttal or inha7.aeion expoeuce oE
th3s �uaLeri.sl was evall�at�41 �hiough Cl�e usa o�t nublis�heS infn��-�
mati.on aad laboracory stii3ies �aith the [oe;ni.ii��ed �roduct, ICiC-
8-I;ON� eor�.�✓cLed in �ceordance w�tt}i f_t.���L �+ i..t res ��]?x'h.
1982: liS6P3 14&31- gome o-' liese re __s cr,v� 1 �.. uut: _�h�d
elsewtt�re {hia�� �et a2., 1�13, �u�hnien et ad., 1Uaqj Ii a.3ny
cas��, similar tiatln on r�ed � a1t dYa i�a� e2a= i t: � -co-
n
1o�ica�.. Ltetature. FFifoi±iation �n ..03'_¢-n chl.oc.u= w...,�vszd £nr
Chie coa�parison to G`k.4. ncry To.dciGi¢s of the adAir.,ves anrl
imEiurities that mi�ht b� pres�enC iii toxd ssl[ are non rec..�senC-
ed by Lhese data.
Exttu�ola[ion of toxicol�gical dara d^evelopad on puze
ch¢rnicals, c�s ovposed to the actual masufae,Cure(i eed r��oduct, is
aiway�s risk}'. Ic 6ecomks complere.ly unacceptabte whe.n d �fiercnt
�nanufacCUYing proces�es �xe used to psoduce the eaCeri.al ,snd
when the finsl produc[ contz�inc ad�,lir_ives not iririude� in Ll�e
torcieole�gical tesCing pr�lge��a, sui:h �.s roxd s21t �ddi.Ciu�s whicn
can inel.ude: 2ine sulfate, sodimn pol�ptiuc.P;��te railcium 7igno-
sulfondte, 9odium fluorophosy�h.flte, socium sili a, aTtd t�rru-
cyani.de.
Earlier formuletione of GML� were reporttd �t� havP pYablems
w3eh exr.essive ainounts oY dusr_ (F�lorne�r, 1958). ctiglnwa� wnrkers
ac on7.y one of sevn_ral f3e�ld test sltes en;op7,ained of eya anC1
skin irritation when handling CMA in 1956-1967 un_nt>r aeasoe�
Yes2:s. An indastriat. hygicvw s4.[e im�esclp,xtion eteCFrmf-:�^d rha[
dust expesures ;c the sito grc�at7.� exCeaded the ry�rzskio7.d limir
value :or occupaciona7, ex�os�ire Co nui.saiacc Quscs {HiaCt es al.,
19$S) and changes were recommendec3 in produec handling pr�sc•.cic-
es. 0o further in:i.dents of irritatian wcre xeported 6-y tile

220 CHEMZCAL DGICERS AND THE ENVIRONMENT
Table 4. Deicing chemicai acute Cosicology tes[ing results for
oral exposure.
Toxicology
Test Prncedures
Acute Inhalatian
Ri.sk
Cons�unpti.on Ri�k
(9cute 01'al
Tokicity)
ConsumpCicn Risk
(Subchronic
Orai ToxiciCy)
TesC Aesult
LDso or LC��
in mg GMA./kg
Test Eacept as
Species Noted
Rat LCsa > �5000
mg�ma
Rac LD� > 5�00
practically
nontoxic
Ra[ Nn to low
effect at 1Q00
mg/kg for 2S
Uays oT Dosittg
Compzrable
Praducc
LDSo or LCso
in mg Product/kg
Por:iand
Ce.ment > 5000
Sait � 3�50
slighely euxie;
CaCi� = 1000-2Q00
workers. The inhaiation risl<s aseociaCed Fritn C?U1 are si.milar
to rhose for sediwn chloride {fiiat;. e[ al., i988) or poreland
cemcnC. Tlie acuCe oral toxiciCy of CM,r1 is equivalent to or
lower chan thar_ fur sodlum chloride (Tbbie 4). CMA was shiown to
be a mild to moderute eye irri.tant (Tabte 5). CMA was fbund to
be a nonirricanc and posed no risk £or skir ixrita[ion based o.n
a pri�nary dermal irri.Tation test in ratbics. RecenC [oxicol.ogi-
ca1 zTudies comparin� the efi"ects of CiSA.and rnad satt i.n a
human repeat insulC paCch tect failad to demonstrate pnntact
hypersensitivity in any o£ the test <ubjects (Cushmnan ee al.,
1990). Repeated expcsure to CPL9 or Load sait produced �r:i11 t>
moderate irritarioa. Neither ma�erial i, expecced To cause
signi.Yicant darmzl ci£ects in etpo,cd workers (;;ushman e[ a1.,
1990). Thus CNA did roL a�pFar to be e skin sen=$tizer in tesc.
anfr�als or. h�macs (2ab1e 6).
Summary of Human and Arimal Toxicology Tests
Sn summary, a11 of the sF.ert-Cerm 2nd sub-chronic toxici.Cy
Casts havz shcwn C,MA, to have vety 1ow niammallan [exir_qiy, W{i�re
duta exists cn s�di�m et:lorid= for comparison, ChLA has equi.'.�z�-
1en� or lower toxicit}'. The toxicity oi CMA ayoears low with an
LDS� in esce>s of 5 gm/kg which is considered in some toxiciCv
ratir.g systems to be pxactically nontoxlc. �
IMPACP AND TOXICOLOGIGAL CHARAGTERIS'fICS OP +;MA 221
Tzble 5. Deicing chemical acutz toxicology testing re.sulcs for
eye izs'itaUiliT.y
Tosicology Test Comparabie
Test PYowduYes Species TesT. Result rrodu:,t
Eye Irritati.on
Test
Rabbit Slightly 5a1t i, sti.ghtly
icrieaei.ng irr?r,cGi.ng, (1.3/ll0
(1�(ll0 srale:} sca1N); GaCl;,, is an
irritent
SL'MMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
IC is hoperi that by aCtamptinp, to inte�Yu[e tha renulLs
f�om a11 CttA envizonmenTa7. azid toxieo3.ogy stud3es, Kuidance for
field appllescions of Ct9A ean be maele nn a ted�nicallv sound
basis. Qf t%a lpforma,`.iun crallecCed co daCe ir r�up��rs ttaaC
(1) GIdA concentrations us.=d� to dei.ce roads have Little to
nc phyCOCoti3c a�fec^s oYi roadside v�getati.on;
(p) f,i� di�3 not mobili2e preexisting, pe:avy m�Ca1s frc�n; a
vatiety oE roadside soils an� may pcovide vome bcn�-
fi.ts ta soil sCTuctu.re;
(3) Ck[A had 11tt1� to no C�xie eLtzct� ci� 3quatic 6ii=ci�s
tested, ineludin� verLebx�res aiid inverC�6r�t�s;
(4) �'�7t1 did nor increase a1ga1, periphqcon, ox pt3yca��-
plankt�n biomass;
(5) CMIt is uriliktly t�+. cause tzeaCrtient pxohleais i.n k'OTCTs
[eceiving exp<�c[ed C?LA concentration:a in runokf;
(6) GMA is unlikely tc have sies;ificant negative iinpacts
on receiving water dissolved oxygen foc m��5t spplira--
t5.on scensrios;
(7) CMA toxicologiczil effer,ts vEre simil�.- to or 1E':ss
severe Chan so8iwn chloside in a iall co�u�lem�nc of
short-Cerm toxicity Cents leadi:�g tu the c�rnrinsion
that r;,� has low acute mairnali.szi toxti.c:ty �nd sh<��..i7.ri
affeyt workers health no more C4an si.milar use of

222 CHEMTCAL DEICERS AND THE ENVIRONMENT
Tssble 6. Deicin� chemical acute toxicology teseir,� rc�ults for
sl..in irr�tation.
Test Resu12
I.L150 or LC�o
in my, CMa/kg
Toxicology Test Except as
Tcst Procedures Species Not�d
Skin Irritation Rabbit LC„� > SOOQ
Ri.,k (Acute no[ a huzei�.d
Dermal)
Skin Ir:-i.[aaon RaUbir Practicaliy
Risk (YYi:nary nonir::icac�in£
Dermal) to skin
Skin Ir'citaCio�� H�mran Ptlaima7.
Hi�k (Hwnan ieriCation
Yateh Iesz)
5ki.n ?rr.ta;ion Guinea ;70[ a stiin
t2isk (Skin Pigs ..nsir,izer; nq
Sansiti.>.eri Amr.aei�.; p�tenrial fer
contzct a1;�rFy
Compasabie
Freduct
5atc is mitally
irritatine
saic, 'Phis 6ody oY f,p(,� rese�azch cunducT.ed in a variety oP
2c3demic aYid pr3v�.te lebs i�dicates Lkiat negatC��e anviron-
mental attd tu:cicolo�ical impacts are. likeiy to bt insi.pnif-
i.cu:it in the vasc maj�rit, of CNA sppi,icaCioiu.
ACKNOWrE➢GMF,NTS
We want co thanic G.A. Aausi.::a, 4i.R. Gala, A.ti, Glickman for
tfieir review of ttie aqua;.ic Ccxicolop�y sections and G.H. Buteau
for his review of the animal and human hea7.rh sectiunv of Chis
p�per.
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