20190397_Environmental Evaluation of CMA_20180810

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Envirnr�m�ntal E�=aZu��i�n of
Calcium-E9aynesium Aceta�e {ChiA)
Cali£arnia Stat� IIegt, of Transportatican
Sacraa;ento
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5. REPONT C aTE
EPEVIRQP�"�tEt�TnL EVn(.UATIOi� OF June 7985
Ct1�CIUi'1-M?.Gi�E$SU?1 ACET%tTE �Ct�iA} d =c«Foa.,���oa��„�z.r�o��o�E
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Gary R, ldinters, Jeffrey 6idley and
Narold Hunt 57328-E04212
1. PEIIFORYING ONLIW12ATION N<Y$ �HO /.00PC19 �O. npWF VNIr M9
Office of Transportation laboratory �p
California Department of Transportation �� =��*R^<*aT=a•�r�o;;sk Urder
�acramento, Catifornia 958I9 DOT-!=H-i1-8250 7
N. TvwF GK RQVORT � pER�00 COYEneO
13. SPON9pR�N6 �GENCY NFMC tN0 n.ObREY3
Caiiiornia Department of Transportation Final Report
Sacranento, Ca7ifornia q��Q7 ��,»o�,sowrz.cxcevcrcone
1!.!V>PLYNCXTARVNOTL9 Tn�S research was acconptisha_d �iri4��' (��rect contract
for t5e Federal Highway Administratiorz's research project,
"Environmertal Evaluation af Calcium-Maqne>ium hc�tate As An
Alternative Hight�rav Deicino fheriicat"
�e nasxnw<r — �----..�.
This report prasents the results cf a literature survey and a 7in;itec�
laboratory s�udy on the environmer�a7 impacts of Calcium magnesium
acetate (Gt9A). La6oratory tests vaere performec on fish, zooplankton,
phytoplcnkton, common roadside p7ants and soil;. �90 infor•mation vras
fouad on surface water qua7ity, groundwater quality, or air quality,
CMH is 7ess taxic than NaCI to Rai�bow trout, Fathsad h�1innows, and
most plant species tested. Cf�iN is not taxic �nough to prevent it
from being used as a deicer. Carefully contro77ed field studies
should be perforned to dererm;ne hovr Ctt; ic:pacts naturai syster;s,
.er-,voaos � o�s-a�evr�o.+erare�..c.vr --�
Chik, calcium-magnesium, acetate, �io restrictions. This docu�er.t i
en.=ironmenta7, biolcgy, soits avaiiabte to the pubtic through the
vegetation, dei�ing rhe�aicat.� �;aticnal Technicai tr,formati;�n
Service, Springfield, UFi �;:7E;
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INFORMATION SERVsCE �
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NOTICE
This document is disseminated under the s,�onsorship of the Department of
Tra�sportaticn in the interest o` information exchange. The United States
Government assures no liahi]ity for its contents or use thereof.
The contents of this report reftect the views of the authors, who are re-
sponsible for the facts and the accuracy of the da u presented herein. The
contents do not necessarily reftect the official policy of the Depoar�nent of
Transportation. This report does not cor.stitute a standard, specificatio�, or
regutation.
The United States Governmer.t does not endorse pr•ociucts or ma�tufattur<rs.
Trade or manufacturers' rsares appear herein onty because they are considered
essential *.a Lhe ebject �f th9s docus�ent.

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TF�BLE OF' CONTENTS
Page
List of Figures
ii
List of Tables
iii
Executive Summary l
I. Sntroduction 10
II. Conclusions and Recommendations ��
�
� III. Errviranmental Evaluation 14
i
A. Surface tvater: Quality, Groundwater Quality and 14
Air Quality
B. Aquatic Ecology 14
1, fiish Bioassays 14
2. Zaoplanktan Bioassays 20
3. Phytc;�lan�ton Bicassays 37
C. Terrestrie:l Ecclogy 6C
1, Roads�de Vegetation Study 60
2. Soil Lvaluation 67
D, Literature Czted �J
j.:

LIST OF FIGURES
1. Young Rainbow Trout { a mo gairdnerij used in static
acute to.r�city 6ioassays
2, Test acuaria with eyed egg cups, tox:cant at noted
concentration and net screen chamber for transfer of just
hatched alevins
3. Rcrylic egg cups
4. Open topped nylon screen chamaers witn alevins
5, Individual 1�5 ml wide mouth ;ars used for raising
inc3ividual Daphnia @3apd and conci�cting tests, Large
aauariun in backyraund useci for. mass cuiturina
6. Rackground light source used to vzec�� Pa�hnia maana
c7uring testing
7. Algae flask replicates placed on osci2lating table in �
enviranmental chamber
ii. Turner Fluorometer and a single replicate of flasks
used in determining alyal 9rowth rates and biomass.
9. The gcowtP, of Selenastrum G�pricacnutuni in vacious �
concentrations of i7aC1, C,�:E'�, calciunf acetate and magnesium
acetate {1/19/82-^</1182)
l�. The speciric growth rate (two-day moving average) of
��enas r�:� ca±�ricornutum gro^�r. in variaus
concentrations of NaCl and C2=tA (1/14/E2-2/1/82},
11. The specific growth rate (two-day moving average) of
Seler,astrum �apxicornutum grown in various cencentratior.s
of calcium acetate and magnesium acetate {i/19/sz-2li1az7
12. The gr.owth of Selenast[u� CdUricornutum ir. variuus
concentrations af [vaCl, C�,�R, calcium acetate and magnesium
acetate {3/�3j32-3/25/82)
13. The specific yrowth rate {cwo-day ;r:oving average� oP
�lenastruro c�.-icornut.um ,rcr4rr, in vasious con��antrations
of NaCl and C'�iA (3/13/82-3/25/82}
14. The specific grewth rate {two-day moving average) of
eler.astru;^ crgrica���utu_ c�ro�ar ir, vaciaus ccnce�s=xatiar�s
of calcium acetate and ;nagnesium �-cetate {3/13/82-3/25!82)
15. The arow�h of Anab�era f'o��;,,3 in various coneentcatiotts
of idaCi, i,f�u;, calciu:: acetate; and magnesiur�, uc��1t2
t�/121az-7/2ata2)
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26. The specific growth rate (two-day moving avexage) c,f Anahaena
o-�4Uae NaCl, C,�lA, calcium acetate, and magnesium acetate
(7/12/82-7/28/$2)
17. The growth af Anabaena �,os-��qy�ae in various concentrations
of NaC1,CtiA, calcium acetate, and maynesium acetate
(1J18{83-2/7/83j
18. The specific growth rate {two-day moving average} of 1�nabaena
los_sigg�e gro,an in various concentrations of NaCl, CtAA,
calcium acetata, and magnesium acetate (1/18/83-2/�/$3)
19, The growth af the combined $elenastrum canrzcornutum and
indiqenons algae (American F:iver) in various concentrations
of NaCl, CMA, calcium acetate and rna,nesium acetate
tiz/ia/e2—iz/a�/e2>
20. :he specific arowth rate (two-day moving averzge} of the
combined �gle�aa;;trum ca.pricorni���y2 and indigenous algae
(American River) grown in various concentrations n£ NaCl,
Ct�lF�, calci�m acetate, and magnesium acetate (121d/82}
21. The growth of the cambined (S•e'_eqa;},-ri;m ��p�a„�ornut�l
and indigenous algae (fiear Piver} in various concentrations
of NaCl, Cf�ii�, caicium acetate, and maqnesium acetate
t12fz�ta2—ol/os/s�>,
22. The specifie a,rowth rate (two-day moviny averaye) of the
combined Selenastru;n capr�np[nu�u� and indigenous algae
(Bear River} �rown in various cancentrations of IdaCl, Cf�A,
c3icium acetate and maanesi.um acekate (12/2�,/82-Q1/Q6/Q3).
23. Holdiny rack with Lysimeter tubes and flask.
24. General Lab�ratory setup for Soil Lysimeter testing,
�

LIST OF TABLES
1. Re:sults of the Short Tecm Fish Sioassays
2. CMA, NaCl, Ca2cium Acetate, and Magnesium Acetate
��once:etracions �.n Long-Term 5tatic �ioassays
3. Results of Short-Tern na�ni3 ma�na «i�assays
usinq CE4A �
4. Resnits af Short-Term IJaohnia maana bioassa,vs using
Calcium Acetate
5. Resuits of Shoct-Term pa�nia maana bicasseys using
Magnesium xcet3te
6. Re�ults of Short-Tecm 7�a�hnia macna bioassays asin� D'aCl
7. p�phna.a r� ona Long-Ter;o CIiA Test Results �
8. Da[�hni« mac�.;�a Long-Term rlaCl Test Results
9. D����a ��cna Lona-Tern Caleium Acetai-� and Magnesium
Acetdte Te.t Resuits
. I0, Fina1 conce:�ntration of Fiacronutrients in Algae Cu2ture
� 3�ledium as Sa2ts an3 E3etnentai Concentcations
11. The Concent:ation oE P7aC1, CP?F„ anc3 Calcium and i4ag,iesium
�_ � Acetate used Lor each Bioassay
. 12. Plant Treatment Numerical Evaluati.on
I3. NaCl, CMA Damace Rate Comparisons
14, Leachate Volu�e, Specific Conductanc� and COD Sum�rary
� from the Soil Stuc;y
Z5. NiStrient and t4etal Summary €:om Soil Study
i�j

EXECUTSVE�SOMMARY
I. PURPOS� OF TAZS STUDY
` The purpose o` '4his study i� to evaluate, by means of a
literatu-e survey and a limited laboratory study, how
calr.ium magnesium acetate {CMA} interacts wit'.i the
enviconment, and to identify CMP's beneficial or
detrimenta2 environmer.tal impacts.
Zi. INTRODUCTI�N
Zn recent years t.anspartation agencies have endeavored
to improve the safety and conv<nience oE winter
travel by attempting to keep roadways free of ice and
snow. Therefore, over the last twenty years. the use of
sodium ch2ori�e (NaCl7 far snow and ice removal has risen
dramatically, Large scale use of NaCl has significant
negative economic and environmental impaEts, NaCl
corrodes metal and degrades pavement, thereby damaging
bridyes, road surfaces, and vehicles. Heavy NaCl use
damages or kills roadside vegetation, degrades aquatic
ecosystPms, and pollutes dcmestic water supplies (1,2).
The damage done by NaCl is ultimately paid for by the
public.
Because of the negative aspects of A7aCl use, research is
underway to i9entify agents which are effective
deicers, but which are less deieteriaus than NaCl.
Recent researcn by Bjorksten Researeh Inc, (3), conducted for
the Federal Highway Administration ideniified CP4A as a
potential alternative to NaCl as a deicing «gent. The
S;arksten research showed that CMA is effective in
remcving snow and ice from pavement. Bjorksten°s limited
environmantal analysis of CMA found no significant
negative environmental imgacts for CP�R. Howe�er, a mare
thoxaugh environmental analysis of Ct�� was necessary to
nake sure that CPfA wa�i� have ao deleterious ervirannental
impacts, and to identify any positive is,pacts that this
chemical might have,
This report is a more comprehensive examination of the
impacts oE CMA on surface water quality, groundwater
quality, air qoalic�, aquatic ecology, and soils. These
areas �ere studie� in varying degrees of detail. A
literature search was perfar�ed fer each s�+bject, and in
same areas a li,�:ite� laboratary analysis was perfcrmed.
47hi2e more e-xtensive than the eariier envircnmental work on Ci9A,
this study does not address the lonq term irpacts of C�A on the
environment,

A l:l equivalent weight mixture o� analytica2 grade calcium
acetate and maqnesium acetate was used to manufacture Ct4A for
this study. This cvas essentially a pure material wnich
contained no byproducts. The by-products whicn may be present
in industrially produced Ct3h are unknown. The py-praducts
resulting fram vacious manufacturing pxocesses can sonetimes
pose environn�ental hazards even when the pure compound is
innoc�ous. Conseguently, che environrnental i,�ipacts of
industrially produced C:�iA werc not aEter�«in�d in this study.
IZI. 6N�rIRCNPiEf7TAL EVALUATION
A. �rf�ce t^,-ter 6i��i�tv Groindwa pr n,�i�fy and Air �u-�li�
Thz impac�s o£ CM.A on surface water quality, groundwater
qnality, and air quality were determined by means of a
liter�tuce survey, The literattire data bases surveyec3
includ�d; Aqualine, Ac�uetie Seiences and Fisheries Abstcaets,
Air Pollution Technical Information Center, Bialogical Abstracts
(Biasis Previecis), CAB Abstracts, Enviraline, Environmental
Bibliography, Life Sciences Co2lactien, Instructional Resources
Infoxmation System (IRIS), Natianal Technical Znformati.an
Service (PFTZS}, an3 Polluticn Abstracts (TRISNET),
No sou_ce speciEically idencify3ng the im�acts of calcium
acetate, maynesiun acetate, or Ct�SA on stirface water quality,
groundwater c�uality or ait quality was £ound during the
literature searc}r, Up to the present time, it se�ms that not
enough of these :�aterials are being used to generate much
environmental infc�rmation about them. Souie transpartation
agencies have reported dust problems while using CriA.
Consequent'_y, the impacts of Ct4A on these sesources is ❑nknown.
Some estinates of the im�.act of C:�:A an surf�:ce water quality are
discussed belocr,
The addition of ca2cium and n�agnesiun to a o-rater body coulci
result in an increase of water har.dness. Hawever, tY�is wou2d
not be ex�,ected to oz significant unless a relztively iarge
ar�aunt of CPSA entered a water oody. Tnere would pro�ably be no
other significant effect from s2ightly elevated ca2cium and
rragresium levels.
Whi2e the acetate ion is miidly ta�ic to some fish, it is
readiiy deco^posed and saouid �reoab2y not resc; toxic levels.
The deco��asition oi ac�tate could res::lt in localized oxygen
dep2etion in water bo3ies, however, the ac�tate concer,trations
r.ecessary Eor this would probat�ly net be reache� durir,g deicing
aperatio::s,

�. .
The potential impacts of CMA on aquatic ecosystems were
investigated by a literature review and by laboratory
hioassays. A bioassay is a toxicity procedure in which
living organisms are exposed to kr.own concentrations of a
potentially toxic substance for a standardized period of
time. The fallawing organisms wer� used in the bioassays
conducted for this study: Rainbcw Trout (Salm,g �a�r_,,, dn�r�'k
Fathead Minnow 1�m��ha�es �ro� �a ) waterflea lDuohnia
ma4na)r Green A.lgae fSe�ena t» canrico n�m), and Blue
Green Algae lAnabaena �o -ac,�a,�), These organisms are
commonly used in biaassays, and zepresent different groups
of organisms in the aquatic foad web.
Fi�h oc���y the hignese troph�c level in tRe waterbodies
most iikely to receive Cf�tA runtiff, Raznhaa traut
qaiSd_a�er;} and �'athead t4innnws (�ir+� e�e prpmeta� were
ussd to reoresent this trophic level. Short term static
bioassays and long term rene�aa). bioassays were performed.
The short tern stutic bioassays c�ere used to determine the
acute taxiczt3�s o£ calciun acetateo magnesium
ac�tete, and Ci:fi to Rainbov; 2rout and Fathead tfiinnow
ffngeelings. TY:e resuits are expcessed as 96 hour LCSp`s.
The 56 hour LC50 is trat cancentration of a substance which
kills 50% of Cha e:cpaseu �est ary�nisms in a period of 96
hours. The methods used in the static fish bicassays were
the standard methads develo�red by the Calzfornia Department
of Fish and GaMe. The results af these bioassays ace
summarized 6eiaw:
Short Term Pish Sioassay
Izainnow trout
Fathead minnow
(mg/1QtEr}
� C� S�Acetate
I2,200 18,700 16,260
I1,400 22,Q00 14,30Q
M��
4,300
9,Q00
The l.ong term renewa2 bioassays were used ta determ:ne the
?n�pacts of CMR on the de;relopment of Rainbow Trout
egqs. ThA long t�rm bioassays developed problems which
made analyzing the results difficuit. However, the
lany term biaass�y� indicated that continuous7y
m�zntair.2� CFd:� ccr.ventrat.ions i�,OGv mg/Iiker couid
rcdcice Ftainbow tro�.<t hatchiny su�cess.
7.00plankton are sm�fl �r�u:vi.c �nimals which occupy an
iit`L@PP«t@ui��E �OSl��lOfl�i11 til@ i6Ot�� WG'l3�i7£�S4c2Ci�3CT.U7s.�".1C
glants and fish. Ta acdress t2:e effects of CtiF� on the
zoopl.�nkton campanent of the foad web acute short-term

static and long-term static bioassays were condueted on
waterfleas (Daphnia maana). The ability of Wate-fleas
to ta2erate low dissolved oxygen levels, liniited
genet:ic variability among parthenogenetic offspring,
high susceptibility to pollution, and ease of culture
makes them ideal for biaassays.
Sho:t-term st3tic bioassays were used to determine the
acute median le�hal concentrations (96 hr LCgp'sJ far
CMA, calcium acetate, magnesium acetate, and NaCl {xiln-dried,
road salt). The methods used in the Waterflea short-term
static bioassays were adapted from Greenberg et ai t4?. The
results are sur,unarized below:
Short Term ��phnia maana Biaassuys 9fi hr LC��,�
(mg/liter)
CMA when bacteria are present <384
Ct,A when bacLeria are absent 1421
Ca acetate w�en bacteria are present 482
Mg acetate when bacteria are absent 127
NaCl 4500
Lang-term chronic bioassays were used ta determine the
No Observable Ef.fects Concentration (NOEC), Repraductive
success was used as thr measure of the chron�c effects
o£ the tested cnemica:.s on waterfleas. The assumption
inherent ir this testing is that the toxicant levei
which causes no rep:oductive inpairment will have no
chronic effeces on individuals or populations in
natural enviror.merits. The results of the long-term
Water€lea bioass%iys are shown below;
Long Term Daphriia maan� Siaassays No Observed Effec.ts
Coneentration {mg/liter)
Ct4A 125
Ca a�etate :00
M<3 acetate 100
t3aCl 5CQ
Geeen Algae �e;Iena um c.�p„icorn�:tum1 and Slue
Green Algae �Fna"aena �os-�a�,ae) aere ased to detecmine the
impacts of CNiA, c3acium ace�ate, magnesium acetate, and NaCI
(kiln-dried, road salt) on primary producecs. The method used
for the alyae tests was a,.�adification o£ the EPA bottled algal
a�say test. Both types of algae were grown in natural water, and
in artiticial alyae grcwth :�edium, Alnal growth was determzned
by mer�s�rir,g the fluocescence o£ samples by usin� a mutner 2�?odel
ZII fluor.^,meter. A cons�rvative estimste of the maximum
cance�itraticn at which iittle effect from CP,A, caiciun aeetate,
or magnesium acetate wovld probably be less Li7ar. SO mgji,; for
NaC2 ,�, c��,icornutum c.as not affecte�' by I000 mgjL
concentrations, similarZy, � ftas-aczuae was not a£€ecved by any

concentration of NaCl tested,
C. ���estr+a �coloav
The im���ts of CidA on terrestrial ecology were examined
by limited laboratary studies on vegekation and soil.
The Iimited time spent on this project and the lack af
industLialiy produced ChiA grecluded an in depth field
evaluatioa on vegetation or aoils, The veqetation
study for this investiga�zon measured the impacts af
CMA on selected plants when applied in the irrigatzon water,
or in foliar sprays, The soils study measured the nutrients
and metals that leached out of selected soils when 1 N
solution of CMA was passed throuqh the saii,
There have been many studied measuring the impacts of NaCI cn
zaadsi3e ve��tation, There have been ❑o similar stvdies on
CMA. Durin9 this stucy, it was assumed th.at CF3A applied to
highway wau2d leave the highway either as runoff �r as
traffic genezated aerosols, both of �hich wauld impact
veqetation, There°ore, selected plant species were irriaated
with a Cl�A solution. Tne species selected f.or thi.s study are
listed in 'Pable 1. NaCl (kiln dried, road salt) was also applied
in irrigatian water and as a foliar sgray so that a comparison
could be made between CMA and NaCl. The frriaation w�ter.
cantained S, 10, 50 or I00 mil2iequivalents oi CMA or NaCS. The
fo2iaz sprays were 0.1, 0,5, 1.0, 2,0 N salutione of CMA or NaC2.
These levels warA selected because they bracket the
concentraticns o� NaCl and CMA expecte� within 25 feet of a
highway. The results of the vegetatian study are summa�ized in
Table 1.
Whenever there are long t�rn a�ditions af chemicels to tne
sGi2, there is al4�ays a�uestion o£ whether or nat the
addition of the cnemicals wiil reduce soil f.ertillty.
Various acetates, ammottium, sodiu�, and calcium are used for
extractive puc�oses in sr21 chemistcy procedures. Therefore,
it is possible �hat long term C�A use might result in a
disraption of th? soil che�istry and a loss af soil
fertility. To ir,vestiqate the patential ef€ects oP CMA laden
wate: might hav¢ an saii chemistry, a 1N solution was
passed throuah seven �elected soil samples. The liquid th�t
leached throagh the soils �as chemically analyzed to
determine if signi�icant amounts of inetals or plant
nutrients were removed from the soil. As a ccntral,
deionized water was passed through other samples af the same
sofls Th� Is uid th t i h
�_q a eac ed thraugh these samp�es w�s
chemica2ly analyzed to det�rmine if siynificant amoonts o{
hAavy met�ls ar �;lar.t r.utrients w�eE rer�:oved r"com the soii,
The results af the samples af the control series were "
compared with the results of thE CMA series, It appears that
1:7 CMA has the potential to remave significant amouiits of
iron, a2urnirumf scditam pctasssum and hydrolyzable
arthapha�phate �ram so�l.
5
�t�

iV CQNCLUSxONS AND RECOM�ENDATT6N5
A, Canclusions
1. C^tA is less tuxic to rainbow trout (Sd m0 gairdneri� and fathezd
minnows (pimapha c pzamelus} than NaCl, calcium acetate, or
nagnesium acetate, bfagnesium acetate is slightly more toxic to
rainbow trcut and fathead minnows than NaC_. Calcium acetate is
les� toxic to these two fish species tha; NaCI. A continuoasly
maintained cancentration of 5000 mgJiiter of C�� slightly delays the
�atching of rainpow trout, but daes not influer.,�e the number of eggs
that hatrh.
2. .Waterflea (p�phnza ma4na} bioassays indicate that the 96 hr
T�50 � is 304 ngjliter when the CMA is associated with bacteria, and
i421 mgJiiter when the CMA is bacteria £ree, The 46 hr LC50 is that
concentration of a chemical whach k.i13� F0� of th� t�;,t aniR,als
within 96 hrs. The long term chronic bioassays indicated that
waterflea re�roduction was significar.t2y inhibited ai 25d mgjliter `
of CtdA. Th� 96 hr LCsp was for �:aCl determir.ed to be 4500 mg/liter,
t7aterflea reproductioa Has significantiy inhibited at 125 mgJiiter
of NaCl. '
;
3. The algae bioassays indicate Chat CIdA, calcium acetate, and
magne�ium ac�tate are more toxic to aigae than NaCl. It is
estinsted a concen�ration of less than SG majliter of CPiA is
necessary to elir�ixiate any deleterious effects of CFIFi on algae,
9. Ci�A leached through soii resu2ted in some removal of iron,
aluminum, anB seleeted nutrients from the tested seils.
5. In genera3 t7aCl is mora injurious to plants than eMA, Or.ly one
species oE plant, the Russian Olive (��aPa4riU�^ aneu,gt;s is-) was
damaged mot:e by CMA than by NaCl,
6. At4the present time CMA's impacts on the public heaith and safety
aspec,.s of surface water qaality, graund wate� qua2ity and air '
quality are unknown. Kn extensive litesature search faund no
informativn relating to these areas.
7. At t:he CMA concentrations likeiy to be generated by the use af
CMA in :>naw and i�e control, CNiA may be :ess eavironmenta2ly
damaqin� than NaCl.
8. Workers expo�ad to CMA dust should w�ar dust m�sks.
� ReCortmr Aa � nn
CMA appears to Ce iess deleterious to anuati<� anr� terrestrial
eco�ystems thaa :tTaCl. Hcwever, the�e re>alts are based on a
literature search anr7 lim�,ted laboratory study, and as such
sufPer the limitations inr:erent in such evaluations.
IIased an the results of thia sti�3y, it is recammeaded that:
0
->� Y�:� ��...;:,.�,��.�� , �� ��:
__ _ _. _ �. _ w. . a. � ,.. _.:��. ,_„�

1. Additional Iaboratory st.udies be conducted on the way and the
rate by which bacteria degra�es CfdR under various soil and
temperature canditions,
' 2, Cootrolled field testing should be conducted to determine the
fate of CMA in the soil and vegetation and it� impacts on ground
water quality, aquatic ecosystems (parcicularly the lower trophic
levels), and sail chemistry and physics over an extended period of
time. These st�iaies should be performed in climate zones where CMA
is like2y to be used.
3. Research should be conducted intp how to xeduce the dust
problem 3ssociated with CtdA.

TA81.E 1 CP7A1Natt Oamaqe to Ftant Sp2cies
Ahies concolor {mhi4e-tir)
lker saccharum {suqar mapie} �
A�elaacMer canadPnsis Wune berryl
krctostarrhv}ou y„g_„*.,u� {G. ean+anita)
Eetuis CanXrifera {gaper6ark bfrchj
Calcium Mnqnesiun ACetate
(Crwj
S-il
Lorr
lrnr
L9X
Kone
Very tow
S ra
Lcw
Low
L^_M
Hone
Yery irnr
Sodierm Chtoride
(NaCi)
Soil $oray
High Htgh
Maderate Modxrate
xtyr, ut�n
Hfoh High,
Moderate- Maderate_
htgh h�gh
�� Wledecrus dec�rr�nx {I��cense cedar) Lo� Law Moderate Mode^ate
Comus florid� (f}pvering Cogwaodj �Mod2rate None Ntgh High �
Etaeagnus angustifaliu (Russian Otive) Nigh Moderate Low- ModeratE
r„pderate
Frazinus �?nnsyira:�ia (wi:<'�e zsh) �ow Lm,r Moderate Maderate
�a.tfx 'Napa' (flcrering cra6} . tdo6erate !aw Moderate High�
Pinus Jefferxv (daffery ?ine) low � ttone Higb High
Pfnas 1_a,^�ertiana (sugar ;;ire} �orr � Low Nigh Hiqh
Quercus alUa (whita oaki Lox-moderate Low-rtqderate Moderate- Moderate-
Hiqh hiqM
S5W'Sy.S �+bra (red oak} Low-rzoCerate low-moderate Nigh High
Saiix sp. (wiitow) ttone None No�e None
ihv�a occidenialis {tanerfcan
arGorv9tac) I,ow Cow
Yiburnua lantaoa (xayfat�ing tr�eej !ow i.orr
LGu = Oa-25b trea:m.nt reiated Caaage,
Mo6era^e = 26%-75n t!-eacm�± related daaage
Niqh u 76�-lOJ% trc-aVronY reia[ed damage
__ ...___ ___.. . : ..
��I �
Maderate Moder?ze
Hinh Hiyn

Literature Cited in ExecuLive Su.�nmarp
l. Murray, D�. M. and V. F. G7,� Ertyest. 1976. �n Economic
Analpsis of the Environmental Zmpact af Highway Deicing.
EPA Series, EPA 600/2-76-105.
2. Adam, Franklin S. t973. Highw«y Salt: Sacial and
Environmental Concerns. Highway Research Record :30. 425,
Highway ResEarch Board, Washington, D.C.
3. �unn. S. A. and R. V. Schenk. 1971. Alternative Aigh:zay
Deicing (CMA). 9jorksten Research Laboratories.
4. 6reenberg, Arnold. et al editors. 1980. Standard Methods
for the r,xamination nf S�ater and Wastewater. 15th ed.
A.P.A.A. Saashington, D.C. . �
.� �x�-... ��. :��.-��.�� �:�;,�� . �,.-
. . �"� ... ..�. . . . � �� ,�.-:�-.�,»:ze����
� =�
i
, � J �
� ___ _._ �-___

I IC7TRODUCTION
The use of Sodium Chloride (NaC1} for snow and ice removal .
in the United S+ares has risen drama+ically during rhe last
20 years. Currently, between nine and ten million rons of
NaCl are used annually (1). In some areas as muc3-i as 25
tons of NaCl per lane mile are applied each winter. Many
highway departments have adop*ed a bare r� vement policy in
snowy areas and this results in hig'.i NaC1 use. Sare, i.e.,
snow and ice Eree, oavemenr is safer and allows higher
speeds than snow covered pavemenEs. �
Highway depar+ments rely on NaC1 rather than abrasives for
snow and ice control because tl�e deicing sa1+ me1*s the snaw
and ice, thereby hreakina the rond berween the ice and rhe
Pavement. Abrasivzs c90 not melr rhe snow and ice on the
road, rather th�y coat +he snow and ice covered road.
Abrasives 3re more readily blown from the roadway, take
longer ro apply,�reauire more cleanup, and are more expen-�
sive +han tv'aC2. An abrasive coated ice pack is a less fuel
efficient road surface than bare paveMent, and traffic
speeds are reduced.
The use of C7aC1 for highway snow a:�d ice control has serious
d3-e�wbacks. F4aC1 damaq�s venicles, pavemen�, srr�ctures,
v�5e�arion, wildlife, and dor:+estic ceater supplies. {2, 3).
4'herefore, rhe federal Highway Administration is researching
alternafives to PIaCl.
The recent study "Alterna*ive Highway Deicina Chemicals", by
6jarksten Researcn Inc., fias idenrified calciiun magnesium
acetate (CMA) �= a petentia2 alternat_ive +o �IaCl as a deic-
ing agent. This research sl;awed r}��t C�,✓i1`, is ef£eccive in
melrynq ice and snow, is easily s+ored, can be dispersed
with existing equipraent, and unlike NaCl is noncorrosive and
envirorementally acceptable.
€ Bjorl,sten's research included a limi+e� environmental evalu-
! atian cf CMA, conseouentlp a more +horoogh analysis of ChSA's
�f � interac+ions with rhe environment was necessary. The study
regorted here is a lirera+�re and Iimit��? i�rv ,-„� '
' - ra._^Yy stuny
i.. which addr�sses *he no+ential impacts of ChIA en surface
s�rater quality, ys�uund water qualS.tY, aquatic ecologY, �er- ��.
, re�+ria1 ecoloag and soils. These area� nNere s+u�lied in '
� varying degrees of detai2. �.
- C.o co[lmercial sourre af C�7I� existed when +his research ��as �
confluc+ed. The �tf� u�ed in rT:is stuay was e�repared *�y
:.^.ixing arealy+_icai, grade calcium acerate and m3gne5iu�
ace+�ate in a 1:1 eauivale�t .zeigh� ra+ic. �vaC2 ❑sad �ar � ��
c�mpaz�ison �,rirh C*{� cnrina testinc� was kil:;-dried, road �
s a 1'-
�p
, � .. .. �,�.
,
„� �
�..',..,.:,M�:, �........u.�.Y......�...�...�.; . � ...�,.-�.� �..�,�.��s..�.r��•���.�. �
r

The impacts of �tA on surface wa+Pr q_uality, ground water
quality and air qvality were srudied vi>. a Literat�re
search. The irpac+s af C:'�ie, on aqua+.ic ecosys+ems were eval-
uated via a Literature search and via a series of bioassays.
A bioassay is a toxicity test in whic7� I.iving organisms are
expesed ro known �cncentrations cf a potentially roxic
subs+ance for a standar3ized period of time.
Standard static fish bioassa}• procedures were used ro deter-
mine +he effects of C��'.A on rainbaw trou+ (Salmo aairdneri}
and fatheaci minnows (Pimepha2es ��omelas). Both short-terr.i
aeute and long-tern chronic bioassays were conciueted.
CMA's impacts on aquaric producers were studied by means of
algae bioassays. The merhod usefl for +he alyae was a modi-
fication of the U.S. E�virozunental Pro*.ection Agency's (F.PA}
borrled a1gal bioassay *est (4}. The test 3etermines rh=x
�ffecrs of a subsEance on the rn��•.ximum grow+h tGte and r_}�,e
masimum sr�.nding crop of selected algae s�ecies. Single
species tests were performec3 with the green algae
Selenastrum capricornutun, .��nd the blue-qreen alyae Anabaena
flos-aquae. �Iatural k�arer and an artificial mediam were
both used.
CMA's impac+s on z000la:�kton caere studied by near.s �,f water-
flea (Daphr,ia magna} ?�����says. Both short-tena acute and
lonq-t_er.n c;irori'ac D. r�.aCne bioassays wei'� perform�d. Soth
C61A and YaCl were testcd.
ChSt�'s impac*.s�on ter�estrial ecol�7y tae.e studied by meana
of limited vegetation and soil srudies. In the vegetari�n
study, eigh+.een commen '.ighway landscaping plan*_ species
were rested. Borh NaCi an3 C'�iA w�ere tes*ed. Plan*_s were
subie�ra_d r,o either irriqati.or, �ra�er ccntaini�vg one af rlle
tesfed cheroicals, or ra a �oliar spray containing one of the
*estAc� chemicals. The nlants sub;ected +o *he chemicals
were compared to con*rols to aeterraine if +7�e plants were
damaged by '_he chemicals.
Whene�✓er +here are 1on�-term additions of enemical.s *.o the
soil, there is alway� a ques`ion o` �.�2ier?�er or not rhe addi-
tioa of the ahemicsls wi11 reduce soil ferrili+�. Farious
acetates of ammoniun, sodium, and calciu.T, are uSPd fvr
exrracri��e p�irposes i;i sail chemistrY vrocedures. '_rhere-
fore, ir is passibie c.hat Iong_rern C;.:� use might_ z�sult in
a disruption of *.he soil enemisrry and a loss of soil
fer+ility. To investijare iche poten+cial e€fects that CMr�
la3en water mi�ht have on soil c�.emistry, a 1 P= solution was
passecl rhrough seven seiected sail sae:ples. The 2i.quici that
leachec3 t':rovgh ti:fl .,.,i1s �.�as cherically arealyred to de*.er-
�ine if sicni�icar.- a;�o�r:ts o° �:�eta2s or plt�nt tiurrients
were rer�oved tro:a rhe soi1. 9s a eon.trol, d�ioni:ed s.�ar,er
was pa5sed throu�h ot:-�r sarapl�s Cf `.}te sare soils. The
11
� �
. .,,,.r�,.�.., ..� ,,.,�.�e ..
�..,�. _� _ e..�,P.».,w.� . m. ,�...,�.:� . .
.�.� .�., _,..� � ... , .�...-rv , �.�.. .

liquid rhat leached� +hrough these sam�les was chemically
analyzed to �ietermine if significant amounCs of inerals or
plant nctrients�arere removed from *he seil. The results of
the samp).�:s of +he con*rol series were connared with the
results oE the CPtA �eri.es.
liA
€�. ,..�_.._ .,�
y' .

IS CONCLUSIONS Fv\D RECOhi�iF,'7DATI7NS
R. Conclusions
l. CMA is less roxic t_� rainbow trcur {Salmo 9airdneri)
and fa+head minnows (Pimeph�les �romelas +han �IaCl, calcium
ace`ate, or magneszum aeetar�, Maanesium acekafe is slighC-
ly more toxic to rainbow trout and�fa¢head minnows than
NaC1. A conrinuously r.iainrained concenrrarion of 5000
mgfLirer of CMA sligritly delays the harching of rainbow
troi:t, but does not infiuence rhe nu;nher of eqgs that hatch.
2. Warerf�ea (Daphnia magna) bio�ssays in3icat, `_;ar_ the
46 hr LC�4 CMA is 30�k mgfliter wren the CMA is
assc�ciatea with bae+eria, anci i.42S mg(liter when the CM4 is
bacteria free. The 96 hr LC5Q is that concen"_rativn of
a chemical •.ahich ki11s�50s ot tT.e tes+ animals within 96
hours. The lona-terrm chron9.c bioassays indieated rhar_
waterflea reproduction was signi�.'tcaatLy inhibi*ed at 250
mg/liter of CMA. The.96 hr LCS� �.�as for NaCl derermined
to be 45�6 riigJliter. Waterflea reproduction was .
significantly inhibited at 125 mgJlire: of NaC1.
3. The �.lgae t�ioas3ays indica}_a rha+. CMA, calciun acer3te,
ar.d magnesium aceta+e are more toxic to algae than tdaCl. It
is e�tiaiat�d a concentraticn o£ less than 50 mglliter of CMA
is necessary to elimina*.e any deie*er�ous effects of C'�;A on
Algae.
4. CMA leached +hrough soil resulted in some ramoval of
iror., aluminum, and sele�ted nutrients frcm the +�estc�
soils.
5. In aeneral :vTaC1 is more injurious to plants than C'�fA.
On1y one species of planr, rhe Russizn 01ice (El.aeaq�.�r,=
anqustifo2ia) was damaged more by C^1F; than by '7aC1. �
�. �t the ptesent time CDt&'s imoacrs on +he public heal+�h
and safety aspects ef surface water quali+y, qrouiidwater
quali.ty ar�3 air quality are ur;k.no�an. P.n ex+ensi.ve litera-
ture search £ound no info�mation rela+:ina *_o `hese a:eas.
7. At +he CtiA c�ncen+�ations likely to be generar� by +he
us� of C�TMtA in snow and ice eonr�o�, CMA may be less em•irGn-
m�ntully d�maging than hZaCl,
�3. :daz'.cers exrosed `c C'-;£, dt�st st'�o�ld wf�ar dust nzasks.
12

3. Recommendations
CMA a�pears ta be less deletericus to aqcatic and rerres-
trial ecosystems than cl:sCl. i�iowever, rhese re:;ults are
based on a literature search and limited laboratory st�dy,
and as such, suffer +ne limitations inherenr in such
evaluari�ns.
_ Based on the resulrs of this s+udy, it is recommended thar_:
� . 1. Afldi�ional laroz�a+:ory stadi�s be conducted on the way
" and the rate by which bacteria deorades CMA under various
soil and temperature conditians. �
2. Conrra11ec1 field +esr_ing sYic�ulfl be conducted tc deter-
:rine the fare of CPtA in +he soil and vege+ation and its
impacts cn grourdwa+t� �itia;ity, ac�iaa}ic ecosystems fp�rticu-
larly +he lower tronhic level=), ar.d soil chemis+=-�, an3
physics over an extended period of time. These studies
should be performed in climate zones where C.`�L� is iikely to
be useci.
3. Research shou'_d be cancluc�ced into haw ro reduce r}�e dust
problem associated c.ri+h Ct;A.
?3

ziz c�vzRorl�a�T�v Evaz,unTzon=
This study addres�e�d *he impacts of CC4A on sur£ace wa�er
qua2ity and groundwarer qualirv, air quality, a�uatic
ecology, terresrri.al ecology and soils in varyina dEpths. �
The surface wa*er quali+y, aroundwater quality and air
quality inves*.iga*_ions were limited to li+erature surveys.
Darabases searched included: Aqualine, Aquaric Sciences a��
Fisheries Abstracts, Rir Poilution Technical In£orma+-�on
Cen*er, Biological Abstracts (�iosis Previews), CAR �b- �
stracts, Claims/vs. Patent Abstracts, Enviroline, Environ-
mental Bibliography, Life Sciences Collection, Tnstructiona;.
Resources Informa+ion Syste� (ZRZS}, Piational Technical
Snf�rma*ion Service (�TZS? and Poll�ation Ahstracts.
hTo information on calcium acetate's, magnesium acetat.e's, or
CMA's impacts on surface water quality, or groundwar_er�
quality.was foun3 during +he literature search. �
During £ield r_es`s conducted� by Iowa and Mic�igar. signifi--
canr amounts of fine C21A dust were generated during deicing
operations (5, 6). The dust may be due to rhe sma11 CMR ��
particle size used during �he testing. Vo intormation con-
cerning the meclical imolica+ions oE a C�SF: dust inhalarion
wa� discovered durin5 aur literature search. How.ever, .
inhalation o£ any dus* can ;» tenrially �?amage� lung rissue.
Further research shoul3 be conducrecl in*o ho�.a the Ct4A dus*
�roblem can be resolved. Un*.il effective dust control can
be achieved, workers using C"�iA should wear dust masks.
An increased inpuC o€ calcium and mag��esium in a k�aterbody
��u1d Lead `a an increase in water hardness. i�fowever, this
would aor t�e expecteci unless relatively �arge amounts of CMA
en+�� a sr.tall waterbowy. P7ith the exception o£ an increase
in water hardness, it is difficul* to envision sianificanr
deleterious effecrs fra-n sligh+ly elevared calciurn and
magnesium 1evels. �
The acerzr� ion, orhile mildl,� *oxic +o sam2 £ish, will prob-
ably be decomoosed by bacteria before it acenmalates ro �
�roub2eso:�e levals. mhe clecarnposition of acetate could
tesult in localiz.e3 disso2ved oxyg� decleticn wi•`_nin w�,te:
bodies, hov;ever, it is antici.nated the levels necessary for
this to occur prohably wi11 :ior be reached during deicir.g
procedures. �
14

6. Aquatic Ecoi.ogy
1. Fish Bioassays
CMA, when used as a roadway deicer, will £inc its way in
runoff ro s+reams and lakes. E3ecau�e fish occupy the high-
est tropic level in the wa+er bedies mosr lii;ely to receive
CMA laden runoff, rwo species of f�::,}; were tes•�.ed t.o ohserve
the effecrs of C�7A, calcium ace*ate, an^ r�.^.actiesium acetate.
The two species chosen �.rere a cold wafi� -�cies, the rain-
bow trour (Sa2no qairdneri), and warm watExr �recies, *he
fathead minnow Pimez�hales promelas). The r�i. e��t of C+SA on
eyed eggs of rainbow tront was�.also tested.
Short-term, staric bioassays and long-term, renewal cio-
assays were perfermed. The. staric bioassays o�er�e gc:rfcs-:�:��.��>-?
on borh fathead minnow Fingerlings and rainboor trour_ finc:.ar._
lings to detPrmine r}le ,_��;ro .�xy��tY �f C��, calcium �
acetate and maanesium acetate. The chronic bioassays were
performed on eyed eggs af rainbow trour to determine the
effect of Ct�iA on egg development, hatchinq, and larval
development. The bioassays and interpreration of results
were perforRed hy personnel. frcm rhe California Depar+Ment
of Fish ar.d Game, Water Po ll.u+ion Conrrol Laboratory.
a. Nl.a+_erials and Methods
1) Short-term Static [3ioassays - S+andardized me�.hods
deve�o�ed by the California Deparrment of.Fish and Game
were used (�}, The results were ex�res�ed as 96 hr
��. LC50's. The 96 hour LC5� is that concer,tr<rion
oP a toxicant which kills 50`s of the tes+ organi ^,s
during a 96 hour period.
The rainbow r.rcz�r v3ere acquire�' from +ne Pdir.tbus Fish
Hatche�y in Rancbc Carc3ova, California. The fa+head
minnews were acquired Pro;r� the Chico Fish Farm in Chico,
California.
The water used for testing was �and £il+ered water from
the American P.iver in Raacho Corc9ova, California. Prior
to *esring, a11 fi�h were acclimat�d for seven days in
I;merican Ri-rer wate:.
Pr.eliminary ran�e fin3ing bioassays we:e cor�duo+�e3 to
est�blish the chemieal eoncentra*ion ranges wnich ��ou1rl
lafer be tested in the defir.i+.ive bioassays. In the
ran�e finding biaassays, oae-qall.or. wide-�rauthed jars
containing 21 2i_*ers ef solution we:e used. Two ro four
fisY, c.�2re placed in eacn iar for ?_4 i���ars,
15
� _ _
� � .� ��>,, � -�.��� ��:�,
��. �_�� � . . . ..,� �.. . . _� , . �, � �.�� �.���_����,� �
�.__.. _ _._. u�_ �_„ _ , _ : ��,

Definitive bioassays were condocted using 20 liter aquar-
iums containirg 10 lirers of solurion. For each concen-
tration tested, there w�re three replicates. Ten fish
were ad�ed to each replicate, so +ha*, a toral of 30 fish
were exposed ro each concentration of toxicant.
CMA was rested on rainbow trout, while calciw:. ace*ate
and maanzsiu� acetate were *.ested on both rainbow trout
and farhead mir.now. .
Rainbow Trout f,Fig. 1} were tested a+ 15°C + 1°C while
fathea3 minn:>w were te:sted a+ 2Q°C + 1°C. The aquariums
were checked daily £or dead fish which were immediately
removed. The dissol•✓ed oxygen level, pH, and water ren�p-
eratura �aere also measured. All results were recarded
dailt. At the end of 96 nours the total number of fisY.
`hat �;ied at �ach concenrrarion was de_termined. The
LCS� values were calculatecl hy linesr inr�rpola+ion
of mortality vs. concenrrarion data pLotted on
pro�ability paqer. . .
2} T,ong-r�rn Renewal IIioassay
R long-term bioassay was used ro test rhe impacts of CMA
on rainhoer rrour Pggs and larva (Fiq. 2). Eyed rai�bow
trout eggs were oo*aine:� trom the rlmeriean River Fish
Harchery in 12ancho i;ordova, California.
Thirt�, egqs ts=ere ,�-7aced in each of s�ecially c�nst'rucred
egg co.ps for part of the bioassay. The egg cups were
construc+.Ad from 3Gmm diameter acrylie tubing (Fig. 3}.
The +uning was cut into segrae:nts thar were 80rrm lon3.
Nylon�nett�,�� was secu+-ed to one en�. of each tube wirl-,
silicone seaiant. The egg cups were at+ached by nylon
monofiliment fishing line and fishing r3ckle svrivel sn�ps
to oscillatinq arms driven by an electric motor (�). The
whole apparatus was nlaced in 20 1i*.er glass aquariums
which contained 10 liters of res+ solution. The eqg cups
were acijuste3 so r}�ar +7z� ton of. rhe e9g cup. did n�t be-
come submeraed, while tne eggs remainad submerged. Air
was bixbbled t�rouc�h the soiurion through 1 ml. milk
pipe++es.
Aft�r hatchi.^.g +he alevins w=ere +ransFerred to o�en rop-
ped nylon screen aievir. charnbers. The chambers were cul�-
oidal wi�h sides apprexi^�ately 10 cm. lor.g and an open
rog. The ale�in ctYa�r-.Ue�s were piaced in the same aqcar.-
iums lat;iah contained rhe eao cuos, The open r��� of the
a2evin cha*:bPrs i��ere }:ept aboae the �urface �£ th2 ;vater.
1 S F�

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Fiqura 1.'{�,u�7 ���'�o�t `r��,�r ,'s3 �o ���irtin�ri)
US�"! 'fl SCdCif: iC�.iC2 .0(�i.��t% F,i^,3Si7�iS.
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16
�.�... ,... ,�... � a�r:r,�'�":x-' .. �' . .: ".:suHi..'�

�x
S+Tnen +he fish reached the swim up fry stage they were
transferred to a nylon net enclosure s��spended in the
test aquarium. The nylon ne* encicsure facilitated the
daily «�xchanae of the test solution {Fig. 4}.
Twc, eaa cups, containing a total of 6U eggs, were placed
ir, each of the foilowing test cor,cenrrations of C241�:
1 mg/li'�er, 50 mq/liter, 1000 mg%liter, and 5000
mgJliter, and the control 0 ng/liter. Three egq cups,
conraining a total of 90 eggs, :aere placec' in each of rl.e
following rest concenrrations of CMIt: 100 mg/lirer and
550 mgjl:ter.
The *est solutions Laere cv,anged daily. This was accom-
plished by moving thP tesr animals ro aquariums eantain-
ing fresh solurion. Af`er use, tne :�quariums were rinsed
w�irt� q�,.,�,-ican Ri:�.er war�t �.�� Lilled with Fresh re;t
solutian. -Proper amounrs �£ dry calcium aceta*e and maq-
nasium acetate were added to warer to make up tfie 500
m�.�/liter, lOCO mofliter, anc� 5000 mg/li+er +est concen-
tra*ions. A stock solution of 10 mgjml of CF7A was used
tc make up the 1 mqJlite.r, SO mgJliter, and 100 mglliter
test sol�tions.
F.ach day the num�er of deac� egqs, ha+ched alevins, dead
aievins, living swi�n up fr}r and dead swim up fry were
recorde<9. The k9issc�ived oxygen 1eve1, pH, and wzt��r
temperarure were also measurvd �3aily. The �air te�aper.a-
tnr� in tile eavzronmental cnamber was con*.inuouslf
recorded ancI remained at 9° + l°C th;aurh�ut the test
period.
b. �tesults
1} 51,orr_rer;;t gtatic Bioassays - Resul.ts of the static
acute bioassays are shown ia Table 1 C"1r1 anc calc.iam ace-
ta*e ase tess roxic to rainbow trour than NaC1. 6;acrne-
siur!, acetate is more toxic to rainbox� trout PIaCi. For
far}t�3_3 minnows, :�agnesium ac=tate is more roxic than
NaC1, while calcium acerate is less tox;c *.han h;aC1.
2?

___.� �„
�,:�� ,�,��, M,,.��_
� ���� __.���� _���,.a� ��,���
c
TR3LE 1
Resulrs of the Short-term Fish }3ioassays
(LCSp's in mg/lite)
NaCl ChtA
Rainbow 12,200� 18,700
Tr�ut
Fat}xead 21,400 21,000 14,300 9,000
Minnaw
Ca Acetate
26,200
Mq Acetate
4,300
?7 r.nnq_,-��� ny�����yy -� F��nqal infecri.on rc +
the ;00 mq,�liter und 566 m! r � is.ec', in
g,1i er concerrrations despite
repeste� treatmcnt efforrs. It is well Y.nown thar fur:gi
can affect survival and developrsent in fish. -
T.dditiona?.Ly. disrun+ion of r;�e air supply in +he L00
ma(liter tank caused 10 alevins to die. Consequenrly,
the resul+_s are not quan*.ir_arive.
Des?ite +he prohlems, so.ne results were ob*ained. Scme
aif£icuZtv in hatching due to eqg membrane hardening, was
oUserved i^ rhe 500� mg/Liter concen-.rarion. The iarval
fish appeared �:o oe less able ro free themsel,ves cam-
p2e*e1y frc� the eqq she12 for several days, Two o� r_he
deveZoeing rish were unahle to pene*rate the eqa mem-
branes. Healthy alevins were released fran rhese eggs by
rupturir,q *he eqq �ne-;i;rane with sliqht pressure �ro.a a
alass rod.
Ccr.; 2usicirs
i�iagnesium acetate .is siightl-y more +osic and ealcium
aceta�e is slic�h*Sy less tosic rp fathead minncws and
rainbcu� tro;:t than P;aCL CMT. is iess to�ic +.o rainbow
krout than tdaCl or ei+her acerart. tested senararely.
A �oatinuousl_y ^�3ir;+,ained coacentrstion ct 5000 mg�ZitPr
of C�`,a impacts the membranes of rain�ow t��ut eqgs. This
suggesrs that sl.igntly niqher C^1�i levels couid cause
increased ha+�.hir�q ,,,or+ality. Fiowever, a sustained
concenrratio:t of this level during snow anfl ic� removal
is unlikely*.
Because thi� laas a labor�roYy �+u�3p, it ��zs n�t cc�,-c,�-
pletely refiec^ the actttal canditians in +',e £ield.
,�
scientifieally desiane�, field s+.ud-y shonl�' k�e Gerformed.
�
�
fhr
»R Da
�

�;, , . ,�
.�
_ _ �: � �� � _�, �,_.,� �. ��..P..
,: �,,. �...a��..H �.,.�.� u,r� ��_ _ �-�. ed � _ �r� .�
�-
` �"� r '' «� � `��� ,
� � �,> ���� � � �� ��,�
� �� � � � .� � � -0�� �
� � - �� �K �--�-,�-:� ,� _ � �� .�
� -�`
� ,. '����``�c . . � �_r"'_ � �� _ � � � �. � ..,.
�
Fiqure 3• Acrylic eqq cups.
��,vre 4. D�en to=,�e�! nflrr c;;aa �ns,�bers wi`,.;� alktir,s.
1�

��, „�� �,,�v� �.n�y� , ,,,...,. s r
2. Zooplankton Bioassays
a. In�roduction
Zooplankton are small aquatic enimals that accupy a positian
in the food web that is intermediate between some microbes of
the lower tro�hic levels and the carnivores of che higher
tro�hic levels. The 4T«terflEas oE the Qrder Cladncera focm
a stgnificant partion of the zaoplankton in many waters, and
are an important source of food for both aquatic insects and
fish (9).
D�r�hnia maana is a fresh Waterflea found przmarzly ia ponds
containinc� larqe amocnts of suspended organic matter. 'Lt
feev�s on algae, protoaoa, bacteria, and organic detritus, g.
;^„g`czna is *�2�rant of lcw cr.ygen l�v�ls, an� is ger.eral2y mcre
sensitive to pollutant� than fish. It is also relatively
easy to cukture. Zf the proper conditions are main�ained,
females will naturally clone giving rise to ,oarthenogenetic
yaung which are genetically identical to their mathec� and to
each other.
The ease of culture, sensitirity to gollution, and the
abiliby ta praduce l.arge numbers of identical test animals
m�kes �g;;aai„� �a„� ar, ideal organism for bio�ssays, g,
�aong has eeesi usec� in toxiei�y studies for many years,
b. !�aterzals and Met-hods
Aaphn�a �gn;; were purchased Erom a biological ^>upply
com�sny. p. ma�r�2 was mass r_ultured in a 20 qallor: aquari�m
and ir, three 2iter jars. The individuals actua]ly
used in the c�xicily tests were cul'cured in 12� ml
wide cnouth flint glass bottles (Figure 5}, All
cultures were ke�t at room tenperature. The culture
medium was made by mixing 15 mq af dried sheep manure,
75 am of dried garden soil, and 3 litzrs of
dechlorznated L-ap wster. This mixture was ailowed to
stand £or 2 davs, Pil.tered through cl�eese clokh, and
thxough a,100 mesh filterin9 cloth. The filtrate was
allowed to stand for one week bef�re use. The cultare
medium consiste:� of 250 mi a� the original filtrate
acldec3 to 650 ml of dechlorinated tap water. The
original filtr�te was kept until the strp�Iy was
exhausted, then a new supply was ma�e up, Three times
a week .O1 mg of yeast and about 100,GG0 ,�-'�jenasteum
car,rz�arn�t�m cells �rere added to each culture jar.
Thc yo�ng produced in the 225 mi flint 91ass jars wexe
removed daiiv tFigure 6}, tveonates to be nsed in biaassays
were plared in 3 cammon vessel cantaining fr�sh r.�edium frcm
th� sar�e ha�ch a� ,,2edium uved in the bioass<�y. If �ot r.eedFd
fvr a bioassay, the young aere either cuitured ar disc�erded,
��
� '`
� �� � �

� . � .,,.�x
v .�� u .:� � .. . r... �a� �,� � ��,� ,� . �r..�,�. , � �..,_ . . � � ,.��� ,,� .�. �: .�.
Figure 5o Individual 725 ml k�ide mout�� jars used for
raisirg individual Daphnia and conducC9rg
tests. Large aquariu:u in background used
for mass culturing.
Figore 6. Bac�yre�nd tig�ht scurce used to vie;a
D;7t�nia curing tesCin�o
i�.:� � � � �. _,_ . �,� �w .>�� , � _w u �. _ . �. K �__ �� � . ��,_�.,., _ , ....�.__ _. _
� ,

1. Short-ter� Bioassays - Short-term static b.ioa�says were
used to determine the median lethal concentration (46 hr
LCsp) for CPfA, calcium acetate, magnesium acetate, ar�d NaCl.
The LC50) is that concentrati�n of toxicant which kills 50� of
the test animals zn 95 h�urs. Tables 3, 4, 5, and 6 shows
the concentrations for each deicar that was tested. In every
test each concentration and each control was run in
trip2icate.
The individual test;, were conducted in 125 ml wide-mouth
flint glass jars to which 100 ml of test solution or control
solution was addad. The control solutiott consisted of the
growth medium. The test solution consisted af growth medium
plus a measured amaunt oE deicer,
.
After the various deicer concentrations and t�A �an��ol wer�
prepared, lp neonates <24 hr, old wer.e cransferred to each
bottle using e large �ore pipettP (Figure 6j, The number of
nonmotile teat animals was determined every 24 hours. The
test animals were not fed during the test procedure. After
46 h�urs the LCSq wus calculated using the bfnamial moving
averaqe and probit methods.
In the initial shart-term bioassays large amounts of bacteria
grew ir� the higher concer.tratior.s of Cf�?, calcium acetate,
and maqn>siun acetatE. Tentative resuits indicated that the
bacterial blcom5 could have been killirg the g, maana,
To determine if the bacterial blaqms were killing the test
animals, the test pr�cedure was modified to minimize the
potential to- bacterial blooms to develop. All glassware was
washed with phosphorus fxee deter.gent, rinsed with a 20�
sclu�ion o£ hydrochloric acid, rins�d with deionized water�
�utoelaved for 30 �inotas and dried overnight at 11Q C. The
t�:st medium was autoclaved for 45 minutes either prior to the
addition af the tested dei.cer, or in one case after the
addition of the �ei.cer. The g. �ana necnates were washed in
decP,lcrinated water, and transferred to .;te;ile medium priar
to placem�nt in the test medium. Ta�lE 3 shows those tests
in which the bacterial growth redacing techr�iques were vsed.
2. :.ony-team 6ioassays - Long-term bioassays were used to
test the chror,ic effer_ts of CMA, calcium acetate, maynesium
acetate, and NaCl. Re�roductive success was used as a
measure af chronic effects ,n the long-ter� bioassaps because
it was as�umed that th� toxicant level which has no
reproductive impairment will have no detec�ab2e chronic
eifects on the individual on tlie population.
The test medium for �he long term bioassays was prepared in
the sa�� w�y th�t the test me�ium fur the short ter.m
bioassais was �rep�red, The concentrations far deicer testec
were chosen based on the results of the short-term bioasGays.
Table 2 shows the concentrations of t��e various deicers that
22
.<
� _�4.�. z_.� . .w �

Tabte 2- Ct�IA, HaCI, Catcium Acetate, and tlagnesium Acetate
Concentrations Tested in Leng-Term Static Qioassays
(Concertrations in �ng/literj
C1�lA Run I
50Q
lOQ
4
0�8
Q (Contrel)
Mg^�cetate
1�00
1�0
TO
1
0 (Cantrol}
CMA Run 2
500
250
125
62,5
� (Control}
iva C 1
2500
5Q0
100
20
0 (Controt)
23
CaAcetate
�000
100
10
1
0 {Control)
t .

�� �._ _ �_ �� �� �e � � � �
� � M,. ���� � �. _ � � ,, � <.,�.F,.�s,�. x =
��� .��
Table 3- Results af shori-ierin 6aphria maqra bioassavs �si�
�a7c�um M�qnes�um .,cetate
Test Run 1 - [tcn-ste�•i1e med�a
Concentrations Number of tiumber of test orgaoisms nonmotile at:
mqititer test organisr„s 24 hrs 4$ hrs 72 hrs 96 hrs
8355 30 30 30 30 30
1677 34 15 18 22 p5
161 30 p g 6 6
_ 77 30 2 5 8 11
0(Controi) 30 1 7 2 13
7est Run 2- hbn-sterile media
Concentrat�ons Number of �inmber of test organisms nonmotile at:
�9Jliter test organisms 24 ';rs 48 hrs 72 hrs 96 hrs
1000 15 1 7 14 15
500 15 0 2 3 5
100 15 0 0 0 0
0(Control) 75 0 0 0 0
LC50 estimated by:
binomial method
95% confidence limit;
m�ving average method
95o confidence iimits
pro�it method
95`,; confidence limits
' - 653,0 572.2
- - 500-104Q 700-1�00
" - 653.0 -
' - 533.5-767.4 -
` - 641.4 _
' - 525.2-785.2
�

Test Run 3- Non-sterile media
Concentrations Plumber of Plumber of test organisrns nonnatite at:
mg/liter test organis�ns 24 hrs 48 hrs 72 hrs �96 hrs
2000 30 0 10 19 30
400 30 1 l 3 25
80 30 0 4 12 72
i6 30 d 0 Q �
0(Controt} 30 0 0 0 1
105� estimated by:
binomiaT methad
45% confidence 7imits
moviny average method
95p confidence limits
probit meYhod
95� confidence timtts
Test Run 4- Sterile media
Co�centrations Mumber of
,�gl7iter test orqar,isms
10,�00 �0
2,000 30
400 30
80 30
0 (Cantrol) 30
LCSn estimated by:
tainomial method
95X confidence limits
mo��ing average method
95r confidence limits
probit nethad
45"n confidence limits
7386.9 113.5
400-2dQ0 16-400
138E.9 144.4
943.7-2430.3 28.3-222.1
1337.4 152.9
0-m 0-��
Nurnber of test organisms nonmotile at:
24 hrs 43 hrs 72 hrs _
3Q 3� 30
� s s
0 0 4
Q G 1
0 0 0
L5
95 irs
30
14
4
1
0
3001.4 286i3O 2748.1
Z000-1�SDO0 ZOQO'IO)QQO 20Q0'10YOOO
- 2149.5 1421.4
- 1551.3-3002.6 943.2-2173.3
- 1971.3 1526.6
_ p_� p_�

Test Run � - $terite media
Concentrat4ons Number of Number of test orqanisms nonmotile at:
mq/l �t __„_._,est cr2anisms 24 hrs 4� hrs 7Z hrs 96 hrs
bp00 30 24 30 30 30
�;
240Q 30 2 2 2 9
96Q 30 1 1 1 1
38� 30 0 0 0 0
Q(controi) 30 �J 0 0 0
LC50 estimated by:
binwnia? method
95% confidenc� limits
maving average method
45% confidence linits
probii rrt�thod
95X cc�ngidence limits
4222.9
24U0-60p0
4223-0
3661.9-49&2.3
41s'8.4
0-�
35L9.4
2400-60Q0
3250.4
2801.8-396fi.4
3289.9
0-�
2942.Fs
2400-6000
2946.6
2259.1-"s125.5
2766.2
2264.9-3239.3
Test Run 6- Pdociifieu qrowCh r�educin� methr�d/seeding.
A. h'�dif�ed bacterial �rowth reducing techniques.
Concentratio�s Namber of N�mber or' tF�sC organisros no�moC9'e at:
ma/L �est orcanisms 24 hrs 48 hrs 72 hrs 96 hrs
6000 30 20 30 30 30
240d 30 13 27 29 24
960 30 0 £3 17 19
384 30 0 0 d p
154 �0 0 0 0 0
0(control} 6 0 0 0 0
LCr�p estimat�d by:
binomial meEhod
95" cenfiGence timits
movina average method
45% confidenee linits
probit r�ethod
95� corfi�enc� ii�rits
3109.3
2400-60Q0
3412.4
2699.9
35��7.�
286C,�-49�}..3
2�
1317.9
9bd-2400
1322.6
I062.1-1683,0
1305,1
i0£s6.4-1567.7
881.9
384-2�00
1001.I
H�5.5-1209.9
4&9.2
792.9-11'E.4
830.5
a84-460
958.5
777.4-I227.0
844.1
759.8-1075.3

�_�
..s�_�..� _.«�, X:� ��4��;-�
_ . �. �r�,.m .��,�_� �� �p„_ � �_r �, �� � t��,.A�$ ., �: �:���
B. Modified bacterial growth reducing tecbnique aod see6fng
witM1 unster#tized cuiture medium.
Concentrations Number of Number of tett organisms nonmotile at:
_ mq/� test oraanisms 24 h s 43 h s 72 h s� 46 hrs
600� �30 24 30 30 30
2400 30 21 24 24 36
460 30 7 11 13 74
384 30 . 0 0 0 0
154 � 30 0 0 0 0�
0(Control) 30 0 0 0 p
Test Ru� 7- Mized 6ioassay
A. 9acterial 9rowth reducing techniques.
Concentratians Rumber of Num6er of test organisms nonrwtiie at: ��
m911 test orqanisms 24 hrs 43 5rs 72 hrs 46 h s
56"v0 36 30 30 30 30
2400 J0. 26 3� 3^ 3Q
960 30 0 4� 25 25
364 30 0 0 � t � 10 .
0(Control} 34� 0 0 0 6�
��56 Estimated by:
- binomiai methatl 727.9 7338.1
95% confidence tinits 960-2400 960-2400
�ving averace r,e,hod - �yZp
95a confidence limi4s - 7041.6-Id59.2
probit methad _ �za2 q
95% confidence limits - p�
6. Unsteriiized culture madiun.
676.2 S1C.3
38F-960 38d-960
676.2 574.3
594.5-7d0.0 310.4-oaa.p
699.5 508.1 �
Sd9 A-813.9 335.4-b28.0
Concentrations "lumber of Humber of test orqanssms nonmetite at:
mq/L test ot�qanisms 24 hrs 4$ hr= �2 h s 4� ,r
6000 30 30 's0 34 3�
2Add 30 24 30 30 3�j
90� 30 i$ 2J 30 30
364 30 Zl ZS 28 "<3
- 0(Controtj 30 0 0 p p
LL�O estimated by:
binemtial method
95% cmrfidence iirits
erov+.ng avera9e :�ethod
95a Confidence iimits
prebit methe�d
95n ccnfidence li,�its
189i.6 1259.5
9fiu-2d�0 3d4-2^JO
1291.6 '.259.5
1625.2-2327.7 S�a".d-1&4Lc"
2826.7 7315.0
811.2-1'.071.9 7p70.1-tEt6.Q
��
? . ..�;-::,., �.
lO5A.5
384-2G00
iW5L.2
0'99.o-t?C1.5
IC53.3
377.7-126d 9
944.4
384-24�0

Table 4- Resuits of ;hort-term D„phnia maqna bioassays usinq_Calcium Acetata
Test Run t- �don�steriTe medium
Concentrations tdumber of Number ❑f test organisms nonmotile at:
r.�g(� test organisms 24 Frs 48 hrs 72 hrs 96 hrs
7500 3Q 21 28 34 30
500 30 0 1 14 21
lOd 30 0 1 2 2
ZO 30 0 0 0 0
0(Controt) 40 0 0 Z 15
Test Run 2- tJan-sterite medium
Concentrations Mumber of t�umber of test organisrrts nonmotile at:
_; I�_ test organisms 24 hrs 48 hrs 72 �rs 96 firs
1000 34 13 19 28 30
500 30 2 5 16 16
250 3Q 0 0 0 1
725 30 0 0 0 1
62.5 30 � 0 0 i
0(Control) 30 0 Q p 1
LCsa ?stimated by:
binomial method
95� confidence limits
moving average method
95w eonfidence timits
prabit method
95b canfidenee timits
- 48 hrs 72 hrs
- 828.6 484.8
- >500 250-7C00
- H28.6 579.5
- 691.4-1177.7 457.3-592.5
- 834.5 520.d
- 705.8-1051.0 450.G-5Q0.7
28
96 hrs
487.7
250-1�00
481.7
4i1-643
441.4
p_�

. __ ___ _
___
Tab1e 5.- Resutts af ,hort-term Daphnia maqna_ 6ioassavs usinq F4aqnes�um-F�cetate
Test Run 1- Non-sterile media
Concentrations Number of Wumber of test organisms nanmotile at:
in mgf� __t?st orc�anisms 24 hrs 4g hrs 72 hrs �c �-�
7500 30
5d0 3p
100 3p
2a 30
0 (Control) 30
Test Run 2- tNon-steril� �edia
Concentrations Yumber of Number of test o
in mg/l test orc�anisms ?A hrE
lOd�
504
250
725
62.5
0 (Control)
30
30
30
30
30
3Q
LC50 estimated by
' binomial method
95% confidence timits
1
0
0
�
�
0
15 30
0 g
0 0
0 p
Q 2
1
0
a
0
0
Q
sms nonmotit2 at:
t
30
4
0
0
75
20
0
0
0
0
a
96 t.rs
857.1
500-100Q
Test R�n 3- Nen-steriTe medi3
Concentratio�ss Number of Number of test organisms nonnntile at:
in mg/t test orcanisms 24 hrs Gz3 hrs 72 hrs �6 hrs
20Q0 30 4 72 Zp 27
400 30 0 6 7 28
�4 30 Z 9 4 9
T6 "s0 0 Q p p
0(Contro;) 3C q 0 0 1
LC50 estimated by: - - 72 hrs 96 hrs
b{nonial method - - 1090.0 126.6
95�, corfidence limit; - - 409-2p00 &Q-40Q
mavin� �r�raga mPbhod - - ln9p<� i3g,a
95`� confidence 7imits � - 665.1-2173.5 9 L 6-203.2
probit �+rehad - - 89$.i 154,6
9S`=, confidenue l��rit> - - �-m p_�,
�-o � ,�.� �.,
2y

Tabie 6- Resniti of shcrLt=rm Oaphnia maqna bicassays usinq So4i• ChloriCe Naq )
Test �un 7 - ryon-steri)e techniqu:
Concentratiarts Numher ef Number of test animais nonmotite at:
�� _�Sll te5i orqa "sns 24 hrs 48 h•s
7�,600 �p �� 10
7.000 10 0 0
� 700 � 16 . . p �
0 {Controi) 1a 0 0 . .
T€st Run 2- hon-sterite technique � � .
Concentrations� Yumber of 7lumtrer of test organisns �pnmotile at: �
�° "C1L test or anisms . pa hrs 48 hrz 72 hrs 46 nrs�
16.600 30 3a . 39 9� 3p ...
5,000 30 27 30 30 30
2,006 3U 7 7 4 ll
Sa0 36. 4 ' 3 13
0 (Ccntrot) 30 p � j � ��
Test Run 3- Non-sterite Cechnique ���� .
Conce�strations t�umher of Number of test or�anisms noneroiite at:
fR ��'�� test or anisms 2G hrs Ag hrs t2 hr� gr� �.,�s
� � S•�Q 1`� i2 14 IS 14
3.CC0 / 75 0 3 8 10
Q 1�•0!iCl'0:� �5 C �. Q I
Test R1n 4- Ster*ie tzchnique
Concentra;5ons Humber of
10,000 3q
Z•�QO 30
a00 30
BO 3p
0 (Carttrol} 30
Sun�er of test arganisms nanmotite at:
34 3� 30 36
° a � a
� � Q 0
0 p Q d
� � � 0
TetT Rur.�S - Stersie techniGue ��
Contentratior,s 4umber af Yvmber of [est oreanisms ncnmo;i7e at:
j° '"4�� •est orqaniscs Zd h 5 4F h s 72 hrs 46 h s
6,000 30 30 30 30 30
2.�0 30 0 6 0 0
Qfi� 36 0 Q
6 p
384 30 0 6
0 p
0(Contrat) 6Q p d� 6 O
Test Run b- Sterile Cechnigvn
ConcenCrattons ;{,y�;��,� a{ y;��r of test 6rgan#sms non�tile at:
in ^.rolL .o�. �.,,..,..... „,._. ._.
6.G60 3� < 5 ...___!
:.5�0 `+ 6
3Q
3�Gi,0 3Q � 0 � P }
2.560
30 6 0 0 0
2,4^v0 3r� 9 1
6 �Cen*r�t' �n � � � �
��

Tast Ruri 7- S�criie technique
Concentrations tiumber of Number of test arganism; nonrnotile at:
m�c�'l test orqanism, 24 hrs 48 hrs 72 hrs 96 hrs
5,000 ?0 77 26 29 29
4,500 30 3 7 8 15
4,000 30 1 3 5 1
3,5Q0 30 0 0 0 0
3,G0� 30 0 2 3 3
0(Controt} 30 1 t 1 1
LC�� ectimata� b�;
bi�cmial method
95t confidence limits
moving average nethod
95h confidence ltmits
probit metho�
95fi co�fidencE li,iits
- �8 hrs ?2 hr, H6 hrs
- 4647.3 4640.9 4500
- 4500-5�00 4504-5000 4d00-5dOd
- 4697.3 4640.4 4500
- 4588.4-4743.2 4542.9-4718.5 4272.7-4679.1
- 4666.4 4511.4 4317.6
' �_x Q_m �_ai
ai

were tested,
Ten replicates were used for each cor,�entration a.nd contral
in every test. A neonate p, maana <24 hrs old was introduced
into each test bott2e, ar.d allowed to mature during the
course of the experiraent, The test was concluded when the
contrcls arodured at least six broads ef young. The total
n�imber of young prodviced at each test concentration and in
the controls wa� determined, Single factor analysis of
varianr_e and the Student-h�ewman-Keuls test were used to
dct�rm'_.^.e i� there was any difference amonq the test
concentrations and the control (10, 11), The hypothesis
tested in all cases was H�: the mean number of young
proauced in the control test bottles ecuala the mean number
of youna produced in the test concer.�rations. All
significance tests wer� done at the .05 level.
r, it�,+cylt�g
Shoct-term Biaassays - The results of the �hort-term
bioassays used to determine the acute r,:edian 2ethal
concenkration (LC 50 )£or C,+SA, ca2cium ace�ate, ^�agnesium
acetate, and NaCl are shown in Tables 3-6. The foilowin� is
a �umr�ary of these results:
<384 mgjliter
1421 mg/li�er
=�82 mgJlitec
I27 ng/li.ter
4500 mg/liter
- CMA when bacteria are preseat,
- Cf�:A whPr bacteria are redaced
- Ca2ciu:� acetate when hacteria are preser,t,
- Maqr.esium acetate when bac`eria are preser�t
- haCl
Long-term Bioassays - The results of the CtdA, calcium
acetate, ma,nesium acetate, and NaCl long term �uioassays are
shocan in T�ble 7, 8, and 9s The maximu*� concentrations �±
wnich no significant decrease in reproduction was noted ?�er
I25 mcJliter - for CMIi
504 mgJliter - for Nat;l
1d0 mgfliter - for Calcium acetate
100 mqjliter - far magn�:sium acetate
These leveis are the No Oiaserved Effects Concentzations for
the varioas deicers.
d, �iscussien
Ct�tA is readily used as a nutrient by a variety o� bacreric,.
The tests indicate that the bacterial bZooms wtiich occur in
CMA solutions at eoom ten7p�:rature are delet�cious E� �aai�riia
;'tdQRd. p, ms�µ.:,� in tPst ;ars with bacteria2 bla�r;
exgerienced 'n�;�vy and usua3.2y completc martality. The
r:ortality ray 'r,av�� �een due co oxygen deptet:on cau;ed bLL ';ie
high oxyc�en deman: of the bae�eria? bloom. The hiar
uBti�Eiiu<. t�iCS�r�i i3i2 iP,d�2 1� 1i2CB5S3i?z+ �O �Si.di7iZ5i1 i.ku
distinct IsC7� values, one for CMfi a.d one Lar th� bacteri�l
32
f
J t ,

����.A���. ,� _ �. � .� _
a�� � .:.� n� . �_.,. �.v��. e�_ _ �...�, ��._,� _. �� . �
Tab1e 7- Danhnia maona Lonq-TPrri C"=�P T��+ RFsutts
CMA Test Run #1 - The number of young praduced in each replicate
durin9 the bioassay.
Jar Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 3 9 10 tfe�n St.Dev.
L -
� 500 0 0 0 4 1 C 0 9 0 Q 1.4 2e95
� 700 53 4b 67 53 59 53 52 53 65 62 56.3 6.65
� 2t� 53 44 44 4S 42 4i 48 44 40 55 46.6 4,76
v.
0 4>0 32 54 47 55 52 61 49 20 52 27 44.3 14.61
m Oo$ 59 37 46 58 40 1$ 38 51 30 34 41.7 72.75
i
� 0(Controt} 30 62 3Q 31 42 36 47 28 46 53 40.51 11.46
d
U
C
O
V
Comparisons of the means of young produced at each concentration.
Co�centration (mg/�iter) 500 100 20 4 0.8
mean ; of D. n�agna born 1.5* 56.3' 45.6 44.3 41.1
*significznt difference frpm Contr•ol at the �.05 level>
Ct�A Test Run ii2 - The nur,Ser of yaun� ��rc��nced in each replieate duriera
the second Q�7k long-�erm biaassay.
0
4Q.5
Jar Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 3 9 10 F�ean St.Dev.
J_�_�� ..__�___
a' 500 D 0 0 D 0 0 0 0 0 Q 0 Q
� 25d 0 3 0 42 J 0 0 0 0 0 4.5 13.27
0
� i25 106 114 i30 77 113 53 �5 0 i08 92 88.4 38,27
.; 62.5 5 1�5 65 82 00 a7 59 89 9b 63 73.1 28.72
c
u 9(Ccntral) 127 73 104 4E 95 87 74 93 90 &6 41.3 14.34
c
0
c.> -�__�_._. .
Cemparisons of the means of ycung produced at each concentration,
Cc^c.�ntration {m Jiiter) 5G0 250 ?25 c2.5
y/ `
0* 4.5* 88.4 73.1
*Significar�t differen�e frai= control at the O.Q5 tevel,
33
Q
91.2

Table 8- DaR�nia Long-Term NaCI Test results.
Jar flumber 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Mean St- Oev.
2500 5i I7 42 62 48 68 30 74 706 42 60,6 36.35
500 120 82 89 91 127 81 129 104 715 82 1Q2 19.00
1G0 705 9Q 104 96 75 83 100 71 102 32 90.3 13.70
20 97 106 103 107 8& 8q 69 111 90 10 92,1 16,60
� 12i 73 104 96 95 87 74 93 9� 86 y1,3 75,71
uomparisons af the means of the number of D. ma na born at each conce�tration
during the NaCi longmterm bioassay.
Concentration (mg/liter) 250Q 500 100 20 0
Mean � of D. ma na born 60.6* 1�72 90.8 92,1 9T.3
*Significant difference from controi at the Q.05 levei.
3�
� �� �
�. .
�.. _ y. .�. , �. �� � � ;��
\t . �- — --
%�

—_�.. .�,�.».,w. .,,,G,�.e..�.:z.�u-.���� �.�-n��� �.�.,�x . .� a-«-..�. �_ u•�
�.
Table 3- Daphnia maqna Lonq-Term Ca Acetate and F1g ncetate tes��s�.t+S
The r,umber of young produced in each replicate during the
Ca acetate and t9g acetate long-term bioassay,
Jer PJur�ber 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Ftean St.Dev.
Ga Acetate
1�00 73 25 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 4,1 8,40
1d0 75 62 66 66 0 56 13 8� 95 88 67.7 25,34
10 45 58 67 65 69 25 32 42 34 38 53 i9,58
7 59 58 00 49 45 56 6Q 79 50 4$ 56.4 4e61
tAg Acetate
i Otit�
lOJ
1G
7
Control
0
0 � 0 il 1 13 11 133 109 8 2$.6 49,29
89 44 75 92 80 91 79 71 73 81 78 12.53
70 38 60 67 67 49 61 63 64 53 58.6 9.49
60 57 64 53 67 59 61 0 56 42 52.4 14.87
57 62 62 A8 44 47 71 58 72 0 52.1 20�63
Ccmparisens of the means of young produced at each concer�tratione
MgAcet CaAcet higkcet CaAcet MgAeet CA Acet higJAcet CaAcPt C�ntrel
Concentration (r�g/liter) 7000 7000 100 lOQ 10 TO 1 7 Q
mean � of D.m,agna horn 28.6* 4<1* 7H 67..7 58.6 53 52.4 56.4 52.1
*Significant difference of contro7 at the O..Q5 level�
w5

�
62ooms that occur in CMA solutzons.
The laboratory data must be caxefully applied to known field
conditions beEore hy�otheses about how CMA will affect
aquatic ecosystem, cen be made. In the field, Ct4A can be
expectea to beh�ve similarly to hlaCl. Because CMA melts snow
and iee as it is appZied, it will create its own solution
which will rapidly flow into the aquatic environment. The
amounts of CMA and NaCl reauired for effective deicing are
similar, thereiore; similar concentrations of CMA and NaCl
should be expected in the aquatic ecosystems.
Goldman and Hoffman {12) measuced the levels of chloride
entering t:�e aguatic ecosystem due to salt use in deicing
operations in the Lake Tahoe basin in California and Nevada,
Their measurements indicate that 1aXge �mounts o� chlorides
are tcans�or�ed in�o the aquatic ecosystem during the
Wi7lt2!'� E?E2t }�':� dP:.CL: :Y..S 'r'ciCy' i.Lc�TiEiiu'OUSiY Wi�'Yl t1RiE
and place. Runoff samples collected fsom areas near
roads receiving NaCl during the winter had a mean
concentration oE 210 mg of Cl %liter �:ith a maximum
concentration of 2051 mg Cl.'/liter concentrations.
Concentratians at the entrance to Donner Lake were as
high as 163 mg CI`jliter. The winter average in
L�onner Lake was 12 rnr� Cl%liter.
If Ct•iA were used for deicinq, concentrations oE acetate
si.milar to those of chloride nay be ex.pected to occur in the
immediate vicinity �f the road. 1'hus, in rare instances,
concentr�tions xnpreachi.^.a the LC 50 's for CMA to �p;,pi�
c a coviu occur in the immediate vicinity of the road, The
amount of acetate that would likely be found in streams
directly affected by road deicing is abpve that reo,uired to
produce bactE�rial bl�?o;ns under laboratory conditiar.s.
Row2ver, because of 1ow winter temperature bactecial qrowth
shou2d be retarded Song enough for the acetate to be di2uted
to concentrations at which a bacterial bloom would not occur.
In the colc3 water, the acetate would be slowly decomposed by
becteria. The amount of bacteria in the receiving waters ma}>
increase providirg additional fooc] Por other organisms.
Use af C�tt, for c7eicing w�uid raise the calcium and magnesium
leveis in receiving waters, ther�by ir.creasing water
hard»e�s. Increasiny the hardness in some stteams could
cause a ch�snge in what species c�E ani��als Iive in the cfream.
Same organisms live aaly in saic water, while others live in
hard watar, Some organisms live in either. Na generelized
h��pothesis ean bry ma�e cancerniny the impacts of the increase
in water ;�arc3ness on aquatic biota, due �a the diversity of
water rr�nditinns, probat�le ;rfering app2i_catian rates af
C;idA, and different scecies found in different geographical
areas,
������Tne res�ics a€ t�is ,tudy are not exhaustivey due to tne
limitations znherent in single s�;eczes laboratory stuaies.
v6
��,. �� ��� ���
_.>� ,�-� ��t����e� ���
. ,_�;.,��_�.�.: .. �t. .:, .._� x.w ... � - �-��- t� ,> ..w
,i'� � ____ - -

The results o€ ihiv s�udy si�ply indicate that C�1a is
pzobably not highly toxic to zooplankton, Carefully
,controlled Eield studies shau2d be done ta mor� thoreaghly
determine the impacts of CMA on zooplankton.
3. Phytoplankton Bioassays
a, Introduction
Phytoplankton are the miervscopzc algae af the aquatic
enviranment. These alqae form part oE the pzoducer traphic
level and provide energy to the highe: trophic levels. To
determine the impacts of CMA, calcium acetaEe, magnesium
acetats, and NaCl, both unia7ga2 and natural water algae
bioassays were performed, Algae bioassays test for both
stimalatory and toxic effeets of a substance on alga�,
because they measure the algal yrowth raL-e and the mar,imym
standing crop. Ths unialgal l�ioassay is a standardized test
of growth response of a we21 characterized organism under
standardized laboratory con�itions. The method used for this
test was a modificatian of the EPA bottle algal ausay test
(4} using an artificial qrowth medium rather than natural
receiving water. This method was used so regional water
characteristics could be disregarded, The natucal water
bio�ssey used natural water with indigenous algae and other
naturally occu�ring micro organisms, This allowed assessment
of the deicers on one particular assemblaq�� of organisms,
b. [taterials and �ie:.hods
The bioassays were conductec usin9 bo�h the Green Algae
Selenastrum �ap*;corr�{y and the Blue Green Aloae A�abar�n�
o5-a��. Cult�res of both species of algae were obtained
f[am the U.S, Envieanr,aen"tal ProEection Agency, tY;e
Environm�ntai Research Laboratory in Corvallis, OR, Aft�r
ceception, the cultures were checked far authenticity and
purity, F3oth species af algae were maintained iri 500 ni
er7.enmeyer flasks which contained 200 ml of aZqae medium
(Figure S). Every 7-10 days the �, �pr;cornt�tt�m was
recaltured, while g, ft��-ac�,Lde was cecultured every 2-3
weeks. Additionally, both species were placed on 2€ agar so
new cuituces could be started if the cultures maintai.�e�3 in
the liqui�3 meEi�a;n �acame cor.tamir.ated,
The synthetic culture medium that was used for aiGae cultures
and some of the bioassays, was tnat characterized by the GPA
(4). Tab1e 10 shows the nutrient cancentrations i:i the
med;um. ihe pH of the medium was 7.5+0,1.
Tv insure that t'r,e cultu�es and bioassays were b�cteria free,
the medium was autaclaved, r111 glassware was washEd itt a
�hos�.hate free Betergent, rinsea in h�drochlpric acic�, t'insed
in deionizec3 water., autoc2a.ed, and ovenclried at ldf7 C�,riar
to ��se, All tran�fe�s of aSgae were performec7 using aseptic
technique.
a7
_4
�s � ���
� � :
- � �:� �� �.a.� ..�.,_..n.__.�<a,.�'_�� , . , �
4�
�,..`

Fiqure 7. �71rtae `las� replicates ptac?� on osc�IlaCina
.".dh'e ,vith enYironmentdi �namber,

� �� ....�
�. _ _ . 9. �, , .�.,
�� � .
� - � ,._ � .. , ��, ... �
,;
� �
}
�
Tabte 10. final Concentration of �'acronutrients in Al�ae Culture
Medium as Sa1ts and Elemertai Concentrat�ons
Concentration
Com cund � (ua(titerj
_�_ (uy/iiter Elament Concentration
iJat�d3 25.50 P� 4.20
tr'a 7 i .00
NaHCO3 15.Q0 C 2.14
t KZHPO4 7.G4 K 0.469
P 0.186
�' t4gS44.1H2O 14,7Q S 1.97
"� � hR9 2.50
frgCiZ.6ii2'u 12.164
CaC72.2HZ0 4.41 Ca 1.20
H3603 1II5.51 B 32.46
MnC12.4H2O
2nC72
CoC12.6ri20
CuC72.2N2�
haP9o0�.2H2O
FeC13.EHz0
YazEDTA.2H2�J
4i5.61
3.27
10428
O.Q12
7.26
160.6
3D0�0
�
Nn
Zn
Co
Cu
t4o
Fe
175.37
1.5J
Q.35
0.004
2.88
33,05

����,�,�-,�� =�wh�::�,�����:,�.r �� �. _,ur�:��
Table 11 shows the concentxatians of NaCl, ca�cium �cetate,
magnesium acetate, and CMA in each test run,Ail test
concentrations and contrcls were run in triplicate, The
concentrations for testing were equivalent weights (e.g, lg
NaCl is eguivalent to 1.67 g CFSAj.
The bioassays wer= conducted in an enviranmental chamger.
The temperature was maintained at 24 C+ 1 C, and the relative
humidity was maintained at about 50&. Test flasks were 500 ml
pyrex erlemeyer flasks which contained 200 ml of test
solution. Laose fitting aluminium foil was used for flask
closures (Fiyure 7). The f2asks were continually shaken by
100 RPM. The cultures were grown under continuous cool whife
fluorescent light, the light was maintained at 400 ft.
candles + 2p� 0.5 �nches above the shaker table. The
Anak.• iena flas-aat�� �s�s c�vered with che�se clet!i
to reduce liyht intensity by 568.
Algal growth was measured by fluorescence usinq a Turner
Moc�el II2 fluoromater (Figure 8). Both the specific growth
rate and t:�e meximum standing crop were measured, The
speci£ic gro�ath rate was caicnlated by using L•he equation:
G =
n(x2/xl} day -1
Tx -T1
where G = Growth Rate
X1 = bzomass at time one
X2 = biomass at time X
40
_ J

Tabte 77. The Concentrat?or� af NaCt. CMA and Calcium and
- Maanesium Acetate usFd for each �oa�' ssay:
Flask 4
i
2
3
Q
5
6
7
8
9
ia
il
12
I3
14
15
16
17
18
19
Test Taxicant
Control
NcCt
NaCI
NeCI
NaCI
NaCI
CP1A
CMA
CMA
CMA
CMA
Controt
Ca Acetate
Ca Acetzte
Ca Acetate
Mg Acetate
Mg Acetate
Mg Acetate
Controt
41
Concentrations
0
1 mg/L
10 mgJ1.
50 m9{L
100 mg/�
1000 mg11�
1.67 mgfL
1@.71 mgll
83.55 mg/!.
167.1 mg!(.
1671 mgtl�
0
15.07 mg/L
150.7 mgJl
1507 mg/�
18.35 mg{L
183.5 mglL
1835 mg/L
0

tntq�a} m6o�
_i�
�, �
°�:
�' O
�� Z
.-� O
a e�6
�� 6
/ O
O �
i
z o
C U
tt �
C ��
F
-1 i
_� �
=� �,
c �,
"' o
c9 m
Yi Z
Q N,�
4�4
W Q
p
O e
¢
� b
� U
S Z
O
;nr.n�o o�eoi
�rlvua�>cel .rUs.w2�` c}
Figure 9. The growth of Selenastru^ capricorrutur in various
concentrations af taaCl, [;liFt, calcium aeetate and
ma9nesium acetate (Ii19182 - 2J1/S?1.
42
:��,.:� .����-���.:a�t�
�.����.�����,��,��� .�:. � e,,�._...,�
�;�
�, _
�, �,
J: `
4) O
C C
Vi �
�� 9
C� �
�1 4
o K� O
�' O
jC
4
a a
w O
=u
w
O r
a q
N p
G �
4
U
O
:i n
�k m
ei �
�_
s
v �
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o �� o
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N �
Q
O ?
O
y� V
O n
� r
� rt
]
O

_,
„� �, �;:::��.':°;;":'; '
� ��� .� � :.°:.
; � � ;
,.
. ���
, � �``��� :�.-;.
.. �` t,—;--v- :
b,
i
,ai___ , I
, .. _,.
Lan
TME SPECIF�C QP`J:YTH PAiE 4Tw0 Oay hfovl�g Av�C ) pc SEtcyF5F1L".f CAGFICpRH:;i{�>
GaG:i'; IN SGuiUM CNtCS;vE GONF0.fiEp `p p �pNiflbL �
� � :itt3r8P-2/V92) -
SA �.,----�_.
j_+—a .e..'�..�...�axa.u�..a.�un i
�..SF . �— . . a.�• ��..• � .•
_ J i � tn�. .:l .. . ♦ .ca o •
l;i�\�
5 //��1...�Cti —� .
tj ��.`"�-�. . .
�. �� .�.�
�
��a7--�. �_'
��
��.I
i
c , s > . - w,. ' ' ' i s y
THE 5. E� .PIC 6R�`A2N RAiE (Iwo Y'.vin9 a*91 m,-7p.._„�,.
GRO't..q irv C lL. .� t�AGY �.-..f�0.C£Tnr .:D T” q GO �G�.
(i/�§182-2/v52}
Figure 1Q. The speci`ic groczth rate (two-day �oving avzrege)
of Selenastru� ca ricarnutuia grocvn in vartous
concerrtrations o` PIaCt and G11„ {1119/$2 - 2/ljf?2}.
4s
�
n ��,:�.�� ,�.� �.� _.�� _ _<. _. , �_ � �

:A
IS
m �a
a
i
� �5
U
N Q
-OS
�., «...o�
� <;;,;:�.�;: �`:�;.
Oays
THE SPECIFIC GROWTH RAiE {7wo �ay lbving Avq.7 QF $ELE'zqSTRU*A CA�_Rr��gtiJTu•-�
�ROWN IN GkLC1Utd A4ETAiE Gp"nPARED TO A �C::,ROL
<�l�dr62-[Ill827
x o (--'--^--- .. _ . . �
�--... �e . .�.m .,, .
i_s� o. ' .
j B> 4e��
1 I
t
o :0� � �
� I \ �
i �I \�
�
2 E 1� \ !
� 5 � Y��� � l ��-.-�.. �
I � �-...,�"'-�-_��' '
m C ��:,�^..�'\ • .
� . `��: �...-,--�'; .
_ppi ;
i
,
,
����—.-5 c � r tl s — ♦
)
oass
7HE SR€GIFIG GaCWT4 qa,� ;T+ro D�i'dpxiog A.�.3 - '_ i !:lt Cc �?
� �` _ .:X4.�,..
GRO�VY iti LiAG:'E<ltPA ACE7AiE=AJPARCb T(} k.OPi=n6t.
(tl19i82-211t62)
FigurP 11. The specific growth rate (tv�o-day moving avera9e)
of Seienasirur� caaric�.rnutum grown in varicus
concentrztions of ea�u� acetate and magnesium
a�e�a�� (rnstaz a ztlt�z).

The maximum standing crop is the maximum biomass occurring
during the tEst run. Practically, the maximum sta�ding crop
is assumed to be achieved when the biomass inacea�es less
than 58 per day. The maximum specific qrowth ra'e i� the
largest rate in growth occurring at any time during the
incubatian pariod,
The fluorescence readings were converted to the g/liter of
chlorcphyll and the n�mber af cellsJml. Replicats means
and the standard deviation of each series of. replicates was
calculated. A one-Gaay analysis of variance was performed for
each test run to determine if significant differences existed
among treatments. For each treatment the specific grawth
rate and standing crop were �alcu2ated for each day.
The purpose of t.he natural-water, algae-bioassays was to
determine if algae in natural receivino water,with an
estahlished bacterial gop�lation, would be affected
�lffgranf7l �� fhQ VdY:CUS Cii^i�d2S tcStca ��SYi W�6 aigae
in the arti€icial mediun. The algae bioassay test method was
modified so that natural water was used rather than
artificial nedium. Gdater from the American and Sear Rivers
oF California was used. Nutrients and zn innoculum of �,
canri orn� in were adde3 to the water. The coc�centrations
tesGed are shown in Table 11.
c. Results
Unialgal Bioassays - Four �as � caprico�ut�m bi.oassays
and three Ana a�n� f�cs-�ayaa� bioassays were run, Of these,
two 5, c-�a ricnrnut-t�� and tk>c �. �1os-aauae biaassays were
ssaccessful, The other tests were rejected beca�se the
cantro?.s did not grow properly. The r��ults of the
successful bioassays were used to assess the effects of CMA
on the environment. Each success£ul bioassay will be reparted
individuallp,
�. �,apzzcacnu�um bioassay af 1/19J82 - 2/1/82, The growth of
�. �pra^ornutum in various concentratior.s of 2daC1, Ct�A,
calcium :�cetate, and magnesium acetate are shown in Figure 9.
Pigures .10 and 11 show the specific growth rates observed. A
two day ;novir.g average was used to decrease the effect cE
san,pling ezr�r,
[�one o� the NaCl concentrations caused a significant
difference in growth durir,g the bioassay, Grawth d��ressipns
accurred i.n a;.l Ct�fA concentratians tested. Both the caicium
acetate and the magnesium acetate treatments showed a 9routh
rate depressian similar t� that af CMA, In both treatments,
the observable ditferences occurred later in time than CMA
treatnent,
�. casyr,icocnt�tu€n bi�assay af 3J13J62 - 3j25Jf32, The cro�:th of
�. �rrr+cpzn+��,ya� iri various concentrations of NaC2, Ci,A,
calcium ucecaL-e,�and��ma,:nesi�i::i acetaLe are shown in Pigure
d�
,.... K ,.,.�.. ,�. ... ..�. �
. ,,.v...�... .�,�� . .,.�.>. �,.s,�.,.�.,.u.,. k r,>.w.�,� �.,.�.,x_ .��..�,....,. ��.�

hes (ava tz `�
__�" ��--_... � y�
��»
` o
i��i:�� - aK
�O
� �
o a
z o
p V
'L
(` ¢ 6
�n�qqi "ool
I�.lii1�J G=.+]
:t �
_�n
:i G
�'� e
� i
�6
O v� V
<
S O
�
�a
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<
of
0
� v
2 W
6
•n �
c q
6
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O
�.. :' m � � � I ,-�'�' a .
� � 4J�' � ( c�i ..
�� �'� o � " - - i�
z
�1���1 i :�u 1 � � ���� fi` :;°
� u � ,} �\ 1 ( � C
� °� � � ���
��, � o � �`�`�` � � �
- a„ • -W
, °<
s�, �� 4 ` � �`'�..� = s
i- o ��, H �
� .�
, � �
. . _ _ � . . � ., ., . -_^ _._�o 0
tt/ �! �Yo}
' ' I.Yr%IlaJmyal
Figure 12_ The gro���th ef Selenastrun ca�icornutum in various
concentrations of CiaGl, �t�iA, ��icium acetate ar,-d
magne�ium acetate (3(23%32 - 3J251&2j.
4�

�',<ti,:_,'_. ; �..
"�
. r� _�
_ _ ��_
„ ---� �. _, _
ai
�
<,;
i �
I !
,
.,.,� , � ; — —
�a„ ° , , .
TNE 6FEGIf C GftOlYTH q0.'E {tei6 0 y - oq pvg) OF 5! EYkSi UAC0.Pp�Cpp�tUT_
G�p:'!N W 509t�iM CMt,OR±�E GOlaoqqE� Tp A GON;ftOL.
f31t318£-3CSi'n21
�---o a �..........,..._4.,..
TNE SPEGF+G Gep:�it! RqTE (ireo JOY � � 3 C :'.nSiF ,< n"�GiV .
� PO:CR rv C.t 1 M aG�£S�r .. a ET TE CG -0 T6 u _ �,v
(3tt3;92-3/25/821
Figure 13. Tne spe�ific gre;�r=h (t«o-day n�ring average)
of Sel�nastru,o ca ricc,rntuir� gro�n in various
concei�i�:�tions cr ;Iai:i an� Cit>t (3J1:3182 - 3125t82j:
47

Sp
l0
0 1A
s'
s
o _�
v
y a
_Qy'I
f3--c .5 � b�q .xo.in ::rme
p�—S .5J1 vCfa C: _.a�.cc�.,�'[
(�J "� vi/� �a-...�.��y��
Dav�
THE SPECIFIC CiHOW?H FAiE (Two Day t!o¢Inq Av�_} OF SELEN,�S}�p�A CAPaiCORtiUTU".1
GROWN IN CA6CiU'd ACET0.TE C01:ARE0 TO a COtiiftOl.
� . (3/Y3re2-3l25;&27
za
o �c
s
_' as
e
�n 9
�CS
-i0
n---� �a. tia�. � o. .,.w, �.. o.� �
.,—_.. ves...voa...._.��,.
,j—_j.en ,n ....m:.<��.
�3syi
THE SPEClFIC GHOVITH RATE (Two Oay .sav(n9 A,�.J OF SELEr1nS��ti'.l C4P7!COARUi'v�!
GflOWN W lAAp4ESWiA RCc.'-A;E GO'4PAPcD T� k CO`tTRGL.
C3fi3tE2-3!?5/'a2)
Figure lY. The specific yrowt� rate (two-day nov9ng
average) of Selee,astr�;rr c�pricorn�•t�m gro�n
in various concen*rations of eaicium acetate
and magne<iu*n acetate !3113t32 - 3125182?.
4 £3

12. The specific growth rate (two-day moving average} is
shown in Figures 13 and 14 far the different treatments.
Except for the first day, the �r�wtr, of all NaCl
concentratior.s were not statistically dif£erent (at the .OS
level of significance} from the control. All concentrations
of Ci�fA exhibited depressed growths.
The specific qrowth rates for NaCl were indistingu�shable
from the contrals, CriA treatments shc«2� a cansisi.ent
pattern of depressed growth rates. The most severe depressian
occurred at the highest concentration. Although less regular
than the CPiA results, both the calcium acetate and the
magnesium acetate treatments showed growth rate depressions.
Generally, the higher cancentratians were more depressed than
the lower concentratiens.
�. ��c�aa"�r�e bioassaY {7jI3j�� - 7/28{$2}. The B,
��oa-aquae bioassays grew more slawly than the �,
�p�+co�n�t�+n bioassays, and the maximum stanBing crop and
the daily growth rates attained were lo�er. The results are
shooan in Figare 15. The daily speciEic grawth rates {two-day
moving average) for the treatments are shown in Figure 16,
The maximnm standing crop in �he NaCl treatments was not
si,nificar,tly different from that of the controls. Desgite
sone inconsistencies ir, the data the hiaher eonc�ntrations of
CMA had a lower standir:g cr.op than the controls.
The daY.a far ca2cium acetate and magn�sium acetate are more
consistent than these far CP7A. All concentrations of both
celcium acetate and magnesium acetate exhibited a
significantly smaller standing crop than the controis.
The data on sgecific grawth rates is too inconsistent to draw
any conclusions.
H• o�-aqy�ae bioassay (1/18/83 - 2J1/n3), The stand:ng crop
and the dail} specific grourth rate o� various concentrations
of NaC2, CMH, calcium acetate and magnesium acetate ace s.`,owr�
in Figures 17 and 28,
The NaCl treatnents showed a growtti patY.ern similar tc the
previou> �. fios-a�;�ae bioassay, By the er.d of the
experiment the nighest NaC' concer.tration had a signific�ntly
smaller standing crop than the controls and the lower NaC2
concent:rations,
The Ct4A Yreatments showed a�imilar reductian in standing
crop �� the hiyhcr co�centracions to cne reductions seen in
other algae bioassays. By the end af the bioassay the
standing crop in ti�e cantrol, the 1.67 mgfliter and the 16,7I
ng/Iiter wece all siar�ificantly lar�er than the 257,2 �
mg/Liter and 2671 mg%liter concentcations,
49

0 0 0 �
s n+�aa�c�ao vep-a�o�
— ���� Y
9 r r �
' � l ��
Y � � � '• �
+ �� I ' ¢Irv
F � m
¢ U p �
i i ��
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. �O � �� ie _ O
a i F
�
� _�y � � �� �.e Qo
� �� r- ' � � L 4
-q r � a O
a 4 E o 0
� u
+ � 2 K
�c - i s
m � :': '^ o
V
� < .S. t i� n ¢ <
j E
� ` � � � ... �� iI~ O
6 � -� 1_
V �
O �
.o�n,ao�ar.o va�yWm7 � . �
.' n —�—'T--1-^� ; �'' �
f. `` �.
;�� ( �-
�� \II ;i�
" a � � �i�
;_ �� � � ��
iQ �o
;° `i�E � � i i =<
�P ;a E � �� ;. � �
�
,-
��
, + <lo � r_ a a,a
� `\ \� 1n �� ��� �' aW
�� � � �
� �;,� ,� o�k ii� a�
� - � �lW`��� �. � o A'rt'' w U
R Z ` �' `�+�. I � V � � � � ``? �.. J �
� � �� �� i = I�1� � l. w
;b��� � � � �'� (� �- r
i ; _; � � o
e o .� �ao,o,��,,,,�s.o, � .�. , �� :,e,v�ti�,
Figure 15. T�e grcvr�h in Anab�ena �1os_aquae in v�rfious
eoncentrat?�ns Qf NaCI, C�i"+> ca1cium acet�tP
and i,..�gr�sium acatate (r,l�i8'L - 7j23(3�j.

o�Y _
—'------ix
I G� I I
I• LL f �r
ao � I
�- ` ` I_
- ��
j �
6? ,
i � -��.� '
, �� �
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�� N `m . j � � � / �.
^ W < .�.
�. � s
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w � �
N � `�b
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t, .nv �� o,� ����a.cy
—.--_�. o� �'A� 1�
:;� ,�/C !�
�� '��1 '
_ p.� ,}
�� -_ �
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' ��a�� = 1��� ��
o ��q r�Y � %�
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� ��
i-
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N � - a �
+Ity c�+�o�9 =. aaJS . xvetl nt _ :I.-iOq � •
Fi9ure 26. 'ifie specific grcwth rate (two-day moving average}
of ;na4aena flas-any;,e ride, Chifi, caleiun acetaCe
and riayresium ace±�ie �7112I�Z - 71�3J72).
s��a ���.o�o >n�.»aq
<� �
a
0
4� s
x
�o
00
� a H
< O v
pum
Q 6 Q N
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vy
m
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r 2
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a
a
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�`�>- � .. ��y�

. iiavovai�a vLLe�✓aso�
1
� �
�
u
-I <
qa� \\\\
o
� C a _ ..��..._.�� _ __- .
u ` W i
{ F � �.._ . ..
` V m �.. _. - �
¢ �
O j :.. �� y < _
ct 12 Z
yo � �
<
ci ' �
`e E ^
F_ °_ -- � �'C,�• _I
C_._..__.
d . . w �
e u�am,awo vweµio�eai �
0
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W `
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uc.,ao,orao �r�ny� meai
F�,�re ?7. The ;rowth oF snabaen� f?�������-��_a���qu����:��.��e���� in var�ous
concentrations� ta�-, CF�A, calcium acetate
� and mag�esium�aeatate (1118/83 - 2/7j83).
52

r
Y e 1
fi=
tP
3
! Y i
4�9e
II����
�.n m,.o�o > �.00as �
letl Y(no�0 �.�ravj5
j` �I
(a �� .
a �
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i � �
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J O
iy
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;� R � �
$ �om
a��
oqm
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h <
6 V
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C
J�
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w
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�,
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o �
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V ia
O'�
a =
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3 �
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� t>
C _
� f
O J
t] J
J
�.a =� �,o �� ada^,
� NI
c
i
� a o'
� =I �
7 ���
i �<
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o a
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3 , V m
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r .j m
{ a <
} �
a � �
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K ¢
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a 2
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(y u
U
c>
at n.�� _>>a a5 •
Figure 1?. Tne specif�c growth raCe (rr:o-day ��ovina average)
of =;nab-fra flos-a�cae gr�wn in �earious concentratians
of PlaCl =.s�;, c�I i�=m aceeate ar� m,agnesium acetafe
(i(isl8s - 21JJ8�j.

The calcium acntate and maqnesi�zm acetate treatments
exhibited a reduced standing crop ir, the hioher treatmeat
leveis corapared to the contro2s. The maxzmum standinq
crop in the control and in the IS.1 mg/liter �reatmen�
of calcium acetate developed significantly 2arger
standing crops than eithec the 15�.7 mg/liter and I507
mg/liter cancentrations of calcium acetate, There was
no signi£icant difference b�tween the contro2 and the
15.i mg/liter treatment. For magnesium acetate all
treatment levels exhibited a depressed maximum
standing creg.
Natur�l Water Bioassay (12/14/82 - 12/24/82) - The
maximum standing crops o� the combined �. ��,tr'carnu*yi and
indigenous algae in various concantrations of NaCl, CMA,
calcium acetate and magnesium acetate are shown in Figure 19.
The specific growth rates ttwo day moving average} are shown
in F�gnre 20 for the di:Eerent treatments. The results of
this biaassay are somewhat dif�erent from the uniaYgal �.
�a_pr,_�arn � um bioassays.
During the experiment all of the NaCl treatment showed
similar maximum stan�in� crops. The highest
concenkratio❑ of CMA {167I mg/liter) treatment showed
significantly less growth then the controis,
The highest concentration of CMA {1671 mg/liter)
treatment sho*.aed significankly greater g:owth than
lawer Ievel sodium chloride treatments, but was not
significantly diff.erent from the contr�ls.
For magnesium acetate, there was no significant
difference among rany of the treatments or th� control
by the end of the experiment, There was a large
variance among t`te reglicaees which made the analysis
diPfic�s2t.
For calcium acetate, the 15.1 mgjliter treatnent's
maximum standing crop was indistinguishable fram the
cor;trol. The ather treatments had dist.ir,ct2y lower
maximum standiag cro� than the controls.
Except for the hiqhest NaCl level, tnere is little
difference ir, maximum spe�ific qrewrh Z�re amcng the
NaCl treatments and the control. MA trPatments
exhioit a m=ximum pec�f`c o,�pwth ra��nres�'Qn at
the h9,�,��ct�oncentration. Soth calcium acetate and
the magnesium acetate show specific growth rate
depressions at the higher treatnent ie�els, ho!�rever,
the magnes9.um acetate seem to recaver towards the end
af the axparitr�ent.
r7atueal idater Sioa=:say {22%28182 - ljfi/83) - The
max.imutr star.ding crops attained in uariaus treacments
of NaCl, CMA, calcium acetate, and magnesium acetate
5q
�, �..��.�=u �
� � � ��
�:�� �a � �. �

�
V
E
Y
S
t
0'_`J � ra a . ,.., _�e �.
�o c .,<<.w.,,.... .. .
p--6 .00a n,. r<o.- �..r.<.
oar•
RESPONSE OG SEtENaSTRU!+ Cn�aiCGRNUi
AN� WU;GErvlJUS AtGAC TO NACL
. I12l14ID2-12/.n:32)
60
�.,���„ .,�:�..���,x��:�� -�� .� _,��v:�� .
,<
�
4
' So
o.ys
RESPONSE Qf SEtE4AST�G�A Cs>fUCOa4UTL'A
ANq I;1pIG,°,YOG$ �tGAE TO CAI.C:J4-YAGVES:G`A 0.GETnTE
� {iZ/ti/82-121Y-12:)
O ��.
60 ��^ �
� �� �
f�0� f��/��
F e /f �Y�� �vV .��/
V ' �f` J
4
J }O� �--� �rt[>-.nt�.eu �
a� ��V . ��..e �na��� I
OY �
O �� �
0 d F• 5 c t� f o n O��)� 5 a e��.v
Oa�� C�}s
RE �.PpNSH GF +E- 1 n:TU�{ RESPONSE Cf SEIENASTR,.'.i �nF'-�CpAqUT4�
E?:0 r.CIGENOVS xl� �1E [+ h-Au ✓n aCLTRTc AN6 �FD r.EK3O5 =.W E O-�.CnJu AGP+T£
(�:;t<i82-�2/�eiL2)._ f12�isBP-ib2ti92±
Fiqure 19, The groti.�th of the combined SeTenastrum
ca^ricornutum and indigena�s =joa�Ari�an
River in various concentrations of NaCI, CP�1�,
catcium acetate and magnesium eceiate
(�2ti�ra2 - Iz?z�,�a2}.
�

is shcun in Figure 21. The specific growth cates (twa
day maving averag=) is shown in Fiqure 22 for
different treatments.
The result3 of tY,is bioassay for haC1 were similas to
the first n�tural �ater bioassay, Prom the 4th day to
the next to thE last day ther.e were ao differences
among stanainy crop� of the various NaCl treatnents oz
the contral, On the last day of the experi�ent, the
lowest treatment level (1 mg/liter) exhibited a
s:gniP3cantly lower stan�iny crop than the other
kreatments.
fior Ct2A the control and the lower level CMA treatments
had sianificantly greater standinq crops at the end of
the experinent than did the 1671 mg/liter treatment,
but there was no statistAcal diffarence among them.
F�� c.a2cium aceeace, che contral and the lawest level
tzeatm�nt c��r2 significantly diPfer€�nt from ihe two
highest treatnent levels from the thicd day o€ the
test to the last day af. the �est. 4n th� tast day of
the test, the hichest tr�ac�r,Gnt had a significantly
lo�er biom�ws than the other treatments and control
wnich �aere not signiiicantly dif€eeeng anonq
them�e2v�s.
Nagnesis�:� acetat: sho��eu' a signi.ficantly de�cessed
st�ndi:e� cro� far the hin,hest treatment for the last
day of the tAst, Tnere was no significant diEPerence
amon,r� th� a�her treat;�,ents and controls.
The specific growth rates (two day moving average}
show results similar to t::ase of the first natural
caater bioassay, Thc NaCl trea�men�� did not show any
significant differences, except £or an initi�l
apecific gro�rth r.ate denr.ession for the lOGO mg/liter
treatment, u::d a specific grcwth rate depression in
the 1 mg/liter treatment. The CMH, calczum acetate
and magnesie�m ac�tate specific growt-h rat.es all show
an initial grcwth rate depressian for the two highest
levels fa7io�zed by an inerease in the specific yrowth
rate in the last days of the experiment fo: the next
to higha;,t treari;;�nt lev�],
d. Conclusicns
The �. � irnr��•g� unialgal bioassays indicated that
NaC1, up to 20C;0 mg/liter had no apparent
statistically s.tgnifzcant effect on :naxxm�m standiag
crop or speci`ic c,raw�Y� rate, ihe �j, flos-aa'�„� 1000
mgJiiter, R7aC1 tr�atm�nt showed a statistically
signific�rt grawrPi dif�ere�ce. Ir.itially, the
treat„�eait exhibited increased groff�th, but by ttie end
of the experiment this treatment ext-iibited d�creased
K6

�
-�,:
= ;�:._;:::,;,,�
� a,._,�°,_.
�,.. �.,.
SPECtFlC GPflWTH RATE (Two ppy L!aring Averaqx) OF SPECPLC QROWiN RFTE (Two Oay R+P'dng Ave�a9B) OF
$ElEt3ASiFU'-i G.:PHiCO �'U U�.1 FNi :4CIG£16�� q�qq� 52tE 6: .n:pd Cp RiCE,^PN:}TVAS q� itiGIGEt;pl,g kLGAE
GflpIYN;N SCOIU`d CHLC.�.4E COA«FAftEO TO R G6NTFOl. 6fl9Y/M IN G. .>,iM MP�,Y =:! gr_TpTE G ..?E3 sp�A CONTftO�.
�'
(I8/1ii82-12t23/83i (12lib�b2-:2126f3?)
5
v �J ei'V.. ..�� nk�e�r
j ���`
1' � °�` �
j � �/` �
. t \�.�"_ ��_i�'���
I �
. . r .5 • Oett a ♦ .. , .i
�>EC1FiG ' i: H R„t �. T�o C v `a - 1. ya) �F
t . AS �R�fn. . . .1... �.`. US F�uAE
.r1tN cN . 'lY_„�It,A ?C T : P4R � - A CJS'
(;21fet8 . 'tc25
EO
J�d '.. •'c � [. �*.� +�� a •
,:,�
�..A�`� '
� ` /����� ,..
1
�`_
�
(
� L..� . . 1 ♦ ' a r . . i.
iGEC Fi� �':1?H 4eT£ !'.v �. . :e) OF
� "7..• =.�-F. .. �i'tryn �..�:15 FCvRE
^`„ <, 4� aCE atc CJi'P a,�G `O z L�t�I9C-L.
�
(12ttaf92-1b24�S2)
Figure 2p. The specific growth rate ttwc-day moving �vera9el of
the combined Selenastrun capricernutwn and indigenons
algae �Am�eican River grovrn in various ccr,centratioRs
of NaCI, CPiH, calcium acetate an� re�gnesium =.cetate
(12f14132 - 12/2Faf82;.
57
„, ., , . _, �
; �, ..� �� .,.Y� ��.... >.�
� -� � r� ���� � .. � .� _,..��, ,�m
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{iE$P�N$E OF $ELENA$?R�`!4 C`kPRiG�'�C'f��_�IS�
AHO INOIG£NOUS ,t�GdE TO I++Q
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HESPCWSE OF SELENn$ P^y'd g ^=_•R RE5oONSE LK o.0 (Ar r^.euTi^4
�
A�+il im� . Lry0U3 sU:tiE i0 �sadr ; aG�;%.'.L FND CxO�GEN�.,S .1..E i^ C„_�.� KES,::c
(�:125;E2-i'(".6tiJ) NT::3'e?_0::'S•'2•
Figure 21. The growth of the co�nbined Selenastrum car�ricorn�itum
and indige�ous aioae t6ear River in uari�as �
cancentrations p` ir'aCl, CMA, calcium atetate and
magnesiur,� ac�tate (121Zu182 - OltQfi/83).
�_ �

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SP;GfiC GAOVRX FATE (Two Oay �'o..vq pveraSe) CF SFECi£�C GpONlYH qATE fT..o :-ay t�•pcfry Ave�a9e3 OF
SEIL'.uSTRJ"a tAPqICpgY,JTCln Ap0 ;NpiCE':OU$ ACGAE SEI�_.@nST('U:! CAPn�CCflt:U?U61 AND :4_;GE4015 A(.pAE
4eiOWN hY SOd:t35A CNLORL^.6 G�6AA.3E� i0 A COkTA6�, G90;A� IN GnLQUAS A1AQSE5iU�A hCETdYE Cps!?ARED TC A LO4TRQ�.
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(1Y/28B2-ItEBJ)
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(�2[:Srfl2-roEi93)
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S?Ef�F!C CiRt}VfTN S:ATE (iw0 �£y t1�r:^y Fvy�,�.yp) GF
SE.F�n a . P Lorv i� ^.y ��. _„�5 nConP
6ftOs[ft;i� fnCGV.' aCt�d�=�:.v:'.acqEJ iC A COtiSnOl
{�2(�3iat-v'o.6S)
Figure 22. The specific 9roti�th rate (two-day r:oving average) of
the cambined Selenastrum ca ricornutum a�d irdigenous
a7gae (B�ar River 9rown ir� various concertrations
of tdaCi, Ct•1h, calcium acetate and magnesium acetete
fi2/[8iS2 - UIlG6/33j,
�-�� . �
`�t« �� � ,�. �,--- �
� �; ,������;
t ;
_ {__ �_. `� . _ __ _
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��
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i"
�
growth. :n the natural water bioassays the tre�tments,
except for the 1000 mg/liter treatments, NaCl had no
statistical:.y sigeiificant effect on aigal growth. I❑
the 1C00 mgJ�.iter treatments thete was an initial
depression in the standing eco� and the growth rate
follawed by at: in^.�ase toward the end of the
experiment.
For C�4A the urr::,;_a::i and natural water bioassays
exhibited a.;i��,:i€icant dep�es:;io� in naxiru,.� stac�ciing
crop and maxi.::um qrowth rate at the highest treatment
levels. The H3.55 mg/lit�r, I67.1 mg/liter, and 1671
mgJliter. treatments all siqnificantly affected gsowth
in the unialgal bzoassays, In the naturai water
bioassays, only the 1672 mg/liter Ch;A treatment showed
a significant reduction c�f star.dir,g crop and gr�wth
rates. Calciur acetate and magnesium acetate had
effec±s sim;Iar tc the CinA treatments,
The algal bioassays demonstrate that CMA, calcium
acetate, and magnr,sium acetate are more deleterious to
algae growth thar NaCl. The ;�f£ect of C?�SA, calciur�
acetate, and magnesium acetate was decreased in the
natural water bicassays, but algai growth was still
c3e2�yed ev�n if not statistically difEere;zt except at
the highe�t treat,�,ent levels, A conserv�tive estimate
of the max,imtzm corcenteation at which little eftect
from CP'_:,, calcium acetate, or magnesicm acetate wou2d
probably bt less t-han 50 mg/liter,
C. �tria� Fcoloc�y
The impacts of C'4A on terrestrial ecology were
examined by limited laboratory seudies on veget�tian
and soil, The abhreviated time period ar2d the lac4c of
industciaily produced CMA precluded an in depth field
evaivation on either the veyetation or the soi2s, The
vegetation study for this investigation measured the
impac:ts of CI;A in the irrigation water, and i❑ foliar
sprays, The soils study measured the nutcients and
metals that lea^ned out of selected sails when a 1 N
salution of C+iA was passed through the soil.
i. Roac3side Vegetatiorr Study
a. 7nCroduction
The shart time period alloted for the CPiA study
grecluded an indepth field eval�ation of CMFi's
imgaci-, �n readside �:�;etaticn. Therefare, "this
study was limitec3 to a ppt stud_v. Testing was
canducted on eiqhteen woad� spe�fes seiectec3 frem
plants found adjacent to highways in snowy areas.
Species seiecte-d for this stuc3y are listed in Tab1e
12. Al1 testing was by the University af California
�

at Davis (13}.
b. Ptateriais and P4ethods
Durin� this study, iL was ass�mad that some of ttte
CN,A applied to control ice and snow wou).d leave the
roadw�:y as runoff, or as traffic generated aerasols,
To test for the impacts of C21A leavirig the raadway
as runoff, plants caere irrigated with CMA solurions.
To test far the impacts oE C,�tA leaving the roadway
as aerosols, o�her test plants had their tops
sprayed with CPiA solutions, NaCl was also applied
to test plants as irrigation solutions or as
aerosols. Additiana2ly, one plant af each species
was uGeci as a cor,trol.
Tne cancentrations of CN,A and NaCl used in the
irrigation water were selecf:ed to bracket the CMA
concentretions exnectcc� r�+ n���r� �� the h*aCl
concentrations knawn to occur, witha.n 25 feet of
high;aa�•. The aerasol concentrations approximated
the concentrations exF>ected or found in snowmelt
highway surfaces.
the
on
The plants 4hat were used in testing wer� obtained
either as bare root stock or in one and two gall�a
containers in various soil mixtures, Plar�ts
recei��e� as bare roac stock were inspectee�, soaked
in a water bath, and raoh pruned to remove darayed
or discu�ed roots. 6are -oot plsnts were planted in
apgropriate sizeu centainers in a potting mix af
sand, redwcod bark and ccat moss. Plancs from the
Western C,S, werr received in 1 and 2 gallan plastic
containers containinq a potting mix oE Douglas Fir
b3rk znd sawdust.
All plants were m�intainez3 in the nursery can yard
of the Enviror.-�ental fiorticultural Department of
U.C., Davis. Test s�).utians were made by di�solving
apprapriate ;�mount�� of CMA Yn tap water.
Sail irrigation test solutions contained 5, 10, 5D,
o: 1C10 milliequivalents {meqti af CASA cr NaC2; the
controZ cansisted of tap water, Sufficient solution
was applicd at each a�,pI.ication to allow about 2S€
of the solution to leAeh tnrough thc soil.
Thro�lr,ahout testiny we end2avored to provzde the
plant's soiI an ionic concentration ec,ual to the
test solution 3aolied. Three plar.ts af e4ch species
were treated witYa each concentration o� C�IA or NaCI.
Gae plant of e�ch s�eci�^ was used as a control,
Betwe2n Pebruary ar.d �une of I:rE2 a total of five
appZications c�ere r..rade. T!�� apPlication dates were
d�ter�:ne� �y ;,�onitocir.g the a�no�:nt :,i salts
62

€�
remaining in the soil.
The test so2utions for spray applicatiens rrcre made
by dissolving the appropriate amaunts of Ci??� or NaCl
in tap water, The concentrations used were 0.1,
0.5, 1.0� and 2.0 id, Between Febeuary and May 1482
four spray applications were made.
The early 1982 results suggested that CF4A was less
damaging than NaCI in 14 of the species tasted,
while four showed abo�at th� same deqcaa of damage as
NaCI. However, various technical pro6lems prevented
a good guantitative examination.
A second seasan of treatment was
imgrove the quantitative nature
Brush {�ysothamr.i�s nauseos��j
the second season.
The type, extent and
determined by visual
damage was analyzed
treatmznt leveZ w:tie
standard.
c. Results
progression
observation
by comparing
�he control
canducted to
of the aata. Rabbit
�ras not t�.,ted in
of injur�a was
The treat-n�ent
reglicates for each
plants used as a
Tables 12 and 13 show nurnerical comp4risons of the
damage caused by NaCl and CMA. Table 12 rates the
treatnent caused 3amage on a scale from 1 to 5. One
indicates no treat�;ent damage, while 5 indicates
severely damaged piar�ts. Table 13 groups the 4
separate treatmer.t levels toge+�her so that for both
soil and spray treatment agplication modes, the
treatment related da.�age for NaCl and C�,A may be
directly compared. In Table 13 a law nunber
corresponds to minimal damage, while a high number
indicates naximum damage. Nine s�ecies were more
severely damaged by NaCl, one species was more
sevecely damaged by CMA, and in eight sgecies the
deg;ee of damaoe was too low to allow a c�mparison,
Zn general, the spray treatments produced greater
damage than the irrigation treatments.
Plants which were af paor quality r.�asked the
tre4tr�ent related damage. Additionally, the oc9anic
pottir.g mix for seven plant species strangi.y
absorbed the applied ions, i�terfering with the
plant's ability to absorb ti�e icns. The sozl
a5sorptian of salt ions b�ffared the treatment
related in�ury.
As wfth other laboratory studies, �his study has its
limit�tions. Different species react to the stress
oE NaCi and CMR di�£�rentiy, Also, different soil
types will i�ifluence the im�acts of FSaCt_ and C�1A.
62
,. �. �, s�.E�.���, �._�� ,�a ���- �-��.� ,Px�,..��.� ��,. 4a.x3�„ u_ _.,,..� . ,,� ,..�,�,

�ABIe�12 P:.A.ti'T TR;'ATME:lT Nt�CAL c'.JALIIIu^ZON
SOZZ li s
�i�5.. cor;color t=aCl[ }
t�ihite : is Ce't'" i
t:ac1 1
ACBT sac� 4�run �,� 1
Sugar maple
AmelancA.ier
June Berry
N3CI i
3��i i
NaEl 1
3tL'?3 1
�g'tr.?a. NaCl I
panyritera-
PaG�r_'>�ark bircFi��� ''�� �
Hacl 1
Calui:..��s aecurr�� �1
Znce��� Cedar
�:�ci
C��Sp�h&.,�:us �nauGzou 1
RabL+— _t' Lru i �"��" �
D:aei� 1
CQ!` ' �ior��da .
Fl� E�v-�ood C3�<'c � 1
;
iil ¢m � cv f;.�'.ia� 1
— Lf,n � 1
RL't P :e
[i3:�
Frz�?;sFennsvlvar::.a 1
WPliE� r'i�:�•l 4.'«i 1
�= tdac� � �
z�alus r;op8 x.
c�P��r�=rin=7 c+-u�a�.e
,.���Pini:s ie:f:�avi 1
nF
4usreus albs
19di�e Oak
J�� so.
C:t4 i
NaC
i
(.."�.Ic 1
r.ac � o
C:;da i
r;ac1 1
�:A i
hac' 1
Q:�f 1
i
l
2
1
1
i
i
1
1
1
1
1
i
i
2
�
1
1
2
1
1
i
i
1
1
1
� Fg
i9
2 g
2 g
1
1
Zd
2
3
1
z
1
2
i
4
1
2
2
<
z�
4'
i
1
2
2
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1
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1
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2 �
z£
SB
2
4°
i
1
2 Zc
1 1
4 1
2 1
5 � i
2 1
4 �
Z 3
.� 2
z i
3 2.
3 1
i i
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2 � 1
� I 1
2 1
i � 1
�e� z
i
2 S
2 1
5 1
2 1
3` z '
�aa< �
5F 1`
2 2
1 q
� � 4 �
1 j 1
2
1 1
Z 3
i i
5 sb 4 a
5 �0 1
2 3
i i
2 3
2 1
i z
1 1
2 3
i � 2
2
� 1
3 2
2 2
z �
i
2 3
1 1
2 4
1 1
2 2
1 2
4
i g z f�
2 k �1 2
4 b i
--;
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4 (
z �
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5a �
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4
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(TA9LE 12 Cont}
;7aC1I 1
ib.u;�a occiaentaii.s�� 1
VibyT�vga lantana �`aCl z
... _, m G*;A 1
:�X`i�:�
SOZL SPfNY
;a��- 5{}r� 10�.=^„ Q<19: 6. ?; S.Oi: 2.0
1 � 1 1 � 1 1 1 i
2' 1 I 2 a�) 1 I i � 2 I 2 a
Dr�,a�� 4 N�ri ae1 Rankinz
� 1
azg z
2y-go 3
5�-?5 k
75-1ao 5
Fe�?;: :��
T:aatw.�n�t s�ries 1.nc?:,x9ss dard r�aplicaf�4a).
SroatB�n� sarir�s incl.�e: r�piicat,e(s) ��?-.ich died of causas ot.har t.�.an t�in�
tcrtall.y t>a�i�?nt r�.�laf'.�e.. Em�^c::�nt�.l st�rssss o2her thatt test t1^ee",rk,nt,
sus�otad as eause ai 3eath
Ds`ou�,,h�fhe�f, stress da:,.age; rarz2i.cate{�s} oose„°a� to have b�en sa4�erely� eri2ted.,.
Plants o£ goor vri�ir,a.7 quali.ty.
Inelurles plsn'ts �t�ith�regrosa�c,h foiiagei a11 j�vious 1�2 folia�a wes destroyed
by the tr�at.�en2s.
Treatrant sc�ri�:s incl�as reF,liaets{s} partial7� ranovad by Cx1.iSornia state
pathalo�l,ts to test far oa.i; srilt (C�ratacystis fa�..acsartzn), �
Treat�r.. seriss incl•ades r��;j,;.ca`w(s} totallp re�vsd by raliforaLa state
patholoa sts to `�st Sor es.lt trilt (Cer�tocg�,tis fataceariav_}.
EZot used in s�cond. seascn. �

��o..� -,�..
�.� � .. s �.� � ��� �..����,��_�
- _�.. ���.. .,�<� ��t� �����;�•�
$ie
T� 13
RaCl� CMA DAMAGE &Aar". CO.�rAFSSONS
Acar
�]�nchier
Arctasta�'zy:
�tu2a •
����
Fraa�xsus
:`slus
F'S.nus jg±'Pre
�. r4.ia
Qu�rcus �7�
Q. e,mreal: s
���
�uj�a
Yi!sua-n;�
2
6
5
4
^.
�
G
�
i
2
k
2
�
3
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i
L
SO
J�
�
�
11

_�__�_ __ _ a�..___�,., �. � w�.�, � .� wr��,�. .�„n_:,� . �>._��w,�. �> ;� ��,� � ��
�� ��� � �
�. � � � � � : �� `� � � a^� �t: � ��,,.� - � �
, r e�.,�-�. �' �aa
-`� r; ����� ��'
���� �� l�� � � � � �� �v
^ � c` x
�
Ficur2 ?3. Holdinq rack with Lysim2ter tubes and fiask.
,�'�' � ' �>- � ` �� �
��Y � ��¥� '' � �
� - � ��s��+� �""
r�` �� �'�� -� ' �� �
�c�x � ��
� � ��'�dkx � 3� �� � ��
F�� �
�: ���� = ����� �� ��
� � �
�,.<� � �— ___ � -._
Fiq>1re 24. i,eneral Laborat�ry sat�p fer s�ii tysiraeta�
Castina,
66
;

2. S^il Evaluation
In response to FH:�fi requests, the State tran�portation aqencies of
Minneaota, Sdest Virginia an� Maryland sent soil sa�ples and
info:mation avaut the sam2es to t!7e TransLab for eva2uation.
Ad�itianally, tiro soil types fra:i the Lake Tahoe Basin were sampled
by TransLab pe:sonnei. Of the 11 sails sampled, 7 were selected £or
tE�ski ng.
Soils wers received in thin-walled tubes, agproxinately 12-18 inches
in depth and crete relatively compacted and unc3isturbed. The
compactness, in addition to the high clay contents of sone samples,
neces;sitated treating the samples as disturued soils cather thar.
undisturbed as originally planned. t4osc of the samples were
compacted to the point no t�st solutian would be able ta �ercolate
through the soil dur=ng testing �rocedures.
Soils tested included or.e Maryiand soil frorn t�nne t��«��el C�untyj �:�YPP
soils fram West Virginia, two soils from Minnesotz and a soil from
Ca2ifornia's Lake Tahoe Basin. Description of the soils sampled are:
f'v -FC�i��1iT1
t3anmouth Co2lingtan 1lssociation. This soil is an u7tiso2 that
developed from unconsalic:ated marine sedir.�ents cf vu:+���s sizes that
were deposited in th<. Atlantic Cosstal Plain, Ti�e se:� s sandy to
loamy. Tne soil sanpl� represenc� ths �or�zons ,�ust �:e��,.� che topsoil.
N�nn� a ,�
Clontar.f fine sandy loam. Th� sample was taken in Chippewa County,
This is sandy loam found in strea;n deltas and outwash plains, in areas
af gently aloping topography, This soil is moderately well drair,ed.
�Sarysland loam is a nearly level, poorly dra_ned, calcareous soil
found in cnannels, on stream deitas and oukwash plains. This szr�ple
was from i,hippcwa County. The gerreability oi this soil is mc3erate
in the surface layers and rapid ia the lower sandy levels. Surface
runoff is slovr whilc- available t�ater capacity is noderate. Otyanic
content is hiqi7 and the surface Iayer is miidly to r.;o3�rately
alkaline.
���,�:dn�a
The Gvest Vir:inia samples were soils fram the DeK�lb Sesi.ss in
Fayette Countl�. The Dzxa2n series conszsts oE mode�ateiy deer, well
drained soi.ls or. ridqe tops, nil2sides, ar.d :mauntzir.sides. T:ese
soils ar�: for.,�d in acicl �,�aterial weathered from sandstone. Slopes
range from 3 to 70 perceut, but are generally more than 4� percent,
DeKalb soils h�ve a losa ta r�oeerate availaole r.oist�re capacity and
rapi.d germeabiTit�, ;3att�sal fecti�it�� is generallg la;o. �In gently
siopin� ar3as, non-�!�on, D��:al� soils a:e suited to crogs, nay and
� past::�2. Pe...,anent pd::�Lr� 'oes pooiiy .... rc�:g�P anroc,hat iirOun,ht.
.. . . ,... . ,
. .
_<
����� soi s. Trees gresr fair tc weZ7 and rosr of the acerac�e �s wooa��'.

The entire soil profile is strongly acid ko very strongly acid.
Sample �I has a coarser texture containing fe�er sandstone fragments
and is more droughty than previously described. Lt is described as
DeKalb Eine sandy loam from 1 to 10 percent slopes, This soil is
suited to al2 crops commonly grown in the twa counties.
Shart-rooted pasture plants do poorly and the hazard af erosion is
severe in unprotected areas. This sample apparently had not been
contaminated with deicing salts.
Samples #2 and �3
40 percent s2opes
exception of the
been affected by
f�E1:{�i�L.S�
are classified as DeRalb channery loam from 30 to
and are representative of this series with the
surface being free of �tone�. Sample #3 may have
some deicing salta during past winters.
The Lake Tariae samo]e was t�{;�n along hi�h�ay 8Q ag�ro�imatelp
2.5 miles northwest of the Highwey 50/89 sepaxati�n. Triolicate
3amples were taken 4Q feet from the >dge of the gav�ment.
The samples were Erom Elmira-GeEo soil association found £rom the
Tahoe Valiey to the California-Nevada state line. The soils of
this association are formed in granit�,c materials an qlacia2
outwash fans and moraines. The Elmira series are somerrhat
excessicely drainec7 soils underlain hy Gandy granitic alluvium.
Witt�in the Elmira series, slopes are 0-3G pEreen� krhich is
between tha elevations of 6200-6500 feet anc� narmally 20-35
inches precipitation per annum. Characteristically, vegetation
is an open stand of sagebrush with coniferous forest and
perennial gr4sses.
l�iethods
Lysimeters (soil cortainers} were used to contain the soil
samples for the percolation testing. The 2ysimeters were
ecrnstructed from 20 gaae seamless brass tubing, 3 inches inside
dzameter and 12 inche$ loc,a, Supports within the 2ysimeter for
holding the filter paper and soil sanples consisted of circles of
coarse brass screen cut to fit and silver sol�ered in place 1-1/2
inches from the tube bottom. During the test, lysimet�rs were
held verti.cal w�th a wooden rack iFigures 23 and 24}, Test
filtrate which had passed through ths sail column was collerted
in � 500 mi �ryieme�er f_ask.
Samgles selected for testirg were renoved fra:� the ship�,ing
tubes. Only the upper 12 inches of each sample was used for
testing. Each sample was made up of three replicates. Some soi2
from each repiicate of the sample was combined to make a test
sample. Each test sample was air-dried, using fans for air
circulation and grcund b� a power mc.rtar and pestle ko pass a?_�m
screen, nost scils had ane or more distinct Iayers within the
top foot of soil. Ti,is :-ethod breaks dawn th2 normal
Srr�r2f=�ation of thA upper 12 inches of soil struct+?re prad�cing
a unifarmly distvrbe� :a;�pla that is representative of the upp�r
�
�.-�.���� - ._ � � ; ..��g�,u� ,,,.�m,,.��� �.��� ��,, � :
�� ��.�
_. _ �.� � z���,�_� ,

one faot of the sv^zl horizon.
From each prepared soil sample, three 500 qram subsamples were
taken far the testing procedure. Each 500 ora�a replicate
subsamole was placed into separate lysimeters fitted with a layer
af &40 whatman iilter paper placed on top os the retaining screen.
ThrEe lysimeters with identicai replicate subsamgles were used
for each sail tyge. The 500 yram sample� were added in one
motion to minimize particle size segregat_ion, The lysimeters
oontaining filter and soil on top of the filter were dropped 20
times through a dis�ance of 2.5 cm onto a flat wooden block on a
benah surface. The uniform "tapping" of the lysimeters and
subsample was intended to achieve relatively uniPorm compactfon.
Once the samples had been "tapped", anotrer close fitting
whatman filter was placed on top of the .�ample. This filter was
❑�ed to ensure ninimal soil distur��ance when the cylinders were
loaded with liguids to be tested.
PraZim<r.a:y testir.g 'ndicat�u that ep�r�ximately �S� rn2 a£ czst
solution should be charged in the lv�imeter to ensure 564 ml of
filtcate for chemical.determinatians on selected parameters,
Because project funding limited testing to only one concentration
of calcium-magnesium acetate and distil2ed water, a 1 N reagent
grade concentratiori was �elected. The 2 N CMA concentratian,
whiZe stronoer than could be expected in a field situation
(exc�pt in very unusual cases} oroold allaal an evaluation of the
ch�mical's potential far exteactinq nutrients andjor metals fro�
the soil envircnmen'4.
2he soil loade� lysimeters oTere chacged with 7G0 m2 of 1 N CtdA ar
the d?.stilled wuter control and allowed te perco2ate unti2 they
st�ppeu drippir.y filtrate or adequate sample ior chemical
determi�at:ons was secured. Filtrate was iced and immediately
taken to the Calif�rnia �epartment af 67ater Resources Chemistry
Laboratory foc anaiysis. Parameters analyzed for were: pH,
specific conductance, hy6r_olyzable orthophosphate, nitrate,
potassiumr and chemical oxygen demand.
Results
Tables 13 and 14 summarizes the results of the chemical analyeis.
Tf'1E' results i'IOt@ d TdIIGJ2 fOT tti2 �i7TEc TepiiCatES ai�d 'a P�.�u:. lit
parat:,esis. Distilled ;aat?r and 1 N CMA chemica2 analysis are
noted at the bocton of tye- table, The 1 N CMA used for the
testir.g had a pE3 af 8.2. The resu2ts only con�pare the amaur,t of
metals ar nutrie�tts remnved by either 1 N C65A or a di.stilled
water cantroJ_. The relatianship between the amaunt of
metaljnutzient remava2 and the total avaiiable in a particular
soil was not determined. A gene:ai soil chemistry analysis for
e�ch s�it w�s not conduct��.
The results indicate that iron was remcved by 1 N Ct4A at a
sianificant 2evel when .�o�rrared ta the control in five of the
seven soi7s teste�. Likew?sE, the eEf'ect of CMA en a14�inam
�

removai is significant 4n five of the seven soils tested. Three
of the seven soil results shoWed nQ alurainam in eithec tne control
of CMA treatment. It is not known if this re£lects absence of
aluminum in these soils or that it did not move in response to
treatments.
Sodium movement from the soil was noted in some of the soils,
howevec, it �as siqnificant in only two cases, one of which {West
Virginia #1} was known to have been conta¢iinated by deicing salt.
Significant removal of orthophosphate was noted in only one soil
but five of the seven soils showed significant removal of
hydrolyzab2e orthcphospi:ate resultinq from t:ie leachiny of CMA.
Nittate remaval was not significant in most of the soils.
hawever, five of the seven soils did exhibit a significant loss of
potassiu� when co�pared to the controls.
Basea �n thhe results noted in 7ables 13 and 14, it aopeacs 1 N
calcium-magnesiu� acetate has the gotential to remove signifis�nt
amounts of iron, aluminu�, sodium, hydrolyzable orthophosphate and
pot�ssium from the soil.
This soi.l analysis was very limited. The results indicate that a
I N CP9A yolution can xenove some ions .`rom a lysimeter. However,
the iaboratory conditions used in testing are not the sane as the
conditions which will be encountered in actual use. Further
studies sha 1d be per:.�r.�ed both in the laboratory and in the
f=eld.
70

�..., .. ��„,„�.� � ��c;.P...„�. ..: ,,,.�:.;:- .
_
.r`"�n�+"a`,rs: .. . ......?>'r, .F'..::..'Y.=-.�'i� . .�
✓++�^wH. `�., mr-�.,�.,._ ._. , �.,..a.. .x.� .'�.'�� .�.t. ex-;.-'M:cRL?3 arr� . . .
Table 14 - Leachate Vol_une Specific Conductance and C.OD Si�r�narv
from the Soil St�dv.
Leacha�e Specific
Uolume Conductance C4D
ml �;�hos/cm mg/LitAr
t",D2
C"1,4 567 30,730 63,400
DN20 582 115 2;3
MN1 � � � �
CttA 584 37,3�0 61,800
DHZQ 56& 130 67.fi
�1N3
C� iA 53? 31 ,160 65 , 000
DN,O 580 247 54.G
WV1
Cti,� 547 30,930 61,704
DHZO 548 193 722.3
WV2
Cht;; 554 30,600 62,100
OH2O 555 214 121.0
11V3
G�iA 543 31,230 65>7Q{i
�H2O 553 352 48.0
C�1
C7SA 577 31,O�J0 66,500
DH2O 587 $2 78.8
tid �h1A � 25,5�0 65>3D�J �
Distilled H�0 I2.9 0
7�

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E
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u� . . OJ �- V N x�'f M t0 iCt
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d
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Z O O t+') N M P! .- O � O � O� .- O O O
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i tt> eti :! tI5 US LLS � Ut N
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F G � t3 � ` U ti ` u o 3 c_i i� > tJ G'I }� t> d `�J Q "�', O ..
72
P .�. ..W*...^ ...m ..xar= . v '.rv. �s . .
. m�.:N �.^.v.ue.i .ca.x.--�:w .r�ttvaxwurv.w..s>.�.c...
- . n...v .�«a . . .... �..i� .

Literature CiEed
1. �urray, D. M., and V. F. W. Ernest. 1976. An';conomic
Analysis of the Environmenta2 Impact oE Highway Deicing.
U.S. Environmental Protection Rgency. EPA 600/2-76-105.
2. Adam, Fcarklin 5. 1973. Highway Salt: Social and
Environrnental Concerns. Highwey Research Record No. 425.
Highway Research Board, Washington, D.C.
3. Field, Richard, et al. 1981, Environmental Impact of
Highway Deicing. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Water Quality Research. Edison, New Jersey.
4. Miller, Wi2liam E., Joseph C. Greene, and Tamotsu Shiroyama,
1978. The Se?enas im �r,�Q.n,art,m Printa Algal Assay
Bottle Test. U.S. Envieonmenta2 Pratection Agency.
E�^='8�G118. Cvrvallis, pregon.
5. Sheeler, Max. 1983. Experimental Use of Calcium Magnesium
Acetate. ReSearch Project HR-253 Iowa Department of
Transgortation, Ames, Zo�a.
6. DeFoe, J. Ho 4984. Evaivation of Caicium ASagnesSum Acetate
as an Ice Control Agent. Research Repert Ydo. R-11.98.
Michicwn �epartmeat of Tran�portation. Lansing, MS,
7. Koppe,a�hlr Fredric R. 1976. Guidelines Eor Perf.asming
Static Acute Toxicity Fish Bicassays in Municipal and
Industrial ydaste�.�atecs> CaliEornia IIepazL-ment of Fish and
Game.
8. Mount, D. I. 1968. Chronic Toxicity of Copper to Fathead
Minrows, �P:menha�ex �gi"e���s, Rafinsqu" Fiater Res, 2(3}:
215-223.
9. Penr.ak, Rabect W. 1578. Fresh-water Invertebrates of the
Uniced States. Second editian. John Wiley and Sons,
New Yotk.
10. Sokalr Rabert F2, and James F. Rolf. 1481. Biome+ry.
2nd editian. W. H. Freeman, ��ar. Francisco,
11. Sokal, Robert R., aad James F. Rolf. 1969. Biometry
lst �@ition, W, H. Freernan, San Francisco.
12. Ga2dman, G.R., and R, La. HoPfman, 1975. A Study of the
Influence of High�aay i5eicing Agents on the Aquatic
Environmen� in thE� Lake Tahoe Basin and Dr�inages Al�ng
Interstate 84. Ecela�icai F.2sea.rch Assaciates Rep-vrt,
Frepared Por' the Califarnia 1Deoartr�ent of Transportatien,
Saeran:enGoE r.A.
73

�r 13. Leiser, Rndrew T. and Steve John. 1983. Evaluation of the
; Effects of Calcium Magnesium Acetateon Selected 21ant
Species. Repoct prepared Por the Ca2ifornia Depaztment af
Tra�sport�tion, Sacramento, CA.
tia
.- � F
� � �� �

ABSTRbiCT
This ceport presents t:�e results of a literature survey and a
limited laboratory skudy on the environmental imp�cts of Calcium
magnesium ace�ate (Ct6fi}. Laboratory tests were pexformed on
fish, zooplankton, phy4;o�lankton, commnn raadside plants and
soiis, No information wds feund an surface water qua2ity,
groundwater qual_ity,or air quality. CMA is less toxic than NaCl
to Rainbow trout, 1Fathead trinnows, and most plant species
tested. CFiA can leach metals and nutrients from soil. In
general, CtAA is not toxic enough to prevent it from being used a;
a deicer. Carefully cantrolled Eield studies should be perf�rmed
to determine how CMA impacts natural systems.
75

Snvironmental Evaluation oi
Calcium-Flagnesiun Acetate {CMA}
Cal.i.fornia State Bept, of Transportatzon
Sacramento
Prepared for
Pederal Highway Administration, Wa�hir.gton, DC
Jun 85
. _ �.'�. ��. ..P.��� di� ��?T.;E's`Pc2
�� �� �C.n""i�'��.��8� . �""ia332 � �
. ���"`� ��..
ti,
PBB;-228541
��

F1it�lf.f RD-d41Q44
�.�� .,,o .�a.�.��
ENVIRONt4Et�TAL EVALUATION OF
CALCIUM-MAGPlESIUM r10ETATE ;CMN}
Gary R. t�Jinters, Jeffrey Gidtey and
harold Hunt
•. Penronwrac oncar.�zwnor wu¢ wwo wooncsa
Office of Transportation Laboratory
Catifornia Department of Transportation
Sacramenta, California 95819
II. 1PONiON�NG AG2NCY NAMC ANO �.DORE23
Califarnia Department of Transoortation
Sacramento, Catifornia 95807
e
TEGHNICAI REPOR7 STANDARO T
PSd6-228541
aa. � ,.�
June 1985
�, PEP�ORN�ia
�e. v.ona uv�r r�o
PAGE
,..,...,.,�, , r ...=«o_iask Urd�
DOT-PN-i1-8250 17
U. TVnC OF 6CnOAT \ YCIVOOCOv[M(p
Final
.s.wan�e»cHr4n.«orr. This researcn WdS accanplished under C:?P2Ct COf1tYdCt �
for ttie Federal Highway Administratio�'s research project,
"Environmertal Evaluation of Catcium-Ma9nesium hc�tate As An
Alternative Flighway Deicinq Chemical".
i• wntrn�c♦ �
This report presents the results of a literature survey and a limited
laboratory siudy on the environmental impacts of Calcium magnesium
acetate (CtiF). La6oratory tests were performed on fish, zooplankton,
phytoplankton, commo�i roadside ptants and soils. No information was
found on surface water quality, grouodwater quality, or air quality.
CMk is less toxic than NaCI to Rainbow trout, Fathzad Minnows, and
most plant species tested. CMA is not toxic enough to prevent it
from being used as a deicer. Carefully controlled field studies
should be performed to determ;ne how CMA ir.,pacts natura] systems.
�> .cv wpnot ' �• o�n-n�e�r�orv ar�rernckr
Cbik, calcium-magnesium, acetate, No restrictions. ihis documert is
environmental, biology, soils available to the public through the
�+egetet9on, deicing ch�ricala �daiianal Techn�eai Informatian
Service, Springfietd, Vi1 2<1G1
�c aEe�n�+. <uiv: ,or rNu aePoan za aecu.+�r. ��nev� :ar r..�a n.cc� x�..Ho. ar. o:�[e u. ��N�ee ..
Unctassified Unclessi�ied � � � ��'�5�
DvaT�.-1242 {Rev,6l76)
raveo�ucco ee
�`�"r°tiE�.�.h;.�� Y��Y3;'�i��.:.
9NFORFhATlC7N SERVICE
- 0%.OEPARI4€M[�1f G9uME5�5
s aiace,[to, xx. n.tei

_.... __.
qC.Yi3MW3wi%lAb�mrYIRS[rtC . +tiv.�r.at�4anr.+mnrran4n r.rvtw.v..hrenmNa.:�.rM+[zYa�^ta\NIIKtK(I.9MSM1'tJ.�YAS.N.h��ReEYJI
�"
YI CONCLUSIONS Ru7D RBCOMPIF,NDATIONS
A. Conclusions
l. CMA is less toxic to rainbow trcut (Salmo 9airdneri)
and fathead minnows (Pimephales �romelas tfian NaCl, calcium
acetate, r,r magnesium aretate. Maonesium�acetate is slight-
ly more toxic to rainbow trout and�fa+head minnows than
NaCl. A continuou�ly maintained concenrration of 5000
mg/Liter of CMA slightly delays the hatching of rain6ow
troct, but does not infiuence khe number of eggs that har.eh.
2. 4tarerfiea (Daphnia magna} biaassays indicary that the
96 hr LCS CMA is 304 ng/liter when +he CMA is
associate� with bacteria, and 3.421 mg/lirer when the Ch14 is
bacr�ria fr�e. The 9b t-�r LC5� ie tr�at cancEritza�icr� of
a chemical tohich ki11s�502 of tY�.e test animals wirhin 96
hours. The.long-+erm chron'tc bioassays indicared that '.
warerflea reproduction was significantLy inhibi+ed a+ 250
mgfliter of CMA. The 96 hz LCS� was £or NaCl deterr.iined
to be 4500 mgfliter. Water�Elea reproduction was .
significantly inhibited ar 125 mgfliter of NaCl.
3. The algae bioas�ays indicara r_ha` CMA, calcium acetatf�,
and magnesium ace*ate are more roxic to algae +han NaCl. It
is esti:nated a concentration of less than 50 mg/lir_er of ��MA
is necessary to eLimina+e any dele+erious effects of CMA on
Algae.
4. �MA leached through soil resulted in some ramoval of
iron, alumitium, and selected nutrients frcm the +'ested ,
scils.
5. In general NaCl is more injurious +:o planrs than C'.NA.
Only one species of p1an+, the Russien 01ive (Elaeag:�cs
ana,ustifolia} was damriged more by CC1F� than by "7aC1.
5. At the pcesent rime ChL�'s impacts on the public health
and safety aspec+.s oE surface water quality, groundwarer
quality an3 air quality are unknown. An ex*ensive litera-
t�.a�a se�ax�h fp�tncl nn infnrma+.i2n rel.aki,na� tp theStp areas.
7. At rhe CC1.A. concentrations likely t_o be generated by r_he
usA of CM.4 in snow and ice control, CMA may be less environ-
mentully dsmaqing +han NaCl.
8. t�Iorkers exposed to CMr'� dUst should Uear dust masks.
�

v3�:v:vxyrm�w e.-e..a,r..�..x...�.-.e--,.e�-.»n.n...... .�,,.o.,uw..r rri_v...:�„A�'rczY..w��u�W'-� ::3.:d:<�.!3:Yt:T,`.`.I
[3. Ti8CCiPli^�2Z1C�3tI.OiiS
CMA appears rp be iess deleterious to aquatic and terres-
trial c:casyst_ems *.han CIaCl. Flowever, these re�ults are
based on a literature s�earch and iimitec3 laboratory srudy,
and as such, suffer +he limitations �inherent in such
evalua+i�ns.
�� Based on the results of this study, it is recommended rhat?
a
,{, . l. A9dirional laboratory s+tjdies be conducted on rhe way
� and the rate by which hacreria degrades CMA under various
;�i soil and kemperature conditions. �
2. Controlled field testing should be conducted r_o deter-
mine rhe fate of CMA in +he soil and vegetation and its
impacts on groundwater quality, aauatic ecosystems (particu-
larly the lower trophic levels), and soil chemis+_ry and
physics over an extended period of time. These studies �
should be performed in climate zones where CMA is likely to
be used.
3. Research shou'_d be conduct:Pd into how ro reduce the dust
problem associated with CPfF�.
i3