20180779 Ver 1_401 Application_20180618

Action History (UTC -05:00) Eastern Time (US & Canada)
Submit by Anonymous User 6/6/2018 11:02:46 AM (Message Start Event)
Accept by Montalvo, Sheri A 6/7/2018 10:43:11 AM (NON -DOT Project)
The task was assigned to Montalvo, Sheri A. The due date is: June 11, 2018 5:00 PM
6/6/2018 11:02 AM

Staff Review
ID#*
20180779
Version* 1
Is this project a public transportation project?* r Yes
r No
Reviewer List:*
Select Reviewing Office:*
Submittal Type:*
401 Application
Zan Price:eads\gaprice
Asheville Regional Office - [phone]
Does this project require a request for payment to be sent?*
r•
Yes
r
No
How much is r $240.00
owed?* r $570.00

Project Submittal Dated 6/6/2018
Please note: fields marked with a red asterisk below are required. You will not be able to submit the form until all
mandatory questions are answered.
Project Type:* r New Project
r Pre -Application Submittal
r More Information Response
r Other Agency Comments
r For the Record Only (Courtesy Copy)
New Project - Please check the new project type if you are trying to submit a new project that needs an official approval
decision.
Pre -Application Submittal - Please check the pre -application submittal if you just want feedback on your submittal and
do not have the expectation that your submittal will be considered a complete application requiring a formal decision.
More Information Response - Please check this type if you are responding to a request for information from staff and
you have and ID# and version for this response.
Other Agency Comments - Please check this if you are submitting comments on an existing project.
Project Contact Information
Name: Alan Moore
Who is subrritting the information?
Email Address:* [e-mail]
Project Information
Project Name:* Avadim Project
Is this a public transportation project?
r Yes
r No
Is the project located within a NC DCM Area of Environmental Concern (AEC)?*
r Yes' No r Unknown
County (ies)*
Buncombe
Please upload all files that need to be submited.
Click the upload button or drag and drop files here to attach docunent
PCN—Avadim — 2018-06-06.pdf 4.69MB
Only pdf or Igrz iles are accepted.
Describe the attachments:
Avadim Project PCN. The project is located near Black Mountain, NC in Buncombe County. The PCN has
several attachments. Attachment A includes additional narratives that would not fit on the PCN form
* V By checking the box and signing box below, I certify that:
o I have given true, accurate, and complete information on this form;
o I agree that submission of this form is a "transaction" subject to Chapter 66, Article 40 of the NC General Statutes (the
"Uniform Electronic Transactions Act")
o I agree to conduct this transaction by electronic means pursuant to Chapter 66, Article 40 of the NC General Statutes

(the "Uniform Electronic Transactions Act');
I understand that an electronic signature has the same legal effect and can be enforced in the same way as a written
signature; AND
I intend to electronically sign and submit the online form."
Signature:
Submittal Date:

Page 1 of 10
PCN Form – Version 1.4 January 2009
Office Use Only:
Corps action ID no. _____________
DWQ project no. _______________
Form Version 1.4 January 2009
Pre-Construction Notification (PCN) Form
A. Applicant Information
1. Processing
1a. Type(s) of approval sought from the Corps: Section 404 Permit Section 10 Permit
1b. Specify Nationwide Permit (NWP) number: or General Permit (GP) number:
1c. Has the NWP or GP number been verified by the Corps? Yes No
1d. Type(s) of approval sought from the DWQ (check all that apply):
401 Water Quality Certification – Regular Non-404 Jurisdictional General Permit
401 Water Quality Certification – Express Riparian Buffer Authorization
1e. Is this notification solely for the record
because written approval is not required?
For the record only for DWQ
401 Certification:
Yes No
For the record only for Corps Permit:
Yes No
1f. Is payment into a mitigation bank or in-lieu fee program proposed for
mitigation of impacts? If so, attach the acceptance letter from mitigation bank
or in-lieu fee program.
Yes No
1g. Is the project located in any of NC’s twenty coastal counties. If yes, answer 1h
below. Yes No
1h. Is the project located within a NC DCM Area of Environmental Concern (AEC)? Yes No
2. Project Information
2a. Name of project:
2b. County:
2c. Nearest municipality / town:
2d. Subdivision name:
2e. NCDOT only, T.I.P. or state project no:
3. Owner Information
3a. Name(s) on Recorded Deed:
3b. Deed Book and Page No.
3c. Responsible Party (for LLC if
applicable):
3d. Street address:
3e. City, state, zip:
3f. Telephone no.:
3g. Fax no.:
3h. Email address:
Avadim Project
Buncombe
Black Mountain, NC
Binome Property Corp.
Platbook 174, page 146
Steve Woody, CEO
81 Thompson St.
Asheville, NC, 28803
[phone]
(828)-274-7986
[e-mail]
39
Page 2 of 10
4. Applicant Information (if different from owner)
4a. Applicant is: Agent Other, specify:
4b. Name:
4c. Business name
(if applicable):
4d. Street address:
4e. City, state, zip:
4f. Telephone no.:
4g. Fax no.:
4h. Email address:
5. Agent/Consultant Information (if applicable)
5a. Name:
5b. Business name
(if applicable):
5c. Street address:
5d. City, state, zip:
5e. Telephone no.:
5f. Fax no.:
5g. Email address:
Clay Mooney
Design Associates
1293 Hendersonville Rd, Suite 21
Asheville, NC 28803
828-277-7410
828-277-7413
[e-mail]
Alan Moore
Nutter & Associates, Inc.
304 New Leicester Highway, Suite B
Asheville, NC 28806
828-275-9605
706-354-7928
[e-mail]
Page 3 of 10
PCN Form – Version 1.4 January 2009
B. Project Information and Prior Project History
1. Property Identification
1a. Property identification no. (tax PIN or parcel ID):
1b. Site coordinates (in decimal degrees): Latitude: Longitude:
1c. Property size: acres
2. Surface Waters
2a. Name of nearest body of water to proposed project:
2b. Water Quality Classification of nearest receiving water:
2c. River basin:
3. Project Description
3a. Describe the existing conditions on the site and the general land use in the vicinity of the project at the time of this
application:
3b. List the total estimated acreage of all existing wetlands on the property:
3c. List the total estimated linear feet of all existing streams (intermittent and perennial) on the property:
3d. Explain the purpose of the proposed project:
3e. Describe the overall project in detail, including the type of equipment to be used:
4. Jurisdictional Determinations
4a. Have jurisdictional wetland or stream determinations by the
Corps or State been requested or obtained for this property /
project (including all prior phases) in the past?
Yes No Unknown
Comments:
4b. If the Corps made the jurisdictional determination, what type
of determination was made? Preliminary Final
4c. If yes, who delineated the jurisdictional areas?
Name (if known):
Agency/Consultant Company:
Other:
4d. If yes, list the dates of the Corps jurisdictional determinations or State determinations and attach documentation.
5. Project History
5a. Have permits or certifications been requested or obtained for
this project (including all prior phases) in the past? Yes No Unknown
5b. If yes, explain in detail according to “help file” instructions.
6. Future Project Plans
6a. Is this a phased project? Yes No
6b. If yes, explain.
0609-51-5260
-82.3454
7.16
Swannanoa River
Class C
French Broad
The majority of the project site consist of herbaceous cultivated land cover, and has most recently been in cropland and pasture use. Immediately
adjacent to the west and south of the project site is broad-leafed deciduous forest land with unknown use. Immediately east of the project site is
mixed-deciduous-coniferous forest land in residential use. North of the project site is heavily developed land in transportation and commercial complex
The purpose of the Avadim project is to construct new corporate headquarters that will include office space, research and development, manufacturing
A detailed description of the project details is given in Attachment A
Nutter & Associates
Approved Jurisdictional Determination on December 22, 2016. SAW-2016-02369. See Attachment F
Stormwater Management Plan is in review by Buncombe County. See Attachment B Exhibit B1 Design drawings for stormwater details.
35.6043
0
SAW-2016-02369 William Elliott with Corps
Alan Moore
Page 4 of 10
PCN Form – Version 1.4 January 2009
C. Proposed Impacts Inventory
1. Impacts Summary
1a. Which sections were completed below for your project (check all that apply):
Wetlands Streams – tributaries Buffers Open Waters Pond Construction
2. Wetland Impacts
If there are wetland impacts proposed on the site, then complete this question for each wetland area impacted.
2a.
Wetland impact
number
Permanent (P) or
Temporary (T)
2b.
Type of impact
2c.
Type of wetland
2d.
Forested
2e.
Type of jurisdiction
Corps (404,10) or
DWQ (401, other)
2f.
Area of
impact
(acres)
W1
W2
W3
W4
W5
W6
2g.Total Wetland Impacts:
2h. Comments:
3. Stream Impacts
If there are perennial or intermittent stream impacts (including temporary impacts) proposed on the site, then complete this
question for all stream sites impacted.
3a.
Stream impact
number
Permanent (P) or
Temporary (T)
3b.
Type of impact
3c.
Stream name
3d.
Perennial (PER) or
intermittent (INT)?
3e.
Type of
jurisdiction
3f.
Average
stream
width
(feet)
3g.
Impact
length
(linear
feet)
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6
3h. Total stream and tributary impacts
3i. Comments:
Fill Seep Yes Corps 0.217
Yes Corps 0.049
Yes/No -
Yes/No -
Yes/No -
Yes/No -
0.266
See Attachment B Exhibits B1 and B6 for design drawings and map figures illustrating areas of wetland impact. Temporary impacts can be reduced.
Temporary impacts in temporary work zone will be limited to two footed impacts and sediment fencing. No mechanized equipment will be in the
temporary work zone (See Exhibit B6)
Choose one - -
P
T
-
-
-
-
Sediment Fencing/two foote
Choose one
Choose one
Choose one
Choose one
Seep
Choose one
Choose one
Choose one
Choose one
-
-
-
-
-
-
Choose one
Choose one
Choose one
Choose one
Choose one
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Page 5 of 10
4. Open Water Impacts
If there are proposed impacts to lakes, ponds, estuaries, tributaries, sounds, the Atlantic Ocean, or any other open water of
the U.S. then individually list all open water impacts below.
4a.
Open water
impact number
Permanent (P) or
Temporary (T)
4b.
Name of waterbody
(if applicable
4c.
Type of impact
4d.
Waterbody
type
4e.
Area of impact (acres)
O1
O2
O3
O4
4f. Total open water impacts
4g. Comments:
5. Pond or Lake Construction
If pond or lake construction proposed, then complete the chart below.
5c.
Wetland Impacts (acres)
5d.
Stream Impacts (feet)
5e.
Upland
(acres)
5a.
Pond ID number
5b.
Proposed use or
purpose of pond
Flooded Filled Excavated Flooded Filled Excavated
P1
P2
5f.Total:
5g. Comments:
5h. Is a dam high hazard permit required? Yes No If yes, permit ID no:
5i. Expected pond surface area (acres):
5j. Size of pond watershed (acres):
5k. Method of construction:
6. Buffer Impacts (for DWQ)
If project will impact a protected riparian buffer, then complete the chart below. If yes, then individually list all buffer impacts
below. If any impacts require mitigation, then you MUST fill out Section D of this form.
6a.Project is in which protected basin? Neuse Tar-Pamlico Catawba Randleman Other:
6b.
Buffer Impact
number –
Permanent (P) or
Temporary (T)
6c.
Reason for impact
6d.
Stream name
6e.
Buffer
mitigation
required?
6f.
Zone 1
impact
(square
feet)
6g.
Zone 2
impact
(square
feet)
B1
B2
B3
B4
B5
B6
6h.Total Buffer Impacts:
6i. Comments:
Choose one Choose
Choose one
Yes/No
-
-
-
-
Choose one
Choose one
Choose one
Choose
Choose
Choose
Choose one
-
-
-
-
-
-
Yes/No
Yes/No
Yes/No
Yes/No
Yes/No
)
Page 6 of 10
PCN Form – Version 1.4 January 2009
D. Impact Justification and Mitigation
1. Avoidance and Minimization
1a. Specifically describe measures taken to avoid or minimize the proposed impacts in designing project.
1b. Specifically describe measures taken to avoid or minimize the proposed impacts through construction techniques.
2. Compensatory Mitigation for Impacts to Waters of the U.S. or Waters of the State
2a. Does the project require Compensatory Mitigation for
impacts to Waters of the U.S. or Waters of the State?
Yes No
2b. If yes, mitigation is required by (check all that apply): DWQ Corps
2c. If yes, which mitigation option will be used for this
project?
Mitigation bank
Payment to in-lieu fee program
Permittee Responsible Mitigation
3. Complete if Using a Mitigation Bank
3a. Name of Mitigation Bank:
3b. Credits Purchased (attach receipt and letter)
Type:
Type:
Type:
Quantity:
Quantity:
Quantity:
3c. Comments:
4. Complete if Making a Payment to In-lieu Fee Program
4a. Approval letter from in-lieu fee program is attached. Yes
4b. Stream mitigation requested: linear feet
4c. If using stream mitigation, stream temperature:
4d. Buffer mitigation requested (DWQ only): square feet
4e. Riparian wetland mitigation requested: acres
4f. Non-riparian wetland mitigation requested: acres
4g. Coastal (tidal) wetland mitigation requested: acres
4h. Comments:
5. Complete if Using a Permittee Responsible Mitigation Plan
5a. If using a permittee responsible mitigation plan, provide a description of the proposed mitigation plan.
Several design strategies were implemented to minimized wetland impacts and limit them to the currently proposed 0.217 acres of permanent impacts.
These include retaining walls to limit wetland impacts, siting at the entrance to the Black Mountain Center for Research and Technology (BMCRT) to
avoid utilities or other construction routing through the largest portion of wetlands on the BMCRT, and reducing the amount of parking spaces needed
to the absolute minimum of 235 spaces. Please see Attachment A for a more detailed discussion of design avoidance and minimization efforts.
Where northern retaining wall is built over wetlands, construction will occur on the up-gradient (south) side of the wall to avoid temporary wetland
impacts. Northern retaining wall will be constructed first, so that construction stormwater can be routed to sediment basins to the east and west of
project site. A sediment and erosion control plan will be submitted to Buncombe County prior to construction.
Choose one
up to 0.27 acres non-riparian wetlands were requested but permanent impacts are only 0.217 acres. See Attachment D
Choose one
Choose one
Choose one
0.27
Page 7 of 10
6. Buffer Mitigation (State Regulated Riparian Buffer Rules) – required by DWQ
6a. Will the project result in an impact within a protected riparian buffer that requires
buffer mitigation? Yes No
6b. If yes, then identify the square feet of impact to each zone of the riparian buffer that requires mitigation. Calculate the
amount of mitigation required.
Zone
6c.
Reason for impact
6d.
Total impact
(square feet)
Multiplier
6e.
Required mitigation
(square feet)
Zone 1 3 (2 for Catawba)
Zone 2 1.5
6f.Total buffer mitigation required:
6g. If buffer mitigation is required, discuss what type of mitigation is proposed (e.g., payment to private mitigation bank,
permittee responsible riparian buffer restoration, payment into an approved in-lieu fee fund).
6h. Comments:
Page 8 of 10
PCN Form – Version 1.4 January 2009
E. Stormwater Management and Diffuse Flow Plan (required by DWQ)
1. Diffuse Flow Plan
1a. Does the project include or is it adjacent to protected riparian buffers identified
within one of the NC Riparian Buffer Protection Rules?
Yes No
1b. If yes, then is a diffuse flow plan included? If no, explain why.
Yes No
2. Stormwater Management Plan
2a. What is the overall percent imperviousness of this project? %
2b. Does this project require a Stormwater Management Plan? Yes No
2c. If this project DOES NOT require a Stormwater Management Plan, explain why:
2d. If this project DOES require a Stormwater Management Plan, then provide a brief, narrative description of the plan:

2e. Who will be responsible for the review of the Stormwater Management Plan?
3. Certified Local Government Stormwater Review
3a. In which local government’s jurisdiction is this project?
3b. Which of the following locally-implemented stormwater management programs
apply (check all that apply):
Phase II
NSW
USMP
Water Supply Watershed
Other:
3c. Has the approved Stormwater Management Plan with proof of approval been
attached?
Yes No
4. DWQ Stormwater Program Review
4a. Which of the following state-implemented stormwater management programs apply
(check all that apply):
Coastal counties
HQW
ORW
Session Law 2006-246
Other:
4b. Has the approved Stormwater Management Plan with proof of approval been
attached?
Yes No
5. DWQ 401 Unit Stormwater Review
5a. Does the Stormwater Management Plan meet the appropriate requirements? Yes No
5b. Have all of the 401 Unit submittal requirements been met? Yes No
The project is not included in NC Buffer Rules but level spreaders are proposed to be utilized during
construction and in the final stormwater infrastructure. See Attachment B Exhibit B3 for Level Spreader
Detail.
100
The stormwater plan is currently under review by Buncombe County. The final design calls for three STORMTEC underground stormwater control
basins that will mimic the pre-development runoff regime of the site (See Attachment B Design Drawings). Two stormwater drainage outlets will drain
stormwaters away from the site and will be outfitted with level spreaders to reduce the potential for erosion downgradient of these outlets. Outlets
discharge to upland areas downgradient of the facilities.
Buncombe County Stormwater Managemet
Buncombe County
Page 9 of 10
PCN Form – Version 1.4 January 2009
F. Supplementary Information
1. Environmental Documentation (DWQ Requirement)
1a. Does the project involve an expenditure of public (federal/state/local) funds or the
use of public (federal/state) land? Yes No
1b. If you answered “yes” to the above, does the project require preparation of an
environmental document pursuant to the requirements of the National or State
(North Carolina) Environmental Policy Act (NEPA/SEPA)?
Yes No
1c. If you answered “yes” to the above, has the document review been finalized by the
State Clearing House? (If so, attach a copy of the NEPA or SEPA final approval
letter.)
Comments:
Yes No
2. Violations (DWQ Requirement)
2a. Is the site in violation of DWQ Wetland Rules (15A NCAC 2H .0500), Isolated
Wetland Rules (15A NCAC 2H .1300), DWQ Surface Water or Wetland Standards,
or Riparian Buffer Rules (15A NCAC 2B .0200)?
Yes No
2b. Is this an after-the-fact permit application? Yes No
2c. If you answered “yes” to one or both of the above questions, provide an explanation of the violation(s):
3. Cumulative Impacts (DWQ Requirement)
3a. Will this project (based on past and reasonably anticipated future impacts) result in
additional development, which could impact nearby downstream water quality? Yes No
3b. If you answered “yes” to the above, submit a qualitative or quantitative cumulative impact analysis in accordance with the
most recent DWQ policy. If you answered “no,” provide a short narrative description.
4. Sewage Disposal (DWQ Requirement)
4a. Clearly detail the ultimate treatment methods and disposition (non-discharge or discharge) of wastewater generated from
the proposed project, or available capacity of the subject facility.
The Avadim Facility is the only eminent project proposed within the larger Black Mountain Center for Research and Technology (BMCRT)industrial
park. Future additional tenants to the BMCRT are anticipated but not guaranteed, nor eminent. The BMCRT is zoned for industrial uses and therefore
additional development is likely to occur due to other projects not associated with the Avadim Facility.
The Metropolitan Sewerage District will provide sewerage service for the Avadim Facility
Page 10 of 10
5. Endangered Species and Designated Critical Habitat (Corps Requirement)
5a. Will this project occur in or near an area with federally protected species or
habitat? Yes No
5b. Have you checked with the USFWS concerning Endangered Species Act
impacts? Yes No
5c. If yes, indicate the USFWS Field Office you have contacted.
5d. What data sources did you use to determine whether your site would impact Endangered Species or Designated Critical
Habitat?
6. Essential Fish Habitat (Corps Requirement)
6a. Will this project occur in or near an area designated as essential fish habitat? Yes No
6b. What data sources did you use to determine whether your site would impact Essential Fish Habitat?
7. Historic or Prehistoric Cultural Resources (Corps Requirement)
7a. Will this project occur in or near an area that the state, federal or tribal
governments have designated as having historic or cultural preservation
status (e.g., National Historic Trust designation or properties significant in
North Carolina history and archaeology)?
Yes No
7b. What data sources did you use to determine whether your site would impact historic or archeological resources?
8. Flood Zone Designation (Corps Requirement)
8a. Will this project occur in a FEMA-designated 100-year floodplain? Yes No
8b. If yes, explain how project meets FEMA requirements:
8c. What source(s) did you use to make the floodplain determination?
Applicant/Agent's Printed Name
_______________________________
Applicant/Agent's Signature
(Agent's signature is valid only if an authorization
letter from the applicant is provided.)

Date
Asheville Field Office
Direct communication with Byron Hamstead USFWS Asheville Field Office and use of USFWS web services. https://www.fws.gov/asheville/. See
Attachment E for USFWS correspondence.
Direct communication with Byron Hamstead USFWS Asheville Field Office .See Attachment E
See Attachment A for further explanation of recent archaeology surveys. See Attachment G for Archaeology Survey Reports. One property within a 1
mile of the project site is on the National Registry of Historic Places. "In the Oaks" includes several structures. No impacts to this facility would occur.
See Exhibit B9 FEMA Floodplain Map
FEMA mapping website. https://www.fema.gov/flood-mapping-products
J. Alan Moore 06-06-2018

Attachment A 
Project Description B‐3e 
Avoidance and Minimization Narrative D‐1a 
Historic or Prehistoric Cultural Resources F‐7b 
360 Hawthorne Lane
Athens, GA 30606-2152
P [phone]
F [phone]
www.NutterInc.com

The following narratives provide additional details required in the PCN for section B-3e Overall
Project Detail, section D-1a Avoidance and Minimization, and F7b Historic and Prehistoric
Cultural Resources.
B-3e. Describe the overall project in detail, including type of equipment used.
The Avadim Facility is proposed to house Avadim Technology’s corporate headquarters,
research and development center, manufacturing center, and distribution center for Avadim
products. The facility is proposed to be constructed on a parcel of land currently owned by
Bionome Property Corp., within the Black Mountain Center for Research and Technology
(BMCRT) Industrial Park. The Avadim Facility will be the first facility within the BMCRT and will
be on a separate utility from any future facilities in the BMCRT. This is the only eminent project
within the BMCRT. Avadim Technologies has committed to the Economic Development
Administration (EDA) and the Golden LEAF Foundation to hire 551 employees. Design drawings
and map exhibits detailing construction activities are provided in Attachment B.
General Project Description and Permanent Impacts
The project is constrained by a proposed NCDOT road adjacent and south of the facility, and a
large wetland system that is situated between the proposed facility and the Interstate 40 (I-40)
corridor. This wetland system drains underneath I-40 to the Swannanoa River. A total of 0.217
acres of wetlands will be impacted by the project. Avoidance and minimization of wetland
impacts are detailed below under Section D-4a. Construction of the project will be conducted
using standard commercial construction equipment including large grading and excavation
equipment, cranes, and paving equipment. A sediment and erosion control plan (SECP) will be
submitted to Buncombe County Erosion Control Department, and regular inspections are
anticipated.
Grading and excavation will be conducted by balancing cut and fill, and therefore no fill is
anticipated to be imported to the project site. Some organic materials in the top of excavated
soil layers will be exported from the site to a permitted facility. The retaining walls on the north
end of the project site will be built first so that any construction stormwater can be routed to
temporary sediment and stormwater basins on the eastern and western sides of the northern
retaining wall. The northern retaining wall will be constructed on the upgradient side of any
wetlands that the wall intersects, limiting temporary impacts to downgradient wetland areas.
After construction and fill behind the northern retaining wall, all other proposed facilities
including the building, parking lots, truck bays, and other retaining walls will be constructed.
Temporary Impacts
The SECP has not been completed to date but will be submitted to the Buncombe County
Erosion Control Department. Some temporary impacts are anticipated associated with erosion
and sediment control fencing and coir logs. A temporary work zone buffer will be established 10
feet north of the property boundary in the wetlands (See Exhibit B6). Sediment fencing, and
coir logs will be installed at the 10-foot line. Exhibit B6 shows the location where sediment
fencing will be installed in wetlands but does not illustrate the full extent of sediment fencing
for the entire project. No mechanized equipment will be allowed in the 10 ft work zone buffer
and temporary impacts will be limited to two-footed impacts. The total anticipated temporary
wetland impacts are 0.049 acres. Any clearing that is necessary will be conducted by hand.
After completion of the project, all sediment and erosion control fencing will be removed
according to Buncombe County Erosion Control specifications. If mechanized access through
wetlands on the downgradient side of the northern retaining wall becomes necessary during the
course of construction, wetland construction mats will be used to move equipment through
wetland areas. We will notify the Corps if any situations arise that might necessitate working in
wetlands prior to commencing such work.
Stormwater
The stormwater plan is under review by Buncombe County and stormwater design details are
provided in the Attachment B design drawings. The final design calls for three STORMTEC
underground stormwater control basins that will mimic the pre-development runoff regime of
the site (See Exhibit B1 B). Two stormwater drainage outlets will drain to upland areas and will
be outfitted with level spreaders to reduce the potential for erosion downgradient of the outlets
(See Exhibit B3 for Level Spreader Detail).

D-1a. Avoidance and Minimization of impacts in designing project
Several design strategies were implemented to minimized wetland impacts and limit them to the
currently proposed 0.217 acres of impact. The total project area is constrained by the road that
the NCDOT has proposed to be constructed into the Black Mountain Center for Research and
Technology (BMCRT). The location of the proposed road is constrained by mountainous terrain
and specifically, steep slopes. The siting of the Avadim Facility at the entrance to the BMCRT
serves several purposes. It serves to prevent proposed utilities and roads from being routed
through wetlands on the north end of the site and prevents other facilities from being built
where there are substantial wetlands on the northern portion of the BMCRT. To minimize
wetland impacts, several retaining walls ranging from 4 to 10 ft in height have been proposed
on the north and south side of the property. The design of retaining walls for the project
reduced the land needed for the project by 50’ along the northern boundary of the project and
reduced potential impacts to wetlands north of the project area by 0.30 acres. As stated in the
project details, Avadim plans to ultimately hire 551 employees to work in the Avadim Facility.
Currently the design contains 235 parking spaces, which is the absolute minimum number of
parking spaces that would be required given the number of people projected to be employed
per existing Buncombe County zoning regulations. The potential need for additional production
capacity and additional employees could strain the proposed parking facilities, however, the
addition of a second shift would be an option in order to alleviate those issues, particularly the
need for more parking. The goal to minimize the number of parking spaces was an important
component in the overall effort to substantially reduce and minimize potential impacts to
wetlands.
F7b. Historic or Prehistoric Cultural Resources
A phase I archaeology survey was conducted on the entire Black Mountain Center for Research
and Technology (BMCRT). Based on the phase I recommendations, two phase II archaeology
surveys were conducted at select site within the BMCRT in 2017. Neither of the two select
phase II sites are within the property boundary of the Avadim project. The phase II survey
reports are provided in Attachment G. Both phase II reports recommended no further work or
preservation of the select sites, and neither were eligible for listing on the National Registry of
Historic Places.

Attachment B 
Design Drawings and Map Figures 
EXHIBIT B1 GRADING PLAN
EXHIBIT B2 CLOSE UP WETLAND IMPACTS
EXHIBIT B3 TYPICAL STORMWATER LEVEL SPREADER
© OpenStreetMap (and) contributors, CC-BY-SA, Sources: Esri, HERE, Garmin, USGS, Intermap,INCREMENT P, NRCan, Esri Japan, METI, Esri China (Hong Kong), Esri Korea, Esri (Thailand),NGCC, © OpenStreetMap contributors, and the GIS User Community
Exhibit B4. Vicinity Map and Directions to
the Avadime Project Property.
Document Path: G:\Design Associates\GIS\MXD\Figure 1. Vicinity Map.mxdData Source:
0 10.5 Miles
From Asheville Take I-40 East to Exit 59 SwannanoaTake a left off the exit onto Patton Cove Rd.At the stoplight, take a right onto US 70.Take US 70 past the Ingles WarehouseAt the next stoplight take a right onto Blue Ridge RoadWhen you pass under the interstate take your first right onto Access RoadTake Access to the end where there is a red gate. Property is accessed from here
Avadim Project Footprint
Exit 59 Swannanoa
Ingles Warehouse
Avadim Project Footprint
¹
Copyright:© 2013 National Geographic Society, i-cubed
Exhibit B5. USGS Map
Document Path: G:\Design Associates\GIS\MXD\Figure 3. USGS Map.mxdData Source:
0 10.5 Miles
Avadim Project Footprint
¹
0.091 Acres
0.107 Acres0.019 Acres
Sediment fencing and coir logs will be installed10 feet from property boundary.Full extent of Sediment and Erosion Control not Illustrated
Total Permanent Wetland Impacts = 0.217 AcresTemporary Wetland Impacts = 0.049 Acres
0 200 400100 Feet ¹Exihibit B6. Proposed wetland impacts for the Avadim
Project.
Data Source:G:\Design Associates\GIS\MXD\Exhibit B6 Proposed Impacts.mxd
Permanent Wetland Impact
Temporary Wetland Impacts
Temporary Work Zone
Sediment Fencing and Coir Logs
Wetland_Boundary
Avadim Property
Ud
DrB
StB
TaD
UnD
UnC
Exhibit B7. Soils Map Arial of Avadim Project
Document Path: G:\Design Associates\GIS\MXD\Figure 2. Soils Map.mxdData Source:
0 400200Feet
Avadim Project Footprint
Soils
DrB-Dillard Loam-Rarely Flooded_1-5 Percent Slopes
StB-Statler Loam-Rarely Flooded_1-5 Percent Slopes
TaD-Tate Loam_15-30 Percent Slopes
Udorthents Loamy
UnC-Inson Loam_15-30 Percent Slopes
UnD-Unison Loam_8-15 Percent Slopes
¹
Swannanoa River
R3UBH
Exhibit B8. National Wetlands Inventory (NWI) Map
Document Path: G:\Design Associates\GIS\MXD\Figure 2. Soils and NWI Map.mxdData Source:
0 500250Feet
NWI
Avadim Project Footprint
¹
Swannanoa River
Exhibit B9. FEMA Flood Zone Mapping
Document Path: G:\Design Associates\GIS\MXD\Figure 2. Soils and NWI Map.mxdData Source:
0 1,000500Feet
FEMA Flood Zones
0.2 PCT ANNUAL CHANCE FLOOD HAZARD
FLOODWAY
Avadim Project Footprint
¹

Attachment C 
Agent Authorization Form 

Attachment D 
NC Mitigation Services ILF Acceptance Letter 

Attachment E 
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Correspondence 

1
Alan Moore
From:Hamstead, Byron <[e-mail]>
Sent:Monday, March 12, 2018 1:25 PM
To:Alan Moore
Subject:Re: Buncombe Cty Permit Question
Attachments:17-229 Black Mountain Research and Technology Park.pdf
Hi Alan, 

Looks like we reviewed the site last March for an EDA grant associated with the Black Mountain Research and 
Technology Park Project ‐ no concerns for federally protected species and lots of recommendations for BMPs.  Attached 
is our letter for your records.  Feel free to reference that letter and/or this email in preparation of a NWP application.   

Check out our website for more info on the northern long‐eared bat and its 4(d) 
rule: https://www.fws.gov/asheville/htmls/project_review/NLEB_in_WNC.html  
I am happy to answer any specific q's you may have. 

Regards, 
Byron 

Byron Hamstead 
Fish and Wildlife Biologist 
USFWS Asheville Field Office 
160 Zillicoa St., Suite B 
Asheville, NC, 28801 

828‐258‐3939 ext. 225 

This email correspondence an any attachments to and from this sender is subject to the Freedom of Information Act and 
may be disclosed to third parties. 

On Mon, Mar 5, 2018 at 4:16 PM, Alan Moore <[e-mail]> wrote: 
Byron,  

Here are a few maps I submitted with the JD request over a year ago. The approved JD was issued Dec of 2016.  

Site coordinates are 35.6043, ‐82.34541.  

United States Department of the Interior
FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
Asheville Field Office
160 Zillicoa Street
Asheville, North Carolina 28801

March 7, 2017

Ms. Erica Anderson
Land of Sky Regional Council
339 New Leicester Hwy., Ste. 140
Asheville, North Carolina 28806

Dear Ms. Anderson:

Subject: Black Mountain Center for Research and Technology Park, Black Mountain, Buncombe
County, North Carolina (ER 12-0399)

We received your letter dated February 9, 2017, in which you requested our comments on the
subject project. The following comments are provided in accordance with the provisions of the
National Environmental Policy Act; Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act, as amended (16 U.S.C.
661-667e); Migratory Bird Treaty Act, as amended (16 U.S.C. 703) (MBTA); and section 7 of
the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended (16 U.S.C. 1531-1543) (Act).

According to your letter, the proposed project involves two tracts separated by Interstate 40 in
Black Mountain, North Carolina. Combined, the sites total about 77 acres. The northern parcel
is divided by the Swannanoa River and also has two additional streams and about 1/3 acre of
wetlands. The southern site also is divided by a stream and has 2.33 acres of wetlands.

Floodplain Impacts - According to your letter and accompanying information (as well as the
North Carolina Floodplain Mapping Program - http://www.ncfloodmaps.com), the entire
northern tract is within the 100-year floodplain and a considerable portion has been designated as
“floodway.” We remind you that Executive Order 11988 requires federal agencies to consider
and protect floodplain functions. We believe the recent examples of flooding throughout North
Carolina (including the Swannanoa River) highlight the importance of avoiding the “long- and
short-term impacts associated with the occupancy and modification of floodplains” and that we
should “avoid direct and indirect support of floodplain development.” Therefore, we do not
believe the subject project should be built in the 100-year floodplain or in any way result in the
alteration of the 100-year floodplain.

2
Additionally, because the Swannanoa River is a direct tributary to the French Broad River, a
Nationwide Section 26a Permit from the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) may be needed for
this project if there will be impacts to the floodplain. Section 26a of the TVA Act contains
regulations regarding both the location of construction projects and the types of activities carried
out within the Tennessee River or any of its tributaries. A tributary is defined as any watercourse
whose contents, if not obstructed, diverted, or consumed, will ultimately flow into the Tennessee
River; thus, TVA’s jurisdiction extends to the limits of the Tennessee River watershed.
Section 26a is designed to ensure that construction along the shoreline and in waters of the
Tennessee River system does not have a negative effect on the agency’s management of the river
system or its ability to carry out what the TVA Act describes as the “unified development and
regulation of the Tennessee River.” By copy of this letter, we are notifying TVA of this project
and recommend contacting TVA before conducting any on-the-ground activities within the
Tennessee River watershed.

Floodplain alteration could also require that the Federal Emergency Management Agency
(FEMA) review the proposed project because, upon construction, it could affect the hydrologic
or hydraulic characteristics of a flooding source and result in the modification of the existing
regulatory floodway, the effective Base Flood Elevations (BFEs), or the Special Flood Hazard
Area (SFHA). FEMA may need to issue a Conditional Letter of Map Revision (CLOMR). The
letter does not revise an effective National Flood Insurance Program map, it indicates whether
the project, if built as proposed, would be recognized by FEMA.

Invasive Exotic Species - We are also concerned with the introduction and spread of invasive
exotic species in association with the proposed project. Without active management, including
the revegetation of disturbed areas with native species, the disturbed areas associated with project
construction and any connecting infrastructure corridors will likely only be sources of (and
corridors for) the movement of invasive exotic plant species. Exotic species are a major
contributor to species depletion and extinction, second only to habitat loss. Exotics are a factor
contributing to the endangered or threatened status of more than 40 percent of the animals and
plants on the Federal List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants. It is estimated
that at least 4,000 exotic plant species and 2,300 exotic animal species are now established in the
United States, costing more than $130 billion a year to control. Additionally, the
U.S. Government has many programs and laws in place to combat invasive species (see
www.invasivespecies.gov) and thus cannot spend money to counter these efforts. Specifically,
Section 2(a)(3) of Executive Order 13112 - Invasive Species (February 3, 1999) directs federal
agencies to “not authorize, fund, or carry out actions that it believes are likely to cause or
promote the introduction or spread of invasive species in the United States or elsewhere.”
Despite their short-term erosion-control benefits, many exotic species used in soil stabilization
seed mixes are persistent once they are established, thereby preventing the reestablishment of
native vegetation. Many of these exotics plants1 are also aggressive invaders of nearby natural
areas, where they are capable of displacing already established native species. Therefore, we

1Lists of invasive exotic plants can be found at http://www.tneppc.org/ and http://www.invasive.org/eastern/srs/ on
the Internet.
3
strongly recommend that only native plant species be used in association with all aspects of this
project, including secondary impacts (i.e., connecting infrastructure).

Stream and Wetland Buffers - Natural, forested riparian buffers are critical to the health of
aquatic ecosystems. They accomplish the following:

1. catch and filter runoff, thereby helping to prevent nonpoint-source pollutants
from reaching streams;
2. enhance the in-stream processing of both point- and nonpoint-source
pollutants;
3. act as “sponges” by absorbing runoff (which reduces the severity of floods)
and by allowing runoff to infiltrate and recharge groundwater levels (which
maintains stream flows during dry periods);
4. catch and help prevent excess woody debris from entering the stream and
creating logjams;
5. stabilize stream banks and maintain natural channel morphology;
6. provide coarse woody debris for habitat structure and most of the dissolved
organic carbon and other nutrients necessary for the aquatic food web; and
7. maintain air and water temperatures around the stream.

Forested riparian buffers (a minimum 50 feet wide along intermittent streams and 100 feet wide
along perennial streams [or the full extent of the 100-year floodplain, whichever is greater])
should be created and/or maintained along all aquatic areas. Within the watersheds of streams
supporting endangered aquatic species, we recommend undisturbed, forested buffers that are
naturally vegetated with trees, shrubs, and herbaceous vegetation and extend a minimum of
200 feet from the banks of all perennial streams and a minimum of 100 feet from the banks of all
intermittent streams, or the full extent of the 100-year floodplain, whichever is greater.)
Impervious surfaces, ditches, pipes, roads, utility lines (sewer, water, gas, transmission, etc.), and
other infrastructures that require maintained, cleared rights-of-way and/or compromise the
functions and values of the forested buffers should not occur within these riparian areas.

Impervious Surfaces/Low Impact Development (LID) - In addition to the increased
stormwater flows caused by the lack of or loss of riparian buffers and any floodplain
development, increased development outside the floodplain will also contribute to the quantity
and quality of stormwater entering project area waterways. Recent studies2 have shown that
areas of 10- to 20-percent impervious surface area (such as roofs, roads, and parking lots) double
the amount of stormwater runoff compared to natural cover and decrease deep infiltration
(groundwater recharge) by 16 percent. At 35- to 50-percent impervious surface area, runoff
triples, and deep infiltration is decreased by 40 percent. Above 75-percent impervious surface
area, runoff is 5.5 times higher than natural cover, and deep infiltration is decreased by
80 percent. Additionally, the adequate treatment of stormwater in development areas is essential

2Federal Interagency Stream Restoration Working Group (15 federal agencies of the United States Government).
Published October 1998, Revised August 2001. Stream Corridor Restoration: Principles, Processes, and Practices.
GPO Item No. 0120-A; SuDocs No. A 57.6/2:EN 3/PT.653. ISBN-0-934213-59-3.
4
for the protection of water quality and aquatic habitat in developing landscapes. Additionally,
these impervious surfaces collect pathogens, metals, sediment, and chemical pollutants and
quickly transmit them (via stormwater runoff) to receiving waters. According to the
Environmental Protection Agency, this nonpoint-source pollution is one of the major threats to
water quality in the United States, posing one of the greatest threats to aquatic life, and is also
linked to chronic and acute illnesses in human populations from exposure through drinking water
and contact recreation.

Increased stormwater runoff also directly damages aquatic and riparian habitat, causing
streambank and stream-channel scouring. In addition, impervious surfaces reduce groundwater
recharge, resulting in even lower than expected stream flows during drought periods, which can
induce potentially catastrophic effects for fish, mussels, and other aquatic life. Accordingly, we
recommend that all new developments, regardless of the percentage of impervious surface area
they will create, implement stormwater-retention and -treatment measures designed to replicate
and maintain the hydrograph at the preconstruction condition in order to avoid any additional
impacts to habitat quality within the watershed.

We recommend the use of low-impact-development techniques,3 such as reduced road widths,
grassed swales in place of curb and gutter, rain gardens, and wetland retention areas, for retaining
and treating stormwater runoff rather than the more traditional measures, such as large retention
ponds, etc. These designs often cost less to install and significantly reduce environmental
impacts from residential development.

Where detention ponds are used, stormwater outlets should drain through a vegetated area prior
to reaching any natural stream or wetland area. Detention structures should be designed to allow
for the slow discharge of stormwater, attenuating the potential adverse effects of stormwater
surges; thermal spikes; and sediment, nutrient, and chemical discharges. Also, because the
purpose of stormwater-control measures is to protect streams and wetlands, no
stormwater-control measures or best management practices should be installed within any stream
(perennial or intermittent) or wetland.

We also recommend that consideration be given to the use of pervious materials (i.e., pervious
concrete, interlocking/open paving blocks, etc.) for the construction of roads, driveways,
sidewalks, etc. Pervious surfaces minimize changes to the hydrology of the watershed and can be
used to facilitate groundwater recharge. Pervious materials are also less likely to absorb and
store heat, and they allow the cooler soil below to cool the pavement. Additionally, pervious
concrete requires less maintenance and is less susceptible to freeze/thaw cracking due to large
voids within the concrete.

Equipment Use in Riparian Areas - Equipment should be operated from the streambank. If
in-stream work is necessary, stone causeways or work bridges (designed for the specific location

3We recommend visiting the Environmental Protection Agency’s Web site at http://www.epa.gov/polluted-runoff-
nonpoint-source-pollution/urban-runoff-low-impact-development for additional information and fact sheets
regarding the implementation of low-impact-development techniques.
5
and type of equipment) should be used. Work pads on banks or approaches to in-stream
structures should minimize disturbance to woody vegetation. Equipment should be inspected
daily and should be maintained appropriately in order to prevent the contamination of surface
waters from leaking fuels, lubricants, hydraulic fluids, or other toxic materials. All fuels,
lubricants, and other toxic materials should be stored outside the riparian management area.
Also, refueling should occur outside the riparian management area.

Stream Crossings - Bridges or spanning structures should be used for all permanent roadway
crossings of streams and associated wetlands. Structures should span the channel and the
floodplain in order to minimize impacts to aquatic resources, allow for the movement of aquatic
and terrestrial organisms, and eliminate the need to place fill in streams and floodplains.

Bridges should be designed and constructed so that no piers or bents are placed in the stream,
approaches and abutments do not constrict the stream channel, and the crossing is perpendicular
to the stream. Spanning some or all of the floodplain allows the stream to access its floodplain
and dissipate energy during high flows and also provides for terrestrial wildlife passage. When
bank stabilization is necessary, we recommend that the use of riprap be minimized and that a
riprap-free buffer zone be maintained under the bridge to allow for wildlife movement. If fill in
the floodplain is necessary, floodplain culverts should be added through the fill to allow the
stream access to the floodplain during high flows.

If bridges are not possible and culverts are the only option, we suggest using bottomless culverts.
Bottomless culverts preserve the natural stream substrate, create less disturbance during
construction and provide a more natural post-construction channel. Culverts should be
sufficiently sized to mimic natural stream functions and habitats located at the crossing site;
allow for water depth, volume (flow), and velocity levels that will permit aquatic organism
passage; and accommodate the movement of debris and bed material during bank-full events.
Widening the stream channel must be avoided.

In the event that a traditional culvert is the only option, the culvert design should provide for a
minimum water depth in the structure during low-flow/dry periods. Sufficient water depth
should be maintained in all flow regimes so as to accommodate both the upstream and
downstream movement of aquatic species. Water depth inside the culvert must be adequate for
fish to be completely immersed and all other aquatic life to move freely. The culvert should be
designed and installed at the same slope as the stream grade to maintain an acceptable water
velocity for aquatic life passage and for stream substrate characteristics to be retained within the
culvert.

Where feasible, we recommend the use of multiple barrels, in addition to the low-flow barrel, to
accommodate flood flows. Floodplain barrels should be placed on or near stream bank-full or
floodplain bench elevation and discharge onto floodplain benches. Where appropriate, install
sills on the upstream end of floodplain barrels to restrict or divert the base stream flow to a single
barrel. If the culvert is longer than 40 linear feet, alternating or notched baffles should be
installed in a manner that mimics the existing stream pattern. This will enhance the passage of
6
aquatic life by: (1) depositing and retaining sediment in the barrel, (2) maintaining channel depth
and flow regimes, and (3) providing resting places for fish and other aquatic organisms.

Measures to control sediment and erosion should be installed before any ground-disturbing
activities occur. Grading and backfilling should be minimized, and existing native vegetation
should be retained (if possible) to maintain riparian cover for fish and wildlife. Disturbed areas
should be revegetated with native grass and tree species as soon as the project is completed.

The proper planning, design, and installation of stream crossings provide year-round passage for
aquatic organisms and preserve healthy streams. We recommend the following Web site for
additional information regarding stream-crossing activities:

http://www.stream.fs.fed.us/fishxing/pointers.html.

Erosion and Sedimentation Control. Construction activities near streams, rivers, and lakes
have the potential to cause water pollution and stream degradation if measures to control site
runoff are not properly installed and maintained. In order to effectively reduce erosion and
sedimentation impacts, best management practices specific to the extent and type of construction
should be designed and installed during land-disturbing activities and should be maintained until
the project is complete and appropriate stormwater conveyances and vegetation are reestablished
on the site.

A complete design manual, which provides extensive details and procedures for developing
site-specific plans to control erosion and sediment and is consistent with the requirements of the
North Carolina Sedimentation and Pollution Control Act and Administrative Rules, is available
at:

http://portal.ncdenr.org/web/lr/publications.

Additional resources can be found at:

http://www.ncdot.gov/doh/operations/dp_chief_eng/roadside/fieldops/downloads/.

For maximum benefits to water quality and bank stabilization, riparian areas should be forested;
however, if the areas are maintained in grass, they should not be mowed. We recommend
planting disturbed areas with native riparian species. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service can
provide information on potential sources of plant material upon request.

Federally Listed Species - We do not believe this project will have any effect on federally listed
species. Therefore, the requirements under section 7(c) of the Act are fulfilled. However,
obligations under section 7 of the Act must be reconsidered if: (1) new information reveals
impacts of this identified action that may affect listed species or critical habitat in a manner not
previously considered, (2) this action is subsequently modified in a manner that was not
7
considered in this review, or (3) a new species is listed or critical habitat is determined that may
be affected by the identified action.

Please contact Mr. Allen Ratzlaff of our staff at 828/258-3939, Ext. 229, if you have any
questions regarding our comments. We have assigned our Log No. 4-2-17-229 to this project;
please refer to it in all future correspondence directed to us concerning this matter.

cc:
Mr. Anthony D. Summitt, Manager, Gray Regional Office, Tennessee Valley Authority, 106 Tri-
Cities Business Park Dr., Gray, TN 37615
Mr. Keith Dyche, Regional Environmental Officer, EDA Atlanta Regional Office, 401 West
Peachtree St. NW, Ste. 1820, Atlanta, GA 30308

Attachment F 
Jurisdictional Determination 

Attachment G 
Phase II Archaeology Reports Conducted for the Black Mountain Center 
for Research and Technology 
Phase II Historical Research
Site 31BN982
Black Mountain Cultural Center
for Research and Technology
Black Mountain, Buncombe County, North Carolina
Prepared for:
Cushman Consulting Group,LLC
301 Crayton Street
Anderson, South Carolina 29621
[phone]
Prepared by:
Greenhouse CONSULTANTS incorporated
www.GreenhouseConsultants.com
6110 River Chase Circle
Atlanta, Georgia 30328
[phone]
Fax [phone]
July 2017
Greenhouse CONSULTANTS incorporated
Barry D. Greenhouse,MSP, AICP, Project Principal
Catherine Wilson-Martin,MHP, Historic Preservation,
Principal Investigator and Primary Author
George D. Price,MS, Principal Archaeologist
Greenhouse CONSULTANTSincorporated Black Mountain Center, North Carolina
Site 31BN982 Phase II
Prepared for:Cushman Consulting Group
Page 2
Abstract
Greenhouse CONSULTANTS incorporated completed a Phase I Archaeological Survey
of this project during July 2012. On the basis of those recommendations a Phase II
historical research on Site 31BN982 was undertaken during June through July 2017.
Site files at the Western Regional Archives (WRA), a component of the State Archives
of North Carolina, have no previously recorded historic archaeological sites in the
area south and west of the project area. This follow-up research is intended to
comply with the recommendations made in the Phase I Archaeological Survey for
Black Mountain Center for Research and Technology Black Mountain, Buncombe
County, North Carolina prepared by Greenhouse Consultants Inc. July 2012.
The house (designated as Site 31BN982) may have been built circa 1885 and occupied
until 1916 or as late as circa 1950. No data is available nor was information was
found on the site (house). Other available information does not provide conclusive
evidence as to the dates of occupation, the date of construction, nor the date of
destruction of the house. This assessment is based primarily on historic maps and
Real Estate Deeds. Based upon the research undertaken, Site 31BN982, including the
former house, appears not to meet the criteria for National Register of Historic
Places (NRHP) eligibility.
On the basis of the research completed for Site 31BN982 we recommend no further
work nor preservation.
Greenhouse CONSULTANTSincorporated Black Mountain Center, North Carolina
Site 31BN982 Phase II
Prepared for:Cushman Consulting Group
Page 3
Table of Contents
Abstract Page 3
Introduction 5
Physical Environment 7
Historical Background 8
Site 31BN982 Supplemental Research 11
Summary and Conclusions 17
Bibliography 18
List of Figures and Tables
Figure 1. Approximate Location of Site 31BN982 6
Figure 2. 1900 Topographic Map (Mt. Mitchell 15” Quadrangle) 9
Figure 3. 1935 Topographic Map (Asheville 15” Quadrangle) 10
Figure 4. Plat 19, Page 98 13
Figure 5. 1920 Soil Map North Carolina, Buncombe County 15
Figure 6. 1938 Buncombe County Highway and Public Works Map 16
Greenhouse CONSULTANTSincorporated Black Mountain Center, North Carolina
Site 31BN982 Phase II
Prepared for:Cushman Consulting Group
Page 4
Introduction
GreenhouseCONSULTANTSincorporated was retained by Cushman Consulting Group to
undertake a Phase II cultural resource survey for the Black Mountain Cultural Center
for Research and Technology in Buncombe County, North Carolina. This report
presents the historical research for Site 31BN982. A separate report will present the
Phase II archaeological investigation of Site 31BN979. Cultural resource services was
conducted on behalf of the property owner in advance of property development.
This purpose of this Phase II investigation was to evaluate significance against criteria
for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP), in accordance with
36 CFR Part 60.
The project Area of Potential Effect (APE) is an approximately 77 acre tract of land
located south of US Highway 70, west of Blue Ridge Road, and is divided by
Interstate Highway 40 (I-40), on both sides of the Swannanoa River. Approximately
49 acres are in the parcel north of I-40 and 28 acres south of I-40 (Figure 1).
Research and evaluation of Site 31BN982 (Site 7, Phase I report,UTM: 17 N3940573
E377783) was conducted from June through July 2017 under direction of Catherine
Wilson-Martin,MHP, Historic Preservation, who served as the project Principal
Investigator and primary author. This supplemental investigation was conducted to
comply with the recommendations of the Phase I survey and report, July 2012.
Greenhouse CONSULTANTSincorporated Black Mountain Center, North Carolina
Site 31BN982 Phase II
Prepared for:Cushman Consulting Group
Page 5
Figure 1. Approximate Location of Site 31BN982
(superimposed on aerial view of the project area)
Greenhouse CONSULTANTSincorporated Black Mountain Center, North Carolina
Site 31BN982 Phase II
Prepared for:Cushman Consulting Group
Page 6
Physical Environment
The project Area of Potential Effect (APE) is located in the Blue Ridge province of
the Southern Appalachian Mountains, within the intermountain plateau physiographic
subdivision (Golston et al. 1954). The intermountain plateau (Asheville Basin) is a
wide valley along the French Broad River characterized by rolling hills, an average
elevation of 2,300 feet above mean sea level (AMSL).
Geologically the project area is located within the Blue Ridge Belt (NCGS 1985). The
Blue Ridge Belt features the highest elevations in the Appalachian Mountains and is
characterized by steep mountain ridges and deeply dissected basins and trench valleys
that intersect at all angles.
Buncombe County is situated on the continental divide, with most streams flowing
north and eventually into the Gulf of Mexico. The project area is located in the
southeastern part of the county, drained by the Swannanoa River that flows west into
the French Broad River, that eventually joins several other rivers including the
Holston, Tennessee and Ohio before emptying into the Mississippi River.
The 77 acre project area is bisected into two tracts by Interstate Highway 40 (I-40).
The north tract is approximately 49-acres and includes land on both sides of the
Swannanoa River. The One small tributary, Wolfpit Branch, flows north into the
river at the extreme east end of this tract. Floodplain comprises most of the northern
tract, with elevations ranging from 2230’ to 2280’ASML. The south tract is located
south of I-40 and includes approximately 28 acres. A small unnamed tributary that
flows north into the Swannanoa bisects this tract. The terrain west of this tributary is
mostly wooded uplands with elevations reaching 2360’ASML.
Greenhouse CONSULTANTSincorporated Black Mountain Center, North Carolina
Site 31BN982 Phase II
Prepared for:Cushman Consulting Group
Page 7
Historical Background
Buncombe County was founded in 1791 and a two years later courthouse was
established on the early settlement of Morristown that in 1797 was incorporated and
the name changed to Asheville after Governor Samuel Ashe. The primary trade route
at that time was an Indian trading path through the Southern Appalachians that ran
along the French Broad River and traversed the modern city of Asheville. In order to
relieve congestion along the old trade route the North Carolina General Assembly
created the Buncombe Turnpike Corporation to build a toll road. The Turnpike was
completed in 1828 and rapidly became the primary route through which farmers in
Tennessee and Kentucky accessed markets in Georgia and South Carolina. In 1851
the Asheville–Greenville Plank Road was established and with this, a new avenue of
trade and settlement. Asheville emerged as the regional trade center. During the
Civil War a Confederate Armory was established in Asheville, which helped maintain
prosperity for the county. Still, the area remained fairly isolated until railroads were
extended to the area after the Civil War.
The railroads opened the area to large scale timber and mining operations and the
area saw increased growth and contact with the outside world. By the 1880s
Asheville became a popular health resort and the ensuing construction of luxury
homes and hotels characterized an economic boom that persisted until the
Depression.
The 1900 Mt. Mitchell Topographic Map indicates that the project area was largely
undeveloped at that time. It depicts paired structures in the southwest portion of the
South Tract corresponding to the position of Site 31BN982 (Figure 2). Neither of
these structures are depicted on 1935 (Figure 3) or 1941 topographic maps indicating
it was probably demolished during the twentieth century. The location of these
structures can be inferred, based upon topography, vegetation and two wells. These
wells are located along the southern boundary of the project area and the structure
was probably located south of the project area boundary. No artifacts were
recovered at this location.
Greenhouse CONSULTANTSincorporated Black Mountain Center, North Carolina
Site 31BN982 Phase II
Prepared for:Cushman Consulting Group
Page 8
.
Figure 2. 1900 Topographic Map
(Mt. Mitchell 15” Quadrangle)
.
Greenhouse CONSULTANTSincorporated Black Mountain Center, North Carolina
Site 31BN982 Phase II
Prepared for:Cushman Consulting Group
Page 9
.
Figure 3. 1935 Topographic Map
(Asheville 15” Quadrangle)
Greenhouse CONSULTANTSincorporated Black Mountain Center, North Carolina
Site 31BN982 Phase II
Prepared for:Cushman Consulting Group
Page 10
Site 31BN982 Supplemental Research
Site files at the Western Regional Archives (WRA), a component of the State Archives
of North Carolina, have no previously recorded historic archaeological sites in the
area south and west of the project area. This follow-up research is intended to
comply with the recommendations made in the Phase I Archaeological Survey for
Black Mountain Center for Research and Technology Black Mountain, Buncombe
County, North Carolina prepared by Greenhouse Consultants Inc. July 2012.
No information was been found on a house or related structures in the vicinity south
and southwest of the project site. Deed research and historic maps have been found
that shed light on the approximate construction date and the possible date of
destruction of the buildings in the vicinity of Site 31BN982.
Greenhouse CONSULTANTSincorporated Black Mountain Center, North Carolina
Site 31BN982 Phase II
Prepared for:Cushman Consulting Group
Page 11
Site 31BN982
By 1880, railroad passenger service had reached Black Mountain with as many as 10
trains per day stopping at the Black Mountain station (Postcard History Series: Swannonoa
Valley, p. 36). The area became a health resort and religious mecca. The economic
boom that ensued also included a real estate boom. In the mid to late 1880s, large
tracts of land were purchased for speculation, construction of hotels, health resorts
and religious facilities. Despite this speculation there were settlers who were looking
for a place to live and farm. During this time the area in and near the Black
Mountain Center for Research and Technology project was bought and sold many
times with the boundaries also changing many times as various tracts were combined
and divided.
The possible location of the house covers two different tracts of land as they are
currently plotted. Deed research indicates that between 1885 and 1887 two families
bought and settled in this project area and owned the land for several decades. Either
of these families could be responsible for building a house located near site 31BN982.
Several members of the Hemphill family owned large tracts of land in this area during
the 1880s. J.D. Hemphill sold two large tracts to Elishia J. Kerlee in 1906 (Deed 143,
Page 261) and in 1917 (Deed 214, Page 171). Also in this vicinity, George Alexander
Morgan bought 65 acres on Flat Creek in 1887 (Deed 60, page 398). G. A. Morgan’s
widow, Dealia A. Morgan (Interview, Robert Goodson) continued to own the land
until after 1935 (Plat 16, page 98) (Figure 4). Both Elishia J. Kerlee and George
Alexander Morgan served as Commissioners during the late 1890s and early 1900s
(Buncombe County Register of Deeds, various).
Greenhouse CONSULTANTSincorporated Black Mountain Center, North Carolina
Site 31BN982 Phase II
Prepared for:Cushman Consulting Group
Page 12
.
Figure 4. Plat 16, Page 98
Proposed Site for the N.C. State Tubercular San. July 1935.
(The G.A. Morgan property is in the lower left corner
and is shown bordering the Kerlee property to the south)
.
Greenhouse CONSULTANTSincorporated Black Mountain Center, North Carolina
Site 31BN982 Phase II
Prepared for:Cushman Consulting Group
Page 13
During 1916 a devastating flood along Flat Creek, Swannonoa River and the French
Broad River caused tremendous damage throughout Black Mountain and much of
the Asheville area. It is not known if the house was damaged by the Flood. If the
house survived the Flood of 1916, it is possible the home was occupied until the late
1940s or the early 1950s. The nation experienced a server housing shortage before
and during World War II and all available houses were used even if they were in
deplorable condition. The house may have been vacated and fallen into disrepair
when the post war building boom made better housing available.
Several historic maps show buildings in the general location of the Site 31BN982.
The 1900 Topographic Map (Figure 2) shows two buildings in the southwest corner
of the project site.The two buildings also appear on a 1920 Soil Map as well as the
North Carolina Buncombe County (Figure 5).
The 1935 Topographic Map (Figure 3) does not show any buildings in the vicinity of
the project site; however; a 1938 Buncombe County Highway and Public Works Map
(Figure 6) does show buildings in this vicinity.
Greenhouse CONSULTANTSincorporated Black Mountain Center, North Carolina
Site 31BN982 Phase II
Prepared for:Cushman Consulting Group
Page 14
Figure 5. 1920 Soil Map
North Carolina, Buncombe County
Greenhouse CONSULTANTSincorporated Black Mountain Center, North Carolina
Site 31BN982 Phase II
Prepared for:Cushman Consulting Group
Page 15
Figure 6. 1938 Buncombe County Highway and Public Works Map
Greenhouse CONSULTANTSincorporated Black Mountain Center, North Carolina
Site 31BN982 Phase II
Prepared for:Cushman Consulting Group
Page 16
Summary and Conclusions
The house (designated as Site 31BN982) may have been built circa 1885 and occupied
until 1916 or as late as circa 1950. No data is available nor was information was
found on the site (house). Other available information does not provide conclusive
evidence as to the dates of occupation, the date of construction, nor the date of
destruction of the house. This assessment is based primarily on historic maps and
Real Estate Deeds. Based upon the research undertaken, Site 31BN982, including the
former house, appears not to meet the criteria for National Register of Historic
Places (NRHP) eligibility.
On the basis of the research completed for Site 31BN982 we recommend no further
work nor preservation.
Greenhouse CONSULTANTSincorporated Black Mountain Center, North Carolina
Site 31BN982 Phase II
Prepared for:Cushman Consulting Group
Page 17
Bibliography
Archaeological Data Inventory. Western Regional Archives: Asheville, N. C.: June
23, 2017.
Buckner, John. Black Mountain, North Carolina. E-mail interview by Catherine
Wilson-Martin, July 6, 2017.
Buncombe County, North Carolina State Highway and Public Works.North Carolina State
Archives, 1938, Map.
Buncombe County, North Carolina Register of Deeds.
www.buncombecounty.org/governing/depts/registerdeeds/: Deed Book 51,
Page 238.
Buncombe County, North Carolina Register of Deeds.
www.buncombecounty.org/governing/depts/registerdeeds/: Deed Book 125,
Page 271.
Buncombe County, North Carolina Register of Deeds.
www.buncombecounty.org/governing/depts/registerdeeds/: Deed Book 140,
Page 158.
Buncombe County, North Carolina Register of Deeds.
www.buncombecounty.org/governing/depts/registerdeeds/: Deed Book 132,
Page 49.
Buncombe County, North Carolina Register of Deeds.
www.buncombecounty.org/governing/depts/registerdeeds/: Deed Book 175,
Page 72.
Greenhouse CONSULTANTSincorporated Black Mountain Center, North Carolina
Site 31BN982 Phase II
Prepared for:Cushman Consulting Group
Page 18
Buncombe County, North Carolina Register of Deeds.
www.buncombecounty.org/governing/depts/registerdeeds/: Deed Book 205,
Page 122.
Buncombe County, North Carolina Register of Deeds.
www.buncombecounty.org/governing/depts/registerdeeds/: Deed Book 479,
Page 68.
Buncombe County, North Carolina Register of Deeds.
www.buncombecounty.org/governing/depts/registerdeeds/: Plat 16, Page 98.
Buncombe County, North Carolina Register of Deeds.
www.buncombecounty.org/governing/depts/registerdeeds/: Deed Book 532,
Page 211
Buncombe County, North Carolina Register of Deeds.
www.buncombecounty.org/governing/depts/registerdeeds/: Deed Book
1028, Page 99.
Buncombe County, North Carolina Register of Deeds.
www.buncombecounty.org/governing/depts/registerdeeds/: Deed Book
1234, Page 297.
Buncombe County, North Carolina Register of Deeds.
www.buncombecounty.org/governing/depts/registerdeeds/: Plat 40, Page 56.
Buncombe County, North Carolina Register of Deeds.
www.buncombecounty.org/governing/depts/registerdeeds/: Plat 46, Page
115.
Buncombe County, North Carolina Register of Deeds.
www.buncombecounty.org/governing/depts/registerdeeds/: Deed Book
1379, Page 510.
Greenhouse CONSULTANTSincorporated Black Mountain Center, North Carolina
Site 31BN982 Phase II
Prepared for:Cushman Consulting Group
Page 19
Buncombe County, North Carolina Register of Deeds.
www.buncombecounty.org/governing/depts/registerdeeds/: Deed Book
1377, Page 408.
Buncombe County, North Carolina Register of Deeds.
www.buncombecounty.org/governing/depts/registerdeeds/: Deed Book
1383, Page 692.
Buncombe County, North Carolina Register of Deeds.
www.buncombecounty.org/governing/depts/registerdeeds/: Deed Book
2009, Page 413.
Buncombe County, North Carolina Register of Deeds.
www.buncombecounty.org/governing/depts/registerdeeds/: Deed Book
2167, Page 633.
Buncombe County, North Carolina Register of Deeds.
www.buncombecounty.org/governing/depts/registerdeeds/: Deed Book
2225, Page 104.
Buncombe County, North Carolina Register of Deeds.
www.buncombecounty.org/governing/depts/registerdeeds/: Deed Book
2311, Page 47.
Buncombe County, North Carolina Register of Deeds.
www.buncombecounty.org/governing/depts/registerdeeds/: Deed Book 48,
Page 522.
Buncombe County, North Carolina Register of Deeds.
www.buncombecounty.org/governing/depts/registerdeeds/: Deed Book 60,
Page 398.
Buncombe County, North Carolina Register of Deeds.
www.buncombecounty.org/governing/depts/registerdeeds/: Deed Book 270,
Page 198.
Greenhouse CONSULTANTSincorporated Black Mountain Center, North Carolina
Site 31BN982 Phase II
Prepared for:Cushman Consulting Group
Page 20
Buncombe County, North Carolina Register of Deeds.
www.buncombecounty.org/governing/depts/registerdeeds/: Deed Book 814,
Page 649.
Buncombe County, North Carolina Register of Deeds.
www.buncombecounty.org/governing/depts/registerdeeds/: Plat 818, Page
92.
Buncombe County, North Carolina Register of Deeds.
www.buncombecounty.org/governing/depts/registerdeeds/: Deed Book
1028, Page 99.
Buncombe County, North Carolina Register of Deeds.
www.buncombecounty.org/governing/depts/registerdeeds/: Deed Book
1379, Page 510.
Buncombe County, North Carolina Register of Deeds.
www.buncombecounty.org/governing/depts/registerdeeds/: Deed Book
1377, Page 408.
Buncombe County, North Carolina Register of Deeds.
www.buncombecounty.org/governing/depts/registerdeeds/: Deed Book
2303, Page 562.
Buncombe County, North Carolina Register of Deeds.
www.buncombecounty.org/governing/depts/registerdeeds/: Deed Book
2814, Page 794.
Buncombe County, North Carolina Register of Deeds.
www.buncombecounty.org/governing/depts/registerdeeds/: Deed Book 48,
Page 385.
Buncombe County, North Carolina Register of Deeds.
www.buncombecounty.org/governing/depts/registerdeeds/: Deed Book 48,
Page 522.
Greenhouse CONSULTANTSincorporated Black Mountain Center, North Carolina
Site 31BN982 Phase II
Prepared for:Cushman Consulting Group
Page 21
Buncombe County, North Carolina Register of Deeds.
www.buncombecounty.org/governing/depts/registerdeeds/: Deed Book 116,
Page 100.
Buncombe County, North Carolina Register of Deeds.
www.buncombecounty.org/governing/depts/registerdeeds/: Deed Book 143,
Page 2.
Buncombe County, North Carolina Register of Deeds.
www.buncombecounty.org/governing/depts/registerdeeds/: Deed Book 190,
Page 261.
Buncombe County, North Carolina Register of Deeds.
www.buncombecounty.org/governing/depts/registerdeeds/: Deed Book 214,
Page 171.
Buncombe County, North Carolina Register of Deeds.
www.buncombecounty.org/governing/depts/registerdeeds/: Deed Book 55,
Page 165.
Buncombe County, North Carolina Register of Deeds.
www.buncombecounty.org/governing/depts/registerdeeds/: Deed Book 58,
Page 462.
Buncombe County, North Carolina Register of Deeds.
www.buncombecounty.org/governing/depts/registerdeeds/: Deed Book 60,
Page 398.
Buncombe County, North Carolina Register of Deeds.
www.buncombecounty.org/governing/depts/registerdeeds/: Deed Book 715,
Page 292.
Greenhouse CONSULTANTSincorporated Black Mountain Center, North Carolina
Site 31BN982 Phase II
Prepared for:Cushman Consulting Group
Page 22
Buncombe County, North Carolina Register of Deeds.
www.buncombecounty.org/governing/depts/registerdeeds/: Deed Book 726,
Page 290.
Buncombe County, North Carolina Register of Deeds.
www.buncombecounty.org/governing/depts/registerdeeds/: Deed Book 715,
Page 260.
Buncombe County, North Carolina Register of Deeds.
www.buncombecounty.org/governing/depts/registerdeeds/: Deed Book 726,
Page 189.
Buncombe County, North Carolina Register of Deeds.
www.buncombecounty.org/governing/depts/registerdeeds/: Deed Book 793,
Page 642.
Buncombe County, North Carolina Register of Deeds.
www.buncombecounty.org/governing/depts/registerdeeds/: Plat 28, Page 81.
Buncombe County, North Carolina Register of Deeds.
www.buncombecounty.org/governing/depts/registerdeeds/: Deed Book
4098, Page 949.
Buncombe County, North Carolina Register of Deeds.
www.buncombecounty.org/governing/depts/registerdeeds/: Deed Book
4098, Page 954.
Buncombe County, North Carolina Register of Deeds.
www.buncombecounty.org/governing/depts/registerdeeds/: Plat 98, Page
163.
Buncombe County, North Carolina Register of Deeds.
www.buncombecounty.org/governing/depts/registerdeeds/: Deed Book
4282, Pages 176-177.
Greenhouse CONSULTANTSincorporated Black Mountain Center, North Carolina
Site 31BN982 Phase II
Prepared for:Cushman Consulting Group
Page 23
Goodson, Robert. Black Mountain, North Carolina. E-mail interview by Catherine
Wilson-Martin, July 7, 2017.
1920 Soil Map, North Carolina, Buncombe County. United States Government Printing
Office: North Carolina State Archives, 1920, Map.
North Carolina Department of Natural and Cultural Resources. Western Regional
Archives, Asheville, N. C.: June 23, 2017.
Parris, Joyce Justus.A History of Black Mountain North Carolina and Its People.Black
Mountain N. C.: Black Mountain Centennial Commission, 1992.
Smith, Anne Chesky, Director. Swannanoa Valley Museum, Black Mountain, N. C.:
June 23, 2017.
Standaert, Mary McPhail and Joseph Standaert.Postcard History Series: Swannonoa
Valley. Charleston, S. C.: Arcadia Publishing, 2014.
Swannonoa Valley Museum.Images of America: Black Mountain and The Swannonoa
Valley. Charleston, S. C.: Arcadia Publishing, 2004.
The Black Mountain News and The Swannonoa Valley Museum, presented by.
Pictorial History Black Mountain Swannanoa Valley.The Pediment Group, 2003.
Ward, Doris Cline, ed, Charles D. Biddix, Assoc. ed, Roberta Snyder Hall, Assis. ed.
Old Buncombe County North Carolina Volume II 1987. Winston-Salem, N.C.: The
Old Buncombe County Genealogical Society, 1987.
Ward, Doris Cline, ed, Charles D. Biddix, Assoc. ed.The Heritage of Old Buncombe
County Volume I-1981.Winston-Salem, N.C.: The Old Buncombe County
Genealogical Society, 1981.
Greenhouse CONSULTANTSincorporated Black Mountain Center, North Carolina
Site 31BN982 Phase II
Prepared for:Cushman Consulting Group
Page 24
Phase II Historical Research
Site 31BN982
Black Mountain Cultural Center
for Research and Technology
Black Mountain, Buncombe County, North Carolina
Prepared for:
Cushman Consulting Group,LLC
301 Crayton Street
Anderson, South Carolina 29621
[phone]
Prepared by:
Greenhouse CONSULTANTS incorporated
www.GreenhouseConsultants.com
6110 River Chase Circle
Atlanta, Georgia 30328
[phone]
Fax [phone]
July 2017
Greenhouse CONSULTANTS incorporated
Barry D. Greenhouse,MSP, AICP, Project Principal
Catherine Wilson-Martin,MHP, Historic Preservation,
Principal Investigator and Primary Author
George D. Price,MS, Principal Archaeologist
Greenhouse CONSULTANTSincorporated Black Mountain Center, North Carolina
Site 31BN982 Phase II
Prepared for:Cushman Consulting Group
Page 2
Abstract
Greenhouse CONSULTANTS incorporated completed a Phase I Archaeological Survey
of this project during July 2012. On the basis of those recommendations a Phase II
historical research on Site 31BN982 was undertaken during June through July 2017.
Site files at the Western Regional Archives (WRA), a component of the State Archives
of North Carolina, have no previously recorded historic archaeological sites in the
area south and west of the project area. This follow-up research is intended to
comply with the recommendations made in the Phase I Archaeological Survey for
Black Mountain Center for Research and Technology Black Mountain, Buncombe
County, North Carolina prepared by Greenhouse Consultants Inc. July 2012.
The house (designated as Site 31BN982) may have been built circa 1885 and occupied
until 1916 or as late as circa 1950. No data is available nor was information was
found on the site (house). Other available information does not provide conclusive
evidence as to the dates of occupation, the date of construction, nor the date of
destruction of the house. This assessment is based primarily on historic maps and
Real Estate Deeds. Based upon the research undertaken, Site 31BN982, including the
former house, appears not to meet the criteria for National Register of Historic
Places (NRHP) eligibility.
On the basis of the research completed for Site 31BN982 we recommend no further
work nor preservation.
Greenhouse CONSULTANTSincorporated Black Mountain Center, North Carolina
Site 31BN982 Phase II
Prepared for:Cushman Consulting Group
Page 3
Table of Contents
Abstract Page 3
Introduction 5
Physical Environment 7
Historical Background 8
Site 31BN982 Supplemental Research 11
Summary and Conclusions 17
Bibliography 18
List of Figures and Tables
Figure 1. Approximate Location of Site 31BN982 6
Figure 2. 1900 Topographic Map (Mt. Mitchell 15” Quadrangle) 9
Figure 3. 1935 Topographic Map (Asheville 15” Quadrangle) 10
Figure 4. Plat 19, Page 98 13
Figure 5. 1920 Soil Map North Carolina, Buncombe County 15
Figure 6. 1938 Buncombe County Highway and Public Works Map 16
Greenhouse CONSULTANTSincorporated Black Mountain Center, North Carolina
Site 31BN982 Phase II
Prepared for:Cushman Consulting Group
Page 4
Introduction
GreenhouseCONSULTANTSincorporated was retained by Cushman Consulting Group to
undertake a Phase II cultural resource survey for the Black Mountain Cultural Center
for Research and Technology in Buncombe County, North Carolina. This report
presents the historical research for Site 31BN982. A separate report will present the
Phase II archaeological investigation of Site 31BN979. Cultural resource services was
conducted on behalf of the property owner in advance of property development.
This purpose of this Phase II investigation was to evaluate significance against criteria
for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP), in accordance with
36 CFR Part 60.
The project Area of Potential Effect (APE) is an approximately 77 acre tract of land
located south of US Highway 70, west of Blue Ridge Road, and is divided by
Interstate Highway 40 (I-40), on both sides of the Swannanoa River. Approximately
49 acres are in the parcel north of I-40 and 28 acres south of I-40 (Figure 1).
Research and evaluation of Site 31BN982 (Site 7, Phase I report,UTM: 17 N3940573
E377783) was conducted from June through July 2017 under direction of Catherine
Wilson-Martin,MHP, Historic Preservation, who served as the project Principal
Investigator and primary author. This supplemental investigation was conducted to
comply with the recommendations of the Phase I survey and report, July 2012.
Greenhouse CONSULTANTSincorporated Black Mountain Center, North Carolina
Site 31BN982 Phase II
Prepared for:Cushman Consulting Group
Page 5
Figure 1. Approximate Location of Site 31BN982
(superimposed on aerial view of the project area)
Greenhouse CONSULTANTSincorporated Black Mountain Center, North Carolina
Site 31BN982 Phase II
Prepared for:Cushman Consulting Group
Page 6
Physical Environment
The project Area of Potential Effect (APE) is located in the Blue Ridge province of
the Southern Appalachian Mountains, within the intermountain plateau physiographic
subdivision (Golston et al. 1954). The intermountain plateau (Asheville Basin) is a
wide valley along the French Broad River characterized by rolling hills, an average
elevation of 2,300 feet above mean sea level (AMSL).
Geologically the project area is located within the Blue Ridge Belt (NCGS 1985). The
Blue Ridge Belt features the highest elevations in the Appalachian Mountains and is
characterized by steep mountain ridges and deeply dissected basins and trench valleys
that intersect at all angles.
Buncombe County is situated on the continental divide, with most streams flowing
north and eventually into the Gulf of Mexico. The project area is located in the
southeastern part of the county, drained by the Swannanoa River that flows west into
the French Broad River, that eventually joins several other rivers including the
Holston, Tennessee and Ohio before emptying into the Mississippi River.
The 77 acre project area is bisected into two tracts by Interstate Highway 40 (I-40).
The north tract is approximately 49-acres and includes land on both sides of the
Swannanoa River. The One small tributary, Wolfpit Branch, flows north into the
river at the extreme east end of this tract. Floodplain comprises most of the northern
tract, with elevations ranging from 2230’ to 2280’ASML. The south tract is located
south of I-40 and includes approximately 28 acres. A small unnamed tributary that
flows north into the Swannanoa bisects this tract. The terrain west of this tributary is
mostly wooded uplands with elevations reaching 2360’ASML.
Greenhouse CONSULTANTSincorporated Black Mountain Center, North Carolina
Site 31BN982 Phase II
Prepared for:Cushman Consulting Group
Page 7
Historical Background
Buncombe County was founded in 1791 and a two years later courthouse was
established on the early settlement of Morristown that in 1797 was incorporated and
the name changed to Asheville after Governor Samuel Ashe. The primary trade route
at that time was an Indian trading path through the Southern Appalachians that ran
along the French Broad River and traversed the modern city of Asheville. In order to
relieve congestion along the old trade route the North Carolina General Assembly
created the Buncombe Turnpike Corporation to build a toll road. The Turnpike was
completed in 1828 and rapidly became the primary route through which farmers in
Tennessee and Kentucky accessed markets in Georgia and South Carolina. In 1851
the Asheville–Greenville Plank Road was established and with this, a new avenue of
trade and settlement. Asheville emerged as the regional trade center. During the
Civil War a Confederate Armory was established in Asheville, which helped maintain
prosperity for the county. Still, the area remained fairly isolated until railroads were
extended to the area after the Civil War.
The railroads opened the area to large scale timber and mining operations and the
area saw increased growth and contact with the outside world. By the 1880s
Asheville became a popular health resort and the ensuing construction of luxury
homes and hotels characterized an economic boom that persisted until the
Depression.
The 1900 Mt. Mitchell Topographic Map indicates that the project area was largely
undeveloped at that time. It depicts paired structures in the southwest portion of the
South Tract corresponding to the position of Site 31BN982 (Figure 2). Neither of
these structures are depicted on 1935 (Figure 3) or 1941 topographic maps indicating
it was probably demolished during the twentieth century. The location of these
structures can be inferred, based upon topography, vegetation and two wells. These
wells are located along the southern boundary of the project area and the structure
was probably located south of the project area boundary. No artifacts were
recovered at this location.
Greenhouse CONSULTANTSincorporated Black Mountain Center, North Carolina
Site 31BN982 Phase II
Prepared for:Cushman Consulting Group
Page 8
.
Figure 2. 1900 Topographic Map
(Mt. Mitchell 15” Quadrangle)
.
Greenhouse CONSULTANTSincorporated Black Mountain Center, North Carolina
Site 31BN982 Phase II
Prepared for:Cushman Consulting Group
Page 9
.
Figure 3. 1935 Topographic Map
(Asheville 15” Quadrangle)
Greenhouse CONSULTANTSincorporated Black Mountain Center, North Carolina
Site 31BN982 Phase II
Prepared for:Cushman Consulting Group
Page 10
Site 31BN982 Supplemental Research
Site files at the Western Regional Archives (WRA), a component of the State Archives
of North Carolina, have no previously recorded historic archaeological sites in the
area south and west of the project area. This follow-up research is intended to
comply with the recommendations made in the Phase I Archaeological Survey for
Black Mountain Center for Research and Technology Black Mountain, Buncombe
County, North Carolina prepared by Greenhouse Consultants Inc. July 2012.
No information was been found on a house or related structures in the vicinity south
and southwest of the project site. Deed research and historic maps have been found
that shed light on the approximate construction date and the possible date of
destruction of the buildings in the vicinity of Site 31BN982.
Greenhouse CONSULTANTSincorporated Black Mountain Center, North Carolina
Site 31BN982 Phase II
Prepared for:Cushman Consulting Group
Page 11
Site 31BN982
By 1880, railroad passenger service had reached Black Mountain with as many as 10
trains per day stopping at the Black Mountain station (Postcard History Series: Swannonoa
Valley, p. 36). The area became a health resort and religious mecca. The economic
boom that ensued also included a real estate boom. In the mid to late 1880s, large
tracts of land were purchased for speculation, construction of hotels, health resorts
and religious facilities. Despite this speculation there were settlers who were looking
for a place to live and farm. During this time the area in and near the Black
Mountain Center for Research and Technology project was bought and sold many
times with the boundaries also changing many times as various tracts were combined
and divided.
The possible location of the house covers two different tracts of land as they are
currently plotted. Deed research indicates that between 1885 and 1887 two families
bought and settled in this project area and owned the land for several decades. Either
of these families could be responsible for building a house located near site 31BN982.
Several members of the Hemphill family owned large tracts of land in this area during
the 1880s. J.D. Hemphill sold two large tracts to Elishia J. Kerlee in 1906 (Deed 143,
Page 261) and in 1917 (Deed 214, Page 171). Also in this vicinity, George Alexander
Morgan bought 65 acres on Flat Creek in 1887 (Deed 60, page 398). G. A. Morgan’s
widow, Dealia A. Morgan (Interview, Robert Goodson) continued to own the land
until after 1935 (Plat 16, page 98) (Figure 4). Both Elishia J. Kerlee and George
Alexander Morgan served as Commissioners during the late 1890s and early 1900s
(Buncombe County Register of Deeds, various).
Greenhouse CONSULTANTSincorporated Black Mountain Center, North Carolina
Site 31BN982 Phase II
Prepared for:Cushman Consulting Group
Page 12
.
Figure 4. Plat 16, Page 98
Proposed Site for the N.C. State Tubercular San. July 1935.
(The G.A. Morgan property is in the lower left corner
and is shown bordering the Kerlee property to the south)
.
Greenhouse CONSULTANTSincorporated Black Mountain Center, North Carolina
Site 31BN982 Phase II
Prepared for:Cushman Consulting Group
Page 13
During 1916 a devastating flood along Flat Creek, Swannonoa River and the French
Broad River caused tremendous damage throughout Black Mountain and much of
the Asheville area. It is not known if the house was damaged by the Flood. If the
house survived the Flood of 1916, it is possible the home was occupied until the late
1940s or the early 1950s. The nation experienced a server housing shortage before
and during World War II and all available houses were used even if they were in
deplorable condition. The house may have been vacated and fallen into disrepair
when the post war building boom made better housing available.
Several historic maps show buildings in the general location of the Site 31BN982.
The 1900 Topographic Map (Figure 2) shows two buildings in the southwest corner
of the project site.The two buildings also appear on a 1920 Soil Map as well as the
North Carolina Buncombe County (Figure 5).
The 1935 Topographic Map (Figure 3) does not show any buildings in the vicinity of
the project site; however; a 1938 Buncombe County Highway and Public Works Map
(Figure 6) does show buildings in this vicinity.
Greenhouse CONSULTANTSincorporated Black Mountain Center, North Carolina
Site 31BN982 Phase II
Prepared for:Cushman Consulting Group
Page 14
Figure 5. 1920 Soil Map
North Carolina, Buncombe County
Greenhouse CONSULTANTSincorporated Black Mountain Center, North Carolina
Site 31BN982 Phase II
Prepared for:Cushman Consulting Group
Page 15
Figure 6. 1938 Buncombe County Highway and Public Works Map
Greenhouse CONSULTANTSincorporated Black Mountain Center, North Carolina
Site 31BN982 Phase II
Prepared for:Cushman Consulting Group
Page 16
Summary and Conclusions
The house (designated as Site 31BN982) may have been built circa 1885 and occupied
until 1916 or as late as circa 1950. No data is available nor was information was
found on the site (house). Other available information does not provide conclusive
evidence as to the dates of occupation, the date of construction, nor the date of
destruction of the house. This assessment is based primarily on historic maps and
Real Estate Deeds. Based upon the research undertaken, Site 31BN982, including the
former house, appears not to meet the criteria for National Register of Historic
Places (NRHP) eligibility.
On the basis of the research completed for Site 31BN982 we recommend no further
work nor preservation.
Greenhouse CONSULTANTSincorporated Black Mountain Center, North Carolina
Site 31BN982 Phase II
Prepared for:Cushman Consulting Group
Page 17
Bibliography
Archaeological Data Inventory. Western Regional Archives: Asheville, N. C.: June
23, 2017.
Buckner, John. Black Mountain, North Carolina. E-mail interview by Catherine
Wilson-Martin, July 6, 2017.
Buncombe County, North Carolina State Highway and Public Works.North Carolina State
Archives, 1938, Map.
Buncombe County, North Carolina Register of Deeds.
www.buncombecounty.org/governing/depts/registerdeeds/: Deed Book 51,
Page 238.
Buncombe County, North Carolina Register of Deeds.
www.buncombecounty.org/governing/depts/registerdeeds/: Deed Book 125,
Page 271.
Buncombe County, North Carolina Register of Deeds.
www.buncombecounty.org/governing/depts/registerdeeds/: Deed Book 140,
Page 158.
Buncombe County, North Carolina Register of Deeds.
www.buncombecounty.org/governing/depts/registerdeeds/: Deed Book 132,
Page 49.
Buncombe County, North Carolina Register of Deeds.
www.buncombecounty.org/governing/depts/registerdeeds/: Deed Book 175,
Page 72.
Greenhouse CONSULTANTSincorporated Black Mountain Center, North Carolina
Site 31BN982 Phase II
Prepared for:Cushman Consulting Group
Page 18
Buncombe County, North Carolina Register of Deeds.
www.buncombecounty.org/governing/depts/registerdeeds/: Deed Book 205,
Page 122.
Buncombe County, North Carolina Register of Deeds.
www.buncombecounty.org/governing/depts/registerdeeds/: Deed Book 479,
Page 68.
Buncombe County, North Carolina Register of Deeds.
www.buncombecounty.org/governing/depts/registerdeeds/: Plat 16, Page 98.
Buncombe County, North Carolina Register of Deeds.
www.buncombecounty.org/governing/depts/registerdeeds/: Deed Book 532,
Page 211
Buncombe County, North Carolina Register of Deeds.
www.buncombecounty.org/governing/depts/registerdeeds/: Deed Book
1028, Page 99.
Buncombe County, North Carolina Register of Deeds.
www.buncombecounty.org/governing/depts/registerdeeds/: Deed Book
1234, Page 297.
Buncombe County, North Carolina Register of Deeds.
www.buncombecounty.org/governing/depts/registerdeeds/: Plat 40, Page 56.
Buncombe County, North Carolina Register of Deeds.
www.buncombecounty.org/governing/depts/registerdeeds/: Plat 46, Page
115.
Buncombe County, North Carolina Register of Deeds.
www.buncombecounty.org/governing/depts/registerdeeds/: Deed Book
1379, Page 510.
Greenhouse CONSULTANTSincorporated Black Mountain Center, North Carolina
Site 31BN982 Phase II
Prepared for:Cushman Consulting Group
Page 19
Buncombe County, North Carolina Register of Deeds.
www.buncombecounty.org/governing/depts/registerdeeds/: Deed Book
1377, Page 408.
Buncombe County, North Carolina Register of Deeds.
www.buncombecounty.org/governing/depts/registerdeeds/: Deed Book
1383, Page 692.
Buncombe County, North Carolina Register of Deeds.
www.buncombecounty.org/governing/depts/registerdeeds/: Deed Book
2009, Page 413.
Buncombe County, North Carolina Register of Deeds.
www.buncombecounty.org/governing/depts/registerdeeds/: Deed Book
2167, Page 633.
Buncombe County, North Carolina Register of Deeds.
www.buncombecounty.org/governing/depts/registerdeeds/: Deed Book
2225, Page 104.
Buncombe County, North Carolina Register of Deeds.
www.buncombecounty.org/governing/depts/registerdeeds/: Deed Book
2311, Page 47.
Buncombe County, North Carolina Register of Deeds.
www.buncombecounty.org/governing/depts/registerdeeds/: Deed Book 48,
Page 522.
Buncombe County, North Carolina Register of Deeds.
www.buncombecounty.org/governing/depts/registerdeeds/: Deed Book 60,
Page 398.
Buncombe County, North Carolina Register of Deeds.
www.buncombecounty.org/governing/depts/registerdeeds/: Deed Book 270,
Page 198.
Greenhouse CONSULTANTSincorporated Black Mountain Center, North Carolina
Site 31BN982 Phase II
Prepared for:Cushman Consulting Group
Page 20
Buncombe County, North Carolina Register of Deeds.
www.buncombecounty.org/governing/depts/registerdeeds/: Deed Book 814,
Page 649.
Buncombe County, North Carolina Register of Deeds.
www.buncombecounty.org/governing/depts/registerdeeds/: Plat 818, Page
92.
Buncombe County, North Carolina Register of Deeds.
www.buncombecounty.org/governing/depts/registerdeeds/: Deed Book
1028, Page 99.
Buncombe County, North Carolina Register of Deeds.
www.buncombecounty.org/governing/depts/registerdeeds/: Deed Book
1379, Page 510.
Buncombe County, North Carolina Register of Deeds.
www.buncombecounty.org/governing/depts/registerdeeds/: Deed Book
1377, Page 408.
Buncombe County, North Carolina Register of Deeds.
www.buncombecounty.org/governing/depts/registerdeeds/: Deed Book
2303, Page 562.
Buncombe County, North Carolina Register of Deeds.
www.buncombecounty.org/governing/depts/registerdeeds/: Deed Book
2814, Page 794.
Buncombe County, North Carolina Register of Deeds.
www.buncombecounty.org/governing/depts/registerdeeds/: Deed Book 48,
Page 385.
Buncombe County, North Carolina Register of Deeds.
www.buncombecounty.org/governing/depts/registerdeeds/: Deed Book 48,
Page 522.
Greenhouse CONSULTANTSincorporated Black Mountain Center, North Carolina
Site 31BN982 Phase II
Prepared for:Cushman Consulting Group
Page 21
Buncombe County, North Carolina Register of Deeds.
www.buncombecounty.org/governing/depts/registerdeeds/: Deed Book 116,
Page 100.
Buncombe County, North Carolina Register of Deeds.
www.buncombecounty.org/governing/depts/registerdeeds/: Deed Book 143,
Page 2.
Buncombe County, North Carolina Register of Deeds.
www.buncombecounty.org/governing/depts/registerdeeds/: Deed Book 190,
Page 261.
Buncombe County, North Carolina Register of Deeds.
www.buncombecounty.org/governing/depts/registerdeeds/: Deed Book 214,
Page 171.
Buncombe County, North Carolina Register of Deeds.
www.buncombecounty.org/governing/depts/registerdeeds/: Deed Book 55,
Page 165.
Buncombe County, North Carolina Register of Deeds.
www.buncombecounty.org/governing/depts/registerdeeds/: Deed Book 58,
Page 462.
Buncombe County, North Carolina Register of Deeds.
www.buncombecounty.org/governing/depts/registerdeeds/: Deed Book 60,
Page 398.
Buncombe County, North Carolina Register of Deeds.
www.buncombecounty.org/governing/depts/registerdeeds/: Deed Book 715,
Page 292.
Greenhouse CONSULTANTSincorporated Black Mountain Center, North Carolina
Site 31BN982 Phase II
Prepared for:Cushman Consulting Group
Page 22
Buncombe County, North Carolina Register of Deeds.
www.buncombecounty.org/governing/depts/registerdeeds/: Deed Book 726,
Page 290.
Buncombe County, North Carolina Register of Deeds.
www.buncombecounty.org/governing/depts/registerdeeds/: Deed Book 715,
Page 260.
Buncombe County, North Carolina Register of Deeds.
www.buncombecounty.org/governing/depts/registerdeeds/: Deed Book 726,
Page 189.
Buncombe County, North Carolina Register of Deeds.
www.buncombecounty.org/governing/depts/registerdeeds/: Deed Book 793,
Page 642.
Buncombe County, North Carolina Register of Deeds.
www.buncombecounty.org/governing/depts/registerdeeds/: Plat 28, Page 81.
Buncombe County, North Carolina Register of Deeds.
www.buncombecounty.org/governing/depts/registerdeeds/: Deed Book
4098, Page 949.
Buncombe County, North Carolina Register of Deeds.
www.buncombecounty.org/governing/depts/registerdeeds/: Deed Book
4098, Page 954.
Buncombe County, North Carolina Register of Deeds.
www.buncombecounty.org/governing/depts/registerdeeds/: Plat 98, Page
163.
Buncombe County, North Carolina Register of Deeds.
www.buncombecounty.org/governing/depts/registerdeeds/: Deed Book
4282, Pages 176-177.
Greenhouse CONSULTANTSincorporated Black Mountain Center, North Carolina
Site 31BN982 Phase II
Prepared for:Cushman Consulting Group
Page 23
Goodson, Robert. Black Mountain, North Carolina. E-mail interview by Catherine
Wilson-Martin, July 7, 2017.
1920 Soil Map, North Carolina, Buncombe County. United States Government Printing
Office: North Carolina State Archives, 1920, Map.
North Carolina Department of Natural and Cultural Resources. Western Regional
Archives, Asheville, N. C.: June 23, 2017.
Parris, Joyce Justus.A History of Black Mountain North Carolina and Its People.Black
Mountain N. C.: Black Mountain Centennial Commission, 1992.
Smith, Anne Chesky, Director. Swannanoa Valley Museum, Black Mountain, N. C.:
June 23, 2017.
Standaert, Mary McPhail and Joseph Standaert.Postcard History Series: Swannonoa
Valley. Charleston, S. C.: Arcadia Publishing, 2014.
Swannonoa Valley Museum.Images of America: Black Mountain and The Swannonoa
Valley. Charleston, S. C.: Arcadia Publishing, 2004.
The Black Mountain News and The Swannonoa Valley Museum, presented by.
Pictorial History Black Mountain Swannanoa Valley.The Pediment Group, 2003.
Ward, Doris Cline, ed, Charles D. Biddix, Assoc. ed, Roberta Snyder Hall, Assis. ed.
Old Buncombe County North Carolina Volume II 1987. Winston-Salem, N.C.: The
Old Buncombe County Genealogical Society, 1987.
Ward, Doris Cline, ed, Charles D. Biddix, Assoc. ed.The Heritage of Old Buncombe
County Volume I-1981.Winston-Salem, N.C.: The Old Buncombe County
Genealogical Society, 1981.
Greenhouse CONSULTANTSincorporated Black Mountain Center, North Carolina
Site 31BN982 Phase II
Prepared for:Cushman Consulting Group
Page 24