HomeMy WebLinkAbout20180512 Ver 1_AR16-06-0028NoSitesAffected_20180411Project Tracking No.
16-06-0028
NO NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES
�`p�`���.� ELIGIBLE OR LISTED ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES �,��='-�r��,
�Q���� p�'f AFFECTED FORM L� � � ��#
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� This form only pertains to ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCES for this project. It is not ;-t���..:' �
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�`�`�����.� � valid for Historic Architecture and Landscapes. You must consult separately with the � �����
Historic Architecture and Landscapes Group.
PROJECT INFORMATION
Project No.
WBS No:
F.A. No:
B-5784
45739.1.1
na
Federal Permit Required?
County:
Document:
Stokes
MCC
Funding: � State ❑ Federal
� Yes ❑ No Permit Type: NWP 3
Project Description:
The North Carolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT) Division 9 intends to replace Bridge No.
125 on SR 1484, Dan George Road, over North Double Creek near its confluence with the Dan River. No
preliminary design was available at the time of the archaeological review, but the proposed project is
listed at 1003.6 feet (nearly 305.9 meters) in length, and an expansion of right-of-way (ROW) from 60 to
90 feet (from nearly 18.3 to over 27.4 meters) was proposed. Thus, the area of potential effects (APE) for
the archaeological review and survey was estimated to encompass more than 2.07 acres (nearly .84
hectare). On March 2, 2017 updated preliminary design was received that reduced the expansion of ROW
drastically so that the APE could be revised to an area encompassing roughly 1.2 acres (nearly .49
hectare).
SUMMARY OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL FINDINGS
Two National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) Eligible archaeological sites are located immediately
adj acent the proposed APE for the replacement of Bridge No. 125 on SR 1484, sites 31 SK21 and
31SK227**. As a result of revisions to the proposed project, neither archaeological resource will be
impacted by the proposed project.
The Nor�th CaYolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT) AYchaeology Group reviewed the subject
project and determined.•
There are no National Register listed ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES within the project's
area of potential effects. (Attach any notes or documents as needed)
There are National Register listed ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES within the project's area
of potential effects. (Attach any notes or documents as needed).
Subsurface investigations did not reveal the presence of any archaeological resources.
Subsurface investigations did not reveal the presence of any archaeological resources
considered eligible for the National Register.
All identified archaeological sites located within the APE have been considered and all
compliance for archaeological resources with Section 106 of the National Historic
Preservation Act and GS 121-12(a) has been completed for this project.
"NO NATIONAL REGISTER ELIGIBLE OR LISTED ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES AFFECTED "
form for the Amended Minor Transportation Projects as Qualifted irz the �007 Programmatic Agreement.
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Brief description of review activities, results of review, and conclusions:
As noted on the Archaeological Suroey Required form dated November 29, 2016, a review of the
mapping and site files archived at the North Carolina Office of State Archaeology (OSA) was conducted
on July 19, 2016. It became quickly apparent that site 31 SK21 was recorded immediately adjacent the
proposed project area, but that the site boundaries depicted on site mapping at OSA did not show the site
extending into the APE as it had been established for the initial archaeological review. However, an
archaeological survey conducted on behalf of NCDOT by archaeologists with Environmental Services,
Inc. (ES� for the replacement of Bridge No. 129 over South Double Creek revealed that the fringes of site
31SK21 extended into the 150-foot wide APE for that project (PA No. 14-11-0002).
Site 31 SK21 was initially recorded in 1972 by Bennie Keel and Joe Smith on the floodplain west of the
Dan River, between North Double Creek and South Double Creek. At that time, the site was
characterized as similar in its assemblages to the Upper Saratown site (31SK1) and the William Klutz site
(31 SK6) with a think preserved midden and human interments. The site was revisited in 1984 by
archaeologists with the Research Laboratories of Archaeology (RLA) of the University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill (LJNGCH) during their Siouan Project (see Ward and Davis 1993). At that time, Trawick
Ward of the RLA reported that he had observed "no evidence of potting" (contradicting the site form
completed in 1983), but that features and artifacts from the site were visible at the surface. The site was
divided by Ward and Davis into three portions (31 SK21 A— C) that represented generally distinct
temporal manifestations of the occupation of the area and noted that the northern portions of the site
(31SK21A and 31SK21B) exhibited charcoal, shell, bone, and ceramic and lithic artifacts in
concentrations at the surface. Limited auger testing of the northern portions of the site appeared to
confirm that intact subsurface features remained present. In conversation about the site on April 30,
2017, Davis recalled that the more signiiicant portions of the site appeared to correspond to the lower
terraces on the floodplain. A fairly large collection of artifacts from the site reside in the RLA's
collection including over 2,100 ceramic sherds and more than 40 diagnostic tools from the site. Forty-
seven projectile points are listed in the RLA collection from site 31 SK21, including: two Early Archaic
Kirk Corner Notched points, two Middle Archaic Morrow Mountain II Stemmed projectile points, three
Late Archaic Savannah River Stemmed points, two Late Archaic Gypsy Stemmed projectile points, one
Middle Woodland period Yadkin Large Triangular projectile point, 23 Late Prehistoric Caraway
Triangular points, one Late Prehistoric Uwharrie Triangular point, and one Late Prehistoric Randolph
Stemmed projectile point (Daniel and Davis 1996: A-119; Davis and Daniel 1990: A-86).
In 1989, a visit to the site by an avocational archaeologist resulted in the collection of additional chipped
stone artifacts, ceramic sherds, a ground stone ce1t, and a stone pendant. A sketch map of the site was
added to the file from this visit that depicted a number of the landscape features in the area, including the
Matthew Moore House (labeled as a"pre-Civil War House"), a slave cabin (?) southwest of the bridge
over South Double Creek, and a slave cemetery southeast of the same bridge. In 1993, another visitor to
the site reported to Ward at the RLA recovering marginella shell, turtle carapace fragments, and a deer
tooth fragment from a drainage ditch south of North Double Creek. By 1996, Steve Claggett and Dolores
Hall from OSA visited the site at the request of another local collector, who observed what he thought
may have been human bone. Claggett and Hall observed no evidence for human remains at the time, but
noted that cultural materials were observed on the surface, reflecting impact of plowing at the site on the
subsurface features below. The site file notes "...that human skeletal material will appear at some point
in the future".
On February 4, 2015, staff archaeologists with ESI conducted an intensive archaeological survey of the
proposed APE for the replacement of Bridge No. 129 on SR 1484 over South Double Creek, as noted
above. The APE for that project involved a study area that extended 300 feet in each direction along Dan
George Road from the ends of the existing bridge and 75 feet in each direction from centerline of SR
1484. Including the existing transportation facilities, that APE encompassed an area of approximately
"NO NATIONAL REGISTER ELIGIBLE OR LISTED ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES AFFECTED "
form for the Amended Minor Transportation Projects as Qualifted irz the �007 Programmatic Agreement.
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2.35 acres (slightly more than .95 hectare). The archaeological investigations associated with this project
included a pedestrian examination of the entire APE, in addition to 11 subsurface tests predominantly
excavated along the east side of Dan George Road. While high concentrations of artifacts were observed
along the T-1 surface of the floodplain, only a handful of artifacts (n=7) were recovered from within the
APE for Bridge No. 129. These artifacts included examples of inetavolcanic debitage, a fragmentary
Caraway Triangular projectile point (identified as made in chert), and two Late Woodland ceramic sherds
(tentatively identified as Dan River and Early Saratown examples). Based on the change in artifact
density from T-1 to T-2 surfaces (where the Bridge No. 129 APE was located) as well as a lack of
evidence for intact sub-plowzone deposits, the Teri Russ with ESI recommended that no further
investigation in that area was required in that area. No evidence of a possible slave cabin or slave
cemetery was observed in the remainder of the APE or its vicinity. Based on these findings, NCDOT
archaeologist, Paul Mohler, generated a No National Register of Historic Places Eligible or Listed
Archaeological Sites Present or Affected form on February 23, 2015 for the associated project.
As referenced above, an Archaeological Survey Required form was produced on November 29, 2016 for
the current project. In addition to the information referenced above, the suroey requirement for the
current project was based also on the presence of a number of other archaeological sites that have been
previously recorded in the area (in particular, sites 31SK109, 31SK167, and 31SK223). On November
28, 2016, the Archaeology Group also received GIS mapping from NCDOT Division 9 personnel of an
area reported by the current landowner to be the location of a"grave site". Based largely on these factors
an intensive archaeological investigation, including subsurface testing, of the origina12.07-acre APE was
recommended.
On December 2, 2016, NCDOT archaeologists Shane Petersen and Brian Overton conducted a pedestrian
survey of the APE, including the excavation of a transect of shovel test pits. Three shovel test pits were
excavated on a 15-meter interval along the southeastern edge of the survey APE. These shovel tests fall
within the area mapped as exhibiting Danripple sandy clay loam soils and shovel test profiles recorded
from the subsurface examination correlate generally well with the official soil description. A relatively
thin Ap horizon over a deeper Bt horizon was observed in each test with artifacts relegated to either the
surface or the plowzone.
As can be gleaned from the shovel test results and artifact inventory, very few artifacts were recovered
from subsurface contexts during the survey; only one piece of quartz shatter and one small triangular
projectile point were recovered through shovel test excavation, both from the shallow Ap horizon. The
remainder of the assemblage associated with the current archaeological examination (n=28) were
recovered from the surface of the site, either within the proposed APE, ar near the gate post close to the
northern edge of the field. Materials collected from the surface of the site along the edge of SR1484
appear to be fairly consistent with previous collections made on the site. The small collection of sherds
recovered from the surface within the APE (n=7) exhibited cord-marked, fabric-impressed, ands plain
exterior surface treatments with fine to medium sandy paste. Interior surface treatments appeared to be
smoothed over scraped surfaces. According to the site files for site 31 SK21, this collection falls squarely
in line with previous collections which were generally identified as Vincent and Clements series pottery
(c£ Coe 1964: 101-105). The lithic assemblage from the site (a11 proveniences; n=16) includes examples
from as many as seven lithic sources and includes both curated and expedient tools. The small triangular
projectile point recovered from the plowzone of Shovel Test Pit No. 2 is entirely consistent with other
diagnostics from the site. In a relative sense, the density of materials within the APE does seem fairly
low for a potentially major village site and very few artifacts were recovered from subsurface contexts,
suggesting that subsurface features are very unlikely within the APE.
In addition to investigations within the APE, some bone was observed on the surface of the site in the
vicinity of a fence/gate post along the edge of the field. These remains appeared at first glance to be
bones from the lower limb of a large mammal and were assumed to probably be those of a deer. But,
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form for the Amended Minor Transportation Projects as Qualifted irz the �007 Programmatic Agreement.
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given the history of the site, these remains were collected for analysis, along with a few nearby artifacts.
The bones were identified by Emily McDowell of the Office of State Archaeology Research Center as
lower limb bones from a White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Despite the nearby artifacts, it is
pretty unlikely (though not completely impossible) that these faunal remains are from an archaeological
context.
As noted above, the presence of human interment in the small wooded area southwest of the bridge was
reported by the current landowner, Linda George Gibson, to NCDOT surveyors. Ms. Gibson was
contacted and arrangements were made to meet on-site to further investigate the reported graves on
December 16, 2016. This follow-up investigation was conducted by NCDOT staff archaeologists, Shane
Petersen and Paul Mohler. According to Ms. Gibson, her father, Dan George, had long maintained that
the graves located on a small knoll overlooking North Double Creek and Bridge No. 125, were the final
resting places for slaves. This bit of local folklore was repeated by Mr. James Rogers, the owner of the
parcel opposite the reported cemetery, who reported to have grown up on the property and recalled grave
locations and fieldstone markers when the area had been the location of a dog kennel.
Using a leaf-rake, the general area was examined for markers, depressions, or other evidence for human
interments in the area. Through gentile clearing of leaf-litter and deadfall branches, a handful of grave
locations (four or five) graves in two rows and marked with headstones and/ar footstones, were identified.
These graves were confirmed with Mr. Rogers, along with a potential headstone that had been displaced
by an attempted looting of the site, according to Mr. Rogers. Crude wooden structural remains and wire
fencing in the area suggested the location of the reported dog kennels to the east of the graves. These
interments had been oriented on an east-west alignment, with the westernmost row of markers placed
immediately adjacent the cut-bank for SR 1484. This cemetery was recorded as site 31 SK227**, with
site boundaries established based on topography and subtle changes in extant vegetation.
In an attempt to confirm local folklore regarding this cemetery, a survey of the deed and census
information was undertaken by NCDOT archaeologist, Paul Mohler in December 2016. According to the
National Register of Historic Properties form for the Matthew Moore House, the property was obtained
by Matthew Moore in 1773 from John Walker, who had been granted the property by Earl Granville. The
state census for 1784-1787, as well as the 1790 and 1800 Federal Censuses, indicate that Moore owned
slaves. His will, written in 1801, lists 27 slaves by name, all of whom were bequeathed to his wife and
children upon his death. Based on this will, the property in question was handed down to his son
Matthew Red Moore, who owned the land until 1843. The 1820, 1830, and 1840 Federal Censuses
indicate that Matthew Red Moore owned slaves during the period that he occupied the property. In 1843,
Matthew Red Moore defaulted on a loan, and as result surrendered the property to Emmanuel Shober. In
1844, this property was acquired by the Unitas Fratrum through conveyances to William Henry Van
Vleck and Charles Kluge, land speculators for the Moravian settlement at Salem. By 1849, Hardin W.
Reynolds purchased over 1,300 acres "on both sides of Dan River it being the tract of land known by the
name of Col. Matthew R. Moore home place." While Hardin W. Reynolds, owned slaves (per the 1850
and 1860 Federal Censuses), he did not reside on the Stokes County property, so it is unclear how the
farm was managed in his absence. Nevertheless, there are possibilities. During this period, neighboring
tracts and a mill at the mouth of Big Creek were owned by Pressley George, Sr. Pressley George Sr. and
his son (Pressley George Jr.) are both listed as owning slaves in Stokes County according to the 1850 and
1860 Slave Schedules, and it is possible that they had lease agreements with Reynolds allowing them to
farm the property. In any case, R. W. George (son of Pressley George Jr.) purchases the property from an
heir of Hardin Reynolds (his son W. N. Reynolds) in 1898. The property has since been owned by the
George family up to the present time, for the current owners, Linda George Gibson and Kathie George
McKinney, are the great-granddaughters of R.W. George.
Based on the research, it is certainly safe to say enslaved individuals were residing on the property during
the nineteenth century, although it is rather difficult to add any detail to the numbers and association of
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those enslaved people with the property owner. We can , however, add more evidence to the argument
that the cemetery at 31SK227**, differs substantially from other cemeteries in the vicinity. An
examination of the documented historic properties and cemeteries in the general area of the proposed
project, reveals a mortuary behavior pattern by which family cemeteries are located on upland landforms
relatively close to the farm house associated with the white farm owner. This pattern is illustrated in the
proximity of the Matthew Moore House and its cemetery, the Walter W. George House and its associated
cemetery, and the unassociated yet nearby William H. Vaden House and its cemetery. By contrast, the
cemetery at 31 SK227** is located on an alluvial terrace remnant far from any documented historic
residence.
This is not to say that the cemetery could not be the final resting place of individuals who were not
enslaved or perhaps would have been associated with a different ethnicity. Yet, the circumstantial
evidence provided by the mortuary behavioral pattern, the property and census records, and the local
folklore (even as suggested by the original site form for 31SK21) argue otherwise. For these reasons, site
31SK227** is recommended as eligible for the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) under
Criterion A due to the site's association with enslaved individuals, from the earliest period of
development in the county, as well as the history of slavery in North Carolina and the United States.
Additionally, the site might be considered to be eligible for the NRIIP under Criterion B for its
association with Matthew Moore (one of the largest slaveholders in the county at the time) and Criterion
D for potential information on the demographics of enslaved people and mortuary practices.
On April, 6, 2017, NCDOT archaeologist met with OSA representatives including John Mintz, Rosemarie
Blewitt, and Emily McDowell to discuss preliminary concurrence on the eligibility of the cemetery.
Additionally, revised preliminary designs were presented that would keep the proposed ROW in the same
location as existing ROW in the portions adjacent the locations of sites 31 SK21 and 31SK227**. This
new proposal would create no new impacts to either site. This discussion resulted in the verbal agreement
that neither site would be affected by the project under the most recent proposal for the replacement of
Bridge No. 125 over North Double Creek.
No further archaeological investigations are required for the project as it is currently proposed. The
project should be considered to be compliant with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act
and North Carolina General Stature 121-12(a). Should the project footprint expand outside the areas
currently delineated as the revised APE, further consultation would be required and the effects
determination reached with the Office of State Archaeology might be nullified. In the unlikely event that
archaeological material are encountered within the revised footprint of the project during construction, all
earth-disturbing activities in that area should cease and this office should be contacted immediately.
References Cited:
Coe, J. L.
1964 The Formative Cultures of the Carolina Piedmont. Transactions of the American
Philosophical Society, n.s., 54(5).
Daniel, I. R. Jr., and R. P. S. Davis, Jr.
1996 The Projectile Point Classification Project.• A Classification of Projectile Points in Existing
Archaeological Collections fi^om North Carolina (Phase II). Technical Report No. 26, Research
Laboratories of Anthropology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.
Davis, R. P. S. Jr., and I. R. Daniel, Jr.
1990 The Projectile Point Classification Project: A Classification of Projectile Points in Existing
Archaeological Collections from North Carolina (Phase I). Technical Report No. 19, Research
Laboratories of Anthropology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.
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form for the Amended Minor Transportation Projects as Qualifted irz the �007 Programmatic Agreement.
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Ward, H. T. and R. P. S. Davis, Jr.
1993 Indian Communities of the North Carolina Piedmont, A.D. 1000 to 1700. Monograph No. 2,
Research Laboratories of Anthropology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.
SUPPORT DOCUMENTATION
See attached: � Map(s) ❑ Previous Survey Info � Photos ❑Correspondence
Signed:
. � . July 11, 2017
NCDOT ARCHAEOLOGIST
Shovel Test Results for B-5784:
Date
Shovel Level Depth Depth Munsell Color Soil Texture Artifacts Notes
Test Pit (top) (base)
I 0 12 7.5YR3/4 Dark Brown silty clay loam no Plowzone
1
II 12 19 7.5YR3/4 Daxk Brown sandy clap loam no Vexp gravelly
I 0 22 7.5YR3/4 Daxk Bxown silty clay loam lithic Plowzone
2
II 22 32 7.5YR4/4 Brown silt} cla}' loam no
I 0 23 7.5YR3/4 Daxk Brown silty clay loam lithic Plowzone
3
TT 23 32 7.5YR4/4 Brown sIlty clay loam no
"NO NATIONAL REGISTER ELIGIBLE OR LISTED ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES AFFECTED "
form for the Amended Minor Transportation Projects as Qualifted irz the �007 Programmatic Agreement.
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Artifact Inventory for 31SK21:
Provenience Accession Number
General Surface Collection 2016.0413-1
2 Ceramic, body sherds (with coil breaks), sand temper with some
quartz, cord-marked exterior surface treatment, scraped and
smoothed interior surface treatment.
2 Ceramic, body sherds (one coil break), sand temper, fabric-
impressed exterior surface treatment, smoothed interior surface
treatment, thin-walled.
Ceramic, body sherd, sand temper, plain exterior surface treatment,
smoothed interior surface treatment.
2 Ceramic, body sherds, sand temper, unidentified exterior treatment,
unidentified interior surface treatment, eroded.
Biface, early-stage, chert (purple?), thermally-altered.
Biface, early-stage, quartz.
Core, multi-directional, quartz.
2 Expedient tool, retouched flakes, possible burin, intermediate to
felsic (andesitic to dacitic) lava or tuff.
2 Debitage, tertiary flake (interior), undetermined lava or tuff.
Debitage, tertiary flake (interior), undetermined flow-banded
porphyritic lava.
Debitage, tertiary flake (interior), porphyritic intermediate to felsic
(andesitic to dacitic) lava or tuff.
Debitage, tertiary flake (interior), tuffaceous sandstone.
Debitage, flake fragment, tuffaceous sandstone.
Debitage, flake fragment, chert.
Shovel Test No. 1, surface.
1 Debitage, flake fragment, quartz.
2016.0413-2
Shovel Test No. 2, Zone 1(0-22 cmbs) 2016.0413-3
1 Projectile point, small triangular (Caraway Triangular),
undetermined (probably felsic) lava or tuff.
Shovel Test No. 3, Zone 1(0-23 cmbs)
1 Debitage, shatter, quartz.
"NO NATIONAL REGISTER ELIGIBLE OR LISTED ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES AFFECTED "
form for the Amended Minor Transportation Projects as Qualifted irz the �007 Programmatic Agreement.
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Surface Collection at Edge of Field (near faunal remains) 2016.0413-5
2 Faunal remains, Odocoileus virginianus (white-tailed deer),
metapodial fragments.
2 Faunal remains, Odocoileus virginianus (white-tailed deer),
carpals or tarsals.
2 Faunal remains, Odocoileus virginianus (white-tailed deer),
phalanges.
Ceramic, body sherd, sand temper, plain exterior surface treatment,
unidentified interior surface treatment.
Biface, piece esquille (?), felsic (rhyodacitic to dacitic) lava or tuff.
"NO NATIONAL REGISTER ELIGIBLE OR LISTED ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES AFFECTED "
form for the Amended Minor Transportation Projects as Qualifted irz the �007 Programmatic Agreement.
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Aerial photograph illustrating the distribLition of some of the cultural features in the project
vicinity including: the original project APE (red), the APE for PA No. 14-11-0002 (purple), site
31 SK21 (pink), known local cemeteries (yellow dots), and recorded historic properties (blue
dots).
"NO NATlONAL REGlSTER ELlGIBLE OR LISTED ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITESAFFECTED"
%rrn Jor the Amended Minor Transpo�•[atioie Projects as Qt4ulified in the 2007 R•ogra»arn�Atic Agreemen�.
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View of tlle north end of tlle survey AP�, Dan George Road, and Bridge No. 12� (facing soutl�).
View of P-East Road/Dan George Road intersection (facing south).
"NO NATlONAL REGlSTER ELlGIBLE OR LISTED ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITESAFFECTED"
%rrn Jor the Amended Minor Transpo�•[atioie Projects as Qt4ulified in the 2007 R•ogra»arn�Atie Agreemen�.
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View of ROW west of SR 1�84 and residential properties (facing north).
View of ROW east of SR 1484 and documented western edge of site 31 SK21 in an agricultural
field; note copse of trees in center background where interments were reported (facing north).
"NO NATlONAL REGlSTER ELlGIBLE OR LISTED ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITESAFFECTED"
%rrn Jor the Amended Minor Transpo�•[atioie Projects as Qt4ulified in the 2007 R•ogra»arn�Atic Agreemen�.
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View of northerninost portion of recorded site boundary for site 31SK21 and recording GPS
location of bone (deer) collection (facing east).
General view of site 31 SK21 from T-2 surface facing east towards the T-1 surface and the Dan
River.
"NO NATlONAL REGlSTER ELlGIBLE OR LISTED ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITESAFFECTED"
%rrn Jor the Amended Minor Transpo�•[atioie Projects as Qt4ulified in the 2007 R•ogra»arn�Atic Agreemen�.
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14 of 16
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15 of 16
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archaeological sites 31 SK21 (pink lines) and 31 SK227** (orange lines).
"NO NaT/ONAL RF.GISTF.R E.L/G/BLE OR //STF,D ARCHAFOLOGICAL SITES AFFF.CTF.D "
Jorv�t for the Am�ended Minor• Tr•an.rporiatioie Projec[s as� Oi�aliJied ira lhe ?007 Progran�nzatic Agreerr�erx�.
16 of l6