20080868 Ver 2_More Info Received_20081229

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10-BR Document 1-3
Filed 12/29/2008 Page 1 of 5
l?ck? ? ?Y C?; se
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
HE EASTERN DISTRICT OF NORTH CAROLINA
ADMIRALLY AND MARMNE CIVIL DIVISION
CASE NUMBER ?•M-G, '-t 110
Glenn I. Hockney, Hyde County Citizen
& Hyde County Citizens
vs.
PLAINTIFF'S
NC PCS PHOSPHATE CORPORATION
Steven A. Becker, C.E.O. & Plant Manager
NC PCS PHOSPHATE CORPORATION
AND
Thomas "Tom" Ryan, President
NC PCS PHOSPHATE CORPORATION
DEFENDANTS
] COMPLAINT
]
] FOR TAKING OF
]
] PUBLIC TRUST WATERS
] LANDS & NATURAL RESORCES
l
] OF HYDE COUNTY CITIZENS
] WITHOUT COMPENSATION
]
] AND DAMAGES CAUSED
I
]
PLAINTIFF, Glenn 1. Hockney, resides, citizen of Middletown, Lake Landing
Township, Hyde County, North Carolina, United States of America. Mailing
address: 109 White Plains Road, Middletown I Engelhard, North Carolina 27824-
9381, U.S.A.
DEFENDANT'S, NC PCS Phosphate, Corporation, Steven A. Becker, Plant
Manager and THOMAS 'Tom" Ryan, President of this CORPORATION, located in
Aurora, Beaufort County, North Carolina, United States of America, Plant
Location 1 Texas Gulf Road, or PCS Lands Office, 24960 NC 33 Highway, East,
Aurora, North Carolina 27806, U.S.A.
Case 4:08-cv-00210-BR Document 1-3 Piled 12129/2008 Page 4 of 5
9
1 PANE IV OF U.& DISTRICT COURT COMPLAINT
2 Other benefits are the Tax Rates of Hyde County verses Beaufort County
3 almost fifty per-cent greater
4 This Corporation must stop pumping Castle Hanes Aquifer Waters and
5 restore it to fresh water of the 1960'x, plus pay damages to all Hyde County
6 citizens for excessive pumping.
7 Hyde County Water System, and Hyde County Tax Office and Taxpayers
8 rates to be equal to Beaufort County,
9 Others expenses Hyde County Dikes improvement, similar to Hockney's
10 degrading of their properties, and pay any others legal costs including Court
11 Costs.
12 Hyde County Citizens asked full restoration of the Castle Hanes Aquifer,
13 with aquifer returned to fresh water only with No Exceptions, or five hundred
14 million dollars for damages.
15 North Carolina duty to preserve this Trust Property has obligation
16 maintenance, repair improvement and upkeep of real property, including payment
17 of taxes and other fees. This Court can compel enforcement Public Trust
4"&
18 Doctrine and issued a STOPPED PULfNG ORDER to protect Hyde County
19 Citizens.
20 PLAINTIFFS, Hyde County Citizens asked that all damages be place in a
21 trust account of East Carolina Bank, with Trustees appointed by Citizens of Hyde
22 County and located in Middletown I Engelhard, North Carolina.
4
Case 4:08-cv-00210-1313 Document 1-3 Piled 12/29/2008 Page 5 of 5
1 PAGE V OR U.S. DISTRICT COURT COMPLAINT
2 North Carolina Office of Coastal Resource Management and Environment
3 and Natural Resources took Improper action either procedurally or substantively,
4 or that its action resulted In an unconstitutional "taking" of private property in
5 Hyde County Citizens, of North Carolina.
6 Hyde County Citizens has the right to a clean and healthful environment as
7 defined by law relating to environmental quality, including control of pollution
8 and conservation, protection and enhancement of natural resources.
9 North Carolina State programs and permitting must be In Federal
10 consistency with the Public Trust Doctrine will be resolved by Federal Courts.
11 Hyde County Citizen asked United States District Court to resolved the matter of
12 pollution of Public Trust Waters in Hyde County and access damages against NC
13 PCS, Phosphate Corporation for using Hyde County Fresh Waters for their
14 operations, an Order to recharging the Castle Hanes Aquifer is needed todad.
15 PLAINTIFF'S SEEK THE FOLLOMN2 RELIEF
18 WHEREFORE, your Plaintifrs pray for relief of the Court as follows::
17 1. For FIVE HUNDRED MILLION DOLLARS ($500,000,000.00 damages caused
18 by over pumping of the Castle Hanes Aquifer, in Hyde County, North Carolina.
f
19 2. Grant Order "STOPPED ALL PUMPING IN THE CASTLE HANES AQUIFER
20 BY NC PCS PHOSPHATE CORPORATION", AND RECHARGE THE AQUIFER.
21 3. Appoint a United States Attorney to process and proceed with this Jury
22 Trail as requested by Hyde County Citizens.
23 December 29"', 2008
24 Glenn 1. Hockney, Pla tiff
25 109 White Plains Road
26 Middletown I Engelhard, NC 27824-9381
27 252-542-0700
28
29
6

The Virginian-Pilot
?© November 3, 2008
CHESAPEAKE
... EPA's late-August tests included setting up 13 "monitoring points" around the perimeter of the golf course,
each no more than 10 feet deep, said Wagner, the EPA's on-scene coordinator.
Arsenic exceeded the EPA drinking-water standard in three of those samples - the highest at 19.8 parts per
billion. The EPA, however, stressed that these readings came from monitoring points - not drinking water wells.
Lead, which peaked at 28.3 parts per billion, was found at five of the monitoring points at levels over the agency's
"action level" of 15 parts per billion, which triggers a response by city-water systems when more than 10 percent
of samplings exceed it.
"It doesn't raise any need for us to take immediate action," Wagner said in a recent interview, adding that the
lead levels were still relatively low.
Technically, EPA has no standard that pertains directly to well water.
Because the samplings were taken at such shallow depths, they cannot be compared with any results from
residential wells, which are typically much deeper, she said.
But in the end, the complex science and various possible explanations have left Pierce and her neighbors
confused.
"You become desensitized to it until you're the one facing it front and center."

River Basin Cycle 1 Plan Cycle 2 Plan 11
Cycle 3 Plan` Cycle 4 Plan
Broad July 1998 February 2003 July 2008
Cape Fear October 1996 August 2000 October 2005
Catawba February 1995 December 1999 September 2004
Chowan September 1997 July 2002 September 2007
French Broad May 1995 May 2000 April 2005
Hiwassee May 1997 February 2002 March 2007
Little Tennessee May 1997 April 2002 March 2007
Lumber May 1994 May 1999 December 2001
Neuse March 1993 December 1993 July 2002 Draft December
2008
New September 1995 July 2000 October 2005
Pasquotank September 1997 July 2002 September 2007
Roanoke ` September 1996 July 2001 September 2006
Savannah May 1997 February 2002 March 2007
Tar-Pamlico December 1994 July 1999 March 2004
Watauga April 1997 February 2002 January 2007
White Oak February 1997 November 2001 May 2007
Yadkin-Pee Dee May 1998 March 2003 July 2008...._ ..
Table A-i
Basin
Chowan -_.
Neuse
Broad
Yadkin Pee Dee
fir-Pamlico,
Catawba~----_
French Broad ?.
New ....,._...,..,_..
Cape Fear
White Oak
Savannah~
Hiwas_see _
Little Tennessee
Cycle
Number
4
4
5
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4v
44
4
Basinwide Planning Schedule for cycles 4 & 5 (2009 to 2014)
DWQ Biological Data Draft Out For Public
Collection Review
Summer 2010 03/2012
Summer 2010 03/2012
Summer 2010
.__- 05/2012
..
.
Summer 2010 !

- ..__
_.
11_/2012
-
Summer 2011 03/2013 " __
__
Summer 2006
-Y Summer 2007
-
Summer 2007

' Summer 2007
-
_ N -Summer 2008 -
Summer 2008

Summer 2009
_- _Summer 2009 -

- Summer 2008
-
-„ Summer 2009
P
Summer 2009
09/2009
Fi --
Final Pl . an
Receives EMC
Begin NPDES

Approva l Permit Issuance
07/2012 11/2012

07/2012 ----.
12/2012
09/2012
. 0_1/2_013
....m _.
.
03/2013 _.u._.
07/2013
07/2013 09/2013
09/2009 - _
p ? _w 07/2_009

01/2010
-- -_

y
' -? -:
O9/2009
_- _
01/2010 y 12/2009
06/2010
11/2010 03/2011

06/2010
11/2010N _
04/2011
00011 1
09/2011 __..-_-
--- _
---- _M.__
01/201
2
11%2011 0_3/2012 w
0612012
11/201 1 03/2012 0
8/2
012
11/2011 03/2012 _
_
_
09/2012
11/2011 03/2012 08/20
12
11/2011 03/2012 _
_
10/2012
Table A-2 Five-Year Process for Development of an Individual Basinwide Plan
Phase I
•
Identify sampling needs

Water Quality Data Collection • Conduct biological monitoring activities

and Identification of Goals and • Conduct special studies and other water quality sampling activities

Issues . Coordinate with local stakeholders and other agencies to continue to
implement goals within current basinwide plan
..Phase Ii
•
Gather and analyze data from sampling activities

Data Analysis and Public • Develop use support ratings

Workshops • Conduct special studies and other water quality sampling activities
• Develop preliminary pollution control strategies
• Coordinate with local stakeholders and other agencies
Phase III
•
Develop draft basinwide plan based on water quality data, use

Preparation of Draft Basinwide
• support ratings and recommended pollution control strategies
Circulate draft basinwide plan for review
Plan, Public Review, Approval
of Plan, Issue NPDES Permits • Revise plan after public review period

and Begin Implementation of • Submit plan to Environmental Management Commission (EMC) for

Plan approval
• Issue NPDES permits
• Coordinate with other agencies and local interest groups to prioritize
implementation actions
• Conduct special studies and other water quality sampling activities
' _ . l (,
-III/0 "Irl PC
North Carolina: An Industrial mineral storehouse
Jeffrey C. Reid
North Carolina Geological Survey, 1612 Mail Service Center, Raleigh, NC 27699-1612
Author contact: [e-mail]; 919.733.2423
Phosphate
Florida and North Carolina accounted for more than 85% of total domestic output; the
remainder was produced in Idaho and Utah (USGS, 2006). In the late 1950s, a phosphate
deposit was found beneath a large portion of Beaufort County in the Miocene Pungo
River Formation (Miller, 1987; Kimrey, 1965). Subsequent exploration delineated a
minable ore body that contained about 2 billion tons of phosphate ore.
Phosphate is produced by PCS (Potash Corporation of Saskatchewan), from the
large open-pit Lee Creek mine located near Aurora in Beaufort County. PCS is the
largest single integrated phosphate mine in the country. The major portion of the output
from this mine is used in nearby chemical facilities to produce phosphoric acid, triple
superphosphate and diammonium phosphate.
Deposits of phosphorite also occur off North Carolina's coast in the northeast
Onslow Bay district and the Frying Pan Shoals district (Riggs and v.d.P. Ames, 1992;
24
Snyder and others, 1993; Crowson and others, 1994). The lower part of the Pliocene
Yorktown Formation contains phosphorit a in the Aurora phosphate district and represents
a potential resource. Further exploration may lead to. production from these deposits.

{ 4P-11WK1K1- 04ASA Cote. COM/a4occ - PrI&S61-
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Aurora
.?Wv rc3le, bo-eLnd, e d!c?C - 6,n bh? . Go/?1 €FX. c1 (_
1530 NC HWY 306 South, Aurora, North Carolina 27806 [phone]
Steve Beckel, General Manager I E-mail Steve
Operations
Aurora mines phosphate ore and refines it into phosphate rock, which is mixed with sulfuric acid to produce phosphoric
acid. It has an annual capacity of 1.3 million tons of phosphoric acid.
Significant Events
A new-technology silicon tetrafluoride unit, linked to two phosphoric acid reactors, started up successfully and on time in
2007.
Annual production records were set in 2007 in fluosilic acid, ammonium polyphosphate, sulfuric acid, low-alkali purified
phosphoric acid (PAP) and blended gypsum.
Phosphoric acid evaporator production was close to a record, despite the fact that several evaporators were retrofitted with
fluosilic acid production units, which required significant downtime and potentially restricted evaporator capacity.
In 2007, 155 new employees were hired at Aurora, and the turnover rate was 14.8 percent, which stretched training and
other resources.
The site reduced recordable injuries by 14 percent and operated throughout 2007 with no permit excursions or reportable
quantity releases.
Community Relations
There continued to be strong public support for the mine continuation permitting process. With the help of several
community and civic groups, tremendous support was generated during the comment period for Aurora's supplemental
environmental impact statement.
Aurora also has an active program of engagement with community leaders and state legislators, and held 84 meetings with
state legislators, regulators or their aides in 2007. Issues discussed included mine continuation permits, air quality permits
and regulations and regulatory inspections.
Community Support
The value of cash donations to local community organizations in 2007 was $212,253. The main beneficiaries were the
United Way, Aurora Fossil Museum, East Carolina University, Capital Area YMCA and Public Radio East.
In-kind contributions totaled $43,375 and went to Pungo Volunteer Fire Department, Belhaven Fire Department, Beaufort
County Schools, City of Washington and Aurora Fossil Museum.
The site is a Partner in Education with Beaufort,' Craven and Pamlico County schools.
Aurora entered into partnerships with North Carolina State University and Virginia Tech to establish an Engineering Co-op
Program at the site. The first co-op students from each university started in June of 2007.
Aurora also entered into partnership with Beaufort Community College and Pitt Community College. The first groups of
Instrumentation/Electrical co-op students reported in January 2007.
Awards
Eighteen departments received North Carolina Department of Labor Safety Awards.
Community recognition involved the 2007 Hero Award from the American Red Cross; the 2006 Public Safety Award from
the Town of Aurora; a silver award from the Craven County American Cancer Relay for Life; a gold award - Beaufort and
Pamlico County American Cancer Relay for Life; Marine Corps Reserve Award for Outstanding contributions for Toys for
Tots; Community Leader of the Year award from the Washington Beaufort County Chamber of Commerce; Partners in
Hope Award from the Children's Miracle Network; and the Home Run Award from Habitat for Humanity.
Environmental Initiatives
Increased cooling tower capacity has allowed a higher percentage of cooling water to be recycled. The migration to low
flow seals on the phosphoric evaporators has reduced water consumption.
Local Procurement
The total cost of all goods, materials and services purchased locally in 2007 (excluding raw materials, transportation and
energy) was $148.4 million, which represents 69 percent of total procurement by the site.
2004 2005 2006 2007
Annual-Production- (tons)_ _ _ _ ... _
Phosphate rock 4,370,000 4,869,000 5,045,000 4,504,000
Phosphoric acid 1,122,000 1,155,000 1,190,000 1,194,000

Employment
# of employees 1,045 1,034 1,039 1,071
# of female employees 41 46 48 51
Gender ratio (% female/total employees) 3.9 4.4 4.6 4.8
Average tenure (years) 16.8 18.0 19.1 16.2
Absenteeism rate (% hours absent) 3.5 4.0 3.5 3.5
Employee training (hrs per employee) 66 36 34 67

Safety Performance
Lost-time frequency (per 200,000 hrs) 0.09 0.27 0.38 0.38
Recordable frequency (per 200,000 hrs) 1.33 1.44 1.61 1.37
Greenhouse Gas Emissions
GHG emissions (000 tons) 525 634 629 811
Normalized GHGs (GHGs/ton production) 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.7

Criteria/Significant Air Pollutants (tons)
Nitrogen oxides 618 699 688 742
Carbon monoxide 409 410 436 537
Particulates (dust) 257 309 286 732
Sulfur dioxide 5,780 6,142 5,127 4,785
Ammonia 492 504 552 715
Hydrogen sulfide 1,510 1,403 1,426 1,315

Waste to Land (000 tons)
Gypsum 6,185 6,381 6,578 6,561

Water Use (million gallons)
Water withdrawn 21,941 20,427 21,973 23,525
Recycled water 121,557 130,893 135,333 127,052

Environmental Expenditures million)
Operating expenditures 29.8 39.1 42.7 45.1
Capital expenditures 1.7 2.4 0.8 3.3

Energy
Energy costs ($ million) 29.3 35.7 43.1 49.3
Energy use (BBtu) 4,874 5,209 4,982 4,901
Energy efficiency (MMBtu/ton production) 4.8 5.0 4.6 4.1

Procurement
Local purchasing ($ million) 61.6 79.2 122.7 148.4
Source: PotashCorp
Additives
Ammonium Polyphosphate
DAB Products rail, truck
Defluorrnated Phosphate rail, truck
--------------
Phosphogypsum
truck
Phosphoric Acrd barge, rail truck
Phosphoric Acid - Food Grade rail, truck
Phosphoric Acid Technical Grade rail, truck
Environment:
Aurora is a leader in land reclamation of mined areas. Over 70 percent of the area impacted by mining is in some form of
reclamation. The site has received numerous awards from various agencies recognizing the effectiveness of these efforts.
All process waters are recycled and contained on site. In addition, it has a solid waste minimizing program that emphasizes
recycling.
Environmental experts conduct regular audits at all plant locations. These audits have proven to be effective tools for
measuring progress and setting higher standards of achievement.
For further information, telephone [phone]
Aurora has an annual capacity of 6.6 million tonnes of phosphate rock, 1.325 million P2O5 tonnes of phosphoric acid and
0.175 million tons of phosphate feed, with approximately 1,071 employees.
The phosphates at Aurora were deposited when the sea receded 15 million years ago. Bucket wheel excavators remove the
top 11 meters (36 feet) of overburden and convey it from the active mining area to the mined-out pit. The remaining 18 to
21 meters (60 to 70 feet) of overburden is removed with draglines to expose the phosphate ore.
The draglines then mine the ore and place it adjacent to the ore slurry pumping system. It is mixed with water for slurry
transport to the mill, where coarse materials, clays and sand are removed during the beneficiation process.
Sulfuric acid is produced on site and is mixed with the phosphate rock to produce phosphoric acid. Aurora produces amber
and green merchant grade acid (MGA), green superphosphoric acid, diammonium phosphate fertilizer, monoammonium
phosphate fertilizer, ammonium polyphosphate solution and purified acid from this phosphoric acid.
Uses:
PotashCorp is the most diversified of any phosphate producer. It produces liquid fertilizers, solid fertilizers, animal feed
supplements and industrial phosphates. Purified phosphoric acid is used in food and beverage products, metal treatment
and electronics. If you've had a soft drink recently, you've used a product that contains phosphate.
barge, tail, truck
We conduct our phosphate operations primarily at two facilities, one a 35,000-acre facility near Aurora, North
Carolina and the other a 100,580-acre facility near White Springs in northern Florida. We believe the Aurora
facility, with a capacity of 1.2 million tonnes of phosphoric acid ("P z O 5 ") per year, to be the largest integrated
phosphate mine and phosphate processing complex at one site in the world. The Aurora facility includes a
6.0 million tonne per-year mining operation, four sulfuric acid plants, four phosphoric acid plants, four purified acid
plants, a liquid fertilizer plant, a superphosphoric acid ("SPA") plant, a defluorinated phosphate ("DFP") or animal
feed plant, two granulation plants capable of producing diammonium phosphate ("DAP") or monoammonium
phosphate ("MAP") and a silicon tetrafluoride ("STF") plant. STF Plant No. 1 began production in March 2007 and
has an annual capacity of 6,800 tonnes. STF Plants No. 2, 3 and 4 are scheduled to begin production in early 2008.
When completed, the four STF plants will have a total annual capacity of 27,200 tonnes of STF.
Environmental Corruption, Collusion & Cover-up by Fern Shubert Page 1 of 2
?erY) S{,??b?r t- ?i'ftC?F,S
ra'? yn aig ! > > poyfts
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Environmental Corruption, Collusion & Cover-up by Fern Shubert (all of NC) plesse11agwith cue:
Reply to: anon _9Q83ci7t137iCTcm tignlist.p? r
Date: 2009-01-18, 10:50PM EST
Environmental Corruption, Collusion & Cover-up
sg_??rn?at?x?t
!_?st nf_atti ?r-?isl
A lot of people are raising questions about the potential health and environmental impacts of the PCS mine in Beaufort County but media coverage is almost nonexistent A
rare exception occurred when the Raleigh News & Observer printed a letter written by William H. Schlesinger, dean of the Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth
Sciences at Duke University and James B. Duke professor of bio-geochemistry who warned against letting PCS expand their mining operations. (March 5, 2007)
Schlesinger urged readers to "Think not only of today, but also of what will make this state viable and beautiful for tomorrow." When Schlesinger warned that "Long after the
wetlands are gone, the phosphate is depleted and the profits have moved away to the stockholders of PCS Phosphate, our coastal ecosystems will be impoverished" he made a
lot of sense.
What doesn't make sense is the way people in politics and the press ignore incredibly clear warnings that something is seriously amiss in eastern North Carolina and at all
levels of government. I'm used to having my warnings ignored, even after they're proved accurate, but for a long time I thought it was just politics and I belonged to the
wrong party. That won't wash as an explanation for the way the warnings issued by members of the Environmental Investigation Coalition ("EIC"), a politically diverse
group, are being ignored or misrepresented.
Unfortunately, it appears a lot of people in politics and the press would prefer to keep the public unaware of the questions raised by the EIC. Those who opposed the OLF at
least received fair coverage from the media; the EIC has received such biased coverage some media outlets appear to be working to keep the lid on what has all the earmarks
of a major scandal.
In fact, one reason I started reporting on Dale Swiggett and the Environmental Investigation Coalition was the way they were being treated by the media. Having watched the
Jim Black cover-up up-close and personal, I'm fed up with the media acting as the PR machine for major abusers of the public trust. I'm particularly fed up with the way they
try to destroy individuals to prevent a fair public debate from taking place, and that seems to be what has been happening whenever Swiggett and his associates attempt to
inform the public about issues that should be fair game for public scrutiny.
Do You Own Land or Vacation in Eastern NC?
If you do, you should be asking for a full investigation of the questions raised by the EIC and why they're being ignored. Not only have they raised questions about water
quality, they've alleged test results are being falsified. You would think some major papers would be interested in the story if only to refute their claims, but so far you would
be wrong.
Recently the Virginian-Pilot has run several articles about how toxic waste was used to build a golf course in Virginia, describing the pollution of the groundwater in the area
of the golf course. The fact the construction was permitted suggests collusion and malfeasance, ( why would anyone in his right mind think using a golf course as a landfill
was a good idea? ), but the most instructive part of the series was the story questioning whether EPA water tests are trustworthy. (November 3, 2008).
That article opens with a lady being told by the EPA that "Your lead levels came back normal" when the city and a contractor had just told her the lead levels were nearly
three times the EPA's published allowable standard. It includes the astonishing statement that "Technically, EPA has no standard that pertains directly to well water."
I've located a "confidential" EPA report that documents the fact "The metals detected in the ground water [near the PCS mine at Aurora] corresponded to those elements
(arsenic, cadmium, and zinc) detected at high concentrations in the [mine's] unlined waste ponds" and that over a decade ago both the EPA and NC state officials knew there
was a growing water quality problem related to the mine. If state officials knew, why were legislators and the public kept in the dark?
The issues of subsidence and salt water infiltration are just as serious, but once again, while I can find ample proof some state officials are aware of the problem, I can't find
any record indicating they have acted as public advocates. Instead, I've found an interview with a state official which suggests someone in state government made a conscious
decision to help maximize water availability for the PCS mine at the expense of the general public. I'm not saying that happened, but there sure are a lot of unanswered
questions.
The Press is Still the Problem
The story of media malfeasance in North Carolina is far bigger than the Jim Black fiasco. True, the media covered for Black for years when his abuse of power was so
flagrant only a fool could have missed it, but they weren't covering for Black because they were so fond ofhim. He was only a cog in a much bigger machine that continues
to operate and that they continue to protect.
In 2004 I wrote a column titled "The Press is the Problem" recounting how a member of the press justified calling someone racist solely because they supported enforcing the
law without regard to race. The modem plantation owners want cheap labor and a lot of members of the press are apparently quite willing to lie to help them get what they
want.
In 2006 I wrote a column tided "The Press is the Problem - Jim Black is the Symptom; Why the Scandals Continue." It said, among other things, "If the press was interested
in honest government, they would not only ask Jim Black to resign in disgrace, since he has so obviously abused his power and ignored state law, they would also ask Marc
Basnight and Tony Rand to step down. The violations of rules in the Senate are every bit as bad as those in the House, but they've been even less reported."
In 2008 I wrote "The Press IS the Problem (Part 2)" and said "Last year the Charlotte Observer (September 9, 2007) ran a cartoon with a punch line funnier than they realized.
It read "What you put into a story isn't as important as what you leave out." The major papers in North Carolina have demonstrated beyond a shadow of a doubt that they'll
leave out anything that seriously threatens the Jim Hunt machine of which they are a key part"
It is 2009 and nothing has changed.
Fern Shubert served as a member of the NC House in 1995, was Senate Republican Whip (2003-2004), and ran for governor afterwards. In 1997, the US Small Business
Administration named Ms. Shubert as the National Accountant Advocate of the Year, recognizing her as the accountant who had done the most for small business in the
whole country. She currently writes for The County Edge and serves as NC State Director of The National Right to Read Foundation
. Location: all of NC
. it's NOT ok to contact this poster with services or other commercial interests
http://raleigh.craigslist.org/r)ol/998367037.html 1/29/2009
.. Rising sea or falling land level?
raleigh craigslist > local news and views
Rising sea or falling land level? (NC coast)
Reply to: [e-mail] Ua
Date: 2009-01-30, 7:OOPM EST
Rising sea or falling land level?
(As published in The County Edge, January 30, 2009 by Fern Shubert,
Columnist)
Page 1 of 3
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A recent Charlotte Observer editorial (January 23, 2009) was captioned "State must reckon with rising
sea level." The editors said, quite accurately, that "Rising sea levels, regardless of their cause, threaten
North Carolina's coastline." They even acknowledged that some barrier islands "may disappear, the
victims of storms, erosion, land subsidence and rising water levels."
Unfortunately their focus, indeed the focus of all news coverage I've seen concerning the possibility
parts of eastern North Carolina may once again be part of the ocean, is either sea level rise or global
warming. While the editorial mentioned subsidence in passing as shown in the quote above, which is
more than most recent reports have done, the mention was like whispering "elephant" when one is
stomping around the room and breaking up the furniture without discussing how it got there or what to
do about it.
Why won't the press talk about the elephant in the room? Take a good look at the picture showing
approximately nine meters of subsidence in just over fifty years in California. Then take a look at the
maps in the recently issued EPA report that show a 1.5 meter change in the water land relationship at the
coast, whether due to rising seas or falling land, would be a serious threat to eastern NC, while a 3.5
meter rise could completely eliminate many barrier islands (and the homes and businesses thereon).
The EPA report can be viewed at http_//www.epa.gov/climatechange/effects/coastal/sa4=lhtml ,and
while it is heavy reading, if you click on the "Sea Level Rise" map tab and then click on the picture of
the South Atlantic Coast, you'll get a fascinating preview in seconds. The map of North Carolina shows
the over 5,000 acres that will be lost to the sea if there is 1.5 meters (less than 5 feet) of subsidence with
no other change or rise in ocean levels as well as the over 3,000 additional acres, including many barrier
islands, lost to a 3.5 meter (less than 15 feet) change.
Compare the map to the picture I've provided and ask yourself why state officials and the major media
are not talking about subsidence. And if you don't have internet access, consider these facts from the
report: Two/thirds of the land on the Albemarle-Pamlico peninsula is less than 5 feet above sea level.
"The majority of Dare and Hyde Counties are less 1 in (approximately 3 ft), above sea level, as is a large
portion of Tyrell ..."
And the land that "lands" underwater is not the only issue. Salt water intrusion could be an even greater
threat to real estate values, because as the report makes clear, while desalinization plants can be
constructed to provide drinking water, salt water intrusion can kill peat and trees and make farming
impractical. Die back and loss of farmland is already being observed in eastern NC.
Is there subsidence in North Carolina? According to the NC Division of Water Resources, there is
http://raleigh.craigslist.org/vnn/1014511366.html 2/2/2009
Rising sea or falling land level?
Page 2 of 3 `
subsidence and "It is a pretty good bet that land subsidence in the North Carolina coastal plain is due to
heavy pumping of ground water from aquifers ... Higher rates of land subsidence are associated with
higher ground water withdrawal rates." Of course, in keeping with current policy, they focus on public
water systems as the cause of the subsidence.
The Water Wiki project at UNC also confirms that there is a subsidence problem in NC.
htt_P_;[/sweb.sog.unc.edu/Water/index,bhp/Saltwater_Intrusion_and_ Subsidence)
It states: "Pumping groundwater from deep aquifers--"fossil water"--along the east coast creates more
problems than just the loss of water that took hundreds or thousands of years to get there. It also can
create cones of depression that lead to saltwater intrusion into those aquifers. And it can lead to
subsidence of the land, either gradually over long periods of time or suddenly, in the form of sinkholes .
This land subsidence interacts with rising sea levels to hasten the threat posed to development on the
coast by the ocean and coastal waters generally."
And when were state officials first aware of the problem? According to the former head of our state's
ground water program, "Withdrawal of about 60 million gallons per day from the Castle Hayne
limestone, the most productive unit of the principal artesian aquifer of the area, began in July 1965 at a
phosphate mine adjacent to the Pamlico River in Beaufort County. Within a few months, the artesian
head was lowered below sea level in an area of about 800 square miles, and to more than 100 feet below
sea level in the immediate vicinity of pumping. Under these conditions the aquifer became vulnerable to
encroachment of saline water from (1) areas of natural occurrence of brackish water in the limestone
member of the aquifer; (2) leakage of brackish surface water through the confining beds; and (3) vertical
movement of brackish water from the underlying sand member of the aquifer.
"The dramatic and "overnight" effects of the large withdrawals at the mine site and the threat of damage
to the aquifer created sufficient public concern so that legislation was passed by the 1967 General
Assembly, giving the Board of Water and Air Resources authority to regulate ground-water withdrawals
as needed to protect the aquifers of the State." They set up Capacity Use Areas, or CUA's.
According to the Division of Water Quality, "CUA #1 was designated to control impacts of aquifer
depressurization caused by phosphate mining in Beaufort County. Large-scale pumping at the mine
affected the water supply on a regional basis, causing measurable drawdown in aquifers up to 50 miles
from the site.
"Within a few years after mining began, Castle Hayne aquifer water levels equilibrated to the stress
imposed by mining even though withdrawals averaged over 60 million gallons per day. The Castle
Hayne aquifer can provide that much water because of its very high permeability and recharge rate."
Could the PCS pumping supporters please get their stories straight? According to Dr. Richard Spruill in
the Washington Daily News, The Castle Hayne Aquifer, which underlies the PCS Phosphate mine in
Aurora, is not currently and never has been dewatered." (January 27, 2009) Since the definition of
"dewater" is "to remove water from," obviously either the DWQ description of the original "dramatic"
effects of the mine's withdrawal of water (otherwise known as dewatering) or Dr. Spruill would seem to
be in error. Since both are experts, I'll leave it to other experts to sort this out further.
But in the meantime, which gentleman do you believe?
Did the mine's pumping draw down the aquifer or not? Did the person who headed the groundwater
division of DWQ make up facts when he described the threat of salt water intrusion posed by lowering
the artesian head below sea level, or is Dr. Spruill in error when he asks us to believe a mine's
dewatering operations don't remove water from the affected aquifer?
http://raleigh.craigslist.org/vnn/1014511366.html 2/2/2009
rising sea or falling land level? Page 3 of 3
Since DWQ continues to confirm that ""CUA #1 was designated to control impacts of aquifer
depressurization caused by phosphate mining in Beaufort County," the claim that the Castle Hayne
Aquifer "is not currently and never has been dewatered" by the PCS dewatering operation seems
inconsistent with the public record.
"Caption for photo: Joe Poland, USGS scientist shows subsidence from 1925 and 1977 10 miles
southwest of Mendota, CA. Sign reads "San Joaquin Valley California, BM 5661, Subsidence 9M,
1925-1977" From USGS Professional Paper 1401- A, "Ground water in the Central Valley, California-
A summary report."
Fern Shubert is a former State Representative, State Senator, Town Manager and Candidate for
Governor. She currently serves as the NC State Director of the National Right to Read Foundation.
`y
. Location: NC coast
it's NOT ok to contact this poster with services or other commercial interests
PostingID: 1014511366
Copyright © 2009 craigslist, inc. terms of use privacy _policy feedback forum
http://raleigh.craigslist.org/vnn/1014511366.html 2/2/2009
V Background Documents Supporting Climate Change Science Program Synthesis and Ass... Page 1 of 3
? ?epsrq http://www.epa.qov/climaLecharige/effects/coastal/sap4-l.html
L st pdaiied on Friday, Ja uar 30th, 2009.
Climate Change - Health and 6vironmentP Effects
o ' Q +,?u'E??a s?tt ?'er??1 trice c? In Fern )A,((.ert /Irti?
You are here: EPA Home Climate Change Health and Environmental Effects Coastal
"tt PRO`?F.
Zones and Sea Level Rise Sea Level Rise Reports Background Documents Supporting
Climate Change Science Program Synthesis and Assessment Product 4.1: Coastal Elevations
and Sensitivity to Sea-Level Ri.se
• Coastal Zones and Sea Level Rise
• Sea Level Rise Maps
• Sea Level Rise Reports
Coastal Sensitivity to Sea-level Rise: A Focus on
the Mid-Atlantic Region
Related Links
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), in U.S. Climate Change Science
collaboration with the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the Program
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), has
released a report that discusses the impacts of sea-level rise Other EPA-sponsored Climate
on the physical characteristics of the coast, on coastal Change Science Program
communities, and the habitats that depend on them. The Synthesis and Assessment
report, Coastal Sensitivity to Sea-level Rise: A Focus on the Reports
Mid-Atlantic Region examines multiple opportunities for SAP 4.4: Preliminary
Review of Adaptation
governments and coastal communities to plan for and adapt to
P Options for Climate-
rising sea levels. Sensitive Ecosystems and
Resources
Coastal Sensitivity to Sea-level Rise is one of 21 climate SAP 4.6: Analyses of the
Effects of Global Change
change synthesis and assessment products commissioned by on Human Health and
the U.S. Climate Change Science Program (CCSP). The report Welfare and Human
examines the effects of sea level rise, impacts on society, and Systems
opportunities to prepare for those consequences, focusing on
the eight coastal states from New York to North Carolina.
Download full report: Coastal Sensitivity to Sea-level Rise: A Focus on the Mid-
Atlantic Region (784 pp, 7.5 MB, About PDF)
Download parts of the report:
Front Matter (Table of Contents. Acknowledgments. Preface. Executive
Summary) (37 pp, 547 KB)
• Part I: The Physical Environment (239 pp, 2.2 MB)
• Part II: Societal Impacts and Implications (149 pp, 1.8 MB)
• Part III: Preparing for Sea-Level Rise (111 pp, 1.8 MB)
• Part IV: National Implications and a Science Strategy for Moving Forward (51
pp, 262 KB)
• Appendix 1: State and Local Information on Vulnerable Species and Coastal
Policies in the Mid-Atlantic (167 pp, 765 KB)
• Appendix 2: Basic Approaches for Shoreline Change Projections (17 pp, 400 KB)
• Back Matter (Glossary, Scientific Names, Acronyms and Abbreviations) (19 pp,
108 KB)
Download the Federal Advisory Committee review results (16 pp, 99 KB)
Report highlights:
http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/effects/coastal/sap4- l .html 2/2/2009
Background Documents Supporting Climate Change Science Program Synthesis and Ass... Page 2 of?, ' '
• Rising water levels are already an important factor in submerging low-lying lands,
eroding beaches, converting wetlands to open water, and exacerbating coastal
flooding. All of these effects will be increased if the rate of sea-level rise accelerates
in the future.
• Most coastal wetlands in the mid-Atlantic would be lost if sea level rises one meter in
the next century. Even a 50-cm rise would threaten most wetlands along the Eastern
Shore of Chesapeake Bay.
• Possible responses to sea level rise include seawalls, bulkheads, and other shoreline
armoring; elevating buildings and land surfaces (including beaches and wetlands);
and allowing shorelines to change and moving structures out of harm's way. Those
three approaches have very different environmental and social impacts.
• Preparing now can reduce the eventual environmental and economic impacts of sea
level rise.
• Some governmental and nongovernmental organizations are already starting to
prepare for sea level rise.
Background
Coastal Sensitivity to Sea-level Rise: A Focus on the Mid-Atlantic Region assesses potential
effects of sea-level rise on the U.S. coast during the 21st century, with a focus on the eight
coastal states from New York to North Carolina. Using the scientific literature and policy
documents, the report describes potential changes to barrier islands, wetlands, other coastal
habitat, and vulnerable species; societal impacts and implications of sea-level rise; decisions
that may be sensitive to sea-level rise; opportunities for adaptation; and institutional barriers
to adaptation. It also outlines the current coastal policy context in the mid-Atlantic region
and describes the implications for the other regions of the U.S. Finally, the report discusses
opportunities for natural and social science research to enhance understanding of potential
impacts of sea-level rise and society's ability to respond.
Sea level is rising, and there is evidence that the rate is accelerating. Climate change is
likely to further accelerate the rate of sea-level rise during the next century. Rising seas car
inundate low-lying areas, increase storm-surge flooding, erode shorelines, convert wetlands
to open water, and increase the salinity of estuaries and aquifers. This report does not
develop a quantitative assessment of regions vulnerable to inundation by sea-level rise.
However, systematic collection of high-quality elevation data would improve the ability to
conduct detailed assessments in support of local decision making. The combined effects of
sea-level rise and storms may cause "tipping points" to be reached for some landforms and
environments (barrier islands and wetlands), leading to rapid shoreline change.
Sea-level rise is one of many factors affecting coastal habitats. Other factors that may affect
future habitat and species loss include loss of wetlands and shoreline erosion caused by
development; navigation infrastructure and boat traffic; and water pollution. Coastal
communities and property owners have been responding to risks by erecting shore protection
structures, elevating land and buildings, or relocating inland. A substantial acceleration of
sea-level rise is likely to increase both the costs and environmental impacts of actions taken
in response. Nevertheless, many opportunities are available for reducing adverse impacts by
anticipating sea level rise now. Some agencies, individuals, and organizations have started
to prepare, but existing policies are often barriers to preparing for sea-level rise.
The prospect of accelerated sea-level rise and increased vulnerability in coastal regions
underscores the immediate need for improving our scientific understanding of and ability to
predict the effects of sea-level rise. Beginning to incorporate sea-level rise into coastal
planning, combined with development of decision support tools for taking further adaptive
actions, could lessen the economic and environmental impacts of sea-level rise on the United
States.
http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/effects/coastal/sap4- l .html 2/2/2009
Uackground Documents Supporting Climate Change Science Program Synthesis and Ass... Page 3 of 3
10 Ii, t,
The CCSP was established in 2002 to provide the nation with science-based knowledge to
manage the risks and opportunities of change in the climate and related environmental
systems. The program is responsible for coordinating and integrating the research of 13
federal agencies on climate and global change.
• For previous reports focused on the implications of rising sea level, go to the Climate
Change Site's Sea Level Rise Reports section.
http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/effects/coastal/sap4-1.html 2/2/2009

1) Island Land Loss and Marsh Vertical Accretion Rate Evidence for Historical
Sea-Level Changes in Chesapeake Bay, by Michael S. Kearney and J. Court
Stevenson © 1991 Allen Press.
Abstract
Long-term changes in marsh vertical accretion rates based on pollen and
radionuclide geochronologies and historical reconstruction of land loss in bay
islands were used to investigate changes in sea level in the Chesapeake Bay
from colonial times. These records suggest that the rapid submergence of the
Bay region documented in local tide-gauge records essentially dates from only
the early nineteenth century; whereas, rates of sea-level rise throughout the
seventeenth and eighteenth centuries were relatively slow. Land loss and marsh
vertical accretion rates have further accelerated since the late nineteenth
century. This pattern of sea-level changes in the Chesapeake corresponds with
the general changes in global climate of the last several centuries associated
with the Little Ice Age. Nevertheless, global eustasy cannot account for a large
percentage of the present sea- level trend in the Bay. We hypothesize that
enhanced land subsidence rates from anthropogenic groundwater withdrawal and
sediment loading are other major factors which may account for the high rate of
submergence in especially the mid-Chesapeake region.
2)
Add to
Land subsidence and sea level rise on the Atlantic marked
Coastal Plain of the United States items
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Publisher Springer Berlin / Heidelberg Add to saved
ISSN 0943-0105 (Print) 1432-0495 (Online) items
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Issue Volume 10, Number 2 / June, 1987 & Reprints
DOI 10.1007/BF02574663 Recommend
this article
Pages 67-80
Subject Collection Earth and Environmental Science
SpringerLink Date Friday, March 23, 2007
PDF (1.3 MB) Free Preview
George H. Davis'
(1) 10408 Insley Street, 20902 Silver Spring, Maryland
Abstract Land subsidence due to decline in head in confined aquifers,
related to municipal and industrial water pumpage, is widespread in the
Atlantic Coastal Plain. Although not a major engineering problem, subsidence
greatly complicates adjustment of precise leveling and distorts prediction of
future sea-level rise. When preconsolidation stress equivalent to about 20 m
of head decline is exceeded compaction of fine-grained sediments of the
aquifer system begins, and continues until a new head equilibrium is
attained between fine and coarse units. The ratio subsidence/head decline is
quite consistent, ranging from 0.0064 in southeastern Virginia to 0.0018 at
Dover, Delaware and Atlantic City, New Jersey. Higher values are related to
the occurrence of montmorillonite as the predominant clay mineral present.
Review of tide gauge records indicates that gauges not affected by land
subsidence or other local secular effects have been sinking relative to sea
level since 1940 at rates averaging about 2.5 mm/yr, of which 0.6 mm/yr is
ascribed to glacio-isostatic adjustment to unloading of North America
resulting from melting of late Pleistocene glaciers, and about 0.9 mm/yr is
ascribed to steric sea-level rise related to ocean warming. The residual 1
mm/yr of relative sea-level rise is not well understood, but may be related to
regional tectonic subsidence of the Atlantic coast.
3) American Journal of Economics and Sociology
Volume 51 Issue 1, Pages 1 - 17
Published Online: 3 Jul 2006
Third Party Effects of Groundwater Law in the United States:
Private Versus Common Property
THOMAS H. BRUGGINK*
*Thomas H. Bruggink, Ph.D., is associate professor in the Department of Economics and
Business, Lafayette College, Easton, PA 18042
4) Journal of Hydrology
Volume 281, Issues 1-2, 25 September 2003, Pages 3-22
Recent Advances in Aquifer Hydraulics and Their Applications to Aquifer and
Vadose Zone Characterization, Remediation, and Dewatering
Use of time-subsidence data during pumping to characterize specific
storage-and hydraulic conductivity of semi-confining units
T. J. Burbeym,
Department of Geological Sciences, Virginia Tech, 3053 Derring Hall,
Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
Received 17 April 2002;
accepted 1 May 2003. ;
Available online 1 August 2003.
Abstract
A new graphical technique is developed that takes advantage of time-
subsidence data collected from either traditional extensometer installations or
from newer technologies such as fixed-station global positioning systems or
interferometric synthetic aperture radar imagery, to accurately estimate storage
properties of the aquifer and vertical hydraulic conductivity of semi-confining
units. Semi-log plots of time-compaction data are highly diagnostic with the
straight-line portion of the plot reflecting the specific storage of the semi-confining
unit. Calculation of compaction during one-log cycle of time from these plots can
be used in a simple analytical expression based on the Cooper-Jacob technique
to accurately calculate specific storage of the semi-confining units. In addition,
these semi-log plots can be used to identify when the pressure transient has
migrated through the confining layer into the unpumped aquifer, precluding the
need for additional piezometers within the unpumped aquifer or within the semi-
confining units as is necessary in the Neuman and Witherspoon method.
Numerical simulations are used to evaluate the accuracy of the new technique.
The technique was applied to time-drawdown and time-compaction data
collected near Franklin Virginia, within the Potomac aquifers of the Coastal Plain,
and shows that the method can be easily applied to estimate the inelastic
skeletal specific storage of this aquifer system.
5) Simulation of groundwater flow and environmental effects resulting
from pumping
Environmental Geology Volume 47, Number 3 / February, 2005
Nguyen Cao Doni Q, Hiroyuki Araki2, Hiroyuki Yamanishi2 and Kenichi Koga3
(1) Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saga University, Honjo 1, 840-
8502 Saga-shi, Saga, Japan
(2) Institute of Lowland Technology, Saga University, Honjo 1, 840-8502 Saga-shi,
Saga, Japan
(3) Dept. of Civil Eng., Saga University, Honjo 1, 840-8502 Saga-shi, Saga, Japan
Received: 15 March 2004 Accepted: 22 July 2004 Published online: 13 October 2004
Abstract In coastal lowland plains, increased water demand on a limited water resource
has resulted in declining groundwater levels, land subsidence and saltwater
encroachment. In southwestern Kyushu, Japan, a sinking of the land surface due to over
pumping of groundwater has long been recognized as a problem in the Shiroishi lowland
plain. In this paper, an integrated model was established for the Shiroishi site using the
modular finite difference groundwater flow model, MODFLOW, by McDonald and
Harbaugh (1988) and the modular three-dimensional finite difference groundwater solute
transport model, MT31), by Zheng (1990) to simulate groundwater flow hydraulics, land
subsidence, and solute transport in the alluvial lowland plain. Firstly, problems associated
with these groundwater resources were discussed and then the established model was
applied. The simulated results show that subsidence rapidly occurs throughout the area
with the central prone in the center part of the plain. Moreover, seawater intrusion would
be expected along the coast if the current rates of groundwater exploitation continue.
Sensitivity analysis indicates that certain hydrogeologic parameters such as an inelastic
storage coefficient of soil layers significantly contribute effects to both the rate and
magnitude of consolidation. Monitoring the present salinization process is useful in
determining possible threats to fresh groundwater supplies in the near future. In addition,
the integrated numerical model is capable of simulating the regional trend of
potentiometric levels, land subsidence and salt concentration. The study also suggests
that during years of reduced surface-water availability, reduction of demand, increase in
irrigation efficiency and the utilization of water exported from nearby basins are thought
to be necessary for future development of the region to alleviate the effects due to
pumping.
Keywords Coastal lowland - Groundwater overdraft - Integrated numerical models -
Land subsidence - Salinity encroachment - Sensitivity analysis - Shiroishi in the Saga
lowland plain - Kyushu Island - Japan
6) Hydrogeological characterization of southeast coastal plain aquifers and
groundwater discharge to ...
CA McCoy, DR Corbett, JE Cable, RK Spruill - Journal of Hydrology, 2007 - Elsevier
7) http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/SITES/LEJEUNE/docs/ChapterB-TarawaTerracePart4.pdf
Analysis of groundwater flow, contaminant fate and transport, and distribution of
drinking water at Tarawa Terrace and Vicinity, U.S. Marine Corps Base Campe
Lejeune, NC: Historical Reconstruction and present-day Conditions. Ch. B:
Geohydrologic Framework of the Castle Hayne Aquifer System.
8) Ground Water Volume 24 Issue 3, Pages 332 - 341 Published Online:
21 Mar 2006
Diagnostic Hydrology'
Roger J. M. De Wiest b
b Professor of Civil Engineering, Florida A & M University, FAMU/FSU College of Engineering, Tallahassee, Florida 32307.
A paper presented at the joint seminar in Water Resources sponsored by Texas A&M University
and the University of Texas, Austin, Texas, December 5, 1984.
Roger J. M. De Wiest holds Master's degrees in Electrical and Civil Engineering (Ghent, Caltech),
a Ph.D. in Engineering (Stanford), and an M.D. (Brussels-Ghent). He has held all professorial
ranks at Princeton (1959-76). He is author or coauthor of Geohydrology, Hydrogeology, and Flow
Through Porous Media, He translated the Russian classic by Polubarinova-Koch ina. He has
published numerous scientific research publications. He has been a lecturer in Hydrology at over
45 leading universities, He contributed a paper to the first issue of Ground Water in 1963.
ABSTRACT
El0
This paper examines two eases of surface-water/ ground-water interrelationships, one in Beaufort
County, North Carolina and one in Ramona, California. In each case the author has to make a
differential diagnosis between alternate solutions rendered by hydrologic methods.
In the first ease, the author proves that the pumping and subsequent wastage to the ocean of 65
mgd in order to operate the Texas Gulf Sulphur phosphate mine, in all likelihood poses no threat
to the environment.
In the second case, the author has attempted to obtain, by means of the theory of ground-water
flow, an estimate of the physiographic volume of the Santa Maria creek ground-water basin in
Ramona. He has submitted the outcome of his calculations to the test of compatibility with the
results of an actual pumping test, and with pumping records made available by the Ramona
Municipal Water District. The outcome shows a water storage capacity of the order of 4,600 AF
for the entire basin.
In order to correlate recharge of the basin directly with the precipitation on the basin, a
hydrograph analysis has been done for the 20 largest runoff-producing months of the streamflow
records 1965-1982. From this study it follows that the average (annual) recharge to the basin is
of the order of 1,340 AF/yr and that the physiographic volume, as derived previously, is amply
adequate to absorb this recharge.
Received January 1985, revised October 1985, accepted November 1985. Discussion open until
November 1, 1986.
9) DIGITAL OBJECT IDENTIFIER (DOI)
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/119488406/abstract
USE OF AN INFILTRATION TRENCH TO OFFSET MINE
DEWATERING EFFECTS
ROBERTSON, Keith J.', WILSON, Nat', and STEPHEN, Webb 2, (1) Dept. of the
Environment and Natural Resources, Division of Water Resources, State of North Carolina,
2503-G Neuse Boulevard, New Bern, NC 28560, [e-mail], (2) Dept. of the
Environment and Natural Resources, Division of Water Resources, State of North Carolina,
512 North Salisbury Street, Raleigh, NC 27604
The N.C. Division of Water Resources investigated the use of an infiltration trench to offset
the effects of mine dewatering from April 2005-June 2006. Dewatering associated with
limestone mining in Onslow County, N.C. had resulted, locally, in dramatic lowering of water
levels within the shallow aquifers, as documented in nearby residential wells, and on nearby
spring-fed lakes. Limited subsidence was also noted.
The site is located within the central N.C. coastal plain, and consists of unconsolidated
Cretaceous sediments overlain by 250 ft of Eocene Castle Hayne Limestone, and capped by
-20 ft of Pleistocene sands and clays. Surficial sands combine with the upper limestone beds
(a shell-moldic biosparudite) to form the unconfined aquifer. The deeper limestone strata and
the underlying Cretaceous Peedee Aquifer are considered locally-confined.
In Spring 2005, a "T-shaped" infiltration trench was excavated between the mine pit and the
recreational lakes. Fifteen boreholes were drilled into the limestone and charges set off in
order to increase fracturing, and improve secondary porosity. Discharge water was redirected
to the trench in April 2005. Effects were monitored through a network of 54 wells screened
within the unconfined and deeper aquifers.
Effects of the trench within the shallow Pleistocene wells could not be discerned from rainfall
events, excepting one well located adjacent the trench. Responses were observed in several
deep Castle Hayne Fm wells along preferential pathways (faulting?), but water levels in the
majority of the deep wells mirrored a regional groundwater decline. In contrast, all wells at
lateral- and down-gradients to a distance of one mile from the trench, and screened within
the upper Castle Hayne Fm exhibited clear and distinct responses to the trench. The
magnitude and lag time of the responses generally varied with distance along direction of
flow. Within eight months, effects could no longer be discerned even in the closest wells,
possibly due to siltation within the trench itself.
10) Ground Water
Volume 42 Issue 1, Pages 59 - 67
Published Online: 13 Dec 2005
Geophysical Monitoring and Evaluation of Coastal Plain Aquifers
Lewis A. Land' Jeff C. Lautier 2 , Nathaniel C. Wilson 2 , Gabrielle Chianese 2 , Steven Webb 2
' North Carolina Division of Water Resources. Raleigh, NC 27699-1611 2 Current position with New Mexico Bureau of Geology & Mineral
Resources, Carlsbad, NM 88220, fax [phone]; lland@gls. nmt.edu
1 Corresponding author.
Published in 2004 by the National Ground Water Association
Abstract
We use time domain electromagnetic (TDEM) soundings to monitor ground water conditions
beneath the coastal plain in eastern North Carolina. The TDEM method measures the earth's
response to an induced electromagnetic field. The resulting signal is converted, through a
complex inversion process, to apparent resistivity values, which can be directly correlated to
borehole resistivity logs. TDEM soundings are used to map the interface between fresh and salt
water within coastal aquifers, and estimate depth to basement when siting new monitoring wells.
Focused TDEM surveys have identified areas of salt water encroachment caused by high
volumes of discharge from local supply wells. Electromagnetic sounding, when used in tandem
with the state's network of monitoring wells, is an accurate and inexpensive tool for evaluating
fresh water/salt water relationships on both local and regional scales within coastal plain aquifers.
11) http://w-vN,kv.wrri.nisstate.edu/se-tac/pdf/C'vcleINCCapacityusefinalrpt.pcif
WATER WOES IN EASTERN NORTH CAROLINA
Facing the Facts, Reaching Solutions