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Home My WebLink About20180369 Ver 1_B-5663 Mill Creek Mussel & Fish Survey Report_20180314Freshwater 1VIussel & Fish Survey Report Replacement of Bridge No. 46 Mill Creek on SR 1124 TIP # B-5663 Johnston County, North Carolina WBS Element # 45618.1.1 Mill Creek da�ring the survey efforts Prepared For: F M flTM e � 4q�4 h p 4 1` �r F SA4MS NC Department of Transportation Raleigh, North Carolina Contact Person: Mike Sanderson Senior Environmental Scientist Biological Surveys Group North Carolina Department of Transportation jmsanderson cr,ncdot.gov 1598 Mail Service Center Raleigh NC 27699-1598 June 30, 2016 Prepared by: 1000 Corporate Drive, Suite 101 Hillsborough, NC 27278 Contact Person: Tom Dickinson Senior Project Manager tom.dickinson(a�threeoalcsen�ineering.com 919-732-1300 Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 1 2.0 Waters Impacted .................................................................................................................. 1 2.1 303(d) Classification ........................................................................................................ 1 2.2 NPDES dischargers .......................................................................................................... 2 3.0 Target Federally Protected Species Descriptions ................................................................ 2 3.1 Alasmidonta heterodon (Dwarf Wedgemussel) ............................................................... 2 3.1.1. Species Characteristics .............................................................................................. 2 3.1.2. Distribution and Habitat Requirements .................................................................... 3 3.1.3. Threats to Species ..................................................................................................... 3 3.2 Elliptio steinstansana (Tar River Spinymussel) ............................................................... 4 3.2.1. Species Characteristics .............................................................................................. 4 3.2.2. Distribution and Habitat Requirements .................................................................... 5 3.2.3. Threats to Species ..................................................................................................... 6 4.0 Other Target Species Descriptions ....................................................................................... 6 4.1 Fusconaia masoni (Atlantic Pigtoe) ................................................................................. 6 4.1.1. Species Characteristics .............................................................................................. 6 4.1.2. Distribution and Habitat Requirements .................................................................... 6 4.1.3. Threats to Species ..................................................................................................... 6 4.2 Lasmigona subviridis (Green Floater) ............................................................................. 7 4.2.1. Species Characteristics .............................................................................................. 7 4.2.2. Distribution and Habitat Requirements .................................................................... 7 4.2.3. Threats to Species ..................................................................................................... 7 4.3 Elliptio lanceolata (Yellow Lance) .................................................................................. 7 4.3.1. Species Characteristics .............................................................................................. 7 4.3.2. Distribution and Habitat Requirements .................................................................... 8 4.3.3. Threats to Species ..................................................................................................... 8 4.4 Noturus furiosus (Carolina Madtom) ............................................................................... 8 4.4.1. Species Characteristics .............................................................................................. 8 4.4.2. Distribution and Habitat Requirements .................................................................... 8 4.4.3. Threats to Species ..................................................................................................... 8 5.0 Survey Efforts ...................................................................................................................... 8 5.1 Stream Conditions at Time of Survey: Mill Creek .......................................................... 8 5.2 Methodology .................................................................................................................... 9 6.0 Results ..................................................................................................................................9 7.0 Discussion/Conclusions ..................................................................................................... 10 8.0 Literature Cited .................................................................................................................. 11 Appendix A. Figures: Figure 1: Project Vicinity & Survey Reach Figure 2: NCNHP Element Occurrences Figure 3: 303(d) Listed Streams and NPDES Discharges 1.0 INTRODUCTION The North Carolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT) proposes the replacement of bridge number 46 over Mill Creek on SR 1124 in Johnston County (Appendix A, Figure 1). The project will impact Mill Creek of the Neuse River basin. The Federally Endangered Dwarf Wedgemussel (Alasmidonta heterodon, DWM) and Tar River Spinymussel (Elliptio steinstansana, TSM) are listed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) for Johnston County. Additionally, the Atlantic Pigtoe (Fusconaia masoni), Green Floater (Lasmigona subviridis), Yellow Lance (Elliptio lanceolata), Carolina Madtom (Noturus furiosus), and Neuse River Waterdog (Necturus lewisi), are being considered for listing by USFWS and are known to occur in Johnston County. The Neuse River Waterdog was discussed in a separate report detailing targeted trapping surveys dated March 29, 2016. According to the NC Natural Heritage Program database (NCNHP 2015), accessed Apri129, 2016, the nearest element occurrence (EO) for DWM is located in White Oak Creek/Swift Creek/Middle Creek approximately 15 miles north of the study area (Figure 2-1). This EO is approximately 55 river miles (RM) in length. It was first observed in March 1991 and last observed in March 2012. The nearest EO for TSM is located in Little River approximately 25 miles northeast of the study area (Figure 2-2). This EO is approximately 8.2 RM in length. It was first observed in August 1998 and last observed in September 2011. The nearest EO for Atlantic Pigtoe is located in Black Creek approximately 13.5 miles north of the study area (Figure 2-3). This EO is approximately 8.7 RM in length. It was first observed in 1951 and has not been observed since then. The nearest EO for Green Floater is located in Swift Creek approximately 20 miles north of the study area (Figure 2-4). This EO is approximately 1.2 RM in length. It was first observed in April 1991 and not observed since then. The nearest EO for Yellow Lance is located in Mill Creek approximately 18 RM downstream of the study area (Figure 2-5). This EO is approximately 4.0 RM in length. It was first observed in May 1994 and last observed in June 1994. The nearest EO for Carolina Madtom is located in Mill Creek approximately 18 RM downstream of the study area (Figure 2-6). This EO is approximately 19 RM in length. It was first observed in June 1961 and last observed in August 1979. As part of the federal permitting process that requires an evaluation of potential project-related impacts to federally protected species, Three Oaks Engineering (30aks) was contracted by NCDOT to conduct surveys targeting DWM, TSM, Atlantic Pigtoe, Green Floater, Yellow Lance, and Carolina Madtom. 2.0 WATERS IMPACTED Mill Creek is located in the Upper Neuse River subbasin of the Neuse River basin (HUC# 03020201). Mill Creek flows approximately 26 RM from the subject bridge to Neuse River. 2.1 303(d) Classification Mill Creek is not on the North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality (NCDEQ, formerly NC Department of Environment and Natural Resources, NCDENR) - Division of Water Resources 2014 Fina1303(d) list of impaired streams at the subject bridge. Downstream (9 RM) B-5663 Mill Creek Mussel & Fish Survey Report June 2016 Job# 16-306 Page 1 of the subject bridge Mill Creek is listed as impaired (NCDENR 2014). It is impaired due to low dissolved oxygen levels (Figure 3). 2.2 NPDES dischargers There are no permitted NPDES discharges on Mill Creek (USEPA 2016); Newton Grove Wastewater Treatment Plant (NPDES Permit # NC0072877) is approximately 5.8 miles southeast of the study area. There are also several general stormwater NPDES permitted discharges in the vicinity (Figure 3). 3.0 TARGET FEDERALLY PROTECTED SPECIES DESCRIPTIONS 3.1 Alasmidonta heterodon (Dwarf Wedgemussel) 3.1.1. Species Characteristics The DWM was originally described as Unio heterodon (Lea 1829). Simpson (1914) subsequently placed it in the genus Alasmidonta. Ortmann (1919) placed it in a monotypic subgenus Prolasmidonta, based on the unique soft-tissue anatomy and conchology. Fuller (1977) believed the characteristics of Prolasmidonta warranted elevation to full generic rank and renamed the species Prolasmidonta heterodon. Clarke (1981) retained the genus name Alasmidonta and considered Prolasmidonta to be a subjective synonyrn of the subgenus Pressodonta (Simpson 1900). The specific epithet heterodon refers to the chief distinguishing characteristic of this species, which is the only North American freshwater mussel that consistently has two lateral teeth on the right valve and only one on the left (Fuller 1977). All other laterally dentate freshwater mussels in North America normally have two lateral teeth on the left valve and one on the right. The DWM is generally small, with a shell length ranging between 25 mm (1.0 inch) and 38 mm (1.5 inches). The largest specimen reported by Clarke (1981) was 56.5 mm (2.2 inches) long, taken from the Ashuelot River in New Hampshire. The periostracum is generally olive green to dark brown; nacre bluish to silvery white, turning to cream or salmon colored towards the umbonal cavities. Sexual dimorphism occurs in DWM, with the females having a swollen region on the posterior slope, and the males are generally flattened. Clarke (1981) provides a detailed description of the species. Nearly all freshwater mussel species have similar reproductive strategies; a larval stage (glochidium) becomes a temporary obligatory parasite on a fish. Many mussel species have specific fish hosts, which must be present to complete their life cycle. Based upon laboratory infestation experiments, Michaelson and Neves (1995) determined that potential fish hosts for the DWM in North Carolina include the Tessellated Darter (Etheostoma olmstedi) and the Johnny Darter (E. nigrum). McMahon and Bogan (2001) and Pennak (1989) should be consulted for a general overview of freshwater mussel reproductive biology. B-5663 Mill Creek Mussel & Fish Survey Report June 2016 Job# 16-306 Page 2 3.1.2. Distribution and Habitat Requirements The historic range of the DWM is confined to Atlantic slope drainages from the Peticodiac River in New Brunswick, Canada, south to the Neuse River, North Carolina. Occurrence records exist from at least 701ocations, encompassing 15 major drainages, in 11 states and 1 Canadian Province (USFWS 1993). When the recovery plan for this species was written, the DWM was believed to have been extirpated from all but 361ocalities, 14 of them in North Carolina (USFWS 1993). The most recent assessment (2013 5-Year Review) indicates that the DWM is currently found in 16 major drainages, comprising approximately 75 "sites" (one site may have multiple occurrences). At least 45 of these sites are based on less than �ve individuals or solely on relict shells. It appears that the populations in North Carolina, Virginia, and Maryland are declining as evidenced by low densities, lack of reproduction, or inability to relocate any individuals in follow-up surveys. Populations in New Hampshire, Massachusetts, and Connecticut appear to be stable, while the status of populations in the Delaware River watershed affected by the recent floods of 2005 are still being studied (USFWS 2013). Strayer et al. (1996) conducted range-wide assessments of remaining DWM populations, and assigned a population status to each of the populations. The status rating is based on range size, number of individuals and evidence of reproduction. Seven of the 20 populations assessed were considered "poor," and two others are considered "poor to fair" and "fair to poor," respectively. In North Carolina, populations are found in portions of the Neuse and Tar River basins; however, they are believed to have been extirpated from the main-stem of the Neuse River. The DWM inhabits creeks and rivers of varying sizes (down to approximately two meters wide), with slow to moderate flow. A variety of preferred substrates have been described that range from coarse sand, to firm muddy sand to gravel (USFWS 1993). In North Carolina, DWM often occur within submerged root mats along stable streambanks. The wide range of substrate types used by this species suggests that the stability of the substrate is likely as important as the composition. 3.1.3. Threats to Species The cumulative effects of several factors, including sedimentation, point and non-point discharge, stream modifications (impoundments, channelization, etc.) have contributed to the decline of this species throughout its range. With the exception of the Neversink River population in New York, which has an estimated population of over 80,000 DWM individuals, all of the other populations are generally small in numbers and restricted to short reaches of isolated streams. The low numbers of individuals and the restricted range of most of the surviving populations make them extremely vulnerable to extirpation from a single catastrophic event or activity (Strayer et al. 1996). Catastrophic events may consist of natural events such as flooding or drought, as well as human influenced events such as toxic spills associated with highways, railroads, or industrial-municipal complexes. Siltation resulting from substandard land-use practices associated with activities such as agriculture, forestry, and land development has been recognized as a major contributing factor to degradation of mussel populations. Siltation has been documented to be extremely detrimental B-5663 Mill Creek Mussel & Fish Survey Report June 2016 Job# 16-306 Page 3 to mussel populations by degrading substrate and water quality, increasing potential exposure to other pollutants, and by direct smothering of mussels (Ellis 1936, Marking and Bills 1979). Sediment accumulations of less than one inch have been shown to cause high mortality in most mussel species (Ellis 1936). In Massachusetts, a bridge construction project decimated a population of the DWM because of accelerated sedimentation and erosion (Smith 1981). Sewage treatment effluent has been documented to significantly affect the diversity and abundance of mussel fauna (Goudreau et al. 1988). Goudreau et al. (1988) found that recovery of mussel populations may not occur for up to two miles below points of chlorinated sewage effluent. The impact of impoundments on freshwater mussels has been well documented (USFWS 1992a, Neves 1993). Construction of dams transforms lotic habitats into lentic habitats, which results in changes in aquatic community composition. The changes associated with inundation adversely affect both adult and juvenile mussels as well as fish community structure, which could eliminate possible fish hosts for upstream transport of glochidia. Muscle Shoals on the Tennessee River in northern Alabama, once the richest site for naiads (mussels) in the world, is now at the bottom of Wilson Reservoir and covered with 19 feet of muck (USFWS 1992b). Large portions of all of the river basins within the DWM's range have been impounded and this is believed to be a major factor contributing to the decline of the species (Master 1986). The introduction of exotic species such as the Asian Clam (Corbicula fluminea) and Zebra Mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) has also been shown to pose significant threats to native freshwater mussels. The Asian Clam is now established in most of the major river systems in the United States (Fuller and Powell 1973) including those streams still supporting surviving populations of the DWM. Concern has been raised over competitive interactions for space, food and oxygen with this species and native mussels, possibly at the juvenile stages (Neves and Widlak 1987, Alderman 1995). The Zebra Mussel, native to the drainage basins of the Black, Caspian and Aral Seas, is an exotic freshwater mussel that was introduced into the Great Lakes in the 1980s and has rapidly expanded its range into the surrounding river basins, including those of the South Atlantic slope (O'Neill and MacNeill 1991). This species competes for food resources and space with native mussels, and is expected to contribute to the extinction of at least 20 freshwater mussel species if it becomes established throughout most of the eastern United States (USFWS 1992b). The Zebra Mussel is not currently known from any river supporting DWM population, nor the Neuse River basin. 3.2 Elliptio steinstansana (Tar River Spinymussel) 3.2.1. Species Characteristics The TSM grows to a maximum length of 60 millimeters. Short spines are arranged in a radial row anterior to the posterior ridge on one valve and symmetrical to the other valve. The shell is generally smooth in texture with as many as 12 spines that project perpendicularly from the surface and curve slightly ventrally. However, adult specimens tend to lose their spines as they mature (USFWS 1992a). The smooth, orange-brown to dark brown periostracum may be rayed in younger individuals. The shell is significantly thicker toward the anterior end and the nacre is usually pink in this area. The posterior end of the shell is thinner with an iridescent bluish white B-5663 Mill Creek Mussel & Fish Survey Report June 2016 Job# 16-306 Page 4 color. Two or more linear ridges, originating within the beak cavity and extending to the ventral margin, can be found on the interior surface of the shell. The distance between these ridges widens toward the ventral margin. Johnson and Clarke (1983) provide additional descriptive material. Little is known about the reproductive biology of the TSM (USFWS 1992c); however, nearly all freshwater mussel species have similar reproductive strategies, which involve a larval stage (glochidium) that becomes a temporary obligatory parasite on a fish. Many mussel species have specific fish hosts, which must be present to complete their life cycle. The TSM is probably a tachytictic reproducer with gravid females present at some time from April through August (Widlak 1987). The glochidia have not been described. Eads and Levine (2008), and Eads et al. (2008) identified the following fish species as suitable hosts: Bluehead Chub (Nocomis leptocephalus), Pinewoods Shiner (Lythrurus matutinus), Satinfin Shiner (Cyprinella analostana), and White Shiner (Luxilus albeolus). McMahon and Bogan (2001) and Pennak (1989) should be consulted for a general overview of freshwater mussel reproductive biology. 3.2.2. Distribution and Habitat Requirements Previously this mussel was believed to be endemic to the Tar-Pamlico River basin and probably ranged throughout most of the basin before the area was settled during the 1700s (NC Scientific Council on Mollusks 2011). Historically, the TSM was collected in the Tar River from near Louisburg in Franklin County to Falkland in Pitt County (approximately 78 RM). By the mid- 1960s, its known range had been reduced to the main channel of the Tar River from Spring Hope in Nash County to Falkland in Pitt County (Shelley 1972, Clarke 1983). By the early 1980s, its range in the Tar River was restricted to only 12 miles of the river in Edgecombe County (Clarke 1983). It was last observed (2 individuals) in the river in 2001 within an extensive sandbar habitat in Edgecombe County (unpublished data, NCWRC Aquatics Database). It is currently found in three streams, Shocco, Sandy/Swift and Fishing/Little Fishing creeks in the Tar-Pamlico River basin (unpublished data, NCWRC Aquatics Database). In 1998, the species was found in Johnston County in the Little River, a tributary to the Neuse River. Only a few individuals have been found in the Little River in subsequent years (unpublished data, NCWRC Aquatics Database). The preferred habitat of the TSM in the Tar-Pamlico River basin was described as relatively fast flowing, well-oxygenated, circumneutral pH water in sites prone to significant swings in water velocity, with a substrate comprised of relatively silt-free loose gravel and/or coarse sand (Adams et al., 1990). Various species associates, which are good indicators for the presence of the TSM, include (in decreasing order of association) Atlantic Pigtoe, Yellow Lance, Yellow Lampmussel (Lampsilis cariosa), Notched Rainbow (Villosa constricta), Triangle Floater (Alasmidonta undulata) and Creeper (Strophitus undulatus) (Adams et al., 1990). Johnson (1970) stated that the Atlantic Pigtoe appeared to be closely associated with the James River Spinyrnussel (Pleurobema collina) in the James River basin. This same close association is true for the TSM and Atlantic Pigtoe. In habitats which have not been significantly degraded in the Tar-Pamlico River basin, the presence of Atlantic Pigtoe is the best indicator of the potential presence of TSM (NC Scientific Council on Mollusks 2011). B-5663 Mill Creek Mussel & Fish Survey Report June 2016 Job# 16-306 Page 5 3.2.3. Threats to Species Threats to the TSM are similar to those described for the DWM and have contributed to the decline of this species throughout its range. All of the remaining TSM populations are generally small in numbers and restricted to short reaches of isolated streams. The low numbers of individuals and the restricted range of most of the surviving populations make them extremely vulnerable to extirpation from a single catastrophic event. 4.0 OTHER TARGET SPECIES DESCRIPTIONS 4.1 Fusconaia masoni (Atlantic Pigtoe) 4.1.1. Species Characteristics The Atlantic Pigtoe was described by Conrad (1834) from the Savannah River in Augusta, Georgia. Although larger specimens exist, the Atlantic Pigtoe seldom exceeds 50 mm in length. Except in headwater stream reaches, where specimens may be elongated, this species is tall relative to its length. The hinge ligament is relatively short and prominent. The periostracum is normally brownish, has a parchment texture, and young individuals may have greenish rays across the entire shell surface. The posterior ridge is biangulate. The interdentum in the left valve is broad and flat. The anterior half of the valve is thickened compared with the posterior half, and, when fresh, nacre in the anterior half of the shell tends to be salmon colored, while nacre in the posterior half tends to be more iridescent. The shell has full dentation. In addition to simple papillae, branched and arborescent papillae are often seen on the incurrent aperture. In females, salmon colored demibranchs are often seen during the spawning season. When fully gravid, females use a114 demibranchs to brood glochidia (VDGIF 2014). 4.1.2. Distribution and Habitat Requirements The Atlantic Pigtoe range extends from the Ogeechee River Basin in Georgia north to the James River Basin in Virginia (Johnson 1970). The general pattern of distribution indicates that the species is currently limited to headwater areas of drainages and most populations are represented by few individuals. In North Carolina, it was once found in every Atlantic Slope river basin with the exception of the Waccamaw. With the exception of the Tar River, it has not been found in the mainstem of these rivers in recent years (Savidge et al. 2011). It is listed as Endangered in Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina, and as Threatened in Virginia. It has a Natureserve rank of G2 (imperiled). The Atlantic Pigtoe occurs in medium size streams to large rivers, but has experienced major declines throughout its entire range. The preferred habitat is a substrate composed of gravel and coarse sand, usually at the base of riffles, however, it can be found in a variety of other substrates and habitat conditions. 4.1.3. Threats to Species Threats to the Atlantic Pigtoe are similar to those described for the DWM and have contributed to the decline of this species throughout its range. All of the remaining Atlantic Pigtoe B-5663 Mill Creek Mussel & Fish Survey Report June 2016 Job# 16-306 Page 6 populations are generally small in numbers and restricted to short reaches of isolated streams. The low numbers of individuals and the restricted range of most of the surviving populations make them extremely vulnerable to extirpation from a single catastrophic event. 4.2 Lasmigona subviridis (Green Floater) 4.2.1. Species Characteristics The Green Floater was described by Conrad (1835) from the Schuykill River in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. This small mussel species has a thin slightly inflated subovate shell that is narrower in front, higher behind. The dorsal margin forms a blunt angle with the posterior margin. The shell is dull yellow or tan to brownish green, usually with concentrations of dark green rays. 4.2.2. Distribution and Habitat Requirements The Green Floater occurs along the Atlantic slope from the Savannah River in Georgia north to the Hudson River in New York, as well as in the "interior" basins (New, Kanawah, and Wataugua Rivers) of the Tennessee River basin. It has experienced major declines throughout its entire range. Based on preliminary genetics research, the southern populations of the Green Floater (Tar-Pamlico, Neuse, and Yadkin/Pee Dee River Basins) appear to be genetically distinct from populations from the Roanoke River to the north and west (Morgan Railey and Arthur Bogan, North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, 2007 Personal Communication). Further research is needed to determine if these differences warrant classification of the southern populations as a distinct species. It occurs in small size streams to large rivers, in quiet waters such as pools, or eddies, with gravel and sand substrates. 4.2.3. Threats to Species Threats to the Green Floater are similar to those described for the DWM and have contributed to the decline of this species throughout its range. All of the remaining Green Floater populations are generally small in numbers and restricted to short reaches of isolated streams. The low numbers of individuals and the restricted range of most of the surviving populations make them extremely vulnerable to extirpation from a single catastrophic event. 4.3 Elliptio lanceolata (Yellow Lance) 4.31. Species Characteristics The Yellow Lance was described from the Tar River at Tarboro, North Carolina by L Lea in 1828. This species differs from other lance-shaped Elliptios by having a"waxy" bright yellow periostracum that lacks rays. The posterior ridge is distinctly rounded and curves dorsally towards the posterior end. B-5663 Mill Creek Mussel & Fish Survey Report June 2016 Job# 16-306 Page 7 4.3.2. Distribution and Habitat Requirements This species is distributed from the Neuse River Basin north to the Rappahannock. It is in considerable decline throughout its range. Extant populations occur in the Neuse, Tar/Pamlico, Chowan and York River basins. This species is found in small streams to large rivers in substrates primarily consisting of clean sand, and occasionally gravel. 4.3.3. Threats to Species Threats to the Yellow Lance and many other species are similar to those described above for the DWM. This species is a Federal Species of Concern and is listed as Endangered in North Carolina. Williams et al. (1993) list this species as Endangered. There appears to be sufficient data to warrant elevation of the Yellow Lance to Candidate status in the very near future (John Fridell, Recovery Biologist USFWS, Personal Communication). 4.4 Noturus furiosus (Carolina Madtom) 4.4.1. Characteristics The Carolina Madtom (a small catfish) was described at Millburnie, near Raleigh, NC in the Neuse River by Jordan and Meek (Jordan 1889). The Carolina Madtom reaches a maximum size of 132 mm (5.2 inches). Compared to other madtoms within its range, it has a relatively short stout body and a distinctive color pattern of 3-4 dark saddles along its back that connect a long black stripe on the side running from the snout to the tail. 4.4.2. Distribution and Habitat Requirements The Carolina Madtom is endemic to the Piedmont/Inner Coastal Plain portion of the Tar/Pamlico and Neuse River basins. It occurs in creeks and small rivers in habitats generally consisting of very shallow riffles with little current over coarse sand and gravel substrate (Lee et al. 1980). It is generally rare throughout its range and is apparently in decline. 4.4.3. Threats to Species Because of its limited distribution, Carolina Madtom is listed as Special Concern and is Proposed Threatened in North Carolina. Identified threats to the species include water pollution and construction of impoundments (Burr et al. 1989). 5.0 SURVEY EFFORTS Surveys were conducted by 30aks personnel Tim Savidge (Permit # 16-ES0034), Nathan Howell, and Hannah Slyce on May 26, 2016. 5.1 Stream Conditions at Time of Survey: Mill Creek The surveyed section of Mill Creek, is characterized by three very distinct habitat reaches: B-5663 Mill Creek Mussel & Fish Survey Report June 2016 Job# 16-306 Page 8 1) From approximately 1,640 feet below the bridge to approximately 500 feet below the bridge 2) From approximately 500 feet below the bridge to approximately 200 feet below the bridge 3) From approximately 200 feet below the bridge to 328 feet above the bridge. Habitat Reach 1 is characterized as a narrow 6-10 ft wide channel meandering through old alluvial deposit/marsh habitat that suggests a former impoundment. Instream habitat consists of a 2- 3 ft deep run. The substrate consists mainly of shifting sand, and organic accumulations with clay banks. Habitat Reach 2 consists of a 22-28 ft wide channel dominated by gravel and sand substrate, and a series of riffle/run/pool habitats. Habitat Reach 3 is characterized as a slow moving run/pool up to 3 ft deep and 10-12 ft wide. Substrate consists of sand, mud and detritus, with clay banks, and large amounts of woody debris. 5.2 Methodology Mussel surveys were conducted from approximately 1,312 feet (400 meters) downstream of the respective bridge crossing to approximately 328 feet (100 meters) upstream of the crossing for a distance of approximately 1,640 feet (500 meters) (Figure 1). Areas of appropriate habitat were searched, concentrating on the habitats preferred by the target species. The survey team spread out across the creek into survey lanes. Visual surveys were conducted using glass bottom view buckets (bathyscopes). Tactile methods were employed, particularly in streambanks under submerged rootmats. All freshwater bivalves were recorded and returned to the substrate. Timed survey efforts provided Catch Per Unit Effort (CPUE) data for each species. Relative abundance for freshwater snails and freshwater clam species were estimated using the following criteria: ➢(VA) Very abundant > 30 per square meter ➢(A) Abundant 16-30 per square meter ➢(C) Common 6-15 per square meter ➢(U) Uncommon 3-5 per square meter ➢(R) Rare 1-2 per square meter ➢(P-) Ancillary adjective "Patchy" indicates an uneven distribution of the species within the sampled site. During the mussel survey effort, the presence of preferred habitats for the Carolina Madtom were assessed and if conditions were appropriate, targeted visual surveys were conducted by overturning rocks and debris in these areas. 6.0 RESULTS A total of 6.0 person hours of survey time were spent in the reach, with two species of freshwater mussel, the Eastern Elliptio (Elliptio complanata) and Northern Lance (Elliptio fisheriana), being found in a relatively short section of the survey reach (Table 1). Mussels were only found within Habitat Reach 2. Other mollusk species found during the survey included the aquatic snail Pointed Campeloma (Campeloma decisum). B-5663 Mill Creek Mussel & Fish Survey Report June 2016 Job# 16-306 Page 9 Table 1. CPUE for Freshwater Mussels in Mill Creek Abundance/ Scientific Name Common Name # live CPUE Freshwater Mussels CPUE lli tio com lanata astern Elli tio 12 2.00/hr lliptio fisheriana orthern Lance 58 9.67/hr Relative Freshwater Snails and Clams Abundance Cam eloma decisum ointed Cam eloma � R 7.0 DISCUSSION/CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that the study area supports a freshwater mussel and fish fauna. Neither the DWM nor TSM were found during the surveys. While other species were not found during these surveys, appropriate habitat is present; thus there is the potential for additional species to occur within the study area. Additionally, the Yellow Lance and Carolina Madtom have been recorded in Mill Creek downstream of the project area (Section 1.0). Based on these survey results, impacts to the target species are unlikely to occur in the study area; however, they cannot be discounted entirely given the presence of mussel and fish species in the project area, as well as downstream. Strict adherence to erosion control standards should minimize the potential for any adverse impacts to occur. Biological conclusions on potential impacts from the project to the target species are provided below. The USFWS is the regulating authority for Section 7 Biological Conclusions and as such, it is recommended that they be consulted regarding their concurrence with the iinding of this document. Biological Conclusion Dwarf Wedgemussel: May Affect/Not Likely to Adversely Affect Biological Conclusion Tar River Spinymussel: May Affect/Not Likely to Adversely Affect While the following species are not currently federally protected and biological conclusions are not necessary at the time of the writing of this report, if these species were to receive federal protection, appropriate biological conclusions are as follows: Biological Conclusion Atlantic Pigtoe: May Affect/Not Likely to Adversely Affect Biological Conclusion Green Floater: May Affect/Not Likely to Adversely Affect Biological Conclusion Yellow Lance: May Affect/Not Likely to Adversely Affect Biological Conclusion Carolina Madtom: May Affect/Not Likely to Adversely Affect B-5663 Mill Creek Mussel & Fish Survey Report June 2016 Job# 16-306 Page 10 8.0 LITERATURE CITED Adams, W. F., J. M. Alderman, R. G. Biggins, A. G. Gerberich, E. P. Keferl, H. J. Porter, and A. S.Van Devender. 1990. A report on the conservation status of North Carolina's freshwater and terrestrial molluscan fauna. N.C. Wildlife Resources Commission, Raleigh. 246 pp, Appendix A, 37 pp. Alderman, J. M. 1995. Monitoring the Swift Creek Freshwater mussel community. Unpublished report presented at the UMRCC symposium on the Conservation and Management of Freshwater Mussels II Initiative for the Future. Rock Island, IL, UMRCC. Burr, B. M., B.R. Kuhajda, W.W. Dimmick and J.M. Grady 1989. Distribution, biology, and conservation status of the Carolina madtom (Noturus furiosus, an endemic North Carolina catfish. Brimleyana 15:57-86. Clarke, A. H. 1981. The Tribe Alasmidontini (Unionidae: Anodontinae), Part I: Pegias, Alasmidonta, and Arcidens. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, No. 326. 101 pp. Clarke, A. H. 1983. Status survey of the Tar River spiny mussel. Final Report to U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service with supplement. 63 pp. Conrad, T.A. 1834. New freshwater shells of the United States, with coloured illustrations; and a monograph of the genus Anculotus of Say; also a synopsis of the American naiades. J. Dobson, 108 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 1-76, 8 pls. Conrad, T.A. 1835. Monography of the Family Unionidae, or naiades of Lamarck, (fresh water bivalve shells) of North America, illustrated by figures drawn on stone from nature. J. Dobson, 108 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 1:1-12, plates 1-5. Eads, C. B. and J.F. Levine. 2008. Carolina Heelsplitter (Lasmigona decorata) and Tar River Spinyrnussel (Elliptio steinstansana) Conservation Research: July 2007-June 2008. Final report submitted to the North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission. Raleigh, NC. 18 pp. Eads, C.B., R. Nichols, C.J. Woods, and J.F. Levine. 2008. Captive spawning and host determination of the federally endangered Tar River spinymussel (Elliptio steinstansana). Ellipsaria, 10(2):7-8. Ellis, M. M. 1936. Erosion Silt as a Factor in Aquatic Environments. Ecology 17: 29-42. Fuller, S. L. H. 1977. Freshwater and terrestrial mollusks. In: John E. Cooper, Sarah S.Robinson, John B. Fundeburg (eds.) Endangered and Threatened Plants and Animals of North Carolina. North Carolina State Museum of Natural History, Raleigh. Fuller, S. L. H. and C. E. Powell. 1973. Range extensions of Corbicula manilensis (Philippi) in the Atlantic drainage of the United States. Nautilus 87(2): 59. B-5663 Mill Creek Mussel & Fish Survey Report June 2016 Job# 16-306 Page 11 Goudreau, S. E., R. J. Neves, and R. J. Sheehan. 1988. Effects of Sewage Treatment Effluents on Mollusks and Fish of the Clinch River in Tazewell County, Virginia. USFWS: 128 pp. Johnson, R.I. 1970. The systematics and zoogeography of the Unionidae (Mollusca: Bivalvia) of the southern Atlantic slope region. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. 140: 263-449. Johnson, R.I. and A.H. Clarke. 1983. A new spiny mussel, Elliptio (Canthyria) steinstansana (Bivalvia: Unionidae), from the Tar River, North Carolina. Occasional Papers on Mollusks, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 4(61): 289-298. Jordan, D.S. 1889. Descriptions of fourteen species of freshwater fishes collected by the U.S. Fish Commission in the summer of 1888. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 11:351-362. Lea, I. 1828. Description of six new species of the genus Unio, embracing the anatomy of the oviduct of one of them, together with some anatomical observations on the genus. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 3(N.S.):259-273 + plates iii-vi. Lea, I. 1829. Description of a new genus of the family of naiades, including eight species, four of which are new; also the description of eleven new species of the genus Unio from the rivers of the United States: with observations on some of the characters of the naiades. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 3[New Series]:403�57, pls. 7-14. Lee, D.S., C.R. Gilbert, C.H. Hocutt, R.E. Jenkins, D.E. McAllister, and J.R. Stauffer. 1980. Atlas of North American freshwater fishes. North Carolina State Museum of Natural History, Raleigh. Marking, L.L., and T.D. Bills. 1979. Acute effects of silt and sand sedimentation on freshwater mussels. Pp. 204-211 in J.L. Rasmussen, ed. Proc. of the UMRCC symposium on the Upper Mississippi River bivalve mollusks. UMRCC. Rock Island IL. 270 pp. Master, L. 1986. Alasmidonta heterodon: results of a global status survey and proposal to list as an endangered species. A report submitted to Region 5 of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 10 pp. and appendices. McMahon, R. F. and A. E. Bogan. 2001. Mollusca: Bivalvia. Pp. 331-429. IN: J.H. Thorpe and A.P. Covich. Ecology and classification of North American nd freshwater invertebrates. 2 edition. Academic Press. NatureServe. 2015. NatureServe Explorer: An online encyclopedia of life [web application]. Version 7.1. NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia. Available http://explorer.natureserve.org. (Accessed: May 23, 2016). B-5663 Mill Creek Mussel & Fish Survey Report June 2016 Job# 16-306 Page 12 Neves, R. J. and J. C. Widlak. 1987. Habitat Ecology of Juvenile Freshwater Mussels (Bivalvia: Unionidae) in a Headwater Stream in Virginia. American Malacological Bulletin 1(5): 1- 7. Neves, R.J. 1993. A state of the Unionids address. Pp. 1-10 in K.S. Cummings, A.C. Buchanan, and L.M. Kooch, eds. Proc. of the UMRCC symposium on the Conservation and Management of Freshwater Mussels. UMRCC. Rock Island IL.189 pp. North Carolina Department of Natural Resources (NCDENR) - Division of Water Resources. 2014. 2014 North Carolina 303(d) List. http://portal.ncdenr.org/web/wq/ps/mtu/assessment North Carolina Natural Heritage Program (NCNHP). 2015. nheo-2015-10. Natural Heritage Element Occurrence polygon shapefile. October 2015 version. North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission. Unpublished Aquatics Database. O'Neill, C. R., Jr., and D. B. MacNeill. 1991. The zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha): an unwelcome North American invader. Sea Grant, Coastal Resources Fact Sheet. New York Sea Grant Extension. 12 pp. Orhnann, A.E. 1919. A monograph of the naiades of Pennsylvania. Part III: Systematic account of the genera and species. Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum 8(1): xvi-384, 21 pls. Pennak, R. W. 1989. Fresh-water Invertebrates of the United States, Protozoa to Mollusca. New York, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Savidge, T. W., J. M. Alderman, A. E. Bogan, W. G. Cope, T. E. Dickinson, C. B. Eads,S. J. Fraley, J. Fridell, M. M. Gangloff, R. J. Heise, J. F. Levine, S. E. McRae, R.B. Nichols, A. J. Rodgers, A. Van Devender, J. L. Williams and L. L. Zimmerman. 2011. 2010 Reevaluation of Status Listings for Jeopardized Freshwater and Terrestrial Mollusks in North Carolina. Unpublished report of the Scientific Council on Freshwater and Teresstrial Mollusks. 177pp. Shelley, R.M. 1972. In defense of naiades. Wildlife in North Carolina. March: 1-7. Simpson, C.T. 1900. Synopsis of the naiades, or pearly fresh-water mussels. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 22(1205):501-1044. Simpson, C.T. 1914. A descriptive catalogue of the naiades, or pearly fresh-water mussels. Parts I—IIL Bryant Walker, Detroit, Michigan, xii + 1540 pp. Smith, D. 1981. Selected freshwater invertebrates proposed for special concern status in Massachusetts (Mollusca, Annelida, Arthropoda). MA Dept. of Env. Qual. Engineering, Div. of Water Pollution Control. 26 pp. B-5663 Mill Creek Mussel & Fish Survey Report June 2016 Job# 16-306 Page 13 Strayer, D. L., S. J. Sprague and S. Claypool, 1996. A range-wide assessment of populations of Alasmidonta heterodon, an endangered freshwater mussel (Bivalvia: Unionidae). J.N. Am. Benthol. Soc., 15(3):308-317. 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Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries (VDGIF). 2014. Atlantic Pigtoe Conservation Plan. Bureau of Wildlife Resources. VDGIF, Richmond, VA. 31 pp. Widlak, J.C. 1987. Recovery Plan for the Tar River spiny mussel (Elliptio (Canthyria) steinstansana) Johnson and Clarke. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Williams, J. D., M. L. Warren, Jr., K. S. Cummings, J. L. Harris, and R. J. Neves. 1993. Conservation status of the freshwater mussels of the United States and Canada. Fisheries 18 (9): 6-22. 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