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MEMORANDUM
TO: Dexter Matthews, Director
Division of Waste Management
FROM: Rob McDaniel ?,L
Hazardous Waste ecc tion
SUBJECT: PCBs in Badin Lake
As a result of fish tissue study of Badin Lake conducted by the North Carolina Division
of Public Health on the presence of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polynuclear
aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), the Division of Waste Management reviewed all
available information with a goal of determining if the PCBs present at the Alcoa facility
may have originated or contributed to the PCBs found in the fish tissue.
In the review of information pertaining to PCBs associated with the Alcoa facility located
in Badin, North Carolina and Badin Lake, several documents were relied on heavily.
These documents included the RCRA Facility Investigation Work Plan, the RCRA
Facility Investigation Report, summary tables from the draft Sediment Investigation
Report, the Proposed Exposure Investigation Protocol for PCB and PAH Fish Tissue
Sampling for Badin Lake, Stanly and Montgomery Counties, North Carolina, the Badin
Lake Fish Tissue PCB Congener Data tables, and the Badin Lake Fish Tissue Data tables
from the study.
The term "aroclor" is the registered trademark for a group of polychlorinated biphenyls
that were manufactured by the Monsanto Company prior to 1976. The various aroclors
employed at the Alcoa facility were in common industrial use prior to the cessation of the
production of PCBs in the mid-1970's.
PCB aroclors have been found to be present in the soil at the Alcoa facility. During the
long operating life of the plant, PCBs and PAHs may have been introduced into Badin
Lake by overland flow during storm events or through the storm water drainage system of
the plant. Alcoa conducted Interim Measures activities in the 1990's to excavate or
improve the caps over contaminated soil at several solid waste management units. PAHs
and PCBs were found to be present in the sediment in the swimming cove and boat ramp
areas of Badin Lake. A memorandum, dated May 21, 1997 (Attachment 1) from the
North Carolina Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Section determined that
human exposure to the constituents (PAHs, PCBs and inorganics) did not pose a
significant health risk.
The fish tissue samples collected in the North Carolina Division of Public Health study
were analyzed for the 209 PCB congeners. A table was created to determine which
congeners may be present in the aroclors used at the Badin facility (Attachment 2). The
PCB aroclors predominately used at the Alcoa facility were 1242, 1248, 1254, and 1260.
In review of the data, soil samples at some of the solid waste management were also
analyzed for the aroclors 1232, 1221, and 1016, thus the congeners that may be present in
these aroclors were also included in the table. The table includes seventy-six congeners
that may be present in the seven aroclors predominately used at the Alcoa.
Fish tissue collected and analyzed during the Badin Lake fish tissue study found four fish
tissue samples to be above the North Carolina Fish Consumption Advisory Limit of 50
ug/kg of total PCBs. Badin Lake was divided into three regions, the Northwest region
where water from the Yadkin River Basin enters Badin Lake, the Northeast region of
Badin Lake in Montgomery County, and the Southwest region of Badin Lake where the
town of Badin and the Alcoa facility are located. A summary table of this data was
created by Alcoa (Attachment 3). The Northwest region of Badin Lake contained three
fish tissue samples above the standard and another sample approaching the standard for
total PCBs and no exceedances for PAHs. There were no exceedances of the standards in
the Northeast region of Badin Lake for either PAHs or PCBs. The Southwest region of
Badin Lake found one fish tissue sample that was above the standard for PCBs and no
sample was above the standard for PAHs.
Alcoa recently conducted a Sediment Investigation Report in Badin Lake (draft summary
tables of the report are included in Attachment 4). Sediment samples were collected and
analyzed for lead, mercury, PAHs, and PCBs in ten transects across Badin Lake. The
sediment samples were analyzed for the PCB aroclors commonly used at the facility
(Aroclors 1242, 1248, 1254, 1260, 1232, 1221, and 1016) and none were detected in the
sediment samples collected. Numerous PAHs were detected in Transect 1, adjacent to
the Alcoa facility and two PAHs were Transect 10 in the vicinity of the Narrows Dam.
With the information available at the time of this memorandum, it can be summarized:
PCBs were in common industrial use for many decades and are found throughout
the environment;
Only a limited number of PCB aroclors were employed at the Alcoa facility in
Badin and these aroclors were of common industrial use;
The May 21, 1997 memo from the North Carolina Occupational and
Environmental Epidemiology Section concluded that human exposure to the
constituents (PAHs, PCB aroclors and inorganics) analyzed in the sediment and
water samples in the Swimming Cove at Badin Lake did not pose a significant
health risk;
A cursory look at the locations in Badin Lake where fish tissue samples were
collected and analyzed for PCBs indicate that four of the five highest
concentration of total PCBs in the fish tissue were collected in the Northwest
region of Badin Lake in the area where the Yadkin River enters the lake;
2
The Southwest region of Badin Lake, where the town of Badin and the Alcoa
facility are located found only one fish tissue sample that was above the standard
for PCBs;
Seventy-six congeners may have originally been present in the PCB aroclors used
at the Alcoa facility. Numerous additional congeners were detected in the fish
tissue samples collected in Badin Lake;
The presence of PCB congeners in fish of the Yadkin River Basin above Badin
Lake is unknown;
PCB congeners degrade when exposed to the environment or during biological
ingestion of the compounds; and
Recent sediment sampling in Badin Lake for the PCB aroclors commonly used at
the facility (Aroclors 1242, 1248, 1254, 1260, 1232, 1221, and 1016) yielded
none of these PCB arolcors detected.
With the information available at this time, considering the vast array of PCB congeners
found present in the fish tissue, it would be extremely difficult and unlikely to conclude
that these congeners are due solely from one source with any degree of confidence.
ATTACHMENT 1
MAY 21, 1997 MEMORANDUM FROM THE NORTH CAROLINA
OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY SECTION
State of North Carolina
Department of Environment,
Health and Natural Resources •
DKIslon of Epidemiology
James B. Hunt, Jr., Governor
Jonathan B, Howes, Secretary D E H N F=1
Michael Moser, M.D., M.P.H., Director
May 21, 1997
MEMORANDUM
TO: Sharron Rogers, Head
Remediation Branch
Hazardous Waste Section
J,
FROM: Luanne K. Williams, Phann.D., Toxicologist?" '?'Kt~
Medical Evaluation and Risk Assessment Branch
Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Section
SUBJECT: Comments on the May 1997 Preliminary Sediment and Water Sampling Results
from Badin Lake Prepared by Woodward-Clyde Consultants for Aluminum
Company of America (Alcoa) smelting facility at Badin, North Carolina in Stanly
County
As requested during our meeting on May 15, 1 reviewed the sediment and water sample
results (which includes PCBs, PAHs, and inorganics) from the swimming cove at Badin Lake
and offer the following comments:
Based upon the sediment and water sample results submitted, human exposure to the
constituent concentrations detected should not pose a significant health risk. The
concentrations reported were comparable to concentrations found in urban soil (Agency
for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry 1995, Toxicological Profile for Polycyclic
Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PANS). U.S. Department of Health & Human Services.)
2. Because only a few samples were collected and analyzed for inorganics, it is
recommended as a precaution to collect six additional sediment samples from the
swimming cove. It is recommended to analyze these samples for arsenic cadmium,
cyanide, and lead.
If you have any questions, contact me at 919-715-6429.
LKW:Ip
Enclosure
P O. Box 29601 NO An Equoi Opportun ry Attumat ve Acton Employer
Race gh, NC 27626-0601 C 50
°? recycled/ IC% post-consumer paper

Compound
5. POTENTIAL FOR HUMAN EXPOSURE
TABLE 5-3. Background Soil Concentrations of
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)
Concentrations (µg/kg)
262
Rural soil Agricultural Soil Urban Soil
Acenaphthene 1.7 6
Acenaphthylene 5
Anthracene 11-13
Benzo(a)anthrace ne 5-20 56-110 169-59,000
Benzo(a)pyrene 2-1,300 4.6-900 165-220
Benzo(b)fluorant hene 20-30 58-220 15,000-62,000
Benzo(e)pyrene 53-130 60-14,000
Benzo(g,h,i)perylene 10-70 66 900-47,000
Benzo(k)fluoranthene 10-110 58-250 300-26,000
Chrysene 38.3 78-120 251-640
Fluoranthene 0.3-40 120-210 200-166,000
Fluorene 9.7
Ideno(1 ,2,3-c,d)pyre ne 10-15 63-100 8,000-61,000
Phenanthrene 30.0 48-140
Pyrene 1-19.7 99-150 145-147,000
aDerived from:
IARC 1973
White and Vanderslice 1980 `
Windsor and Hiles 1979
Edwards 1983
Butler et al. 1984
Vogt et al. 1987
Jones et al. 1987
ATTACHMENT 2
PCB CONGENERS COMMONLY PRESENT IN AROCLORS
ASSOCIATED WITH ALCOA-BADIN
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ATTACHMENT
SUMMARY TABLE OF BADIN LAKE FISH TISSUE PCB DATA
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ATTACHMENT 4
SEDIMENT INVESTIGATION REPORT IN BADIN LAKE
SEDIMENT DATA SUMMARY TABLES
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Alcoa Corrective Action
Badin, North Carolina
Alcoa began operations at the Badin site in 1915 as a primary aluminum smelter.
Principal products manufactured at the plant include carbon cathodes and anodes,
continuous cast sheets and specialty metals. Alcoa reduced aluminum smelting
operations at the Badin facility in 2002 and ceased operation in 2007. The Alcoa plant
site is 123 acres in size. The site contains industrial buildings and structures, parking
lots, and areas covered with vegetation. Alcoa owns land that extends to Badin Lake,
however the industrial plant property extends only to Highway 740 and does not abut the
lake.
The RCRA Facility Investigation Report was approved on December 19, 2007. Alcoa
prepared and submitted a Corrective Measures Study Work Plan to address
contamination at the Badin facility in April, 2008. The Corrective Measures Study
process will be conducted in a phased approach. The first phase is to develop and screen
media-specific remedial action objectives for the Badin site. The environmental media to
be addressed in the first phase includes ground water and surface water at and adjacent to
the facility.
The Hazardous Waste Section is prepared to approve the first phase of the Corrective
Measures Study Work Plan with some modifications. These modifications include a
schedule for routine surface water sampling in Badin Lake and the Little Mountain Creek
and sediment sampling in Badin Lake in the Swimming Cove area. Due to the on-site
contamination above the Region 9 preliminary remediation goals for residential levels,
Alcoa will be required to develop and institute land use restrictions for current and future
use of the property. Constituents found to be present in the ground water at the Badin
facility above the North Carolina 15A NCAC 2L Standards must be remediated to the 2L
Standards or the background concentration for the constituent.
The contamination at the site is predominantly inorganic compounds (cyanide and
fluoride) from the production of aluminum. Low concentrations of organic constituents
(mainly polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PCB aroclors, and trichloroethene) are found
in localized areas of the plant site associated with a limited number of solid waste
management units.
Cyanide and fluoride are the primary constituents of concern in spent potlining. Cyanide
is a hazardous constituent, therefore it garners more attention than does fluoride. The
NCAC 2L Standard for cyanide in ground water is based on the toxicity of free cyanide.
The cyanide associated with spent potlining is in the form of free cyanide. However,
once exposed to the environment, the free cyanide converts to iron-cyanide. Iron-cyanide
is more stable and less toxic than free cyanide.
Ground-water contamination is limited to areas in the immediately vicinity of the solid
waste management units from which the contaminants originated. The ground-water
contaminant plumes have a limited horizontal and vertical extent. This may be the result
of the natural biodegradation of the contaminants, adherence to soil particles, or the close
proximity to ground-water hydraulic boundaries. Currently there are no complete
exposure pathways from the contaminants of concern found at the Badin facility.
There are approximately fifty solid waste management units and areas of concern at the
Alcoa site. Of those sites, sixteen were investigated during the RCRA Facility
Investigation process, confirmatory sampling was conducted at four units, and no further
action was determined for twenty-two solid waste management units. Interim Measures
activities have been conducted at eight of the solid waste management units.
SWMUs Investigated in the RCRA Facility Investigation Report
Landfills Industrial Sent Potlinin Waste
SWMU 2/Alcoa/Badin SWMU 11/Waste Oil SWMU 1/On-Site Landfill*
Landfill Accumulation Area,
Miscellaneous Storage Area,
Pot Pad Burning Area, and
Old Bake Furnace Site
SWMU 22/ Scrap Yard SWMU 3/Old Brick
Landfill*
SWMU 25/Underground SWMU 4/Former K088
Conveyance Line Stora e Pad
SWMU 33/Wet Weather SWMU 44/ Pine Tree
Run-on Diversion Grove Area
SWMU 35/ "Old" Waste SWMU 46/ West SPL Area
Oil Storage Area
SWMU 38/ Old Rotary
Station
SWMU 42/13uildin 016
SWMU 43/Overhead Crane
Rebuild Structure
AOC-A/ Fuel Oil Tank
Release
AOC-B/ Compressor Oil
Leakage Area
* The On-Site Landfill only contains spent potlining waste and the Old Brick Landfill
only contains spent potlining waste and furnace brick.
It is extremely difficult to estimate the length of time that would be needed to remediate a
site. However, remediation activities will be required until contaminant concentrations
are below the applicable standard or determined not to be a risk to human health or the
environment.
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