20180172 Ver 1_B-5656 Yellow Swamp Mussel Fish Final Survey Report_20180207

Freshwater 1Vlussel & Fish Survey Report
Replacement of Bridge No. 133
Yellow Swamp on SR 1127
TIP # B-5656
Wayne County, North Carolina
WBS Element # 45611.1.1
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Contact Person:
Matt Haney
Biological Surveys Group
North Carolina Department of Transportation
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1598 Mail Service Center
Raleigh NC 27699-1598
June 30, 2016

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Table of Contents
1.0 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 1
2.0 Waters Impacted .................................................................................................................. 1
2.1 303(d) Classification ........................................................................................................ 1
2.2 NPDES discharges ........................................................................................................... 1
3.0 Target Species Descriptions ................................................................................................. 2
3.1 Fusconaia masoni (Atlantic Pigtoe) ................................................................................. 2
3.1.1. Species Characteristics .............................................................................................. 2
3.1.2. Distribution and Habitat Requirements .................................................................... 2
3.1.3. Threats to Species ..................................................................................................... 2
3.2 Elliptio lanceolata (Yellow Lance) .................................................................................. 3
3.2.1. Species Characteristics .............................................................................................. 3
3.2.2. Distribution and Habitat Requirements .................................................................... 4
3.2.3. Threats to Species ..................................................................................................... 4
3.3 Noturus furiosus (Carolina Madtom) ............................................................................... 4
3.3.1. Characteristics ...........................................................................................................4
3.3.2. Distribution and Habitat Requirements .................................................................... 4
3.3.3. Threats to Species ..................................................................................................... 4
4.0 Survey Efforts ...................................................................................................................... 4
4.1 Stream Conditions at Time of Survey: Yellow Swamp ................................................... 5
4.2 Methodology .................................................................................................................... 5
5.0 Results ..................................................................................................................................5
6.0 Discussion/Conclusions ....................................................................................................... 6
7.0 Literature Cited .................................................................................................................... 7
Appendix A. Figures:
Figure 1: Project Vicinity & Survey Reach
Figure 2: NCNHP Element Occurrences
Figure 3: 303(d) Listed Streams and NPDES Discharges

1.0 INTRODUCTION
The North Carolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT) proposes to replace bridge number
133 over Yellow Swamp on SR 1127 in Wayne County (Appendix A, Figure 1). The project
will impact Yellow Swamp of the Neuse River basin. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
(USFWS) does not list any threatened or endangered aquatic species for Wayne County. The
Atlantic Pigtoe (Fusconaia masoni), Yellow Lance (Elliptio lanceolata), Carolina Madtom
(Noturus furiosus), and Neuse River Waterdog (Necturus lewisi) are being considered for listing
by USFWS and are known to occur in Wayne County. The Neuse River Waterdog was
discussed in a separate report detailing targeted trapping surveys dated March 29, 2016.
According to the NC Natural Heritage Program database (NCNHP 2015), accessed Apri128,
2016, the nearest element occurrence (EO) for Atlantic Pigtoe is located in the Neuse River
approximately 13 river miles (RM) downstream of the study area. This historic EO is
approximately 1.3 RM in length. It was first observed and last observed in July 1985. The
nearest EO for Yellow Lance is located in Mill Creek approximately 13 RM downstream of the
study area. This EO is approximately 4 RM in length. It was first observed in May 1994 and
last observed in June 1994. The nearest EO for Carolina Madtom is located in the Neuse River
and Mill Creek approximately 10 RM downstream of the study area. This historical EO is
approximately 17 RM in length. It was first observed in June 1961 and was last observed in
August 1979.
As part of the federal permitting process that requires an evaluation of potential project-related
impacts to federally protected species, Three Oaks Engineering (30aks) was contracted by
NCDOT to conduct surveys targeting the Atlantic Pigtoe, Yellow Lance, and Carolina Madtom.
2.0 WATERS IMPACTED
Yellow Swamp is located in the Upper Neuse River subbasin of the Neuse River basin (HUC#
03020201). Yellow Swamp flows approximately 1.1 RM from the subject bridge to
Thoroughfare Swamp. Thoroughfare Swamp flows approximately 9.1 RM to Neuse River.
2.1 303(d) Classification
Yellow Swamp is not on the North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality (NCDEQ,
formerly NC Department of Environment and Natural Resources, NCDENR) - Division of Water
Resources Fina12014 303(d) list of impaired streams. The nearest 303(d) listed stream is Falling
Creek approximately 3.6 RM downstream of the study bridge (NCDENR 2014). It is impaired
due to dissolved oxygen (Figure 3).
2.2 NPDES discharges
There is one NPDES discharges upstream of the subject bridge (USEPA 2016); Young's Auto
Center and Salvage (NPDES Permit # NCG100182) is approximately 2.6 RM upstream of the
study area (Figure 3).
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3.0 TARGET SPECIES DESCRIPTIONS
3.1 Fusconaia masoni (Atlantic Pigtoe)
3.1.1. Species Characteristics
The Atlantic Pigtoe was described by Conrad (1834) from the Savannah River in Augusta,
Georgia. Although larger specimens exist, the Atlantic Pigtoe seldom exceeds 50 mm in length.
Except in headwater stream reaches, where specimens may be elongated, this species is tall
relative to its length. The hinge ligament is relatively short and prominent. The periostracum is
normally brownish, has a parchment texture, and young individuals may have greenish rays
across the entire shell surface. The posterior ridge is biangulate. The interdentum in the left
valve is broad and flat. The anterior half of the valve is thickened compared with the posterior
half, and, when fresh, nacre in the anterior half of the shell tends to be salmon colored, while
nacre in the posterior half tends to be more iridescent. The shell has full dentation. In addition
to simple papillae, branched and arborescent papillae are often seen on the incurrent aperture. In
females, salmon colored demibranchs are often seen during the spawning season. When fully
gravid, females use a114 demibranchs to brood glochidia (VDGIF 2014).
3.1.2. Distribution and Habitat Requirements
The Atlantic Pigtoe range extends from the Ogeechee River Basin in Georgia north to the James
River Basin in Virginia (Johnson 1970). The general pattern of distribution indicates that the
species is currently limited to headwater areas of drainages and most populations are represented
by few individuals. In North Carolina, it was once found in every Atlantic Slope river basin with
the exception of the Waccamaw. With the exception of the Tar River, it has not been found in
the mainstem of these rivers in recent years (Savidge et al. 2011). It is listed as Endangered in
Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina, and as Threatened in Virginia. It has a NatureServe
rank of G2 (imperiled).
The Atlantic Pigtoe occurs in medium size streams to large rivers, but has experienced major
declines throughout its entire range. The preferred habitat is a substrate composed of gravel and
coarse sand, usually at the base of riffles, however, it can be found in a variety of other substrates
and habitat conditions.
3.1.3. Threats to Species
The cumulative effects of several factors, including sedimentation, point and non-point
discharge, and stream modifications (impoundments, channelization, etc.) have contributed to the
decline of this species throughout its range. All of the other populations are generally small in
numbers and restricted to short reaches of isolated streams. The low numbers of individuals and
the restricted range of most of the surviving populations make them extremely vulnerable to
extirpation from a single catastrophic event or activity, much like the endangered Dwarf
Wedgemussel (DWM, Alasmidonta heterdon; Strayer et al. 1996). Catastrophic events may
consist of natural events such as flooding or drought, as well as human influenced events such as
toxic spills associated with highways, railroads, or industrial-municipal complexes.
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Siltation resulting from substandard land-use practices associated with activities such as
agriculture, forestry, and land development has been recognized as a major contributing factor to
degradation of mussel populations. Siltation has been documented to be extremely detrimental
to mussel populations by degrading substrate and water quality, increasing potential exposure to
other pollutants, and by direct smothering of mussels (Ellis 1936, Marking and Bills 1979).
Sediment accumulations of less than one inch have been shown to cause high mortality in most
mussel species (Ellis 1936). In Massachusetts, a bridge construction project decimated a
population of the DWM because of accelerated sedimentation and erosion (Smith 1981).
Sewage treatment effluent has been documented to significantly affect the diversity and
abundance of mussel fauna (Goudreau et al. 1988). Goudreau et al. (1988) found that recovery
of mussel populations may not occur for up to two miles below points of chlorinated sewage
effluent.
The impact of impoundments on freshwater mussels has been well documented (USFWS 1992a,
Neves 1993). Construction of dams transforms lotic habitats into lentic habitats, which results in
changes in aquatic community composition. The changes associated with inundation adversely
affect both adult and juvenile mussels as well as fish community structure, which could eliminate
possible fish hosts for upstream transport of glochidia. Muscle Shoals on the Tennessee River in
northern Alabama, once the richest site for naiads (mussels) in the world, is now at the bottom of
Wilson Reservoir and covered with 19 feet of muck (USFWS 1992b). Large portions of all of
the river basins within the Atlantic Pigtoe's range have been impounded and this is believed to
be a major factor contributing to the decline of the species (Master 1986).
The introduction of exotic species such as the Asian Clam (Corbicula fluminea) and Zebra
Mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) has also been shown to pose significant threats to native
freshwater mussels. The Asian Clam is now established in most of the major river systems in the
United States (Fuller and Powell 1973) including those streams still supporting surviving
populations of the Atlantic Pigtoe. Concern has been raised over competitive interactions for
space, food and oxygen with this species and native mussels, possibly at the juvenile stages
(Neves and Widlak 1987, Alderman 1995). The Zebra Mussel, native to the drainage basins of
the Black, Caspian and Aral Seas, is an exotic freshwater mussel that was introduced into the
Great Lakes in the 1980s and has rapidly expanded its range into the surrounding river basins,
including those of the South Atlantic slope (O'Neill and MacNeill 1991). This species competes
for food resources and space with native mussels, and is expected to contribute to the extinction
of at least 20 freshwater mussel species if it becomes established throughout most of the eastern
United States (USFWS 1992b). The Zebra Mussel is not currently known from any river
supporting DWM population, nor the Neuse River basin.
3.2 Elliptio lanceolata (Yellow Lance)
3.2.1. Species Characteristics
The Yellow Lance was described from the Tar River at Tarboro, North Carolina by L Lea in
1828. This species differs from other lance-shaped Elliptios by having a"waxy" bright yellow
periostracum that lacks rays. The posterior ridge is distinctly rounded and curves dorsally
towards the posterior end.
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3.2.2. Distribution and Habitat Requirements
This species is distributed from the Neuse River Basin north to the Rappahannock. It is in
considerable decline throughout its range. Extant populations occur in the Neuse, Tar/Pamlico,
Chowan and York River basins. This species is found in small streams to large rivers in
substrates primarily consisting of clean sand, and occasionally gravel.
3.2.3. Threats to Species
Threats to the Yellow Lance and many other species are similar to those described above for the
Atlantic Pigtoe. This species is a Federal Species of Concern and is listed as Endangered in
North Carolina. Williams et al. (1993) list this species as Endangered. There appears to be
sufficient data to warrant elevation of the Yellow Lance to Candidate status in the very near
future (John Fridell, Recovery Biologist USFWS, Personal Communication).
3.3 Noturus furiosus (Carolina Madtom)
3.3.1. Characteristics
The Carolina Madtom (a small catfish) was described at Millburnie, near Raleigh, NC in the
Neuse River (Jordan 1889). The Carolina Madtom reaches a maximum size of 132 mm (5.2
inches). Compared to other madtoms within its range, it has a relatively short, stout body and a
distinctive color pattern of 3-4 dark saddles along its back that connect a long black stripe on the
side running from the snout to the tail.
3.3.2. Distribution and Habitat Requirements
The Carolina Madtom is endemic to the Piedmont/Inner Coastal Plain portion of the Tar/Pamlico
and Neuse River basins. It occurs in creeks and small rivers in habitats generally consisting of
very shallow riffles with little current over coarse sand and gravel substrate (Lee et al. 1980). It
is generally rare throughout its range and is apparently in decline.
3.3.3. Threats to Species
Because of its limited distribution, the Carolina Madtom is listed as Special Concern and is
Proposed Threatened in North Carolina. Identified threats to the species include water pollution
and construction of impoundments (Burr et al. 1989).
4.0 SURVEY EFFORTS
Surveys were conducted by 30aks personnel Tom Dickinson (Permit # 16-ES00343) and Nancy
Scott on May 18, 2016.
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4.1 Stream Conditions at Time of Survey: Yellow Swamp
This section of Yellow Swamp was characterized as a shallow, slow meandering, Coastal Plain
stream ranging from 1-3 feet deep. Water clarity was dark tannic. The channel ranged from 5-12
feet wide with stream banks 1-3 feet high, which exhibited minor signs of erosion and scour in
areas. The substrate was dominated by sand, with silt and detritus in depositional areas. Stream
bank habitat consisted of sandy clay, root mats, detritus, and woody debris. A narrow to
moderately wide forest buffered the stream from surrounding agricultural fields.
4.2 Methodology
Mussel surveys were conducted from approximately 1,312 feet (400 meters) downstream of the
respective bridge crossing to approximately 328 feet (100 meters) upstream of the crossing for a
distance of approximately 1,640 feet (500 meters; Figure 1). Areas of appropriate habitat were
searched, concentrating on the habitats preferred by the target species. The survey team spread
out across the creek into survey lanes. Visual surveys were conducted using glass bottom view
buckets (bathyscopes). Tactile methods were employed, particularly in streambanks under
submerged rootmats. All freshwater bivalves were recorded and returned to the substrate.
Timed survey efforts provided Catch Per Unit Effort (CPUE) data for each species. Relative
abundance for freshwater snails and freshwater clam species were estimated using the following
criteria:
➢(VA) Very abundant > 30 per square meter
➢(A) Abundant 16-30 per square meter
➢(C) Common 6-15 per square meter
➢(U) Uncommon 3-5 per square meter
➢(R) Rare 1-2 per square meter
➢(P-) Ancillary adjective "Patchy" indicates an uneven distribution of the species within the
sampled site.
During the mussel survey effort, the presence of preferred habitats for the Carolina Madtom were
assessed and if conditions were appropriate, targeted visual surveys were conducted by
overturning rocks and debris in these areas.
5.0 RESULTS
A total of 5.67 person hours of survey time were spent in the reach, with two species of
freshwater mussel, the Eastern Elliptio (Elliptio complanata) and Northern Lance (Elliptio
fisheriana) being found in relatively high densities (Table 1). Other mollusk species found
during the survey included the aquatic snail Pointed Campeloma (Campeloma decisum).
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Table 1. CPUE for Freshwater Mussels in Yellow
Scientific Name
�r Mussels
mnlanata
Snails and Clams
decisum
Common Name
orthern Lance
6.0 DISCUSSION/CONCLUSIONS
# live
363
16
Abundance/
CPUE
CPUE
64.02/hr
2.82/hr
Relative
Abundance
R
The results indicate that the study area supports a freshwater mussel and fish fauna. The target
species were not found during the surveys. Since other mussel species were found during these
surveys, and appropriate habitat is present; there is the potential for additional species to occur
within the study area.
Based on these survey results, impacts are unlikely to occur in the study area. Strict adherence to
erosion control standards should minimize the potential for any adverse impacts to occur.
Biological conclusions on potential impacts from the project to the target species are provided
below.
While the following species are not currently federally protected and biological conclusions are
not necessary at the time of the writing of this report, if these species were to receive federal
protection, appropriate biological conclusions are as follows:
Biological Conclusion Atlantic Pigtoe: May Affect Not Likely To Adversely Affect
Biological Conclusion Yellow Lance: May Affect Not Likely To Adversely Affect
Based on the habitat conditions observed and distance to known occurrence, the biological
conclusion for Carolina Madtom is:
Biological Conclusion Carolina Madtom: No Effect
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7.0 LITERATURE CITED
Alderman, J. M. 1995. Monitoring the Swift Creek Freshwater mussel community. Unpublished
report presented at the UMRCC symposium on the Conservation and Management of
Freshwater Mussels II Initiative for the Future. Rock Island, IL, UMRCC.
Burr, B. M., B.R. Kuhajda, W.W. Dimmick and J.M. Grady 1989. Distribution, biology, and
conservation status of the Carolina madtom (Noturus furiosus, an endemic North Carolina
catfish. Brimleyana 15:57-86.
Conrad, T.A. 1834. New freshwater shells of the United States, with coloured illustrations; and a
monograph of the genus Anculotus of Say; also a synopsis of the American naiades. J. Dobson,
108 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 1-76, 8 pls.
Ellis, M. M. 1936. Erosion Silt as a Factor in Aquatic Environments. Ecology 17: 29-42.
Fuller, S. L. H. and C. E. Powell. 1973. Range extensions of Corbicula manilensis (Philippi) in
the Atlantic drainage of the United States. Nautilus 87(2): 59.
Goudreau, S. E., R. J. Neves, and R. J. Sheehan. 1988. Effects of Sewage Treatment Effluents
on Mollusks and Fish of the Clinch River in Tazewell County, Virginia. USFWS: 128 pp.
Johnson, R.I. 1970. The systematics and zoogeography of the Unionidae (Mollusca: Bivalvia) of
the southern Atlantic slope region. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology.
140: 263-449.
Jordan, D.S. 1889. Descriptions of fourteen species of freshwater �shes collected by the U.S.
Fish Commission in the summer of 1888. Proceedings of the United States National
Museum 11:351-362.
Lea, I. 1828. Description of six new species of the genus Unio, embracing the anatomy of the
oviduct of one of them, together with some anatomical observations on the genus.
Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 3(N.S.):259-273 + plates iii-vi.
Lee, D.S., C.R. Gilbert, C.H. Hocutt, R.E. Jenkins, D.E. McAllister, and J.R. Stauffer. 1980.
Atlas of North American freshwater fishes. North Carolina State Museum of Natural
History, Raleigh.
Marking, L.L., and T.D. Bills. 1979. Acute effects of silt and sand sedimentation on freshwater
mussels. Pp. 204-211 in J.L. Rasmussen, ed. Proc. of the UMRCC symposium on the
Upper Mississippi River bivalve mollusks. UMRCC. Rock Island IL. 270 pp.
Master, L. 1986. Alasmidonta heterodon: results of a global status survey and proposal to list as
an endangered species. A report submitted to Region 5 of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service. 10 pp. and appendices.
B- 5656 Yellow Swamp Mussel & Fish Survey Report June 2016
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NatureServe. 2015. NatureServe Explorer: An online encyclopedia of life [web application].
Version 7.1. NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia. Available http://explorer.natureserve.org.
(Accessed: May 23, 2016 ).
Neves, R. J. and J. C. Widlak. 1987. Habitat Ecology of Juvenile Freshwater Mussels (Bivalvia:
Unionidae) in a Headwater Stream in Virginia. American Malacological Bulletin 1(5): 1-
7.
Neves, R.J. 1993. A state of the Unionids address. Pp. 1-10 in K.S. Cummings, A.C. Buchanan,
and L.M. Kooch, eds. Proc. of the UMRCC symposium on the Conservation and
Management of Freshwater Mussels. UMRCC. Rock Island IL.189 pp.
North Carolina Department of Natural Resources (NCDENR) - Division of Water Resources.
2014. Fina12014 North Carolina 303(d) List.
http://portal.ncdenr. org/web/wq/ps/mtu/assessment
North Carolina Natural Heritage Program (NCNHP). 2015. nheo-2015-1 D. Natural Heritage
Element Occurrence polygon shapefile. October 2015 version.
North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission (NCWRC). Unpublished Aquatics Database.
O'Neill, C. R., Jr., and D. B. MacNeill. 1991. The zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha): an
unwelcome North American invader. Sea Grant, Coastal Resources Fact Sheet. New
York Sea Grant Extension. 12 pp.
Savidge, T. W., J. M. Alderman, A. E. Bogan, W. G. Cope, T. E. Dickinson, C. B. Eads,S. J.
Fraley, J. Fridell, M. M. Gangloff, R. J. Heise, J. F. Levine, S. E. McRae, R.B. Nichols,
A. J. Rodgers, A. Van Devender, J. L. Williams and L. L. Zimmerman. 2011. 2010
Reevaluation of Status Listings for Jeopardized Freshwater and Terrestrial Mollusks in
North Carolina. Unpublished report of the Scientific Council on Freshwater and
Teresstrial Mollusks. 177pp.
Smith, D. 1981. Selected freshwater invertebrates proposed for special concern status in
Massachusetts (Mollusca, Annelida, Arthropoda). MA Dept. of Env. Qual. Engineering,
Div. of Water Pollution Control. 26 pp.
Strayer, D. L., S. J. Sprague and S. Claypool, 1996. A range-wide assessment of populations of
Alasmidonta heterodon, an endangered freshwater mussel (Bivalvia: Unionidae). J.N.
Am. Benthol. Soc., 15(3):308-317.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Water. NPDES facilities by permit type.
NPDESPERMIT_WMERC. Accessed Apri121, 2016.
https://watersgeo.epa.gov/arcgis/rest/services/OWPROGRAM/NPDESPERMIT WMER
C/MapServer
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U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 1992a. Special report on the status of freshwater
mussels.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 1992b. Endangered and Threatened species of the
southeast United States (The Red Book). FWS, Ecological Services, Div. of Endangered
Species, Southeast Region. Govt Printing Office, Wash, DC: 1,070.
Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries (VDGIF). 2014. Atlantic Pigtoe
Conservation Plan. Bureau of Wildlife Resources. VDGIF, Richmond, VA. 31 pp.
Williams, J. D., M. L. Warren, Jr., K. S. Cummings, J. L. Harris, and R. J. Neves. 1993.
Conservation status of the freshwater mussels of the United States and Canada. Fisheries
18 (9): 6-22.
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APPENDIX A
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