20180162 Ver 1_17BP.4.R.78 Br 67 Otter Creek Mussel and Fish Survey Report_20180201

Freshwater Mussel and Fish Survey Report
Replacement of Bridge Number 67
on South Fountain Road (SR 1109) over Otter Creek
Edgecombe County, North Carolina
WBS # 17BP.4.R.78
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Otter Creek during sa�rvey efforts
Prepared For:
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NC Department of Transportation
Raleigh, North Carolina
Contact Person:
Jared Gray
Biological Surveys Group
North Carolina Department of Transportation
j -�ra�(�a,ncdot.gov
1598 Mail Service Center
Raleigh NC 27699-1598
June 22, 2017

Prepared by:
324 Blackwell Street, Suite 1200
Durham, NC 27701
Contact Person:
Tom Dickinson
tom.dicl�inson(a�threeoaksengineerin�.com
919-732-1300

Table of Contents
1.0 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 1
2.0 Waters Impacted .................................................................................................................. 1
2.1 303(d) Classifcation ........................................................................................................ 1
2.2 NPDES discharges ........................................................................................................... 2
3.0 Target Federally Protected Species Descriptions ................................................................ 2
3.1 Parvaspina steinstansana (Tar River Spinymussel) ........................................................ 2
3.1.1 Species Characteristics .............................................................................................. 2
3.1.2 Distribution and Habitat Requirements .................................................................... 2
3.1.3 Threats to Species ..................................................................................................... 3
3.2 Elliptio lanceolata (Yellow Lance) .................................................................................. 4
3.2.1 Species Characteristics .............................................................................................. 4
3.2.2 Distribution and Habitat Requirements .................................................................... 5
3.2.3 Threats to Species ..................................................................................................... 5
3.2.4 Species Listing .......................................................................................................... 5
4.0 Other Target Species Descriptions ....................................................................................... 5
4.1 Fusconaia masoni (Atlantic Pigtoe) ................................................................................. 5
4.1.1 Species Characteristics .............................................................................................. 5
4.1.2 Distribution and Habitat Requirements .................................................................... 6
4.1.3 Threats to Species ..................................................................................................... 6
4.1.4 Species Listing .......................................................................................................... 7
4.2 Lasmigona subviridis (Green Floater) ............................................................................. 7
4.2.1 Species Characteristics .............................................................................................. 7
4.2.2 Distribution and Habitat Requirements .................................................................... 7
4.2.3 Threats to Species ..................................................................................................... 7
4.2.4 Species Listing .......................................................................................................... 7
4.3 Notur�us furiosus (Carolina Madtom) ............................................................................... 8
4.3.1 Characteristics ...........................................................................................................8
4.3.2 Distribution and Habitat Requirements .................................................................... 8
4.3.3 Threats to Species ..................................................................................................... 9
4.3.4 Species Listing .......................................................................................................... 9
5.0 Survey Efforts ...................................................................................................................... 9
5.1 Stream Conditions at Time of Survey: Otter Creek ......................................................... 9
5.2 Methodology .................................................................................................................... 9
6.0 Results ................................................................................................................................10
7.0 Discussion/Conclusions ..................................................................................................... 10
8.0 Literature Cited .................................................................................................................. 12
Appendix A. Figures:
Figure 1: Project Vicinity & Survey Locations
Figure 2: NCNHP Element Occurrences
Figure 3: 303(d) Streams and NPDES Dischargers

1.0 INTRODUCTION
The North Carolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT) proposes the replacement of Bridge
Number 67 over Otter Creek on South Fountain Road (SR 1109) in Edgecombe County (Figure
1). The project crosses Otter Creek of the Tar River Basin. The Federally Endangered Tar River
Spinymussel [Parvaspina steinstansana, TSM (Formerly Elliptio steinstansana (Perkins et al.
2017))] is listed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) for Edgecombe County and has
current records. Additionally, the Yellow Lance (Elliptio lanceolata) was proposed for listing on
Apri15, 2017, and is known to occur in Edgecombe County. The Atlantic Pigtoe (Fusconaia
masoni), Green Floater (Lasmigona subviridis), and Carolina Madtom (Noturus furiosus) are
being considered for listing by the USFWS and are known to occur in Edgecombe County.
According to the NC Natural Heritage Program database (NCNHP 2017), accessed May 2, 2017,
the nearest element occurrence (EO) for TSM is a historic record (EO ID # 16980) in the Tar
River approximately 13.6 river miles (RM) downstream from the study bridge (Figure 2-1); it
was first observed in 1963 and last observed in September 1978. The nearest EO for Yellow
Lance (EO ID # 24418) is a historic record and is in the Tar River approximately 19.3 RM from
the study area. It was first and last observed in 1970 (Figure 2-2). The nearest EO for Atlantic
Pigtoe (EO ID # 12291) is in the Tar River approximately 13.6 RM downstream of the study
area; it was first observed in September 1982 and last observed in October 2002 (Figure 2-3).
The nearest EO for Green Floater (EO ID # 25397) is located approximately 13.6 RM
downstream of the study area in the Tar River (Figure 2-4). It was first and last observed in
August 2002. The nearest EO for Carolina Madtom (EO ID # 11292) is in the Tar River
approximately 20.0 RM from the study bridge (Figure 2-5). It was first observed in 1887 and
last observed in June 2007.
As part of the federal permitting process that requires an evaluation of potential project-related
impacts to federally protected species, Three Oaks Engineering (Three Oaks) was contracted by
NCDOT to conduct surveys targeting the TSM, Yellow Lance, Atlantic Pigtoe, Green Floater,
and Carolina Madtom.
2.0 WATERS IMPACTED
Otter Creek is in the Lower Tar River subbasin of the Tar River basin (U.S. Geological Survey
[USGS] Hydrologic Unit 03020103). Otter Creek flows approximately 13.6 RM to its
confluence with the Tar River.
2.1 303(d) Classification
Otter Creek is not on the North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality (NCDEQ,
formerly NC Department of Environment and Natural Resources, NCDENR) - Division of Water
Resources 2014 Fina1303(d) list of impaired streams. The closest listed stream is Conetoe Creek
approximately 24.0 RM away; it is listed for Benthos (NCDENR 2014) (Figure 3).
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2.2 NPDES discharges
The closest active permitted NPDES discharge is approximately 17.6 RM away from the project
bridge (USEPA 2017); Martin Marietta-Fountain (NPDES Permit # 0043273AC) is located on
Kitten Creek, a tributary to Otter Creek (Figure 3).
3A TARGET FEDERALLY PROTECTED SPECIES DESCRIPTIONS
3.1 Parvaspina steinstansana (Tar River Spinymussel)
3.1.1 Species Characteristics
The TSM grows to a maximum length of 60 millimeters (mm). Short spines are arranged in a
radial row anterior to the posterior ridge on one valve and syrnmetrical to the other valve. The
shell is generally smooth in texture with as many as 12 spines that project perpendicularly from
the surface and curve slightly ventrally. However, adult specimens tend to lose their spines as
they mature (USFWS 1992a). The smooth, orange-brown to dark brown periostracum may be
rayed in younger individuals. The shell is signi�cantly thicker toward the anterior end and the
nacre is usually pink in this area. The posterior end of the shell is thinner with an iridescent
bluish white color. Two or more linear ridges, originating within the beak cavity and extending
to the ventral margin, can be found on the interior surface of the shell. The distance between
these ridges widens toward the ventral margin. Johnson and Clarke (1983) provide additional
descriptive material.
Little is known about the reproductive biology of the TSM (USFWS 1992c); however, nearly all
freshwater mussel species have similar reproductive strategies, which involve a larval stage
(glochidium) that becomes a temporary obligatory parasite on a fish. Many mussel species have
specific fish hosts, which must be present to complete their life cycle. The TSM is probably a
tachytictic (short-term) reproducer with gravid females present at some time from April through
August (Widlak 1987). The glochidia have not been described. Eads and Levine (2008), and
Eads et al. (2008) identified the following fish species as suitable hosts: Bluehead Chub
(Nocomis leptocephalus), Pinewoods Shiner (Lythrurus matutinus), Satinfin Shiner (Cyprinella
analostana), and White Shiner (Luxilus albeolus). McMahon and Bogan (2001) and Pennak
(1989) should be consulted for a general overview of freshwater mussel reproductive biology.
3.1.2 Distribution and Habitat Requirements
Previously, this mussel was believed to be endemic to the Tar-Pamlico River basin and probably
ranged throughout most of the basin before the area was settled during the 1700s (NC Scientific
Council on Mollusks 2011). Historically, the TSM was collected in the Tar River from near
Louisburg in Franklin County to Falkland in Pitt County (approximately 78 RM). By the mid-
1960s, its known range had been reduced to the main channel of the Tar River from Spring Hope
in Nash County to Falkland in Pitt County (Shelley 1972, Clarke 1983). By the early 1980s, its
range in the Tar River was restricted to only 12 miles of the river in Edgecombe County (Clarke
1983). It was last observed (2 individuals) in the river in 2001 within an extensive sandbar
habitat in Edgecombe County (unpublished data, NCWRC Aquatics Database). It is currently
found in three streams, Shocco, Sandy/Swift, and Fishing/Little Fishing creeks in the Tar-
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Pamlico River basin (unpublished data, NCWRC Aquatics Database). In 1998, the species was
found in Johnston County in the Little River, a tributary to the Neuse River. Only a few
individuals have been found in the Little River in subsequent years (unpublished data, NCWRC
Aquatics Database).
The preferred habitat of the TSM in the Tar-Pamlico River basin was described as relatively fast
flowing, well-oxygenated, circumneutral pH water in sites prone to significant swings in water
velocity, with a substrate comprised of relatively silt-free loose gravel and/or coarse sand
(Adams et al. 1990). Various species associates, which are good indicators for the presence of
the TSM, include (in decreasing order of association) Atlantic Pigtoe, Yellow Lance, Yellow
Lampmussel (Lampsilis cariosa), Notched Rainbow (Villosa constricta), Triangle Floater
(Alasmidonta undulata), and Creeper (Strophitus undulatus) (Adams et al. 1990). Johnson
(1970) stated that the Atlantic Pigtoe appeared to be closely associated with the James River
Spinymussel (Parvaspina collina) in the James River basin. This same close association is true
for the TSM and Atlantic Pigtoe. In habitats which have not been significantly degraded in the
Tar-Pamlico River basin, the presence of Atlantic Pigtoe is the best indicator of the potential
presence of TSM (NC Scientific Council on Mollusks 2011).
3.1.3 Threats to Species
The cumulative effects of several factors, including sedimentation, point and non-point
discharge, and stream modifications (impoundments, channelization, etc.) have contributed to the
decline of this species throughout its range. All the populations are generally small in numbers
and restricted to short reaches of isolated streams. The low numbers of individuals and the
restricted range of most of the surviving populations make them extremely vulnerable to
extirpation from a single catastrophic event or activity, much like the endangered Dwarf
Wedgemussel (DWM, Alasmidonta heterodon, Strayer et al. 1996). Catastrophic events may
consist of natural events such as flooding or drought, as well as human influenced events such as
toxic spills associated with highways, railroads, or industrial-municipal complexes.
Siltation resulting from substandard land-use practices associated with activities such as
agriculture, forestry, and land development has been recognized as a major contributing factor to
degradation of mussel populations. Siltation has been documented to be extremely detrimental
to mussel populations by degrading substrate and water quality, increasing potential exposure to
other pollutants, and by direct smothering of mussels (Ellis 1936, Marking and Bills 1979).
Sediment accumulations of less than one inch have been shown to cause high mortality in most
mussel species (Ellis 1936). In Massachusetts, a bridge construction project decimated a
population of the DWM because of accelerated sedimentation and erosion (Smith 1981).
Sewage treatment effluent has been documented to significantly affect the diversity and
abundance of mussel fauna (Goudreau et al. 1988). Goudreau et al. (1988) found that recovery
of mussel populations may not occur for up to two miles below points of chlorinated sewage
effluent.
The impact of impoundments on freshwater mussels has been well documented (USFWS 1992a,
Neves 1993). Construction of dams transforms lotic habitats into lentic habitats, which results in
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changes in aquatic community composition. The changes associated with inundation adversely
affect both adult and juvenile mussels as well as fish community structure, which could eliminate
possible fish hosts for upstream transport of glochidia. Muscle Shoals on the Tennessee River in
northern Alabama, once the richest site for naiads (mussels) in the world, is now at the bottom of
Wilson Reservoir and covered with 19 feet of muck (USFWS 1992b). Large portions of all of
the river basins within the TSM's range have been impounded and this is believed to be a major
factor contributing to the decline of the species (Master 1986).
The introduction of exotic species such as the Asian Clam (Corbicula fluminea) and Zebra
Mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) has also been shown to pose significant threats to native
freshwater mussels. The Asian Clam is now established in most of the major river systems in the
United States (Fuller and Powell 1973) including those streams still supporting surviving
populations of the TSM. Concern has been raised over competitive interactions for space, food,
and oxygen with this species and native mussels, possibly at the juvenile stages (Neves and
Widlak 1987, Alderman 1995). The Zebra Mussel, native to the drainage basins of the Black,
Caspian and Aral Seas, is an exotic freshwater mussel that was introduced into the Great Lakes
in the 1980s and has rapidly expanded its range into the surrounding river basins, including those
of the South Atlantic slope (O'Neill and MacNeill 1991). This species competes for food
resources and space with native mussels, and is expected to contribute to the extinction of at least
20 freshwater mussel species if it becomes established throughout most of the eastern United
States (USFWS 1992b). The Zebra Mussel is not currently known to be present in any river
supporting TSM population, nor the Tar River basin.
3.2 Elliptio lanceolata (Yellow Lance)
3.2.1 Species Characteristics
The Yellow Lance was described from the Tar River at Tarboro, North Carolina in 1828, by I.
Lea (Lea 1828). Johnson (1970) synonymized this species with 25 other named species of lance-
shaped elliptio mussels into Elliptio lanceolata species complex. Genotypic and phenotypic
analysis suggests that some of these formally described species are valid, including Elliptio
lanceolata (Bogan et al. 2009). This species differs from other lanceolate Elliptios by having a
"waxy" bright yellow periostracum that lacks rays. Some older specimens are brown towards
the posterior end of the shell. The periostracum can also have brown growth rests. Yellow
Lance have a distinct pallial line and adductor muscle scars. The posterior ridge is distinctly
rounded and curves dorsally towards the posterior end. The nacre ranges from an iridescent blue
on the posterior end, sometimes becoming white or salmon colored on the anterior end. The
lateral teeth are long, with two on the left and one on the right. Each valve also has two
psuedocardinal teeth; on the left valve one tooth is before the other with the posterior tooth
tending to be vestigial, and on the right valve the two teeth are parallel and the more anterior one
is vestigial (Adams et al 1990).
The Yellow Lance is a tachytictic (short-term) breeder, brooding young in early spring and
releasing glochidia in early summer. White Shiner and Pinewoods Shiner are potential fish hosts
for Yellow Lance (Eads and Levine 2009).
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3.2.2 Distribution and Habitat Requirements
This species taxonomy has changed several times and therefore so has its range. The Yellow
Lance is currently thought to be distributed in the Atlantic Slope river basins from the Neuse
River Basin in North Carolina north to the Rappahannock River Basin in Virginia, except for the
Roanoke River Basin, the Patuxent River Basin in Maryland and possibly the Potomac River
Basin in Virginia and Maryland (USFWS 2017). It is in considerable decline throughout its
range; however, extant populations still occur in all the historic river basins, except possibly the
Potomac (USFWS 2017). This species has been found in multiple physiographic provinces,
from the foothills of the Appalachian Mountains, through the Piedmont and into the Coastal
Plain, in small streams to large rivers, in substrates primarily consisting of clean sand, and
occasionally gravel, with a high dissolved oxygen content (USFWS 2017, Adams et al 1990).
No remaining populations appear below point source pollution or other nutrient-rich areas
(Alderman 2003). Associate mussel species include Atlantic Pigtoe, Tar River Spinymussel,
Yellow Lampmussel, Notched Rainbow, Triangle Floater, Paper Pondshell (Utterbackia
imbecillis), Eastern Lampmussel (Lampsilis radiata), Creeper, and other Elliptio species (Adams
et al 1990).
3.2.3 Threats to Species
Threats to the Yellow Lance and many other species are similar to those described above for the
TSM. Factors that influence long term viability of this species are discussed in detail in USFWS
Yellow Lance Species Status Review (2017).
3.2.4 Species Listing
This species was petitioned for federal listing under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as
amended (ESA) within the 2010 Petition to List 404 Aquatic, Riparian and Wetland Species
from the Southeastern United States by the Center for Biological Diversity (CBD) (CBD 2010).
It became proposed for listing by USWF on Apri15, 2017. Yellow Lance is listed as Endangered
in North Carolina.
4.0 OTHER TARGET SPECIES DESCRIPTIONS
4.1 Fusconaia masoni (Atlantic Pigtoe)
4.1.1 Species Characteristics
The Atlantic Pigtoe was described by Conrad (1834) from the Savannah River in Augusta,
Georgia. Although larger specimens exist, the Atlantic Pigtoe seldom exceeds 50 mm (2 inches)
in length. This species is tall relative to its length, except in headwater stream reaches where
specimens may be elongated. The hinge ligament is relatively short and prominent. The
periostracum is normally brownish, has a parchment texture, and young individuals may have
greenish rays across the entire shell surface. The posterior ridge is biangulate. The interdentum
in the left valve is broad and flat. The anterior half of the valve is thickened compared with the
posterior half, and, when fresh, nacre in the anterior half of the shell tends to be salmon colored,
while nacre in the posterior half tends to be more iridescent. The shell has full dentation. In
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addition to simple papillae, branched and arborescent papillae are often seen on the incurrent
aperture. In females, salmon colored demibranchs are often seen during the spawning season.
When fully gravid, females use all four demibranchs to brood glochidia (VDGIF 2014).
The Atlantic Pigtoe is a tachytictic (short-term) breeder, brooding young in early spring and
releasing glochidia in early summer. The Bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) and Shield Darter
(Percina peltata) have been identified as potential fish hosts for this species (O'Dee and Waters
2000). Additional research has found Rosefin Shiner (Lythrurus ardens), Creek Chub (Semotilus
atromaculatus), and Longnose Dace (Rhynichthys cataractae) are also suitable hosts (Wolf
2012). Eads and Levine (2011) found White Shiner, Satinfin Shiner, Bluehead Chub (Nocomis
leptocephalus), Rosyside Dace (Clinostomus funduloides), Pinewoods Shiner, Swallowtail
Shiner (Notropis procne), and Mountain Redbelly Dace (Chrosomus oreas) to also be suitable
hosts for Atlantic Pigtoe.
4.1.2 Distribution and Habitat Requirements
Johnson (1970) reported the range of the Atlantic Pigtoe extended from the Ogeechee River
Basin in Georgia north to the James River Basin in Virginia; however, recent curation of the H.
D. Athearn collection uncovered valid specimens from the Altamaha River in Georgia (Sarah
McRae, USFWS, personal communication). It is presumed extirpated from the Catawba River
Basin in North and South Carolina south to the Altamaha River Basin. The general pattern of its
current distribution indicates that the species is currently limited to headwater areas of drainages
and most populations are represented by few individuals. In North Carolina, aside from the
Waccamaw River, it was once found in every Atlantic Slope river basin. Except for the Tar
River, it is no longer found in the mainstem of the rivers within its historic range (Savidge et al.
2011). It is listed as Endangered in Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina, and as
Threatened in Virginia. It has a Natureserve rank of G2 (imperiled).
The Atlantic Pigtoe has been found in multiple physiographic provinces, from the foothills of the
Appalachian Mountains, through the Piedmont and into the Coastal Plain, in streams less than
one meter wide to large rivers. The preferred habitat is a substrate composed of gravel and
coarse sand, usually at the base of riffles; however, it can be found in a variety of other substrates
and lotic habitat conditions.
4.1.3 Threats to Species
Threats to the Atlantic Pigtoe are similar to those described for the TSM and have contributed to
the decline of this species throughout its range. Atlantic Pigtoe appears to be particularly
sensitive to pollutants and requires clean, oxygen-rich water for all stages of life. All the
remaining Atlantic Pigtoe populations are generally small in numbers and restricted to short
reaches of isolated streams. The low numbers of individuals and the restricted range of most of
the surviving populations make them extremely vulnerable to extirpation from a single
catastrophic event.
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4.1.4 Species Listing
This species was petitioned for federal listing under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as
amended (ESA) within the 2010 Petition to List 404 Aquatic, Riparian and Wetland Species
from the Southeastern United States by the CBD (CBD 2010), and is listed as Endangered in
North Carolina by NCWRC.
4.2 Lasmigona subviridis (Green Floater)
4.2.1 Species Characteristics
The Green Floater was described by Conrad (1835) from the Schuykill River in Lancaster
County, Pennsylvania. This small mussel species has a thin, slightly inflated, subovate shell that
is narrower in front and higher behind. The dorsal margin forms a blunt angle with the posterior
margin. The shell is dull yellow or tan to brownish green, usually with concentrations of dark
green rays.
4.2.2 Distribution and Habitat Requirements
The Green Floater occurs along the Atlantic slope from the Savannah River in Georgia north to
the Hudson River in New York, as well as in the "interior" basins (New, Kanawah, and Watagua
Rivers) of the Tennessee River basin. It has experienced major declines throughout its entire
range. Based on preliminary genetics research, the southern populations of the Green Floater
(Tar-Pamlico, Neuse, and Yadkin/Pee Dee River Basins) appear to be genetically distinct from
populations from the Roanoke River to the north and west (Morgan Railey and Arthur Bogan,
North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, 2007 Personal Communication). Further research
is needed to determine if these differences warrant classiiication of the southern populations as a
distinct species. It occurs in small size streams to large rivers, in quiet waters such as pools, or
eddies, with gravel and sand substrates.
4.2.3 Threats to Species
Threats to the Green Floater are similar to those described for the TSM and have contributed to
the decline of this species throughout its range. All the remaining Green Floater populations are
generally small in numbers and restricted to short reaches of isolated streams. The low numbers
of individuals and the restricted range of most of the surviving populations make them extremely
vulnerable to extirpation from a single catastrophic event.
4.2.4 Species Listing
This species was petitioned for federal listing under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as
amended (ESA) within the 2010 Petition to List 404 Aquatic, Riparian and Wetland Species
from the Southeastern United States by the CBD (CBD 2010).
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4.3 Noturus furiosus (Carolina Madtom)
4.3.1 Characteristics
The Carolina Madtom (a small catfish) was described at Milburnie, near Raleigh, NC in the
Neuse River by Jordan and Meek (Jordan 1889). The Carolina Madtom reaches a maximum size
of 132 mm (5.2 inches). Compared to other madtoms within its range, it has a relatively short
stout body and a distinctive color pattern of three to four dark saddles along its back that connect
a long black stripe on the side running from the snout to the tail. The adipose fin is mostly dark,
making it appear that the fish has a fourth saddle. The Madtom is tan on the rest of its body and
yellow to tan between the saddles. The adipose fin and caudal fin are fused together, a
distinguishing characteristic from other members of the catfish family (Ictaluridae). There are no
speckles on the Madtom's belly, and the tail has two brown bands that follow the curve of the
tail. The Carolina Madtom, like other catfishes, has serrae on its pectoral fins and is thought to
have the most potent venom of any of the catfish species (NCWRC 2010).
4.3.2 Distribution and Habitat Requirements
The Carolina Madtom is endemic to the Piedmont/Inner Coastal Plain portion of the Tar/Pamlico
and Neuse River basins. It occurs in creeks and small rivers in habitats generally consisting of
very shallow riffles with little current over coarse sand and gravel substrate (Lee et al. 1980).
Burr et al (1989) found most records came from medium to large streams, i.e. mainstem Neuse
and Tar Rivers and their major tributaries. The population in the Trent River system (part of the
Neuse River basin) is isolated from the rest of the Neuse River basin by salinity levels, so it is
therefore considered a separate population, though it has not been detected in Trent River in the
last five years (Sarah McRae, USFWS, personal communication). In the lower portions of these
rivers, Carolina Madtom is usually found over debris piles in sandy areas. During nesting
season, which is from May to July, Madtoms prefer areas with plenty of cover to build their
nests, with shells, rocks, sticks, bottles, and cans being suitable cover types. Males guard the
nests, in which females may lay between 80 and300 eggs.
Carolina Madtom is found in water that ranges from clear to tannin-rich, which is usually free-
flowing. It is generally rare throughout its range and is apparently in decline. The Tar River
population has historically been more robust than the Neuse River population (Burr et al. 1989),
which has shown declines in recent years (Midway 2008). The Little River of the Neuse River
Basin has the largest population of Madtom in the Neuse River Basin, with records from 2016
indicating the Madtom is present (Sarah McRae, USFWS, personal communication). A few
specimens have been collected from Swift Creek of the Neuse River Basin. Fishing Creek and
Swift Creek of the Tar River Basin are also productive systems in regards to Carolina Madtom
populations, with around 14 specimens collected in the mid-1980s from Swift Creek (water
levels in Fishing Creek prevented sampling during that study). In 2016, a total of 17 individuals
were recorded in Swift Creek, and a total of 4 individuals were recorded in Fishing Creek (Sarah
McRae, USFWS, personal communication). The Carolina Madtom has been observed in at least
361ocalities (Burr et al 1989).
Carolina Madtom has a lifespan of about 4 years, with sexual maturity being reach around 2
years in females and 3 years in males. Sampling for Carolina Madtom is most effective at dawn
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and dusk when they are most active and feeding (Mayden and Burr 1981). Their diet consists
mostly of benthic macroinvertebrates, which they collect by scavenging for food on the bottom
of the stream.
4.3.3 Threats to Species
Identified threats to the species include water pollution and construction of impoundments (Burr
et al. 1989). Carolina Madtom is susceptible to threats due to its limited range and low
population densities (Angermeier 1995, Burr and Stoekel 1999). As a bottom-dwelling fish,
Carolina Madtom is susceptible to habitat loss when stream bottoms are impacted by
urbanization, impoundments, deforestation, etc.
4.3.4 Species Listing
Because of its limited distribution, Carolina Madtom is listed as Special Concern and is Proposed
Threatened in North Carolina. It was petitioned for federal listing under the Endangered Species
Act of 1973, as amended (ESA) within the 2010 Petition to List 404 Aquatic, Riparian and
Wetland Species from the Southeastern United States by the CBD (CBD 2010).
5.0 SURVEY EFFORTS
Surveys were conducted by Three Oaks personnel Tim Savidge (Permit # 17-ES0034) and
Hannah Slyce on June 1, 2017.
S.1 Stream Conditions at Time of Survey: Otter Creek
Habitat in Otter Creek is characterized as a large wetland marsh complex created by multiple
large beaver (Castor canadensis) dams. Water depth ranged from six inches to four feet and the
substrate consisted of clay with mud, detritus and organic material. The only section of the
stream where there was a defined channel occurred within 40 feet either side of the bridge, where
the channel was approximately 20 feet wide with banks two feet high. The channel then grades
into a 50 to 90 feet wide wetland system, with no discernable flow. The stream is buffered by
the marsh wetland and forest ranging from 50 to 300 feet wide throughout the reach.
Agricultural land occurs outside of the buffer areas.
5.2 Methodology
Mussel surveys/habitat evaluations were conducted from approximately 1,312 feet (400 meters)
downstream of the respective bridge crossing to approximately 328 feet (100 meters) upstream
of the crossing for a total distance of approximately 1,640 feet (500 meters) (Figure 1). Areas of
appropriate habitat were searched, concentrating on the habitats preferred by the target species.
The survey team spread out across the creek into survey lanes. Visual surveys were conducted
using glass bottom view buckets (bathyscopes). Tactile methods were employed, particularly in
streambanks under submerged rootmats. All freshwater bivalves were recorded and returned to
the substrate. Timed survey efforts provided Catch Per Unit Effort (CPUE) data for each
Br 67 Otter Creek Mussel Survey Report June 2017
Job #17-308 Page 9

species. Relative abundance for freshwater snails and freshwater clam species were estimated
using the following criteria:
➢(VA) Very abundant > 30 per square meter
➢(A) Abundant 16-30 per square meter
➢(C) Common 6-15 per square meter
➢(U) Uncommon 3-5 per square meter
➢(R) Rare 1-2 per square meter
➢(P-) Ancillary adjective "Patchy" indicates an uneven distribution of the species within the
sampled site.
During the mussel survey effort, the presence of preferred habitats for the Carolina Madtom
were assessed and if conditions were appropriate, targeted visual surveys were conducted by
overturning rocks and debris in these areas.
6.0 RESULTS
A total of 1.5 person hours of survey time were spent in the reach, with no freshwater mussel
species being found (Table 1). Other mollusk species found during the survey included pea
clams (Sphaeriidae) and an aquatic snail in the genus Pseudosucciniea.
Table 1. CPUE for Freshwater Mussels in Otter Creek
Abundance/
Scientific Name Common Name # live CPUE
Freshwater Mussels CPUE
one � 0.0/hr
Relative
Freshwater Snails and Clams Abundance
haeriidae a ea clam � C
seudosuccinea s. seudosuccinia snail � P-U
No appropriate habitat for Carolina Madtom was observed within the survey reach.
7.0 DISCUSSION/CONCLUSIONS
The results suggest that the study area does not support a freshwater mussel fauna. Neither the
TSM nor the Yellow Lance were found during the surveys, and suitable habitat was not present.
Based on these survey results, impacts to the TSM and Yellow Lance are not expected to occur
in the study area. Strict adherence to erosion control standards should minimize the potential for
any adverse impacts to occur to the aquatic fauna of Otter Creek. Biological conclusions on
potential impacts from the project to the target species are provided below.
The USFWS is the regulating authority for Section 7 Biological Conclusions and as such, it is
recommended that they be consulted regarding their concurrence with the finding of this
document.
Br 67 Otter Creek Mussel Survey Report June 2017
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Biological Conclusion Tar River Spinymussel: No Effect
Biological Conclusion Yellow Lance: No Effect
While the following species are not currently federally protected and biological conclusions are
not necessary at the time of the writing of this report, if these species were to receive federal
protection, appropriate biological conclusions are as follows:
Biological Conclusion Atlantic Pigtoe: No Effect
Biological Conclusion Green Floater: No Effect
Biological Conclusion Carolina Madtom: No Effect
Br 67 Otter Creek Mussel Survey Report June 2017
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8.0 LITERATURE CITED
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Lea, I. 1828. Description of six new species of the genus Unio, embracing the anatomy of the
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Philadelphia, PA. http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/26103 259-267.
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Upper Mississippi River bivalve mollusks. UMRCC. Rock Island IL. 270 pp.
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Mayden, R.L. and B.M. Burr. 1981. Life history of the slender madtom, Noturus exilis, in
southern Illinois (Pisces: Ictaluridae), Occas. Pap. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Kans. 93:1-64
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Endemic Stream Fish. M.S. Thesis. North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC. 74 pp.
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A.P. Covich. Ecology and classification of North American freshwater invertebrates.
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Personal communication regarding target species.
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(Accessed: May 23, 2016). Species Accessed: Noturus furiosus
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Unionidae) in a Headwater Stream in Virginia. American Malacological Bulletin 1(5): 1-
7.
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and L.M. Kooch, eds. Proc. of the UMRCC symposium on the Conservation and
Management of Freshwater Mussels. UMRCC. Rock Island IL.189 pp.
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North Carolina Department of Natural Resources (NCDENR) - Division of Water Resources.
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resources/planning/classification-standards/3 03 d/3 03 d-files
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Jeopardized Freshwater and Terrestrial Mollusks in North Carolina. Report of the
Scientific Council on Freshwater and Terrestrial Mollusks, 38 p.
North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission (NCWRC). Unpublished Aquatics Database.
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Madtom (Noturus furiosus) [web application]. By Brian Watson, updated by Chris Wood.
June 14, 2010. http://ncpedia.org/wildlife/carolina-madtom Accessed November 4, 2016.
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mussels. Pp. 77-82 in R.A. Tankersley, D.I. Warmolts, G.T. Waters, B.J. Armitage, P.D.
Johnson, and R.S. Butler (eds.). Freshwater Mollusk Symposia Proceedings Part I.
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Symposium. Ohio Biological Survey Special Publication, Columbus.
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unwelcome North American invader. Sea Grant, Coastal Resources Fact Sheet. New
York Sea Grant Extension. 12 pp.
Pennak, R. W. 1989. Fresh-water Invertebrates of the United States, Protozoa to Mollusca. New
York, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Perkins, M.A., N.A. Johnson, and M.M. Gangloff. 2017. Molecular systematics of the
critically-endangered North American spinymussels (Unionidae: Elliptio and
Pleurobema) and description of Parvaspina gen. nov. Conservation Genetics (2017).
doi:10.1007/s 10592-017-0924-z
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Fraley, J. Fridell, M. M. Gangloff, R. J. Heise, J. F. Levine, S. E. McRae, R.B. Nichols,
A. J. Rodgers, A. Van Devender, J. L. Williams and L. L. Zimmerman. 2011. 2010
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North Carolina. Unpublished report of the Scientific Council on Freshwater and
Teresstrial Mollusks. 177pp.
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Smith, D. 1981. Selected freshwater invertebrates proposed for special concern status in
Massachusetts (Mollusca, Annelida, Arthropoda). MA Dept. of Env. Qual. Engineering,
Div. of Water Pollution Control. 26 pp.
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Alasmidonta heterodon, an endangered freshwater mussel (Bivalvia: Unionidae). J.N.
Am. Benthol. Soc., 15(3):308-317.
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type. NPDESPERMIT_WMERC. Accessed May 2, 2017.
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steinstansana) Recovery Plan. Atlanta, Georgia. 34 pp.
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Conservation Plan. Bureau of Wildlife Resources. VDGIF, Richmond, VA. 31 pp.
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steinstansana) Johnson and Clarke. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
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Virginia Tech Conservation Management Institute, Project No. 11-108. SSpp.
Br 67 Otter Creek Mussel Survey Report June 2017
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APPENDIX A
Figures
Br 67 Otter Creek Mussel Survey Report June 2017
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