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HomeMy WebLinkAbout20171491 Ver 1_Historic/Prehistoric Information_20171120 (2)Project Tracking No.: 16-04-0024 NO NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES ,a�"�. ELIGIBLE OR LISTED ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES �� , ,a�:_ � ` .�"� Q' :, a. PRESENT FORM r�i'� ;. ;�;��:�:� �:, : -: � �,� o:� This form only pertains to ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCES for this project. It is not ��4 �- � �::..,... �. •�..:.....��' ��, �'� va li d for His toric Arc hi tec t ure an d Lan dscapes. You mus t consu l t separa te ly wi t h t he Q. � Historic Architecture and Landscapes Group. PROJECT INFORMATION Project No WBS No: W-5212N 45342.1.FR14 HSIP-0279 Federal Permit Required? County: Document Gaston CE Funding: � State � Federal � Yes ❑ No Permit Type: NWP Project Description: The North Carolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT) proposes the addition of designated passing lanes and intersection improvements along NC 279 (Dallas-Cherryville Highway) between SR 1438 (St. Mark's Church Road) and NC 275 (Dallas-Bessemer City Highway) in Gaston County (Figure 1). The length of the project is approximately 14.3 kilometers (8.9 miles). The existing right-of-way (ROW) extends 15.2 meters (50 feet) from either side of the centerline. The proposed project should only widen the road approximately 3.6 meters (12 feet) in any given direction with additional room for shoulder/iill construction. Slopes should not exceed 15.2 meters (50 feet) beyond the edge of the existing roadway from either side of the centerline, along the length of the project. Based on the description of the project, activities may take place beyond the existing ROW (beyond 50 feet from the centerline), and therefore the general archaeological APE extends approximately 20 meters (65 feet) from either side of the centerline. The corresponding Study Area is therefore 122 meters (400 feet) wide along the length of the project, expanding at the intersections of NC 279 with NC 275 and SR 1438. Overall, the Study Area encompasses about 188.5 hectares, or 20,289,447 square feet (466 acres), including the existing roadways and any structures to be replaced/extended as part of this project. SUMMARY OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL FINDINGS On behalf of NCDOT, Louis Berger completed an intensive archaeological survey and evaluation for the proposed improvements along NC 279 in Gaston County. The objectives of the investigation were to identify and evaluate the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) eligibility of all archaeological resources within the archaeological APE, and to delineate the locations of marked and unmarked graves within that APE for six cemeteries located in or adjacent to the Study Area. The NCDOT Archaeology Group identified survey areas (areas with archaeological potential) in and adjacent to the Study Area for archaeological investigation. A map review and site file search was conducted at the Office of State Archaeology (OSA) on April 18, 2016. Large-scale archaeological surveys for the Gastonia Municipal Airport have been conducted in the area; however, no surveys have occurred along the NC 279 corridor. Twelve archaeological sites have been recorded within 0.8 km (0.5 mile) of the Study Area. Digital copies of the North Carolina Historic Preservation Office's maps (Bessemer City and Gastonia North quadrangles) as well as the HPOWEB (North Carolina State Historic Preservation Office GIS Web Service) were last reviewed on Apri122, 2016. Only two known historic architectural resources— GS0203, the Stowe-Best House (which is no longer standing), and the Beaver Dam School (a Rosenwald School)—are located in or adjacent to the Study Area. Intact archaeological deposits associated with these known resources would not be anticipated within the footprint of the proposed project. In addition, "NO NATIONAL REGISTER ELIGIBLE OR LISTED ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES PRESENT" form for Minor Transpartation Projects as Qualified in the 2007 Programmatic Agreement. 1 of 36 Project Tracking No.: 16-04-0024 topographic maps, historical maps (North Carolina Maps), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) soil survey maps, and aerial photographs were inspected to gauge environmental factors that may have contributed to historic or prehistoric settlement within the project limits, and to assess the level of disturbances within and surrounding the archaeological APE. From an environmental perspective the Study Area can be classified as rural/suburban residential, consisting primarily of transportation facilities (e.g., NC 279 and its intersecting roadways) and the immediately adjacent property. However, intact pockets of undeveloped land and buffers adjacent to streams/rivers are present in the Study Area. Various soil types are present throughout the Study Area, with most soil conditions eroded, urban, sloped, and/or somewhat poorly drained. Preservation of archaeological materials within these soil types is likely to be poor; nevertheless, numerous sections of well-drained soils (e.g., Tatum gravelly loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes [TaB] and Appling sandy loam, 1 to 6 percent slopes [ApB]) and relatively level terrain are present throughout the overall Study Area. These areas have not been disturbed by development and have not been subjected to previous archaeological survey/review work. Such areas may be deemed favorable for containing intact archaeological deposits and required formal archaeological investigations and were identified as potential survey areas for this project (Figures 2a-i). In addition, six cemeteries have been identified in or immediately adjacent to the Study Area: Jenkins- Thornburg, Walnut Grove Baptist Church, Adam Pasour (sometimes spelled Paysour), Puett UMC, Mt. Beulah Baptist Church, and Wesley Chapel AME Zion Church. The extent and/or location of these cemeteries was investigated through reconnaissance survey because of minor to moderate anticipated ROW encroachment (i.e., 15.2 meters [50 feet] beyond the edge of pavement [EOP], thus extending beyond the existing ROW) at the time of the initial field survey. However, recent updated proiect ulans call for the avoidance of these locations entirely, and therefore additional survey and remote sensin� of these locations was determined unnecessarv at this time. Field investigations consisted of two stages: (1) visual reconnaissance of the Study Area and (2) survey and evaluation of the survey areas within the Study Area identified as having archaeological potential. The visual reconnaissance of the Study Area confirmed areas of disturbance, slope, and moderate to high archaeological probability, and the potential survey areas identified by the NCDOT Archaeology Group. A total of 174 shovel tests was excavated in the survey areas. With the exception of a number of radial tests excavated to delineate identified resources, shovel tests were generally placed along single transects on both sides of the roadway. Transect A was used to designate shovel tests north of NC 279, and Transect B was used to designate shovel tests south of NC 279. Isolated or limited prehistoric lithic finds were recovered in two locations, designated Louis Berger Temporary Sites 5460-01 and 5460-02 and registered with the OSA as Sites 31GS382 and 31GS383. To facilitate data organization, the survey areas were arbitrarily divided into five distinct areas (designated Areas A through E) and will be summarized accordingly. Area A was located in a relatively undisturbed, wooded portion of a floodplain associated with Little Long Creek, which is located approximately 120 meters (394 feet) to the northeast (see Figures 1 and 2�. Situated along the northeast side of NC 279 between Lauren Alexis Court and SR 1604 (Ashebrooke Park Road), the surveyed area is located at the base of a relatively steep shoulder that leads up to the highway. The surveyed area measured approximately 50 meters (164 feet) in length. Three shovel tests (A-1 through A-3) were placed along a single transect at a 15-meter interval. Soil proiiles varied considerably, containing between two and five strata. Shovel Test A-1 encountered extremely compact deposits consisting of a reddish yellow (7.SYR 6/6) silt loam Stratum A, excavated to 23 centimeters (0.75 foot) below ground surface (bgs), overlying a light brown (7.SYR 6/4) extremely "NO NATIONAL REGISTER ELIGIBLE OR LISTED ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES PRESENT" form for Minor Transportation Projects as Qualified in the 2007 Programmatic Agreement. 2 of 36 Project Tracking No.: 16-04-0024 compact sandy loam. Excavation was terminated 45 centimeters (1.5 feet) bgs. Shovel Test A-2 encountered five strata before excavation was terminated. Stratum A consisted of a thin topsoil of brown (lOYR 4/3) silt loam to only 9 centimeters (0.3 foot) bgs, overlaying a thin deposit of strong brown (7.SYR 5/6) silty clay loam excavated to 17 centimeters (0.6 foot) bgs. Below this excavators encountered a yellowish brown (lOYR 5/4) silty clay loam to 41 centimeters (13 feet) bgs, overlaying what appeared to be a buried A horizon consisting of very dark gray (lOYR 3/1) silty clay loam excavated to 53 centimeters (1.7 feet) bgs. The shovel test was terminated in a dark gray (7.5 YR4/1) hydric clay loam at 66 centimeters (2.2 feet) bgs. The presence of what may be a buried A horizon suggests possible erosional or flood deposits overlying a buried topsoil horizon. Excavators encountered four strata in Shovel Test A-3. Stratum A consisted of 9 cm (0.3 ft) of brown ( lOYR 4/3) silt loam similar to the upper stratum in A-2, overlaying a Stratum B, consisting of yellowish brown (lOYR 5/4) silty clay loam, which was excavated to 28 centimeters (09 foot) bgs, similar to Stratum C in A-2. Stratum C consisted of yellowish brown (lOYR 5/6) fine sand to 38 centimeters (1.25 feet) bgs. Excavation was terminated at 60 centimeters (2.0 feet) bgs in a dark grayish brown ( lOYR 4/2) hydric silty clay loam. Some of the upper deposits identified in A-2 and A-3 may indicate disturbance, or possible runoff and erosional deposition from the existing roadway. No cultural material was recovered and no cultural features were identified. Area B begins just east of Helen Drive (private) and extends west to Pasour Mountain Road (private). An area approximately 988 m(3,241 ft) long was subjected to subsurface testing along this portion of the Study Area (see Figures 2h-i). Areas surveyed generally consisted of mixed woodland as well as former and/or existing agricultural fields or pasture. A total of 36 shovel tests was excavated at 30-m (100-ft) intervals along this segment of the project: 13 were placed along Transect A north of NC 279 and 23 were excavated south of NC 279 along Transect B. Soil profiles varied somewhat among shovel tests depending on landform and/or varying levels of disturbance encountered in a number of tests. Shovel Tests A-1 through A-13 generally encountered profiles typical of former agricultural fields, generally consisting of a thin topsoil, from 8 to 12 centimeters (0.25 to 0.4 feet) bgs, of brown or dark grayish brown (lOYR 4/2 to 4/3) silt loam overlying a plowzone consisting of dark yellowish brown (lOYR 4/6) or pale brown (lOYR 6/3) sandy loam excavated to between 20 and 30 centimeters (0.65 and 1.0 feet) bgs, followed by a subsoil typically consisting of yellowish brown (lOYR 5/8) clay loam. Overall shovel test depths ranged between 30 and 50 centimeters (1.0 and 1.6 feet) bgs. Several shovel tests (A-1 and A- 13) encountered subsoils consisting of light reddish brown or yellowish red (SYR 4/6 or 5/8) clay loam subsoil. A single cut nail fragment was recovered from Shovel Test A-2. Located along the edge of a former agricultural field; this nail was likely associated with a fence line that may have once bounded the field. Given the lack of additional materials recovered in adjacent shovel tests, close-interval radial tests were not conducted and a site number was not assigned to this location. Shovel tests along Transect B, along the south side of NC 279, exhibited soil profiles that varied considerably more than those encountered along Transect A. Shovel Tests B-1 through B-6 exhibited relatively consistent soil profiles consisting of plowzone overlying subsoil. Stratum A consisted of dark grayish brown (lOYR 4/2) silt loam, varying from as little as 8 centimeters (0.26 foot) to as much as 28 centimeters (0.9 foot) bgs, likely caused by varying degrees of erosion, followed by a strong brown (7.SYR 4/6) clay loam subsoil containing between 5 to 10 percent gravel. This stratum was highly compact in several tests. Typical depths of Shovel Tests B-1 through B-6 varied between 20 and 41 centimeters (0.66 and 1.35 feet) bgs. Shovel Tests B-7 through B-9 were located in a yard fronting a tractor-trailer mechanic shop. Excavators encountered four distinct strata in Shovel Test B-7. Stratum A consisted of a relatively thin brown (lOYR 5/3) silt loam topsoil to 8 centimeters (0.26 foot) bgs, over top a yellowish red (SYR 4/6) silt loam Stratum B excavated to 15 centimeters (0.5 foot) bgs. Stratum C was relatively consistent with Stratum A, consisting of brown (lOYR 5/3) silt loam to 27 centimeters (0.89 feet) bgs. Fragments of modern bottle glass and plastic were recovered from this stratum but were noted and discarded in the field. Excavation was terminated 40 centimeters (1.3 feet) bgs in Stratum D, which consisted of dark yellowish brown (lOYR 4/6) clay loam. The soil profile indicates displaced and "NO NATIONAL REGISTER ELIGIBLE OR LISTED ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES PRESENT" form for Minor Transportation Projects as Qualified in the 2007 Programmatic Agreement. 3 of 36 Project Tracking No.: 16-04-0024 disturbed soils in this particular area. Shovel Tests B-8 and B-9 e�ibited profiles consisting of 20 centimeters (0.66 foot) of pale brown (lOYR 6/3) silt loam overlying a B horizon of brownish yellow (lOYR 6/8) clay loam subsoil. Both terminated at rock impasses between 32 and 38 centimeters (1.05 and 1.25 feet) bgs. The remaining shovel tests in Area B(B-10 through B-23) were located within a patch of mixed woodland. With some exceptions, the majority of these shovel tests exhibited soil proiiles consisting of three strata. Stratum A generally consisted of 10 to 20 centimeters (0.33 to 0.66 foot) of dark grayish brown (lOYR 4/2) silt, overlaying a Stratum B, ranging between 20 and 30 centimeters (0.66 and 0.98 foot) bgs, consisting of light yellowish brown (lOYR 6/4) silt, containing approximately 5 percent gravel. Stratum C consisted of brownish yellow (lOYR 6/6) silt loam excavated on average to 50 centimeters (1.6 feet) bgs. Shovel Test B-17 was unique and exhibited four strata in profile: Stratum A, very dark grayish brown (lOYR 3/2) silt loam to 10 centimeters (0.33 foot) bgs; Stratum B, a brown (lOYR 5/3) silt loam to 27 centimeters (0.89 foot) bgs; Stratum C, a yellowish red (SYR 4/6) silty sand with 25 to 30 percent gravel to 36 centimeters (12 feet) bgs; and finally an unusually deep deposit of very dark gray (lOYR 3/1) silt loam. Excavation of this stratum continued until reaching 1 meter (3.3 feet) bgs with no apparent change in soil color or texture. No cultural material was recovered, suggesting that this most likely represents a natural feature (tree fall, rodent burrow, root structure, etc.) overlain by more recent deposition. Two shovel tests, B-22 and B-23, were located on an elevated landform with surficial rock outcrops. These had soil profiles consisting of dark grayish brown (lOYR 4/2) silt loam ranging between 12 and 20 centimeters (0.4 to 0.66 foot) bgs, overlying a reddish yellow (7.SYR 7/6 grading to a 6/6) silt excavated on average to 46 centimeters (1.5 feet) bgs before encountering bedrock. With the exception of modern discards noted above, no cultural material was recovered in Area B and no cultural features were identified. Area C begins west of Pasour Mountain Road (private) and continues to the western end of Old NC 277 (SR 1608) (see Figures 2i-k). This section of the Study Area, approximately 842 meters (2,762 feet) long, was identified as having archaeological potential and subjected to subsurface shovel testing. A total of 33 shovel tests was excavated: 25 standard-interval shovel tests placed at 30-meter (100-foot) intervals, one judgmentally placed shovel test, and seven reduced-interval (15-meter [50-foot]) radial shovel tests excavated to investigate positive shovel tests. The majarity of shovel tests in Area C were excavated along Transect A, including A-1 through A-17, seven radials, and the single judgmental test (J-1). The majority of tests along Transect A exhibited a typical plowzone overlying subsoil profiles. Stratum A(plowzone) typically consisted of 20 to 30 centimeters (0.66 to 0.98 foot) of brown (7.SYR 4/3) silt loam, overlying a Stratum B, a yellowish red (SYR 4/6) clay loam subsoil to an average of 45 centimeters (1.5 feet) bgs. Several shovel tests along Transect A exhibited two plowzone strata overlying subsoil, consisting of 15 to 20 centimeters of the usual Stratum A(7.SYR 4/3) overlying a buried Ap (Stratum B) consisting of yellowish red (SYR 4/2) silt loam to an average depth of 35 centimeters (1.15 feet) bgs before encountering typical subsoil. Shovel Test A-9 yielded a single flake of chert from the buried plowzone stratum. Initial reduced-interval tests were placed on three sides (east, north, and west). Radials to the south were not excavated because of the presence of a gravel road and sloping shoulder along NC 279. Initial radials failed to yield additional artifacts. To further assess the find, additional radial tests were placed 7.5 meters (25 feet) from the initial find. The adjacent radia17.5 meters east of the initial iind (A-9E) yielded one additional lithic artifact from the plowzone consisting of what appears to be a midsection fragment of a quartz biface. Overall this defines a relatively localized or isolated site measuring less than 10 meters (33 feet) in diameter (see Figure 2j; Plate 1). Louis Berger designated this area Temporary Site 5460-01 and registered it with the North Carolina Office of State Archaeology (OSA) as Site 31GS382. "NO NATIONAL REGISTER ELIGIBLE OR LISTED ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES PRESENT" form for Minor Transportation Projects as Qualified in the 2007 Programmatic Agreement. 4 of 36 Project Tracking No.: 16-04-0024 Given the limited and relatively isolated nature of the associated finds, it is Louis Berger's opinion that Site 31GS382 is not eligible for listing in the NRHP. Louis Berger also identified remnants of a cinderblock foundation along the Study Area (Plate 2). The foundation was recorded with GPS, and a judgmental shovel test was placed adjacent to the foundation in the portion closest to the Study Area (see Figure 2j). No artifacts were recovered in this or adjacent shovel tests, and no archaeologically significant deposits were identified. Publicly available historical maps and aerial imagery of the location indicate that the area was not developed until the late 1960s (NETR 2016). Consequently this feature was not assigned an archaeological site number. A total of eight shovel tests was excavated along Transect B in this segment of the Study Area. Profiles were relatively consistent, typically exhibiting approximately 20 centimeters (0.66 foot) of strong brown (7.SYR 5/6) silt loam plowzone over red (2.SYR 5/8) silty clay loam subsoil. A portion of the Study Area along the south side of NC 279, just east of the intersection of NC 279 and Old NC 277 (SR 1608), had previously been identiiied as having archaeological potential. However, recent construction of a Dollar General store, associated parking lot, and a large artificial drainage along NC 279 has significantly disturbed this portion of the Study Area (see Figure 2k; Plate 3). With the exception of a single fragment of modern brown bottle glass recovered from Shovel Test B-8 (noted and discarded in iield), no cultural material was recovered and no cultural features were identified along Transect B in Area C. Area D begins west of Henderson Road (SR 1468) and continues west to Youngs Road (private) (see Figures 2k-m). A section approximately 1,720 meters (5,643 feet) long was identified as having archaeological potential in this area of the Study Area and was subjected to subsurface survey. A total of 65 shovel tests was excavated: 59 standard-interval tests placed 30 meters (100 feet) apart, and six reduced-interval tests excavated to assess a single positive shovel test located along Transect B. Only 18 shovel tests were excavated along Transect A, north of NC 279. Although depths varied somewhat, the overall soil proiiles were relatively consistent. The majority of shovel tests exhibited typical plowzone over subsoil proiiles. Stratum A typically consisted of a brown (7.SYR 4/4 or lOYR 4/3) silt loam 20 to 30 centimeters (0.66 to 0.98 foot) bgs, over a typical subsoil consisting of yellowish red (2.SY 5/6 or SYR 4/6) silty clay loam excavated to an average depth of 40 centimeters (1.3 feet) bgs. Shovel Tests A-1 and A-2, located in a small patch of mixed hardwoods exhibited three strata in profile. Stratum A consisted of a thin, organic topsoil layer of dark grayish brown (lOYR 4/2) silt loam between 7 and 10 centimeters (0.23 and 0.33 foot) bgs over a brownish yellow (lOYR 6/6) silt loam to 22 centimeters (0.7 foot) bgs. Stratum C consisted of strong brown (7.5 YR 5/6) silty clay loam excavated to 35 centimeters (1.15 feet) bgs. The lot on the northeast corner of the intersection of NC 279 and Mauney Road (SR 1666) appeared to contain evidence of disturbance. Although largely grass-covered, the remnants of a half-circular paved driveway and the outline of a foundation were clearly visible on the lot's surface. A review of publicly available historical maps and aerials of the area indicates that a house was constructed in this location between 1968 and 1976 but was no longer standing by 2008 (NETR 2016). Given the evident disturbance associated with this late twentieth-century house and associated driveway, no shovel tests were excavated in this location. No cultural materials were recovered and no cultural features were identified along Transect A in Area D. Louis Berger excavated a total of 47 shovel tests along Transect B, located on the south side of NC 279. Soil profiles varied considerably in some sections of this transect, particularly along a wooded section in the eastern end of Area D. Shovel tests along this wooded area (B-1 through B-13) exhibited between one and four strata. The majority of shovel tests in this section consisted of a thin dark brown (lOYR 3/3) silt loam topsoil horizon overlying a yellowish red (SYR 4/6) silty clay loam excavated to between 20 and 30 centimeters (0.66 and 0.98 foot) bgs. Portions of the Study Area along this wooded section were located along the base of the road shoulder, several feet below the road grade. Shovel tests in these sections exhibited varying degrees of erosion and disturbance. Several tests, such as B-6 and B-12, appeared to have no remaining topsoil or plowzone horizons. Instead, excavators encountered a single reddish clay "NO NATIONAL REGISTER ELIGIBLE OR LISTED ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES PRESENT" form for Minor Transportation Projects as Qualified in the 2007 Programmatic Agreement. 5 of 36 Project Tracking No.: 16-04-0024 loam subsoil horizon excavated to between 30 and 54 cm (0.98 and 1.8 feet) bgs before encountering rock obstructions. In contrast, others, such as Shovel Test B-6A, exhibited four distinct strata in profile, consisting of relatively thin bands of varying silt loams overlying a typical yellowish red subsoil, likely representing runoff soil buildup from the shoulder above. Shovel Test B-6 yielded two lithic artifacts consisting of a quartz endscraper and a piece of quartz debitage (see Figure 21). A total of six reduced interval shovel tests was excavated 7.5 meters and 15 meters east, west, and south of the initial iind but failed to yield any additional artifacts or evidence of any cultural features. Additional testing to the north was restricted by the presence of the existing road shoulder. Several of these radial tests also appeared to lack A horizons, indicating a substantial degree of erosion in the immediate area. This isolated iind was assigned Louis Berger Temporary Site number 5460-02 and registered with OSA as Site 31GS383, but is recommended as not eligible for the NRHP. The majority of the remaining shovel tests along Transect B were located within existing agricultural fields and e�ibited more consistent soil profiles consisting of plowzone over subsoil. Plowzones varied between 15 and 30 centimeters (0.5 and 0.98 foot) bgs, and consisted of brown (7.SYR 4/4) or dark yellowish brown (lOYR 4/6) silt loam, overlaying a typical subsoil of yellowish red (2.SYR 5/6) clay loam excavated to an average depth of 40 centimeters (1.3 feet) bgs. With the exception of several fragments of modern bottle glass and Styrofoam, indicative of roadside discards, no additional cultural material ar archaeologically significant deposits were identified beyond the single isolated find representedby Site 31GS383. Area E constitutes the last segment subjected to subsurface archaeological survey. This segment begins west of Mt. Beulah Baptist Church and Tryon School Loop Road (SR 1693) and ends just west of Za Hunter Road (private) (see Figures 2m-o). An area approximately 1,087 meters (3,566 feet) long was determined to possess archaeological potential. A total of 37 shovel tests placed at a 30-meter (100-foot) interval was excavated. Sixteen shovel tests were excavated along Transect A(A-1 through A-16). With few exceptions, shovel tests along Transect A typically exhibited profiles of topsoil/plowzone overlying subsoil. Shovel tests in the east end of Transect A appeared somewhat eroded, containing only a thin topsoil of reddish brown (SYR 4/3) silt loam anywhere from 3 to 6 centimeters (0.1 to 0.2 foot) thick. This stratum increased in depth moving westward to as much as 31 centimeters (1.0 feet) bgs, overlaying a typical subsoil horizon varying from yellowish red (SYR 5/6) to dark red (2.SYR 3/6) clay loam. Shovel Test A-11, located near the corner of NC 279 and Hephzibah Church Road (SR 1622), appeared to contain displaced and disturbed soils, possibly resulting from construction of the adjacent intersection. The soil profile exhibited four distinct strata: Stratum A, a dark brown (7.SYR 3/4) silt loam with 5 percent gravel content to 9 centimeters (0.3 foot) bgs; Stratum B, a yellowish red (SYR 4/6) silt loam containing approximately 10 percent gravel to 29 centimeters (0.95 foot) bgs; Stratum C, a strong brown (7.SYR 4/6) silt loam mottled with very dark brown (7.SYR 2.5/2) silt loam to 44 centimeters (1.44 feet) bgs; and Stratum D, a dark red (2.SYR 3/6) clay loam terminated at 55 centimeters (1.8 feet) bgs. Stratum D appeared consistent with subsoils encountered elsewhere along Transect A. Transect B consisted of 21 shovel tests (B-3 through B-23); Shovel Tests B-1 and B-2 were not excavated because the property owner denied access. With few exceptions, shovel tests along Transect B e�ibited soil profiles consistent to those observed along Transect A. The majority of shovel tests consisted of 20 to 30 centimeters (0.66 to 0.98 foot) of reddish brown (SYR 4/3) silt loam overlying red (7.SYR 4/4) or dark red (7.SYR 3/6) clay loam excavated on average to 35 centimeters (1.15 feet) bgs. Shovel Test B-23 contained only a single stratum consistent with subsoil excavated to 55 centimeters (1.8 feet) bgs. Shovel Test B-12 proved unusually deep and encountered four distinct strata: Stratum A, a brown (7.5 YR 4/4) silt loam to 14 centimeters (0.46 foot) bgs; Stratum B, a strong brown (7.SYR 4/6) silt loam to 42 centimeters (1.38 feet) bgs; Stratum C, a brown (7.SYR 4/6) silt loam to 55 centimeters (1.8 feet) bgs, possibly representing an earlier topsoil horizon buried by displaced soils; and Stratum D, a strong brown "NO NATIONAL REGISTER ELIGIBLE OR LISTED ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES PRESENT" form for Minor Transportation Projects as Qualified in the 2007 Programmatic Agreement. 6 of 36 Project Tracking No.: 16-04-0024 (7.SYR 4/6) clay loam to 80 cm (2.6 feet) bgs. Stratum D was more consistent with subsoils encountered in other portions of the Study Area. With the exception of a few modern roadside discards (modern bottle glass and plastic) that were noted and discarded in the field, no cultural material was recovered and no cultural features were identified in Area E. Cemeteries: Louis Berger also conducted reconnaissance and background research on six cemeteries located in or adjacent to the Study Area. Cemeteries are a means for individuals to recognize family history and are expressions of collective religious and/or ethnic identity (National Park Service [NPS] 1995:33). Given their potential to embody values beyond personal or family-specific emotions, cemeteries can be considered for listing in the NRHP under certain conditions: if they derive their primary significance from graves associated with persons of transcendent importance, from age, from distinctive design features, or from association with historic events (NPS 1995:33). Cemeteries examined during this survey include the Jenkins-Thornburg, Walnut Grove Baptist Church, Adam Pasour, Puett UMC, Mt. Beulah Baptist Church, and Wesley Chapel AME Zion Church cemeteries. The reconnaissance was limited to visual inspection of surficial features related to each cemetery such as headstones, memorial markers, boundary markers, and surface disturbance/depressions. Reconnaissance efforts were focused primarily on identifying the cemetery boundaries relative to the Study Area based on surficial evidence. Extant surficial evidence suggests that the Walnut Grove, Pasour, and Mt. Beulah cemetery boundaries are located on the outskirts or completely outside the Study Area, well away from what may be impacted by the proposed project. The Jenkins-Thornburg, Puett UMC, and Wesley Chapel AME Zion Church cemeteries all exhibit extant surficial remains within the Study Area; however, current construction plans will avoid impacts to these locations. Background research included a review of cemetery site files at OSA and materials at the North Carolina State Library, but little historical information was uncovered. The Jenkins-Thornburg Cemetery is located southwest of the intersection of NC 279 and NC 275 (see Figure 2a). The boundary of the cemetery is unknown. The location is indicated by a single granite memorial marker that looks of relatively recent origin (Plate 4). This marker indicates a cemetery in use "CIRCA 1800-1900 / APPROXIMATELY 100 GRAVES" and lists the names and dates of 12 individuals, presumably interred there. No other surficial evidence remains. Portions of the lot along NC 279 and NC 275 have been significantly modified by drainage cuts (Plate 5). A conversation with the clerk at an adjacent gas station indicated that according to local tradition the cemetery was primarily African-American; however, at least one individual listed on the memorial marker (Berryman Jenkins) served in the Confederate Senior Reserves. According to a short biography in a compilation of service records, Berryman Jenkins was born in the portion of Lincoln County that later became Gaston County and was a farmer prior to the war (Brown and Coffey 2011:162). He enlisted in June 1864 at the age of 48. The gas station clerk also indicated that there used to be standing headstones in the opposite lot located on the north side of NC 279 that have since been removed, indicating another possible component of the cemetery. Given the lack of extant grave markers, additional subsurface ar geophysical survey would be necessary to identify the locations of existing burials and determine the extent and bounds of the cemetery. If this cemetery is predominantly African-American, as local tradition implies, given its antiquity it has the potential to significantly enhance and contribute to our understanding of traditions, burial customs, demographics, and population health statistics associated with a historically marginalized population over a broad period that spans the Antebellum and post-Civil War periods. Given its period of use (ca. 1800 to 1900), this cemetery may contain the remains of both enslaved and free blacks from befare and after the Civil War. Such a broad spectrum has the potential to reveal changes in burial customs, demographics, and population health statistics during a period of transition in which African-Americans moved predominantly from enslaved labor to post-emancipation wage, tenant, and sharecropper labor structures. "NO NATIONAL REGISTER ELIGIBLE OR LISTED ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES PRESENT" form for Minor Transportation Projects as Qualified in the 2007 Programmatic Agreement. 7 of 36 Project Tracking No.: 16-04-0024 The presence of at least one Civil War soldier in the cemetery also implies that it was used by individuals of different ethnic heritages, i.e., of both European and African descent. This would provide an interesting comparative dataset with which to evaluate differences in customs and health statistics among different ethnicities from within the same region. Currently available historical information regarding the cemetery is limited and insufficient to determine ethnicity or establish the relationship of individuals interred there to the broader historical community, and, given its current condition, the overall integrity of the cemetery remains unknown. However, intensive archaeological research and bio-archaeological analysis, combined with additional archival research, has the potential to yield much of this information. NCDOT archaeologists brought this significance potential to the attention of OSA. After a brief review of the survey findings and since the cemetery will not be impacted, OSA is of the opinion that the archaeological and historical data collected during this study are insufficient to render an NRHP eligibility recommendation, leaving its archaeological significance unassessed. However, OSA agreed that the cemetery should receive an archaeological site designation and registered it as Site 31GS384**. The Walnut Grove and Adam Pasour cemeteries are located north of NC 279 between Moritz Road (SR 1660) to the west and Carpenter Springs Drive (SR 1736) to the east and cover an area of approximately 0.65 hectare (1.6 acres) (see Figure 2h). They are associated with the Walnut Grove Baptist Church located opposite NC 279. The Pasour Cemetery appears to have been incorporated into the Walnut Grove Cemetery and is marked by a memorial stone in the northeast corner of the cemetery (Plate 6). This memorial marker lists several members of the Pasour (Paysour) Family presumably interred in the area between 1861 and 1919. The remaining grave markers have death dates ranging from 1935 to the present. The cemetery is set back from NC 279 with any surficial evidence in the form of gravestones more than 80 meters (260 feet) from the existing road edge. The Walnut Grove Cemetery does not appear to satisfy any conditions to be considered eligible for NRHP listing. It does not appear associated with individuals of transcendent importance, it was in use predominantly during the twentieth century, it does not appear to embody any distinctive design features, and it is not directly associated with any historic events. The Puett United Methodist Church Cemetery is located on the northeast corner lot of the intersection of NC 279 and Puetts Chapel Road (SR 1448), covering approximately 0.32 hectare (0.8 acre) (see Figure 2h; Plate 7). The cemetery is associated with an existing church located to the west, across from the cemetery on Puetts Chapel Road (SR 1448). Extant grave markers indicate that the southern boundary is within 12 meters (40 feet) of the existing edge of NC 279. Extant grave makers indicate that this cemetery has been in use for approximately 100 years, with death dates spanning 1916 to the present. The boundary appears fairly well delineated by extant markers and lot boundaries. This cemetery does not appear to satisfy any conditions to be considered eligible for NRHP listing. The Mt. Beulah Cemetery is east of the east leg of the Tryon School Loop Road (SR 1693) and covers approximately 0.57 hectare (1.4 acres). This cemetery is associated with a contemparary Baptist Church located west of Tryon School Loop Road (SR 1693). Extant grave markers and surficial boundaries indicate that the southern boundary of the cemetery is approximately 58 meters (190 feet) from the north edge of NC 279, placing it just outside the Study Area (see Figure 2m). Extant markers indicate that the cemetery has been in use at least since the early twentieth century, with markers dating between 1919 and 2015. As with both the Walnut Grove and Puett cemeteries, this cemetery does not appear to satisfy any of the conditions to be considered eligible for NRHP listing. The Wesley Chapel AME Zion Church Cemetery is located along the south side of NC 279, just west of Carson Hunter Road (private) (see Figure 20). This cemetery appears to consist of both marked and unmarked burial plots (Plate 8). A number of plots are evident based on disturbed surface soils, but many do not appear to have associated permanent markers. Tree lines appear to mark the north, west, and south boundaries of the cemetery, with Carson Hunter Road bounding the east. However, several clearly marked burials are located along the outer tree line along the north edge of the cemetery that date to the "NO NATIONAL REGISTER ELIGIBLE OR LISTED ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES PRESENT" form for Minor Transportation Projects as Qualified in the 2007 Programmatic Agreement. 8 of 36 Project Tracking No.: 16-04-0024 1980s, and several displaced and potentially in situ grave stones appear to be distributed among the trees in this area (Plates 9 and 10). Extant surface evidence indicates the presence of graves within approximately 16 meters (52 feet) of the existing southern road edge of NC 279. Existing grave markers indicate that the cemetery has been in use since at least 1829, with markers dating as recently as 2014. Given this cemetery's association with a historically African-American congregation dating as far back as the Antebellum period, Louis Berger is of the opinion that this cemetery has significant archaeological research potential. Its continuity of use through time has the potential to reflect the broad spectrum of the associated community's history and culture, and it has the potential to yield important information regarding African-American burial customs adapted from earlier traditions and their change and evolution through time (Potter and Boland 1992:14). It also has the potential to yield data regarding demographics and population health statistics associated with a historically marginalized population over a broad period of transition. However, as with the Jenkins-Thornburg cemetery, OSA reviewed the initial survey findings and determined that the current level of investigation and associated data are not sufficient to make an eligibility recommendation. The cemetery was registered with OSA as Site 31GS385**, but its archaeological significance and NRHP eligibility currently remain unassessed. Summary. Louis Berger excavated a total of 174 shovel tests in portions of the Study Area identified by the NCDOT Archaeology Group as possessing archaeological potential. Two small prehistoric sites were identiiied during the course of the survey. Site 31GS382 is represented by two lithic artifacts recovered from adjacent shovel tests located 7.5 meters (25 feet) apart, consisting of a flake and potential biface fragment. Site 31GS383 consists of an isolated find represented by two lithic artifacts recovered from a single shovel test. Additional radials at both locations failed to produce additional artifacts, and no intact subsurface features were identiiied. Given the extremely limited or isolated nature of both finds, Louis Berger recommends that both Sites 31GS382 and 31GS383 be considered ineligible for inclusion in the NRHP. Three of the six cemeteries in the project vicinity fall entirely or partially within the Study Area boundary: the Jenkins-Thornburg, Puett UMC, and Wesley Chapel AME Zion cemeteries. Both the Jenkins-Thornburg and the Wesley Chapel AME Zion cemeteries date to the early nineteenth century and appear to contain unmarked burials. It is Louis Berger's opinion that both the Jenkins-Thornburg cemetery and the Wesley Chapel AME Zion cemeteries have significant research potential given their antiquity and associations (or potential associations) with historical African-American communities. Both cemeteries have the potential to yield information regarding the beliefs, customs, and other population data over a broad spectrum and period of transition. The cemeteries were registered with OSA as Sites 31GS384** and 31GS385**, respectively. After discussions between NCDOT archaeologists and OSA, OSA has determined that current available data on these sites are insufficient to warrant NRHP eligibilitv recommendations. Current design plans will avoid these locations entirelv, however, and therefore additional work at these locations is not recommended at this time. If current project plans are expanded beyond the deiined APE, additional archaeological research at these locations is recommended to further determine their archaeological significance and assess the extent of potential impacts to these resources. References Cited: Brown, Mathew M. and Michael W. Coffey 2011 North Carolina Troops 1861-1865: A Roster, Vol. XTjIII, Senior Reserves Detailed Men. Office of Archives and History, Raleigh. Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc. [ESRI] 2014 World Imagery, map image layer. Satellite imagery for the warld and high-resolution imagery for the United States and other areas around the world. GIS Basemap imagery accessed October 2016 "NO NATIONAL REGISTER ELIGIBLE OR LISTED ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES PRESENT" form for Minor Transportation Projects as Qualified in the 2007 Programmatic Agreement. 9 of 36 Project Tracking No.: 16-04-0024 via ArcMap 10.4 at <http://services.arcgisonline.com/ArcGIS/rest/services/World Imagery/MapServer)>. 2015 USA Topo Maps, map image layer. Detailed USGS topographic maps for the United States at multiple scales. GIS Basemap imagery accessed August 2016 via ArcMap 10.4 at <http://services.arcgisonline. com/ArcGIS/rest/services/iJSA_Topo_Maps/MapServer>. National Park Service [NPS] 1995 How to Apply the National Register Criteria for Evaluation. National Register Bulletin 15. National Park Service, United States Department of the Interior, Interagency Resources Division, National Register of Historic Places, Washington D.C. Nationwide Environmental Title Research, LLC [NETR] 2016 Historical maps and aerial imagery for Newtown. Nationwide Environmental Title Research, Tempe, Arizona. Accessed online at <http://www.historicaerials.com/>. Potter, Elizabeth Walton, and Beth M. Boland 1992 Guidelines for Evaluating and Registering Cemeteries and Burial Places. National Register Bulletin 41. United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Interagency Resources Division, National Register of Historic Places, Washington D.C. The North Carolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT) Archaeology Group reviewed the subject project and determined: � There are no National Register listed or eligible ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES present within the project's area of potential effects. (Attach any notes or documents as needed) ❑ No subsurface archaeological investigations were required for this project. ❑ Subsurface investigations did not reveal the presence of any archaeological resources. � Subsurface investigations did not reveal the presence of any archaeological resources considered eligible for the National Register. ❑X All identified archaeological sites located within the APE have been considered and all compliance for archaeological resources with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act and GS 121-12(a) has been completed for this project. Brief description of review activities, results of review, and conclusions: The Louis Berger Group, Inc., conducted an archaeological survey and evaluation for the proposed improvements along NC 279 in Gaston County in the Summer of 2016. During the course of the survey, two (2) prehistoric archaeological sites (31GS382, 31GS383) were located within the project's archaeological APE and determined not eligible for the NRHP. In addition, two (2) historic cemeteries (31GS384**, 31GS385**) were also recorded with OSA and remain unassessed since they will not be impacted by the proposed improvements. At this time, no further archaeological investigations are needed for this project. I concur with this recommendation, since the proposed project will not impact any significant or unassessed archaeological resources. If the project expands and impacts subsurface areas beyond the defined archaeological APE, further archaeological consultations will be necessary. 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