20052146 Ver 5_CAMA Application_20081223

LMG _
LAND MANAGEMENT GROUP iNc. 5 °' V,.s
Environmental Consultants
December 18, 2008
TO: Mr. Ian McMillan
NC Division of Water Quality,
1650 Mail Service Center
Raleigh, NC 27699
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RE: 401 Water Quality Certification/Individual Permit Application
Seawatch at Sunset Harbor; Brunswick County, NC ?kP+t1
Coastal Communities, Inc.
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Dear Ian:
Enclosed is a 401 Water Quality Certification/Individual Permit application for your review. This application is
submitted on behalf of Coastal Communities, Inc for the construction of Seawatch at Sunset Harbor, .a planned-unit
development located off of Sunset Harbor Road in Brunswick County, NC. The applicant proposes to build residential lots,
multi-family units, and an upland basin marina within the site. In order to gain access to uplands within the site, 2.0 acres of
404 wetlands and 80 LF of stream will be impacted. Additionally, 0.02 acre of 404 wetlands and 0.029 acre of coastal
wetlands will be excavated during the construction of the marina entrance channel. hi order to mitigate for these impacts, the
applicant proposes to preserve 470 acres of wetlands and 6,500 linear feet of stream on-site and buy into the NC EEP for
the restoration of two acres of non-riparian wetlands in the Lumber River Basin.
Enclosed are the pertinent application forms, vicinity maps, plan views, cross-sectional drawings, and other
information necessary for a complete application package. In addition, a narrative describing the proposed activities, site
conditions, and project objective is provided. LMG has also sent a CAMA Major Permit application and appropriate
application fee to the Division of Coastal Management to initiate their permit process. Because of this, no DWQ application
fee is provided.
Please contact me if you have any questions. Thank you for your assistance with this project.
Sincerely,
Kim Williams
Encl.
C: Mr. Sheldon Tucker, Coastal Communities, Inc.
Ms. Noelle Winstead, Cape Fear Engineering
Mr. Chad Coburn, NC Division of Water Quality
Ms. Kim Garvey, US Army Corps of Engineers
www.lmgroup.net • [e-mail] • Phone: [phone] • Fax: [phone]
3805 Wrightsville Ave., Suite 15, Wilmington, NC 28403 • P.O. Box 2522, Wilmington, NC 28402
LMG
LAND MANAGEMENT GROUP INC.
Environmental Consultants
December 18, 2008
TO: Ms. Kim Garvey
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
69 Darlington Avenue
Wilmington, NC 28403
RE: Individual Permit Application
Seawatch at Sunset Harbor; Brunswick County, NC
Coastal Communities, Inc.
Dear Kim:
Enclosed is an Individual Permit application for your review. This application is submitted on behalf of Coastal
Communities, Inc for the construction of Seawatch at Sunset Harbor, a planned-unit development located off of Sunset
Harbor Road in Brunswick County, NC. The applicant proposes to build residential lots, multi-family units, and an upland
basin marina within the site. In order to gain access to uplands within the site, 2.0 acres of 404 wetlands and 80 LF of
stream will be impacted. Additionally, 0.02 acre of 404 wetlands and 0.029 acre of coastal wetlands will be excavated
during the construction of the marina entrance channel. In order to mitigate for these impacts, the applicant proposes to
preserve 470 acres of wetlands and 6,500 linear feet of stream on-site and buy into the NC EEP for the restoration of two
acres of non-riparian wetlands in the Lumber River Basin.
Enclosed are the pertinent application forms, vicinity maps, plan views, cross-sectional drawings, and other
information necessary for a complete application package. In addition, a narrative describing the proposed activities, site
conditions, and project objective is provided. LMG has also sent a CAMA Major Permit application to the Division of
Coastal Management to initiate their permit process.
Please contact me if you have any questions. Thank you for your assistance with this project.
Sinperely,
Kim Williams
Encl.
C: Mr. Sheldon Tucker, Coastal Communities, Inc.
Ms. Noelle Winstead, Cape Fear Engineering
Mr. Chad Coburn, NC Division of Water Quality
-IMEMP
www.lmgroup.net - [e-mail] - Phone: [phone] - Fax: [phone]
3805 Wrightsville Ave., Suite 15, Wilmington, NC 28403 - P.O. Box 2522, Wilmington, NC 28402
LIST OF FIGURES
Seawatch at Sunset Harbor
Brunswick County, NC
Figure 1 Vicinity Map
Figure 2 Topographic Map
Figure 3 SCS Soils Map
Figure 4 Aerial Photograph
Figure 5 Wetland Survey
Figure 6 Federally-Protected Species within Project Area
Figure 7 On-site Alternative: Original Site Plan
Figure 8 Preferred Project: Overall Site Plan
Figure 9 Marina Village Land Plan
Figure 10 Marina Detail
Figure 11 Proposed Excavation Plan
Figure 12 Marina Excavation Haul Route and Spoil Stockpile Plan
Figure 13 Typical Crabbing Dock Detail
Figure 14 Pedestrian Use Structure Profile
Figure 15 Dock House Profile
Figure 16 Site #1
Figure 17 Cross-Section Site #1, Road Bridge
Figure 18 Site #2
Figure 19 Cross-Section Site #2
Figure 20 Site #3
Figure 21 Cross-Section Site #3
Figure 22 Site 44
Figure 23 Cross-Section Site #4
Figure 24 Site 45
Figure 25 Cross-Section Site #5
Figure 26 Site #6
Figure 27 Cross-Section Site 96
Figure 28 Site #7
Figure 29 Cross-Section Site #7
Figure 30 Site 48
Figure 31 Cross-Section Site #8, Road Bridge
Figure 32 Site #9
Figure 33 Cross-Section Site 49
Figure 34 Site #10
Figure 35 Cross-Section Site #10
Figure 36 Site #11
Figure 37 Cross-Section Site #11
Figure 38 Site #12
Figure 39 Cross-Section Site #12, Road Bridge
Figure 40 Site #13
Figure 41 Cross-Section Site #13, Cart Path Bridge
Figure 42 Site #14
Figure 43 Cross-Section Site #14, Cart Path Bridge
Figure 44 Site #15
Figure 45 Cross-Section Site #15
Figure 46 Site #16
Figure 47 Cross-Section Site #16
Figure 48 Site #17
Figure 49 Cross-Section Site #17
Figure 50 Site #18
Figure 51 Cross-Section Site #18
Figure 52 Site #22
Figure 53 Cross-Section Site #22
Figure 54 Site #23
Figure 55 Cross-Section Site #23
Figure 56 Site #24
Figure 57 Cross-Section Site #24
Figure 58 Site #25
Figure 59 Cross-Section Site #25
Figure 60 Site #26
Figure 61 Cross-Section Site #26, Davis Creek Bridge
Figure 62 Site 26, Bridge Plan Detail
Figure 63 Site 26, Traverse and Longitudinal Section Details
Figure 64 Site 26, Bridge Elevation Detail
Figure 65 Site #27
Figure 66 Cross-Section Site #27, Cart Path Bridge
Figure 67 Site #28 (Marina Excavation)
Figure 68 Typical Roadway Section, Typical Invert Plan
Figure 69 Typical Road Bridge, Section Detail
Figure 70 Typical Cart Path Bridge, Section Detail (10')
Figure 71 Typical Cart Path Bridge, Section Detail (8')
Attachments
IP Application Form
Project Narrative
Agent Authorization Form
List of Adjacent Landowners
2005 Archaeological Report (Brockington and Associates)
Copy of FONSI
0S--011 L4 Lo VS
APPLICATION FOR DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY PERMIT
Privacy Act Statement
Authority: 33 USC 401, Section 10: 1413, Section 404. Principal Purpose: These laws require permits authorizing activities in, or affecting, navigable
waters of the United States, the discharge of dredged or fill material into waters of the United States, and the transportation of dredged material for
the purpose of dumping it into ocean waters. Routing Uses: Information provided on this form will be used in evaluating this application for a permit.
Disclosure; Disclosure of requested information is voluntary. If information is not provided however, the permit application cannot be processed nor
can a permit be issued.
One set of original drawings or good reproducible copies which show the location and character of the proposed activity must be attached to this
application (see sample drawings and instructions) and be submitted to the District Engineer having jurisdiction over the location of the proposed
activity. An application that is not completed in full will be returned
(ITEMS 1 THRU 4 TO BE FILLED BY THE CORPS)
1. APPLICATION NO. 12. FIELD OFFICE CODE 1 3. DATE RECEIVED 14. DATE APPL. COMPLETE
(ITEMS BELOW TO BE FILLED BY APPLICANT)
5. APPLICANTS NAME 8. AUTHORIZED AGENTS NAME AND TITLE (an agent is not required)
Coastal Communities, Inc. Land Management Group, Inc.
c/o Mr. Sheldon Tucker c/o Ms. Kim Williams
6. APPLICANTS ADDRESS 9. AGENT'S ADDRESS r rJ
131 Ocean Blvd West P.O. Box 2522 4
Holden Beach, NC 28462 Wilmington, NC 28402 / "
7. APPLICANT'S PHONE NOS. W/AREA CODE 10. AGENT'S PHONE NO. W/AREA CODE
a. Residence N/A 910-452-0001 cG
b. Business [phone] 910-452-0060 (fax) pt
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11. STATEMENT OF AUTHORIZATION
I hereby authorize Land Management Group, Inc. to act in my behalf as my agent in the processing of this application and to furnish, upon request,
supplemental information in support of this permit application.
See attached form
APPLICANT'S SIGNATURE
DATE
NAME, LOCATION AND DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT OR ACTIVITY
12. PROJECT NAME OR TITLE Seawatch at Sunset Harbor Marina Village and Road Crossings
13. NAME OF WATERBODY, IF KNOWN (if applicable) 14. PROJECT STREET ADDRESS (if applicable)
AIWW I Off of Sunset Harbor Road
15. LOCATION OF PROJECT
COUNTY Brunswick STATE NC
16. OTHER LOCATION DESCRIPTIONS, IF KNOWN
17. DIRECTIONS TO THE SITE From Wilmington, take US Hwy 17 into Brunswick County. Turn left onto Highway 211.
Turn right onto Sunset Harbor Road. Site will be on the left (see vicinity map).
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18. NATURE OF ACTIVITY (Description of project, include all features)
Upland basin marina, 2,200 single-family residential lots, 100 multi-family units, and associated amenities. Please see
Project Narrative for details.
19. PROJECT PURPOSE (Describe the reason or purpose of the project)
To develop phases of Seawatch at Sunset Harbor development, including an upland basin marina, and provide access
to uplands within the site.
USE BLOCKS 20-22 IF DREDGED AND/OR FILL MATERIAL IS TO BE DISCHARGED
20. REASON(S) FOR DISCHARGE To provide access to marina and uplands within the site.
21. TYPE(S) OF MATERIAL BEING DISCHARGED AND THE AMOUNT OF EACH TYPE IN CUBIC YARDS
Clean, compacted sub-grade soil materials, clean ABC aggregate, pavement etc. See maps for area in each location.
22. SURFACE AREA IN ACRES OF WETLANDS OR OTHER WATERS FILLED
Fill (roadways): 2.0 acres of 404 wetlands; 80 LF of stream
Excavation (marina entrance channel): 0.029 acre of 404 wetlands; 0.020 acre of coastal wetlands
23. IS ANY PORTION OF THE WORK ALREADY COMPLETE? No IF YES, DESCRIBE THE COMPLETED WORK
24. ADDRESSES OF ADJOINING PROPERTY OWNERS, LESSEES, Etc., WHOSE PROPERTY ADJOINS THE WATERBODY
See attached list.
25. LIST OTHER CERTIFICATIONS OR APPROVALS/DENIALS RECEIVED FROM OTHER FEDERAL, STATE, OR LOCAL
AGENCIES FOR WORK DESCRIBED IN THIS APPLICATION
AGENCY TYPE APPROVAL' IDENTIFICATION NUMBER DATE APPLIED DATE APPROVED DATE DENIED
26. Application is hereby made for a permit or permits to authorize the work described in this application. I certify that
the information in this application is complete and accurate. I further certify that I possess the authority to undertake the
work described herein or am acting as the duly authorized agent of the applicant.
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SIGNATURE OF APPE+GA -T DATE
tJ
18. U.S.C. Section 1001 provides that: Whoever, in any manner within the jurisdiction of any department or agency of the United States knowingly
and willfully falsifies, conceals, or covers up any trick, scheme, or disguises a material fact or makes any false, fictitious or fraudulent statements or
representations o r makes or uses any false writing or document knowing same to contain any false, fictitious or fraudulent statements or entry, shall
be fined not more than $10,000 or imprisoned not more than five years or both.
AGENT DISCLOSURE FORM
TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN:
Uwe, the undersigned, hereby authorize Land Management Group, Inc. to act as our agent in the
preparation and representation of information submitted within the 401/404 and/or CAMA
applications and/or septic permits for the 304444, 1,?" site. All questions in
regards to this project should be directed to Land Management Group, Inc.
Sincerely,
AA???
Owner/Applicant Signature
T Print Name
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Date
PROJECT NARRATIVE
December 2008
Seawatch at Sunset Harbor
Marina Village and Road Crossings
Coastal Communities, Inc.
Brunswick County, NC
INTRODUCTION
Coastal Communities, Inc. proposes to develop a residential subdivision and upland basin marina
within the Seawatch at Sunset Harbor site in Brunswick County, North Carolina. Sections of the
subject property were part of a land/easement exchange that occurred in 2006 between the US
Army Corp of Engineers Wilmington District, the State of North Carolina and Coastal
Communities, Inc. Properties and easements involved in the exchange are located in Brunswick
County, NC in the vicinity of the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway. The properties consist of
Sheep Island, located at the mouth of the Lockwood's Folly River and north of the west end of
Oak Island as well as a number of dredge disposal areas located to the east of the Sheep Island
tract, along the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway. Detailed information concerning land
negotiations and associated environmental impacts are included in the original Yellow Banks
Environmental Assessment (USACE 2005).
There are approximately seventeen conceptual phases of development for the overall Seawatch at
Sunset Harbor community that have received approval from the Town of Oak Island and
Brunswick County. Developmental phases will take place on two adjacent tracts of land. Phases
1-11 are already in the process of development on an approximately 1500-acre tract formerly
known as the Mercer Mill tract. Phases 12-17, including the marina village and proposed
wetland road crossings, will take place on a 1382.19-acre tract of land formerly known as the
Yellow Banks tract. The Mercer Mill property and the Yellow Banks property collectively form
Seawatch at Sunset Harbor. Wetland impacts within the Mercer Mill portions of the community
have been previously permitted through a Nationwide 14 Permit (Action ID# SAW-2005-777)
and 401 Water Quality Certification (DWQ #20052146v3). In addition, MAS Properties, LLC
has received a CAMA Major Permit to construct a wooden plank bridge over Mercer Mill Creek
and additional amenities along the Mercer Mill Creek shoreline including four community
crabbing docks, one community floating dock and four community piers. This Individual Permit
application is submitted for wetland and stream impacts associated with the development of the
Yellow Banks section of Seawatch at Sunset Harbor.
Ownership of both the Mercer Mill and Yellow Banks properties are maintained by MAS
Properties, LLC, a subsidiary of Coastal Communities, Inc. Coastal Communities, Inc. is a real
estate company located in Holden Beach, North Carolina. The name "Coastal Communities,
Inc." is used as a trade name for several limited liability corporations having common ownership.
MAS Properties, LLC is the actual entity that held land ownership during the land exchange and
is one of several companies that operate under the name "Coastal Communities, Inc." For
purposes of this permit application, the name "Coastal Communities, Inc." will be used instead
of "MAS Properties, LLC" to avoid confusion.
EXISTING CONDITIONS
The project site is 1382.19 acres in size and is located in Brunswick County, southwest of the
intersection of Highway 211 and Midway Road in St. James, NC (Figure 1). The property is
bound by Sunset Harbor Road to the west, undeveloped land to the north and east, and the
Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway to the south. Elevations of the property range from 3 ft to 20 ft
(Figure 2) and it is located within the Lumber River Basin. The Town of Oak Island Extra-
Territorial Jurisdiction extends north one mile from the center of the Atlantic Intracoastal
Waterway channel and encompasses the southern part of the tract. The remainder of the site is
located within the jurisdiction of Brunswick County.
Soils
According to the Brunswick County Soil Survey, soils mapped within the site include Kureb fine
sand (KrB), Newhan fine sand, dredged (NhE), Wando fine sand (WaB), Mandarin fine sand
(Ma), Carteret loamy fine sand (CA), Leon fine sand (Lo), Murville mucky fine sand (Mu), and
Muckalee loam (Figure 3).
2
Most of the soils in Brunswick County formed in Coastal Plain sediment or from the sediments
deposited by streams. With the exception of the dredged material disposal areas (Newhan), the
soils in the exchange areas are either on broad interstream divides, low flood plains or intertidal
marshes. Below the surficial deposits is phosphatic limestone with layers of silt, sand and sandy
marl.

Most of this site is forested and has historically been utilized for timber harvest (Figure 4). It
contains numerous soil access roads. However, the area near the AIWW is largely unvegetated
and was utilized as a dredge disposal area by the USACE up until very recently.
The boundaries of the jurisdictional 404 wetlands were delineated by Land Management Group,
Inc. and were approved by Mr. Tom Farrell of the Wilmington District Corps Regulatory Branch
in 2004 (Action ID# 200301124; Figure 5). Wetlands located adjacent to the AIWW are largely
intertidal salt marsh dominated by Spartina alterniflora. Three unnamed tributaries of the
AIWW extend into the site. Wetlands along the upper reaches of the streams are riparian in
nature. Three Carolina Bays exist in the northern part of the site. The remainder of the wetlands
within the tract can be characterized as either headwater or pocosin. Wetlands within the bays
and pocosins support loblolly pine (Pinus taeda), pond pine (P. serotina), red bay (Persea
palustris), loblolly bay (Gordonia lasianthus), wax myrtle (Morella cerifera), and catbrier
(Smilax spp.). Uplands primarily support loblolly pine, long leaf pine (Pinus palustris), live oak
(Quercus virginiana), red maple (Ater rubrum) and turkey oak (Quercus laevis).
Water resources within and adjacent to the project site are not located within a primary nursery
area. In addition, there is no submerged aquatic vegetation present. Marine resources located
along the waterfront property beyond mean high tide include intertidal marsh as well as intertidal
and subtidal benthic communities. Intertidal marsh areas are predominantly vegetated with
Spartina alterniflora. A comprehensive assessment of Essential Fish Habitat in the vicinity of
the project site is included in the EA.
3
Threatened and Endangered Species
Habitat with the potential for supporting federally protected species (Table 1) was identified by
reviewing natural resource databases, aerial photographs, soils maps, and topographic maps of
the property and by walking throughout the project area.
Table 1. Federally-listed endangered and threatened species known to occur in Brunswick County, NC,
excluding coastal and marine species.
Common Name Scientific Name Status
Animals
American alligator Alligator mississippiensis T(S/A)
Bald eagle Halieetus leucocephalus BGPA
Eastern cougar Felis concolor couguar E
Red-cockaded woodpecker Picoides borealis E
Shortnose sturgeon Aci enser brevirostrum E
West Indian manatee Trichechus manatus E
Wood stork Mycteria americans E
Plants
Cooley's meadowrue Thalictrum cooleyi E
Rough-leaf loosestrife Lysimachia asperulaefolia E
KEY:
Status Definition
Endangered A taxon "in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its
range."
Threatened A taxon "likely to become endangered within the foreseeable future throughout
all or a significant portion of its range."
T(S/A) Threatened due to similarity of appearance - a species that is threatened due to
similarity of appearance with other rare species and is listed for its protection.
BGPA Species protected by the Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act and Migratory
Bird Treaty Act.
The North Carolina Natural Heritage Program database was also reviewed to determine whether
any state or federally listed rare species have been identified within or near the project area.
There records show that several rare plant and animal species have been documented in the tract
and within a 0.5 mile radius of the tract (Figure 6). Animal species noted include the American
alligator (Alligator mississippiensis), Eastern coral snake (Micrurus fulvius), pygmy rattlesnake
(Sistrurus miliarius), northern pine snake (Pituophis melanoleucus melanoleucus), West Indian
manatee (Trichechus manatus) and a colony of colonial wading birds. Plant species identified
include pondspice (Litsea aestivalis), West Indies meadow beauty (Rhexia cubensis), Leconte's
4
flatsedge (Cyperus lecontei) and brown bogbutton (Lachnocaulon minus). There a also a red-
cockaded woodpecker occurrence and a rough-leaf loosestrife occurrence located within one
mile of the site.
In addition to these species, a Heritage Priority Site is located within the tract. The Sunset Harbor
Ash Swamp Priority Site overlaps a portion of the vegetated uplands and wetlands within the
southern part of the tract. This priority site comprises low upland terraces partially surrounded by
swamp forest and was demarcated to encompass several unique community types found in this
area, including Coastal Fringe Sandhill, Vernal Pool and Coastal Fringe Evergreen Forest.
LMG staff specifically evaluated the marina village, road crossings, and other areas identified by
the NC Natural Heritage Program for their potential to support federally-protected species. No
federally protected species were observed within any of these areas. The marina village mostly
consists of a disposal dike and does not provide suitable habitat for federally-protected species.
No material has recently been placed within this disposal area and it contains a thick herbaceous
layer of dog fennel, which would not be suitable habitat for rare species, including nesting
waterbirds.
The shallow tidal creeks located in the southern part of the tract may provide suitable foraging
habitat for sea turtles and American alligators. The American alligator is found in North Carolina
to the Florida Keys and west to central Texas (Conant & Collins, 1998). It lives primarily in
freshwater swamps and marshes, but also in rivers, lakes, and smaller bodies of water. The
alligator is known to inhabit the AIWW and according to the NC Natural Heritage Program
database, it has been observed within the large Carolina Bay on the property. Furthermore, the
West Indian manatee has been observed within the AIWW and in the mouth of the Lockwoods
Folly River, approximately 0.5 mile west of the site.
Freshwater wetland habitat throughout most of the site, including the proposed impact areas,
contains a dense assemblage of pond pine (Pinus serotina), wax myrtle (Morella cerifera), and
bay species. Most of these wetlands are too densely vegetated to provide appropriate habitat for
rough-leaf loosestrife and Cooley's meadowrue, which are shade-intolerant plants that require
5
open areas exposed to sunlight. However, based on recommendations from the NC Natural
Heritage Program during the EA review, staff of LMG evaluated a small Carolina Bay located
west of the large bay on August 21, 2008 for its potential to provide habitat for rough leaf
loosestrife. The area was found to support a thick assemblage of pond pine, loblolly bay
(Gordonia lasianthus), red bay (Persea palustris), wax myrtle, and cat briar (Smilax spp.).
Although not visible during the site visit, the bay may contain pockets with little or no shrub
layer where sunlight could reach the ground. If present, these pockets could provide suitable
habitat for this species. However, no impacts to this wetland are proposed and this bay will be
placed in preservation. Therefore, if the bay does support the rough-leaf loosestrife, the proposed
development will not negatively impact the species.
Most of the wooded upland habitat within the project area contains thick stands of loblolly pine,
longleaf pine, live oak, sweetgum, and yaupon. This would not be suitable habitat for the red-
cockaded woodpecker (RCW), which is generally found in old-growth pine forests and prefers
mature longleaf pines (Pious palustris) with at least a 15" DBH for nesting and foraging. Dense
stands (stands that are primarily hardwood, or that have a dense hardwood understory) are
avoided. In mature pine habitat, sufficient substrate can be provided on 80 to 125 acres.
Based on comments from NCNHP, staff of LMG evaluated two areas for their potential to
support red-cockaded woodpeckers. The northern area is located in the Mercer Mill tract, north
of Nautica Boulevard and south of Mill Creek, between Verrazano Lane and where Nautica
Boulevard turns north. This area contains a canopy of longleaf pine trees that have a diameter at
breast height (DBH) of 8" to 20". A majority of the mature pines were located closer to Mill
Creek. The site appeared to be mowed frequently and was largely devoid of an understory except
for a few turkey oaks (Quercus laevis). All large (>12" DBH) pines that were encountered during
the site visit were inspected for RCW cavities. No cavities or red-cockaded woodpeckers were
observed during the survey. Because this site is bordered by young longleaf and loblolly pine
stands to the west, south, and east, it may be too small to provide appropriate habitat for the
RCW.
6
The second area evaluated for RCW habitat is located in the southwestern part of the Yellow
Banks tract, adjacent to two existing dirt roads that provide access off of Sunset Harbor Road.
This area was found to support fewer mature longleaf pine trees than the northern site. In
addition, it contained a developing understory of turkey oaks, laurel oaks (Q. laurifolia), and
loblolly bays (Gordonia lasianthus). This area was bordered by a young loblolly pine (Pinus
taeda) stand to the north and thick wetlands to the south. No cavities or RCWs were observed.
Because of the lack of mature pine trees, developing shrub layer, and overall small size, this site
does not appear to provide appropriate habitat for the red-cockaded woodpecker.
Additionally, the site would not be appropriate habitat for bald eagles or wood storks since no
mature pines or cypress trees that could provide suitable roosting or nesting habitat were
observed near the waterway. Although no cougars or signs of cougars were noted within the
project area, it is part of a larger undeveloped and forested area and could potentially provide
suitable habitat for the species. However, this species has not been observed within the Coastal
Plain for several decades and is largely believed to be extirpated from the region.
Archaeological and Historic Resources
Land Management Group, Inc. reviewed the database at the Office of State Archaeology and
found one known archaeological occurrence within the Yellow Banks tract (31BW323). In 1978,
a prehistoric site was identified on a sand ridge on both sides of SR 1112, approximately 0.5
miles north of its intersection with Beachview Drive at Sunset Harbor. Little is known about this
site. The site is located approximately 1.5 miles to the west-northwest of the recent dike
expansion project.
Brockington & Associates, Inc. was contracted by the applicant to perform an archaeological
resources survey on the land/easement exchange areas. The draft report was submitted to the
State Historic Preservation Office of the NC Department of Cultural Resources on January 7,
2005. In a February 1, 2005 letter to Brockington & Associates, the State Historic Preservation
Office concurred with their archaeological survey report finding that the project involving the
land/easement exchange area will not involve significant archaeological resources.
7
PURPOSE AND NEED
The purpose of the proposed project is to construct a planned unit development in the Oak Island
area that will include a marina to allow boating and recreational opportunities for residents. The
proposed community road crossings will serve to provide access and traffic circulation to the
future upland development areas of the entire Seawatch at Sunset Harbor Community.
ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS
The alternatives evaluated include a no-action alternative, off-site alternatives, on-site alternative
site layouts, and the preferred project.
No-Action Alternative
The No-Action alternative would leave the property in its existing state, which is currently
undeveloped. Although the "Mercer Mill" phase of development for the Seawatch community
had already been initiated, it has separate utility and ownership from the "Yellow Banks" phase
of development. Additionally, this tract does not contain a marina. An environmentally sound
marina combined with single-family and multi-family housing will provide economic stimulus to
Brunswick County. In addition, active and passive recreation opportunities and access to the
water would be available to residents upon project completion. Due to the perceived benefits for
both property owners and Brunswick County that would potentially result from the construction
of a community marina, the no-build alternative would not be the best alternative.
Alternate Sites
The purpose of the proposed project is to construct a residential community in the Oak Island
area that has waterfront access. Because the State of North Carolina owns most of the tracts
adjacent to the AIWW for use as dredge disposal sites, no tracts in the vicinity met these
qualifications. The applicant had to enter into a land/easement exchange with the State and with
the US Army Corps of Engineers in order to obtain waterfront property. Therefore, there are no
other off-site alternatives.
8
On-site Alternatives
Four on-site alternatives were evaluated. Two options involve changes to the marina. The third
alternate site plan would bridge all of the wetland and stream crossings. The fourth option was
the design submitted in the original EA and proposed a larger amount of wetland and stream
impacts.
1. Construction of an Open Water Marina
Waters in this vicinity of the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway are not open to the harvest
of shellfish or human consumption; therefore, construction of an open-water marina
could be considered. Due to the bathymetry of the Seawatch at Sunset Harbor shoreline
in combination with the location of the USACE maintained channel, slips would likely
have to be lined along the shoreline of the property. Given the linear footage of dock
space, multiple access points across coastal wetlands would likely be necessary. In order
to allow for the safe navigation of vessels up to 55 ft in length, dredging over a broad
area of bottom habitat would be required. Construction of an open water marina with a
slip count comparable to the proposed marina would result in impacts to a minimum of
168,000 sq ft of public trust bottom. Due to dimensional constraints and size of the area
to be dredged and maintained within the public trust bottom, construction of an open
water marina would not be the best alternative.
2. Dry Stack Storage Only
The Seawatch at Sunset Harbor "Yellow Banks" community will offer over 2,000 homes
upon completion, leading to a high demand for water access. The "Mercer Mill" tract has
already begun development and does not have appreciable navigable access to the
Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway. In addition, both tracts are owned by separate entities.
This alternative would require a boat lift area and temporary dockage. As previously
discussed, waters in the vicinity of the proposed marina village are shallow and there are
considerable space restrictions along the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway. In order to
allow for sufficient temporary dockage and a boat lift area, dredging would still be
necessary within the public trust bottom. Using a conservative estimate of temporary
9
side - to dockage for ten 30 ft vessels, roughly 345 linear ft of dock structure would be
required. In addition, a narrow channel would need to be excavated to -5 ft MLW to
access the forklift pad, resulting in impacts to approximately 3,450 sq ft of benthic
habitat. The dry storage only alternative would also result in increased impervious
surface coverage from the dry storage building in addition to required parking.
In addition, the proposed open water marina accommodates vessels up to 55 ft in length.
Given the intended clientele for the development, it is likely that slips of this size will be
required. A dry storage facility only option would not accommodate vessels of this size.
This option was not preferred since it did not suit the needs of the applicant, results in
increased impervious surface coverage and impacts both public trust bottom and open
waters of the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway.
3. Bridging All Wetland Crossings
The applicant evaluated the option to construct development activities as proposed in the
preferred project by bridging all of the wetland/stream crossings. In general, bridges are
not considered to be an impact by the Corps and DWQ and could provide a mechanism to
avoid wetland and stream impacts within the tract. Twenty-four bridges would need to be
constructed. This alternative would still impact approximately 0.029 acre of freshwater
wetlands and 0.020 acre of coastal wetlands associated with the construction of the
marina. Based on estimates obtained by the engineer, it would cost approximately
$4,000,000 ($2,500 per linear foot of bridge; average bridge length of 68 10 to construct
these bridges. Because of these costs, this option is not economically feasible.
4. Original Site Plan
The original site plan that was submitted as part of the Environmental Assessment review
process proposed twenty-seven road crossings with 3.64 acres of wetland impact and 285
linear feet of stream impact (Figure 7). To accommodate comments received from
various agencies during the EA review, the applicant made significant alterations to the
site design in order to reduce wetland and stream impacts. Portions of roadways were
10
shifted and five bridges were added. Table 2 provides the specific minimization efforts
for the residential roadways.
Table 2. Coastal Communities, Inc avoidance and minimization efforts to further reduce impacts to
wetlands and streams associated with Sunset Harbor residential roadways.
Road Crossing # Minimization Efforts
Road Crossing 1 replaced with bridge - eliminated 85 linear ft of stream impact and 1,710.26 sq ft
of wetland impact
Road Crossing 8 replaced with bridge - eliminated 100 linear ft of stream impact and 5,702.61 sq
ft of wetland impact
Road Crossing 10 shifted right-of-way to the south channelized section of stream instead of north
meandering section - reduced wetland impact from 15,706.47 sq ft
to 9,532.80 sq ft, 80 linear feet stream impact remains
Road Crossing 12 replaced with bridge - eliminated 9,402.57 sq ft of wetland impact
Road Crossing 13 replaced with cart path (pedestrian) bridge - eliminated 9,619.58 sq ft of wetland
impact
Road Crossing 14 replaced with cart path (pedestrian) bridge - eliminated 13,005.09 sq ft of
wetland impact
Road Crossing 19 shifted roadway - eliminated 1,813.54 sq ft of wetland impact
Road Crossing 20 shifted roadway - eliminated 1,132.65 sq ft of wetland impact
Road Crossing 21 shifted cul de sac - eliminated 12,109.41 sq ft of wetland impact
Road Crossing 23 shifted roadway - reduced wetland impact from 17,634.55 sq ft to 9,992.95 sq ft
Please note that even though several road crossings have been eliminated, the crossing labels
utilized in the revised plan were not updated. This was done to provide continuity when
comparing the different versions.
Preferred Project Description
The proposed project is 1,382.19 acres in size and is located within the Yellow Banks portion of
Seawatch at Sunset Harbor. The mixed-use conceptual plan includes 2,200 single-family lots,
100 multi-family units and a community marina (Figure 8). In addition there will be
11
approximately 150 acres of open space with amenities to include pocket and linear parks and
pedestrian connectivity with greenway systems throughout the community.
Marina Village Development
Coastal Communities, Inc. proposes to construct a 1,275 ft x 330 ft upland marina basin
containing 267 permanent wet slips along the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway (Figure 9). The
marina basin will be accessed via a 90 ft x 360 ft entrance channel. The proposed marina will be
a floating system. Slips will be 30 ft, 35 ft, 40 ft, 45 ft, 50 ft, and 55 ft in length (Figure 10).
Pilings will anchor the floating dock system and serve to separate individual slips. Vessels will
be double loaded between fingers. There will be a total of 10 ramped access points that will be
hinged at the base of the concrete bulkhead and will feature rollers for the floating dock
structure. A designated right of way through residential lots will provide access points at all four
corners of the marina.
A boat ramp will be centrally located next to the dock master's office, providing two concrete
ramps for residents of Seawatch at Sunset Harbor. A wooden floating dock will separate the two
ramps and will provide temporary tie-up slips for boaters utilizing the ramps.
The planned basin will be located entirely within upland portions of the tract. The majority of
the proposed entrance channel will be located in upland areas; however, portions of the channel
will be located within the narrow coastal marsh fringe and extending into the Atlantic
Intracoastal Waterway. The proposed entrance channel will impact approximately 0.020 acre
(857 so of coastal wetlands and 0.029 acre (1,281.87 so of freshwater wetlands. Dredging is
proposed to a final depth of -8 feet MLW to assure safe navigation for intended clientele (Figure
11). Approximately 398,000 cu. yd. of sediment will be excavated for the proposed marina.
Turbidity and suspended sediment loading will be minimized by excavating the proposed marina
basin (approximately 333,850 cu. yd.) first, leaving a small plug near the outer end of the
entrance channel. A settling period (minimum of two days) will pass prior to the removal of the
plug. The marina entrance channel (approximately 64,150 cu. yd.) will then be excavated
including access to the AIWW. Erosion and sediment control practices will be routinely
inspected and maintained during excavation. Excavated materials will be hauled to upland areas
12
to the north of the marina village (Figure 12). Silt fencing will be placed around all dry
excavated materials for sediment and erosion control purposes. A mulch or stone berm will be
placed around all wet spoil materials for sediment and erosion control purposes.
There are four fixed crabbing docks proposed along the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway. These
crabbing docks will not have motor boat tie-ups and will be accessed by a fixed elevated
walkway, 6 feet in width. There will be a covered gazebo at the waterward end of each elevated
walkway (Figure 13).
Upland development of the marina village will include 117 residential lots, installation of
bulkhead tie-backs, construction of a dock master's building, pedestrian oriented structures,
sidewalks and landscaping (Figures 14, 15). Approximately 300 parking spaces will be
provided. Sixty spaces will be located adjacent to the dock master's building. Remaining
parking spaces, including truck and trailer parking, will be located in close proximity to the north
and northeast of the dock master's building.
Upon completion, the marina will remain private for use by residents and guests of Seawatch at
Sunset Harbor. It will be the marina policy to allow no overboard discharge of wastes. This
policy will be clearly designated with appropriate signage. No fueling, maintenance or marine
services are proposed. A full-time dock master will be on-site once construction is complete.
The dock master's building will be centrally located for supervision and safety purposes. A
permanent pumpout station will also be centrally located adjacent to the boat ramp and clearly
designated. The pumpout facility will tie into the Town of Oak Island sanitary sewer services.
Dry stand piping has been incorporated into the marina design to aid in fire fighting. Additional
safety features include an emergency spill response kit and fire extinguishers.
Remaining Development
Throughout the remainder of the tract, approximately 2,200 single-family lots and 100 multi-
family units are proposed. A total of twenty-four wetland and stream crossings are proposed for
the purposes of roadways, cart bridges and pedestrian access (Figure 8; 16-71). Four of the
proposed road crossings are existing dirt road crossings or natural upland areas that require
13
improvements of existing conditions to conform to the rest of the community roadways and will
be paved upon completion. Three crossings are cart path bridges that will provide access to the
marina and connectivity to neighboring phases of development (Figures 40, 42, & 65). Four of
the proposed crossings will be roadway bridges that will span from uplands to uplands, thereby
avoiding impacts to wetlands and streams (Figures 16, 30, 38, & 62). The bridge proposed over
Davis Creek near the eastern edge of the property will span from uplands to uplands, with pilings
located in wetlands as required by the structural engineer (Figures 60-64). Please note that this
bridge will be partially constructed on property owned by the USACE and the applicant is
currently in negotiation with the USACE to allow construction of the proposed bridge on
USACE property. This crossing will provide the USACE access to an adjacent dredge disposal
site.
Culvert sizes and quantities were designed to allow for adequate stormwater considerations,
wetland connectivity and public utility placement (Figure 68). In addition, roadway sections
were limited to 24 ft from back-of-curb to back-of-curb in most of the proposed corridors to
further reduce impacts to wetlands and streams. All subdivision roadways will remain private
upon completion.
Stormwater Information
A State Stormwater Management Permit will be secured for the Marina Village prior to the
issuance of a CAMA Major Permit and an Individual 404 Permit and 401 Water Quality
Certification. A State Stormwater Management Permit Number SW8070316 for Phase 13A of
the Yellow Banks Tract has already been secured. This site has been designed to collect and
infiltrate the first one and one half inch of stormwater runoff from all impervious surfaces. All
stormwater runoff from impervious surfaces throughout the Yellow Banks Tract will be collected
and treated in an engineered stormwater treatment system in accordance with 15A NCAC 2H
.1000 rules and the North Carolina 2007 Stormwater Best Management Practices Manual.
Project areas located within one half mile of and draining to the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway
and Mullets Creek, both class SA HQW waters located in the Lumber River Basin, will be
designed to collect and infiltrate, at a minimum, the first one and one half inch of stormwater
14
runoff from all impervious surfaces. Project areas located greater than one half mile of or not
draining to class SA HQW waters will be designed to collect and treat the first one inch of
stormwater runoff from all impervious surfaces through the use of approved stormwater best
management practices. In addition, project areas located within the Oak Island Extra Territorial
Jurisdiction (ETJ) will be designed to collect and treat the first one and one half inch of
stormwater runoff from all impervious surfaces through the use of approved stormwater best
management practices in accordance with the Town of Oak Island Stormwater Ordinance.
The Seawatch at Sunset Harbor development is excluded from the post-construction practices
required by the Session Law 2006-246, Senate Bill 1566, which went into effect on July 1, 2007.
In addition the development is excluded from Session Law 2008-211, Senate Bill 1967, which
went into effect on October 1, 2008. The development is excluded from these requirements
through vested rights that were established prior to July 1, 2007 by securing Planned Unit
Development (PUD) approval from Brunswick County and Master Plan Approval from the
Town of Oak Island. The project is required to meet the Brunswick County and the Town of
Oak Island Stormwater Ordinances. These ordinances include post development discharge rates
that are more stringent than the Phase II NPDES Stormwater Management Post-Construction
Regulations.
For portions of the project where the stormwater system has not been designed, designing the
stormwater treatment systems under the new rules will be considered. In addition, a deed
restriction that requires property owners to pickup after their pets to reduce a source of fecal
loading to the aquatic system will be recorded.
A State Approved Sedimentation and Erosion Control Plan will also be secured prior to the
issuance of a CAMA Major Permit and an Individual 404 Permit and 401 Water Quality
Certification. Through the Sedimentation and Erosion Control Plan Approval process, a General
NPDES Stormwater Permit for Construction Activities will also be secured.
15
Environmental Impacts
All anticipated impacts within the Division of Coastal Management Areas of Environmental
Concern and to 404 wetlands for the entire Seawatch at Sunset Harbor were addressed within an
Environmental Assessment. This EA has received a Finding of No Significant Impact (FONSI).
VklI flnnrlc
In order to safely accommodate residential, two-way traffic and provide connectivity to upland
areas within the Seawatch at Sunset Harbor community, there will be twenty-four (24) wetland
crossings, one of which is also a perennial stream crossing. Four of these crossings are widenings
of existing dirt roads or natural uplands. The necessary road crossings will result in fill impacts
to 2.0 acres of wetlands and 80 linear feet of perennial stream throughout the development
(Figures 16-66).
To construct the proposed marina entrance channel, there will be excavation impacts to
approximately 0.020 acre (857.33 so of coastal marsh wetlands and 0.029 acre (1281.87 sf) of
freshwater wetlands (Figure 67). Special care was taken during the planning process to position
the entrance channel in an area that is largely void of marsh vegetation.
Threatened and Endangered Species
The proposed project includes a marina that will likely increase boat traffic in this section of the
Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway. This could negatively affect manatees, sea turtles, and American
alligators. To offset this potential impact, boaters will be instructed by marina staff to maintain
slow speeds until they reach deep waters. This project is not expected to impact any federally-
protected species. The NC Wildlife Resources Commission and the NC Natural Heritage
Program concurred with this conclusion.
Water Resources
The marina entrance channel plug excavation and piling installation for the crabbing docks may
result in localized increased turbidity and 'suspended sediment concentrations within the Atlantic
Intracoastal Waterway. However, increased turbidity and suspended sediment will be short-lived
due to settling and dilution. Turbidity and suspended sediment loading will be minimized by
16
excavating the marina basin first, leaving a small plug near the outer end of the entrance channel.
A settling period (minimum of two days) will pass prior to the removal of the plug.
Proposed Mitigation
Wetlands/Streams
To mitigate for impacts to aquatic resources, approximately 470 acres of wetlands and 6,500
linear feet of stream within the Seawatch at Sunset Harbor Community are being preserved. In
addition, the applicant proposes to buy into the NC Ecosystem Enhancement Program (NC EEP)
for the restoration of two acres of non-riparian wetlands.
Coastal Communities, Inc., in cooperation with the project engineer, has made significant
alterations to the residential roadways throughout the community in order to reduce and further
mitigate wetland and stream impacts. The original project detailed 3.64 acres of wetland impact
from road crossings, which has now been reduced to 2.0 acres of freshwater wetland impact.
Stream impacts have been reduced from 285 linear feet to 80 linear feet. This was accomplished
by shifting portions of roadways and utilizing bridges. All deckboards will be at least three feet
above marsh substrate. Four of the proposed road crossings will be positioned to overlap at
existing dirt road crossings or uplands in order to reduce wetland and stream impacts.
Additionally, the applicant will construct four roadway bridges to span sensitive areas to further
minimize impacts (Sites 1, 8, 12, & 26). Three wooden cart path bridges are also proposed across
wetlands (Sites 13, 14, & 27) to minimize impacts to hydrology within the Sunset Harbor Ash
Swamp habitat.
In addition, all lots are buildable without wetland fill. The covenants of the subdivision address
wetland restrictions on individual lots and contain the following language: "Certain homesites
may contain wetlands subject to US Army Corps of Engineers regulatory jurisdiction. Filling,
grading, excavating and other land disturbing activities are prohibited in such wetlands on any
homesite." These covenants were recorded in the Brunswick County Register of Deeds on
November 26'x', 2003 (Book 1864/Page 745).
17
When determining the location of the proposed marina, care was taken to minimize impacts to
wetland and salt marsh habitat by positioning the marina entrance channel in an area with only a
narrow fringe of coastal marsh. The preferred alternative to construct an upland basin marina
will result in a minimization of disturbance to public trust bottom. In addition, special
consideration was put into marina excavation procedures in order to minimize turbidity and
suspended sediment loading to neighboring waterbodies.
Water Resources
Marina entrance channel plug excavation and piling installation for the crabbing docks may
result in localized increased turbidity and suspended sediment concentrations within the Atlantic
Intracoastal Waterway. However, increased turbidity and suspended sediment will be short-lived
due to settling and dilution. Turbidity and suspended sediment loading will be minimized by
excavating the marina basin first, leaving a small plug near the outer end of the entrance channel.
A settling period (minimum of two days) will pass prior to the removal of the plug.
In response to concerns regarding the water quality of marinas and subsequent effects on
adjacent coastal waters, the North Carolina Division of Water Quality requires that new marinas
and marina expansion projects demonstrate dissolved oxygen concentrations meeting or
exceeding the NC state standard of 5.0 milligrams per liter. As a result, Land Management
Group, Inc. generated a dissolved oxygen model for the proposed marina (Appendix H of the
EA). The model forecasts that dissolved oxygen concentrations within the proposed marina
basin will meet or exceed the NC state standard of 5.0 milligrams per liter.
The marina policy will be to allow no overboard discharge of waste. A full-time dock master
will be on-site once construction is complete. A pumpout system will be located next to the boat
ramp and will tie into Oak Island sewer. There will also be an emergency spill response kit
available on the dock.
A State Approved Sedimentation and Erosion Control Plan will also be secured prior to the
issuance of a CAMA Major Permit and an Individual 404 Permit and 401 Water Quality
Certification. Through the Sedimentation and Erosion Control Plan Approval process, a General
18
NPDES Stormwater Permit for Construction Activities will also be secured. Silt fence shall be
placed anywhere disturbance for the site is near any wetlands or the Intracoastal Waterway.
Temporary sediment traps and/or basins will be designed and constructed as needed to further
control runoff from the site. Wire and gravel inlet protection and inlet sumps may also be used
to retain sediment on site.
19
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Seawatch at Sunset Harbor
Adjacent Property Owners
LaDane & DeCarol Williamson William A & Cerie M Strain
P.O. Box 2588 625 Allister Drive
Shallotte, NC 28459 Charlotte, NC 28227
Parcel ID#21800001 Parcel ID#234AD019
State of North Carolina
State Property Office Gary Phillip Parker
116 West Jones Street 4903 Orchard Trail
Raleigh, NC 27603 Marshville, NC 28103
Parcel ID#23400003 Parcel ID#234AD021, 234AD022
WD & Roy Boling Bobby Ray Byrd
C/O Phillip Boling 3724 Palm Street SE
561 Lockwood Folly Road Bolivia, NC 28422
Bolivia, NC 28422 Parcel ID#234HH001
Parcel ID#234AD01515, 234ADO1513,
234AD01512, 234AD01511, Thomas Earl & Pong Sun Rhodes
234ADO1510, 234ADO1509, 3730 Palm Street SE
234AD01508, 234AD01507, Bolivia, NC 28422
234AD01506, 234AD01505, Parcel ID#234HH002
234AD01504, 234AD01503,
234AD01502, 234AD01501, Clyde Mark Baisey
234HH005, 234HH006, 234HH007, 3774 Palm Street SE
234HH008, 234HH009, 234HH016, Bolivia, NC 28422
234HH021, 234HH036, 23400004 Parcel ID#234HH01I
Bayside Properties, Inc. Miles O Edge III
C/O Southern Coastal Cable 3786 Palm Drive SE
PO Box 1958 Bolivia, NC 28422
Georgetown, SC 29422 Parcel ID#234HH012
Parcel ID#234AD01514
Darrell Ray Lemonds
Christopher H & Judith Kayser Etals PO Box 1676
114 Clementree Lane Robbins, NC 27325
Kure Beach, NC 28449 Parcel ID92341-11-1015
Parcel ID#234AD016
Julius F III & Mary Sue Rogers
William E & Patricia Owen 5731 Camelia Lane
502 Raynor Drive Wilmington, NC 28409
Fayetteville, NC 28301 Parcel ID#234HH017
Parcel ID#234AD017, 234AD018
Betty N Burgin Steve H & Janice E Taylor
3820 Palm Drive SE 1304 Stonehaven Court
Bolivia, NC 28422 Wilmington, NC 28411
Parcel ID#234HH020 Parcel ID#234HH02901
Ronald Krafft Phillip Wallace & Judy L Lynn
4633 Arrowhead Drive PO Box 1431
Apex, NC 27539 Hamlet, NC 28345
Parcel ID#234HH022 Parcel ID#234HH031
Terry Allen & Arthur Eugen Vernon Raeford W & Nellie Underwood
310 Richland Creek Road 3902 Palm Street
Anderson, SC 29626 Bolivia, NC 28422
Parcel ID#234HH023 Parcel ID#234HH032
James T & Shirley P Hough Basil & Elizabeth Bolton
2520 Stanback Ferry Road 942 Bolton Acres Drive
Lilesville, NC 28091 Hope Mills, NC 28348
Parcel ID#234HH024 Parcel ID#234HH034
Frances Denice Coley County of Brunswick
1395 Henslee Place CIO Finance Department
Concord, NC 28025 PO Box 249
Parcel ID#234HH025 Bolivia, NC 28422
Parcel ID#234HH035
Larry L & Jacqueline B Lefler
1541 Mt Pleasant Road W James L & Kathy P Setzer
Mt Pleasant, NC 28124 PO Box 16
Parcel ID#234HH02501 Supply, NC 28462
Parcel ID#234HH037
Sterling & Darcie Goode Dunton
133 N Ithaca Road Josephine H Collins
Sterling, VA 20164 25 Collins Way
Parcel ID#234HH026 Leland, NC 28451
Parcel ID#234HH038
Cape Fear Property, Inc
101 East Island Drive Donald W & Janet H Albers
Oak Island, NC 28465 3934 Palm Street SE
Parcel ID#234HH028 Bolivia, NC 28422
Parcel ID#234HH039
James Robert & Tracy Lynn Creech
901 Greenlewis Road Gertrude H Williford
Bolivia, NC 28422 109 E McNeil Drive
Parcel ID#234HH029 Red Springs, NC 28377
Parcel ID#234HH040
Weldon Sessoms
4574 Cumberland Drive
Fayetteville, NC 28306
Parcel ID#234HH041
Michael F. Easley, Governor James N. Gregson, Director William G. Ross Jr., Secretary
November 10, 2008
Land Management Group
PO Box 2522
Wilmington, NC 28402
Enclosed please find responses from the North Carolina (State) Environmental Policy Act
(SEPA) coordinator concerning the Seawatch at Sunset Harbor Marina Village Project. The
coordinator has indicated that because of the nature of the comments received during the State
Clearinghouse review, no further environmental review action is required under SEPA.
Please feel free to contact me by phone [phone]) or by e-mail at
(rich.weaver @ncmail.net) if you would like to discuss this matter f rther.
Sincerely,
Doug Huggett
Major Permits Coordinator
Cc: Debbie Wilson, DCM
Melba McGee
400 Commerce Avenue, Morehead City, North Carolina 28557
Phone: [phone] FAX: [phone] Internet: www,nccoastalmanagement.net
An Equal Opportunity \ Affirmative Action Employer- 50°,6 Recycled 110% Post Consumer Paper

North Carolina
Department of Administration
Michael F. Easley, Governor Britt Cobb, Secretary
October 28, 2008
Mr. Doug Huc-ett
N.C. Dept. of Env. & Nat. Resources
Division of Coastal Mgt. ; -
400 Commerce Avenue
Morehead City, NC 28557
Re: SCH File # 09-E-4300-0077; EAJFONSI; Seaw:ttch at Sunset Harbor Marina Villabe
project involves creation of an upland marina basin, new navigation channel & various
highground development activities in Brunswick County.
Dear Mr. Huc-ett:
The above referenced environmental impact information has been reviewed through the State
Clearing=house under the provisions of the North Carolina Envirwimental Policy Act.
Attached to this letter are comments made in the review of this document. Because of the nature of the
comments, it has been determined that no further State Clearinghouse review action on your part is
needed for compliance with the North Carolina Environmental Policy Act. The attached comments
should be taken into consideration in project development.
Best regards.
Sincerely, vValerie W. McMillan, Director
State Environmental. Policy Act
Attachments
cc: Region 0
Hailing . t rldress: Telephone: [phone]?
1301 Mail Service Curter Fax [phone]
Raleigh, NC 27699.1301 State Courier ,'151-01-00
e-mail r"nfcrie. it.mcnriilan ?doa.nc.gon
Location : I ddress:
116 West Jones Street
Rah-iLh, North Carolina
An ErIvalOpportnnilta!9 fnmatirc Aclion Employer
NORTH CAROLINA STATE CLEARINGHOUSE --_- I
DEPARTMENT OF ADMINISTRATION
INTERGOVERNMENTAL REVIEW
STATE NUMBER: 09-E-4300-0077 GOB
DATE RECEIVED: 09/18,/2008
AGENCY RESPONSE: 10/22/2008
REVIEW CLOSED: 10/27/2008
CLEA.RTNGHOUSE COORD
CC&PS - DEM, 1,IFIP
IISC 716
P_'=IGH NC
REVIEW DISTRIBUTION
CAPE FEAR COG
CC&PS - DEM, H FIP
DENR - COASTAL MGT
DENR LEGISLATIVE AFFAIRS
DEPT OF CUL RESOURCES
DEPT OF TRANSPORTATION

i? . ql." ?
r
PROJECT INFORI-IATION
APPLICANT: N.C. Dept. of Env. & Nat. Resources
TYPE: State Environmental Policy Act
ERD: Environmental Assessment/Finding of No Significant Impact
DESC: Seawatch at Sunset Harbor Marina Village project involves creation of an upland
marina basin, new navigation channel & various highground development activities
in Brunswick County.
The attached project has been submitted to the N. C. State Clearinghouse for
intergovernmental review. Please review and submit your response by the above
indicated date to 1301 Mail Service Center, Pale- NC 27699-1301.
If additional review time is needed, please contact this office at [phone].
AS A RESULT OF THIS REVIEW THE FOLLOWING IS SUBMITTED:
1,10 COMMENT
SIGNED BY:
DATE:
North Carolina Department of Crime Control and Public Safety
Division of Emergency Management
Office of Geospatial and Technology Management
4719 TvIail Service Center • Raleigh, NC 27699-4719
Michael F_ Easley
Governor
Ms. Valerie McMillian
State Clearinghouse
N.C. Department of Administration
13 01 Mail Service Center
Raleigh, North Carolina 27699-1301
Bryan E. Beatty
Secretary
September 25, 2008
Subject: Intergovenumntal Review State Number: 09-E-4300-0077
Seawatch at Sunset Harbor Marina Village project in Brunswick Countyh
Dear Ms. Valerie McMillian:
As requested by the North Carolina State Clearinghouse, the North Carolina Department of
Crime Control and Public Safety Division of Emergency Management Office of Geospatial
and Technology Management (GTM) reviewed the proposed project listed above and has
provided comments herein. It is our understanding that the project is a proposed marina and
subdivision development along the intracoastal waterway in Brunswick County
The GTM has the following comments:
1) The Envirotunental Assessment does not mention the special flood hazard areas
located on the property; impacts to the 1 % annual chance flood the development will
cause; or any construction / development requirements associated with the special
flood hazard areas.
2) The Brunswick County DFIRM Panel 2046, with effective date June 2, 2006, indicates
the proposed project includes areas within the special flood hazard area. The DFIRM
indicates base flood elevations of 13', 12' and 1 I' NAVD along the property (see
image below).
3) The proposed plans shown in the Environmental Assessment show a number of
structures (the Code of Federal Regulations defines structure as a walled and roofed
building) within the special hazard area, including the Seawatch Harbormaster Dock
House. The Code of Federal Regulations, the NC Building Code and the Brunswick
County flood damage prevention ordinance each require structures within the special
Location: 1812 Tillery Place, Suite 105 • Raleigh, NC 27604 • [phone]
An Equal Opportunity/Affirmative Action Employer
C?
Pate 2 of 3
September 25, 2008
flood hazard area to be constructed so the first floor is elevated above the base flood
elevation (at a minimum). The building details in the Envirorunental Assessment
show the buildings to be constructed on grade, which is below the base flood elevation
with the special flood hazard area.
4) Please consult Brunswick County's floodplain administrator for guidance on any
higher standards for floodplain development as defined in the County's local
ordinance.
5) Please consult Brunswick County's floodplain administrator ur requirement for the
floodplain development permit required for development within the special flood
hazard area.
Thank ; ou for you:- cooperation and consideration. If you have any questions concerning the
abo, comments, Tease contact Randy Mundt, AICP, CFM, the Acting NC NFIP State
Coor":;nator at (91 • : 715-5711, by email at rmundt(ancem.org or at the address shown on the
footer of this docu: -nts.
Sincerely,
Kenneth W. Ashe, '.E., CFM
Assistant Director
c: Randy Mundt, .;` ting NC NFIP State Coordinator
Location: 1812 Tillery Place, Suite 105 • Raleigh, NC 27604 • [phone]
An Equal Opportunity/Affirmative Action Employer

Page 3 of 3
September 25, 2005
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FIRM
FLOOD INSURANCE RATE MAP
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PANEL 2046 ,
(SEE LOCATOR DIAGRAh1 OR NIAP INDEX FOR FIRM
PANEL LAYOUT)
CONTAINS:
COMMUNITY CID No. PANEL SUFFIX
9RU11SY11CK COUNTY 37[495 2046 1
OAK ISLAND. TMYN OF 370523 2046 1
Location: 1812 Tillery Place, Suite 105 • Raleigh, NC 27604 • (919) 71-5711
An Equal Opportunity/Affirmative Action Employer
G
NORTH CAROLINA STATE CLEARINGHOUSE;
DEPARTMENT OF ADMINISTRATION
INTERGOVERNMENTAL, REVIEW
STATE NUMBER: 09-E-43.00-0077. GO8
DATE RECEIVED: 09/18/2008
AGENCY RESPONSE: 10/22/2008
REVIEW CLOSED: 10/27/2008
MS RENEE GLEDHILL-EAR.'LE'.!,
CLEARINGHOUSE COORD
DEPT OF CUL RESOURCES
ARCHIVES-HISTORY BLDG - HSC 406171
RALEIGH NC
REVIEW DISTRIBUTION
CAPE FEAR COG
CC&PS - DENT, NF IP
DENR - COASTAL MGT
DENR LEGISLATIVE AFFAI S
DEPT OF CUL RESOURCES
DEPT OF TRAHSPORTATIO1,!
PROJECT INFORMATION

f1-, Pr

APPLICANT: N.C. Dept. c Env. & Nat. Resources
T'-,'PE: State Environmen 1 Policy Act
ERD: Environmental As ssment/Finding or No Significant Imoact
1vI1310$
DESC: Seawatch at Suns Harbor Marina Village project involves creation of an upland
marina basin, ne navigation channel & various highground development activities
in Brunswick Cou: y.
The attached project ha been submitted to the N. C. State Clearinghouse for
intergovernmental revie Please review and submit your response by the above
indicated date to 1301 ail Service Center, Raleigh HC 27699-1301.
If additional review ti is needed, please contact this office at [phone].
AS A RESULT OF THIS REV-Eli THE FOLLOWING IS SUBMITTED:
?t11 NO COMMENT
COMMENTS ATTACHED
C
SIGNED BY
cQ/IC_.f.? `'
DATE. ID ?? D
A?
79
NORTH CAROLINA STATE CLEARINGHOUSE
DEPFRTNPENT OF ADMINISTRATION
INTERGOVERNMENTAL REVIEW
ST TE NJI-IEER: 09-E-4300-0077
DATE RFC::-Iv-D: 09/18/2008
AGENCY RESPONSE: 10/22/2008
REVIEW CLOSED: 10/27/200B
CIS ..ELBA HCG7-
rL EAa,I[,1GHOUSE COORD
DEN, - COASTAL MGT
C/O ARCHDALE BLDG
PALEIGH NO
REVIEW DISTRIBUTIOIl
CAPE FEAR COG
CC&PS - DEM, NFIP
DENR - COASTAL I1IG T
DENR LEGISLATIVE AFFAIR
DEPT OF CUL RESOJRCES
DEPT OF TPANSPORTATION
PROJECT INFORMATION
APPLICANT; N.C. Dept. o Env. & Nat. Resources
T'A'PE: State Lnvlronmen- L Policy Act
ERD: Environmental Ass sment/Finding of No Sianificant impact-
GOB
DESC: S=awacch =_ Sunse Harbor Marina Village project involves creation of an upland
marina basin, n=': navigation channel & various higharound development activities
in Brunswick. Cour ?.
The attached project hac been submitted to the N. C. State Clearinghouse for
intergovernmental revie°:. Please review and submit your response by the above
indicated date to 1301 1,iil Service Center, Faleigh NO 27099-1301.
If additional review! tin is needed, please contact this office at [phone].
AS A RESIiLT OF THIS REVlEW THE FOLLOWING IS SUBMITTED:
1 1,10 COMMENT
?COI-IMiEN T S ,TT.'=_C}IED
/lam'
SIGNED B't
i
DATE: -7
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Archaeological Resources Survey of the Yellowbanks Tract
Brunswick County, North Carolina
Final Report
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Archaeological Resources Survey of the Yellowbanks Tract
Brunswick County, North Carolina
Final Report
Prepared for:
Coastal Communities, Inc.
Holden Beach, North Carolina
Prepared by:
AW4:?r&
David G. Jenkins, RPA
Principal Investigator
with contributions from
Kate C. Pattison
Archaeological Technician
Broclington and Associates, Inc.
Atlanta Charleston Raleigh
February 2005

Management Summary
From 4-8 October 2004, Brockington and Associates, Inc., conducted an intensive Phase I
archaeological resources survey of approximately 281 acres associated with the Yellowbanks tract
in Brunswick County, North Carolina. This survey was conducted for Coastal Communities, Inc.,
in Holden Beach, North Carolina. Survey tasks were completed in compliance with criteria defined
under Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended through 1992 (16
USC 470).
We conducted background research and intensive archaeological resources survey during this
investigation. We conducted background research at the Office of State Archaeology (OSA) in
Raleigh. We identified 54 previously recorded sites and four shipwrecks within one mile of the
project tract. Archaeological field survey methods included systematic shovel testing at 100 foot
intervals along transects within the tract. Shovel tests were excavated until sterile subsoil was
reached. Visual inspection augmented shovel testing in areas with good ground surface visibility.
Three archaeological sites (31BW714, 31BW715 and 31BW716) were identified during this survey.
The majority of 3 IBW714 is a surface scatter of prehistoric ceramics, Iithics, and shell tools.
Located in a highly disturbed area of the tract, 3IBW714 is recommended not eligible for the
National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). Site 31BW715 is a very small surface scatter of
prehistoric ceramics. Like 3113W714, site 31BW715 also is severely disturbed and is recommended
not eligible for the NRHP. Site 3 IBW716 is a small surface scatter of prehistoric ceramics that also
is disturbed, and is recommended not eligible for the NRHP.
In summary, proposed development of the Yellowbanks tract will not affect any significant
archaeological resources. We recommend no fiuther consideration of the Yeflowbanks tract with
regard to cultural resources,
ii
.i
Table of Contents
Page
Management Summary ............................................ . ........... ii
List of Figures ............................................................... iv
List of Tables ................................................................ iv
Chapter I. Introduction ...................................................... 1
Chapter II. Methods of Investigation ............................................ 4
Background Research ........................................ 4
Field Survey ................................................4
Assessment of NRHP Eligibility ................................ 5
Laboratory Analysis and Curation ............................... 7
Chapter III. Environmental and Cultural Overview ................................. 8
Environmental Overview ...................................... 8
Cultural Overview .......................................... 12
Chapter IV. Results and Recommendations ...................................... 27
Background Research Results ................................. 27
Field Survey Results ........................................ 30
Summary and Recommendations .............................. 35
References Cited ............................................................. 36
Appendix A. Artifact Catalog
Appendix B. State Archaeological Site Forins
ill

List of Figures
Page
Figure 1.
Figure 2.
Figure 3.
Figure 4.
Location of the project tract and all nearby archaeological resources (USGS
1994 Loch-woods Folly, NC topographic quadrangle) ...................... 2
A portion of Colton's 1861 map, showing the project tract location .......... 24
View of Area 1, looking northeast (top); view of wetland in Area 4, looking
west ...........................................................29
Plan and views of sites 31BW714, 31BW715, and 31BW716 .............. 32
List of Tables
Page
Table 1. Sources Employed during Artifact Identification and Analysis .............. 7
Table 2. Summary of Previously Recorded Archaeological Resources Within One
Mile of the Project Tract ........................................... 28
IV

Chapter I. Introduction
From 4-8 October 2004, Brockington and Associates, Inc., conducted an intensive Phase I
archaeological resources survey of approximately 281 acres associated with the Yellowbanks tract
in Brunswick County, North Carolina. This survey included background investigations and
systematic examination of the terrestrial portions of the project tract. Coastal Communities, Inc.,
of Holden Beach, North Carolina, sponsored these investigations in compliance with state and
federal regulations concerning the management of archaeological resources in the coastal zone of
North Carolina. These laws and regulations include the following statutes:
Section 404 of the Clean Water Act of 1948 (33 USC 1344), as amended;
Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (16 USC 470), as
amended;
Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972 (16 USC 1451 seq.), as amended; and
Coastal Zone Management Act of 1979 (North Carolina General Statutes 113).
The project tract is divided into five separate areas, designated Areas I and 2 (approximately
80 acres), Area 3 (approximately 36.5 acres), Area 4 (approximately 3.5 acres), and Sheep Island
(approximately 161 acres). Figure 1 shows the location of the surveyed portions of the Yel lowbanks
tract, all identified archaeological resources, and all previously recorded archaeological sites located
within one mile. Areas I and 2 are located east of Sunset Harbour Road and are bounded to the
south by the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway (AIWW); these two areas are separated by wetlands.
A levee is located within Area 2. Area 3 is located directly east of Area 2 and is bounded by a levee
that extends along the AIWW. Area 4 is located directly east of Area 3, and also has a levee as its
southern boundary. Dense pine flatwoods and maritime forest cover most of Areas 1-4. Sheep
Island is located adjacent to the AIWW, approximately 0.3 mile west of Gore's Landing at Sunset
Harbour Road. Sheep Island is a series of islets covered in maritime forest, juxtaposed by large
spoils piles and vast expanses of marsh.
Background investigations at the Office of State Archaeology (OSA) in Raleigh identified
no National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) listed or eligible historic properties or previously
recorded sites within one mile of the project tract. Archaeological field investigations involved the
pedestrian traverse of transects spaced at 100 foot intervals within the project tract. We excavated
shovel tests at 50 and 100 foot intervals along each transect except in wet, sloping, or disturbed
I Y

areas. Shovel tests were excavated until sterile subsoil was reached. Visual inspection was
conducted in areas with good ground surface visibility.
Intensive archaeological survey of the project tract identified three sites (31BW714,
31BW715 and 3IBW716). Site 31BW714 is primarily a surface scatter ofprehistoric ceramic, lithic,
and shell artifacts. Sites 31BW715 and 31BW716 are small surface scatters of prehistoric ceramic
artifacts. All three sites are disturbed and eroded. We recommend 31BW714, 31BW715 and
31BW716 not eligible for the NRBP.
Chapter II outlines the field and laboratory methods employed in this investigation. Chapter
III provides a brief, site specific environmental and cultural overview. The results of this investigation
are presented in Chapter IV.
3
Chapter II. Methods of Investigation
Background Research
We conducted background research at the Office of State Archaeology (OSA) in Raleigh.
We also reviewed primary and secondary records at the Division of Archives and History in Raleigh.
Also, we conducted a review of records of land ownership in Brunswick County. We performed
background research to locate National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) properties or previously
recorded archaeological resources within one mile of the project tract.
Field Survey
We conducted an intensive pedestrian survey of the entire project tract. Systematic shovel
tests were placed at 100 foot intervals along transects spaced 100 feet apart. In addition, several
judgmental shovel tests were excavated in areas thought to have high potential to contain artifacts
(i.e., flat areas along creek beds). Shovel tests were not excavated on steeply sloping terrain (greater
than 15 percent slope), or in extremely wet or highly disturbed areas.
Shovel tests measured one by one foot, and were excavated into sterile subsoil. Shovel test
soils were screened through '/ inch wire hardware cloth. Records of each shovel test were kept in
field notebooks, including information on content (e.g., presence or absence of artifacts, artifact
descriptions) and context (i.e., soil colorand texture descriptions, depth of definable levels, observed
features). All shovel tests were backfilled upon completion.
When archaeological materials are encountered, the interval between shovel tests is reduced
to 50 feet to better delimit the site boundaries. Two consecutive negative shovel tests (at 50 foot
intervals) are considered to be sufficient to detennine the site boundary. Per OSA guidelines, an
archaeological site is defined as an area containing three or more artifacts of a possible single
occupation in a 100 foot or less diameter of surface exposure; or where at least two shovel tests
within 100 feet are positive (containing one or more artifacts); or where surface or subsurface
cultural features are present. Modern artifacts (less than 50 years) typically do not define a site
4
without a compelling research or management justification. Less than three artifacts in close
proximity are categorized as isolated finds.
Assessment of NRHP Eligibility
One of the goals of this project is to provide sufficient data to the State Historic Preservation
Office (SHPO) to determine whether any cultural resources identified during this investigation are
eligible for the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). Cultural resources (i.e., districts,
buildings, structures, archaeological sites, and objects) are evaluated based on the criteria for
eligibility to the NRHP, as specified in Department of Interior Regulations (36 CFR Part 60.
National Register of Historic Places). According to 36 CFR Part 60.4 (Criteria for evaluation),
cultural resources (referred to as properties in the regulations) can be defined as significant (i.e.,
eligible forthe NRHP) if they "possess integrity of location, design, setting, materials, workmanship,
feeling, and association," and if they:
A. are associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the
broad pattern of history; or
B. are associated with the lives of persons significant in the past; or
C. embody distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of
construction, or represent the work of a master, possess high artistic values,
or represent a significant and distinguishable entity whose components may
lack individual distinction; or
D. have yielded, or may be likely to yield, information important in
prehistory or history.
Usually, archaeological sites are evaluated relative to Criterion D. Archaeological sites are
locations of the physical remains of human activities, and are potential sources of important
information. However, some archaeological sites, particularly those representing historic period
occupation or use, can be considered eligible under Criterion A (if they are associated with specific
important events or trends in history), under Criterion B (if they are associated with important
people), or under Criterion C (if important structural elements are preserved) (Savage and Pope
1998; Townsend et al. 1993).
5
As indicated in 36 CFR Part 60.4(D), archaeological sites "that have yielded, or are likely
to yield, information important in prehistory or history" can be eligible for the NRHP. The National
Park Service (NPS) defines two requirements for archaeological sites to be eligible under NRHP
Criterion D (Savage and Pope 1998:21):
(1) the site must have, or have had, information to contribute to our
understanding of human history or prehistory; and
(2) the information must be considered important.
The National Park Service provides clarification for the first requirement by stating that an
archaeological site is eligible for the NRHP if that site "has been used as a source of data and
contains more, as yet unretrieved data" (Savage and Pope 1998:21; emphasis added).
Regarding the second requirement, Glassow (1977) recommends careful consideration of
specific site attributes (integrity, clarity, artifact frequency, and artifact diversity) in assessing
whether an archaeological site contains important information. Butler (1987:82 1) defines "important
information" as the potential of an archaeological site to contribute to current "theoretical and
substantive knowledge" of archaeology in the site's regional setting. In other words, under Criterion
D, importance or significance can be defined as research potential. The research potential of an
archaeological site (lacking architectural remains) can be assessed by demonstrating that the site
retains relatively intact archaeological contexts, such as culturally or temporally diagnostic artifacts,
intact features, discrete artifact clusters denoting activity areas, or preserved organic material
associated with the site occupation. To be considered eligible, these data should be capable of
addressing important research questions by testing hypotheses, supporting current scientific
interpretations, or reconstructing cultural chronologies through the use of appropriate analytical
methods.
As indicated by Glassow (1977), aspects of integrity are also important to assessing the
NRHP eligibility of archaeological sites. However, because "archaeological sites, in particular, do
not exist today exactly as they were formed" (Savage and Pope 1998:46) and infonmation potential
relies less on overall condition of the site, location and association are the most important aspects
of integrity for archaeological sites.
6
Laboratory Analysis and Curation
All recovered archaeological materials were transported to the Raleigh laboratory facilities
of Brockington and Associates; Inc. In the laboratory, our staff washed and sorted the artifacts by
excavation provenience. We assigned provenience numbers to the collection based on our unique
proveniencing scheme. Technicians bagged all artifacts by catalog number in labeled polyethylene
self-sealing bags within each provenience. We enclosed archivally stable paper tags that duplicate
the bag and catalog infonnation in each individual bag. We compiled all provenience and catalog
information into a coded database (Microsoft Access 2000) based on South's (1977) functional
group typology.
The basis of the Prehistoric and Prehistoric artifact analyses was observable stylistic and
technological attributes. Artifacts were identified by material of manufacture, when possible.
Temporally diagnostic artifacts were compared with published analytic sources. Sources employed
for artifact identifications arepresented in Table 1. Prehistoric residual ceramic sherds are fragments
with maximum dimension of 1.0 inch (2.54 cm) or less.
Table 1. Sources Employed during Artifact
Identification and Analysis.
Prehistoric Artifacts Prehistoric Artifacts
Coe (1964) Noel Hume (1970)
Green (1986) South (1977)
Oliver(1981)
Phelps (1983)
Ward and Davis (1999)
The artifact catalog was arranged by site number and provenience number, report graphics
include the assigned provenience numbers for each shovel test and surface collection to facilitate
review of the findings. Following review and acceptance of the final report, all project
documentation will be prepared for storage, and report copies will be filed with the State Historic
Preservation Office (SHPO) and OSA.
7
Chapter III. Environmental and Cultural Overview
Environmental Overview
The project tract is located approximately 8.5 miles west of Southport, the largest town in
the immediate vicinity. Dense pine flatwoods and maritime forest cover most of the project tract.
Sheep Island is a series of islets covered in maritime forest, juxtaposed by large spoils piles and vast
expanses of marsh.
The Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway (AIWW) borders the project tract to the south (except
for Sheep Island, which the AIWW borders to the north). The AIWW facilitates navigation along
the southeastern seaboard of the United States, and provides a source for fishing, boating, and
waterskiing. Approximately 1,200 miles long, it includes manmade canals, natural river channels,
estuaries, and bays protected by barrier islands. Construction and maintenance of the AIWW has
permanently altered the landscape of the project tract.
Topna raplry
The project tract lies in the lower Coastal Plain physiographic province of North Carolina.
The majority of the project tract, and Brunswick County, is nearly level with short slopes along
drainageways. Freshwater marshes are common throughout the eastern and central portions of the
county. Along the coast, the area is characterized by stepped terraces that resulted from fluctuations
in sea levels during the Pleistocene (Thornbury 1965). Another feature of the North Carolina coast
is a gently sloping continental shelf. This shelf serves to reduce wave stress and current speeds
(Adey and Burke 1976; Perlman 1980). Elevation in the project tract ranges from nearly level to 20
feet above mean sea level (amsl). The project tract is drained by the Atlantic Ocean.
Thousands of Carolina bays are prominent features of the Coastal Plain from Delaware to
Florida (Kovacik and Winberry 1987). These ovoid bays are oriented northwest to southeast and
feature prominent sand ridges, especially on the southeastern side. Carolina bays vary in size from
less than one acre to thousands of acres. Many of these depressions are fed by rain and shallow
groundwater, fonning isolated wetlands. These wetlands host a variety of wildlife, providing
valuable habitats for animals such as frogs, salamanders, turtles, and snakes. Many types of birds,
8
including herons, egrets, and migratory waterfowl live in Carolina bays. Mammals such as beaver,
deer, raccoons, skunks, and opossums get food and water from Carolina bays. Many bays contain
trees such as black gum, sweet gum, magnolia, bald cypress and maple, and shrubs such as sumac,
button bush, gallberry and red bay (SREL 2004). Carolina bays are so named, in fact, for the
profusion of bay trees they support (Howard 2004).
Historically, Carolina bay geomorphology has overshadowed bay ecology. Many
explanations have been advanced for the origin and orientation of Carolina bays, including meteor,
asteroid, or comet impact and limestone dissolution (Johnson 1942; Livingstone 1954; Melton and
Schriever 1933; Prouty 1952; Schriever 1956; Thom 1970). At present, wind and wave action are
most widely considered to be responsible for the initiation and shaping of the bays (Kaczorowski
1977). Some have compared the formation of Carolina bays to the 1908 "Tunguska Event", a
cataclysmic explosion in Siberia, hypothesized as the collision of a comet with the earth's surface
(Eyton and Parkhurst 1975; Prouty 1952). The heat generated by this massive collision produced
terminal flares, which induced steam explosions on wet, exposed ground surfaces, leaving elliptical
depressions similar to Carolina bays (Howard 2004; Kobres 2004). Today, no single theory prevails
and the debate rages as bay ecology has become a more popular scientific endeavor (SREL 2004).
Carolina bays have long been exploited for their rich soils and floral and faunal resources.
During the Prehistoric era, Native Americans intensely utilized resources found in Carolina bays
(Brooks et al. 1989:481). Historically, farmers commonly plowed through the fertile Carolina bay
soils and many of the hardwoods were timbered (SREL 2004). More than 97 percent of the Carolina
bays once found in South Carolina, for example, have been destroyed or severely altered (SREL
2004).
The Barrier Islands are located approximately 13 miles east of the project tract. Much of
eastern North America, from New Jersey to Mexico, has barrier island ecology exemplified by low
sandy islands that are easily affected by tides, wind and currents. The islands protect the iainland
from these forces. North Carolina's islands are unique due to their distance from the mainland and
their close proximity to the continental shelf and the Gulf Stream current (NCNatural 2003).
Rising sea levels and predominant winds from the northeast cause a general landward
migration of the islands. During storms, overwash of the islands by the sea pushes sand to the
mainland side in large quantities. As a result, dunes intrude into maritime forests. Beach dunes are
usually man-made structures, first constructed by the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) in the
9
1930s as erosion control measures. Not all dunes are man-made; some examples of natural dune
structures are at Nags Head and Carolina Beach State Park, near Wilmington (NCNatural 2003).
Climate
Brunswick County generally is hot and humid in summer, and cool during winter. Rainfall
occurs throughout the year. July is the warmest month with an average daily temperature of 79.E
degrees Fahrenheit (F), and January is the coldest month with an average daily temperature of 45.2
degrees F (Barnhill 1986). Snowfall is rare.
Soils
Soils in the project tract include Leon -Murviile-Mandarin (Lo-Mu-Ma), Kureb-Wando (KrB-
WaB), and Bohicket-Newhan-Lafitte (BO-NeE-LA) associations. Leon-Murville-Mandarin soils
are composed of fine sands, with weakly cemented subsoils, and are very common for the southern
part of Brunswick County. These soils occur on nearly level landforms, and are very poorly drained
to somewhat poorly drained; consequently, they are considered too wet for residential or recreational
development. Kureb-Wando soils are found on nearly level to sloping Iandforms, and are also
common for the southern part of the county. These soils are sandy throughout and excessively
drained. They are not suitable for residential or recreational development due to the loose nature of
the sandy soil. Bohicket-Newhan-Lafitte soils occur on nearly level landforms including tidal flats,
coastal ridges and barrier dunes. They are poorly drained soils with a clayey subsoil, and are
influenced by oceanic conditions. These soils provide important habitats for wetland wildlife and
plants (Barnhill 1986).
Paleoenvironment
Paleoclimatological research provides data on the prehistoric environment of the project
region. Profound changes in the climate and dependent biophysical aspects of the environment have
been documented over the last 20,000 years (the time of potential human occupation of the
Southeast). Major changes include a general warming trend, melting of the large ice sheets of the
Wisconsin glaciation, and the associated rise in sea level. This sea level rise was dramatic along the
10
southern North Carolina coast (Brooks et al. 1989), with an increase of as much as 328 feet.
Approximately 12,000 years ago (the first documented presence of human groups in the region), the
ocean was located 50 to 100 miles east of its present position, and the project area was probably a
rather unremarkable interriverine Coastal Plain flatwoods. During the last 5,000 years there has been
a 400 to 500 year cycle of sea level fluctuations of about 6.6 feet (Brooks et al. 1989; Colquhoun et
al. 1981).
As sea level quickly rose to modern levels, it altered the gradients of major rivers. Near-
coast river valleys were flooded, creating estuaries and sounds. These estuaries became centers for
salt and freshwater resources, and attracted human groups. The Southeast's pattern ofbarrier islands
and beaches backed by marshland and lagoons was probably repeated time after time as the rising
sea level continually pushed this micro-environmental sequence westward.
The general warming trend that led to the melting of glacial ice and the rise in sea level also
greatly affected vegetation communities in the Southeast. During the late Wisconsin glacial period,
until about 12,000 years ago, boreal forest dominated by pine and spruce covered most of the
Southeast. Approximately 10,000 years ago, a modem, somewhat xeric forest developed and
covered much of the southeastern United States (Kuchler 1964; Wharton 1989). As the climate
continued to warm, increased moisture augmented the northward advance of the oak-hickory forest
(Delcourt 1979). In a study by Sheehan et al. (1985), palynological evidence suggests that spruce,
pine, fir, and hemlock rapidly decreased in importance between 9,000 and 4,000 years before present
(BP). By the mid-Holocene, the oak-hickory forest was gradually being replaced by a pine
dominated woodland (Wharton 1989:12).
From 4,000 years BP to the present, the upland vegetation of the Southeast was characterized
by a thinning of the deciduous forests (Delcourt and Delcourt 1987). Hickory and gums were
generally less important, with alder and ragweed increasing in representation in the palynological
record (Delcourt 1979; Sheehan et al. 1985). This forest thinning suggests an increase in human
related land activities (i.e., timbering and farming). Similarly, the importance and overall increase
in pine species in the forest during this time would have depended on several factors, including fire,
land clearing, and soil erosion (Plummer 1975; Sheldon 1983). Since that time, the general climatic
trend in the Southeast has been toward slightly cooler and moister conditions, and the present
Southern Mixed Hardwood Forest as defined by Quarterman and Keever (1962) has become
established.
Cultural Overview
Evidence ofhuman occupation in North Carolina spans at least 12,000 years. The following
discussion summarizes the various occupations in southeastern North Carolina, emphasizing
technological change, settlement, and site function throughout prehistory.
Paleoindian Period (10,000-8000 BC)
The earliest presence of man in the Coastal Plain of North Carolina occurred in the
Paleoindian period. This cultural period corresponds with the terminal Pleistocene, when the climate
was generally much colder than today, and when sea level was more than 200 feet below present
levels. Although the project area was in the Coastal Plain during the Paleoindian period, the distance
to the ocean was much greater than at present. Another notable feature of the tenninal Pleistocene
was the presence of large mammalian species such as mammoth, elk, and bison (i.e., megafauna).
The pattern of human adaptation for this period has been reconstructed from data from other
areas of the country and from distributional data on diagnostic fluted projectile points found within
the Southeast (Anderson 1990a). Data from surface finds of Paleoindian points seem to indicate that
cultures of this period were focused along major river drainages, especially in terrace locations
(Anderson and Logan 1981:13; Goodyear 1979; Goodyear eta]. 1989; Michie 1977). If the pattern
from other areas of the country holds true in North Carolina, then the adaptation was one of broad
range, high mobility hunting and gathering, with a possible focus on megafauna exploitation
(Gardner 1970.
Paleoindian points have been recovered in the Coastal Plain (Goodyear et al. 1989; Michie
1977), but no intact sites have been documented. Apparently, only minimal Paleoindian use of the
region occurred. The majority of populations were probably centered more on the coast, which was
farther east at that time.
Early archaic Period (8000-6000 BC)
The Early Archaic corresponds to the adaptation of native groups to Holocene conditions.
The climate in coastal North Carolina during this period was still colder and moister than at present,
12
but an oak-hickory forest was establishing itself on the Coastal Plain (Watts 1970, 1980; Whitehead
1965, 1973). The Early Archaic adaptation in the North Carolina lower Coastal Plain is not clear,
as Anderson and Logan (1981:13) report:
At the present, very little is known about Early Archaic site distribution, although
there is some suggestion that sites tend to occur along river terraces, with a decrease
in occurrence away from this zone.
Early Archaic finds in the lower Coastal Plain typically are corner- or side-notched projectile
points, determined to be Early Archaic through comparison with materials excavated at sites in other
areas of the Southeast (Claggett and Cable 1982; Coe 1964).
Anderson and Hanson (1988) offer a model of seasonal mobility for Early Archaic groups
in the Southeast, which posits bands of 50 to 150 people along major drainage systems. Anderson
and Hanson (1988) hypothesize that Early Archaic use of the lower Coastal Plain was limited to
seasonal (springtime) foraging camps and logistical camps; aggregation camps and winter base
camps are hypothesized to have been near the Fall Line. Given the low overall population density,
limited evidence of Early Archaic occupation is expected in the region.
,diddle Archaic and Preceramic Late Archaic Periods (6000-2500 BC)
The trends initiated in the Early Archaic (i.e., increased population and adaptation to local
environments) continued through the Middle Archaic and Preceramic Late Archaic. Climatically,
the study area was still warming and an oak-hickory forest dominated the coast until circa 2000 BC,
when pine became more prevalent (Watts 1970, 1980). Sites increased in size and density through
the period. Stemmed projectile points and ground stone tools are characteristic artifacts.
Blanton and Sassaman (1989) reviewed the archaeological literature on the Middle Archaic
period. They document an increased simplification of lithic technology through this period, with
increased use of expedient, situational tools. Furthennore, they argue that the use of local lithic raw
materials is characteristic of the Middle and Late Archaic. Blanton and Sassaman (1989:68)
conclude that "the data at hand suggest that Middle Archaic populations resorted to a pattern of
adaptive flexibility as a response to" mid-Holocene environmental conditions such as "variable
13
precipitation, sea level rise, and differential vegetational succession." These processes resulted in
changes in the types of resources available changing; from year to year.
Ceramic Late Archaic Period (2500-1500 BC)
By the end of the Late Archaic period, two developments occurred that changed the
prehistoric lifeways on the North Carolina Coastal Plain. First, sea level rose to within
approximately three feet of present levels, and the extensive estuaries now present were established
(Colquhoun et al. 1981). These estuaries were a reliable source of shellfish, and the Ceramic Late
Archaic period saw the first documented emphasis on shellfish exploitation. The second major
development was the invention or adoption of pottery on the North Carolina coast. It should be
noted that the temporal/cultural border between the Ceramic Late Archaic and the Early Woodland
has been subject to much discussion.
Trinkley (1989, 1990) argues that the subsequent Woodland period begins with pottery
production, and that there is no Ceramic Late Archaic. Anderson et al. (1982) and Sassaman and
Anderson (1995) argue that the Ceramic Late Archaic is recognizable by either Stallings or Thorn's
Creek pottery. Around 1500 BC, production of fiber tempered pottery (Stallings Island) ceases, and
coastal midden sites change from large shell rings to smaller, dispersed middens. Thom's Creek was
a long-lived tradition that spanned a period of major cultural and environmental change. When
Thom's Creek pottery was produced within a generally Archaic system (Stallings and Thorn's Creek
I phases), itis considered a Ceramic Late Archaic manifestation. Subsequently, when Thom's Creek
ware was produced within a more typically Woodland system, it enters the Early Woodland period.
It has been speculated that the extent of Stallings ceramics is directly related to the availability of
Spanish moss for use in tempering (David Phelps as quoted by Sanborn and Abbott 1999). Thorn's
Creek and New River wares contain sand as a tempering agent, which Sassaman (1993) suggests
indicates a transition from indirect to direct cooking technologies.
Early H'oodland Period (1500 - 200 BC)
The Early Woodland period was a time when sea level climbed slowly and irregularly to
within approximately three feet of current levels. The period effectively begins and ends with
significant low stands within the general rising trend; the 1300 BC low stand was approximately 13
14
feet below present high marsh surface (bphms), and the 400 BC low stand was approximately 10 feet
bphms (Brooks et al. 1989). The subsistence and settlement pattern of the Early Woodland period
suggests population expansion, and the movement of groups into areas that had been only minimally
used in earlier periods. Early Woodland sites are very common on the North Carolina coast, and
generally consist of shell middens near tidal marshes, and ceramic and/or lithic scatters in a variety
of environmental zones. It appears that group organization during this period was based on the
semipermanent occupation of shell midden sites, with the short-tern use of interior Coastal Strand
sites. Site location patterns suggest a dispersed, highly mobile lifeway that continued from the Late
Archaic into the Woodland period.
Trinkley (1990) has established a series of site type categories for the Woodland period. Site
types for the Early Woodland period in the North Carolina Coastal Plain include seasonal camps
located in upland settings at spring heads or at the confluence of small streams, small seasonal
campsites located on swamp edges, and large semipermanent camps on swamp edges. Jones et al.
(1997) hypothesize that, based on site location data, Early Woodland people along the North
Carolina coast practiced a highly mobile dispersed pattern of settlement similar to that of the Late
Archaic.
Currently, the ceramic typology for the southern North Carolina coast is being debated. On
the northern South Carolina coast, the ceramic typology allows the definition of two phases within
the Early Woodland period: the Thom's Creek 11 phase and the Deptford I phase. The Thorn's Creek
11 phase (1500-800 BC) is recognized by the presence of a wide variety of Thom's Creek
(untempered or fine-to-medium sand tempered) and Refuge (coarse sand tempered) types. Thom's
Creek ceramics have been recovered from archaeological sites in southern North Carolina (Hargrove
1993; Phelps 1983; South 1976). However, on the coast of North Carolina the Deptford ceramic
series is known as Deep Creek in the northern portion of the state and New River in the southern
portion of the state. Both Deep Creek and New River ceramics are characterized by coarse sand
temper and a variety of surface decorations including fabric and net impressions (Loftfield 1975).
Some researchers subsume New River under the Deep Creek series (Phelps 1983), while others
prefer to utilize both series (Herbert and Mathis 1996). Based on recent research, simple stamping
and net impression surface modifications appear to be confined to the Early Woodland (Mathis
1999).
Recently, a previously undefined ceramic type was identified during data recovery at the
Hamp's Landing site (Hargrove 1993; Hargrove and Eastman 1997). The key defining characteristic
15
of Hamp's Landing ceramics is limestone or marl temper. Based on stratigraphy, Hamp's Landing
ceramics appear to either succeed or be contemporary with Thorn's Creek ceramics (Hargrove 1993:
Hargrove and Eastman 1997:92). Radiocarbon dates obtained from 31 CB 114, in Columbus County
(west of Brunswick County), suggest that Hamp's Landing ceramics occur in the Late Archaic
through Early Woodland period (Abbott et al. 1999).
Middle Woodland Period (200 BC-AD 1000)
The extreme sea level fluctuations that marked the Ceramic Late Archaic and Early
Woodland periods ceased during the Middle Woodland period. The Middle Woodland period began
as sea level was rising from a significant low stand at 400 BC, and for the majority of the period sea
level remained within approximately three feet of current levels (Brooks et al. 1989). The cornments
of Brooks et al. (1989:95) are pertinent in describing the changes in settlement:
It is apparent that a generally rising sea level, and corresponding estuarine expansion,
caused an increased dispersion of some resources (e.g., small inter-tidal oyster beds
in the expanding tidal creek network). This hypothesized change in the structure of
the subsistence resource base may partially explain why these sites tend to be
correspondingly smaller, more numerous, and more dispersed through time.
Survey and testing data from a number of sites in the region clearly indicate that Middle
Woodland period sites are frequently encountered throughout the region. These sites include small
single house shell middens, more significant shell middens, and a wide variety of shell-less sites of
varying size and density in the interior. Trinkley's (1990) site types for the Middle Woodland in the
North Carolina Coastal Plain include the same seasonal camps, and semipermanent campsites, as
well as the addition of sand burial mounds. Such low, sand burial mounds have been identified at
a number of archaeological sites in the southern coastal area, including the Cold Morning site in New
Hanover County (Ward 1980).
The present data from the region suggest seasonal mobility, with certain locations revisited
on a regular- basis (Reid 1998). Subsistence remains indicate that oysters and estuarine fish were
major faunal contributors, while hickory nut and acorn have been recovered from ethnobotanical
samples (Drucker and Jackson 1984; Espenshade and Brockington 1989; Trinkley 1976, 1980).
Loftfeld (1987) suggests that a pattern of adaptation to coastal settings evolved based on
exploitation of estuarine resources.
16
The Middle Woodland period witnessed increased regional interaction, and saw the
incorporation of extralocal ceramic decorative modes into the established technological tradition.
As Caldwell (1958) first suggested, the period apparently saw the expansion of subsequent
interaction between groups from different regional traditions (Espenshade 1986, 1990).
The published radiocarbon dates (as summarized by Blanton et al. 1986) for Hanover wares
recovered from sites on the northern South Carolina coast range from 180 BC to AD 250, with most
clustering around 150 BC On the southern North Carolina coast, radiocarbon dates of AD 300 to
400 for Hanover wares have been obtained by Eastman (1994) and Wilde-Ramsing (1984). Hanover
pottery characteristically has a lumpy interior, with cracks common as the general body separated
from the large fragments of grog temper.
Late [Voodland Period (AD 1000-1524)
The Late Woodland period represents the most stable prehistoric period in terms of sea level
change, with sea level for the entire period between approximately one and two feet bphms (Brooks
et al. 1989). Perhaps as a consequence of this stability, Late Woodland occupation along the North
Carolina coast reflects a purely estuarine focus.
Utilizing ethnohistoric and linguistic data, three phases have been advanced for the Late
Woodland period. These include the Colington phase, the Cashie phase, and the Oak Island phase.
The Colington phase is associated with Algonquian speakers in the northern coastal area.
Archaeological evidence indicates that these Algonquian speakers occupied coastal areas as far south
as Onslow County (Bogdan and Weaver 1989; Jones 1990; Loftfield 1990; Loftfield andJones 1995;
and Mathis 1995); however, Loftfield (1990) and Mathis (1995) suggest that the Algonquian groups
ranged as far south as the Cape Fear River.
Colington ceramics are shell tempered and often exhibit fabric impressions, incising, and
simple stamping (Phelps 1983). These shell-tempered wares are the most common ceramics
recovered from archaeological sites along the southern North Carolina coast, and are frequently
associated with shell middens located along estuaries (Mathis 1999).
17
The Cashie phase is associated with Iroquoian speakers in the interior Coastal Plain. Cashie
ceramics (also known as White Oak) have similar surface decorations as Colin-ton wares, but are
tempered with extremely coarse sand or small pebbles (Phelps 1983).
The Oak Island phase represents Siouan speakers and is confined to the southern coast of
North Carolina. Oak Island ceramics are shell tempered. The identification of Hamp's Landing
ceramics has called into question the prevalence of Oak Island ceramics. Researchers suggest that
a reanalysis of Oak Island wares may result in many being recategorized as the earlier Hamp's
Landing wares (Hargrove 1993; Hargrove and Eastman 1997; Herbert and Mathis 1996; Mathis
1999).
As in the Middle Woodland, the Siouan people in the southern coastal area buried their dead
in sand mounds or on top of sand ridges. Generally, these burials are secondary and bundled, and
cremations or charred remains are common (Jones et al. 1997). Jones and his colleagues (Jones et
al. 1997) suggest that burials appear to be placed away from village sites, but stress the need for this
view to be further investigated.
Structural patterns noted at several Late Woodland sites suggest that both circular and
rectangular structures were constructed, perhaps during different seasons. Or perhaps the two
structure types identified at some Late Woodland sites support the contention that Algonquian
speakers inhabited the area (Loftfield 1990; Mathis 1995). Whether two linguistic groups lived in
the project vicinity contemporaneously or sequentially cannot be determined with the data currently
available.
Mississippian Period (AD 900-1600)
In much of the Southeast, AD 900 through approximately 1600 is classified as the
Mississippian period. The Mississippian period was a time ofmajormound ceremonialism, regional
redistribution of goods, chiefdoms, and maize horticulture as a major subsistence activity elsewhere.
The Mississippian period has not been recognized as a distinct temporal/cultural delineation in
coastal North Carolina; however, recent excavations in Horry County, South Carolina (located just
south of Brunswick County, North Carolina), indicate that the Mississippian sphere of influence
extended further north along the coast than was previously thought. The ethnohistoric and
archaeological record certainly indicates that seasonal villages and maize horticulture were present
1S
at a number of sites along the southern North Carolina coast, including 3ION 33 (Loftfield 1979),
31 CR218 (Mathis 1990, and 31 HY43 (Gardner 1990). For this reason, the Mississippian period
is delineated as a separate temporal period in this discussion.
Excavations at the Mississippian period Tidewater site (38HR254), by Southerlin et al.
(I997)provided data of particular interest because Mississippian settlements arepoorly documented
along the coast in extreme northern South Carolina and southern North Carolina; this could be due
to the fact that this area is on the extreme northeastern periphery of the Mississippian culture realm.
The archaeological remains at the Tidewater site indicate a flexibility in the Mississippian adaptive
strategy, with all resource zones exploited in a diverse subsistence pattern (Southerlin et al. 1997).
The Tidewater site (Southerlin et al. 1997), as well as the Fairway site (38HR258) (Reid et
al. 1999) and 38HR243 (Reid et al. 1997) also located in Horry County, South Carolina, yielded
ceramic assemblages that contained Mississippian ceramics. Ceramics at the Tidewater site are
predominantly incised and simple stamped with sand temper, and account for a significant
percentage of the overall ceramic assemblage. These three sites also yielded diagnostic
Mississippian projectile points. It is likely that this area was linked to the chiefdom at Cofitachequi,
in interior South Carolina (Reid et al. 1999; Southerlin et al. 1997). These data imply that it simply
stopped at the state line. What is more likely is that Mississippian influence became more diluted
with distance from the political core in central South Carolina and the coastal groups of northern
South Carolina and southern North Carolina were on the fringes of the Mississippian sphere, thus
forming the Mississippian frontier.
Historic Period (4D 152 present)
This period is defined by the appearance of the first European explorers in the region and the
colonial settlement that followed. Generally, the period is marked by a decline in Native American
population due to European introduced diseases, slave riding, and ongoing warfare between groups
(Dobyns 1983; Ramenofsky 1982; Smith 1984). The regional chiefdoms characteristic of the Late
Mississippian period continued to function during the early portion of this period (Anderson 1980,
but the declining populations apparently resulted in the development of many small politically and
socially autonomous groups in coastal North and South Carolina (Waddell 1980).
19
Historic records indicate that Siouan groups dominated the area south of the Neuse River;
however, archaeological evidence suggests that Algonquian groups moved into the area by AD 900,
remaining there well into the1500s (Swanton 1946). The ethnohistoric record from coastal North
Carolina suggests that the protohistoric groups of the region continued to follow a seasonal pattern
which included summer aggregation in villages for planting and harvesting domesticated plants, and
dispersal into one to three family settlements for the remainder of the year (Rogel 1570 [in Waddell
1980:147-151]). This coastal protohistoric adaptation is apparently very similar to the Gualepattern
of the Georgia coast, as reconstructed by Crook (1986).
The first European explorer to visit the southern North Carolina coast was Ian Verranzano
in 1524 (Lee 1971:3). Verranzano was an Italian sent to explore the new continent for the King of
France. He landed in New Hanover County, which borders Brunswick County to the North, and was
greeted by "friendly Indians" (Lee 1971:3). The Spanish were the next explorers in the area. In
attempting to enter Cape Fear, the Spanish wrecked their ship and were forced to build a new vessel
before they could continue their journey. This vessel was the first to be constructed by Europeans
in the United States (Lee 1971:4). In honor of their captain, they called the Wilmington area "the
Land of Ayl16n" (Lee 1971:4). Neither of these early explorers settled the area, and nearly 150 years
passed before English settlers arrived to colonize Brunswick County.
In 1662, Captain William Hilton arrived in the area while seeking a favorable location to
establish a Puritan colony (Lee 1971:4). Hilton named the cape and inlet he encountered "Cape
Fear" (Lee 1971:4). Settlers from New England followed Hilton but left after a short time, leaving
a warning to avoid the area attached to a post at the point of the cape (Lee 1971:5). In 1663, King
Charles II of England gave much of what is now North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia to
several aristocrats, but no settlement was established until 1664 (Lee 1971:5). This first official
settlement of the Brunswick County area extended for over 60 miles along the Cape Fear River (Lee
1971:5). The first English town, Charles Town, was established several miles north of the mouth
of the river (Lee 1971:5). For a variety of reasons, including abuse of local Indians who turned
violent and political difficulties abroad, Charles Town was abandoned in 1667 (Lee 1971:6).
In the next several decades, the Carolina territory evolved into two separate colonies, North
Carolina and South Carolina. No official boundary between the two colonies was established so the
Cape Fear River came to be recognized as the unofficial boundary.
20
During this period, the Cape Fear Indians continued to inhabit the area. They were
presumably related to the Waccarnaw and other Siouan groups in the region, and they apparently
sold lands along the south shore of the Cape Fear in Brunswick County in 1665 to English settlers
(Swanton 1952:75). In 1715, their population was estimated at 200 people living in five towns (Lee
1971:6). These Indians were hostile to whites and joined other tribes in the Yamasee War, an
uprising against white settlers (Lee 1971:6). The Indians were ultimately defeated and the Cape
Fear tribe subsequently abandoned their homes (Lee 1971:6). By 1725, the Cape Fear Indians had
fled to South Carolina and were incorporated into other tribes (Lee 1971:6).
The lower Cape Fear was permanently settled in 1726 by settlers from South Carolina and
Upper North Carolina (Lee 1971:7). Prior to this time, the Carolinas had been under the
administration of the Lords Proprietors. In 1729, the territory came under the administrative control
of the English crown and definitive boundaries for the two provinces were established in 1735 (Lee
1971:9). This boundary divided North and South Carolina 30 miles beyond the Cape Fear River
(Lee 1971:9).
The Cape Fear River was designated an official port of entry and the Port of Brunswick was
established. It was named for the town of Brunswick, which was founded in 1725 (Powell 1989:84).
Brunswick Town got its name from King George I, Duke of Brunswick and Lunenburg. Shortly
afterward, another port town was established at the fork of the two branches of the Cape Fear River.
This port was named New Town and a rivalry between the two port towns developed (Lee 1971: 12).
New Town was incorporated as the Town of Wilmington in 1740 (Lee 1971:12).
Upon a visit in 1734, Governor Gabriel Johnston stated that the Cape Fear was the "place of
greatest trade in the whole province," (Powell 1989:105). Shipping and trade became the primary
economic activities in the Cape Fear region, and gradually, Wilmington came to be the center of
local trade (Lee 1971:17), quickly surpassing Brunswick as the center of economic activity in New
Hanover County. Brunswick County would not be established until 1764, formed from land in New
Hanover and Bladen counties.
During the 1740s, North Carolina and the other British colonies faced constant attack from
French and Spanish privateers (Powell 1989). A fort was ordered to be built in what is now known
as Southport. The fort was called Fort Johnston, named for Governor Johnston (Powell 1989). This
fort and others along the North Carolina coast did little to quell the attacks. Later, during the Civil
War, the coastal forts would play an important role (Powell 1989).
21
On 3 September 1748, three Spanish privateers began an attack on Brunswick (Powell
1989:99). Ships in the harbor were fired upon, and the Spanish began to invade the town. Buildings
were looted, and residents were driven from their homes. The people of Brunswick organized a
counter-attack, and sent the Spanish back to their ships and into the harbor. A truce was declared,
and after prisoners were exchanged, the Spanish set sail (Powell 1989).
After some difficult times, the Cape Fear Valley began to prosper. Corn, wheat and tobacco
were common agricultural products in North Carolina, but indigo and rice were especially important
to Brunswick County (Powell 1989). The Cape Fear Valley was the center of production for naval
stores, due to the large tracts of longleaf pines (Powell 1989). Settlers bought large parcels of land,
using slaves to work fields in the summer, and forests in the winter. Timbering and sawmills
flourished in the upper Cape Fear Valley, producing materials for barrels and other vessels, fencing,
and boat building (Powell 1989).
In terms of politics, the North Carolina colony was a site of unrest. Culpeper's and Cary's
rebellions, as well as the Regulator uprising, were signs that the push for independence from the
British was strong in North Carolina. The Ding responded by enacting the Parliamentary Acts of
1764 and 1765, the Sugar Act, and the Stamp Act to keep the colonies on a leash, and bring in new
revenue (Powell 1989).
When the Stamp Act went into effect in November of 1765, the Port of Brunswick was the
first site in North Carolina to receive a shipment of stamped papers (Powell 1989). Governor Tryon
was then living just outside of Brunswick Town. Tryon attempted to pacify angry merchants who
had vowed to fight the unfair taxation to the death. A local militia met the ship at the port, and it was
forced to turn around without delivering its goods.
On 21 July 1774, representatives from the Cape Fear counties met at Wilmington, and
determined that a Provincial Congress would be held in New Bern. They convened in August,
independent of the Royal Governor, to denounced Parliament's punishment of the Massachusetts
colony (Powell 1989). They also supported a proposal for a Continental Congress and elected
delegates. This was the first such Congress held in any of the colonies (Powell 1989).
On 27 February 1776, war came to the Lower Cape Fear (e Go Travel Guides [EGTG] 2000).
The royal government had lost control of the colony. Josiah Martin, the Royal Governor, had tried
to retire to the safety of Fort Johnston in Southport, but rebel forces beat him to the fort and

destroyed it. The governor retreated to a British warship lying near the mouth of the river. Governor
Martin was ensconced in his wooden capital for over seven months (EGTG 2000), but continued in
his efforts to agitate loyalist sentiments. He persuaded the large Scottish population near Fayetteville
to take up amens for the King. They marched towards Wilmington to join with British forces and
attempt to secure the harbor for the crown. To meet the threat, Colonel James Moore assembled
several regiments of Patriots. The forces clashed at Moores Creek Bridge, approximately 25 miles
north of Wilmington (Lee 1971:21). In February 1776, the Battle of Moores Creek Bridge occurred
between 1,600 Tories and 1,000 Patriots (Lee 1971:27). The battle lasted only three minutes but
served to weaken the Tory movement in North Carolina (Lee 1971:27).
To extend their success inland, Lord Charles Cornwallis led a force through the interior of
the Carolinas. The march led to a number of engagements, culminating in Cornwallis' defeat at
Guilford Court House, North Carolina. On 28 January 1781, a fleet of 18 British vessels under
Cornwallis anchored in the. Cape Fear River near Wilmington (Rankin 1959). The town was
immediately inundated with soldiers and fortifications. Cornwallis selected as his headquaters the
residence of John Burgwin (EGTG 2000). The house, known as the Burgwin Wright House, still
occupies the most prominent corner in Wilmington. Cornwallis and his men stayed just over two
weeks in Wilmington before heading to Virginia (Rankin 1959). Near the end of 1781, the
Revolution effectively came to an end when Cornwallis surrendered to French and American forces
in Virginia.
After the Revolutionary War, naval stores, such as lumber and turpentine, continued to be
the most important exports in the Cape Fear Valley (Lee 1971:33). Transportation in the project area
was virtually non-existent; Colton's 1861 map shows the lack of roads in the area (Figure 2). Rice
production increased in importance as a commercial crop (Lee 1971:33). Just before the Civil War,
North Carolina produced eight million pounds of rice, and all but 400,000 pounds came from
Brunswick County (Powell 1989:311). Rice production in Brunswick County would continue
through to the 1950s (Powell 1989;311). By the mid-nineteenth century, peanuts and cotton were
being exported, but turpentine became the leading product of the Cape Fear area (Lee 1971:34).
In the years before the Civil War, nearly 50,000 North Carolinians left the state to protest the
practice of slavery (Snow Camp Historical Drama Society Inc. [SCHDSI] 1994). A number of these
people became involved in the Underground Railroad, which helped slaves escape to Canada. Levi
Coffin, a former North Carolinian and the unofficial president of the Underground Railroad, was
23

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24
aided by former slaves and sympathetic whites in moving hundreds of escaped slaves out of the
South (SCHDSI 1994).
Meanwhile, North Carolina considered the possibility of seceding from the Uni on. In 1860,
a group of citizens from Wilmington asked then Governor John W. Ellis if they could seize Fort
Johnston and Fort Caswell, thereby taking control of the mouth of the Cape Fear River away from
the Federal government (Powell 1989:349). Fort Caswell is located on the eastern tip of Oak Island
in Brunswick County. Fort Johnston is just north of Fort Caswell on the mainland side in Brunswick
County, in what is now known as the town of Southport. The small group of men organized into a
militia, and occupied the forts from 9-14 January 1861 (Powell 1989:350). Later that year, Governor
Ellis ordered state troops to take the forts along with Fort Macon in Carteret County for the rapidly
seceding southern states.
At Lockwoods Folly Inlet, no fewer than five vessels were sunk during the Civil War
(Angley 1981). The first to be wrecked was a steamer called the Elizabeth (formerly known as the
Atlantic), carrying steel and saltpeter from Nassau to Wilmington on 24 September 1863 (Angley
1981). On 3 January1864, the steamer Bendigo was forced to run aground on a sand bar in the inlet.
Union troops attempted to salvage the ship, which was not holding much cargo at the time, but
ultimately abandoned the attempt due to Confederate artillery fire from the shore (Angley 1981).
Four days later, an unnamed blockade running steamer was run aground and destroyed by shelling.
Three days passed, and another blockade running steamer, the Raider, was destroyed a mile west
of the inlet (Angley 1981). On the same day, Union troops lost a gunboat called the Iron Age while
trying once again to salvage the Bendigo (Angley 1981). Two blockade running steamers bound for
Wilmington were known to be captured at Lockwoods Folly Inlet during the Civil War; the Kate in
1863 and the British steamer the Pet on 16 February 1864 (Angley 1981).
The Cape Fear River would be the longest open port in the Confederacy, due to Fort Fisher
in New Hanover County, aided by Fort Johnston and Fort Caswell (Powell 1989:376). Fort Fisher
was captured by Federal troops on 12 January 1865, less than three months before the end of the
Civil War (Lee 1971:75). The forts in Brunswick County were evacuated, as Union troops cut off
the Confederate line of supply at the Cape Fear River, ultimately defeating the Confederacy.
Reconstruction was a difficult time in Brunswick County, as in the rest of the South. After
the war, the timber industry again became important in the Cape Fear area. Shipbuilding was a
successful industry for the Cape Fear region during both World War I and World War II. Camp
25
Bragg near Fayetteville, now known as Fort Bragg, became the central training ground for North
Carolina's soldiers (Powell 1989:460).
The Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway (AIWW) was authorized by the Rivers and Harbors Act
of 1938. Extending from Norfolk, Virginia to Key West, Florida, the AIWW is approximately 1,200
miles long. Designed as a means of safe travel for large vessels inshore rather than offshore, the
AIWW also served to promote tourism. Boating and fishing enthusiasts travel long distances to use
the waterway. The portion of the AIWW in Brunswick County is particularly appealing due to its
remoteness.
Timber companies currently own approximately 50 percent of the land in Brunswick County,
but a new industry of tourism emerged in the twentieth century. Brunswick County boasts over 45
miles of sandy coast line on Sunset Beach, Ocean Isle Beach, Holden Beach, Caswell Beach, Oak
Island Beach and Bald Head Island Beach. Boating, fishing and golfing also draw tourists and
retirees from far away. Other attractions include the Oak Island and Price's Creek Lighthouses, as
well as Brunswick Town, which now operates as a North Carolina State Historic Site. The 2003
estimated population of Brunswick County is 81,592 (USBC 2004).
26
Chapter IV. Results and Recommendations
Background Survey Results
During a review of the archaeological site files at the Office of State Archaeology (OSA) in
Raleigh, we identified 54 previously recorded archaeological sites, as well as four shipwreck sites,
within one mile of the project tract (Table 2). The sites were largely identified by a local collector
in the mid-twentieth century. No information about the majority of these sites survives today, other
than their locations. All appear to have been destroyed by development. We were able to find
information for only one site (31 BW436, also known as 31 BW398). Site 31 BW436/31 BW398 is
a surface and subsurface scatter of historic domestic artifacts, including nails, glass, brick, and
ceramic fragments. Diagnostic artifacts date to circa 1830-1922. Site 31BW436/3IBW399 was
recorded in 1979 and was relocated in 1983 by Cultural Heritage Research Services Inc., during a
Phase I survey for the United States Army Corps of Engineers (U SACE), Wilmington District. Site
31 BW436/31BW398 was recommended not eligible for the National Register of Historic Places
(NRHP) (Payne and Brown 1983).
Research and a magnetic survey of the shipwrecks near Lockwoods Folly Inlet were
conducted for the USACE in 1981 and 1982 (Kimmel 1982). The C.S.S. Be2digo was recommended
for a full evaluation for the NRHP (Kimmel 1982). This evaluation was conducted by Tidewater
Atlantic Research in 1984 (Watts 1986). The blockade runners the Bendigo and the Elizabeth, along
with the U.S.S. Iron Age, then were nominated for the NRHP (Watts 1986). The three vessels are
included in the Cape Fear Civil War Shipwreck District (Watts 1986). Due to an absence of location
maps in Kimmel's (1982) and Watts' (1986) reports, we were unable to ascertain the exact locations
of these sites (i.e., the locations are correct, but we were unable to find out which shipwreck
corresponds to which location) (see Figure 1). We were unable to find information on the fourth
shipwreck site. No other significant sites are located near the project tract.
Field Survey Results
The project tract is divided into five separate areas, which include Sheep Island and Areas
1-4. Sandy bluffs and beaches, alternating between marshes or swamps characterize the topogn-aphy
of the tract (Figure 3). A significant portion of the project tract is disturbed by construction and
27
Table 2. Summary of Previously Recorded Archaeological Resources
Within One Mile of the Project Tract.
Site Number Site BCSerlplion 1AIIP Elittibilily Statusll{flea
3[B\\130 Unknown No informmion
11 BW31 Unknown No information
11 BW32 Unknnwwn No information
31 BW39 Unknown No inlormation
31 BW76 Unknown No information
.11 W77 Unknown No information
31 BW76 Unknown No information
31 BW90 Unknown No information
I I BW92 Unknown No information
31BW93 Unknown No informmion
11 B W 94 Unknown No information
31 BW 95 Unknown No informauon
IIBW96 Unknown No information
,IIBW97 Unkmwa No information
11 BW99 Unknmrn No information
11 BW99 Unknown No information
31 BW 100 Unknown No information
11 BW )01 Unknmwn No information
31 BW I02 Unknown No infnmatian
11 BW 101 Unknown No information
31 BW 104 Unknmcn No infnmatian
11 BW I05 Unknown No informauon
31BW 106 Unknown No informauon
31 BW 107 Unknown No information
31BW 114 Unknown No information
31 BW 115 Unknown No information
31 BW I16 Unknown - No information
31 BW t 17 Unknown No information
Al BWI 19 Unknown No information
31 BW 119 Unknown No information
31BW'120 unknown No information
11 BW 121 Unknown No information
31BW 144 Unknown No information
31 B W) 45 Unknown No information
31 B1VI19 Unknown Nn information
31BW220 llnknovn No infnrmannn
31 BINM Unknown No information
.1113W222 Unknmwa No information
31 BW2'_3 Unknown No information
31 HW224 Unknown No information
31 BW225 Unknown No informaiinn
31 BW229 Unknown No information
11 BW229 Unknown No information
31 BW259 Unknown No information
31 BW260 Unknown No information
31 HW261 Unknown No information
31 BW^_6I Unknown No information
11 BW263 unknown Np information
31 BW264 Unknown No information
31 BW323 Unknown No information
3113%%1324 Unknown No information
31BW339 I nknnwn No information
11BW361 Unknow+'n No information
31 BW436 399 19th. 19ih century artifact scmter Not Eligible
C.S.S. Bendign Civil Warshipwteck lligible
Eliahclh Ctet1 Warshipwrcck Nwiblc
U-.S,S. Iron Age Civil War shipwreck Eligible
Unknmcn shipuwck No information
28

Figure 3. View of Area 1, looking northeast (top); view of wetland in Area 4, looking west
(bottom).
29
maintenance activities associated with the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway (AIVM. A levee is
present within Area 2; levees form the southern boundaries of Areas 3 and 4. Several unnamed tidal
creeks drain the project tract. Figure 3 provides views of the project tract.
Sheep Island (approximately 161 acres) is located adjacent to the AIWW, approximately 0.3
mile west of Gore's Landing at Sunset Harbour. Dredging activities in the AIWW have permanently
altered the topography of Sheep Island. Large spoils piles interspersed with vast expanses of marsh
dominate Sheep Island. Due to the disturbance from these dredging activities and from recent
catastrophic storms that have swept through the area, only 43 judgmental shovel tests were excavated
on Sheep Island. Soils generally consisted of a 1.6 foot layer of gray or light brown sand overlaying
a 1.0 foot layer of white or yellow fine sand. Modem shell was present in many of the shovel tests.
No archaeological resources were identified on Sheep Island.
Area I (approximately 50 acres) is bounded on the north by a cut line, on the east by
wetlands, on the south by the AIWW, and on the west by a sandy parking area. Vegetation across
Area 1 consists of dense maritime forest. Sixty-six shovel tests were excavated along 10 transects.
Soils generally consisted of a 1.3 foot layer of gray or light brown sand overlaying a 0.8 foot inch
layer of white or yellow fine sand. Modern shell was present in many of the shovel tests in the
southwestern portion of Area 1. No archaeological resources were identified in Area 1.
Area 2 (approximately 30 acres) is bounded on the north by an existing levee wall, on the east
by wetlands, on the south by the AIWW, and on the west by wetland. Because of areas of
marsh/wetland and disturbance, only 51 shovel tests were excavated along 23 transects in Area 2.
Soils generally consisted of a 1.3 foot layer of grayish brown fine sand overlaying a 1.0 foot layer of
orange brown sandy clay. Many of the shovel tests contained disturbed, mottled soils characteristic
of dredging and erosion. Area 2 has been used for disposal by the USACE. Three sites (31BW714,
31BW715 and 31BW716) were identified in Area 2.
Area 3 (approximately 36.5 acres) is bounded on the north, east and west by a cut line and
wetlands, and on the south by an existing levee. Sixty-eight shovel tests were excavated along 13
transects. Soils generally consisted of a 2.0 foot thick layer of light gray or gray sand overlaying a
1.0 foot thick layer of brown or dark brown fine sand. No archaeological resources were identified
in Area 3.
30
Area 4 (approximately 3.5 acres) is bounded on the north by wetlands, on the east and west
by a cut line, and on the south by an existing levee. Area 4 is comprised of extremely thick
vegetation, as well as oaks and pines. Eighteen shovel tests were excavated on four transects. Soils
generally consisted of a 1.5 foot thick layer of brown sand overlaying a 0.8 foot thick layer of red
or reddish brown clay loam. No archaeological resources were identified in Area 4.
Site 31BW714
Site Type: Late Archaic/Early Woodland artifact scatter Nearest Water Source: Atlantic Ocean
Site Setting: Terrace (inside levee) UTNI: E760546 N3757653
Site Dimensions: 148 feet N/S x 180 feet E/W NRHP Eligibility Recommendation:
Elevation: 0-10 feet above mean sea level (amsl) Not Eligible
Site 31 BW714 is a surface scatter of Late Archaic/Early Woodland artifacts located in the
levee within Area 2 (Figures I and 4). Vegetation at3 l BW714 is light, consisting mostly of noxious
weeds and shrubs. Ground surface visibility was approximately 50 percent. Wetlands are located
approximately 330 feet east of the site. Soils at 31 BW714 are disturbed because of the USACE's
use of the area for disposal, which has exacerbated erosion.
During pedestrian survey, surface inspection resulted in the identification of three loci at
38BW714. These loci are distinguished by the predominance of lithic, ceramic, and shell artifacts.
We collected 238 artifacts from the ground surface across the site. Shovel tests excavated at 50 foot
intervals across the site failed to yield additional artifacts. Shovel tests excavated at 50 foot intervals
in cardinal directions from the surface scatter failed to yield artifacts.
. The majority of the artifacts recovered from 38BW714 are prehistoric ceramics (n=212).
Eight Thorns Creek sherds and 50 Hanover sherds are the two identified types from this assemblage.
Thorns Creek ceramics are associated with the Ceramic Late Archaic period (2500-1500 BC), and
are found along the southern coastal region of North Carolina and the coastal regions of South
Carolina and Georgia. Early Woodland period (1500-200 BC) Hanover ceramics are identifiable
by their grog tempering, cordmarked and fabric impressed decorative inotifs, and are found
predominantly in the southern coastal region of North Carolina. The remaining ceramics are either
untyped eroded sherds, plain sherds, or residual sherds identified as such due to size. Sherds less
thanetwo centimeters in diameter are routinely cataloged as residual sherds.
31
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32
Lithic artifacts from 31 BW714 include one chert bifacial core, five limestone flakes/flake
fragments, one limestone chopper, and two rhyolite flakes. In addition, several shell tools were
collected. Several whelk fragments appear to have been crafted to form distinct tools. Some of these
whelk fragments exhibited heavy wear, indicating their possible use as gouges, hammers, or pestles.
Based on the lack of artifacts present in the close interval shovel tests, site 31 BW714 does
not have potential to contain subsurface archaeological features. Due to the disturbed nature of the
area, site 31 BW714 does not possess integrity of location, setting, materials, or association. The site
cannot contribute to our understanding of the area's prehistory. We recommend 31 BW714 not
eligible for the NRHP.
Site 31BW715
Site Type: Early Woodland surface ceramic scatter Nearest Water Source: Atlantic Ocean
Site Setting: Terrace (inside levee) UTM: E760356 N3757636
Site Dimensions: 5 feet N/S x 5 feet E/W NRHP Eligibility Recommendation:
Elevation: 0-10 feet amsl Not Eligible
Site 31 BW715 is a very small surface scatter containing six Hanover sherds, three eroded
body sherds, and six residual sherds located in the levee within Area 2 (see Figure 4). Ground
surface visibility was approximately 25 percent due to the presence of low-lying shrubs and grasses.
Soils at 31 BW7l 5 are disturbed due to the USACE's use of the area for disposal, which has
exacerbated erosion at the site.
The Hanover sherds indicate this site is associated with an Early Woodland occupation.
Shovel tests excavated at 50 foot intervals in cardinal directions across the site failed to yield
additional artifacts. Based on the lack of artifacts in the close interval shovel tests, site 31 BW7I5
does not have potential to contain subsurface archaeological features. Due to the disturbed nature
of the area, site 31 BW715 does not possess integrity of location, setting, materials, or association.
The site cannot contribute to our understanding of the area's prehistory. We recommend 31 BW715
not eligible for the NRHP.
33
Site 31BR'716
Site Type: Early Woodland surface ceramic scatter Nearest Water Source: Atlantic Ocean
Site Setting: Terrace (inside levee) UTM: E760539 N3757718
Site Dimensions: 33 feet NIS x 33 feet E/W NRHP Eligibility Recommendation:
Elevation: 0-10 feet amsl Not Eligible
Site 31BW716 is a small surface scatter of five Hanover sherds, nine Deptford sherds, and
two residual sherds located in the levee within Area 2 (see Figure 4). Deptford ceramics, also
categorized as Early Woodland period, have been found along the southern coastal regions ofNorth
Carolina and along the coast of South Carolina and Georgia. Ground surface visibility was
approximately 25 percent due to the presence of low-lying shrubs and grasses. Soils at 31BW716
are disturbed due to the USACE's use of the area for disposal.
Site 31BW716 was identified on the ground surface. Shovel tests at 50 foot intervals were
excavated in cardinal directions, but no subsurface artifacts were recovered. Based on the lack of
artifacts in the close interval shovel tests, site 31BW716 does not have potential to contain subsurface
archaeological features. Due to the disturbed nature of the area, site 31BW716 does not possess
integrity of location, setting, materials, or association. The site cannot contribute to our
understanding of the area's prehistory. We recommend 31BW716 not eligible for the NRHP.
Summary and Recommendations
From 4-8 October 2004, Brockington and Associates, Inc., conducted an intensive Phase I
archaeological resources survey of approximately 281 acres associated with the Yellowbanks tract
in Brunswick County, North Carolina. This survey was conducted for Coastal Communities, Inc.,
in Holden Beach, North Carolina.
Background research identified 54 previously recorded archaeological sites and four
shipwrecks within one mile of the project tract. Proposed development of the project tract will not
afect any of these resources. We identified three archaeological sites (31BW714, 31BW715 and
31BW716) during the field survey. Due to lack of integrity and research potential, we recommend
these resources not eligible for the NRHP. Further management of cultural resources within the
Yellowbanks tract is not warranted.
34
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45
Appendix A.
Artifact Catalog
Artifact Catalog
Broclangton and Associates, Inc. uses the following proveniencing system. Provenience i designates general surface
collections. Numbers after the decimal point designate subsequent surface collections, or trenches. Proveniences 2 to 200
designate shovel tests. Controlled surface collections and 50 by 50 cm units are also designated by this provenience range.
Proveniences 201 to 400 designate 1 by 1 m units done for testing purposes. Proveniences 401 to 600 designate excavation
units (1 by 2 m, 2 by 2 m, or larger). Provenience numbers over 600 designate features. For all provenience numbers except
1, the numbers after the decimal point designate levels. Provenience X.0 is a surface collection at a shovel test or unit. X .1
designates level one, and X.2 designates level two. For example, 401.2 is Excavation Unit 401, level 2. Flotation samples
are designated by a 01 added after the level. For example, 401.201 is the flotation material from Excavation Unit 401, level
2.
Table of Contents
Site Number Page Number
31BW714 A-1
31BW715 A-2
31BW116 A-2
SITE NUMBER 31BW714
PROIEMENCENUMBF.R: 1 . 0 General Surface Collectdan
Catalog n Count Height (+n g) Artifact Description Comments
1 5 3250 brushed run sherd, worst sand temp=
2 1 3.00 separate recd punctate rim sherd, coarse sand tcmpcr
3 1 3.20 eroded rim sherd, fmcImedium sand temp=
4 4 2.80 scpanue reed punctatc body sherd, course sand temper Thorns Creak
5 44 369.10 fabric impressedbody sherd, grog temps Hanover
6 6 36.50 card marl-nd body sherd, gmF tapper Hanover
7 4 61.40 scraped body sherd, Gndmedium sand temper Thorns Creel:
8 17 104-50 eroded body sherd, Frog temper
9 36 334.90 plain body sherd, coarse sand temper
10 96 199.20 residual shad
1 l 1 129.90 rhyolite cobble care
12 1 2350 chef[ bifacinl care
13 2 20.20 rhyolite primary flake
14 3 6.50 rhyolite secondary core reduction flake
15 2 6.90 rhyolitc flake fragment
16 I 13.60 clam
17 1 0.10 other shell small bivalve
18 1 0.50 land snail
19 9 372.00 whelk tool
20 2 8.40 plain run shad, coarse sand tenpar
PR0VEWE•NCENUMEER: 2 , 1 Transect 7 Shovel Test 2 (0-30an)
Catalog # Count 1Veight (tn g) Artifact Dereriptinn Comments
4.00 unidentified metal object wncuction of sand
Pace A - 1
t
Site Number: 31BW715
SITE NUMBER 31BW715
PROI ENMNCE NUMBER: 1 , 0 General Surface Collection
Catalog # Count Mcight fln g) Artifact Description Can:ments
1 3 57.10 fabric impressed body sherd, grog tLmper Hanover
2 3 23.10 eroded body shad, grog temper
3 6 16.80 residual sbad
SITE NUMBER 3113W716
PROJEN1ENCENWMER: 1. 0 General Surface Collection
Catalog4 Count Reighr (n g) Artifact Descrotion Comments
1 2 26.20 fabric impressed body sherd, grog tempcr Hanover
2 3 53.40 cord marked body sberd, grog tamper Hanover
3 9 101.70 fabric impressed body sherd, coarse sand temper Deptford

Pagc A - 2
NORTH CAROLINA ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE FORM VI
OFFICE OF STATE ARCHAEOLOGY / DIVISION OF ARCHIVES AND HISTORY
SITE NUMBER-3 IBW714-
1. STATE SITE NUMBER:
2. SITE NAME(S):
3. OTHER SITE NUMBER: I 14. INSTITUTION ASSIGNING: IJ
5. PROJECT SITE NUMBER: I_Site 1
6. SITE COMPONENT:
I PREHISTORIC
2 PREHISTORIC AND HISTORIC,
NO ABOVE-GROUND REMAINS
3 HISTORIC, NO ABOVE-GROUND REMAINS
4 HISTORIC, ABOVE GROUND REMAINS
5 PREHISTORIC AND HISTORIC,
ABOVE-GROUND REMAINS PRESENT
6 HISTORIC AMERINDIAN
7. QUAD MAP: Lockwoods Folly-) CODE I I
8. UTM ZONE: 16 17 18 NORTHING (_3757653_{ EASTING L,760546 I
9. COUNTY: ( Brunswick_I 10. DATE RECORDED: L_October 13, 2004___I
RECORDED BY: Kate Pattison
PROJECT NAME: -Archaeological Resources Survey of the Yellowbanks Tract
11. RESULT OF COMPLIANCE PROJECT: 1 YES 2 NO
12. ER/CH/GRANT#:
13. CODING DATE: I__/ / I CODED BY:
14-18. OFFICE OF STATE ARCHAEOLOGY USE ONLY
14. REGISTER STATUS:
1 DETERMINED ELIGIBLE
2 PLACED ON STUDY LIST
3 APPROVED FOR NOMINATION BY SPRC
4 CURRENTLY LISTED IN NRHP
5 REMOVED FROM NRHP
6 NOT ELIGIBLE AFTER EVALUATION
7 UNASSESSED
8 NORTH CAROLINA ARCHAEOLOGICAL
RECORD PROGRAM
14A. REGISTER CRITERION
A SIGNIFICANT UNDER CRITERION A
B SIGNIFICANT UNDER CRITERION B
C SIGNIFICANT UNDER CRITERION C
D SIGNIFICANT UNDER CRITERION D
15. TYPE OF FORM:
11 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE FORM VI
SITE NUMBER 31BW714
22. EXPLANATION OF IMPACTS:
{_The site will be destroyed by proposed construction. {
23. RECOMMENDATIONS:
1 NO FURTHER WORK
2 INTENSIVE SURFACE COLLECTION
3 TEST EXCAVATIONS
4 EXCAVATION AND DATA RECOVERY
5 MONITORING DURING CONSTRUCTION
6 PRESERVATION BY AVOIDANCE
7 NOMINATE TO NATIONAL REGISTER
8 ELIGIBLE FOR NATIONAL REGISTER
9 FIELD INSPECTION
99 OTHER
24. EXPLAIN RECOMMENDATIONS:
j_The site does not have the potential to add to our understanding of state or local history,
and has no research potential. {
25. DATE ON REGISTER: 26. EXCAVATION DATE: L10/06/04_1
27. INSTITUTION EXCAVATING: Brocldngton & Associates, Inc. CODE L_{
28. EXCAVATION RESULTS:
L_Shovel tests and a surface collection were conducted. Only one shovel test was positive.
L_No further evidence was found subsurface. A selective surface collection of the site was made.
29. PERCENT DESTROYED: 1 0%
2 1-25%
3 26-50%
30. DATE DESTROYED: { / / 1
31. CAUSES OF DESTRUCTION:
0 UNKNOWN
1 MAJOR EARTH MOVING
2 MINOR EARTH MOVING
3 LAND CLEARING
4 FLOODING
4 51-75%
5 76-100%
6 UNKNOWN
5 EXCAVATION
6 EROSION
7 VANDALISM/POTHUNfING
8 CULTIVATION
9 OTHER Dredging
SITE NUMBER
ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION
32. TOPOGRAPHIC SITUATION:
1 FLOODPLAIN
2 TERRACE REMNANT ON FLOODPLAIN
3 LOW RISE ON FLOODPLAIN
4 NATURAL LEVEE
5 LEVEE REMNANT
6 1ST TERRACE
7 2ND TERRACE
8 3RD TERRACE
9 SAND DUNE
10 UPLAND OR TALUS SLOPE
11 UPLAND FLATS
12 HILL OR RIDGETOP
13 SADDLE BETWEEN RIDGE OR HILL TOPS
14 STREAM CONFLUENCE
15 TERRACE EDGE
31BW714
16 HAMMOCK
17 SANDY BEACH
18 ROCK SHELTER
19 ISLAND
20 COLLUVLAL FAN
21 TOE SLOPE OR RIDGE TOE
22 CAVE
23 BLUFF
24 COVE
25 RIVERSHORE
26 STREAMBANK
27 BENCH
28 SOUND SHORE/BEACH
29 OCEAN SHORE/BEACH
99 OTHER -Constructed Levee
33. ELEVATION: L_O?J FT. 34. SLOPE PERCENT: j____0 _j %
35. SLOPE FACE D
I NORTH
2 NORTHEAST
3 EAST
4 SOUTHEAST
5 SOUTH
[RECTION:
6 SOUTHWEST
7 WEST
8 NORTHWEST
9 NO SLOPE
36. SOIL COMPOSITION:
1 CLAY
2 CLAY LOAM
3 SILTY CLAY
4 SANDY CLAY LOAM
5 SANDY LOAM
6 SAND
7 SILT
8 SILTY LOAM
9 SANDY CLAY
10 SILTY CLAY LOAM
11 LOAM
12 LOAMY SAND
13 GRAVEL
14 INORGANIC
15 STONEY LOAM
99 OTHER
37. SCS SOIL TYPE CODE: NhE SERIES NAME I Newhan fine sand, dredged_l
ASSOCIATION (-Excessively drained soils on the Outer Banks.
38. MODERN VEGETATION
1 CULTIVATED
2 CLEARED (IN FIELD)
3 PASTURE
4 FORESTED
5 SCRUB PINE CLEARING
6 LAWN
7 MARSH GRASS
8 SECONDARY GROWTH
9 DISTURBED OR UPTURNED
10 NO VEGETATION/CLEARED
99 OTHER Sparse, tall grasses
39. DISTANCE TO WATER: 1_200_1 (METERS) 40. 1_219_1 (YARDS)
r
SITE NUMBER 31BW714
41. TYPE OF NEAREST PERMANENT WATER
I SPRING 6 SALTWATER
2 RIVER, CREEK, OR STREAM 7 CAROLINA BAY
3 LAKE 8 POND
4 SWAMP OR SWAMP MARGIN 9 OTHER
5 SLOUGH
42. STREAM RANK: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
43. DRAINAGE BASIN: 1 BROAD 9 NEUSE
2 CAPE FEAR 10 NEW
3 CATAWBA 11 PASQUOTANK
4 CHOWAN ' 12 ROANOKE
5 FRENCH BROAD 13 TAR-PAMLICO
6 HIWASSEE 14 WATAUGA
7 LITTLE TENNESSEE 15 WHITE OAK
7 A SAVANNAH 16 YADKIN-PEE DEE
8 LUMBER
SITE EVALUATION AND CONDITION
44. SITE CONDITION NATURAL:
1 PRESERVED, NO DISTURBANCE
2 LIGHT EROSION
3 HEAVY EROSION
4 WOODED
5 SIIIFTING SAND DUNES
45. SITE CONDITION ARTIFICIAL:
1 UNMODIFIED
2 CULTIVATED
3 PASTURE
4 RESIDENTIAL
5 INDUSTRIAL
6 ROADS OR TRAILS
7 DITCHES. DIKES. LEVEES. OR
BORROW PITS
8 MINOR POT HOLES
9 MAJOR POT HOLES
10 MODERN TRASH DUMPING
46. GROUND VISIBILITY: 1_100J %
6 UNDERWATER
7 DEPOSITION
8 STREAMBANK/SHORELINE EROSION
9 OTHER
11 TOTALLY DESTROYED
12 TRANSMISSION LINE CLEARANCE
13 HEAVY CONSTRUCTION
14 BOAT WAKE EROSION
15 COVERED WITH FILL
16 MODERN CEMETERY
17 RECREATIONAL AREA
18 LIGHT CONSTRUCTION
19 FALLOW
20 CLEAR CUTTING
99 OTHER
47. COLLECTION MADE: 1 YES 2 NO
48. COLLECTION STRATEGY: I CONTROLLED
2 SELECTIVE
3 BOTH
4 TOTAL
5 GENERAL
6 RANDOM WALKOVER
9 OTHER
49. AREA COVERED SQUARE METERS: 1_2025_
SITE NUMBER 31BW714
50. SUBSURFACE TESTING: 1 YES 2 NO 3 KNOWN FROM PRIOR INVESTIGATIONS
51. SUBSURFACE TESTING METHODS: 1 PROBE 4 TEST PIT
2 AUGER 5 TEST TRENCH
3 SHOVEL TEST 9 OTHER
52. SUBSURFACE TEST RESULTS:
(_One shovel test was positive (TR 7 ST 2, Area 2), subsequent shovel tests were negative.
1 1
53. SITE SIZE: 1 1-10 SQ. M. 6 5001-10,000 SQ. M.
2 11-25 SQ. M. 7 10,001-25,000 SQ. M.
3 26-100 SQ. M. 8 25,001-50,000 SQ. M.
4 101-600 SQ. M 9 > 50,0000 SQ. M.
5 601-5000 SQ. M.
PREHISTORIC SITE INFORMATION
54. PREHISTORIC COMPONENTS:
A PALEO-INDIAN
W LATE PALEO-INDIAN
X LATE PALEO/EARLY ARCHAIC
B EARLY ARCHAIC
C MIDDLE ARCHAIC
D LATE ARCHAIC
E ARCHAIC
F EARLY WOODLAND
G MIDDLE WOODLAND
H LATE WOODLAND
I WOODLAND
J EARLY MISSISSIPPIAN
55. PREHISTORIC SITE FUNCTION:
1 LIM= ACTIVITY
2 LITHIC WORKSHOP
3 LITHIC QUARRY
4 ISOLATED ARTIFACT FIND
5 SHORT-TERM HABITATION
6 SHELL MIDDEN
7 PREHISTORIC CEMETERY/OSSUARY
K MIDDLE MISSISSIPPIAN
L LATE MI SSISSIPPIAN
M MISSISSIPPIAN
N CERAMIC
O HISTORIC/COLONIAL - 1585-1776
P HISTORIC/POST REVOLUTIONARY - 1776-1861
Q HISTORIC/POST CIVIL WAR -1861-1900
R HISTORIC/20TH CENTURY - 1900-PRESENT
S HISTORIC
T HISTORIC AMERINDIAN
U LIT7:IIC
V LATE PREHISTORIC
56. MIDDEN: 1 PRESENT 2 ABSENT
8 LONG-TERM HABITATION
9 MOUND/IIABITATION SITE
10 MOUND (ISOLATED)
11 HUMAN SKELETAL REMAINS
12 FISH WEIR
99 OTHER Unknown
57. FAUNAL/ETHNO BOTANICAL REMAINS: 1 PRESENT 2 ABSENT
58. FEATURE DESCRIPTION:
L_No features present.
SITE NUMBER 31BW714
59. LITHICS: I HAF'T'ED BIFACES/PROJECTILE PTS
2 BIFACES
3 UNIFACTAL TOOLS
4 OTHER UNTFACIAL TOOLS
5 CORES
59A. TOOL TYPES & FREQUENCIES
1 - Clovis -
2 - Hardaway Blade _
3 - Hardaway-Dalton _
4 - Hardaway Side-Notched
5 - Palmer Comer Notched
6 - Kirk Comer-Notched
7 - St. Albans Side Notched -
8 - LeCroy Bifurcated Stem -
9 - Kanawha Stemmed -
10 - Kirk Serrated _
11 - Kirk Stemmed -
12 - Stanly Stemmed _
13 - Morrow Mtn. I Stemmed
14 - Morrow Mtn. H Stemmed
15 - Guilford Lanceolate _-
16 - Halifax Side-Notched
17 - Savannah River Stemmed _
18 - Sm. Savannah River Stemmed _
19 - Gypsy Stemmed -
20 - Swannanoa Stemmed _
21 - Badin Crude Triangular _
22 - Yadkin Large Triangular _
23 - Roanoke Large Triangular -
24 - Uwharrie Triangular -
25 - Caraway Triangular _
99-OTHER
6 PRIMARY DEBITAGE
7 SECONDARY DEBITAGE
8 TERTIARY DEBITAGE
9 GROUND OR PECKED STONE
99 OTHER
26 - Clarksville Small Triangular -
27 - Pee Dee Pentagonal _
28 - Randolph Stemmed
29 - PPL (Notched)
30 - PPt. (Stemmed) -
31 - PPL (Triangular) _
32 - PPt. Frag.(Notched/Stemmed) -
33 - PPt. Frag. (Triangular) -
34 - PPL Frag. Indeterminate) -
35 - End Scraper (Type n
36 - End Scraper (Type U) -
37 - End Scraper (Type III) -
38 - Side Scraper (Type I) -
39 - Side Scraper (Type II) _
40 - Side Scraper (Type III) -
41 - Pointed Scraper -
42 - Oval Scraper _
43 - Pisgah Triangular
44 - Haywood Triangular -
45 - Garden Creek Triangular -
46 - Copena Triangular -
47 - Connestee Triangular _
48 - Madison _
49 - South Appalachian Pentagonal _
50 - Transylvania Triangular
60. PREHISTORIC - MI SCELLANEOUS ITEMS/SAMPLES:
I HUMAN BONE OR TEETH 9 PHYTOLITH SAMPLE(S)
2 NON-HUMAN BONE OR TEETH 10 T-L SAMPLE(S)
3 ANTLER 11 SEDIMENT SAMPLE(S)
4 UNWORKED MARINE/RIVER SHELL 12 WOOD
5 WORKED MAR.INE/RIVER SHELL 13 FIBER
6 TURTLE SHELL 14 FABRIC
7 C-14 SAMPLE(S) 15 FIRE-CRACKED ROCK
8 POLLEN SAMPLE(S) 99 OTHER
SITE NUMBER-3 IBW714
61. CERAMIC TEMPER 1 62. SURFACE TREATMENT
1 GRIT A PLAIN
2 FINE QUARTZ B CORDMARKED
3 COARSE QUARTZ C FABRIC RAPRESSED
4 FINE SAND D CHECK STAMPED
5 MEDIUM SAND E NET INTRESSED
6 COARSE SAND F TEXTILE
7 GRAVEL G SIMPLE STAMPED
8 SOAPSTONE H THONG-MARKED
9 SHELL I SMOOTHED/SCRAPED
10 FIBER 7 RECT. COMP. STAMPED
I I LIMESTONE K CURVILINEAR COMP. STAMP
12 CLAY/GROG L ENGRAVEDANCISED
99 OTHER M BURNISHED
Z OTHER
63. CERAMIC TEMPER 2 64. SURFACE TREATMENT 2
1-11-11-11-1 hI I,I 1-11-1 L-1 L._I
65. CERAMIC TEMPER 3 66. SURFACE TREATMENT 3
L-1 !I L-1 L_1 L-j L-I L_i L-11-1 U
HISTORIC SITE INFORMATION
67. PERIOD OF OCCUPATION BEGIN
0 UNKNOWN
1 16TH CENTURY
2 17TH CENTURY
3 18TH CENTURY
4 19TH CENTURY
5 20TH CENTURY
6 SITE PRESENTLY OCCUPIED
0 UNKNOWN
68. PERIOD OF OCCUPATION END:
1 16TH CENTURY
2 17TH CENTURY
3 18TH CENTURY
4 19TH CENTURY
5 20TH CENTURY
6 SITE PRESENTLY OCCUPIED
69. REFINED DATE FROM: I I 70. REFINED DATE TO: I J
71
HISTORIC CULTURAL AFFILIATIONS:
0 UNKNOWN
1 BLACK
2 CENTRAL EUROPEAN
3 IBERIAN
4 ENGLISH
5 FRENCH
6 DUTCH
8 ORIENTAL
9 IRISH
10 SCOTS HIGHLANDER
11 NONE IN PARTICULAR
12 GERMAN OTHER
13 COLONIAL
99 OTHER
7 NATIVE AMERICAN
SITE NUMBER 31BW714
72. HISTORIC SITE DEFINITION:
I DOMESTIC 8
2 AGRICULTURAL 9
3 COMMERCIAL 1
4 TRANSPORTATIONAL 1
5 MILITARY 1
6 RELIGIOUS 9
7 GOVERNMENTAL
CEMETERY
DUMPS (WASTE DISPOSAL)
ENTERTAINMENT
INDUSTRIAL
UNNIARKED CEMETERY
OTHER
73. HISTORIC REMAINS DESCRIPTION:
No historic remains present.
74. MAIN STRUCTURE FUNCTION:
0 UNKNOWN
I RACEWAY
2 SLUICE
3 DAM
4 IRRIGATION CANAL
5 LOCKS
6 DOCK
7 FISH WEIR
8 TRANS. & LOADING FACILITIES
9 CLAY PIT
10 QUARRY
11 SAND/GRAVEL PIT
12 WASTE DISPOSAL AREA
13 KILN
14 ANIMAL HOLDING PENS
15 MATERIAL. HANDLING FACILITIES
16 STORAGE FACILITIES
17 MACHINERY MOUNTS
18 PRIVY
19 ROOT CELLAR
20 SPRINGHOUSE
21 KITCHEN
22 BAKE OVEN
23 SHED
24 BARN
25 CHICKEN COOP
26 SMOKE HOUSE
27 CRIB
28 SILO
29 SHOP
30 STABLE
31 GAZEBO/SUMMERHOUSE
32 SLAVE QUARTERS
33 TOBACCO BARN
34 WASH HOUSE
35 DAIRY
36 ICE HOUSE
37 STOREHOUSE
38 COMBINATION
39 MUNITIONS DUMP
40 GUARD TOWER
41 PALISADE
42 EARTHWORKS
43 BOMBPROOF
44 GUN PLATFORM
45 BARRACKS
46 LAUNDRY
47 BREWERY/WINERY
48 INDUSTRIAL - MANUFACTURING
49 INDUSTRIAL -- MINING
50 WELL(S)
51 HOME/RESIDENCE
52 FARMSTEAD
53 ROAD
54 SCHOOL
55 CHURCH
56 MEETING HALL
57 LANDING
99 OTHER
1
SITE NUMBER 31BW714
75. NUMBER OF OUTBUILDINGS:
76. OUTBUILDING DISTANCE: I I ?I II ( ??
77. OUTBUILDINGS FUNCTION:
78. OUTBUILDING DESCRIPTION:
79. KITCHEN GROUP: 1 CERAMICS 6 GLASSWARE
2 WINE BOTTLE 7 TABLEWARE
3 CASE BOTTLE 8 KITCHENWARE
4 TUMBLER 9 OTHER
5 PHARMACEUTICAL BOTTLE
80. ARCHITECTURAL GROUP: 1 WINDOW GLASS 4 CONSTRUCTION HARDWARE
2 NAILS 5 DOOR LOCK PARTS
3 SPIKES 9 OTHER
81. ARMS GROUP: I MUSKET BALLS, SHOT, SPRUE 3 GUN PARTS, BULLET MOLDS
2 GUN FLINTS, GUNSPALLS 9 OTHER
82. MILITARY OBJECTS: I SWORDS 4 ARTILLERY SHOT & SHELL
2 INSIGNIA 9 OTHER
3 BAYONETS
83. CLOTHING GROUP: 1 BUCKLES 6 HOOK & EYE FASTENERS
2 THIMBLES 7 BALE SEALS
3 BUTTONS 8 GLASS BEADS
4 SCISSORS 9 OTHER
5 STRAIGHT PINS
84. PERSONAL GROUP: I COINS 3 PERSONAL ITEMS
2 KEYS 9 OTHER
85. TOBACCO PIPE GROUP: I TOBACCO PIPE 9 OTHER
2 STUB-STEMMED PIPES
86. ACTIVITIES GROUP:
I CONSTRUCTION TOOLS 6 STORAGE ITEMS
2 FARM TOOLS 7 ETHNOBOTANICAL
3 TOYS 8 ASSOCIATED WITH STABLE OR BARN
4 FISHING GEAR 9 OTHER
5 COLONIAL-INDIAN POTTERY
e
SITE NUMBER 31BW714
87. HISTORIC MISC:
1 BONE FRAGMENT 4 SILVERSMITHING DEBRIS
2 FURNITURE HARDWARE 9 OTHER
3 BUTTON MANUFACTURING BLANKS
98. DATEABLE CERAMICS: 0 UNKNOWN 1 YES 2 NO
ADDITIONAL SITE INFORMATION
89. ARTIFACT INVENTORY: 1 YES 2 NO
90, CURATION FACILITY: LBrockington & Associates, Inc j CODE 1
91. ACCESSION NUMBER(S): I I I 1 I 1
92. ACCESSION DATE(S):1
93. OTHER CURATION FACILITY: I 1 CODE I
94. OTHER ACCESSION NUMBER(S): ( I I I I
95. OWNERITENANT INFORMATION:
(United States Army Corps of Engineers, Wilmington, NC _______j
96. BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCE VS 1_1 I I I I
97. COMMENTS/NOTES:
LArtifact inventory: 8 whelk fragments, 3 shells, 1 chert core, 9 flakes, 111 body/rim sherds)
I_of Pre-Contact ceramics and 87 residual sherds of Pre-Contact ceramics. I
ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE FORM v. VI - page
NORTH CAROLINA ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE FORM VI
OFFICE OF STATE ARCHAEOLOGY / DIVISION OF ARCHIVES AND HISTORY
SITE NUMBER 31BW715
1. STATE SITE NUMBER
2. SITE NAME(S): I
3. OTHER SITE NUMBER I 14. INSTITUTION ASSIGNING:
5. PROJECT SITE NUMBER: I_Site 2)
6. SITE COMPONENT:
1 PREHISTORIC
2 PREHISTORIC AND HISTORIC,
NO ABOVE-GROUND REMAINS
3 HISTORIC, NO ABOVE-GROUND REMAINS
4 HISTORIC, ABOVE GROUND REMAINS
5 PREHISTORIC AND HISTORIC,
ABOVE-GROUND REMAINS PRESENT
6 HISTORIC AMERINDIAN
7. QUAD MAP: Lockwoods FoUy__------I CODE
8. UTM ZONE: 16 17 18 NORTHING (_3757636 I EASTING L_760356 I
9. COUNTY: L_Brunswick - 10. DATE RECORDED: 1_10/13/04 1
RECORDED BY: Kate Pattison
PROJECT NAME: -Archaeological Resources Survey of the Yellowbanks Tract
11. RESULT OF COMPLIANCE PROJECT: 1 YES 2 NO
12. ER/CHIGRANT#: I I I I
13. CODING DATE: I / /_I CODED BY:
14-18. OFFICE OF STATE ARCHAEOLOGY USE ONLY
14. REGISTER STATUS:
1 DETERMINED ELIGIBLE
2 PLACED ON STUDY LIST
3 APPROVED FOR NOMINATION BY SPRC
4 CURRENTLY LISTED IN NRHP
5 REMOVED FROM NRHP
6 NOT ELIGIBLE AFTER EVALUATION
7 UNASSESSED
8 NORTH CAROLINA ARCHAEOLOGICAL
RECORD PROGRAM
14A_ REGISTER CRITERION
A SIGNIFICANT UNDER CRITERION A
B SIGNIFICANT UNDER CRITERION B
C SIGNIFICANT UNDER CRITERION C
D SIGNIFICANT UNDER CRITERION D
15. TYPE OF FORM:
1 I ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE FORM VI
SITE NUMBER 31BW715
16. RECORDER STATUS:
1 NCAC MEMBER
2 AMATEUR
3 UNKNOWN
17. FORM RELIABILITY:
1 CODING COMPLETE
2 CODING INCOMPLETE
4 OTHER
5 STUDENT
18. LOCATIONAL RELIABILITY:
i ACCURATE
2 WITHIN 100M RADIUS
3 UNRELIABILITY
3 CODING UNRELIABLE
4 UNKNOWN LOCATION
5 WITHIN 500M RADIUS
6 WI'ITIIN 1KM RADIUS
DIRECTIONS TO SITE: Take NC Route 211 towards Southport. Turn right onto Sunset_
Harbour Rd. Continue to dirt road on left side, across from a power station. Turn left onto_
dirt road and follow it to the
>>> ATTACH USGS OR OTHER DETAILED SITE MAP <<<
19. RESEARCH POTENTIAL:
LNone. 1
20. POTENTIAL IMPACTS ARTIFICIAL:
I NONE APPARENT 4 HIGH
2 LOW 5 WILL BE DESTROYED
3 MODERATE 6 STABLE AT PRESENT
21. POTENTIAL IMPACTS ENVIRONMENTAL:
1 NONE APPARENT 4 HIGH
2 LOW 5 WILL BE DESTROYED
3 MODERATE 6 STABLE AT PRESENT
7 INUNDATED
8 VANDALIZED BY POTHUNTERS
7 INUNDATED
8 VANDALIZED BY POTHUNTERS
SITE NUMBER 31BW715
22. EXPLANATION OF IMPACTS:
1_The site will be destroyed by proposed construction.
a
23. RECOMMENDATIONS:
1 NO FURTHER WORK
2 INTENSIVE SURFACE COLLECTION
3 TEST EXCAVATIONS
4 EXCAVATION AND DATA RECOVERY
5 MONITORING DURING CONSTRUCTION
6 PRESERVATION BY AVOIDANCE
7 NOMINATE TO NATIONAL REGISTER
8 ELIGIBLE FOR NATIONAL REGISTER
9 FIELD INSPECTION
99 OTHER
24. EXPLAIN RECOMMENDATIONS:
I_The site does not have the potential to add to our understanding of state or local history, _I
Land has no research potential.
25. DATE ON REGISTER-- L_/_/_j 26. EXCAVATION DATE: 1_10/06/04_1
27. INSTITUTION EXCAVATING: LBrocl ington & Associates, Inc. CODE L-I
28. EXCAVATION RESULTS:
J_Shovel tests and a surface collection were conducted. There was no cultural evidence _I
Lfound subsurface. A selective surface collection of the site was made. I
29. PERCENT DESTROYED: 1 0%
2 1-25%
3 26-50%
30. DATE DESTROYED: L_/_/_j
31. CAUSES OF DESTRUCTION:
0 UNKNOWN
1 MAJOR EARTH MOVING
2 MINOR EARTH MOVING
3 LAND CLEARING
4 FLOODING
4 51-75%
5 76-100%
6 UNKNOWN
5 EXCAVATION
6 EROSION
7 VANDALISM/POTHUNTING
8 CULTIVATION
9 OTHER Dredging
i
SITE NUMBER
31BW715
ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION
32. TOPOGRAPHIC SITUATION:
I FLOODPLAIN
2 TERRACE REMNANT ON FLOODPLAIN
3 LOW RISE ON FLOODPLAIN
4 NATURAL LEVEE
5 LEVEE REMNANT
6 1ST TERRACE
7 2ND TERRACE
8 3RD TERRACE
9 SAND DUNE
10 UPLAND OR TALUS SLOPE
11 UPLAND FLATS
12 HILL ORRIDGETOP
13 SADDLE BETWEEN RIDGE OR HILL TOPS
14 STREAM CONFLUENCE
15 TERRACE EDGE
33. ELEVATION: 1 _Q _l FT.
35. SLOPE FACE D;
I NORTH
2 NORTHEAST
3 EAST
4 SOUTHEAST
5 SOUTH
ERECTION:
6 SOUTHWEST
7 WEST
8 NORTHWEST
9 NO SLOPE
36. SOIL COMPOSITION:
16 HAMMOCK
17 SANDY BEACH
18 ROCK SHELTER
19 ISLAND
20 COLLUVIAL FAN
21 TOE SLOPE OR RIDGE TOE
22 CAVE
23 BLUFF
24 COVE
25 RIVERSHORE
26 STREAMBANK
27 BENCH
28 SOUND SHORE/BEACH
29 OCEAN SHORE/BEACH
99 OTHER Constructed Levee_
34. SLOPE PERCENT: L_0-I %
1 CLAY
2 CLAY LOAM
3 SILTY CLAY
4 SANDY CLAY LOAM
5 SANDY LOAM
6 SAND
7 SILT
8 SILTY LOAM
9 SANDY CLAY
10 SILTY CLAY LOAM
11 LOAM
12 LOAMY SAND
13 GRAVEL
14 INORGANIC
15 STONEY LOAM
99 OTHER
37. SCS SOIL TYPE CODE: NhEj SERIES NAME Newhan fine sand, dredged_1
ASSOCIATION Excessively drained soils on the Outer Banks._ _-j
38. MODERN VEGETATION:
I CULTIVATED
2 CLEARED (IN FIELD)
3 PASTURE
4 FORESTED
5 SCRUB PINE CLEARING
6 LAWN
7 MARSH GRASS
8 SECONDARY GROWTH
9 DISTURBED OR UPTURNED
10 NO VEGETATION/CLEARED
99 OTHER -Sparse, tall grasses_
39. DISTANCE TO WATER: 1_200_1(N ETERS) 40. L219?I (YARDS)
V i`• IIl ?J
? J?TI
0.Y
North Carolina
Department of Administration
Michael F. Easley, Governor Britt Cobb, Secretary
October 28, 2008
Mr. Doug Huggett
N.C. Dept. of Env. & Nat. Resources
Division of Coastal Mgt.
400 Commerce Avenue
Morehead City, NC 28557
Re: SCH File # 09-E-4300-0077; EAIFONSI; Seawatch at Sunset Harbor Marina Village
project involves creation of an upland marina basin, new navigation channel & various
highground development activities in Brunswick County.
Dear Mr. Huggett:
The above referenced enviromnental impact information has been reviewed through the State
Clearinghouse under the provisions of the North Carolina Environmental Policy Act.
Attached to this letter are comments made in the review of this document. Because of the nature of the
comments, it has been determined that no further State Clearinghouse review action on your part is
needed for compliance with the North Carolina Environmental Policy Act. The attached comments
should be taken into consideration in project development.
Best regards.
Sincerely,
V ??VU??'v
Valerie W. McMillan, Director
State Environmental Policy Act
Attachments
cc: Region 0
Alailing:lddress: Telephane: [phone] Location:Iddra.v:
1301 Mail Service Center Fax [phone] Nest Jones Street
Raleigh, NC 27699.1301 state Courier i'51-01-00 Raleigh, North Carolina
e-nrad valerie Iv.mcnullaiv2doo.ric.gov
An Equal Oppor!!un!p:!-171nnnativc action Employer

NORTH CAROLINA STATE CLEARINGHOUSE ---__-
DEPARTMENT OF ADMINISTRATION -
INTERGOVERNMENTAL REVIEW

STATE NUMBER: 09-E-4300-0077 GOB
DATE RECEIVED: 09/18/2008
AGENCY RESPONSE: 10/22/2008
REVIEW CLOSED: 10/27/2008
CLEARINGHOUSE COORD
CC&PS - DEM, NFIP
MSC , 1716
RALEIGH PC
REVIEW DISTRIBUTION
CAPE FEAR COG
CC&PS - DEM, 11FIP
DENR - COASTAL MGT
DENR LEGISLATIVE AFFAIRS
DEPT OF CUL RESOURCES
DEPT OF TRANSPORTATION
PROJECT INFORMATION
APPLICANT: N.C. Dept. of Env. & Nat. Resources
TYPE: State Environmental Policy Act
ERD: Environmental Assessment /Finding of No Significant Impact
DESC: Seawatch at Sunset Harbor Marina Village project involves creation of an upland
marina basin, new navigation channel & various highground development activities
in Brunswick County.
The attached project has been submitted to the N. C. State Clearinghouse for
intergovernmental review. Please review and submit your response by the above
indicated date to 1301 flail Service Center, Raleigh NC 27699-1301.
If additional review time is needed, please contact this office at [phone].
AS A RESULT OF THIS REVIEW THE FOLLOWING IS SUBMITTED:
1,10 COMMENT
SIGNED BY:
DATE:
P a es
rr.y ? ? yJ
North Carolina Department of Crime Control and Public Safety
Division of Emergency Management
Office of Geospatial and Technology Management
=4719 Mail Service Center • Raleigh, NC 27699-4719
Michael F. Easley
Governor
September 25, 2008
Ms. Valerie McMillian
State Clearinghouse
N.C. Department of Administration
1' )01 Mail Service Center
Raleigh, North Carolina 27699-1301
Subject: Intergovenunental Review State Number: 09-E-4300-0077
Bryan E. Beatty
Secretary
Seawatch at Sunset Harbor Marina Village project in Brunswick Countyh
Dear Ms. Valerie McMillian:
As requested by the North Carolina State Clearinghouse, the North Carolina Department of
Crime Control and Public Safety Division of Emergency Management Office of Geospatial
and Technology Management (GTM) reviewed the proposed project listed above and has
provided comments herein. It is our understanding that the project is a proposed marina and
subdivision development along the intracoastal waterway in Brunswick County
The GTM has the following comments:
1) The Enviromnental Assessment does not mention the special flood hazard areas
located on the property; impacts to the I% annual chance flood the development will
cause; or any construction / development requirements associated with the special
flood hazard areas.
2) The Brunswick County DFIRM Panel 2046, with effective date June 2, 2006, indicates
the proposed project includes areas within the special flood hazard area. The DFIRM
indicates base flood elevations of 13', 12' and 11' NAVD along the property (see
image below).
3) The proposed plans shown in the Environmental Assessment show a number of
structures (the Code of Federal Revelations defines structure as a walled and roofed
building) within the special hazard area, including the Seawatch Harbormaster Dock
House. The Code of Federal Regulations, the NC Building Code and the Brunswick
County flood damage prevention ordinance each require structures within the special
Location: 1812 Tillery Place, Suite 105 • Raleigh, NC 27604 • [phone]
An Equal Opportunity/Affirmative Action Employer

Page 2 of 3
September 25, 2008
flood hazard area to be constructed so the first floor is elevated above the base flood
elevation (at a minimum). The building details in the Enviromnental Assessment
show the buildings to be constructed on grade, which is below the base flood elevation
with the special flood hazard area.
4) Please consult Brunswick County's floodplain administrator for guidance on any
higher standards for floodplain development as defined in the County's local
ordinance.
5) Please consult Brunswick County's floodplain administrator for requirement for the
floodplain development permit required for development within the special flood
hazard area.
Thank nu for yot: cooperation and consideration. If you have any questions concerning the
abo, ctanments, lease contact Randy Mundt, AICP, CFM, the Acting NC NFIP State
Coors-nator at (91, ) 715-5711, by email at rmundtaa ncem.ora or at the address shown on the
footer of this docu: ants.
Sincerely,
Kenneth W. Ashe, E., CFM
Assistant Director
c: Randy Mundt, ting NC NFIP State Coordinator
Location: 1812 Tillery Place, Suite 105 • Raleigh, NC 27604 • [phone]
An Equal Opportunity/Affirmative Action Employer

Page 3 of 3
September 25, 2008
F_vratcnnunal bmjiai- f,
1i05'-1
'.:• ?,?`. ` ^;?` ZONE %\
. .'T?•. ??.'. .. ?. . . . . . . .
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r .. o?r?oroan> und.:
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z
w?....
:ZONCAE: 4L ?aCm,.na0t3E .i.: . aLrtl..
.. .I. ..
. ... .. ... ?F
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ptsl fF .. . . . ...•.
?'. ..
'T' ;•"towirn(i7ik lsiaid,•;•
.,:nnmr.v ii Vie' ::?.::•%?:;.,•.• ,•3i(g?1.
:::::::::.::::::.........
%x+A'`gyt••• :ZONE AF:: ??iy?a: ::ZO`£4E;• .'LOfi•• • . '_1V '•,z01i£1£'.
4 : 'd wwo . . . . ....
4 . {liH z.
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'ZONE-AE- :? ..
...... • ZONE AE
.tam '.:qa2`. :;::?•!.. ;??;
... •• .
i
O A
:2 IE E
: •OIIE 1lE.
?n m u..
.. .......... ..... .....atm.... ......
PANEL 2046J
FIRM
FLOOD INSURANCE RATE MAP
NORTH C'AROLINA
PANEL 2046
(SEE LOCATOR DIAGRAM OR I-.`IAP INDEX FOR FIRM
PANEL LAYOUT)
CONTAINS:
COMMUNITY CID N,- PANEL SUFFIX
BRU11SWICKCOUNTY 37[245 2046 J
OAK ISLAND. TOYIN OF 370523 2046 J
Location: 1812 Tillery Place, Suite 105 • Raleigh, NC 27604 • [phone]
An Equal Opportunity/Affirmative Action Employer

NORTH CAROLINA STATE CLEAR.INGHUUSE
DEPARTMENT OF ADMINISTRATION t
INTERGOVERNMENTAL REVIEW
STATE NUMBER: 09-E-4300-0077 GOB
DATE RECEIVED: 09/18/2008
AGENCY RESPONSE: 10/22/2008
REVIEW CLOSED: 10/27/2008
MS RENEE GLEDHILL-EAR.LEY
CLEARINGHOUSE COORD
DEPT OF CUL RESOURCES
ARCHIVES-HISTORY BLDG - NISC 4617
RALEIGH HC
REVIEW DISTRIBUTION
CAPE FEAR COG
CC&PS - DEM, NFIP
DENR - COASTAL MGT
DENR LEGISLATIVE AFFAI 3
DEPT OF CUL RESOURCES
DEPT OF TPANSPORTATION
PROJECT INFORMATION
APPLICANT: N.C. Dept.
TYPE: State Environmern
ERD: Environmental As
DESC: Seawatch at Suns
marina basin, ne
in Brunswick Cou
?J-
P,

?3IOg
Env. & fiat. Resources 10,
1 Policy Act
3sment/Finding of No Significant Impact
Harbor Marina Village project involves creation of an upland
navigation channel & various highground development activities
Y.
The attached project ha been submitted to the N. C. State Clearinghouse for
intergovernmental revie Please review and submit your response by the above
indicated date to 1301 ail Service Center, Raleigh NC 27699-1301.
if additional review t1 e is needed, please contact this office at [phone].
AS A RESULT OF THIS REVEW THE FOLLOWING IS SUBMITTED:
NO COMMENT
COMMENTS ATTACHED
C
SIGNED BY:
p 1 (.? D
DATE:
IL
f
NORTH CAROLINA STATE CLEARINGHOUSE
DEPARTMENT OF ADMINISTRATION
INTERGOVERNMENTAL REVIEW
STATE N-J-m3ER: 09-E-;300-0077 G08
DATE RECEIVED: 09/18/2008
AGENCY RESPONSE: 10/22/2008
REVIEW CLOSED: 10/27/2008
[IS MELBA HCG7Z
CLEARINGHOUSE COORD
DENF. - COASTAL MGT
C/O ARCHDALE BLDG
RALEIGH NC
REVIEW DISTRISUTIOId
CAPE FEAR COG
CC&PS - DEH, HFIP
DEAR - COASTAL MGT J
DENR LEGISLATIVE AFFA"±P..
DEPT OF CUL RESOURCES
DEPT OF TRANSPOR'_?ATIOH
PROJECT INFORMATION
APPLICANT: N.C. Dept. o Env. & Nat. Resources
TYPE: State Environmen- 1 Policy Act
ERD: Environmental Ass sment/Finding of No Sianiricant Impact
DESC: Seawatch at Sunse Harbor Marina Village project involves creation of an upland
marina basin, ne, navigation channel & various highgroun.d development activities
in Brunswick Cour ?.
The attached project ha- been submitted to the N. C. State Clearinghouse for
intergovernmental revi Please review and submit your response by the above
indicated date to 1301 1,;il Service Center, Raleigh HC 27699-1301.
If additional review tin is needed, please contact this office at [phone].
AS A RESHLT OF THIS REVIEW THE FOLLOWING IS SUBMITTED:
NO COMMENT
?COMMENTS AT T ACHED
SIGNED BY:
DATE: