P15115-ExhibitB-NRCS-SoilReport-091317

United States
Department of
Agriculture
A product of the National
Cooperative Soil Survey,
a joint effort of the United
States Department of
Agriculture and other
Federal agencies, State
agencies including the
Agricultural Experiment
Stations, and local
participants
Custom Soil Resource
Report for
McDowell County,
North CarolinaNatural
Resources
Conservation
Service
September 13, 2017
Preface
Soil surveys contain information that affects land use planning in survey areas.
They highlight soil limitations that affect various land uses and provide information
about the properties of the soils in the survey areas. Soil surveys are designed for
many different users, including farmers, ranchers, foresters, agronomists, urban
planners, community officials, engineers, developers, builders, and home buyers.
Also, conservationists, teachers, students, and specialists in recreation, waste
disposal, and pollution control can use the surveys to help them understand,
protect, or enhance the environment.
Various land use regulations of Federal, State, and local governments may impose
special restrictions on land use or land treatment. Soil surveys identify soil
properties that are used in making various land use or land treatment decisions.
The information is intended to help the land users identify and reduce the effects of
soil limitations on various land uses. The landowner or user is responsible for
identifying and complying with existing laws and regulations.
Although soil survey information can be used for general farm, local, and wider area
planning, onsite investigation is needed to supplement this information in some
cases. Examples include soil quality assessments (http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/
portal/nrcs/main/soils/health/) and certain conservation and engineering
applications. For more detailed information, contact your local USDA Service Center
(https://offices.sc.egov.usda.gov/locator/app?agency=nrcs) or your NRCS State Soil
Scientist (http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/contactus/?
cid=nrcs142p2_053951).
Great differences in soil properties can occur within short distances. Some soils are
seasonally wet or subject to flooding. Some are too unstable to be used as a
foundation for buildings or roads. Clayey or wet soils are poorly suited to use as
septic tank absorption fields. A high water table makes a soil poorly suited to
basements or underground installations.
The National Cooperative Soil Survey is a joint effort of the United States
Department of Agriculture and other Federal agencies, State agencies including the
Agricultural Experiment Stations, and local agencies. The Natural Resources
Conservation Service (NRCS) has leadership for the Federal part of the National
Cooperative Soil Survey.
Information about soils is updated periodically. Updated information is available
through the NRCS Web Soil Survey, the site for official soil survey information.
The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its
programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, disability,
and where applicable, sex, marital status, familial status, parental status, religion,
sexual orientation, genetic information, political beliefs, reprisal, or because all or a
part of an individual's income is derived from any public assistance program. (Not
all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require
2
alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print,
audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA's TARGET Center at [phone] (voice
and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write to USDA, Director, Office of
Civil Rights, 1400 Independence Avenue, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20250-9410 or
call [phone] (voice) or [phone] (TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity
provider and employer.
3
Contents
Preface....................................................................................................................2
Soil Map.................................................................................................................. 5
Soil Map................................................................................................................6
Legend..................................................................................................................7
Map Unit Legend..................................................................................................8
Map Unit Descriptions.......................................................................................... 8
McDowell County, North Carolina................................................................... 11
BrC2—Braddock clay loam, 6 to 15 percent slopes, eroded.......................11
CaF—Chestnut-Ashe complex, 25 to 80 percent slopes, stony..................12
DdB—Dillard loam, 1 to 4 percent slopes, rarely flooded............................15
EcF—Edneyville-Chestnut complex, 25 to 80 percent slopes, stony..........17
EsB—Elsinboro loam, 1 to 4 percent slopes, rarely flooded.......................18
EvD—Evard loam, 10 to 25 percent slopes................................................ 19
EwE—Evard-Cowee complex, 25 to 60 percent slopes..............................20
HeD—Hayesville-Evard complex, 15 to 25 percent slopes.........................22
MaD—Maymead fine sandy loam, 10 to 25 percent slopes, stony.............24
MgD—Maymead-Greenlee-Ostin complex, 3 to 25 percent slopes,
very stony..............................................................................................25
PtB—Ostin cobbly loamy sand, 1 to 5 percent slopes, frequently flooded..27
RoA—Rosman loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes, occasionally flooded..............28
TaC—Tate loam, 6 to 15 percent slopes..................................................... 29
TaD—Tate loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes................................................... 30
W—Water....................................................................................................31
References............................................................................................................32
4
Soil Map
The soil map section includes the soil map for the defined area of interest, a list of
soil map units on the map and extent of each map unit, and cartographic symbols
displayed on the map. Also presented are various metadata about data used to
produce the map, and a description of each soil map unit.
5
6
Custom Soil Resource Report
Soil Map
3944000394420039444003944600394480039450003945200394540039456003945800394600039440003944200394440039446003944800394500039452003945400394560039458003946000391000 391200 391400 391600 391800 392000 392200 392400 392600
391000 391200 391400 391600 391800 392000 392200 392400 392600
35° 39' 12'' N 82° 12' 18'' W35° 39' 12'' N82° 11' 10'' W35° 37' 59'' N
82° 12' 18'' W35° 37' 59'' N
82° 11' 10'' WN
Map projection: Web Mercator Corner coordinates: WGS84 Edge tics: UTM Zone 17N WGS84
0 500 1000 2000 3000
Feet
0 150 300 600 900
Meters
Map Scale: 1:11,000 if printed on A portrait (8.5" x 11") sheet.
Soil Map may not be valid at this scale.
MAP LEGEND MAP INFORMATION
Area of Interest (AOI)
Area of Interest (AOI)
Soils
Soil Map Unit Polygons
Soil Map Unit Lines
Soil Map Unit Points
Special Point Features
Blowout
Borrow Pit
Clay Spot
Closed Depression
Gravel Pit
Gravelly Spot
Landfill
Lava Flow
Marsh or swamp
Mine or Quarry
Miscellaneous Water
Perennial Water
Rock Outcrop
Saline Spot
Sandy Spot
Severely Eroded Spot
Sinkhole
Slide or Slip
Sodic Spot
Spoil Area
Stony Spot
Very Stony Spot
Wet Spot
Other
Special Line Features
Water Features
Streams and Canals
Transportation
Rails
Interstate Highways
US Routes
Major Roads
Local Roads
Background
Aerial Photography
The soil surveys that comprise your AOI were mapped at
1:24,000.
Warning: Soil Map may not be valid at this scale.
Enlargement of maps beyond the scale of mapping can cause
misunderstanding of the detail of mapping and accuracy of soil
line placement. The maps do not show the small areas of
contrasting soils that could have been shown at a more detailed
scale.
Please rely on the bar scale on each map sheet for map
measurements.
Source of Map: Natural Resources Conservation Service
Web Soil Survey URL:
Coordinate System: Web Mercator (EPSG:3857)
Maps from the Web Soil Survey are based on the Web Mercator
projection, which preserves direction and shape but distorts
distance and area. A projection that preserves area, such as the
Albers equal-area conic projection, should be used if more
accurate calculations of distance or area are required.
This product is generated from the USDA-NRCS certified data as
of the version date(s) listed below.
Soil Survey Area: McDowell County, North Carolina
Survey Area Data: Version 17, Sep 19, 2016
Soil map units are labeled (as space allows) for map scales
1:50,000 or larger.
Date(s) aerial images were photographed: Jan 15, 2014—Feb 5,
2017
The orthophoto or other base map on which the soil lines were
compiled and digitized probably differs from the background
imagery displayed on these maps. As a result, some minor
shifting of map unit boundaries may be evident.
Custom Soil Resource Report
7
Map Unit Legend
McDowell County, North Carolina (NC111)
Map Unit Symbol Map Unit Name Acres in AOI Percent of AOI
BrC2 Braddock clay loam, 6 to 15
percent slopes, eroded
11.7 2.0%
CaF Chestnut-Ashe complex, 25 to
80 percent slopes, stony
220.7 37.6%
DdB Dillard loam, 1 to 4 percent
slopes, rarely flooded
33.6 5.7%
EcF Edneyville-Chestnut complex,
25 to 80 percent slopes,
stony
1.5 0.3%
EsB Elsinboro loam, 1 to 4 percent
slopes, rarely flooded
8.2 1.4%
EvD Evard loam, 10 to 25 percent
slopes
19.3 3.3%
EwE Evard-Cowee complex, 25 to 60
percent slopes
229.6 39.1%
HeD Hayesville-Evard complex, 15
to 25 percent slopes
7.9 1.3%
MaD Maymead fine sandy loam, 10
to 25 percent slopes, stony
4.8 0.8%
MgD Maymead-Greenlee-Ostin
complex, 3 to 25 percent
slopes, very stony
10.8 1.8%
PtB Ostin cobbly loamy sand, 1 to 5
percent slopes, frequently
flooded
3.7 0.6%
RoA Rosman loam, 0 to 3 percent
slopes, occasionally flooded
17.5 3.0%
TaC Tate loam, 6 to 15 percent
slopes
4.8 0.8%
TaD Tate loam, 15 to 25 percent
slopes
10.4 1.8%
W Water 2.9 0.5%
Totals for Area of Interest 587.4 100.0%
Map Unit Descriptions
The map units delineated on the detailed soil maps in a soil survey represent the
soils or miscellaneous areas in the survey area. The map unit descriptions, along
with the maps, can be used to determine the composition and properties of a unit.
A map unit delineation on a soil map represents an area dominated by one or more
major kinds of soil or miscellaneous areas. A map unit is identified and named
according to the taxonomic classification of the dominant soils. Within a taxonomic
Custom Soil Resource Report
8
class there are precisely defined limits for the properties of the soils. On the
landscape, however, the soils are natural phenomena, and they have the
characteristic variability of all natural phenomena. Thus, the range of some
observed properties may extend beyond the limits defined for a taxonomic class.
Areas of soils of a single taxonomic class rarely, if ever, can be mapped without
including areas of other taxonomic classes. Consequently, every map unit is made
up of the soils or miscellaneous areas for which it is named and some minor
components that belong to taxonomic classes other than those of the major soils.
Most minor soils have properties similar to those of the dominant soil or soils in the
map unit, and thus they do not affect use and management. These are called
noncontrasting, or similar, components. They may or may not be mentioned in a
particular map unit description. Other minor components, however, have properties
and behavioral characteristics divergent enough to affect use or to require different
management. These are called contrasting, or dissimilar, components. They
generally are in small areas and could not be mapped separately because of the
scale used. Some small areas of strongly contrasting soils or miscellaneous areas
are identified by a special symbol on the maps. If included in the database for a
given area, the contrasting minor components are identified in the map unit
descriptions along with some characteristics of each. A few areas of minor
components may not have been observed, and consequently they are not
mentioned in the descriptions, especially where the pattern was so complex that it
was impractical to make enough observations to identify all the soils and
miscellaneous areas on the landscape.
The presence of minor components in a map unit in no way diminishes the
usefulness or accuracy of the data. The objective of mapping is not to delineate
pure taxonomic classes but rather to separate the landscape into landforms or
landform segments that have similar use and management requirements. The
delineation of such segments on the map provides sufficient information for the
development of resource plans. If intensive use of small areas is planned, however,
onsite investigation is needed to define and locate the soils and miscellaneous
areas.
An identifying symbol precedes the map unit name in the map unit descriptions.
Each description includes general facts about the unit and gives important soil
properties and qualities.
Soils that have profiles that are almost alike make up a soil series. Except for
differences in texture of the surface layer, all the soils of a series have major
horizons that are similar in composition, thickness, and arrangement.
Soils of one series can differ in texture of the surface layer, slope, stoniness,
salinity, degree of erosion, and other characteristics that affect their use. On the
basis of such differences, a soil series is divided into soil phases. Most of the areas
shown on the detailed soil maps are phases of soil series. The name of a soil phase
commonly indicates a feature that affects use or management. For example, Alpha
silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, is a phase of the Alpha series.
Some map units are made up of two or more major soils or miscellaneous areas.
These map units are complexes, associations, or undifferentiated groups.
A complex consists of two or more soils or miscellaneous areas in such an intricate
pattern or in such small areas that they cannot be shown separately on the maps.
The pattern and proportion of the soils or miscellaneous areas are somewhat similar
in all areas. Alpha-Beta complex, 0 to 6 percent slopes, is an example.
Custom Soil Resource Report
9
An association is made up of two or more geographically associated soils or
miscellaneous areas that are shown as one unit on the maps. Because of present
or anticipated uses of the map units in the survey area, it was not considered
practical or necessary to map the soils or miscellaneous areas separately. The
pattern and relative proportion of the soils or miscellaneous areas are somewhat
similar. Alpha-Beta association, 0 to 2 percent slopes, is an example.
An undifferentiated group is made up of two or more soils or miscellaneous areas
that could be mapped individually but are mapped as one unit because similar
interpretations can be made for use and management. The pattern and proportion
of the soils or miscellaneous areas in a mapped area are not uniform. An area can
be made up of only one of the major soils or miscellaneous areas, or it can be made
up of all of them. Alpha and Beta soils, 0 to 2 percent slopes, is an example.
Some surveys include miscellaneous areas. Such areas have little or no soil
material and support little or no vegetation. Rock outcrop is an example.
Custom Soil Resource Report
10
McDowell County, North Carolina
BrC2—Braddock clay loam, 6 to 15 percent slopes, eroded
Map Unit Setting
National map unit symbol: lccw
Elevation: 1,750 to 2,200 feet
Mean annual precipitation: 50 to 58 inches
Mean annual air temperature: 46 to 57 degrees F
Frost-free period: 116 to 170 days
Farmland classification: Farmland of statewide importance
Map Unit Composition
Braddock, moderately eroded, and similar soils: 80 percent
Minor components: 20 percent
Estimates are based on observations, descriptions, and transects of the mapunit.
Description of Braddock, Moderately Eroded
Setting
Landform: Stream terraces
Landform position (three-dimensional): Mountainbase, tread
Down-slope shape: Linear
Across-slope shape: Linear
Parent material: Old alluvium
Typical profile
Ap - 0 to 11 inches: clay loam
Bt - 11 to 57 inches: clay
BC - 57 to 80 inches: loam
Properties and qualities
Slope: 8 to 15 percent
Depth to restrictive feature: More than 80 inches
Natural drainage class: Well drained
Runoff class: High
Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat): Moderately low to
moderately high (0.06 to 0.20 in/hr)
Depth to water table: More than 80 inches
Frequency of flooding: None
Frequency of ponding: None
Available water storage in profile: High (about 9.0 inches)
Interpretive groups
Land capability classification (irrigated): None specified
Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 3e
Hydrologic Soil Group: C
Hydric soil rating: No
Minor Components
Urban land
Percent of map unit: 8 percent
Hydric soil rating: No
Custom Soil Resource Report
11
Udorthents
Percent of map unit: 6 percent
Landform: Stream terraces
Landform position (three-dimensional): Mountainbase, tread
Down-slope shape: Linear, convex
Across-slope shape: Linear, convex
Hydric soil rating: No
Thurmont
Percent of map unit: 4 percent
Landform: Drainageways on stream terraces
Landform position (three-dimensional): Mountainbase, base slope
Down-slope shape: Concave, linear
Across-slope shape: Linear
Hydric soil rating: No
Dillard
Percent of map unit: 2 percent
Landform: Drainageways on stream terraces
Landform position (three-dimensional): Mountainbase, base slope
Down-slope shape: Concave, linear
Across-slope shape: Linear
Hydric soil rating: No
CaF—Chestnut-Ashe complex, 25 to 80 percent slopes, stony
Map Unit Setting
National map unit symbol: lcd0
Elevation: 1,090 to 3,150 feet
Mean annual precipitation: 48 to 60 inches
Mean annual air temperature: 46 to 57 degrees F
Frost-free period: 100 to 176 days
Farmland classification: Not prime farmland
Map Unit Composition
Chestnut, very stony, and similar soils: 50 percent
Ashe, very stony, and similar soils: 35 percent
Minor components: 15 percent
Estimates are based on observations, descriptions, and transects of the mapunit.
Description of Chestnut, Very Stony
Setting
Landform: Mountain slopes
Landform position (two-dimensional): Backslope
Landform position (three-dimensional): Upper third of mountainflank, side slope
Down-slope shape: Convex
Across-slope shape: Linear
Parent material: Residuum weathered from biotite gneiss and/or gneiss that is
affected by soil creep in the upper solum
Custom Soil Resource Report
12
Typical profile
A - 0 to 3 inches: gravelly sandy loam
Bw - 3 to 28 inches: fine sandy loam
Cr - 28 to 80 inches: weathered bedrock
Properties and qualities
Slope: 50 to 95 percent
Percent of area covered with surface fragments: 1.6 percent
Depth to restrictive feature: 20 to 40 inches to paralithic bedrock
Natural drainage class: Well drained
Runoff class: High
Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat): Very low to high (0.00
to 1.98 in/hr)
Depth to water table: More than 80 inches
Frequency of flooding: None
Frequency of ponding: None
Available water storage in profile: Very low (about 2.8 inches)
Interpretive groups
Land capability classification (irrigated): None specified
Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 7s
Hydrologic Soil Group: B
Hydric soil rating: No
Description of Ashe, Very Stony
Setting
Landform: Mountain slopes
Landform position (two-dimensional): Backslope
Landform position (three-dimensional): Side slope
Down-slope shape: Convex
Across-slope shape: Linear
Parent material: Residuum weathered from granite and gneiss that is affected by
soil creep in the upper solum
Typical profile
A - 0 to 5 inches: gravelly sandy loam
Bw - 5 to 31 inches: gravelly sandy loam
R - 31 to 80 inches: unweathered bedrock
Properties and qualities
Slope: 50 to 95 percent
Percent of area covered with surface fragments: 1.6 percent
Depth to restrictive feature: 20 to 40 inches to lithic bedrock
Natural drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained
Runoff class: Very high
Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat): Very low to high (0.00
to 5.95 in/hr)
Depth to water table: More than 80 inches
Frequency of flooding: None
Frequency of ponding: None
Available water storage in profile: Low (about 3.2 inches)
Interpretive groups
Land capability classification (irrigated): None specified
Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 7s
Hydrologic Soil Group: B
Custom Soil Resource Report
13
Hydric soil rating: No
Minor Components
Buladean, stony
Percent of map unit: 9 percent
Landform: Mountain slopes
Landform position (two-dimensional): Backslope
Landform position (three-dimensional): Upper third of mountainflank, side slope
Down-slope shape: Convex
Across-slope shape: Linear
Hydric soil rating: No
Edneyville, stony
Percent of map unit: 3 percent
Landform: Ridges, mountain slopes
Landform position (two-dimensional): Backslope
Landform position (three-dimensional): Upper third of mountainflank, side slope
Down-slope shape: Convex
Across-slope shape: Linear
Hydric soil rating: No
Greenlee, extremely stony
Percent of map unit: 2 percent
Landform: Drainageways on coves
Landform position (two-dimensional): Footslope
Down-slope shape: Linear
Across-slope shape: Concave
Hydric soil rating: No
Tate, stony
Percent of map unit: 1 percent
Landform: Toes on coves
Landform position (two-dimensional): Footslope
Down-slope shape: Linear
Across-slope shape: Concave
Hydric soil rating: No
Rock outcrop
Percent of map unit: 0 percent
Landform: Mountain slopes
Landform position (two-dimensional): Backslope
Landform position (three-dimensional): Upper third of mountainflank, side slope
Down-slope shape: Convex
Across-slope shape: Convex
Hydric soil rating: No
Custom Soil Resource Report
14
DdB—Dillard loam, 1 to 4 percent slopes, rarely flooded
Map Unit Setting
National map unit symbol: lcd5
Elevation: 1,750 to 2,340 feet
Mean annual precipitation: 50 to 58 inches
Mean annual air temperature: 46 to 57 degrees F
Frost-free period: 116 to 170 days
Farmland classification: All areas are prime farmland
Map Unit Composition
Dillard, rarely flooded, and similar soils: 80 percent
Minor components: 20 percent
Estimates are based on observations, descriptions, and transects of the mapunit.
Description of Dillard, Rarely Flooded
Setting
Landform: Stream terraces
Landform position (three-dimensional): Mountainbase, base slope
Down-slope shape: Concave
Across-slope shape: Linear
Parent material: Loamy alluvium
Typical profile
Ap - 0 to 7 inches: loam
Bt - 7 to 50 inches: clay loam
BCg - 50 to 80 inches: sandy loam
Properties and qualities
Slope: 1 to 5 percent
Depth to restrictive feature: More than 80 inches
Natural drainage class: Moderately well drained
Runoff class: Low
Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat): Moderately high to
high (0.57 to 1.98 in/hr)
Depth to water table: About 24 to 36 inches
Frequency of flooding: Rare
Frequency of ponding: None
Available water storage in profile: Moderate (about 8.5 inches)
Interpretive groups
Land capability classification (irrigated): None specified
Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 2e
Hydrologic Soil Group: C
Hydric soil rating: No
Custom Soil Resource Report
15
Minor Components
Dillard, rarely flooded eroded
Percent of map unit: 5 percent
Landform: Stream terraces
Landform position (three-dimensional): Mountainbase, base slope
Down-slope shape: Concave
Across-slope shape: Linear
Hydric soil rating: No
Thurmont
Percent of map unit: 5 percent
Landform: Toes
Landform position (three-dimensional): Mountainbase, base slope
Down-slope shape: Concave
Across-slope shape: Linear
Hydric soil rating: No
Cullowhee, occasionally flooded
Percent of map unit: 4 percent
Landform: Flood plains
Landform position (three-dimensional): Mountainbase
Down-slope shape: Linear
Across-slope shape: Linear
Hydric soil rating: No
Reddies, occasionally flooded
Percent of map unit: 2 percent
Landform: Flood plains
Landform position (three-dimensional): Mountainbase
Down-slope shape: Linear
Across-slope shape: Linear
Hydric soil rating: No
Rosman, occasionally flooded
Percent of map unit: 2 percent
Landform: Flood plains
Landform position (three-dimensional): Mountainbase
Down-slope shape: Linear
Across-slope shape: Linear
Hydric soil rating: No
Hemphill, undrained
Percent of map unit: 2 percent
Landform: Stream terraces
Landform position (three-dimensional): Mountainbase, base slope
Microfeatures of landform position: Swales
Down-slope shape: Concave
Across-slope shape: Linear, concave
Hydric soil rating: Yes
Custom Soil Resource Report
16
EcF—Edneyville-Chestnut complex, 25 to 80 percent slopes, stony
Map Unit Setting
National map unit symbol: lcdd
Elevation: 2,400 to 4,800 feet
Mean annual precipitation: 40 to 54 inches
Mean annual air temperature: 46 to 57 degrees F
Frost-free period: 124 to 176 days
Farmland classification: Not prime farmland
Map Unit Composition
Edneyville, stony, and similar soils: 45 percent
Chestnut, stony, and similar soils: 35 percent
Minor components: 1 percent
Estimates are based on observations, descriptions, and transects of the mapunit.
Description of Edneyville, Stony
Setting
Landform: Mountain slopes
Down-slope shape: Convex
Across-slope shape: Convex
Parent material: Affected by soil creep in the upper solum over residuum
weathered from biotite granitic gneiss and granodioritic gneiss
Typical profile
A - 0 to 5 inches: fine sandy loam
Bw - 5 to 43 inches: fine sandy loam
C - 43 to 80 inches: sandy loam
Properties and qualities
Slope: 50 to 95 percent
Percent of area covered with surface fragments: 0.1 percent
Depth to restrictive feature: More than 80 inches
Natural drainage class: Well drained
Runoff class: Medium
Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat): High (1.98 to 5.95
in/hr)
Depth to water table: More than 80 inches
Frequency of flooding: None
Frequency of ponding: None
Available water storage in profile: Moderate (about 7.5 inches)
Interpretive groups
Land capability classification (irrigated): None specified
Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 7e
Hydrologic Soil Group: A
Hydric soil rating: No
Custom Soil Resource Report
17
Description of Chestnut, Stony
Setting
Landform: Mountain slopes
Down-slope shape: Convex
Across-slope shape: Convex
Parent material: Affected by soil creep in the upper solum over residuum
weathered from biotite granitic gneiss and granodioritic gneiss
Typical profile
A - 0 to 4 inches: gravelly fine sandy loam
Bw - 4 to 36 inches: gravelly fine sandy loam
Cr - 36 to 80 inches: weathered bedrock
Properties and qualities
Slope: 50 to 95 percent
Percent of area covered with surface fragments: 0.1 percent
Depth to restrictive feature: 20 to 40 inches to paralithic bedrock
Natural drainage class: Well drained
Runoff class: High
Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat): Very low to high (0.00
to 1.98 in/hr)
Depth to water table: More than 80 inches
Frequency of flooding: None
Frequency of ponding: None
Available water storage in profile: Low (about 3.6 inches)
Interpretive groups
Land capability classification (irrigated): None specified
Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 7e
Hydrologic Soil Group: B
Hydric soil rating: No
Minor Components
Rock outcrop
Percent of map unit: 1 percent
Hydric soil rating: No
EsB—Elsinboro loam, 1 to 4 percent slopes, rarely flooded
Map Unit Setting
National map unit symbol: lcdf
Elevation: 0 to 1,000 feet
Mean annual precipitation: 38 to 46 inches
Mean annual air temperature: 50 to 55 degrees F
Frost-free period: 150 to 210 days
Farmland classification: All areas are prime farmland
Custom Soil Resource Report
18
Map Unit Composition
Elsinboro and similar soils: 85 percent
Estimates are based on observations, descriptions, and transects of the mapunit.
Description of Elsinboro
Setting
Landform: Stream terraces
Landform position (two-dimensional): Summit, shoulder
Landform position (three-dimensional): Tread
Down-slope shape: Linear
Across-slope shape: Convex
Parent material: Alluvium and/or colluvium derived from igneous and metamorphic
rock
Typical profile
Ap - 0 to 12 inches: loam
Bt - 12 to 60 inches: clay loam
Properties and qualities
Slope: 1 to 4 percent
Depth to restrictive feature: More than 80 inches
Natural drainage class: Well drained
Runoff class: Low
Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat): Moderately high to
high (0.57 to 1.98 in/hr)
Depth to water table: About 60 to 72 inches
Frequency of flooding: Rare
Frequency of ponding: None
Available water storage in profile: Moderate (about 8.4 inches)
Interpretive groups
Land capability classification (irrigated): None specified
Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 2e
Hydrologic Soil Group: B
Hydric soil rating: No
EvD—Evard loam, 10 to 25 percent slopes
Map Unit Setting
National map unit symbol: lcdg
Elevation: 1,400 to 4,000 feet
Mean annual precipitation: 40 to 80 inches
Mean annual air temperature: 46 to 57 degrees F
Frost-free period: 170 to 190 days
Farmland classification: Farmland of local importance
Map Unit Composition
Evard and similar soils: 75 percent
Estimates are based on observations, descriptions, and transects of the mapunit.
Custom Soil Resource Report
19
Description of Evard
Setting
Landform: Ridges, mountain slopes
Landform position (two-dimensional): Summit, backslope
Landform position (three-dimensional): Upper third of mountainflank, side slope
Down-slope shape: Convex
Across-slope shape: Linear
Parent material: Creep deposits over residuum weathered from igneous and
metamorphic rock
Typical profile
A - 0 to 8 inches: loam
Bt - 8 to 21 inches: clay loam
BC - 21 to 34 inches: loam
C - 34 to 80 inches: loam
Properties and qualities
Slope: 10 to 25 percent
Depth to restrictive feature: More than 80 inches
Natural drainage class: Well drained
Runoff class: Medium
Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat): Moderately high to
high (0.57 to 1.98 in/hr)
Depth to water table: More than 80 inches
Frequency of flooding: None
Frequency of ponding: None
Available water storage in profile: Moderate (about 7.7 inches)
Interpretive groups
Land capability classification (irrigated): None specified
Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 4e
Hydrologic Soil Group: B
Hydric soil rating: No
EwE—Evard-Cowee complex, 25 to 60 percent slopes
Map Unit Setting
National map unit symbol: 2vx23
Elevation: 970 to 3,510 feet
Mean annual precipitation: 47 to 55 inches
Mean annual air temperature: 46 to 57 degrees F
Frost-free period: 110 to 190 days
Farmland classification: Not prime farmland
Map Unit Composition
Evard and similar soils: 55 percent
Cowee and similar soils: 35 percent
Minor components: 10 percent
Estimates are based on observations, descriptions, and transects of the mapunit.
Custom Soil Resource Report
20
Description of Evard
Setting
Landform: Mountain slopes, hillslopes
Landform position (two-dimensional): Backslope
Landform position (three-dimensional): Mountainflank, side slope
Down-slope shape: Convex
Across-slope shape: Linear
Parent material: Residuum weathered from gneiss and/or mica schist
Typical profile
A - 0 to 8 inches: loam
Bt - 8 to 21 inches: sandy clay loam
BC - 21 to 34 inches: loam
C - 34 to 80 inches: sandy loam
Properties and qualities
Slope: 25 to 60 percent
Depth to restrictive feature: More than 80 inches
Natural drainage class: Well drained
Runoff class: High
Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat): Moderately high to
high (0.57 to 1.98 in/hr)
Depth to water table: More than 80 inches
Frequency of flooding: None
Frequency of ponding: None
Available water storage in profile: Moderate (about 9.0 inches)
Interpretive groups
Land capability classification (irrigated): None specified
Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 7e
Hydrologic Soil Group: B
Hydric soil rating: No
Description of Cowee
Setting
Landform: Mountain slopes, hillslopes
Landform position (two-dimensional): Backslope
Landform position (three-dimensional): Mountainflank, side slope
Down-slope shape: Convex
Across-slope shape: Linear
Parent material: Residuum weathered from gneiss and/or mica schist
Typical profile
A - 0 to 5 inches: loam
Bt - 5 to 26 inches: gravelly sandy clay loam
Cr - 26 to 80 inches: bedrock
Properties and qualities
Slope: 25 to 60 percent
Depth to restrictive feature: 20 to 40 inches to paralithic bedrock
Natural drainage class: Well drained
Runoff class: High
Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat): Very low to high (0.00
to 1.98 in/hr)
Depth to water table: More than 80 inches
Custom Soil Resource Report
21
Frequency of flooding: None
Frequency of ponding: None
Available water storage in profile: Low (about 3.9 inches)
Interpretive groups
Land capability classification (irrigated): None specified
Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 7e
Hydrologic Soil Group: C
Hydric soil rating: No
Minor Components
Tate
Percent of map unit: 10 percent
Landform: Toes on coves
Landform position (two-dimensional): Footslope
Landform position (three-dimensional): Mountainbase, base slope
Down-slope shape: Concave, linear
Across-slope shape: Concave
Hydric soil rating: No
HeD—Hayesville-Evard complex, 15 to 25 percent slopes
Map Unit Setting
National map unit symbol: lcdm
Elevation: 1,100 to 4,000 feet
Mean annual precipitation: 35 to 80 inches
Mean annual air temperature: 46 to 57 degrees F
Frost-free period: 130 to 190 days
Farmland classification: Farmland of local importance
Map Unit Composition
Hayesville and similar soils: 45 percent
Evard and similar soils: 40 percent
Estimates are based on observations, descriptions, and transects of the mapunit.
Description of Hayesville
Setting
Landform: Ridges, mountain slopes
Landform position (two-dimensional): Summit, backslope
Landform position (three-dimensional): Upper third of mountainflank, side slope
Down-slope shape: Convex
Across-slope shape: Linear
Parent material: Creep deposits over residuum weathered from igneous and
metamorphic rock
Typical profile
A - 0 to 5 inches: loam
Bt - 5 to 38 inches: clay
Custom Soil Resource Report
22
BC - 38 to 48 inches: sandy clay loam
C - 48 to 80 inches: fine sandy loam
Properties and qualities
Slope: 15 to 25 percent
Depth to restrictive feature: More than 80 inches
Natural drainage class: Well drained
Runoff class: High
Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat): Moderately high to
high (0.57 to 1.98 in/hr)
Depth to water table: More than 80 inches
Frequency of flooding: None
Frequency of ponding: None
Available water storage in profile: High (about 9.9 inches)
Interpretive groups
Land capability classification (irrigated): None specified
Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 4e
Hydrologic Soil Group: B
Hydric soil rating: No
Description of Evard
Setting
Landform: Ridges, mountain slopes
Landform position (two-dimensional): Summit, backslope
Landform position (three-dimensional): Upper third of mountainflank, side slope
Down-slope shape: Convex
Across-slope shape: Linear
Parent material: Creep deposits over residuum weathered from igneous and
metamorphic rock
Typical profile
A - 0 to 8 inches: loam
Bt - 8 to 21 inches: clay loam
BC - 21 to 34 inches: loam
C - 34 to 80 inches: loam
Properties and qualities
Slope: 15 to 25 percent
Depth to restrictive feature: More than 80 inches
Natural drainage class: Well drained
Runoff class: High
Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat): Moderately high to
high (0.57 to 1.98 in/hr)
Depth to water table: More than 80 inches
Frequency of flooding: None
Frequency of ponding: None
Available water storage in profile: Moderate (about 7.7 inches)
Interpretive groups
Land capability classification (irrigated): None specified
Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 4e
Hydrologic Soil Group: B
Hydric soil rating: No
Custom Soil Resource Report
23
MaD—Maymead fine sandy loam, 10 to 25 percent slopes, stony
Map Unit Setting
National map unit symbol: lcdw
Elevation: 1,800 to 3,500 feet
Mean annual precipitation: 45 to 55 inches
Mean annual air temperature: 48 to 54 degrees F
Frost-free period: 170 to 190 days
Farmland classification: Farmland of local importance
Map Unit Composition
Maymead, stony, and similar soils: 80 percent
Estimates are based on observations, descriptions, and transects of the mapunit.
Description of Maymead, Stony
Setting
Landform: Coves on mountain slopes, drainageways on mountain slopes, fans on
mountain slopes
Landform position (two-dimensional): Footslope, backslope
Landform position (three-dimensional): Lower third of mountainflank, base slope
Down-slope shape: Concave
Across-slope shape: Concave
Parent material: Colluvium derived from arkose and/or graywacke and/or
metaconglomerate and/or metaquartzite
Typical profile
A - 0 to 5 inches: fine sandy loam
Bw - 5 to 60 inches: cobbly sandy loam
Properties and qualities
Slope: 10 to 25 percent
Percent of area covered with surface fragments: 0.1 percent
Depth to restrictive feature: More than 80 inches
Natural drainage class: Well drained
Runoff class: Low
Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat): High (1.98 to 5.95
in/hr)
Depth to water table: More than 80 inches
Frequency of flooding: None
Frequency of ponding: None
Available water storage in profile: High (about 9.6 inches)
Interpretive groups
Land capability classification (irrigated): None specified
Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 4e
Hydrologic Soil Group: A
Hydric soil rating: No
Custom Soil Resource Report
24
MgD—Maymead-Greenlee-Ostin complex, 3 to 25 percent slopes, very
stony
Map Unit Setting
National map unit symbol: 2lfcl
Elevation: 700 to 3,500 feet
Mean annual precipitation: 45 to 70 inches
Mean annual air temperature: 46 to 57 degrees F
Frost-free period: 90 to 190 days
Farmland classification: Not prime farmland
Map Unit Composition
Greenlee and similar soils: 30 percent
Ostin and similar soils: 30 percent
Maymead, very stony, and similar soils: 30 percent
Estimates are based on observations, descriptions, and transects of the mapunit.
Description of Greenlee
Setting
Landform: Coves on mountain slopes, drainageways on mountain slopes, fans on
mountain slopes
Landform position (two-dimensional): Footslope, backslope
Landform position (three-dimensional): Lower third of mountainflank, base slope
Down-slope shape: Concave
Across-slope shape: Concave
Parent material: Stony and bouldery colluvium derived from igneous and
metamorphic rock
Typical profile
A - 0 to 8 inches: very cobbly sandy loam
Bw - 8 to 40 inches: very bouldery sandy loam
C - 40 to 80 inches: very bouldery sandy loam
Properties and qualities
Slope: 8 to 25 percent
Percent of area covered with surface fragments: 1.6 percent
Depth to restrictive feature: More than 80 inches
Natural drainage class: Well drained
Runoff class: Medium
Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat): High (1.98 to 5.95
in/hr)
Depth to water table: More than 80 inches
Frequency of flooding: None
Frequency of ponding: None
Available water storage in profile: Low (about 5.0 inches)
Interpretive groups
Land capability classification (irrigated): None specified
Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 7s
Hydrologic Soil Group: A
Custom Soil Resource Report
25
Hydric soil rating: No
Description of Ostin
Setting
Landform: Flood plains
Down-slope shape: Linear
Across-slope shape: Convex
Parent material: Sandy alluvium over cobbly and gravelly alluvium derived from
igneous and metamorphic rock
Typical profile
A - 0 to 4 inches: very cobbly loamy sand
C - 4 to 80 inches: very cobbly loamy sand
Properties and qualities
Slope: 3 to 8 percent
Depth to restrictive feature: More than 80 inches
Natural drainage class: Moderately well drained
Runoff class: Very low
Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat): High to very high (5.95
to 19.98 in/hr)
Depth to water table: About 24 to 42 inches
Frequency of flooding: Occasional
Frequency of ponding: None
Available water storage in profile: Very low (about 2.5 inches)
Interpretive groups
Land capability classification (irrigated): None specified
Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 6s
Hydrologic Soil Group: A
Hydric soil rating: No
Description of Maymead, Very Stony
Setting
Landform: Coves on mountain slopes, drainageways on mountain slopes, fans on
mountain slopes
Landform position (two-dimensional): Footslope, backslope
Landform position (three-dimensional): Lower third of mountainflank, base slope
Down-slope shape: Concave
Across-slope shape: Concave
Parent material: Colluvium derived from arkose and/or graywacke and/or
metaconglomerate and/or metaquartzite
Typical profile
A - 0 to 5 inches: fine sandy loam
Bw - 5 to 80 inches: cobbly sandy loam
Properties and qualities
Slope: 8 to 25 percent
Percent of area covered with surface fragments: 1.6 percent
Depth to restrictive feature: More than 80 inches
Natural drainage class: Well drained
Runoff class: Low
Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat): High (1.98 to 5.95
in/hr)
Depth to water table: More than 80 inches
Custom Soil Resource Report
26
Frequency of flooding: None
Frequency of ponding: None
Available water storage in profile: High (about 9.6 inches)
Interpretive groups
Land capability classification (irrigated): None specified
Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 4e
Hydrologic Soil Group: A
Hydric soil rating: No
PtB—Ostin cobbly loamy sand, 1 to 5 percent slopes, frequently flooded
Map Unit Setting
National map unit symbol: 2lfcn
Elevation: 1,200 to 2,000 feet
Mean annual precipitation: 45 to 70 inches
Mean annual air temperature: 46 to 57 degrees F
Frost-free period: 116 to 170 days
Farmland classification: Not prime farmland
Map Unit Composition
Ostin and similar soils: 85 percent
Estimates are based on observations, descriptions, and transects of the mapunit.
Description of Ostin
Setting
Landform: Flood plains
Down-slope shape: Linear
Across-slope shape: Convex
Parent material: Cobbly and sandy and gravelly alluvium
Typical profile
A - 0 to 8 inches: cobbly loamy sand
C - 8 to 96 inches: very cobbly sand
Properties and qualities
Slope: 1 to 5 percent
Depth to restrictive feature: More than 80 inches
Natural drainage class: Moderately well drained
Runoff class: Very low
Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat): High to very high (5.95
to 19.98 in/hr)
Depth to water table: About 24 to 42 inches
Frequency of flooding: Occasional
Frequency of ponding: None
Available water storage in profile: Low (about 3.1 inches)
Interpretive groups
Land capability classification (irrigated): None specified
Custom Soil Resource Report
27
Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 4s
Hydrologic Soil Group: A
Hydric soil rating: No
RoA—Rosman loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes, occasionally flooded
Map Unit Setting
National map unit symbol: lcf8
Elevation: 1,690 to 2,590 feet
Mean annual precipitation: 50 to 58 inches
Mean annual air temperature: 46 to 57 degrees F
Frost-free period: 116 to 170 days
Farmland classification: All areas are prime farmland
Map Unit Composition
Rosman, occasionally flooded, and similar soils: 80 percent
Minor components: 20 percent
Estimates are based on observations, descriptions, and transects of the mapunit.
Description of Rosman, Occasionally Flooded
Setting
Landform: Flood plains
Landform position (three-dimensional): Mountainbase
Down-slope shape: Linear
Across-slope shape: Linear
Parent material: Loamy alluvium
Typical profile
Ap - 0 to 10 inches: fine sandy loam
Bw - 10 to 59 inches: fine sandy loam
C - 59 to 80 inches: fine sandy loam
Properties and qualities
Slope: 0 to 3 percent
Depth to restrictive feature: More than 80 inches
Natural drainage class: Well drained
Runoff class: Very low
Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat): High (1.98 to 5.95
in/hr)
Depth to water table: About 42 to 60 inches
Frequency of flooding: Occasional
Frequency of ponding: None
Available water storage in profile: Moderate (about 8.5 inches)
Interpretive groups
Land capability classification (irrigated): None specified
Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 2w
Hydrologic Soil Group: A
Hydric soil rating: No
Custom Soil Resource Report
28
Minor Components
Biltmore, occasionally flooded
Percent of map unit: 5 percent
Landform: Natural levees on flood plains
Landform position (three-dimensional): Mountainbase
Down-slope shape: Linear
Across-slope shape: Convex
Hydric soil rating: No
Dillard, rarely flooded
Percent of map unit: 5 percent
Landform: Stream terraces on flood plains
Landform position (three-dimensional): Mountainbase, base slope
Down-slope shape: Linear, concave
Across-slope shape: Concave, linear
Hydric soil rating: No
Toxaway, undrained
Percent of map unit: 5 percent
Landform: Depressions on flood plains
Landform position (three-dimensional): Mountainbase
Down-slope shape: Concave, linear
Across-slope shape: Concave, linear
Hydric soil rating: Yes
Cullowhee, occasionally flooded
Percent of map unit: 5 percent
Landform: Swales on flood plains on valleys
Landform position (three-dimensional): Mountainbase
Down-slope shape: Linear
Across-slope shape: Linear, concave
Hydric soil rating: No
TaC—Tate loam, 6 to 15 percent slopes
Map Unit Setting
National map unit symbol: lcfd
Elevation: 2,050 to 3,200 feet
Mean annual precipitation: 42 to 50 inches
Mean annual air temperature: 46 to 57 degrees F
Frost-free period: 124 to 170 days
Farmland classification: Farmland of statewide importance
Map Unit Composition
Tate and similar soils: 95 percent
Estimates are based on observations, descriptions, and transects of the mapunit.
Custom Soil Resource Report
29
Description of Tate
Setting
Landform: Coves, drainageways, fans
Down-slope shape: Concave
Across-slope shape: Concave
Parent material: Colluvium derived from igneous and metamorphic rock
Typical profile
Ap - 0 to 7 inches: loam
Bt - 7 to 46 inches: clay loam
C - 46 to 80 inches: cobbly loam
Properties and qualities
Slope: 8 to 15 percent
Depth to restrictive feature: More than 80 inches
Natural drainage class: Well drained
Runoff class: Medium
Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat): Moderately high to
high (0.57 to 1.98 in/hr)
Depth to water table: More than 80 inches
Frequency of flooding: None
Frequency of ponding: None
Available water storage in profile: High (about 10.2 inches)
Interpretive groups
Land capability classification (irrigated): None specified
Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 3e
Hydrologic Soil Group: B
Hydric soil rating: No
TaD—Tate loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes
Map Unit Setting
National map unit symbol: lcff
Elevation: 2,050 to 3,200 feet
Mean annual precipitation: 42 to 50 inches
Mean annual air temperature: 46 to 57 degrees F
Frost-free period: 124 to 170 days
Farmland classification: Farmland of local importance
Map Unit Composition
Tate and similar soils: 85 percent
Estimates are based on observations, descriptions, and transects of the mapunit.
Description of Tate
Setting
Landform: Coves, drainageways, fans
Down-slope shape: Concave
Across-slope shape: Concave
Parent material: Colluvium derived from igneous and metamorphic rock
Custom Soil Resource Report
30
Typical profile
Ap - 0 to 7 inches: loam
Bt - 7 to 46 inches: clay loam
C - 46 to 80 inches: cobbly loam
Properties and qualities
Slope: 15 to 30 percent
Depth to restrictive feature: More than 80 inches
Natural drainage class: Well drained
Runoff class: High
Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat): Moderately high to
high (0.57 to 1.98 in/hr)
Depth to water table: More than 80 inches
Frequency of flooding: None
Frequency of ponding: None
Available water storage in profile: High (about 10.2 inches)
Interpretive groups
Land capability classification (irrigated): None specified
Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 4e
Hydrologic Soil Group: B
Hydric soil rating: No
W—Water
Map Unit Composition
Water: 100 percent
Estimates are based on observations, descriptions, and transects of the mapunit.
Description of Water
Interpretive groups
Land capability classification (irrigated): None specified
Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 8w
Hydric soil rating: No
Custom Soil Resource Report
31
References
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO).
2004. Standard specifications for transportation materials and methods of sampling
and testing. 24th edition.
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). 2005. Standard classification of
soils for engineering purposes. ASTM Standard D2487-00.
Cowardin, L.M., V. Carter, F.C. Golet, and E.T. LaRoe. 1979. Classification of
wetlands and deep-water habitats of the United States. U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service FWS/OBS-79/31.
Federal Register. July 13, 1994. Changes in hydric soils of the United States.
Federal Register. September 18, 2002. Hydric soils of the United States.
Hurt, G.W., and L.M. Vasilas, editors. Version 6.0, 2006. Field indicators of hydric
soils in the United States.
National Research Council. 1995. Wetlands: Characteristics and boundaries.
Soil Survey Division Staff. 1993. Soil survey manual. Soil Conservation Service.
U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook 18. http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/
nrcs/detail/national/soils/?cid=nrcs142p2_054262
Soil Survey Staff. 1999. Soil taxonomy: A basic system of soil classification for
making and interpreting soil surveys. 2nd edition. Natural Resources Conservation
Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook 436. http://
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/national/soils/?cid=nrcs142p2_053577
Soil Survey Staff. 2010. Keys to soil taxonomy. 11th edition. U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. http://
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/national/soils/?cid=nrcs142p2_053580
Tiner, R.W., Jr. 1985. Wetlands of Delaware. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and
Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control, Wetlands
Section.
United States Army Corps of Engineers, Environmental Laboratory. 1987. Corps of
Engineers wetlands delineation manual. Waterways Experiment Station Technical
Report Y-87-1.
United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service.
National forestry manual. http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/
home/?cid=nrcs142p2_053374
United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service.
National range and pasture handbook. http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/
detail/national/landuse/rangepasture/?cid=stelprdb1043084
32
United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service.
National soil survey handbook, title 430-VI. http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/
nrcs/detail/soils/scientists/?cid=nrcs142p2_054242
United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service.
2006. Land resource regions and major land resource areas of the United States,
the Caribbean, and the Pacific Basin. U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook
296. http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/national/soils/?
cid=nrcs142p2_053624
United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1961. Land
capability classification. U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook 210. http://
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_052290.pdf
Custom Soil Resource Report
33