HomeMy WebLinkAbout20051576 Ver 1_Mitigation Report_20081117Tarlton Stream and Wetland Restoration Project
Contract #:
County:
Cataloging Unit:
Monitoring Firm POC:
Prepared For:
PPPP'
Kimley-Horn
and Associates, Inc.
D05013-1
Cumberland
Cape Fear 03030004
Mid-Atlantic Mitigation, LLC
Rich Mogensen (704) 782-4133
Kimley-Horn Associates, Inc.
Will Wilhelm (704) 333-5131
EEP Project Manager, Guy Pearce
Mitigation Report
46M i d- A t l a n t i c
JI i t i g a t i o n L L C
A N E A R T H M A R K C 0 M P A N Y
•
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Pre-Construction Site Conditions
The Tarlton Stream and Wetland Restoration Site (Tarlton Site) is located at the
intersection of Clearwater Drive and US 401 Bypass (Country Club Drive) in
Cumberland County, Fayetteville, N.C. The property was historically impounded by a
dam built in the 1970s, creating Country Club Lake by impounding about 4,500 feet of
two perennial prongs of unnamed tributaries to Cross Creek. The impoundment was
breached by a storm on September 15, 1989, rebuilt in June of 1990, and breached again
on March 5, 1994 completely draining the lake. After the second failure in 1994 the dam
was never rebuilt nor was the failed dam and spillway ever completely removed. Since
1994, the site has been hydrologically influenced by beaver activity with fluctuating lake
levels. The footprint of the open water area of the lake and the extent of functioning
stream channel fluctuated with the level of beaver dam development, periodic dam
removal or maintenance, and storm events blowing out the structure. Therefore, the
streams within the project area have been in constant adjustment (pattern and profile) and
sediment transport capacity given the alternating periods of deposition and incision.
Prior to October 2005, the site existing conditions consisted of approximately 1,420
linear feet of stream, 5.1 acres of riverine wetland, and 10.3 acres of open water
(impounded area from the beaver dams and the relic/failed dam spillway).
The project site contained jurisdictional wetlands and open waters, however with the
• dynamic nature of the site's hydrology (i.e. impoundment, dam failure, and beaver
impoundments/water level fluctuations) the water balance and vegetation communities
have been unstable. Limited areas of existing dead scrub-shrub wetlands and remnant
areas where wetland hydrology has recently been removed met jurisdictional wetland
criteria, however the project goals are to stabilize these communities and to restore
natural stream-riverine wetland-floodplain hydrodynamics and functions as noted in the
reference. The project watershed area is approximately 2.6 sq. mi. flowing into Cross
Creek, a 303(d)-listed stream for impaired biological activity.
•
Restoration Plan
The objective of the restoration approach is to plan, design, and construct a dynamically
stable stream/riparian floodplain and bottomland hardwood riverine wetland community
providing an ecological improvement for the entire site and watershed. This project is
designed to provide a stream channel that neither aggrades nor degrades while
maintaining its dimension, pattern, and profile with the capacity to transport the
watershed's water and sediment load. Also, the Tarlton Site aims to reestablish the
primary stream and wetland functions associated with nutrient removal and transport,
sediment retention, wildlife (both aquatic and terrestrial) habitat, and to provide
restoration of riparian zones that have been historically a lakebed. The restoration
approach, due to the existing condition (fluctuating open water levels) and varied
historical conditions of the site (lake, dry lake bed, beaver impoundments, etc.), involved
an "adaptive" management phased process as noted below (Table 1).
1
Table 1. Timeline of construction sequences
EVENT DATE
Phase 1:
Removal of beaver dam & beavers November 2005
--200' of priority 1 restoration with grade December 2005
control structures and BMP installation
-Dewater lake bed w/ new channel development Dec. 2005-March 2006
Phase 2:
-Livestake new channel March 2006
Temporary/permanent seeding March 2006
Containerized planting March 2006
Bare root planting March 2006
Additional containerized planting June 2006
-As-Built survey July 2006
• Post Construction Site Conditions
The project was constructed in two phases. The restoration approach established a stable
grade control, which maintains the elevation of the entire stream thalweg and the
floodplain by controlling the downstream end of the project area. The floodplain
elevation below the dam was set by installing several rock-cross vanes and a contructed
riffle to hold the grade of the existing lake bottom which is now the floodplain area above
the dam. This design provides both secondary water quality and primary flood storage
benefits. The Tarlton Site (both streams and wetlands) underwent a natural adjustment to
a more stable aquatic ecosystem. The streams continued to re-establish natural channel
function. This adaptive management approach allowed the streams to naturally seek
equilibrium and appropriate dimension, pattern, and profile as the Tarlton Site stabilizes.
The primary restoration approach is to determine whether the stream adjustments trend
towards the design criteria and restoration goals based on up-stream reference
morphology and vegetation communities.
The riverine wetland and buffer vegetation community will transition as the system seeks
hydrologic equilibrium. The sediments were unconsolidated and mucky with saturation.
It was anticipated that settling and subsidence would occur throughout the initial growing
season, first through evaporation and then through transpiration as the herbaceous cover
(seeded and natural propagation) established, this did occur and continues to progress.
Areas that were not saturated/ponded (i.e. fringe areas and/or headwater wetlands) were
intially planted with bare root seedlings and containerized plants to establish a
• bottomland hardwood riparian wetland community. Later, thousands of containerized,
11
bottomland hardwood trees & shrubs were planted throughout the stream and wetland
areas.
•
•
The Restoration Summary in Section 1 of this Mitigation Report describes the restoration
approach and site conditions in greater detail. Based on the Restoration Plan and As-built
drawing, the total area of restored riverine wetland is 6.6 acres, and the total area of
enhanced wetland is 2.7 acres. The Tarlton Site yields 3,930 stream mitigation units and
8 acres of restored and enhanced wetland mitigation units (3,465 X 1= 3,465, 596 X
.666= 397, 341 X.2= 68, 3,465 +397 + 68 = 3, 930 and 6.6 X 1= 6.6, 2.7 X 0.5 =1.4, 6.6
+ 1.4 =8).
Table 2. Summary of Mitigation Types
MITIGATION SUMMARY
MITIGATION RESTORATION ENHANCEMENT PRESERVATION TOTAL %
TYPE (1:1) (1:1.5) (1:5) MUs RESTORATION
LENGTH 3
465 596 341
(FEET) ,
STREAM 3
930 88%
,
MITIGATION 3
465 397 68
UNITS ,
AREA 6.6 2.7 -
(ACRES)
RIVERINE 8
0 83%
WETLAND .
MITIGATION 6.6 1.4 -
Monitoring Plan
The Monitoring Plan will be discussed in detail in Section 3 of this Mitigation Report.
Strategies and methodologies laid out in the Monitoring Plan will be followed for a
minimum of five years of monitoring. The stream will be monitored for stability of
dimension, pattern, and profile using standard practices including permanent cross
ections, riffle-run-pool analysis, and pebble counts. Wetland hydrology and vegetation
success will be monitored using self-reading ground water monitoring gages and
standardized, randomly placed permanent vegetation plots which will be monitored for
species diversity and survival. Monitoring data will be analyzed to determine what
remedial actions if any are required and any remedial actions proposed will be detailed in
the annual monitoring reports.
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
a 1.0 INTRODUCTION ............................................................. 1
1.1 Project Background ................................................... 1
1.2 Restoration Summary ................................................ 1
Figure 1: Site Location Map .................................................... 2
2.0 MONITORING PLAN ....................................................... 5
2.1 Hydrology ............................................................ 6
2.2 Profile .................................................................. 6
2.3 Pattern ................................................................. 6
2.4 Dimension ............................................................. 7
2.5 Bed Material ........................................................... 7
2.6 Vegetation .............................................................. 7
2.7 Other Features ......................................................... 7
3.0 MAINTENANCE AND CONTINGENCY PLANS ...................... 8
4.0 REFERENCES .................................................................. 8
ATTACHMENT A: Complete As-built Plans
ATTACHMENT B: Project Map
ATTACHMENT C: Photo Log
List of Tables:
Table 1: Timeline of Construction Sequences (Page ii - Executive Summary)
Table 2: Summary of Mitigation Types (Page iii - Executive Summary)
Table 3: Approximate Number of Planted Species (Page 4 - Introduction)
•
1v
•
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Project Background
The Tarlton Stream and Wetland Restoration Site (Tarlton Site) is located in the City of
Fayetteville, Cumberland County, North Carolina on the corner of Clearwater Drive and
US 401 Bypass (Country Club Drive). A location map is included in Figure 1. The
project site is located in the Upper Cape Fear River Watershed (USGS 8-digit Hydrologic
Unit 03030004, and NCDWQ River Basin 03-06-15), and is within the NC Ecosystem
Enhancement Program (EEP) Cross Creek Targeted Local Watershed (00050). The Site
was historically impounded by a dam built in the 1970s, creating Country Club Lake by
impounding about 4,500 feet of two perennial prongs of the stream. The project drainage
area is approximately 2.6 sq. mi. flowing into Cross Creek, a 303(d)-listed stream for
impaired biological activity. The eastern prong of the project which is named UT to
Cross Creek near Rosehill Road has a drainage area of 1.0 square miles. The western
prong which is also a UT to Cross Creek has a drainage area of 1.6 square miles. The
project area conservation easement consist of 17.8 acres.
Restoration Summary
The total area of restored riverine wetland is 6.6 acres, and the total area of enhanced
riverine wetland is 2.7 acres. The Tarlton Site yields 3,930 stream mitigation units and 8
riverine wetland mitigation units. The goals and objectives of the Tarlton Stream and
Wetland Restoration Project are to restore a naturally stable stream and riparian wetland
community; to restore a bottomland hardwood wetland community; and to provide
stormwater management from residential run-off. In addition, water quality will be
improved, flood storage will be increased, wildlife and aquatic habitat will be restored
and the threat of flooding of downstream areas will be eliminated. A Project Map is
provided in Attachment B.
Phase I (completed Fall 2005): A beaver management plan was incorporated to remove
all the beavers from the project site. The removal of the old dam debris was completed in
November and December 2005 making it more difficult for the beavers to re-establish a
dam at its existing location. A beaver control program which includes regular site visits
to the former dam area has been implemented and will continue throughout the
monitoring period. In mid-November 2005, the lake water level was lowered over a 3-5
day period slowly releasing the water downstream to prevent flooding or erosion. In
conjunction with removing the beaver dams, the stream section through the area of the
historical dam and beaver dams was restored. The channel in this section (approximately
175 feet) was restored using a Priority I (Rosgen) restoration approach. The stream
restoration included establishing a bankfull channel and active floodway through the relic
spillway/dam and providing a variety of in-stream structures (rock vanes, constructed
riffle, and step pool structures) to provide grade control, stability, and improve aquatic
habitat diversity. The natural channel design was based on the upstream reference reach.
The restoration project was transitioned through and under an existing aerial sanitary
•
Site
03030004 t
2
sewer crossing that is just beyond the easement limit. In addition to the stream
• restoration, a BMP (level spreader / pre-formed scour hole) was constructed in this area
at the outlet of a stormwater drainage pipe. This restoration establishes a stable grade
control, which maintains the elevation of the entire stream thalweg and the floodplain by
controlling downstream end of the project area. The floodplain elevation below the dam
was set to hold the grade of the existing lake bottom which is now the floodplain area
above the dam. This also prevented any sediment that was in the old lake from being
washed downstream and to provide a natural "pinch-point" corresponding with existing
topography. This pinch-point will help re-establish and control natural hydrology in the
proposed riparian wetland during events above bankfull.
Phase II (completed in July 2006): Once the beavers, beaver dams, and impounded water
were removed, and the downstream grade control established, the Tarlton Site (both
streams and wetlands) underwent a natural adjustment to a more stable aquatic
ecosystem. The stream segments found their hydrologic equilibrium and re-established
bed and bank features. In addition, the site soils gradually dewatered allowing the
deposited sediments to consolidate and subside. During the first growing season the
Tarlton Site soils stabilized through evapotranspiration and subsidence processes. The
streams continued to re-establish natural channel function, and were evaluated for
necessary adjustments. This adaptive management approach allowed the streams to
naturally seek equilibrium and appropriate dimension, pattern, and profile as compared to
the upstream reference reach. The primary restoration approach is to determine whether
the stream adjustments trend towards the design criteria and restoration goals based on
• reference morphology and vegetation communities. The eastern and western prongs are
designed as Rosgen C5->E5 channels. During each monitoring year, where the channel
slope and/or dimension are found to be unstable, structures such as rock cross vanes, log
cross vanes, log vanes, log sills, and constructed riffles may be utilized to match the
channel to the reference morphology.
The riparian wetland and buffer vegetation community will transition as the system seeks
hydrologic equilibrium. The initial planting/seeding of the site was completed in March-
April 2006 to establish herbaceous cover of exposed bare soils with the expectation that
the initial growing season will allow for evapotranspiration to dewater lake bottom
sediments. These sediments were initially unconsolidated and mucky with saturation. It
was anticipated that settling and subsidence would occur throughout the initial growing
season, first through evaporation and then through transpiration as the herbaceous cover
(seeded and natural propagation) established. This has occurred as proposed. Areas that
are not saturated/ponded (i.e. fringe areas and/or headwater wetlands) were planted with
bare root seedlings and containerized plants to establish a bottomland hardwood riparian
wetland community. Additional plantings may occur as needed, as the site continues to
consolidate and settle.
In order to stabilize the newly constructed stream channel and flood plain areas both
temporary and permanent grass seed as well as wetland herbaceous seed were applied to
all restored areas. The types of seeds used were: Leersia oryzoides (Rice Cut grass);
• Panicum clandestinum (Deertongue grass); Panicum virgatum (Switchgrass): Trisacum
dactyloides (Gama grass), and Secale cereale (Annual rye). Also, a Southeast Wildflower
• mix was applied throughout the project. Five hardwood planting zones were established
as follows: Zone 1 - Stream Channel, Zone 2- Stream Bank, Zone 3 - Bottomland
Hardwood wetland, Zone 4 - Swamp Wetland, and Zone 5- Upland fringe. Livestakes
were installed along the new constructed channel (approx. 175') within Zone 2. They
were planted randomly spaced approximately 3 feet apart and differed in sizes ranging
from .25" to 2" in diameter and 2' to 3' in length. Further livestaking may be necessary
as the new stream channels stabilize. Zone 3 -5 consists of bareroot seedlings and 1
gallon containerized plants, which were planted randomly 3' to 12' apart throughout the
project. A summary showing approximate number of species planted and types of plant
material are presented in Table 3, below.
C]
•
Table 3: Approximate Number of Planted Species
Tarlton Stream and Wetland Restoration Project
Scientifice name Indicator
Status Number of Species
Planted Type of
material
Fraxinus enns lvanica: FACW 600 1 gallon
N ssa bi ora: OBL 650 1 gallon
N ssa a uatica: OBL 75 1 gallon
Nyssa slyvatica FAC 150 1 gallon
uercus michauxii: FACW- 100 bareroot
uercus ni ra: FAC 275 bareroot
uercus hellos: FACW- 50/200 1 allon/bareroot
uercus falcata var. a oda olia FAC+ 100 bareroot
uercus shumardii: FACW- 100 bareroot
Taxodium distichium: OBL 500 1 gallon
Betula ni ra: FACW 500 1 gallon
Chamaec aris th oides: OBL 100 1 allon
Corn us amomum: FACW+ 300/100 bareroot/livestake
Salix ni ra OBL 100 livestake
Liriodendron tuli i era: FAC 75 bareroot
Total: 3,975
It is likely that there will be or pockets of ponded and/or saturated areas that will remain
throughout the initial growing season. These areas will be identified after the initial
growing season and will likely remain as herbaceous emergent wetland vegetation, or
will be planted with supplemental containerized plants as necessary prior to the second
growing season. These emergent areas will increase the overall diversity of the restored
ecosystem and will be noted in the monitoring report.
4
2.0 MONITORING PLAN
• The Tarlton Site will be monitored annually for the next five years (October 2006
through October 2010) by Mid-Atlantic Mitigation, LLC (MAM) and/or Kimley-Horn
and Associates, Inc (KHA). The monitoring period should include two separate years
with bankfull events. MAM and KHA will be monitoring the Tarlton Site every year and
will submit a monitoring report to the NCEEP by December 31" of each calendar year.
The Tarlton Site will be monitored in regard to hydrology, overall channel stability
(Dimension, Pattern, and Profile), bed material, and vegetative survival. Included in this
report are 51 photographs taken at the time of the As-built survey and can be found in
Attachment C. Photo locations are included on the As-built plans (Attachment A) and
will be included in the annual monitoring reports.
The stream geometry will be considered successful if the cross-section geometry, profile,
and sinuosity are stable and reach a dynamic equilibrium as well as being in the
geomorphic ranges of the reference reach. It is expected that there will be minimal
changes in the resultant cross sections, profile, and/or substrate composition. Changes
that may occur during the monitoring period will be evaluated to determine if they
represent a movement toward a more unstable condition (e.g. down cutting, erosion, etc.)
or are minor changes that represent an increase in stability (e.g. settling, vegetative
changes, coarsening of bed material, etc.). An initial, though not exclusive, indicator of
success will be adherence to design or reference ratios of stream geometry found in the
morphological table (Attachment A) or are comparable to the stable reference system.
is Deviation from the design ratios will not necessarily denote failure as it is possible to
maintain stability and not stay within the exact design geometry. Additionally,
determination of true bankfull will be difficult until the stream has had adequate flooding
events to create strong bankfull indicators. The following key indicators of stability
provide a more complete picture of stream restoration success:
Stream Type: Maintenance of the design stream type or progression or conversion to
stable stream type such as C or E will indicate stability;
Bank Height Ratio: Bank height ratio between 1.0 and 1.1 will indicate flood flows have
access to the active floodplain and that higher flows do not apply excessive stresses to
stream banks.
The nature of the watershed presents challenges to stream restoration. The contributing
watersheds lie within a rapidly developing as well as already developed region. The
urbanizing watershed's runoff character will continue to change as the nature of the land
cover shifts to less permeable surfaces. The hydrograph will shift such that bankfull
flooding events will become more frequent and peak discharges will be higher. The cross
sections have been designed to account for some shifting in bankfull discharges.
Upstream construction activities driven by land development likely will lead to episodic
sediment pulses sent downstream through the stream and wetland network. Additionally,
erosion of upstream unstable stream banks will persistently contribute sediment to the
• project reaches. The plan goals anticipate that the excess sediment will either be routed
5
through the project area or deposited in target areas such as point bars and the floodplain.
Minor sedimentation of pools and glides may occur. Ultimately, stream success will be
determined by stable channel geomorphology as well as structure integrity and riparian
vegetative success.
MAM will ask the NCEEP for written concurrence for each annual monitoring report and
a final acceptance at the end of the monitoring period if all success criteria have been
achieved.
Hydrology
The minimum requirement to judge establishment of successful wetland hydrology will
be adherence to USACE guidelines (United States Army Corps of Engineers 1987)
including saturation within the upper 12 inches of the surface of the soils for a period of
approximately 24 consecutive days during the growing season (239 days). Further
success of the restoration and enhancement of wetland hydrology will be measured by
improvements to the frequency and duration of flood flows, groundwater levels, flood
storage, and surface water infiltration. Hydrology will be measured using Infinities self-
reading groundwater monitoring gages that were installed at the beginning of the
restoration efforts. The gages will monitor water table elevations on a daily basis using
continuous recorder dataloggers through the monitoring period. There are seven (7)
gages located on the Tarlton Site and two (2) reference gages. The data will be
downloaded at least 6 times annually. In addition, a stream water level gage will be
monitored in relation to a wetland gage within the restoration area for comparison to the
wetland reference site. A rain gage is also on-site to monitor the amount of rainfall for
comparison to both groundwater and stream levels.
Profile
The survey of the longitudinal profiles will monitor the riffle-run-pool-glide sequences
and overall stability of the restored stream. The entire length of the restored stream will
be monitored for channel stability and in-stream structural integrity. Any evidence of
channel instability will be identified, mapped and photographed. Permanent photo
reference points will be marked on the As-built plan and will be included in the photo log
along with any additional photos of problem areas that may be taken during monitoring.
Baseline/year 1 data was collected using traditional surveying techniques. Survey of the
longitudinal profile in consecutive years will be done using GPS with sub-meter
accuracy, this method will satisfactorily track the riffle-run-pool-glide spacing and
location for comparison to previous and consecutive years.
Pattern
Evaluation of overall success and stability of the stream will include close observation
and photo documentation of all in-stream structures, and any changes to stream pattern
such as point bar formation, development of head-cutting, down-cutting, and significant
bank degradation or aggradation. Photos of each structure will be included in the Photo
Log along with permanent photo reference points marked on the As-built plan and any
additional photos of problem areas that may be taken during monitoring period.
6
• Dimension
There are 5 sets of 2 permanent cross-sections throughout the Tarlton Site for a total of
10 sections. Cross-sections will represent 50% riffles and 50% pools. Each permanent
cross-section is shown on the As-built Plan and will be surveyed each year for inclusion
in the monitoring report and compared with data from previous years. Each cross-section
will be photographed from left and right bank and from both the upstream and
downstream direction for inclusion in the Photo Log.
Bed Material
A pebble count will be done in each cross-section that contains a riffle and any
unacceptable increase in sand or finer substrate material will be noted in the monitoring
report.
Vegetation
The prevalent vegetation should consist of macrophytes that typically are adapted for life
in saturated soil conditions. These species should have the ability to grow, compete,
reproduce, and persist in anaerobic soil conditions. A reduction in the percentage of
nuisance vegetation in wetland areas with existing vegetation to less than 15% will
indicate establishment of native wetland vegetation. Study plots showing that the
composition and density of vegetation in the restoration areas compares closely to the
reference areas will indicate restoration success for vegetation. The initial success of
• riparian and wetland vegetation planting will be evaluated based on herbaceous cover as
the site is stabilized in the initial growing season. At the year-two growing season,
success will be gauged by stem counts of planted species. Stem counts of over 320 trees
per acre after 3 years, and 260 trees per acre after 5 years will be considered successful.
Photos taken at established photo points should indicate maturation of riparian vegetation
community. Photographs will help to capture the health of the planted vegetation and the
severity of the invasive or exotic species that establish within the site. Permanent
vegetative plots have been established at 3 random locations. The success of vegetation
plantings will be measured through stems counts. These plots will be used to sample
both the riparian buffer and restored wetlands. Each plot will cover 100 square meters
for tree counts. Within each plot, a 1 meter plot will be sampled to measure herbaceous
coverage. During the counts, the health of the vegetation will be noted. In addition to
stem counts, the samples will inventory species diversity to allow for comparison
between the reference and restoration wetlands and track the percent cover of nuisance
species. The vegetation survey will occur during the growing season. Vegetative plots
are shown on the As-built Plan.
Other Features
All storm water BMPs (as noted on the as-builts) will be monitored for stability and signs
of erosion problems. Photo point one as shown on the as-builts and included in the Photo
Log (Attachment C) will be included in consecutive years as will any additional pictures
of any problems that develop.
•
7
3.0 MAINTENANCE AND CONTINGENCY PLANS
• Because streams are a dynamic system, restoration is achieved by restoring the channel to
a stable dimension, pattern, and profile such that, over time, the stream features (riffle-
run-pool-glide) are maintained and the channel does not aggrade or degrade significantly.
Minor morphological adjustments from the designed stream are anticipated based on the
correlation of reference reach data, excessive sediment deposition from upstream sources,
and on-going changes in land use within the watershed. All of the proposed 3,930 linear
feet of stream mitigation and 8.0 acres of riverine wetlands have been generated through
project implementation. A summary of the deliverables are presented in Table 2. If
standards are not met as indicated in the Monitoring Plan of this Mitigation Report
appropriate remedial activities to satisfy USACE and NCEEP will be developed,
approved, and performed. The site will be monitored for longer than five years should
success criteria not be met within the original monitoring period. The site will be
monitored for at least 5 years and through at least 2 bankfull events in separate years.
4.0 REFERENCES
Coastal Plain Conservation Nursery, Inc. "Strategic Plants for Environmental
Professionals, 2005".
Hall, Karen. 2001. North Carolina Stream Restoration Institute NCSU, "Recommended
Native Plant Species for Stream Restoration in North Carolina."
North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources Ecological
Enhancement Program. Guidelines for Riparian Buffer Restoration, Raleigh, NC.
January 2001.
North Carolina Division of Water Quality, North Carolina Surface Water Classification
http://h2o.enr.state.nc.us/bims/reports/reportsWB.html, February 2006.
North Carolina Stream Restoration Institute. Regional Curves. "Mountain-Rural Regional
Curves". February 2005.
<http : //www. bae. nc su. edu/programs/extension/wqg/sri/mountain. htm>
North Carolina Water Quality Assessment and Impaired Waters List (2006 Integrated
305(b) and 303(d) Report). Public Review Draft, 2006
Rosgen, David L. 1996. Applied River Morphology. Wildland Hydrology Books, Pagosa
Springs, CO.
Rosgen, David L. "A Stream Channel Stability Assessment Methodology."
Schafale, Michael P. and Alan D. Weakley. 1990. Classification of the Natural
Communities of North Carolina, Third Approximation. NC Natural Heritage
Program, Division of Parks and Recreation, NC Department of Environment,
Health, and Natural Resources.
The Division of Land Resources (DLR) and The Division of Water Quality (DWQ), 2001
v.3.0. "Internal Technical Guide for Stream Work in North Carolina."
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