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HomeMy WebLinkAbout20131200 Ver 5_6_AppendixD_AdditionalDelineation/JDInformationfor42-acreParcel_20170613I 2R, 1. RE, I I R . .... ... . ........... .... .. I)e,p,je jjf�w of the Anny ,N(I)FINR I , L' � WHI-VIII-1-ton 1, )IsOict, of En-ine'er" N(,,-' DWR, 'Xeb�cap t. C Atin: Karell Hi�lygitl� Mn: Scott M(,Undoll, Chiet R(',VUIa1C)rY I)ivls�()n PO Box 1890 r� t 2 Norlh Salt shu'-YStrcet. Vjjt-knlp)t()Ti, NC 840'12..1890 Rajeiglj, \jortj-� C:aeolnia 27604 1tic curt-en� partied of� the, property identified a , uihorize CICiTWatej, Environmental (.'onsultants, Inc,. (CEC) to act on my behialf as my a0ent dmirl�l [Ile j,)I0CCSs'in9( of juddictional deteni-driation requests and peri -nits to Impact Wetia.rids a I nd NVater of tile tu1ft jjidnct0CleaWater At, and/or SeciOn0 o' the Riveis and Harbors Act 0i 1899� CEC is authorized to provide supplemental information as needed at the request of the USACE OT DWR_ Additionally, I authorize representatives of tile. WilTnington District, US Atmy Corj),s, of Engineers to enter upon the property hereiii described foi the pul-poses of c;onducting ern site investigations and jssuirio a determination associated with Wetlands and Waters of the US subject: to Federal jurisdiction under Section 404 of the Clean NVater Act and/or Section 10 of the Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899. Propert)r Ownel of Record: Property Owner of Address Phonc Number: property I-ocatiow Printed Natne: Date. - ,i_r+gTIartne,4 Sionatin I ? T - 5 � 3 - ROWAJ 'T 4 SCq I t�j VC StT e N Suitt iierzdr.rw(-rx)vTlte, NC 2,8792 I'ti< iwt S28-699..9800 'C Wn jurisdictional Determination Request US Army Corps of Engineers Wilmington Dislricl This form is intended for use by anyone requesting a jurisdictional determination (JD) from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Wilmington District (Corps). Please include all supporting information, as described within each category, with your request. You may submit your request to the appropriate Corps Field Office (or project manager, if known) via mail, electronic mail, or facsimile. A current list of county assignments by Field Office and project manager can be found on-line at: htt //wwwsawusace arryi rijil/Missions/R-oulator PermitPr by telephoning: 910-251-4633, or by contacting any of the field offices listed below: ASHEVILLE REGULATORY FIELD OFFICE US Army Corps of Engineers 151 Patton Avenue, Room 208 Asheville, North Carolina 28801-5006 General Number: (828) 271-7980 Fax Number: (828) 281-8120 RALEIGH REGULATORY FIELD OFFICE US Army Corps of Engineers 3331 Heritage Trade Drive, Suite 105 Wake Forest, North Carolina 27587 General Number: (919) 554-4884 Fax Number: (919) 562-0421 WASHINGTON REGULATORY FIELD OFFICE US Army Corps of Engineers 2407 West Fifth Street Washington, North Carolina 27889 General Number: (910) 251-46 10 Fax Number: (252) 975-1399 WILMINGTON REGULATORY FIELD OFFICE US Army Corps of Engineers 69 Darlington Avenue Wilmington, North Carolina 28403 General Number: 910-251-4633 Fax Number: (910) 251-4025 --- - ------- ----- -------- — ------- . ........ Version: December 2013 Page 1 Jurisdictional Determination Re�uest INSTRucTiONS: All requestors must complete Parts A, B, C, D, E and F. NOTE TO CONSULTANTS AND AGENCIES: If you are requesting a JD on behalf of a paying client or your agency, please note the specific submittal requirements in Part G. NOTE ON PART D — PROPERTY OWNER AUTHORIZATION: Please be aware that all JD requests must include the current property owner authorization for the Corps to proceed with the determination, which may include inspection of the property when necessary. This form must be signed by the current property owner to be considered a complete request. NOTE ON PART D - NCDOT REQUESTS: Property owner authorization/notification for JD requests associated with North Carolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT) projects will be conducted according to the current NCDOT/USACE protocols. NOTE TO USDA PROGRAM PARTICIPANTS: A Corps approved or preliminary JD may not be valid for the wetland conservation provisions of the Food Security Act of 1985. If you or your tenant are USDA Program participants, or anticipate participation in USDA programs, you should also request a certified wetland determination from the local office of the Natural Resources Conservation Service, prior to starting work. Version: December 2013 Page 2 Jurisdictional Determination Request A. PARCEL INFORMATION [a N Street Address: City, State: County: Directions: White Oak Farm Drive Tryon, NC From US -74, take exit 170 and travel south on Pea Ridge Road. Travel 2 miles and turn right onto Sandy Plains Road. In 2 miles turn right on White Oak Farm Drive. Parcel Index Number(s) (PIN): Name: Mailing Address: Telephone Number: Electronic Mail Address' P106-123 Clement Riddle 32 Clayton Street 828-698-9800 clement@cwenv.com Select one: F-1 I am the current property owner. I—V/] I am an Authorized Agent or Environmental Consultant 2 1:1 Interested Buyer or Under Contract to Purchase F-1 Other, please explain. Name: Mailing Address: Tryon Equestrian Properties 2659 Sandy Plains Road Tryon, NC 28782 Telephone Number: 828-863-2748 Electronic Mail Address3 : FV]Proof of Ownership Attached (e.g. a copy of Deed, County GIS/Parcel/Tax. Record data) I if available 2 Must attach completed Agent Authorization Form 3 If available Version: December 2013 Page 3 Jurisdictional Determination Request I). PROPERTY OWNER CERTIFICATION 4 1, the undersigned, a duly authorized owner of record of the property/properties identified herein, do authorize representatives of the Wilmington District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Corps) to enter upon the property herein described for the purpose of conducting on-site investigations and issuing a determination associated with Waters of the U.S. subject to Federal jurisdiction under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act and/or Section 10 of the Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899. See Attached Authorization Property Owner (please print) Date Property Owner Signature E. JURISDICTIONAL DETERMINATION TYPE Select One: I am requesting that the Corps provide a preliminary JD for the property identified herein. This request does include a delineation. F] I am requesting that the Corps provide a preliminary JD for the property identified herein. This request does NOT include a delineation. MI am requesting that the Corps investigate the property/project area for the presence or absence of WoUS5 and provide an approved JD for the property identified herein. This request does NOT include a request for a verified delineation. F-1 I am requesting that the Corps delineate the boundaries of all WoUS on a property/project area and provide an approved J (this may or may not include a survey plat). ElI am requesting that the Corps evaluate and approve a delineation of WoUS (conducted by others) on a property/project area and provide an AppjqyeM (may or may not include a survey plat). For NCD07 requests following the current NCD01/USACE protocols, skip to Part E, Waters of the United States Vernon: December 201.3 Page 4 jurisdictional Determination Xequest F. ALI, REQUESTS 121 Map of Property or Project Area (attached). This Map must clearly depict the boundaries of the area of evaluation. 07 Size of Property or Project Area 42 acres I verify that the property (or project) boundaries have recently been surveyed and marked by a licensed land surveyor OR are otherwise clearly marked or distinguishable. G. JD REQUESTS FROM CONSULTANTS OR AGENCIES (1) Preliminary JD Requests: Completed and signed Preliminary Jurisdictional Determination Forrn6 . Project Coordinates: 35.272047 Latitude -82.065744 Longitude Maps (no larger than I I x 17) with Project Boundary Overlay: r--1-1 IV( I Large and small scale maps that depict, at minimum: streets, intersections, towns ZAerial Photography of the project area Fv/1 USGS Topographic Map Fv-(] Soil Survey Map ElOther Maps, as appropriate (e.g. National Wetland Inventory Map, Proposed Site Plan, previous delineation maps, LIDAR maps, FEMA floodplain maps) 6 See Appendix A of this Form, From Regulatory Guidance Letter No. 08-02, dated June 26, 2008 Version: December 2013 Page 5 Jurisdictional Determination Request Delineation Information (when applicabl e)7: Wetlands: 0 Wetland Data Shects8 Tributaries: 11 USAGE Assessment Forms Upland Data Sheets Other Assessment Forms (when appropriate) Landscape Photos, if taken 11 Field Sketch overlain on legible Map that includes: All aquatic resources (for sites with multiple resources, label and identify) Locations of wetland data points and/or tributary assessment reaches Locations of photo stations Approximate acreage/linear footage of aquatic resources (2) Approved JDs including Verification of a Delineation: 11 Project Coordinates: Latitude Longitude Maps (no larger than 11 x 17) with Project Boundary Overlay: F-1 Large and small scale maps that depict, at minimum: streets, intersections, towns ElAerial Photography of the project area USGS Topographic Map Soil Survey Map Other Maps, as appropriate (e.g. National Wetland Inventory Map, Proposed Site Plan, previous delineation maps) 7 1987 Manual Regional Supplements and Data forms can be found at: fes: Wetland and Stream Assessment Methodologies can be found at: h112 bZta 06f4c& =38364 and, User Manual 130318.pdf Delineation information must include, at minimum, one wetland data sheet for each wetland/community type. Version: December 2013 Page 6 Jurisdictional Determination Request Delineation Information (when applicable): Wetlands: 0 Wetland Data Sheets Tributaries: 11 USAGE Assessment Forms Upland Data Sheets Other Assessment Forms (when appropriate) F-1 Landscape Photos, if taken 1-1 Field Sketch overlain on legible Map that includes: • All aquatic resources (for sites with multiple resources, label and identify) • Locations of wetland data points and/or tributary assessment reaches ® Locations of photo stations 0 Approximate acreage/linear footage of aquatic resources Supporting Jurisdictional Information (for Approved JDs only) Approved Jurisdictional Determination Fon-n(s) (also known as "Rapanos Form(s)") F-1 Map(s) depicting the potential (or lack of potential) hydrologic connection(s), adjacency, etc. to navigable waters. 9 Delineation information must include, at minimum, one wetland data sheet for each wetland/corrinnunity type. Version: December 2013.Page 7 Jurisdictional Determination Xequest_ REQUESTS FOR CORPS APPROVAL OF SURVEY PLAT Prior to final production of a Plat, the Wilmington District recommends that the Land Surveyor electronically submit a draft of a Survey Plat to the Corps project manager for review. Due to storage limitations of our administrative records, the Corps requires that all hard- copy submittals include at least one original Plat (to scale) that is no larger than 11"x17' (the use of match lines for larger tracts acceptable). Additional copies of a plat, including those larger than 11 "x 17", may also be submitted for Corps signature as needed. The Corps also accepts electronic submittals of plats, such as those transmitted as a Portable Document Format (PDF) file. Upon verification, the Corps can electronically sign these plats and return them via e-mail to the requestor. (I) PLATS SUBMITTED FOR APPROVAL 1:1 Must be sealed and signed by a licensed professional land surveyor MMust be to scale (all maps must include both a graphic scale and a verbal scale) F] Must be legible MMust include a North Arrow, Scale(s), Title, Property Information Must include a legible WoUS Delineation Table of distances and bearings/metes and bounds/GPS coordinates of all surveyed delineation points F] Must clearly depict surveyed property or project boundaries F-1 Must clearly identify the known surveyed point(s) used as reference (e.g. property corner, 1JSGS monument) 11 When wetlands are depicted: • Must include acreage (or square footage) of wetland polygons • Must identify each wetland polygon using an alphanumeric system ---- - -- . ........... Vernon: December 2013 Page 8 Jurisdictional Determination Request ❑ When tributaries are depicted: • Must include either a surveyed, approximate centerline of tributary with approximate width of tributary OR surveyed Ordinary High Water Marks (OHWM) of tributary • Must identify each tributary using an alphanumeric system • Must include linear footage of tributaries and calculated area (using approximate widths or surveyed OHWM) • Must include name of tributary (based on the most recent USGS topographic map) or, when no USGS name exists, identify as "unnamed tributary" all depicted WoUS (wetland polygons and tributary lines) must intersect or tie -to surveyed project/property boundaries F -I Must include the location of wetland data points and/or tributary assessment reaches Must include, label accordingly, and depict acreage of all waters not currently subject to the requirements of the CWA. (e.g. "isolated wetlands", "non - jurisdictional waters"). NOTE: An approved JD must be conducted in order to make an official Corps determination that a particular waterbody or wetland is not jurisdictional. F] Must include and survey all existing conveyances (pipes, culverts, etc.) that transport WoUS ---------- Version: December 2013 Page 9 Jurisdictional Determination Request (2) CERTIFICATION LANGUAGE 1:1 When the entire actual Jurisdictional Boundary is depicted: include the following Corps Certification language: "This certifies that this copy of this plot accurately depicts the boundary of the jurisdiction of Section 404 of the Clean Water Act as determined by the undersigned on this date. Unless there is a change in the law or our published regulations, the determination of Section 404 jurisdiction may be relied upon for a period not to exceed five (5) years from this date. The undersigned completed this determination utilizing the appropriate Regional Supplement to the 1987 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Wetlands Delineation Manual." Regulatory Official: Title: Date: USACE Action ID No.: F� When uplands may be present within a depicted Jurisdictional Boundary: include the following Corps Certification language: "This certifies that this copy of this plot identifies a// areas of waters of the United States regulated pursuant to Section 404 of the Clean Water Act as determined by the undersigned on this date. Unless there is change in the low or our published regulations, this determination of Section 404 jurisdiction may be relied upon for a period not to exceed five years from this date. The undersigned completed this determination utilizing the appropriate Regional Supplement to the 1987 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Wetlands Delineation Manual." Regulatory Official: Title: Date: USACE Action ID No.: — - ----- ---- --- ------- Versiow December 2013 Page 1.0 jurisdictional Determination Request (3) GPS SURVEYS For Surveys prepared using a Global Positioning System (GPS), the Survey must include all of the above, as well as: 11 be at sub -meter accuracy at each survey point. include an accuracy verification: One or more known points (property comer, monument) shall be located with the GPS and cross-referenced with the existing traditional property survey (metes and bounds). ❑ include a brief description of the GPS equipment utilized. --------- - Version: December 2013 Page 11 Appendix 2 - PRELIMINARY JURISDICTIONAL DETERMINATION (PJD) FORM A. REPORT COMPLETION DATE FOR PJD: June 6, 2017 B. NAME AND ADDRESS OF PERSON REQUESTING PJD: Iryon Equestrian Properties .2659 Sandy Plains Road, Tryon, NC C. DISTRICT OFFICE, FILE NAME, AND NUMBER: Wilmington District, Corps of Engineers D. PROJECT LOCATION(S) AND BACKGROUND INFORMATION: (USE THE TABLE BELOW TO DOCUMENT MULTIPLE AQUATIC RESOURCES AND/OR AQUATIC RESOURCES AT DIFFERENT SITES) State: NC County/parish/borough: Polk City: Tryon Center coordinates of site (lat/long in degree decimal format): 35.272047 Long.: -82.065744 Universal Transverse Mercator: NAD83 Name of nearest waterbody: Lower White Oak Creek HUG: E. REVIEW PERFORMED FOR SITE EVALUATION (CHECK ALL THAT APPLY): a Office (Desk) Determination. Date: A Field Determination. Date(s): April 21, 2017 TABLE OF AQUATIC RESOURCES IN REVIEW AREA WHICH "MAY BE" SUBJECT TO REGULATORY JURISDICTION. Site number Latitude (decimal degrees) Longitude (decimal degrees) Estimated amount of aquatic resource in review area (acreage and linear feet, if applicable) Type of aquatic resource (i.e., wetland vs. non -wetland waters) Geographic authority to which the aquatic resource "may be" subject (i.e., Section 404 or Section 10/404) S 1 35.273791 -82.068274 210 LF Stream Section 404 S2 35.273308 -82.065196 340 LF Stream Section 404 ----- ------------ - - --------- - - 1) The Corps ofEngineers believes that there may be jurisdictional aquatic resources in the review area, and the requestor of this PJD is hereby advised of his or her option to request and obtain an approved JO(AJD) for that review area based on an informed decision after having discussed the various types of JDs and their characteristics and circumstances when they may bmappropriate. 2\ In any circumstance where a permit applicant obtains an individual pmrnnit, or o Nationwide General Permit (NWP) or other general permit verification requiring "pre - construction notification" (PCN), or requests verification for a non -reporting NVVPor other general permit, and the permit applicant has not requested an AJOfor the activity, the permit applicant imhereby made aware that: (1)the permit applicant has elected ioseek o permit authorization based on a PJO,which does not make an officio) determination of jurisdictional aquatic resources; (2) the applicant has the option torequest onAJDbefore accepting the terms and conditions ofthe permit authorization' and that basing a permit authorization OnenAJOcould possibly result in less compensatory mitigation being required or different special conditions; (3) the applicant has the right to request an individual permit rather than accepting the terms and conditions of the NVVP or other general permit authorization; (4) the applicant can accept apermit authorization and thereby agree tocomply with all the terms and conditions of that permit, including whatever mitigation requirements the Corps has determined to be necessary; (5) undertaking any activity in reliance upon the subject permit authorization without requesting an AJD constitutes the applicant's acceptance of the use of the PJD; (6) accepting a permit authorization (e.g., signing a proffered individual permit) or undertaking any activity in reliance on any form of Corps permit authorization based on a PJD constitutes agreement that all aquatic resources in the review area affected in any way by that activity will be treated as juriodiotiona|, and waives any challenge to such jurisdiction in any administrative or judicial compliance or enforcement action, or in any administrative appeal or in any Federal court; and (7) whether the applicant elects to use either an AJD ora PJD, the JD will be processed as moon as practicable. Further, anAJD. a proffered individual permit (and all terms and conditions contained therein), or individual permit denial can be administratively appealed pursuant to 33C.F.R. Part 331. If, during on administrative appeal, it becomes appropriate to make an official determination whether geographic jurisdiction exists over aquatic resources in the review area, or to provide an official delineation of jurisdictional aquatic resources in the review area, the Corps will provide anAJDtoaccomplish that result, 8osoon oei8practicable. This PJ[)finds that there "may be" waters of the U.S. and/or that there "may be" navigable waters of the U.G. on the subject review area, and identifies all aquatic features in the review area that could be affected by the proposed motivity, based on the following Checked items should be included in subject file. Appropriately reference sources below where indicated for all checked items: [�Maps, plans, plots nrplat submitted by0nnbehalf of the PJDnequestoc Mmp:Si\eVicinity Map, Stream & Wetland Delineation Map �� Data shnetmpnepared/subnn�� tedbvnronb�h�ofthePJDnaqueshor. �� -- office concurs with data sheets/delineation report. El Office does not concur with data sheets/delineation report. Rationale: El Data sheets prepared bvthe Corps: E] Corps navigable waters' study: �l U.S. GeologicalSurvey Hydrologic Atlas: U8GSNHDdata. USGS 8and 12digit HUC maps. MR U.8.Geological Survey mao(s).Cite scale & quad name: ___ R Natural Resources Conservation Service Soil Survey. Citation: F—] National wetlands inventory nnaoka. Cite name: �l State/local vwedand�ventorynoao�J:___ �� | | FEMA/FIRM maps: F] 100 -year Floodplain Elevotionis:____ Fn� Photographs: FE-] Aerial (Noma & Date): or F|Other (Name &0ata) ]NaUono|Geodetic Vertical Datum of1Q2S) NCCGIA (2015) �� Previnu�d�tmnninmUon/s\. File no. and dote of response letter:�� `— W Other information (please specify): - USDA Soil Map IMPORTANT NOTE: The information recorded on this form has not necessarily been verified by the Corps and should not be relied upon for later jurisdictional Signature and date of completing PJD Signature and date of person requesting PJO (REOU|RED, unless obtaining the signature is impracticable)' / Districts may establishUrneframes for requestortoreturn signed PJDforms, Kthe requestor does not respond within the established time frame, the district may presume concurrence and no additional follow up is necessary prior tofinalizing mnaction. POLK COUNTY TRYON EQUESTRIAN PROPERTIES YR 201.7 P106-123 ACCOUNT#: 41119 PAGE I WHITE OAK FARM RD 42.33 ACRES NEHD: 720 720 COUNTY RURAL PIN: Plat Bk/Pg F 1738 APPR: RV2 APPR DT: 8/09/2016 42,330 AC TWSP: 005 DISTRICT: 5 GRN CRK TWNSHP- EXCD: NOTICE: IDE 3/28/2017 Imp Desc: EYB: MISC VALUE 79,950 Grade : AYB: Finished Area; BLDG VALUE 0 # of Units Ems Bedrms Bathrms HBaths TOTAL VALUE 812,560 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- TYPE/CODE/DESCRIPTION PCT %CMP UNITS RATE STR# STR% SIZ% HGT% PER% COST 402 1633 WD 9/04/2013 G 1,000,000 AMOUNT 1397 1200 SPI, 9/04/2013 ESE= I - 089 -- ARENA 75 X 200 15,000.00 6.50 1996 AV 18.00 200 79,950 .00 .00 .00 ONE TYPE/COD --ENNU-0TY 1 AC RES 41.330 17,000.00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 702,610 2 AC BE 1.000 30,000.00 .00 .00 .00 00 .00 .00 .00 30,000 P106-123 WHITE OAK FARM RD REQUESTED BY JERRY RUN 6/05/17 TIME 17:25:08 Patrick Avenue Sidewalk (+/- 782 Meters) L Woodland A yr u ►lamnck Are N Boiling W College Ave Springs E Cnllege Ave 150 Cir r E College Ave 150 Boiling Springs Fal con D, E Branch Ave ec r � � 150 _ pak AvP q r bb h vt 3 a sk v C S 0 0 Project Site m Glenn Ave Rd 150 - foo Q Yctor Dr � � n � � a111cti` Av E . 90�i N Legend L+l 0 500 1,000 2,000 ------ Project Site Feet Drawn by: RPP, 06.05.17; CES Project# 912 c Cleveland County, CLeafWate f Site Vicinity Map North Carolina Figure 1 32 Clayton Street Asheville, North Carolina 28801 7] 'u M U Rd 140MOO Rd y 40 G 9 Legend ----- 1, Property Boundary Drawn b$ BWY 5.25.17; CEC Project# 747 Polk County, North Carolina 747 - RSMB (+/- 42 AC) 74 Larsen Ln °ovel f ul D; 71'`, Rd Project Boundary Rd at�0 std �y ljl�ti1:. b 1j d A slows L1111f CLearWater 32 Clayton Street Asheville, North Carolina 28801 CCW p m x ttra jPlave R( A ltd Coxe Oct N 0 0.25 0.5 1 Mmmq Miles Site Vicinity Map Figure 1 747 - RSMB (+/- 42 AC) Ago. �- 11 L_ Project Boundary At,� j ........ N Legend l `� 1 0 0.125 0.25 0.5 1 - I Property Boundary I------' • Miles Drawn by. BWY 5.25.17; CEG Protect# 747 CLear� p ate USGS Topograpghic Map Polk County, V 1/� Pea Ridge Quad North Carolina 32 Clayton Street Asheville, North Carolina 28801 Figure 2 747 - RSMB (+/- 42 AC) .•A '3\ gyp' a � _ ` Y i /..•' ... S { t t M� I 4R i� \ 1 \ �h �J�' Yf�. Z1. , `� � • i 1. . Project Boundary ti _ `'7��.... � � `fid ,{• F � rc � OM y IH Legend ------, 0 250 500 1,000 ----- Property Boundary Feet ;...:. prawn by: BWY 5.25.17; CEC Prol rl nm A /�te�- Aerial Photograph Polk County, VVI NCCGIA (2015) North Carolina 32 Clayton Street Asheville, North Carolina 28801 Figure 3 747 - RSMB (+/- 42 AC) is for iniorrnatio'na'l purposes only and should not be used to determine precise boundaries, roadways,'i boundary lines, nor legal descriptions. This map shall not be construed to be an official survey ofSource Data: Topo is from Polk County ProjeCl DOundary is from Polk County GIS aa AMR _.� i%. �/ C ' (J/�-^ LL `��� ��1•'v �'' ` � �:.._ .__�__� A �/, /Xx �/ / /ill; t(�! J�Pp +,I .�.� i�'I r Xx ,\ \ VN\\I I1, ��� RIF l� `'\'���� J I �1,,,, ' \\�1' 1�1 I � _ it • : • • - ✓ A I Property Boundary Stream j Culvert ��� `tip I � ! i t\ � � �✓/" �� • • 500 • / Contours- Drawn by: BVVY 4.24. 1