20170257 Ver 1_4 B-5556 NRTR Updated_20170306

NATURAL RESOURCES TECHNICAL REPORT
Replace Lake Dam Bridge on Lake Dam Road (SR 1427) over Walnut Creek
B-5556
Wake County, North Carolina
THE CITY OF RALEIGH
Engineering Services
February 2017

TABLE OF CONTENTS
lA INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................1
2.0 METHODOLOGY AND QUALIFICATIONS .......................................................1
3.0 PHYSICAL RESOURCES ........................................................................................1
3.1 Soils ........................................................................................................................... 2
3.2 Water Resources ...................................................................................................... 2
4.0 BIOTIC RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 3
4.1 Terrestrial Communities ......................................................................................... 3
4.1.1 Maintained/Disturbed .......................................................................................... 3
4.1.2 Piedmont Bottomland Hardwood Forest (Typic Low Subtype) ......................... 3
4.1.3 Mesic Mixed Hardwood Forest (Piedmont Subtype) .......................................... 3
4.1.4 Terrestrial Community Impacts .......................................................................... 3
4.2 Terrestrial Wildlife .................................................................................................. 4
4.3 Aquatic Communities .............................................................................................. 4
4.4 Invasive Species ........................................................................................................ 4
5.0 JURISDICTIONAL ISSUES ..................................................................................... 4
5.1 Clean Water Act Waters of the U.S ....................................................................... 4
5.2 Clean Water Act Permits ........................................................................................ 5
5.3 Coastal Area Management Act Areas of Environmental Concern ..................... 5
5.4 Construction Moratoria .......................................................................................... 5
5.5 N.C. River Basin Buffer Rules ................................................................................ 5
5.6 Rivers and Harbors Act Section 10 Navigable Waters ........................................ 5
5.7 Wetland and Stream Mitigation ............................................................................. 5
5.7.1 Avoidance and Minimization of Impacts ........................................................ 5
5.7.2 Compensatory Mitigation of Impacts ............................................................. 5
5.8 Endangered Species Act Protected Species ........................................................... 6
5.9 Bald Eagle and Golden Eagle Protection Act ....................................................... 9
5.10 Endangered Species Act Candidate Species ........................................................ 9
5.11 Essential Fish Habitat ........................................................................................... 9
6.0 REFERENCES ..........................................................................................................10
Appendix A Figures
Figure 1. Vicinity Map
Figure 2. Project Study Area Map
Figure 3. Terrestrial Communities Map
Figure 4. Jurisdictional Features Map
Appendix B Scientific Names of Species Identified in Report
Appendix C Stream and Wetland Forms
Appendix D Qualifications of Contributors
Appendix E Freshwater Mussel Survey Report
Appendix F Final Design Impacts
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Soils in the study area ......
........................................................ 2
Table2. Water resources in the study area ................................................................... 2
Table 3. Physical characteristics of water resources in the study area ....................... 2
Table 4. Coverage of terrestrial communities in the study area .................................. 3
Table 5. Jurisdictional characteristics of water resources in the study area ............. 4
Table 6. Federally protected species listed for Wake County ...................................... 6

Natural Resources Technical Report Lake Dam Road Bridge Replacement, Wake County, N.C.
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The City of Raleigh proposes to replace the bridge on Lake Dam Road over Walnut
Creek in Wake County (Figure 1). The following Natural Resources Technical Report
(NRTR) has been prepared to assist in the preparation of a Categorical Exclusion (CE)
for the proposed project.
2.0 METHODOLOGY AND QUALIFICATIONS
All work was conducted in accordance with the NCDOT Natural Environment Section
standard operating procedures and July 2012 NRTR template. Field work was conducted
on April 14, 2016. Jurisdictional features have not been verified by the U.S Army Corps
of Engineers (USACE) or the North Carolina Division of Water Resources (NCDWR).
The principal personnel contributing to this document were:
Principal
Investigator: Troy Shelton
Education: B.S. Environmental Science, 1996
Experience: Senior Environmental Scientist, Dewberry Engineers Inc. 2001-Present
United States Marine Corps, 1997-2001
Responsibilities: Wetland and stream delineations, stream assessment, T/E species
assessment, QA/QC of document
Investigator: Briana Bill
Education: B.S. Environmental Science, 2003
Experience: Senior Environmental Scientist, Dewberry Engineers Inc., 2008-Present
Environmental Health Specialist, VA Department of Health, 2004-2008
Responsibilities: Wetland and stream delineations, wetland and stream assessment, T/E
species assessment, natural communities assessment, document
preparation
Additional personnel who contributed to portions of the iield work and/or documentation
for this project include Elizabeth Lusk, Anne Burroughs, and Tom Dickinson. Appendix
D lists the qualifications of these contributors.
3.0 PHYSICAL RESOURCES
The study area lies in the piedmont physiographic region of North Carolina (Figure 2).
Topography in the project vicinity is comprised of sloping and level floodplains along
toe-of-slopes and streams. Elevations in the study area range from 310 to 340 ft. above
sea level. Land use in the project vicinity is residential interspersed with forested and
urban greenway areas, and maintained utility rights-of-way.
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Natural Resources Technical Report
3.1 Soils
Lake Dam Road Bridge Replacement, Wake County, N. C.
The Wake County Soil Survey identifies four soil types within the study area (Table 1).
Table 1. Soils in the stud�
Soil Series
Cecil gravelly sandy loam
Pacolet clay loam
Pacolet-Gullied land com�
Wehadkee and Bibb soils
3.2 Water Resources
area
lex
�ping Unit Drainage Class
CgC2 Well Drained
PcE3 Well Drained
PgF Well Drained
WoA Poorlv Drained
Non
Non
Non
H�
Status
Water resources in the study area are part of the Neuse River basin [U.S. Geological
Survey (USGS) Hydrologic Unit 03020201]. Walnut Creek was identified in the study
area (Table 2). The location of the water resources is shown in Figure 3.
Table 2. Water resources in the study area
Stream Name Map ID NCDWR Index Best Usage
Number Classification
Walnut Creek Walnut Creek 27-34-(1.7) C; NSW
Walnut Creek occurs as a river with a defined bed and bank at the bridge crossing. The
project bridge spans the main flow of Walnut Creek. The location of the bridge is shown
on Figures 3 and 4. The physical characteristics of the water resources within the study
area are provided in Table 3.
Table 3.
Map ID
W alnut
Creek
�al characteristics of water resources in the stui
Bank Bankfull Water Channel
�ight (ft) Width (ft) Depth (in) Substrate
Sand
5 24 <48 Gravel
Cobble
area
Velocity � Clarity
Slow Slightly
Turbid
There are no designated anadromous fish waters, Outstanding Resource Waters (ORW),
High Quality Waters (HQW), or water supply watersheds (WS-I or WS-II) within the
study area or within one mile downstream of the study area. However the North Carolina
2014 Fina1303(d) list of impaired waters identifies this stream segment within the study
area as impaired waters due to PCP found in tissue samples taken from fish.
No benthic samples have been taken in Walnut Creek at Lake Dam Road. Fish sampling
has occurred within one mile of the study area; fish sampling was conducted on Walnut
Creek at SR1348 (Trailwood Road). The �sh community was listed as Fair.
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Natural Resources Technical Report
4.0 BIOTIC RESOURCES
41 Terrestrial Communities
Lake Dam Road Bridge Replacement, Wake County, N. C.
Three terrestrial communities were identified in the study area: maintained/disturbed,
piedmont bottomland hardwood forest (typic low subtype) and mesic mixed hardwood
forest (piedmont subtype). Figure 3 shows the location and extent of these terrestrial
communities in the study area. A brief description of each community type follows.
Scientific names of all species identified are included in Appendix B.
4.1.1 Maintained/Disturbed
Maintained/disturbed areas compromise a large portion of the study area where the
vegetation is periodically mowed, such as roadside shoulders, greenways and utility line
easements. The vegetation in this community is comprised of grasses and herbs,
including hard fescue, white clover, dandelion, crown vetch, horsetail, Japanese
honeysuckle, round leaf greenbrier, poison ivy, trumpet vine, lyre-leaved sage and tall
buttercup. In areas immediately under and around the bridges, herbs and shrubs include
common elderberry, Japanese stilt grass, English ivy, jewelweed, blackberry, Virginia
creeper and grape vine.
4.1.2 Piedmont Bottomland Hardwood Forest (Typic Low Subtype)
A bottomland hardwood forest community occurs east of Lake Dam Road, at the bridge
crossing. Sweetgum and loblolly pine dominate the overstary canopy, while red maple
and sweetgum occur in the understory.
4.1.3 Mesic Mixed Hardwood Forest (Piedmont Subtype)
A mesic mixed hardwood forest community occurs west of Lake Dam Road south of the
bridge crossing. White oak, red maple and loblolly pine dominate the overstory canopy,
while red maple, sweetgum, water oak and autumn olive occur in the understory.
4.1.4 Terrestrial Community Impacts
Terrestrial communities in the study area may be impacted by project construction as a
result of grading and paving of portions of the study area. At this time, decisions
regarding the final location and design of the proposed bridge replacement have not been
made. Therefore, community data are presented in the context of total coverage of each
type within the study area (Table 4). Estimated impacts to each terrestrial community
type are documented in Appendix F.
Table 4. Covera e of terrestrial communities in the study area'
Communitv C
Maintained/ Disturbed
Piedmont Bottomland Hardwood Forest
Mesic Mixed Hardwood Forest
Total
5.05
0.81
1.19
7.05
��
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Natural Resources Technical Report
4.2 Terrestrial Wildlife
Lake Dam Road Bridge Replacement, Wake County, N. C.
Terrestrial communities in the study area are comprised of both natural and disturbed
habitats that may support a diversity of wildlife species (those species actually observed
are indicated with *). Mammal species that commonly exploit forested, disturbed
habitats and stream corridors found within the study area include species such as raccoon,
Virginia opossum, groundhog, striped skunk, eastern gray squirrel* and white-tailed deer.
Birds that commonly use forest and forest edge habitats include the American crow*, fish
crow*, European starling*, blue jay, Carolina chickadee, American robin, northern
mockingbird, northern cardinal, and tufted titmouse*. Birds that may use the bridge
within the study area include barn swallow* and rock dove. Birds that may use the open
habitat or water bodies within the study area include red tailed hawk, great blue heron,
belted kingfisher, bald eagle*, Canada goose*, eastern bluebird, Carolina wren*, white-
throated sparrow, and turkey vulture. Reptile and amphibian species that may use
terrestrial communities located in the study area include the black racer, eastern fence
lizard, spring peeper, eastern spadefoot, marbled salamander and three-lined salamander.
4.3 Aquatic Communities
Aquatic communities in the study area consist of a perennial stream. The perennial
stream system within the study area could support a variety of sunfish (such as white
crappie, bluegill and largemouth bass) and shiners, as well as catfish. Other aquatic
species may include three-lined salamanders and marbled salamanders.
4.4 Invasive Species
Five species from the NCDOT Invasive Exotic Plant List for North Carolina were found
to occur in the study area. The species identified were Japanese stilt grass (Threat),
autumn olive (Moderate Threat), English ivy (Moderate Threat), Japanese honeysuckle
(Moderate Threat),and crown vetch (Watch List). The City of Raleigh will manage
invasive plant species as appropriate.
5.0 JURISDICTIONAL ISSUES
5.1 Clean Water Act Waters of the U.S.
Walnut Creek was identified in the study area as a perennial stream (Table 5) (Figure 4).
A USACE and NCDWQ stream form is included in Appendix C. The physical
characteristics and water quality designations of the system is detailed in Section 3.2.
Walnut Creek has been designated as warm water for the purposes of stream mitigation.
Table 5. Jurisdictional characteristics of water resources in the studv area
Map ID
Walnut Creek
Length (ft.) Classification
�200 Perennial
Compensatory
tigation Requii
Yes
There were no wetlands identified within the study area.
River Basin
Buffer
Subiect
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Natural Resources Technical Report Lake Dam Road Bridge Replacement, Wake County, N.C.
5.2 Clean Water Act Permits
The proposed project has been designated as a Categorical Exclusion (CE) for the
purposes of National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) documentation. As a result, a
Nationwide Permit (NWP) 23 will likely be applicable. A NWP No. 33 may also apply
for temporary construction activities such as stream dewatering, work bridges, or
temporary causeways that are often used during bridge construction or rehabilitation.
The USACE holds the final discretion as to what permit will be required to authorize
project construction. If a Section 404 permit is required then a Section 401 Water
Quality Certification (WQC) from the NCDWR will be needed.
5.3 Coastal Area Management Act Areas of Environmental Concern
No Coastal Area Management Act (CAMA) Areas of Environmental Concern (AEC)
were identified in the study area. Wake County is not subject to the rules and policies of
the Coastal Resources Commission, which administers CAMA.
5.4 Construction Moratoria
Wake County is not listed by North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission (NCWRC)
as a Trout County. The Neuse River in Wake County is listed as an anadromous iish
spawning area. However, Walnut Creek is not listed as an anadromous fish habitat;
therefore there is no in-water work moratorium.
5.5 N.C. River Basin Buffer Rules
NC River Basin Buffer Rules for the Neuse River Basin apply to the portion of Walnut
Creek within the study area.
5.6 Rivers and Harbors Act Section 10 Navigable Waters
Walnut Creek has not been designated by the USACE as a Navigable Water under
Section 10 of the Rivers and Harbors Act.
5.7 Wetland and Stream Mitigation
5.7.1 Avoidance and Minimization of Impacts
The City of Raleigh will attempt to avoid and minimize impacts to streams to the greatest
extent practicable in choosing a preferred alternative and during project design. There
are no wetlands in the project area. Impacts to the stream have been avoided and
minimized to the greatest extent possible.
5.7.2 Compensatory Mitigation of Impacts
The City of Raleigh will investigate potential on-site stream mitigation opportunities
once a final decision has been rendered on the location of the preferred alternative. If on-
site mitigation is not feasible, mitigation will be provided by the North Carolina
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Natural Resources Technical Report Lake Dam Road Bridge Replacement, Wake County, N.C.
Department of Environment (now the North Carolina Department of Environmental
Quality) and Natural Resources Division of Mitigation Services (DMS).
5.8 Endangered Species Act Protected Species
As of January 11, 2017 the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) lists four
federally protected species for Wake County (Table 6). A brief description of the
species' habitat requirements follows, along with the Biological Conclusion rendered
based on survey results in the study area. Habitat requirements for each species are based
on the current best available information from referenced literature and/or USFWS.
Table 6. Federally protected species listed for Wake County
Scienti�c Name Common Name Federal Habitat Biological
Status Present Conclusion
Myotis septentrionalis Northern long-eared bat T Y MA-LAA
Picoides borealis Red-cockaded E N No Effect
wood ecker
Alasmidonta heterodon Dwarf wedgemussel E Y No Effect
Rhus michauxii Michaux's sumac E Y No Effect
Rusty-patched bumble bee* Bombus affinis E N No Effect
* Historic record - the species was last observed in the county mare than 50 years ago.
E - Endangered
T — Threatened
MA-LAA — May Affect-Likely to Adversely Affect
MA-NLAA — May Affect-Not Likely to Adversely Affect
Northern Long-Eared Bat
USFWS Optimal Survey Window: January — February; May-August
Habitat Description: An online search of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Services (iJSFWS) and
the North Carolina Natural Heritage Program (NC NHP) identifies the Northern
long-eared bat as occurring in Wake County. Potential habitat tree stands (live and
dead) were observed along the eastern side of the study area, along the forested
walking trail. The majority of the study area consists of a maintained roadway and
open and forested walking trails.
An online search of the USGS Mineral Resources On-line Spatial Data system
revealed the presence of one prospect mine within five miles of the study area. The
presence of mine sites within the proximity of the project route indicates the
possible presence of hibernacula.
Biological Conclusion: May Affect- Likely to Adversely Affect
Operations within the study area may affect the NLEB. Habitat is present within
the project area. Potential mature tree clearing associated with the project could
affect bat populations.
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Natural Resources Technical Report Lake Dam Road Bridge Replacement, Wake County, N.C.
A review of NCNHP records, updated June 2016, indicates no known occurrences
within one mile of the study area.
Wake County is identified by the USFWS to be within the White Nose Syndrome
(WNS) range for the NLEB. For areas inside the WNS zone, incidental take of the
NLEB, such as accidental death caused by tree clearing is prohibited under the
following circumstances:
• If it occurs within a hibernacula
• If it results from tree removal activities and
o the activity occurs within 0.25 mile of a known, occupied
hibernacula; or,
o within a 150 foot radius from a maternity roost tree during the pup
season (June 1 through July 31 )
There are no known or documented hibernacula or maternity trees listed by the NC
NHP. However, the NLEB is listed by the NC NHP as a, "historic occurrence" in
Wake County. As a precautionary measure, consider limiting mature tree clearing
to outside the pup season (June 1 through July 31).
If in the event, the City of Raleigh decides to conduct a NLEB survey, the USFWS
states that the biological survey guidance for the Indiana bat can be used to survey
for the northern long-eared bat. The optimal survey window for the bats is May
through August (summer) and January through February (winter).
The USFWS has developed a programmatic biological opinion (PBO) in conjunction
with the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), USACE, and NCDOT for the
northern long-eared bat (NLEB) in eastern North Carolina. The PBO covers the entire
NCDOT program in Divisions 1-8, including all NCDOT projects and activities. The
programmatic determination for NLEB for the NCDOT program is "May Affect, Likely
to Adversely Affect". The PBO provides incidental take coverage for NLEB and will
ensure compliance with Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act for five years for all
NCDOT projects with a federal nexus in Divisions 1-8, which includes Wake County,
where the Lake Dam Road Bridge is located.
Red Cockaded Woodpecker
USFWS optimal survey window: year round; November — early March (optimal)
Habitat Description: The red-cockaded woodpecker habitat consists of mature pine
forests, preferably longleaf pines forests, but the bird will utilize other species of
pine. The red-cockaded woodpecker excavates cavities exclusively in living pine
trees, generally over 80 years old (USFWS 2015).
Biological Conclusion: No Effect
Suitable habitat for the red cockaded woodpecker does not exist within the study
area. The study area consists of open, disturbed, maintained roadways and
wooded trails with mixed hardwood and pine forests with approximately 75%
mixed hardwood composition. No red cockaded woodpeckers were observed
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Natural Resources Technical Report Lake Dam Road Bridge Replacement, Wake County, N.C.
during the site visit. A review of NCNHP recards, updated June 2016, indicates
no known occurrences within one mile of the study area.
Dwarf Wedgemussel
USFWS optimal survey window: year round
Habitat Description: The dwarf wedgemussel inhabits small streams ranging from 10-300
feet wide and tolerates a variety of substrate including clay, sand, gravel, and some
cases, silt in areas near banks. It prefers hydrologically stable areas, "including
shallow water along streambanks and under root mats, but it can be found at depths
of 25 feet in some rivers" (USFWS 2015).
Biological Conclusion: No Effect
Suitable habitat for the dwarf wedgemussel does exist within the study area.
Walnut Creek within the study area is approximately 24 feet wide, ranging in
depth from 6 to 48 inches, with a substrate of sand, gravel and cobble, with silt in
deeper pockets of the river. A mussel survey was conducted on August 12, 2016
by Three Oaks Engineering, and no dwarf wedgemussels were found in 6.7
person-hours of survey time. The surveyors found this isolated stream segment to
be degraded. A review of NCNHP records, updated June 2016, indicates no
known occurrences within one mile of the study area.
Michaux's Sumac
USFWS Optimal Survey Window: May-October
Habitat Description: Michaux's sumac, endemic to the inner Coastal Plain and lower
Piedmont, grows in sandy or rocky, open, upland woods on acidic or
circumneutral, well-drained sands or sandy loam soils with low cation exchange
capacities. The species is also found on sandy or sub-mesic loamy swales and
depressions in the fall line Sandhills region as well as in openings along the rim of
Carolina bays; maintained railroad, roadside, power line, and utility rights-of-
way; areas where forest canopies have been opened up by blowdowns and/or
storm damage; small wildlife food plots; abandoned building sites; under sparse
to moderately dense pine or pine/hardwood canopies; and in and along edges of
other artificially maintained clearings undergoing natural succession. In the
central Piedmont, it occurs on clayey soils derived from mafic rocks. The plant is
shade intolerant and, therefore, grows best where disturbance (e.g., mowing,
clearing, grazing, periodic fire) maintains its open habitat.
Biological Conclusion: No Effect
Suitable habitat for the Michaux's sumac does exist within the study area. The
study area consists of open, disturbed, maintained utility right-of-ways and
roadways. A foot survey of all potential habitat was conducted on May 24, 2016,
and no Michaux's sumac plants were found in 1.5 survey hours of all suitable
habitat. A review of NCNHP records, updated June 2016, indicates no known
occurrences within one mile of the study area.
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Natural Resources Technical Report Lake Dam Road Bridge Replacement, Wake County, N.C.
Rusty-Patched Bumble Bee
USFWS Optimal Survey Window: Undetermined
Habitat Description: Historically, rusty patched bumble bees occupied grasslands and
tallgrass prairies of the Upper Midwest and Northeast, many of which have been
lost, degraded, or fragmented by conversion to other uses. This bumble bee needs
areas that provide food (nectar and pollen from flowers), nesting sites
(underground and abandoned rodent cavities or clumps of grasses above ground),
and overwintering sites for hibernating queens (undisturbed soil).
Biological Conclusion: No Effect
The rusty-patched bumble bee was listed by USFWS on January 11, 2017 with an
initial effective date of February 10, 2017. However a Memorandum for the
Heads of Executive Departments and Agencies released January 20, 2017 has
delayed the effective date to March 21, 2017. As of February 6, 2017 the USFWS
lists the rusty-patched bumble bee as having a historic presence within Wake
County. As such no survey for this species is required. The study area consists of
open, disturbed, maintained utility right-of-ways and roadways which are not
known to be habitat for the rusty-patched bumble bee. As of February 10, 2017
there are no NCNHP records of the rusty-patched bumble bee.
5.9 Bald Eagle and Golden Eagle Protection Act
Habitat for the bald eagle primarily consists of mature forest in proximity to large bodies
of open water. Large dominant trees are utilized for nesting sites, typically within one
mile of open water.
A desktop-GIS assessment of the project study area, plus 660 feet beyond the project
limits, was performed on April 13, 2016 using 2014 color aerials. Walnut Creek, the
adjacent Lake Johnson and nearby Lake Raleigh (within one mile of the study area), may
be large enough or sufficiently open to be considered a potential feeding source. A visual
survey of the study area and the area 660 feet beyond the project limits was conducted on
April 14, 2016. No nests were observed at the time of the site visit. A bald eagle in flight,
over the project area, was observed during the site visit. Additionally, a review of the
NCNHP database on April 13, 2016 revealed known occurrences of this species
documented within a one mile radius of the project study area. Due to no nests observed
within the study area, or 660 feet beyond the project area boundary, and the minimal
impact anticipated for this project, this project will not likely affect this species.
5.10 Endangered Species Act Candidate Species
As of April 2, 2015, the USFWS lists no candidate species for Wake County.
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Natural Resources Technical Report Lake Dam Road Bridge Replacement, Wake County, N.C.
5.11 Essential Fish Habitat
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Fisheries has not identified
Essential Fish Habitat within the study area.
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Natural Resources Technical Report Lake Dam Road Bridge Replacement, Wake County, N.C.
6.0 REFERENCES
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Miller, J.H. and K.V. Miller. 1999. Forest Plants of the Southeast and Their Wildlife
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Natural Resources Technical Report Lake Dam Road Bridge Replacement, Wake County, N.C.
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Natural Resources Technical Report Lake Dam Road Bridge Replacement, Wake County, N.C.
United States Fish and Wildlife Service. National Wetlands Inventory. Wetlands Mapper.
Available URL: http://www.fws.gov/wetlands/datalmapper.html(Accessed April
13, 2016).
United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Region 4: Southeast Region, North Carolina
Ecological Services. 2015. Threatened and Endangered Species in North Carolina:
Guilford County. Updated 25 March 2015.
http://www. fws. gov/raleigh/species/cntylist/alamance.html
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1993. Michaux's Sumac Recovery Plan.
Atlanta, Georgia. 30 pp.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2006. Optimal Survey Windows for North Carolina's
Federally Threatened and Endangered Plant Species. http://www.fws.gov/nces/e-
s/plant_survey.htmL (Accessed: December 14, 2010).
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Michaux's Sumac in North Carolina.
http://www.fws.gov/nc-es/plant/michsumac.html. (Accessed: December 14,
2010).
United States Geological Survey. 2013. Raleigh West, North Carolina, Topographic
Quadrangle (7.5-minute series).
White House Memorandum. Memorandum for the Heads of Executive Departments and
Agencies: Regulatory Freeze Pending Review January 20, 2017.
13 February 2017

Appendix A
Figures

CITY OF RALEIGH
�.� ENGINEERING SERVICES
; ����,.
WAKE COUNTY
REPLACE BRIDGE
ON LAKE DAM ROAD
OVER WALNUT CREEK
B-5556
CITY OF RALEIGH PROJECT # SM 2017-0001
FIGURE 1 VICINITY MAP

•
♦
LAKE JOHNSON
0 100 200 400 �"'
Feet �
City of Raleigh
Engineering Services
,
�
0
�
E
m
�
�
Y
N
J
�b Orchard Dr
� �
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a''t/t
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• �
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�orial Geographic Society, i-cubed� Source�Esri, DigitalGlobe;
th�e`�GIS User Community � � �
Wake County
Lake Dam Road Bridge (B-5556) over Walnut Creek
Replacement Project
City of Raleigh Project #SM 2017-001
Legend �
Stream
� � � Study Area
�;
Earthstar Geographics, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA,,USG �
S,
`''`' ���r���� � USGS QUAD MAP
,�,�.,, �
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2610 Wycliff Road, Suite 410 Quad Name: Ralei h West
Raleigh, North Carolina FI G U RE 2

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Lake Dam Road Bridge B 5556 over Walnut Creek �•- � COMMUNITIES MAP
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-- Ra�eigh, North Caro�ina FIGURE 3
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� d, � <� = � at��: t _-.,. �arih �ar � e'�c,;�F�n,ics, CNES/Airbus DS. IJ��G�F� U�SG'S. He'rc�GR+IG, iGfU`..ar�ci tihe GIS,_User Ccn�riwnity
Wake County �=���� � JURISDICTIONAL
City of Raleigh '�'!'; ��'�jr���'�
�,:,�
En ineerin Services Lake Dam Road Bridge (B-5556) over Walnut Creek FEATURES MAP
g g Replacement Project 2610 Wycliff Road, Suite 410
City of Raleigh Project #SM 2017-001
Raleigh, North Carolina FI G U RE 4

Appendix B
Scientific Names of Species Identified in Report
Plants
Common Name
Autumn olive
Blackberry
Common elderberry
Crown vetch
Dandelion
English ivy
Grape vine
Hard fescue
Horsetail
Japanese honeysuckle
Japanese stilt grass
Jewelweed
Loblolly pine
Lyreleaved sage
Micha�'s sumac
Poison ivy
Red maple
Roundleaf greenbrier
Sweetgum
Tall buttercup
Trumpet vine
Virginia creeper
Water oak
White clover
White oak
Scientific Name
Elaeagnus umbellata
Rubus argutus
Sambucus nigra
Secuigera va�ia
Taraxacum sp.
Hedera helix
Vitis sp.
Festuca brevipila
Conyza canadensis
Lonicera japonica
Microstegium vimineum
Impatiens capensis
Pinus taeda
Salvia lyrata
Rhus michauxii
Toxicodendron radicans
Acer rubrum
Smilax rotundifolia
Liquidambar styraciflua
Ranunculus acris
Campsis radicans
Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Quercus nigra
Trifolium repens
Quercus alba

Animals
Common Name
American crow
American robin
Belted kingfisher
Barn swallow
Bald eagle
Black racer
Bluegill
Blue jay
Canada goose
Carolina chickadee
Carolina wren
Catfish
Dwarf wedgemussel
Eastern bluebird
Eastern fence lizard
Eastern gray squirrel
Eastern spadefoot
European starling
Fish crow
Great blue heron
Groundhog
Largemouth bass
Marbled salamander
Northern cardinal
Northern long-eared bat
Northern mockingbird
Raccoon
Red-cockaded woodpecker
Red tailed hawk
Rock dove
Shiners
Spring peeper
Striped skunk
Three-lined salamander
Tufted titmouse
Turkey vulture
Virginia opossum
White crappie
White-tailed deer
White-throated sparrow
Scientific Name
Corvus brachyrhynchos
Turdus migratorius
Ceryle alcyon
Hirundo rustica
Haliaeetus leucocephalus
Coluber constrictor
Lepomis macrochirus
Cyanocitta cristata
Branta canadensis
Poecile carolinensis
Thryothorus ludovicianus
Ictalurus sp.
Alasmidonta heterodon
Sialia sialis
Sceloporus undulatus
Sciurus carolinensis
Scaphiopus holbrookii
Sturnus velgaris
Corvus ossifragus
Ardea herodias
Marmota monax
Micropterus salmoides
Ambystoma opacum
Cardinalis cardinalis
Myotis septentrionalis
Mimus polyglottos
Procyon lotor
Picoides borealis
Buteo jamaicensis
Columba livia
Cyprinids sp.
Pseudacris cr ucifer
Mephitis mephitis
Eurycea guttolineata
Baeolophus bicolor
Cathartes aura
Didelphis virginiana
Pomoxis annularis
Odocoileus virginianus
Zonotrichia albicollis

Appendix C
Stream Forms

NC SAM FIELD ASSESSMENT RESULTS
Accompanies User Manual Version 2.1
USACE AID #: NCDWR #:
INSTRUCTIONS: Attach a sketch of the assessment area and photographs. Attach a copy of the USGS 7.5-minute topographic quadrangle,
and circle the location of the stream reach under evaluation. If multiple stream reaches will be evaluated on the same property, identify and
number all reaches on the attached map, and include a separate form for each reach. See the NC SAM User Manual for detailed descriptions
and explanations of requested information. Record in the "Notes/Sketch" section if supplementary measurements were performed. See the
NC SAM User Manual for examples of additional measurements that may be relevant.
NOTE EVIDENCE OF STRESSORS AFFECTING THE ASSESSMENT AREA (do not need to be within the assessment area).
PROJECT/SITE INFORMATION:
1. Project name (if any): Lake Dam Road Bridge Replacement 2. Date of evaluation: 4/14/16
3. Applicant/owner name: City of Raleigh 4. Assessor name/organization:
5. County: Wake 6. Nearest named water body
7. River basin: Neuse on USGS 7.5-minute quad:
B.Bill /
Walnut Creek
8. Site coordinates (decimal degrees, at lower end of assessment reach): 35.762089, -78.703813
STREAM INFORMATION: (depth and width can be approximations)
9. Site number (show on attached map): SA (bridges) 10. Length of assessment reach evaluated (feet): 125
11. Channel depth from bed (in rifFle, if present) to top of bank (feet): 5-8 ❑Unable to assess channel depth.
12. Channel width at top of bank (feet): 24 13. Is assessment reach a swamp steam? ❑Yes ❑No
14. Feature type: �Perennial flow ❑Intermittent flow ❑Tidal Marsh Stream
STREAM CATEGORY INFORMATION:
15. NC SAM Zone: ❑ Mountains (M) � Piedmont (P) ❑ Inner Coastal Plain (I) ❑ Outer Coastal Plain (0)
16. Estimated geomorphic �A ���
valley shape (skip for
Tidal Marsh Stream): (more sinuous stream, flatter valley slope)
�B
(less sinuous stream, steeper valley slope)
17. Watershed size: (skip ❑Size 1(< 0.1 mi2) ❑Size 2(0.1 to < 0.5 mi2) ❑Size 3(0.5 to < 5 mi2) �Size 4(>_ 5 mi2)
for Tidal Marsh Stream)
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
18. Were regulatory considerations evaluated? �Yes ❑No If Yes, check all that apply to the assessment area.
❑Section 10 water ❑Classified Trout Waters ❑Water Supply Watershed (❑I ❑II ❑III ❑IV ❑V)
❑Essential Fish Habitat ❑Primary Nursery Area ❑ High Quality Waters/Outstanding Resource Waters
❑Publicly owned property �NCDWR Riparian buffer rule in effect �Nutrient Sensitive Waters
❑Anadromous fish �303(d) List ❑CAMA Area of Environmental Concern (AEC)
❑Documented presence of a federal and/or state listed protected species within the assessment area.
List species:
❑Designated Critical Habitat (list species)
19. Are additional stream information/supplementarv measurements included in "Notes/Sketch" section or attached? �JYes I-lNo
1. Channel Water - assessment reach metric (skip for Size 1 streams and Tidal Marsh Streams)
�A Water throughout assessment reach.
❑B No flow, water in pools only.
❑C No water in assessment reach.
2. Evidence of Flow Restriction - assessment reach metric
❑A At least 10% of assessment reach in-stream habitat or riffle-pool sequence is severely affected by a flow restriction or fill to the
point of obstructing flow or a channel choked with aquatic macrophytes or ponded water or impoundment on flood or ebb within
the assessment reach (examples: undersized or perched culverts, causeways that constrict the channel, tidal gates, debris jams,
beaver dams).
�B Not A
3. Feature Pattern - assessment reach metric
❑A A majority of the assessment reach has altered pattern (examples: straightening, modification above or below culvert).
�B Not A
4. Feature Longitudinal Profile - assessment reach metric
❑A Majority of assessment reach has a substantially altered stream profile (examples: channel down-cutting, existing damming, over
widening, active aggradation, dredging, and excavation where appropriate channel profile has not reformed from any of these
disturbances).
�B Not A
5. Signs of Active Instability - assessment reach metric
Consider only current instability, not past events from which the stream has currently recovered. Examples of instability include
active bank failure, active channel down-cutting (head-cut), active widening, and artificial hardening (such as concrete, gabion, rip-rap).
❑A < 10% of channel unstable
❑B 10 to 25% of channel unstable
�C > 25% of channel unstable

6. Streamside Area Interaction — streamside area metric
Consider for the Left Bank (LB) and the Right Bank (RB).
LB RB
❑A ❑A Little or no evidence of conditions that adversely affect reference interaction
�B �B Moderate evidence of conditions (examples: berms, levees, down-cutting, aggradation, dredging) that adversely affect
reference interaction (examples: limited streamside area access, disruption of flood flows through streamside area, leaky
or intermittent bulkheads, causeways with floodplain constriction, minor ditching [including mosquito ditching])
❑C ❑C Extensive evidence of conditions that adversely affect reference interaction (little to no floodplain/intertidal zone access
[examples: causeways with floodplain and channel constriction, bulkheads, retaining walls, fill, stream incision, disruption
of flood flows through streamside area] or too much floodplain/intertidal zone access [examples: impoundments, intensive
mosquito ditching]) or floodplain/intertidal zone unnaturally absent or assessment reach is a man-made feature on an
interstream divide
Water Quality Stressors — assessment reach/intertidal zone metric
Check all that apply.
❑A Discolored water in stream or intertidal zone (milky white, blue, unnatural water discoloration, oil sheen, stream foam)
❑B Excessive sedimentation (burying of stream features or intertidal zone)
❑C Noticeable evidence of pollutant discharges entering the assessment reach and causing a water quality problem
❑D Odor (not including natural sulfide odors)
❑E Current published or collected data indicating degraded water quality in the assessment reach. Cite source in "Notes/Sketch"
section.
❑F Livestock with access to stream or intertidal zone
❑G Excessive algae in stream or intertidal zone
❑H Degraded marsh vegetation in the intertidal zone (removal, burning, regular mowing, destruction, etc)
�I Other: (explain in "Notes/Sketch" section)
❑J Little to no stressors
8. Recent Weather — watershed metric (skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
For Size 1 or 2 streams, D1 drought or higher is considered a drought; for Size 3 or 4 streams, D2 drought or higher is considered a drought.
❑A Drought conditions and no rainfall or rainfall not exceeding 1 inch within the last 48 hours
❑B Drought conditions and rainfall exceeding 1 inch within the last 48 hours
�C No drought conditions
9. Large or Dangerous Stream — assessment reach metric
❑Yes �No Is stream is too large or dangerous to assess? If Yes, skip to Metric 13 (Streamside Area Ground Surface Condition).
70. Natural In-stream Habitat Types — assessment reach metric
10a. ❑Yes ❑No Degraded in-stream habitat over majority of the assessment reach (examples of stressors include excessive
sedimentation, mining, excavation, in-stream hardening [for example, rip-rap], recent dredging, and snagging)
(evaluate for Size 4 Coastal Plain streams only, then skip to Metric 12)
10b. Check all that occur (occurs if > 5% coverage of assessment reach) (skip for Size 4 Coastal Plain streams)
❑A Multiple aquatic macrophytes and aquatic mosses ��, ❑F 5% oysters or other natural hard bottoms
(include liverworts, lichens, and algal mats) �� ❑G Submerged aquatic vegetation
❑B Multiple sticks and/or leaf packs and/or emergent o�' ❑H Low-tide refugia (pools)
vegetation � N ❑I Sand bottom
�C Multiple snags and logs (including lap trees) r� ❑J 5% vertical bank along the marsh
�D 5% undercut banks and/or root mats and/or roots �� ❑K Little or no habitat
in banks extend to the normal wetted perimeter
❑E Little or no habitat
*********************************REMAINING QUESTIONS ARE NOT APPLICABLE FOR TIDAL MARSH STREAMS****"*****"****************"
11. Bedform and Substrate — assessment reach metric (skip for Size 4 Coastal Plain streams and Tidal Marsh Streams)
11a. ❑Yes �No Is assessment reach in a natural sand-bed stream? (skip for Coastal Plain streams)
11 b. Bedform evaluated. Check the appropriate box(es).
�A Riffle-run section (evaluate 11c)
�B Pool-glide section (evaluate 11d)
❑C Natural bedform absent (skip to Metric 12, Aquatic Life)
11 c. In riffle sections, check all that occur below the normal wetted perimeter of the assessment reach — whether or not submerged. Check
at least one box in each row (skip for Size 4 Coastal Plain streams and Tidal Marsh Streams). Not Present (NP) = absent, Rare
(R) = present but < 10%, Common (C) _> 10-40%, Abundant (A) _> 40-70%, Predominant (P) _> 70%. Cumulative percentages
should not exceed 100% for each assessment reach.
NP R C A P
❑ � ❑ ❑ ❑ Bedrock/saprolite
❑ � ❑ ❑ ❑ Boulder (256 — 4096 mm)
❑ ❑ ❑ � ❑ Cobble (64 — 256 mm)
❑ ❑ ❑ � ❑ Gravel (2 — 64 mm)
❑ ❑ � ❑ ❑ Sand (.062 — 2 mm)
❑ � ❑ ❑ ❑ SilUclay (< 0.062 mm)
� ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑ Detritus
❑ � ❑ ❑ ❑ Artificial (rip-rap, concrete, etc.)
11d. ❑Yes �No Are pools filled with sediment? (skip for Size 4 Coastal Plain streams and Tidal Marsh Streams)

12. Aquatic Life — assessment reach metric (skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
12a. �Yes ❑No Was an in-stream aquatic life assessment performed as described in the User Manual?
If No, select one of the following reasons and skip to Metric 13. ❑No Water ❑Other:
12b. �Yes ❑No Are aquatic organisms present in the assessment reach (look in riffles, pools, then snags)? If Yes, check all that
apply. If No, skip to Metric 13.
1 >1 Numbers over columns refer to "individuals" for Size 1 and 2 streams and "taxa" for Size 3 and 4 streams.
❑ ❑Adult frogs
❑ ❑Aquatic reptiles
❑ ❑Aquatic macrophytes and aquatic mosses (include liverworts, lichens, and algal mats)
❑ ❑Beetles
❑ �Caddisfly larvae (T)
❑ ❑Asian clam (Corbicula)
❑ ❑Crustacean (isopod/amphipod/crayfish/shrimp)
❑ �Damselfly and dragonfly larvae
❑ �Dipterans
❑ ❑MayFly larvae (E)
❑ �Megaloptera (alderfly, fishfly, dobsonfly larvae)
❑ �Midges/mosquito larvae
❑ ❑Mosquito fish (Gambusia) or mud minnows (Umbra pygmaea)
❑ �Mussels/Clams (not Corbicula)
❑ �Other fish
❑ ❑Salamanders/tadpoles
❑ �Snails
❑ ❑Stonefly larvae (P)
❑ ❑Tipulid larvae
❑ �Worms/leeches
13. Streamside Area Ground Surface Condition — streamside area metric (skip for Tidal Marsh Streams and B valley types)
Consider for the Left Bank (LB) and the Right Bank (RB). Consider storage capacity with regard to both overbank flow and upland runoff.
LB RB
❑A ❑A Little or no alteration to water storage capacity over a majority of the streamside area
❑B ❑B Moderate alteration to water storage capacity over a majority of the streamside area
�C �C Severe alteration to water storage capacity over a majority of the streamside area (examples: ditches, fill, soil compaction,
livestock disturbance, buildings, man-made levees, drainage pipes)
74. Streamside Area Water Storage — streamside area metric (skip for Size 1 streams, Tidal Marsh Streams, and B valley types)
Consider for the Left Bank (LB) and the Right Bank (RB) of the streamside area.
LB RB
❑A ❑A Majority of streamside area with depressions able to pond water >_ 6 inches deep
❑B ❑B Majority of streamside area with depressions able to pond water 3 to 6 inches deep
�C �C Majority of streamside area with depressions able to pond water < 3 inches deep
15. Wetland Presence — streamside area metric (skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
Consider for the Left Bank (LB) and the Right Bank (RB). Do not consider wetlands outside of the streamside area or within the normal
wetted perimeter of assessment reach.
LB RB
❑Y ❑Y Are wetlands present in the streamside area?
�N �N
16. Baseflow Contributors — assessment reach metric (skip for Size 4 streams and Tidal Marsh Streams)
Check all contributors within the assessment reach or within view of and draining to the assessment reach.
❑A Streams and/or springs Qurisdictional discharges)
�B Ponds (include wet detention basins; do not include sediment basins or dry detention basins)
❑C Obstruction passing flow during low-flow periods within the assessment area (beaver dam, leaky dam, bottom-release dam, weir)
�D Evidence of bank seepage or sweating (iron in water indicates seepage)
�E Stream bed or bank soil reduced (dig through deposited sediment if present)
❑F None of the above
17. Baseflow Detractors — assessment area metric (skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
Check all that apply.
❑A Evidence of substantial water withdrawals from the assessment reach (includes areas excavated for pump installation)
❑B Obstruction not passing flow during low-flow periods affecting the assessment reach (ex: watertight dam, sediment deposit)
�C Urban stream (>_ 24% impervious surface for watershed)
�D Evidence that the streamside area has been modified resulting in accelerated drainage into the assessment reach
❑E Assessment reach relocated to valley edge
❑F None of the above
18. Shading — assessment reach metric (skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
Consider aspect. Consider "leaf-on" condition.
❑A Stream shading is appropriate for stream category (may include gaps associated with natural processes)
�B Degraded (example: scattered trees)
❑C Stream shading is gone or largely absent

19. Buffer Width — streamside area metric (skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
Consider "vegetated buffer" and "wooded buffer" separately for left bank (LB) and right bank (RB) starting at the top of bank out
to the first break.
Vegetated Wooded
LB RB LB RB
❑A ❑A ❑A ❑A >_ 100 feet wide or extends to the edge of the watershed
�B �B ❑B ❑B From 50 to < 100 feet wide
❑C ❑C ❑C ❑C From 30 to < 50 feet wide
❑D ❑D ❑D ❑D From 10 to < 30 feet wide
❑E ❑E �E �E < 10 feet wide or no trees
20. Buffer Structure — streamside area metric (skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
Consider for left bank (LB) and right bank (RB) for Metric 19 ("Vegetated" Buffer Width).
LB RB
❑A ❑A Mature forest
❑B ❑B Non-mature woody vegetation or modified vegetation structure
�C �C Herbaceous vegetation with or without a strip of trees < 10 feet wide
❑D ❑D Maintained shrubs
❑E ❑E Little or no vegetation
21. Buffer Stressors — streamside area metric (skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
Check all appropriate boxes for left bank (LB) and right bank (RB). Indicate if listed stressor abuts stream (Abuts), does not abut but is
within 30 feet of stream (< 30 feet), or is between 30 to 50 feet of stream (30-50 feet).
If none of the following stressors occurs on either bank, check here and skip to Metric 22: �
Abuts < 30 feet 30-50 feet
LB RB LB RB LB RB
❑A ❑A ❑A ❑A ❑A ❑A Row crops
❑B ❑B ❑B ❑B ❑B ❑B Maintained turf
❑C ❑C ❑C ❑C ❑C ❑C Pasture (no livestock)/commercial horticulture
❑D ❑D ❑D ❑D ❑D ❑D Pasture (active livestock use)
22. Stem Density — streamside area metric (skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
Consider for left bank (LB) and right bank (RB) for Metric 19 ("Wooded" Buffer Width).
LB RB
❑A ❑A Medium to high stem density
❑B ❑B Low stem density
�C �C No wooded riparian buffer or predominantly herbaceous species or bare ground
23. Continuity of Vegetated Buffer — streamside area metric (skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
Consider whether vegetated buffer is continuous along stream (parallel). Breaks are areas lacking vegetation > 10 feet wide.
LB RB
❑A ❑A The total length of buffer breaks is < 25 percent.
�B �B The total length of buffer breaks is between 25 and 50 percent.
❑C ❑C The total length of buffer breaks is > 50 percent.
24. Vegetative Composition — streamside area metric (skip for Tidal Marsh Streams)
Evaluate the dominant vegetation within 100 feet of each bank or to the edge of the watershed (whichever comes first) as it contributes to
assessment reach habitat.
LB RB
❑A ❑A Vegetation is close to undisturbed in species present and their proportions. Lower strata composed of native species,
with non-native invasive species absent or sparse.
❑B ❑B Vegetation indicates disturbance in terms of species diversity or proportions, but is still largely composed of native
species. This may include communities of weedy native species that develop after clear-cutting or clearing or
communities with non-native invasive species present, but not dominant, over a large portion of the expected strata or
communities missing understory but retaining canopy trees.
�C �C Vegetation is severely disturbed in terms of species diversity or proportions. Mature canopy is absent or communities
with non-native invasive species dominant over a large portion of expected strata or communities composed of planted
stands of non-characteristic species or communities inappropriately composed of a single species or no vegetation.
25. Conductivity — assessment reach metric (skip for all Coastal Plain streams)
25a. ❑Yes �No Was conductivity measurement recorded?
If No, select one of the following reasons. ❑No Water ❑Other:
25b. Check the box corresponding to the conductivity measurement (units of microsiemens per centimeter).
❑A < 46 ❑ B 46 to < 67 ❑ C 67 to < 79 ❑ D 79 to < 230 ❑ E >_ 230
Notes/Sketch:
stream conditions under the bridges differ significantly from reach downstream from bridges, therefore two assessments were done.

Stream Site Name
Stream Category
Draft NC SAM Stream Rating Sheet
Accompanies User Manual Version 2.1
Lake Dam Road Bridge Date of Assessment 4/14/16
Replacement
Pb4 Assessor Name/Organization B.Bill / Dewberry
Notes of Field Assessment Form (Y/N)
Presence of regulatory considerations (Y/N)
Additional stream information/supplementary measurements included (Y/N)
NC SAM feature type (perennial, intermittent, Tidal Marsh Stream)
Function Class Rating Summary
(1) Hydrology
(2) Baseflow
(2) Flood Flow
(3) Streamside Area Attenuation
(4) Floodplain Access
(4) Wooded Riparian Buffer
(4) Microtopography
(3) Stream Stability
(4) Channel Stability
(4) Sediment Transport
(4) Stream Geomorphology
(2) Stream/Intertidal Zone Interaction
(2) Longitudinal Tidal Flow
(2) Tidal Marsh Stream Stability
(3) Tidal Marsh Channel Stability
(3) Tidal Marsh Stream Geomorphology
(1) Water Quality
(2) Baseflow
(2) Streamside Area Vegetation
(3) Upland Pollutant Filtration
(3) Thermoregulation
(2) Indicators of Stressors
(2) Aquatic Life Tolerance
(2) Intertidal Zone Filtration
(1) Habitat
(2) In-stream Habitat
(3) Baseflow
(3) Substrate
(3) Stream Stability
(3) In-stream Habitat
(2) Stream-side Habitat
(3) Stream-side Habitat
(3) Thermoregulation
(2) Tidal Marsh In-stream Habitat
(3) Flow Restriction
(3) Tidal Marsh Stream Stability
(4) Tidal Marsh Channel Stability
(4) Tidal Marsh Stream Geomorphology
(3) Tidal Marsh In-stream Habitat
(2) Intertidal Zone
Overal I
YES
NO
YES
Perennial
USACE/ NCDWR
All Streams Intermittent
LOW
HIGH
LOW
LOW
MEDIUM
LOW
NA
MEDIUM
LOW
HIGH
HIGH
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
LOW
HIGH
LOW
LOW
MEDIUM
YES
HIGH
NA
MEDIUM
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
LOW
HIGH
LOW
MEDIUM
LOW
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
LOW

Appendix D
Qualifications of Contributors
Investigator: Elizabeth Lusk
Education: B.A. German, Davidson College, 1985
Masters of Farest Management, Duke University, 1989
Experience: Senior Environmental Scientist, Dewberry Engineers Inc., 2015-Present
Environmental Supervisor, NCDOT 2002-2014
Environmental Biologist, NCDOT 1999-2002
Biologist/Forester, Coastal Zone Resources 1994-1999
Service Forester, NC Forest Service 1992-1993
Service Forester, MD Forest Service 1990-1992
Responsibilities: T/E species survey and QA/QC of document
Investigator: Anne Burroughs
Education: B.S. Biological Sciences, Minor Environmental Sciences 1992
Experience: Senior Environmental Scientist, Dewberry Engineers Inc., 2014-Present
Environmental Scientist, URS Corporation 2011-2014
Environmental Program Consultant, NCDOT 2003-2011
Responsibilities: T/E species survey and QA/QC of document
Investigator: Tom Dickinson
Education: B.S. Forestry/Natural Resources Sewanee, 2001
Experience: Environmental Scientist, Project Manager and Environmental Supervisor Three
Oaks Engineering (formerly The Catena Group) 2003-Present
Environmental Permitting Specialist NCDOT 2002-2003
Natural Systems Environmental Specialist NCDOT 2002-2002
Responsibilities: T/E species survey

Appendix E
Freshwater Mussel Survey Report

Freshwater Mussel Survey Report
Lake Dam Road Bridge Improvements over Walnut Creek
Wake County, North Carolina
Downstream view of Lake Dam Road crossing Walnut Creek
Prepared For:
: �� Dewberry`R�
r.•.+�
,,.�.,
2610 Wycliff Road, Suite 410
Raleigh, North Carolina 27607
Raleigh, NC
August 25, 2016

Prepared by:
1000 Corporate Di•ive, Suite 101
Hillsborough, NC 27278

Table of Contents
1.0 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 4
2.0 Waters Impacted .................................................................................................................. 4
3.0 Target Federally Protected Species Description .................................................................. 4
3.1. Alasmidonta heterodon (Dwarf Wedgemussel) ............................................................... 4
3.1.1. Characteristics ...........................................................................................................4
3.1.2. Distribution and Habitat Requirements .................................................................... 5
3.1.3. Threats to Species ..................................................................................................... 5
3.2. Survey Efforts/1Vlethodology ............................................................................................ 6
3.3. Stream Conditions at Time of Survey .............................................................................. 7
3.4. Results .............................................................................................................................. 7
4.0 Discussion/Conclusions ....................................................................................................... 8
5.0 Literature Cited .................................................................................................................... 9
Appendix A: Figures
Appendix B: Select Photographs
Lake Dam Road Bridge Improvements Mussel Report August 2016
Page 3

1.0 INTRODUCTION
The City of Raleigh proposes bridge improvements to the Lake Dam Road crossing of Walnut
Creek just below the Lake Johnson dam in Wake County, North Carolina. The federally
endangered Dwarf Wedgemussel (Alasmidonta heterodon, DWM) is known to occur in the
watershed; Dewberry, the primary consultant for the project, contracted Three Oaks Engineering
(30aks) to conduct freshwater mussel surveys in Walnut Creek within the project area.
2.0 WATERS IMPACTED
Walnut Creek is located in the Upper Neuse sub-basin (HUC# 03020201). Walnut Creek flows
into the Neuse River approximately 12.5 river miles (RM) downstream of Lake Dam Road.
3.0 TARGET FEDERALLY PROTECTED SPECIES DESCRIPTION
3.1. Alasmidonta heterodon (Dwarf Wedgemussel)
3.1.1. Characteristics
The DWM was originally described as Unio heterodon (Lea 1829). Simpson (1914)
subsequently placed it in the genus Alasmidonta. Ortmann (1919) placed it in a monotypic
subgenus Prolasmidonta, based on the unique soft-tissue anatomy and conchology. Fuller
(1977) believed the characteristics of Prolasmidonta warranted elevation to full generic rank and
renamed the species Prolasmidonta heterodon. Clarke (1981) retained the genus name
Alasmidonta and considered Prolasmidonta to be a subjective synonym of the subgenus
Pressodonta (Simpson 1900).
The specific epithet heterodon refers to the chief distinguishing characteristic of this species,
which is the only North American freshwater mussel that consistently has two lateral teeth on the
right valve and only one on the left (Fuller 1977). All other laterally dentate freshwater mussels
in North America normally have two lateral teeth on the left valve and one on the right. The
DWM is generally small, with a shell length ranging between 25 mm (1.0 inch) and 38 mm (1.5
inches). The largest specimen reported by Clarke (1981) was 56.5 mm (2.2 inches) long, taken
from the Ashuelot River in New Hampshire. The periostracum is generally olive green to dark
brown; nacre bluish to silvery white, turning to cream or salmon colored towards the umbonal
cavities. Sexual dimorphism occurs in DWM, with the females having a swollen region on the
posterior slope, and the males are generally flattened. Clarke (1981) provides a detailed
description of the species.
Nearly all freshwater mussel species have similar reproductive strategies; a larval stage
(glochidium) becomes a temporary obligatory parasite on a fish. Many mussel species have
specific fish hosts, which must be present to complete their life cycle. Based upon laboratory
infestation experiments, Michaelson and Neves (1995) determined that potential fish hosts for
the DWM include the Tessellated Darter (Etheostoma olmstedi) and the Johnny Darter (E.
nigrum). McMahon and Bogan (2001) and Pennak (1989) should be consulted for a general
overview of freshwater mussel reproductive biology.
Lake Dam Road Bridge Improvements Mussel Report August 2016
Page 4

3.1.2. Distribution and Habitat Requirements
The histaric range of the DWM is confined to Atlantic slope drainages from the Peticodiac River
in New Brunswick, Canada, south to the Neuse River, North Carolina. Occurrence records exist
from at least 701ocations, encompassing 15 major drainages in 11 states and 1 Canadian
Province (USFWS 1993). When the recovery plan for this species was written, the DWM was
believed to have been extirpated from all but 361ocalities, 14 of them in North Carolina
(USFWS 1993). The most recent assessment (2007 5-Year Review) indicates that the DWM is
currently found in 15 major drainages, comprising approximately 70 "sites" (one site may have
multiple occurrences). At least 45 of these sites are based on less than five individuals or solely
on relict shells. It appears that the populations in North Carolina, Virginia, and Maryland are
declining as evidenced by low densities, lack of reproduction, or inability to relocate any
individuals in follow-up surveys. Populations in New Hampshire, Massachusetts, and
Connecticut appear to be stable, while the status of populations in the Delaware River watershed
affected by the recent floods of 2005 is uncertain (USFWS 2007).
Strayer et al. (1996) conducted range-wide assessments of remaining DWM populations, and
assigned a population status to each of the populations. The status rating is based on range size,
number of individuals, and evidence of reproduction. Seven of the 20 populations assessed were
considered "poor", and two others are considered "poor to fair" and "fair to poor" respectively.
The DWM inhabits creeks and rivers of varying sizes (down to approximately two meters wide),
with slow to moderate flow. A variety of preferred substrates have been described such as
coarse sand, firm muddy sand, and gravel (USFWS 1993). The wide range of substrate types
used by this species suggests that the stability of the substrate is likely as important as the
composition.
3.1.3. Threats to Species
The cumulative effects of several factors, including sedimentation, point and non-point source
discharge, stream modifications (impoundments, channelization, etc.), have contributed to the
decline of this species throughout its range. With the exception of the Neversink River
population in New York, which has an estimated population of over 80,000 DWM individuals,
all of the other populations are generally small in numbers and restricted to short reaches of
isolated streams. The low numbers of individuals and the restricted range of most of the
surviving populations make them extremely vulnerable to extirpation from a single catastrophic
event or activity (Strayer et al. 1996). Catastrophic events may consist of natural events such as
flooding or drought, as well as human influenced events such as toxic spills.
Siltation resulting from substandard land-use practices associated with activities such as
agricultural, forestry and land development has been recognized as a major contributing factor to
degradation of mussel populations. Siltation has been documented to be extremely detrimental
to mussel populations by degrading substrate and water quality, increasing potential exposure to
other pollutants, and by direct smothering of mussels (Ellis 1936, Marking and Bills 1979).
Sediment accumulations of less than one inch have been shown to cause high mortality in most
Lake Dam Road Bridge Improvements Mussel Report August 2016
Page 5

mussel species (Ellis 1936). In Massachusetts, a bridge construction project decimated a
population of the DWM because of accelerated sedimentation and erosion (Smith 1981).
Sewage treatment effluent has been documented to significantly affect the diversity and
abundance of mussel fauna (Goudreau et al. 1988). Goudreau et al. (1988) found that recovery of
mussel populations may not occur for up to two miles below points of chlorinated sewage
effluent.
The impact of impoundments on freshwater mussels has been well documented (USFWS 1992a,
Neves 1993). Construction of dams transforms lotic habitats into lentic habitats, which results in
changes in aquatic community composition. The changes associated with inundation adversely
affect both adult and juvenile mussels as well as fish community structure, which could eliminate
possible fish hosts for upstream transport of glochidia. Muscle Shoals on the Tennessee River in
northern Alabama, once the richest site far naiads (mussels) in the world, is now at the bottom of
Wilson Reservoir and covered with 19 feet of muck (USFWS 1992b). Large portions of all of
the river basins within the DWM's range have been impounded and this is believed to be a major
factor contributing to the decline of the species (Master 1986, USFWS 1993).
The introduction of exotic species such as the Asian Clam (Corbicula fluminea) and Zebra
Mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) has also been shown to pose significant threats to native
freshwater mussels. The Asian Clam is now established in most of the major river systems in the
United States (Fuller and Powell 1973) including those streams still supporting surviving
populations of the DWM. Concern has been raised over competitive interactions for space, food
and oxygen with this species and native mussels, possibly at the juvenile stages (Neves and
Widlak 1987, Alderman 1995). The Zebra Mussel, native to the drainage basins of the Black,
Caspian and Aral Seas, is an exotic freshwater mussel that was introduced into the Great Lakes
in the 1980s and has rapidly expanded its range into the surrounding river basins, including those
of the South Atlantic slope (O'Neill and MacNeill 1991). This species competes for food
resources and space with native mussels, and is expected to contribute to the extinction of at least
20 freshwater mussel species if it becomes established throughout most of the eastern United
States (USFWS 1992b).
3.2. Survey Efforts/Methodology
Surveys were conducted by 30aks personnel Tom Dickinson (Permit # 16-ES00343) and Evan
Morgan with assistance from Anne Burroughs of Dewberry on August 12, 2016.
Mussel surveys were conducted from approximately 400 meters downstream to the Lake
Johnson dam upstream of the bridge crossing (Appendix A, Figure 1). Areas of appropriate
habitat were searched, concentrating on the stable habitats preferred by the target species. The
survey team spread out across the creek into survey lanes. Visual surveys were conducted using
glass bottom view buckets (bathyscopes). Tactile methods were employed, particularly in
streambanks under submerged rootmats. All freshwater mollusks were recorded and returned to
the substrate. Timed survey efforts provided Catch Per Unit Effort (CPUE) data for each
species. Relative abundance for freshwater snails and freshwater clam species were estimated
using the following criteria:
Lake Dam Road Bridge Improvements Mussel Report August 2016
Page 6

➢(VA) Very abundant > 30 per square meter
➢(A) Abundant 16-30 per square meter
➢(C) Common 6-15 per square meter
➢(U) Uncommon 3-5 per square meter
➢(R) Rare 1-2 per square meter
➢(P-) Ancillary adjective "Patchy" indicates an uneven distribution of the species within the
sampled site.
3.3. Stream Conditions at Time of Survey
The wetted stream channel of Walnut Creek ranged from 4-7 meters wide with stream banks 1-2
meters high that exhibited significant erosion and undercutting. Habitat was dominated by pools
punctuated by occasional riffles and runs. Substrate in riffle and run habitats consisted primarily
of a sand, gravel and cobble mix. Several areas of bedrock and boulder were present. Banks
mostly consisted of clay that extended across the stream channel in several locations; rootmats
were patchy throughout the reach. Proportions of silt and sand were greater in pool habitats.
Gravel and sand bars were more prevalent in the lower portion of the reach. A moderately wide,
mature forested buffer containing a greenway surrounded the right descending bank for the
majority of the reach, with a narrower forested buffer in the upper reach. A sewer line crossed
the stream in the upper portion of the reach and ran along the left descending bank in a narrow
grassed buffer with trees dispersed intermittently. Dense residential development surrounded the
area. The length of the reach along the left descending bank. Water levels were normal and
clear.
3.4. Results
A total of 6.7 person-hours of survey time was spent in the reach, with a single individual of one
species of freshwater mussel; the Eastern Elliptio (Elliptio complanata) being found (Table 1).
The individual was located near the downstream extent of the survey reach in a sand bar.
Table 1. CPUE for Freshwater Mussels in Walnut Creek
Abundance/
Scientific Name Common Name # live CPUE
reshwater Mussels CPiTE
lli tio com lanata astern Elli tio 1 0.15/hr
Relative
reshwater Snails and Clams Abundance
Corbicula fluminea sian Clam � U
Lake Dam Road Bridge Improvements Mussel Report August 2016
Page 7

4.0 DISCUSSION/CONCLUSIONS
Walnut Creek within the survey reach presented as a degraded stream impacted by surrounding
urban land uses. One individual of the common Eastern Elliptio was found during the efforts.
The absence of shells and lone live individual located suggests a mussel fauna in severe decline.
However, while other species were not found during these surveys, appropriate habitat is present;
thus there is the potential for additional species to occur within the area.
Based on these survey results, impacts to the DWM are very unlikely to occur in the project area.
Strict adherence to erosion control standards during project construction should minimize the
potential for adverse impacts to occur.
Lake Dam Road Bridge Improvements Mussel Report August 2016
Page 8

5.0 LITERATURE CITED
Alderman, J. M. (1995). Monitoring the Swift Creek Freshwater mussel community.
Unpublished report presented at the UMRCC symposium on the Conservation and
Management of Freshwater Mussels II Initiative for the Future. Rock Island, IL,
UMRCC.
Clarke, A.H. (1981). The tribe Alasmidontini (Unionidae: Anodontinae), Part I: Pegias,
Alasmidonta, and Arcidens. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 326:1-101.
Ellis, M. M. (1936). Erosion Silt as a Factor in Aquatic Environments. Ecology 17: 29-42.
Fuller, S. L. H. 1977. Freshwater and terrestrial mollusks. In: John E. Cooper, Sarah S.Robinson,
John B. Fundeburg (eds.) Endangered and Threatened Plants and Animals of North
Carolina. North Carolina State Museum of Natural History, Raleigh.
Fuller, S. L. H. and C. E. Powell (1973). Range extensions of Corbicula manilensis (Philippi) in
the Atlantic drainage of the United States. Nautilus 87(2): 59.
Goudreau, S. E., R. J. Neves, and R. J. Sheehan (1988). Effects of Sewage Treatment Effluents
on Mollusks and Fish of the Clinch River in Tazewell County, Virginia. USFWS: 128 pp.
Lea, I. 1829. Description of a new genus of the family of naiades, including eight species, four of
which are new; also the description of eleven new species of the genus Unio from the
rivers of the United States: with observations on some of the characters of the naiades.
Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 3[New Series]:403-457, pls. 7-14.
Marking, L.L., and T.D. Bills. 1979. Acute effects of silt and sand sedimentation on freshwater
mussels. Pp. 204-211 in J.L. Rasmussen, ed. Proc. of the UMRCC symposium on the
Upper Mississippi River bivalve mollusks. UMRCC. Rock Island IL. 270 pp.
Master, L. (1986). Alasinidonta heterodon: results of a global status survey and proposal to list
as an endangered species. A report submitted to Region 5 of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service. 10 pp. and appendices.
McMahon, R. F. and A. E. Bogan. (2001). Mollusca: Bivalvia. Pp. 331-429. IN: J.H.
Thorpe and A.P. Covich. Ecology and classification of North American
nd
freshwater invertebrates. 2 edition. Academic Press.
Michaelson, D.L. and R.J. Neves. 1995. Life history and habitat of the endangered dwarf
wedgemussel Alasmidonta heterodon (Bivalvia: Unionidae). Journal of the North
American Benthological Society 14(2):324-340.
Lake Dam Road Bridge Improvements Mussel Report August 2016
Page 9

Neves, R. J. and J. C. Widlak (1987). Habitat Ecology of Juvenile Freshwater Mussels (Bivalvia:
Unionidae) in a Headwater Stream in Virginia. American Malacological Bulletin 1(5): 1-
7.
Neves, R.J. 1993. A state of the Unionids address. Pp. 1-10 in K.S. Cummings, A.C. Buchanan,
and L.M. Kooch, eds. Proc. of the UMRCC symposium on the Conservation and
Management of Freshwater Mussels. UMRCC. Rock Island IL.189 pp.
O'Neill, C. R., Jr., and D. B. MacNeill. 1991. The zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha): an
unwelcome North American invader. Sea Grant, Coastal Resources Fact Sheet. New
York Sea Grant Extension. 12 pp.
Ortmann, A.E. (1919). A monograph of the naiades of Pennsylvania. Part III: Systematic account of
the genera and species. Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum 8(1):xvi-384, 21 pls.
Pennak, R. W. (1989). Fresh-water Invertebrates of the United States, Protozoa to Mollusca.
New York, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Simpson, C.T. (1900). Synopsis of the naiades, or pearly fresh-water mussels. Proceedings of the
United States National Museum 22(1205):501-1044.
Simpson, C.T. (1914). A descriptive catalogue of the naiades, or pearly fresh-water mussels.
Parts I—III. Bryant Walker, Detroit, Michigan, xii + 1540 pp.
Smith, D. 1981. Selected freshwater invertebrates proposed for special concern status in
Massachusetts (Mollusca, Annelida, Arthropoda). MA Dept. of Env. Qual. Engineering,
Div. of Water Pollution Control. 26 pp.
Strayer, D. L., S. J. Sprague and S. Claypool, 1996. A range-wide assessment of populations of
Alasmidonta heterodon, an endangered freshwater mussel (Bivalvia: Unionidae). J.N.
Am. Benthol. Soc., 15(3):308-317.
USFWS 1992a. Special report on the status of freshwater mussels.
USFWS 1992b. Endangered and Threatened species of the southeast United States (The Red
Book). FWS, Ecological Services, Div. of Endangered Species, Southeast Region. Govt
Printing Office, Wash, DC: 1,070.
USFWS 1993. Dwarf Wedgemussel Mussel (Alasmidonta heterodon) Recovery Plan. Hadley,
Massachusetts. 527 pp.
USFWS 2007. Dwarf Wedgemussel Alasmidonta heterodon 5-Year Review: Summary and
Evaluation, Susi vonOettingen, FWS Hadley, MA.
Lake Dam Road Bridge Improvements Mussel Report August 2016
Page 10

Appendix A: Figures
Lake Dam Road Bridge Improvements Mussel Report August 2016
Page 11

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Freshwater Mussel Sur�ey
Bridge No. 490 on Lake Damn Road
over Walnut Creek
Project Vicinity & Survey Reach
Wake County, North Carolina
Date.
August2016
Scale:0 60 120 Feet
� � �
.lob No.: 16-312
Drawn By: Checked By:
EM TD
Figure

Appendix B: Select Photographs
Lake Dam Road Bridge Improvements Mussel Report August 2016
Page 13

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Photo 1: The Elliptio complanata found during the survey effort
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Photo 2: View of typical riffle located downstream of Lalce Dam Road.
Lake Dam Road Bridge Improvements Mussel Report August 2016
Page 14

Photo 3: Upstream view of Walnut Creek at the survey start.
Photo 4: Upstream photo of Walnut Creek shows riffle, undercutting banlcs and gravel bar.
Lake Dam Road Bridge Improvements Mussel Report August 2016
Page 15

Appendix F
Final Design Impacts
Stream Impacts
The City of Raleigh is in process / has applied for a Section 40� Nationwide Permit 12, Section
401 Water Quality Certification and Neuse River Riparian Buffer Authorization for impacts from
the proposed bridge replacement project. There will be 0.07 acre (107 feet) of temporary impact
to Walnut Creek due to temporary dewatering for utility relocation. Riparian buffer impacts will
also result from utility relocation and slight adjustments to the Greenway that crosses Lake Dam
Road. Buffer impacts will tota13,400 square feet in Zone 1 and 3,896 square feet in Zone 2. All
impacts to riparian buffers are considered allowable as Greenway impacts and impacts due to
protection of existing structures.
Terrestrial Communities
Terrestrial communities in the study area will be impacted by project construction as a result of
trenching, grading and paving of portions of the study area. At this time, the final location and
design of the proposed bridge replacement have been made. Probable impacts to each terrestrial
community type are documented in the following table and map. Some of the impacted terrestrial
communities noted east of the road will be indirectly impacted. Map of terrestrial community
impacts on next page.
Community Covera e(ac.) Estimate Im acted Acres
Maintained/ Disturbed 5.05 0.35
Piedmont Bottomland Hardwood Forest 0.81 0.18
Mesic Mixed Hardwood Forest L 19 0.01
Total 7.05 0.54

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Wake County ��''`'
Clty Of RaIeIgI1 ;,�;;' ��'����'� �� � TERRESTRIAL COMMUNITIES
Lake Dam Road Bridge B-5556 over Walnut Creek '�` � FINAL IMPACTS
Engineering Services � � 2610 W cliff Road, Suite 410
Replacement Pro�ect y
City of Raleigh Project #SM 2017-001 Raleigh, North Carolina AP P E N D IX E