20081120 Ver 1_Application_20080717

Office Use Only: Form Version March 08
USACE Action ID No. DWQ No. 08 1 1 2 0
kit any parncuiar item is not applicable to this project, please enter "Not Applicable" or "N/A".)
1. Processing
PAID
1. Check all of the approval(s) requested for this project:
Section 404 Permit ? Riparian or Watershed Buffer Rules
? Section 10 Permit ? Isolated Wetland Permit from DWQ
['401 Water Quality Certification ? Express 401 Water Quality Certification
2. Nationwide, Regional or General Permit Number(s) Requested: f4 o ?i mw I J 13
3. If this notification is solely a courtesy copy because written approval for the 401 Certification
is not required, check here: ?
4. If payment into the North Carolina Ecosystem Enhancement Program (NCEEP) is proposed
for mitigation of impacts, attach the acceptance letter from NCEEP, complete section VIII,
and check here: ?
5. If your project is located in any of North Carolina's twenty coastal counties (listed on page
4), and the project is within a North Carolina Division of Coastal Management Area of
Environmental Concern (see the top of page 2 for further details), check here::
11. Applicant Information
? ; X008
JUL
1. Owner/Applicant Information 1.11
Name: w DEPaR?FQUAU
Tailu"
Mailing Address: V. o. i3 4
ell AMIDE e a--e,040
Telephone Number: 6 zb • q53 7 ° Fax Number:
E-mail Address:
2. Agent/Consultant Information (A signed and dated copy of the Agent Authorization letter
must be attached if the Agent has signatory authority for the owner/applicant.)
Name:
Company Affiliation:
Mailing Address:
Telephone Number:
E-mail Address:
Fax Number:
Page 5 of 12
III. Project Information
4
5.
Attach a vicinity map clearly showing the location of the property with respect to local
landmarks such as towns, rivers, and roads. Also provide a detailed site plan showing property
boundaries and development plans in relation to surrounding properties. Both the vicinity map
and site plan must include a scale and north arrow. The specific footprints of all buildings,
impervious surfaces, or other facilities must be included. If possible, the maps and plans should
include the appropriate USGS Topographic Quad Map and NRCS Soil Survey with the property
boundaries outlined. Plan drawings, or other maps may be included at the applicant's discretion,
so long as the property is clearly defined. For administrative and distribution purposes, the
USACE requires information to be submitted on sheets no larger than 11 by 17-inch format;
however, DWQ may accept paperwork of any size. DWQ prefers full-size construction
drawings rather than a sequential sheet version of the full-size plans. If full-size plans are
reduced to a small scale such that the final version is illegible, the applicant will be informed that
the project has been placed on hold until decipherable maps are provided.
Name ofproject: i`zda-e. ??W?y ??•?« ??brtih? 5? I,z? hc?az
2. T.I.P. Project Number or State Project Number (NCDOT Only): tj j A
3. Property Identification Number (Tax PIN): r L, "-? I G C) 1
Location
County: R"Ike-,44 A Nearest Town: c -y L
Subdivision name (include phase/lot number): IjI A
Directions( to site y(include road numbers, landmarks, etc.): u5 L q Vcz ke
d!+{.Yi'1 ?f't r [S?i ?.'.i:i. ?5 es'1/?? 17J7 ? ? er„? [: ?.. 1•?Y iaea f" _ _. _ .... _. .? .? _..-• i .. IRI _ _ r ??. i / ? .-. .
6. Property size (acres): - `7 Y A
7. Name of nearest receiving body of water: R- k,c-rs v_ C ,-ek-
8. River Basin: &,(-a
(Note - this must be one of North Carolina's seventeen designated major river basins. The
River Basin map is available at http://h2o.enr.state.nc.us/admin/mans/.)
9. Describe the existing conditions on the site and general land use in the vicinity of the project
at the time of this application: 5• ,-? y , : ;W,? f t, ii
C.ov,. ?, "LVtL iv0 {7?3 Page 6 of 12

Site coordinates (Lat/Long or decimal degrees): L4,35 ,24 q z 4cl z.7
(Note - If project is linear, such as a road or utility line, attach a sheet that separately lists the
coordinates for each crossing of a distinct waterbody.)
10. Describe the overall project in detail, including the type of equipment to be used:
(BSc' IYYck laczrlc4tt rr5Lce-pc /,? L Ft e4 CkQ4-L,lcPn? 41-4
rrl s}? " C va 1 c,N ) kCCAr-,, A2oc f tu?? Cam, h „r? 1?E ?
11. Explain the purpose of the proposed work:_ ?? S?tikbrzr 9?
IV. Prior Project History
If jurisdictional determinations and/or permits have been requested and/or obtained for this
project (including all prior phases of the same subdivision) in the past, please explain. Include
the USACE Action ID Number, DWQ Project Number, application date, and date permits and
certifications were issued or withdrawn. Provide photocopies of previously issued permits,
certifications or other useful information. Describe previously approved wetland, stream and
buffer impacts, along with associated mitigation (where applicable). If this is a NCDOT project,
list and describe permits issued for prior segments of the same T.I.P. project, along with
construction schedules. m i A
V. Future Project Plans
Are any future permit requests anticipated for this project? If so, describe the anticipated work,
and provide justification for the exclusion of this work from the current application.
VI. Proposed Impacts to Waters of the United States/Waters of the State
It is the applicant's (or agent's) responsibility to determine, delineate and map all impacts to
wetlands, open water, and stream channels associated with the project. Each impact must be
listed separately in the tables below (e.g., culvert installation should be listed separately from
riprap dissipater pads). Be sure to indicate if an impact is temporary. All proposed impacts,
permanent and temporary, must be listed, and must be labeled and clearly identifiable on an
accompanying site plan. All wetlands and waters, and all streams (intermittent and perennial)
should be shown on a delineation map, whether or not impacts are proposed to these systems.
Wetland and stream evaluation and delineation forms should be included as appropriate.
Photographs may be included at the applicant's discretion. If this proposed impact is strictly for
wetland or stream mitigation, list and describe the impact in Section VIII below. If additional
space is needed for listing or description, please attach a separate sheet.
1. Provide a written description of the proposed impacts:
YQy,NS Sa.f-- F714N5
Page 7 of 12
2. Individually list wetland impacts. Types of impacts include, but are not limited to
mechanized clearing, grading, fill, excavation, flooding, ditching/drainage, etc. For dams,
senarately list imnaets clue to tenth ctrunture and flnndina
Wetland Impact
Site Number
(indicate on map) Type of Impact Type of Wetland
(e.g., forested, marsh,
herbaceous, bog, etc.) Located within
100-year
Floodplain
(yes/ o) Distance to
Nearest
Stream
(linear feet) Area of
Impact
(acres)

Total Wetland Impact (acres)
3. List the total acreage (estimated) of all existing wetlands on the property:
4. Individually list all intermittent and perennial stream impacts. Be sure to identify temporary
impacts. Stream impacts include, but are not limited to placement of fill or culverts, dam
construction, flooding, relocation, stabilization activities (e.g., cement walls, rip-rap, crib
walls, gabions, etc.), excavation, ditching/straightening, etc. If stream relocation is proposed,
plans and profiles showing the linear footprint for both the original and relocated streams
must be included. To calculate anreaue miiltiniv length X width than divides by d2 SAt)
Stream Impact
Number
(indicate on ma)
Stream Name
Type of Impact Perennial or
Intermittent? Average
Stream Width
Before Impact Impact
Length
(linear feet) Area of
Impact
(acres)

Total Stream Impact (by length and acreage)
5. Individually list all open water impacts (including lakes, ponds, estuaries, sounds, Atlantic
Ocean and any other water of the U.S.). Open water impacts include, but are not limited to
fill. excavation- dredoina finndina drainage hnllrhandc ate-
Open Water Impact
Site Number
(indicate on map) Name
(if applicable) Watee)
Type of Impact Type of Waterbody
(lake, pand estuary, sound, bay,
ocean, etc.) Area of
Impact
(acres)
al ?

Total Open Water Impact (acres)
Page 8 of 12
6. List the cumulative impact to all Waters of the U.S. resulting from the project:
Stream Impact (acres): . v 1
Wetland Impact (acres):
Open Water Impact (acres):
Total Impact to Waters of the U.S. (acres)
Total Stream Impact (linear feet): 160
7. Isolated Waters
Do any isolated waters exist on the property? ? Yes Q No
Describe all impacts to isolated waters, and include the type of water (wetland or stream) and
the size of the proposed impact (acres or linear feet). Please note that this section only
applies to waters that have specifically been determined to be isolated by the USACE.
8. Pond Creation iv'({x
If construction of a pond is proposed, associated wetland and stream impacts should be
included above in the wetland and stream impact sections. Also, the proposed pond should
be described here and illustrated on any maps included with this application.
Pond to be created in (check all that apply): ? uplands ? stream ? wetlands-
Describe the method of construction (e.g., dam/embankment, excavation, installation of
draw-down valve or spillway, etc.):
Proposed use or purpose of pond (e.g., livestock watering, irrigation, aesthetic, trout pond,
local stormwater requirement, etc.):
Current land use in the vicinity of the pond:
Size of watershed draining to pond:
VII. Impact Justification (Avoidance and Minimization)
Expected pond surface area:
Specifically describe measures taken to avoid the proposed impacts. It may be useful to provide
information related to site constraints such as topography, building ordinances, accessibility, and
financial viability of the project. The applicant may attach drawings of alternative, lower-impact
site layouts, and explain why these design options were not feasible. Also discuss how impacts
were minimized once the desired site plan was developed. If applicable, discuss construction
techniques to be followed during construction to reduce impacts. 4? 6e-
See. i M w.F ct- t&kl i Gf?e! CXt 56uck ,_
VIII. Mitigation
DWQ - In accordance with 15A NCAC 2H .0500, mitigation may be required by the NC
Division of Water Quality for projects involving greater than or equal to one acre of impacts to
freshwater wetlands or greater than or equal to 150 linear feet of total impacts to perennial
streams.
Page 9 of 12
USACE - In accordance with the Final Notice of Issuance and Modification of Nationwide
Permits, published in the Federal Register on January 15, 2002, mitigation will be required when
necessary to ensure that adverse effects to the aquatic environment are minimal. Factors
including size and type of proposed impact and function and relative value of the impacted
aquatic resource will be considered in determining acceptability of appropriate and practicable
mitigation as proposed. Examples of mitigation that may be appropriate and practicable include,
but are not limited to: reducing the size of the project; establishing and maintaining wetland
and/or upland vegetated buffers to protect open waters such as streams; and replacing losses of
aquatic resource functions and values by creating, restoring, enhancing, or preserving similar
functions and values, preferable in the same watershed.
If mitigation is required for this project, a copy of the mitigation plan must be attached in order
for USACE or DWQ to consider the application complete for processing. Any application
lacking a required mitigation plan or NCEEP concurrence shall be placed on hold as incomplete.
An applicant may also choose to review the current guidelines for stream restoration in DWQ's
Draft Technical Guide for Stream Work in North Carolina, available at
http://h2o.enr.state.nc.us/ncwetiands/strmgide.html.
1. Provide a brief description of the proposed mitigation plan. The description should provide
as much information as possible, including, but not limited to: site location (attach directions-
and/or map, if offsite), affected stream and river basin, type and amount (acreage/linear feet)
of mitigation proposed (restoration, enhancement, creation, or preservation), a plan view,
preservation mechanism (e.g., deed restrictions, conservation easement, etc.), and a
description of the current site conditions and proposed method of construction. Please attach
a separate sheet if more space is needed.
,i(? W'
2. Mitigation may also be made by payment into the North Carolina Ecosystem Enhancement
Program (NCEEP). Please note it is the applicant's responsibility to contact the NCEEP at
[phone] to determine availability, and written approval from the NCEEP indicating
that they are will to accept payment for the mitigation must be attached to this form. For
additional information regarding the application process for the NCEEP, check the NCEEP
website at http://h2o.enr.state.nc.us/wip/index.htm. If use of the NCEEP is proposed, please
check the appropriate box on page three and provide the following information:
Amount of stream mitigation requested (linear feet): ?Jyr-v
Amount of buffer mitigation requested (square feet):
Amount of Riparian wetland mitigation requested (acres):
Amount of Non-riparian wetland mitigation requested (acres):
Amount of Coastal wetland mitigation requested (acres):
Page 10 of 12
IX. Environmental Documentation (required by DWQ)
1. Does the project involve an expenditure of public (federal/state/local) funds or the use of
public (federal/state) land? Yes [P No ?
2. If yes, does the project require preparation of an environmental document pursuant to the
requirements of the National or North Carolina Environmental Policy Act (NEPA/SEPA)?
Note: If you are not sure whether a NEPA/SEPA document is required, call the SEPA
coordinator at [phone] to review current thresholds for environmental documentation.
Yes ? No 9
NjA 3. If yes, has the document review been finalized by the State Clearinghouse? If so, please
attach a copy of the NEPA or SEPA final approval letter. Yes ? No ?
X. Proposed Impacts on Riparian and Watershed Buffers (required by DWQ)
It is the applicant's (or agent's) responsibility to determine, delineate and map all impacts to
required state and local buffers associated with the project. The applicant must also provide
justification for these impacts in Section VII above. All proposed impacts must be listed herein,
and must be clearly identifiable on the accompanying site plan. All buffers must be shown on a-
map, whether or not impacts are proposed to the buffers. Correspondence from the DWQ
Regional Office may be included as appropriate. Photographs may also be included at the
applicant's discretion.
1. Will the project impact protected riparian buffers identified within 15A NCAC 2B .0233
(Meuse), 15A NCAC 2B .0259 (Tar-Pamlico), 15A NCAC 02B .0243 (Catawba) 15A NCAC
2B .0250 (Randleman Rules and Water Supply Buffer Requirements), or other (please
identify V Yes ? No [g,`
442. If "yes", identify the square feet and acreage of impact to each zone of the riparian buffers.
If buffer mitigation is required calculate the required amount of mitigation by applying the
buffer multipliers.
I Zone I Impact I I a
* re.,,,aFPP}1 Multiplier Re. uired
I 3 (2 for Catawba)
2 1.5
Total I I I I
* Zone 1 extends out 30 feet perpendicular from the top of the near bank of channel; Zone 2 extends an
additional 20 feet from the edge of Zone 1.
143. If buffer mitigation is required, please discuss what type of mitigation is proposed (i.e.,
Donation of Property, Riparian Buffer Restoration / Enhancement, or Payment into the
Riparian Buffer Restoration Fund). Please attach all appropriate information as identified
within 15A NCAC 2B .0242 or .0244, or .0260.
Page 11 of 12
XI. Stormwater (required by DWQ)
Describe impervious acreage (existing and proposed) versus total acreage on the site. Discuss
stormwater controls proposed in order to protect surface waters and wetlands downstream from
the property. If percent impervious surface exceeds 20%, please provide calculations
demonstrating total proposed impervious level. &'/a
XII. Sewage Disposal (required by DWQ)
Clearly detail the ultimate treatment methods and disposition (non-discharge or discharge) of
wastewater generated from the proposed project, or available capacity of the subject facility.
XIII. Violations (required by DWQ)
Is this site in violation of DW Wetland Rules (15A NCAC 2H.0500) or any Buffer Rules?
Yes ? No T
Is this an after-the-fact permit application? Yes ? No ff
XIV. Cumulative Impacts (required by DWQ)
Will this project (based on past and reasonably anticipated future impacts) result in additignal
development which could impact nearby downstream water quality? Yes ? No
If yes, please submit a qualitative or quantitative cumulative impact analysis in accordance with
the most recent North Carolina Division of Water Quality policy posted on our website at
http://h2o.enr.state.nc.us/ncwetlands. If no, please provide a short narrative description:
XV. Other Circumstances (Optional):
It is the applicant's responsibility to submit the application sufficiently in advance of desired
construction dates to allow processing time for these permits. However, an applicant may
choose to list constraints associated with construction or sequencing that may impose limits on
work schedules (e.g., draw-down schedules for lakes, dates associated with Endangered and
Threatened Species, accessibility problems, or other issues outside of the applicant's control).
- I' 0,'
,/,?'pplicant/Agent's Signature Date
(Agent's signature is valid only if an authorization letter from the applicant is provided.)
Page 12 of 12
'f
08 1 1 2 0
Tedder Farms
Stream Bank Stabilization
Roberson Creek
Standards, Specifications, Drawings, and Details

+5P M ^?„
Rutherford County, North Carolina
April 2008
JUL 1 7 zoos
DENR - WAI ER QUA01 V
WE-,LA, ARGSTORMUVATE6t6RANOH
40' ,
Y I
CONTENTS
Narrative
Estimated Quantites
Construction Specifications
• Excavation
• Root Wads (Log Vanes)
• Streamside Herbaceous Vegetation
• Streamside Woody Vegetation
• Tree Revetment Stabilization Structure
Construction Drawings
• Title Sheet
• Site Plan
0 Cross-section and Profile
GENERAL PROJECT DESCRIPTION
Tedder Farms
Stream Bank Stabilization
Roberson Creek
Rutherford County, North Carolina
This stream bank stabilization project will address an eroding stream bank approximately
250 feet long on Roberson Creek. Due to past cattle access to the streams, the incised
nature of the stream, and the lack of dense woody riparian vegetation, the stream is
actively eroding its outside bank in a meander and laterally migrating down valley. If not
addressed, this migration will likely result with the stream eventually cutting through the
point bar and abandoning the meander altogether, causing massive sedimentation in the
process.
The objective of this design is to address the stream's pattern, dimension, and profile
through this meander to lessen erosive forces and to improve sediment transport. Some
length will be taken from the stream to increase the radius of curvature. Dimension will _
be altered by increasing pool depth and providing flood prone area. Profile will
inherently be changed through the pattern and dimension alterations.
Two in-stream structures of wood will be installed to protect the newly constructed
outside bank. During the service life of these structures, a strong stand of woody
vegetation should become established on this bank. By the time the structures deteriorate
the vegetation will provide the bank with all the shear resistance it will need to withstand
erosive shear.
The new outside bank of the meander can be built either with spoil or with tree revetment
structures. Either approach will be suitable but neither will be successful without proper
installation of the in-stream structures. Building the bank with spoil will be cheaper and
much simpler since there should be more spoil from channel and bank excavation than is
needed to build the new bank. The advantage to tree revetments is that they will trap
sediment from upstream sources until the revetments fill.
There is always a degree of uncertainty when working on such a short reach of stream
where the designer has no control on immediate upstream factors, but if properly installed
this project should yield desirable results.
ESTIMATED QUANTITIES
Earthwork (approximate)
• Fill - 300 cubic yards
• Cut - 1000 cubic yards
o 700 cubic yards will need to be disposed of
In Stream Structures (see Construction Specification for details and explanations)
Trees with root wad intact
• 2 trees - 18" DBH preferable, 20 foot long stem
• 2 trees - 12" DBH, 20 foot long stem
• Keep the upper end of the stem for anchoring stakes (unless boulders will be used to
anchor logs in stream bed)
Filter cloth to be used in constructing the in-stream structures
• Fabric Filter Cloth - 50 square yards
• Roofing nails
Cables
• 2 - 20 foot long "choker" 5/8" cables with clamps
• 2 - 10 foot long "choker" 5/8" cables with clamps (unless boulders will be used to anchor
log in stream bed)
Boulders, only if logs will not be anchored by staking to the stream bed
• 8 - 3'x2'xl.5' (minimum size) boulders if stakes and cable will not be used to anchor log
in stream bed
Seeding and Woody Vegetation
Seeding
• Provide enough seed and soil amendments to cover'/2 acres based upon the included
"Streamside Herbaceous Vegetation Specifications". Choose desired species based upon
time of installation.
Woody Vegetation
• Provide enough plant materials to cover'/4 acres based upon the included "Streamside
Woody Vegetation Establishment". Choose desired species based upon time of
installation, available stock, and desired species.
* All quantities are an approximate estimate based on the plan as drawn.
CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATION
21. EXCAVATION
1. SCOPE
The work shall consist of the excavation required by the
drawings and specifications and disposal of the excavated
materials.
2. CLASSIFICATION
Excavation will be classified as common excavation or
rock excavation in accordance with the following
definitions or will be designated as unclassified.
Common excavation shall be defined as the excavation of
all materials that can be excavated, transported, and
unloaded by the use of heavy ripping equipment and wheel
tractor-scrapers with pusher tractors or that can be
excavated and dumped into place or loaded onto hauling
equipment by means of excavators having a rated capacity
of one cubic yard or larger and equipped with attachments
(such as shovel, bucket, backhoe, dragline or clam shell)
appropriate to the material type, character, and nature
of the materials.
Rock excavation shall be defined as the excavation of all
hard, compacted or cemented materials that requires
blasting or the use of ripping and excavating equipment
larger than defined for common excavation. The
excavation and removal of isolated boulders or rock
fragments larger than one (1) cubic yard encountered in
materials otherwise conforming to the definition of
common excavation shall be classified as rock excavation.
The presence of isolated boulders or rock fragments
larger than one (1) cubic yard will not in itself be
sufficient cause to change the classification of the
surrounding material.
For the purpose of these classifications, the following
definitions shall apply:
Heavy ripping equipment shall be defined as a rear-
mounted, heavy duty, single-tooth, ripping attachment
mounted on a track type tractor having a power rating of
at least 250 flywheel horsepower unless otherwise
specified in Section 10.
Wheel tractor-scraper shall be defined as a self-loading
(not elevating) and unloading scraper having a struck
bowl capacity of at least twelve (12) cubic yards.
NRCS-NEH-20 lof4 10/98
Pusher tractor shall be defined as a track type tractor
having a power rating of at least 250 flywheel horsepower
equipped with appropriate attachments.
3
4
5
6
UNCLASSIFIED EXCAVATION
Excavation designated as "Unclassified Excavation" shall
include all materials encountered regardless of their
nature or the manner in which they are removed. When
excavation is unclassified, none of the definitions or
classifications stated in Section 2, CLASSIFICATION,
shall apply.
BLASTING
The transportation, handling, storage, and use of
dynamite and other explosives shall be directed and
supervised by person(s) of proven experience and ability
who are authorized and qualified to conduct blasting
operations.
Blasting shall be done in such a manner as to prevent
damage to the work or unnecessary fracturing of the
foundation and shall conform to any special requirements
in Section 10 of this specification. When specified in
Section 10, the Contractor shall furnish the Engineer in
writing, a blasting plan prior to blasting operations.
USE OF EXCAVATED MATERIALS
Method 1 To the extent they are needed, all suitable
materials from the specified excavations shall be used in
the construction of required permanent earthfill or
rockfill. The suitability of materials for specific
purposes will be determined by the Engineer. The
Contractor shall not waste or otherwise dispose of
suitable excavated materials.
Method 2 Suitable materials from the specified
excavations may be used in the construction of required
earthfill or rockfill. The suitability of materials for
specific purposes will be determined by the Engineer.
DISPOSAL OF WASTE MATERIALS
Method 1 All surplus or unsuitable excavated materials
will be designated as waste and shall be disposed of at
the locations shown on the drawings.
Method 2 All surplus or unsuitable excavated materials
will be designated as waste and shall be disposed of by
the Contractor at sites of his own choosing away from the
site of the work in an environmental acceptable manner
and that does not violate local rules and regulations.
NRCS-NEH-20 2of4 10/98
7. EXCAVATION LIMITS
8
9
Excavations shall comply with OSHA Construction Industry
Standards (29CFR Part 1926) Subpart P, Excavations,
Trenching, and Shoring. All excavations shall be
completed and maintained in a safe and stable condition
throughout the total construction phase. Structure and
trench excavations shall be completed to the specified
elevations and to the length and width required to safely
install, adjust, and remove any forms, bracing, or
supports necessary for the installation of the work.
Excavations outside of the lines and limits shown on the
drawings or specified herein required to meet safety
requirements shall be the responsibility of the
Contractor in constructing and maintaining a safe and
stable excavation.
BORROW EXCAVATION
When the quantities of suitable materials obtained from
specified excavations are insufficient to construct the
specified earthfills and earth backfills, additional
materials shall be obtained from the designated borrow
areas. The extent and depth of borrow pits within the
limits of the designated borrow areas shall be as
specified in Section 10 or as approved by the Engineer.
Borrow pits shall be excavated and finally dressed to
blend with the existing topography and sloped to prevent
ponding and to provide drainage.
OVER-EXCAVATION
Excavation in rock beyond the specified lines and grades
shall be corrected by filling the resulting voids with
portland cement concrete made of materials and mix
proportions approved by the Engineer. Concrete that will
be exposed to the atmosphere when construction is
completed shall meet the requirements of concrete
selected for use under Construction Specification 31,
Concrete for Major Structures, or 32, Structure Concrete,
as appropriate.
Concrete that will be permanently covered shall contain
not less than five (5) bags of cement per cubic yard.
The concrete shall be placed and cured as specified by
the Engineer.
Excavation in earth beyond the specified lines and grades
shall be corrected by filling the resulting voids with
approved compacted earthfill, except that, if the earth
is to become the subgrade for riprap, rockfill, sand or
gravel bedding, or drainfill, the voids may be filled
NRCS-NEH-20 3of4 10/98
with material conforming to the specifications for the
riprap, rockfill, bedding or drainfill. Prior to
correcting an over-excavation condition, the Contractor
shall review the planned corrective action with the
Engineer and obtain approval of the corrective measures.
10. ITEMS OF WORK AND CONSTRUCTION DETAILS
Items of work to be performed in conformance with this
specification and the construction details therefore are:
1. Excavation General
a.Topsoil shall be stockpiled and spread in
accordance with Construction Specification 426 and
in the locations as directed by the engineer.
b. CLASSIFICATION is common excavation.
c. USE OF MATERIALS shall be method 1.
d.DISPOSAL OF WASTE MATERIALS shall be method 1.
Waste Disposal areas are not shown on the
drawings, Disposal areas will be designated by the
engineer.
e.All spoil material shall be vegetated and
stabilized against erosion and sedimentation
immediately after placement.
2.Spoil from upper bank excavation - rather than
sandy/gravelly spoil from channel bed excavation - shall
be utilized for bank construction fill material.
NRCS-NEH-20 4of4 10/98
CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATION
ROOT WADS
1) SCOPE
This specification covers the installation of Root Wads at locations as shown on the construction
plans and as directed by the engineer.
2) PURPOSE
• Redirect erosive velocities away from streambanks
• Provide soil cover during the establishment of woody vegetation
• Provide aquatic and terrestrial habitat
• This practice does not apply to streams that are highly entrenched.
3) DEFINITIONS
ROOT WADS -Trees that have been uprooted with as much of the root system intact as possible
with a stem fourteen to twenty feet long. (See Fig 1) -
ENGINEER - The USDA-NRCS and/or SWCD person(s) who have appropriate construction
approval authority for Practice Standard 580, Streambank and Shoreline
Protection for the specific size and type of structure.
STREAM BANK - Portions of intermittent or perennial stream banks which are eroding at an
accelerated rate due to the effects of stream flow near banks without adequate
vegetative cover and supporting riparian area.
BANKFULL - The stream flow level at which the stream channel is formed and maintained.
The term "bankfull" should not be confused with "the top of the bank". Persons
who have received training in Natural Stream Channel evaluation shall identify
the bankfull elevation.
4) PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS
This practice should be applied as a part of a total Natural Stream Channel Restoration design.
Root wads are not intended to be a total solution to the streambank erosion problem in
themselves. They are to be used as a component of a total streambank management plan, which
may require a number of associated practices. In some cases modification of the stream
dimension, pattern and profile may be required before structures are installed. The use of root
wads without considering the stable dimension, pattern, and profile of the stream will most likely
result in failure.
USDA-NRCS page 1 Root Wads
North Carolina December 2002
5) PERMITTING
No work, which is covered by this specification, shall be performed until the Army Corp of
Engineers has issued a Section 404 permit and the Division of Water Quality has issued a
Section 401 certification (if required). The final construction plans and specifications must be
prepared and approved prior to the beginning of construction.
6) EQUIPMENT
• A hydraulic excavator (trackhoe) with a hydraulic "thumb" shall be used to handle and install
root wads
• A chain saw shall be available on site during construction
• All required safety equipment shall be available during construction. Safety equipment
includes but is not limited to hard hats, chain saw chaps, gloves, and eye and hearing
protection.
7) SUPERVISION
The engineer must be on-site to supervise and inspect each operation as it is performed. No
work, which is covered by this specification, shall be performed in the absence of the engineer
except as approved by the engineer. The work shall be conducted as directed by the engineer.
The engineer shall be notified a minimum of 24 hours before installation is performed.
8) INSTALLATION
Excavate a trench into the bank to embed the stem of the root wad. Excavate an area in the
stream bed and stream bank to provide for excess root mass. Excavate a trench in the stream bed
to embed the upper part of the log vane. Install root wad and log vane, cable together at the
intersection of the two root masses. Install rock for "J-Hook" (must have footer rocks). All
excavation will be performed at the location, elevation, and orientation and to the dimensions as
directed by the engineer. (See figure 1)
The streambank shall be sloped to 1'/2 :1 or flatter from the top of the root wad stem at the
function with the root system to the top of the bank.
Equipment which appears to be leaking fluids shall be removed to a safe site away from the
stream corridor until it is repaired and confirmed that no leaks exist.
9) MATERIALS
LOGS WITH ATTACHED ROOT MASS:
• LENGTH OF IN BANK TREE - The stem shall be of sufficient length so that a
minimum of 12 feet is placed into well consolidated soil plus approximately 2 feet of
protrusion from the streambank for attachment of the log vane portion of the structure. If
Root Wads are placed in front of fresh fill material, the width of the fill material must be
added to the minimum length to find the required total stem length. The stem length
which passes through fresh fill material shall not exceed 1/3 of the total stem length.
USDA-NRCS page 2 Root Wads
North Carolina December 2002
LENGTH OF LOG VANE TREE - The stem shall be of sufficient length so the vane
may be installed a slope of 7 percent or less and have approximately 1/3 of the total
length of stem buried into the streambed at the upstream end.
DIAMETER - The minimum diameter of the stem measured at a point 4 1/2 feet from the
uppermost root shall be 8 inches unless otherwise specified in the ITEMS OF WORK.
FORM - The stem shall be as straight as possible for the entire length. Log Vane Trees
may not have bows and/or other deformities which will cause a concentration of flow at
any point along the section of stem which is exposed to stream flow. The stem shall not
exhibit an unusual degree of taper. Forks should be avoided on In Bank Trees except
where soil conditions mandate trenching, and are prohibited on Log Vane Trees except
within the portion which will be buried in the streambed.
SPECIES - Tree species shall be selected that exhibit rot resistant, and have dense,
relatively large root masses. Maple, Sycamore, and Hemlock are some of the possible
choices.
• HANDLING - Trees shall be removed, transported, and installed in such a manner as to
preserve as much of the root mass as possible. Excess soil shall be removed from the
root mass before installation into the stream, in a manner which does not damage the
roots. Extreme care should be used during the installation process to avoid root mass
damage.
• HARVEST SITE - Trees shall not be harvested from within the riparian area except
where associated stream restoration activities require the removal of the tree. Trees
which are harvested from within the riparian area shall not be removed without the
approval of the on-site engineer. Trees should not be harvested from areas that are steep
enough to cause the stem to have grown skewed to the root mass. Care should be taken
during and after the harvesting process to not allow erosion of the harvest site. The
harvest site should be filled, smoothed and seeded immediately after removal of the tree.
Seeding species shall be in keeping with surrounding vegetation or as otherwise directed
in the ITEMS OF WORK or by the on-site engineer.
• QUALITY - Trees may be rejected by the on-site engineer if they are split, broken,
decaying, or otherwise exhibit faults which will cause the service life of the structure to
be less than the time required to establish permanent woody vegetation with sufficient
root systems to protect the streambank.
• CABLES shall be a minimum of 5/8 inch unless otherwise specified in the ITEMS OF
WORK. Cables shall be clamped at a minimum of two places with U-Bolt style cable
clamps designed for the size and type of cable used. It is recommended that Skidder Chokers
with loops formed on one end be used to cable the two stems together. The cable shall
encompass the two stems between the two root masses at the stump portion of the stem.
Skidder Chokers should be a minimum of 20 feet long unless otherwise specified in the
ITEMS OF WORK.
• J-HOOK ROCKS -The rocks shall be a minimum of 3'x 2' x 1.5' unless otherwise
specified in the ITEMS OF WORK.
• VEGETATION shall be in accordance to the Vegetation Specifications for the project.
USDA-NRCS page 3 Root Wads
North Carolina December 2002
10) ASSOCIATED PRACTICES
• ROCK VANES, CROSS VANES, J HOOKS, LOG VANES and related instream structures
planned as an integral component of the natural stream channel restoration design.
• CRITICAL AREA SEEDING shall be applied on all disturbed areas.
• WOODY VEGETATION shall be established on the sloped bank above bankfull and on top
of the bank.
• RIPARIAN FOREST BUFFER should be considered.
• LIVESTOCK EXCLUSION shall be installed if livestock are pastured in the area.
11) FIGURES
Figures attached to this specification illustrate the placement and orientation of the root wads.
Figures are as follows:
Figure 1 - Root Wad Cross Section
Figure 2 - Root Wad Plan View
12) ITEMS OF WORK
Items of work to be performed in conformance with this specification and the construction
details therefore are:
a) Construct stream stabilization measures at the Tedder Farms site on Roberson Creek in
Rutherford County at the locations as shown on the construction drawings and/or as directed by
the on-site Engineer.
b) Ingress and egress of equipment and materials shall be only at locations and through routes as
approved by the Engineer.
c) Provide all equipment, tools, materials and labor required to install 2 root wads.
d) Remove all construction debris associated with installation of these structures to an approved
location.
e) Provide all necessary safety equipment.
USDA-NRCS page 4 Root Wads
North Carolina December 2002
Slope existing bank
J-Hook Rock
i
Cable Connect
14'_20'
Stream bed ?--?-
Figure 1
Root Wad
Cross Section
(after Rosgen)
USDA-NRCS page 5 Root Wads
North Carolina December 2002

USDA-NRCS page 6 Root Wads
North Carolina December 2002
Streamside Herbaceous Vegetation Specifications
The work shall consist of preparing the area, furnishing and placing seed, sprigs, sod mats, mulch,
fertilizer, inoculate, soil amendments and anchoring mulch in the designated areas as specified;
streambanks, access areas and other areas disturbed by construction activities.
Seedbed Preparation
On sites where equipment can be operated safely the seedbed shall be adequately loosened and smoothed.
Disking or cultipacking or both may be necessary. On sites where equipment cannot operate safely, the
seedbed shall be prepared by hand scarifying to provide a roughened surface so that seed will stay in place.
If seeding is done immediately following construction, seedbed preparation may not be required except on
compacted, polished or freshly cut areas.
Fertilizine
Evenly distribute lime and fertilizer over the area to be seeded. Uniformly mix lime and fertilizer into the
top 3 inches of the soil. Where surface materials are predominately gravel and/or cobble, no incorporation
is required. Apply lime and fertilizer according to soil test results or at the following rates.
Per 1000 sq. ft. Per Acre
Lime 50-100 lbs. 1-2 tons
10-10-10 Fertilizer 9-12 lbs. 4-500 lbs.
Sod Mats
Strip and stockpile mats of existing desirable herbaceous vegetation. Insure that several inches of sod
remains attached to the vegetation. The root systems must remain moist while the vegetation is stockpiled.
Place the mats on the lower bank slopes and anchor in place.
Seedine
Temporary Seeding - Use where needed for erosion and pollution control, when permanent
vegetation cannot be established due to planting season and where temporary ground cover is needed to
allow native or woody vegetation to become established.
Fall, Winter, Spring Seeding Per 1000 sq. ft. Per Acre
Oats 2 lbs. 3 bu.
Wheat 2 lbs. 3 bu.
Summer Seeding
Sudangrass 1 lb. 35-45 lbs.
Browntop Millet 1 lb. 30-40 lbs.
Permanent Seeding - Use in combination with woody plantings on the upslope side of the riparian
planting. Spring planting time is ideal for native perennial warm season grasses. These grasses should be
used when enhancing wildlife habitat is a goal of the riparian planting. Spring planted seed should be
treated with a cold wet chill process to maximize germination. Fall plantings should be planted with a
lightly sowed cool season annual to hold the soil and do not need the wet chill process. To improve wildlife
habitat existing stands of fescue can be killed using an appropriate herbicide and warm season grasses can
be no-till planted into the sod. Omit fertilizer when establishing native grasses, fertilizer can be applied the
second year to improve the stand.
Fall, Spring Seeding Per 1000 sq. ft. Per Acre
Tall Fescue 1 lb. 50 lbs.
-Native warm season grasses-
Big, Little or Broomsedge Bluestein 0.2 lbs. PLS (pure live seed) 5 lbs. PLS
Eastern Gamma Grass or Switchgrass 0.5 lb. PLS 10 lbs. PLS
Mulching
Mulching should be performed within 48 hours of seeding. Grain straw mulch should be applied on seeded
areas at a rate of 3 bales per 1000 square feet or 1.5 tons per acre. Apply mulch uniformly. Anchor mulch
with a mulch crimper, asphalt tackifier or appropriate mulch netting.
Streamside Woody Vegetation Establishment
This work consist of securing and planting permanent woody vegetation using rooted stock, unrooted stock and
on site transplants.
Care and Handling
Planting stock should be stored in a cool moist environment or heeled in. Roots of bareroot stock shall be kept
moist during planting operations. Container or potted stock shall be kept moist at all times. The root balls of
transplanted stock must be kept moist.
Site Preparation
Desirable trees and shrubs on the construction site should be dug and stored. On recently graded sites use
temporary seedings, anchored mulch or erosion control fabrics to provide surface protection until woody
vegetation becomes established. Sod may be killed by non-selective herbicides the year previous to planting
stock (follow all federal, state and local regulations in the use of herbicides). When hand planting; scalp an area
at least 3 feet in diameter and 2-4 inches deep. Place plant in the center of the scalped area. On sites where
equipment cannot be operated safely and there are concerns about potential erosion use a non-selective herbicide
to kill vegetation in a 36 inch wide circle or 36 inch wide strip and plant in the center of the killed vegetation. If
the site is a row crop site, reasonably free of weeds, plant stock in the stubble without prior preparation. Sites
with undesirable brush will need initial treatments to facilitate planting and follow-up treatments to prevent
reencroachment.
Planting
Transplants should be replanted to the same depth they were originally growing. Plant rooted stock in a vertical
position with the root collar approximately '/2 inch below the soil surface. The planting trench or hole must be
deep enough and wide enough to permit roots to spread out and down without J-rooting. Insert dormant cuttings
to the depth required to reach adequate soil moisture, leaving 2 to 3 buds above ground. After planting pack soil
around each plant firmly to remove air pockets.
Plant List
Plant Types/ Plant to Plant Spacing Plant List
Mature Height # Per Acre
#Per 1000 Sq. Ft.
Shrubs, less than 10 3 to 6 feet *Buttonbush, *#`Bankers' Dwarf Willow
Feet in height 1210-4840 *Elderberry, Highbush Blueberry,
28-110 Hazelnut
Shrubs and trees from 6 to 8 feet Alder, Deciduous Holly, Crabapple,
10 to 25 feet in height 680-1742 Red Chokeberry, *Silky Dogwood,
15-28 *Silky Willow, Spicebush,
*#` Streamco' Willow, Serviceberry,
Washington Hawthorne, Witch Hazel
Trees greater than 25 8 to 12 feet Black Cherry, *Black Willow,
Feet in height 302-680 Green Ash, Red Maple, River Birch
7-15 Sycamore, Yellow Poplar, Black Walnut
Persimmon
NOTES: * = Plants suitable for use as dormant cuttings, space cuttings 1.5-2.5 feet apart, 160-
445 cuttings per 1000 sq. ft. or 6970-19360 cuttings per acre;
# = Non-native plants; Plants listed in bold have wildlife value
CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATION - 485
TREE REVETMENT STABILIZATION STRUCTURE
SCOPE OF WORK
This work shall consist of the placement of trees in severely eroded
and scoured cavities in the streambank to reduce flow velocities and
trap sediment so that a stable soil medium is e'stablished that will
support permanent vegetation. The work will include transportation of
trees, preparation of trees prior to placement, placement of deadman
anchors and cable connecting of trees to the anchor.
SITE CONSIDERATIONS
Tree revetment stabilization structures shall be installed only on
streams where sediment bedload during storm flows is sufficient to
generate significant deposits in the tree mass of the revetment.
Sites on streams with minimal sediment loads or where sediment
retaining impoundment structures are located just upstream should be y
addressed using other measures. Sites must have sufficient low lying
adjacent area to permit installation of deadman anchors. Where steep
side slopes exist or rock formations would make installation of
deadman anchors difficult, other measures should be used. Tree
revetment structures may not be practical where excessive disturbance
of streambank vegetation or removal of trees on the streambank is
necessary. Soil conditions at the site should be carefully
considered.
SELECTION AND PREPARATION OF TREES FOR USE IN REVETMENT
Cedar, Pine, or Hemlock trees are preferred over other species since
their dense limb structure aids significantly in the deposition of
sediment. Willows, alders and other wet soil species may offer the
added advantage of resprouting if they are placed on the lower levels
of the revetment in contact with water and soil. However for purposes
of emergency work other species which are found in log jams or
otherwise have to be removed from the stream channel may be used.
Landowners may provide additional trees where there are not sufficient
numbers of trees to be removed from the stream channel. In such cases
landowners will be responsible for transporting trees to the site and
stockpiling them prior to equipment arrival.
Trees used in the revetment shall have limbs. Logs without limbs may
be used for deadman anchors. Trees such as large sycamores, whose
limbs are large and spread widely, are poor selections. When such
trees are encountered, remove the bushy limbs and use the limbs in the
revetment while using the large trunk as a deadman anchor.
USDA-NRCS (485-1) Tree Revetment
NC Area 1 March 1996
Trees shall be a minimum of 20 feet in length and the butt end shall
be a minimum of 8 inches in diameter. The limb extension shall not be
so large as to create a restriction in the normal flow area of the
channel. Where trees are large and limb extension is excessive, limbs
may be removed on one or two sides of the tree trunk to improve
placement. Limbs may be trimmed in order to limit their encroachment
on the flow area of the channel.
PLACEMENT OF TREES
Trees shall be laid along the bank with the tops laid downstream.
Trees shall be placed working from the most downstream point
progressing upstream. Trees shall be overlapped so that the bushy
limbs of the top of one tree overlap the trunk of the tree placed just
previous to it. Each layer of trees shall be cabled prior to
placement of the next layer of trees. Individual trees shall be
cabled to trees in the lower level. Trees should be piled to the top
of the stream bank where suitable trees are available. Each layer
shall be pressed firmly into the lower layer only enough to provide
good density of bushy limb material. Care should be taken by
equipment operators not to break bushy tree limbs.
ANCHORING TREES IN THE REVETMENT
Trees will be anchored to existing trees or "deadman anchors" buried
in the ground. Deadmen will be a minimum of 12 inches in diameter and
a minimum of 4 feet long. All trees will be anchored at a minimum of
two locations - upstream from butt end and at the middle of the tree.
Steel cable at least 7/16 inch in diameter will be used to anchor
trees,to deadmen. Cable shall be secured to the revetment trees and
to the.deadman anchors using cable clamps or other methods as approved
Py the engineer. Multiple cables may be joined at a common point and
a single cable extended to the deadman anchor. Where more than four
cables are thus connected, steel cable one-half inch in diameter or
larger shall be used as the extension cable. Cables shall be
connected and tightened using turnbuckles or come-alongs to a
sufficient tension to prevent movement of the trees.
Individual trees within the revetment shall be secured to trees in the
lower next level. Nylon rope at least three-eighths (3/8) inch in
diameter may be used in lieu of steel cable to bind the trees
together.
INSTALLATION OF DEADMAN ANCHORS
Deadman anchors shall be buried in trenches
and covered by a minimum of 4 feet of fill.
trenches shall be excavated from the anchor
revetment to the deadman trench. Anchoring
these trenches to connect the trees within
deadman anchors.
in stable soil material
Narrow connecting
points within the
cable shall be placed in
the revetment to the
USDA-NRCS (485-2) Tree Revetment
NC Area 1 March 1996
Deadman anchors shall be placed roughly parallel to the flow of the
stream and slightly upstream from the trees to which they are cabled.
At least one deadman anchor shall be installed for each 25 linear feet
of revetment constructed.
When all cable connections between the revetment and deadman anchors
are properly secured and tensioned the trenches shall be backfilled.
All fill material shall be well compacted in the deadmen and cable
trenches. Overfill the deadmen and cable trenches by at least loo to
allow for settlement and to provide a small berm that will prevent
concentrations of runoff along the cable trench to the stream.
Compact the fill in the deadmen and cable trenches in layers no
greater than 12 inches throughout the filling process.
PLACEMENT OF FILL MATERIAL IN TREE REVETMENT
It is not necessary to place any fill material in the tree revetment
structure. A properly planned and constructed site will accumulate
significant volumes of sediment fill with each high water event.
However, if coarse grained soil material or rocks are available at'-'the
site, they may be placed in the tree mass. Such material will quickly
work its way to the bottom of the structure and may aid in the rapid'-"'-
development of permanent vegetation and a stable stream bank. No _
attempt should be made to compact soil or rock materials into the tree
mass.
Do not overfill the revetment structure with fine grained soils in an
attempt to quickly develop a graded surface appearance. Such material
will gradually settle into the tree mass leaving voids at the surface,
and may be moved downstream as a source of sediment during rainfall
events.
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS
Earth moving equipment will cross and operate in the stream flow only
when necessary and only when directed to do so by the construction''
inspector. Equipment shall be maintained to prevent fuel, oil and
lubricant spills in the vicinity of the stream. Refueling, repairs„
and lubrication will be performed at safe distances from the stream
and only at locations approved by the construction inspectors.
Should fuel leaks, oil leakages or hydraulic pipe rupture occur during
construction, the operators will immediately remove the equipment toga
"safe" area and proceed with repairs. Construction inspectors will
direct operators to remove equipment from the stream whenever a leak
is observed or suspected.
REVEGETATION OF DISTURBED AREAS
All disturbed areas will be seeded to permanent vegetation after work
is completed. See construction specifications for permanent
vegetation and mulching for details of seeding operations.
USDA-NRCS (485-3) Tree Revetment
NC Area 1 March 1996
LANDOWNER MAINTENANCE
Once sediment begins to accumulate
structure, permanent vegetation can
responsibility of the landowner to
protective vegetation in the newly
significantly in the tree revetment
be established. It shall be the
encourage the growth of permanent
stabilized streambank.
Woody vegetation can be established by the use of "live stakes". Live
stakes can be obtained from willows, silver dogwood, button bush,
alders or other locally available trees and shrubs which lend
themselves to rooting from the nodes. While trees are dormant
(between October 15 and May 15, and preferably between February 15 and
April 15) cut woody, hardened stems from 12 to 24 inches in length and
from 3/8 inch to one inch in diameter. Remove branches up to at least
8 inches from the bottom of the cutting using a sharp knife or pruning
tool. Place these branches a minimum of 8 inches deep into the
collected sediment deposits near the edge of the water. They should
be placed on roughly 3 feet centers or as revetment tree limbs permit.
As additional sediment builds up, place new cuttings until the area is
well established in permanent woody vegetation.
As woody vegetation matures, prune it at least annually to prevent it
from growing too large and high. Trees which begin to lean or grow
over the channel should be cut back to prevent their being uprooted
during high water flows. If trees are allowed to lean over and be
washed out, the cavity left by the movement of their root mass may
become a source of streambank erosion and scour.
USDA-NRCS (485-4) Tree Revetment
NC Area 1 March 1996

Lag Used as Deadman
in Trench
See Site Plan for location.
Refer to Construction
Specification for detailed
installation instructions
Tree Revetment Structure
Steel Cable Anchoring
Trees to Deadman
w
cf?
Cf)
o?
w
a?
w?
0a
7

C-li 4 Q

"L O

v
00 non ?
-? ? vai
00
?u!aJ
O _-? w
31
ca
c
o C:
cu o
U
? N
E o?Y
? z c?u
Cl)
a.0iUm0
-o E
o ?
C/)
w

cu
G
O
O L-
tu -C3
O ?
J cu
06 p
N U
L a

?-- ca c
n
I
z CO ?
w o
L
z I- U) U
0

U r- N !/
0
CF)
N
d'
iu
Q
0

m
w
a
Q
H0
m
I- w
m
U) w
QU

a?
3
N
W ?
6
S A-
3

Z i
1 O u ?
• LL

t+l O
?

Q

o
r
2
p p c
o re c
co Q'
?
'° a °' ° a l a l

0
o
:3 Cd
fn

5
v? Ei
U?° ?
-? m
U

p (1-4
U cz

33 13
$
°
p ?
rr -4
CtS
? W U
o

0
bA
o
•
? ? O v?
a?•?
o
n
.
v a ? U ? ?
,
? U L^
?
m O •
W
? p
O
U
? ?
c.
? .U+ V
• ?
+
O x y
••
Lt
CL
p 3 .a o .s cn o 3 v d

0
O
U
O O
" O
U N L O
?
O f+
N
C bA U? L
.
ac -.
c
?
w0
aa? i:?
MZV
0 N
V- C
c Wm

N

.D t m

0 x
y

40
E
O

C1 bA al
00 L
'?A?
y

0

Sg Cl 001 - ` -

O
0%
0

b
U

O ?
CD
yu
(
l J
U
A
II ?
cU
'G
-.
M
_
U 0

n1 o
1° r
.0
0
0
0
o H
?
?
O
U
0
M
\, l?' fifi
? ? I1
rt
a M
'Mf• r
w
U
v?

x N v
?z w
O
W U
?Q
?g <
w
?
U ?
?w O
zc

?o
0
P,
A
vi
?z

?Q F.. b ci
?,o +? t O
bq

/ I
yy

N
?
1 r U 5:

2
{
1 ?. cd
3> v? 4
U O

10 o ?
0
0
0
w

py

hci ?r-
LO
0 I
? 3 0 0Q
:
0 ?
U 0Il r N IOr
rn °a. Qa,

v u
V1 N °? °
z '3 z
z v, v i ?i

?iCiL
+ ?
z?

m.
Q
?N
M
?

co 00
C?
° vl v

l
l
-o
VI

o ? O
Cd to
O

-? + m
o
.?
O
al Q

f?
o a`

o ?" ca p
•
?
f?tt?? Z
a?i .s ? 3 p O
LO £ ? 0 to
s- 0?0
ZV
+
(u R
C?
M
N L C O

o ?

> o

O ANC

O ?' 0
r V
U?

0 0

'

cl

H
O
F-
N
off.
d
.a
?w >
N
? o ? b C
W O
C cry
i^ 0
" .?
. ,...
c Ct

I ~ ? M A
4 W CH GJ
P 4-4
r •?
O
O
i.
Q
.?+

O O
O C.)
Q O c. 4
N by
p _
O O U N 'D
? ? i.
^
O •

4A
U
r?
?
O

A
v
Y y ? V

`?
ti an
G U _?
N a) o: col
O fi
0
cN
"
0 a
.0
?
o
?
w
i ? ? ?• ? H
o
a w

Y A9
U W

LO O 0
o c? + F- U
z W
o
o
0 0-
?
?
<
0 0 Cd P
,
O

ce cA x ? A
P.
D o

C) M

y Cd M
D

c

N

Q
P
,
+?
o a z
_ ?>
CD F-
o
CU
CD
O N
N O^
>
d'
O
zv3,a°O3

-. 0 a

a0i `" b
?
O

o
\ cA o
N w

?^J O
c
--I ,?
co iR
a
o

C5
N d

U

U

C) '
1
U
o b
ti
O
m LO
W p +
co CD
o N r
_IX