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Groundwater Extraction
A preliminary plan for a hydraulic containment system and performance monitoring
has been developed to control and prevent further migration of boron in groundwater
from the Site along the eastern property boundary. The plan was developed by HDR
and submitted to the NCDEQ in June 2015. An expansion of this system can be
developed to incorporate removal of constituent mass in groundwater closer to the
source before it has migrated to the Site compliance and property boundaries.
Application and Effectiveness
Extraction wells would be placed in two lines oriented north to south. The first line
would be placed as part of the interim corrective action, along the eastern property line.
A total of 12 wells are proposed in the HDR plan. An additional six wells could be
added immediately adjacent to the east side of basin.
The length of the eastern perimeter line of extraction wells is approximately 6,400 feet
and the length of the central line of wells is approximately 4,600 feet. The ground
surface elevation is about 10 to 20 feet msl; the wells would extend to the top of the Pee
Dee formation, which is approximately 50 feet below ground surface (bgs). According
to the HDR plan, assuming a hydraulic conductivity of 100 ft/day, a gradient of 0.001,
and an aquifer thickness of 40 feet; a pump rate of 350 gallons per minute will or 25
gpm per well (for the perimeter wells) will create a stagnation point of 1,700 feet from
the center line of the pumping wells. Similar conditions are anticipated for the central
line of wells as the geology is fairly uniform across the Site. Groundwater modeling
indicating the effectiveness of the groundwater extraction system are illustrated in
Appendix B.
The final number of extraction wells will be based on pumping test(s). Well discharge
would go to a header pipe and then to a treatment system. An electrical control system
will be installed with a method for remote communication will be included. The
Groundwater Extraction Appendix E
L.V. Sutton Energy Complex Alternative Methods for Achieving Restoration
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system would be maintained until concentrations are below comparative values at the
property line.
Groundwater extraction wells have been used for remediation of various constituents
for many years. Advantages of groundwater extraction wells are that groundwater can
be recovered from significant depths and the extraction depth can be targeted and
discrete; pumps can be sized and operated in a strategic manner in order to move the
desired volume of water. However, groundwater extraction by means of pumping
wells brings disadvantages including costs to purchase pumps, install wells and
associated piping, and operation and maintenance. Additionally, treatment of
removed groundwater can be complex and expensive. Long term maintenance will be
required to avoid biofouling of well screens.
Groundwater modeling has been conducted to help evaluate the effectiveness of
groundwater extraction wells both at the east side of the basins and at the eastern
property line. The groundwater model provides simulations of the short (5 year) and
long term (15‐30 year) effects of hydraulic control. A copy of the groundwater
modeling report is presented in Appendix B.
Groundwater Extraction Wells - Implementability/Feasibility
Constituents with low Kd values (boron) can be effectively captured with this
technology; whereas constituents with greater Kd values (greater than 5 to 10) will not
be effectively addressed because of the time required for these constituents to reach a
well screen.
The 1971 and 1984 ash basins will be removed. A rail line has been constructed
alongside the 1971 basin to transport the ash for offsite disposal. The loading area is
located on the southeastern portion of the 1984 basin. A landfill is proposed between
the ash basins and the eastern Site boundary. Additionally, a treatment system is being
constructed north of the ash basins to treat water from the dredging of the 1971 basin.
The central line of groundwater extraction wells may be installed along the eastern side
of the 1971 and 1984 basins, between the basins and the footprint of the future landfill,
preferably west of the compliance boundary. The wells should be as close to the basins
as is feasible without being overly influenced by the surface water body that will
remain following closure of the 1971 basin. There should be sufficient room available
for well installation and trenching for piping in this area, however, the design and
implementation will need to be done in close cooperation with the excavation activities
and the construction/operation of the landfill and treatment system.
Groundwater Extraction Appendix E
L.V. Sutton Energy Complex Alternative Methods for Achieving Restoration
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Aquifer testing will provide information required to scale the groundwater extraction
system and pumping equipment. Results of aquifer testing will be used to complete the
final extraction system design and may also be used to refine results from groundwater
modeling. An engineering report will provide detailed design methodologies,
calculations and equipment selection criteria. Construction drawings will be provided
with the system design.
Groundwater Extraction Wells - Environmental Sustainability
Groundwater extraction wells remove coal ash constituents from the subsurface as
water is pumped from the wells. Hydraulic capture of groundwater controls migration
of constituents from underneath the ash basin and from moving offsite. Groundwater is
subsequently routed to a basin for treatment such as pH buffering and then discharged
to the Cape Fear River or the Site cooling pond under an NPDES permit.
Groundwater Extraction Wells - Cost
Hydraulic capture by means of a groundwater extraction system includes capital costs
for installation of groundwater extraction wells and associated piping and equipment
such as down well pumps. System operation time has been modeled for 30 years.
Therefore, operation and maintenance costs for a 30‐year period are included for
comparison purposes.
System Design and Installation $2.8 M
O&M over 30 years $5.3 M
Total Present Worth Cost (minus treatment) $8.1 M
Groundwater Extraction Wells - Stakeholder Acceptance
The area involved with installation of a groundwater extraction system and the area to
be treated by hydraulic capture includes the north central portion of the Site as well as
the eastern Site boundary and adjacent properties to the east of the line of recovery
wells. The property east of the Site is used for light industrial/commercial activity. The
influence of the recovery wells will extend offsite to the east of the Site; however, based
on the high hydraulic conductivity of the surficial aquifer, significant drawdown is not
anticipated within the capture zone. Installation and operation of a groundwater
extraction system is not expected to significantly or negatively affect the surrounding
properties.
Groundwater Extraction Appendix E
L.V. Sutton Energy Complex Alternative Methods for Achieving Restoration
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Permits that may be required for a groundwater extraction system included the
following:
NCDEQ recovery well permits,
Erosion & sediment control permit
Modification of the existing NPDES permit
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Interceptor Trench + MNA
Use of an interceptor trench conceptually involves control of the migration of
groundwater from the east side of the 1971 and 1984 basins. An approximately 4,600 ft.
long groundwater collection trench would be installed along the eastern perimeter of
the basin. Similar to the extraction well scenario, the groundwater would be pumped to
a treatment system for pH adjustment prior to discharge through the NPDES outfall.
Interceptor Trench – Application and Effectiveness
Interceptor trenches are an effective means of maintaining hydraulic control at waste
management sites. Trench construction may vary from a simple design where the
excavated trench is backfilled with gravel allowing groundwater to drain to a discharge
point by means of gravity. Alternatively, interceptor trenches may be constructed with
perforated piping installed at the bottom which is connected to a collection sump on the
downgradient end. A pumping system collects groundwater from the trench and moves
it to a treatment chamber and then to a discharge point.
An interceptor trench would extend approximately 4,600 feet along the eastern
perimeter of the 1971 and 1984 basins. The surficial zone consisting of silty sands,
which are typically saturated at 7 to 10 feet bgs, and extends 50 feet downward to the
top of the Pee Dee formation. The bulk of the contaminant mass is located in the lower
portion of this surficial zone. The interceptor trench would have to extend to the top of
the Pee Dee formation and would therefore have a saturated thickness of 40 to 45 feet.
Collected water would be routed to a treatment system for discharge to the Site cooling
pond or the Cape Fear River under an NPDES permit. As with the extraction well
system, flow rates are expected to be high, in the range of 500 to 600 gallons per minute.
The same limitations pertaining to Kd values discussed above apply to trenches as well.
Interceptor trenches generally require less equipment and labor than a system of
groundwater extraction wells. The pump system can be limited to one or two stations
rather than pumps installed at each of a network of extraction wells. Interceptor
trenches also offer a positive cutoff of the migration of contaminants, whereas
Interceptor Trench Appendix E
L.V. Sutton Energy Complex Alternative Methods for Achieving Restoration
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groundwater extraction wells have the potential to allow some continuing migration
between wells (Gilbert and Gress, 1987).
Interceptor Trench - Implementability/Feasibility
Implementation of an interceptor trench given the Site conditions is problematic. First,
the bulk of the contaminant mass is near the bottom of the surficial aquifer, so the
trench would have to extend to a depth of approximately 50 feet. Second, installation of
an interceptor trench would be much more invasive to the planned activities in the area
east of the ash basins; construction of the landfill and excavation of the ash basins.
Construction plans would incorporate continued drainage or dewatering by rerouting
or pumping water to a temporary collection basin before discharge to the cooling basin
or the Cape Fear river. The trench could be constructed to naturally drain southward
toward the nearby cooling pond discharge canal, if this were the permitted outfall.
An engineering report can be provided detailing design methodologies, calculations
and equipment selection criteria. Construction drawings can be provided with the
system design.
Interceptor Trench - Environmental Sustainability
An interceptor trench will provide positive cutoff of coal ash constituents as they
migrate through the surficial unit underneath and away from the ash basin boundary.
Groundwater will flow south along the trench to a pump station. The water is then
pumped to a holding basin for treatment such as pH buffering and then discharged to
the cooling pond or the Cape Fear River under a NPDES permit.
Interceptor Trench - Stakeholder Acceptance
The area involved with potential installation of an interceptor trench is in the central
portion of existing plant property. Installation and operation of an interceptor trench is
not expected to affect the surroundings in such a way as it will meet with resistance
from nearby property owners.
The on‐site area east of the active basin is mapped as wetlands. Permits that may be
required for a groundwater extraction system included the following:
NCDEQ recovery well permits,
Erosion & sediment control permit
Modification of the existing NPDES permit
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Vertical Barrier.docx
Passive Vertical Barrier + MNA
Passive vertical barriers (PVBs) provide control over groundwater movement by cutting
off or re‐directing groundwater flow. Also known as groundwater barriers or cut‐off
walls, PVBs can be constructed of low permeability materials such as bentonite slurries.
Passive Vertical Barrier – Application and Effectiveness
A PVB installation on the east side of the active basin conceptually involves
construction of a 4,600 ft long wall to approximately 50 feet deep. This would allow for
coverage across the eastern perimeter of the basins and the depth would tie the wall to
of the top of the low‐flow Pee Dee Formation. The PVB could be constructed of
bentonite or concrete slurry or steel sheet piling. The joints in sheet piling may be
grouted but still leave the potential for leakage. Further groundwater modeling may be
needed to evaluate the effectiveness of a PVB and to insure that unwanted effects such
as groundwater mounding will not become problematic.
Passive Vertical Barrier - Implementability/Feasibility
As with an interceptor trench, implementation of a PVB is problematic given the depth
of the contaminant mass, the top of the Pee Dee and Site construction in the area..
An engineering report can be provided detailing design methodologies, calculations
and equipment selection criteria. Construction drawings can be provided with the
system design. Preliminary costs and implementation timeframes are provided below.
Passive Vertical Barrier - Environmental Sustainability
A PVB will provide cutoff of coal ash constituents as they migrate through the surficial
unit underneath and away from the ash basin boundary. However, constituents are not
removed from the groundwater flow system and a barrier alone may lead to unwanted
effects such as mounding of groundwater.
Passive Vertical Barrier Appendix E
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Passive Vertical Barrier - Cost
Installation costs to install a PVB along the east side of the active basin are provided
below.
PVB Installation – Sheet piling $5.0 M
PVB Installation – Bentonite slurry wall $10 M
Time to design, permit and construct 2 years
Passive Vertical Barrier - Stakeholder Acceptance
The area involved with installation of a PVB is on existing plant property. The property
east of the active basin beyond the property boundary is currently forested. Installation
of a PVB is not expected to affect the surroundings in such a way as it will meet with
resistance from nearby property owners.
Permits that may be required for a PVB system included the following:
Erosion & sediment control permit
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Phytoremediation + MNA
Phytoremediation is appropriate at Sites where a low permeability cap is not
implemented. For example, in a cap in place scenario, phytoremediation may be
implemented in areas adjacent to the basins and in downgradient areas. Alternatively, if
an ash basin is excavated and graded to drain naturally, phytoremediation may be
implemented to address residual constituents left in soil in the basin footprint.
Phytoremediation – Application and Effectiveness
Phytoremediation involves the use of selected specialty plants (e.g., Hybrid Poplars,
Vetiver Grass) with root systems that can penetrate into the surficial deposits (~10‐20 ft)
and are known to be capable of metals uptake, boron accumulation, and high
evapotranspiration (ET) water consumption potentials. The trees are planted in a
plantation configuration termed a “phytoplot” and can be irrigated with extracted
groundwater to remove/sequester targeted CCR constituents. The trees would extract
and evapotranspire large volumes of groundwater during the growing season
providing groundwater hydraulic control. In addition, the trees would extract soluble
coal ash constituents which would be incorporated into the plant tissue biomass.
Phytoremediation may be used in conjunction with other remedial approaches such as
interceptor trenches and MNA. Methods involved in the remediation of groundwater
impacted with inorganic constituents include:
Evapotranspiration – The ability of plants to intercept, take up and transpire
large volumes of surface and/or groundwater.
Phytoextraction – contaminant uptake and storage in biomass
Rhizodegradation – The breakdown of contaminants in the soil through
microbial activity.
Phytovolatilization – Contaminant uptake followed by volatilization
Phytoremediation Appendix E
L.V. Sutton Energy Complex Alternative Methods for Achieving Restoration
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Phytostabilization ‐ Plant biological processes or physical characteristics
transform metals into immobile forms
Phytodegradation – The uptake of contaminants from soil, sediments and
water and the subsequent breakdown of the contaminants through metabolic
processes within the plant.
Phytoremediation of groundwater contaminated by metals, metalloids, and non‐metals
generally involves phytoextraction (Salt et al., 1995; Kumar et al., 1995; Cornish et al.,
1995; Banuelos et al., 1999). Photoextraction relies on the use of certain plant species
(hyperaccumulators) that have the ability to selectively accumulate high concentrations
of metals, metalloids or non‐metals in their biomass (Pivetz, 2001). This allows for the
removal of unwanted constituents from groundwater and facilitates the recycling of
these constituents back into the biogeochemical cycle.
Based on a preliminary review, the following plant species are both appropriate to treat
ash constituents and suitable for the site growth zone:
Hybrid Poplar (OP‐367)
Hybrid Poplar (DN‐34)
Vetiver Grass
Hybrid Black Willow
Fescues (multiple species)
Chinese Brake Fern
Phytoremediation requires the media needing treatment to be within the zone of
influence of the plant roots; therefore, it is most effective close to the ground surface.
Phytoremediation would involve the installation of specialty clones of the hybrid and
willow tree families into the excavated basin. The trees would be planted directly into
the post‐excavated base substrate of the basin or, if these soils are incapable of
supporting tree growth, into a supplemental soil blanket placed in the basin bottom.
The trees would be selected for their ability to uptake and sequester boron, arsenic and
other CCR constituents. Several clones of the poplar and willow families are available
to achieve this objective. In addition, the trees would evapotranspire large quantities of
ground water back into the atmosphere. At a planting density of 622 trees per acre,
high ET loss rates during the growing season (i.e., greater than 25 gallons/tree/day)
could lower groundwater levels by over a foot per year and would be an effective
Phytoremediation Appendix E
L.V. Sutton Energy Complex Alternative Methods for Achieving Restoration
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means to prevent the off‐Site migration of groundwater and CCR constituents. The
trees would be harvested on 12‐year cycles and sold for pulpwood. Replanting would
not be necessary as the “coppiced” trees would regenerate naturally.
Application of this technology may be appropriate for at least two scenarios 1)
remediation of residual constituents in soil and groundwater beneath the footprint of
excavated ash basins and/or, 2) remediation and control of constituents in soil and
groundwater downgradient of ash basins. The utility of this approach depends upon
the final configuration of the closed basin.
Phytoremediation can provide hydraulic control by consumption of groundwater and
act to sequester boron, arsenic and other ash‐related constituents. Approximately 5
years after planting the hybrid poplars and willows are capable of evapotranspiring
over 25 gallons of water per tree per day during the growing season. Assuming a
planting density of 622 trees per acre, potential evapotranspiration (PET) would exceed
average precipitation by a factor of 2. This would result in a lowering of average water
table depth and a significant reduction of recharge through soil zone with residual ash
influence.
Long term operation and maintenance costs are generally very low when compared to
active remedial technologies.
Phytoremediation - Implementability/Feasibility
Phytoremediation is most feasible as a ‘polishing’ remediation in the footprint of
excavated ash basins and/or as remediation/hydraulic control in downgradient areas.
Phytoremediation - Environmental Sustainability
Phytoremediation is generally considered a “green” remediation technology. Trees may
be harvested and sold for pulpwood at 12‐year cycles. Both hybrid poplar and willows
will regenerate from rootstock and need not be re‐planted.
Phytoremediation - Cost
Approximate phytoremediation costs for site preparation, planting, hydroseeding, soil
amendments, irrigation and fencing are estimated as follows:
Site Preparation and Planting $18.5 M
Irrigation and Fencing $16.0 M
O&M over 30 years $2.0 M
Phytoremediation Appendix E
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These costs assume application to the 1971/1984 basins and downgradient areas and the
FADA (800 acres total).
Phytoremediation - Stakeholder Acceptance
Phytoremediation is likely to be acceptable to stakeholders. The areas considered for
corrective action is undeveloped and naturally vegetated outside of the ash basin and
phytoremediation would blend with terms of Site conditions and continuity of land use.