NC0004987_Request for Correction/Clarification_20161006

(�`� DUKE
ENERGY®
October 6, 2016
Mr. Jeffrey O. Poupart
NC DEQ — DWR
1617 Mail Service Center
Raleigh, North Carolina 27699-1617
Subject: Request for Correction and Clarification for NPDES Permit
Marshall Steam Station
NPDES Permit #: NC0004987
Catawba County
Dear Mr. Poupart:
Richard E. Baker Jr.
Director, Environmental Programs
EHS-CCP
526 S. Church Street
Mail Code: EC13K
Charlotte, NC 28202
[phone]
On September 9, 2016, the Division of Water Resources issued the proposed final NPDES
permit for Duke Energy's Marshall Steam Station. During our review of the permit terms, our
staff noted a few items that need additional clarification or correction.
While some of the clarifications may not directly affect Duke Energy's ability to comply with the
permit, some of the following items and interpretations of permit terms can have substantial
impact on Duke Energy's ability to comply. Duke Energy requests your correction of the typos
in the permit where applicable and concurrence with Duke Energy's requested interpretations of
permit terms as soon as possible.
1. The cover letter references the name for Riverbend Steam Station. It should be changed
to reflect the permit is issued to the Marshall Steam Station.
2. Permit condition I.A (2) notes that facility is allowed to drawdown the wastewater in the
ash basin to no less than three feet above the ash. Duke Energy requests concurrence
with our interpretation that the three feet mark references the point where the pump's
floating intake is located and not throughout the basin itself.
3. Permit condition I.A (2) & (3) notes fecal coliform (geo. mean) to be sampled monthly.
Duke Energy would like clarification that the preferred test method is membrane filter
technique (9222D). Additionally, please provide concurrence with our interpretation that
if the existing sewage treatment system is removed from operation, the BOD and Fecal
Coliform limits in LA (2) & (3) will be removed from the permit.
4. Permit conditions LA (8) and I.A. (9) require monthly sampling for the first year of the
permit and then quarterly sampling in subsequent years. As a requirement of the Plan for
the Identification of New Discharges (DIP), Duke Energy has sampled these AOWs
semi-annually (April -May and October -November). Duke Energy requests concurrence
that the semi-annual sampling and observation of these AOWs outlined in the DIP is no
longer required with the AOW's now being covered by the subject permit.

5. Permit condition I.A (30) contains a table with coordinates to locate S-1 & S-2. These
coordinates below show the sampling locations for these seeps as provided in earlier
discussions.
Seep ID Latitude
Longitude Outfall
Number
S-1 350 36' 42.20"
800 57' 37.40" 101
S-2 350 36' 23.91"
800 57' 32.15" 102
6. Duke Energy requests that the map attached to the permit include outfalls 004, 101 and
102 as shown in the attached figure.
7. Duke Energy requests of approval of alternate flow measurement as described in
Attachment as required in I.A (10)6 of the permit.
If you have any questions pertaining to our request, please contact Brad Loveland at
[e-mail] or 704-609-5637
Sincerely,
t� f
Richard E. Baker, Jr., P.E., PMP
Director, EHS CCP Environmental Programs
Duke Energy
Attachments
cc: Sergei Chernikov (NCDEQ)
Richard Baker (Duke Energy)
Brad Loveland (Duke Energy)
Scott LaSala (Duke Energy)

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S/NPDES Oitfall 101
,NPDES Internal Outfall 004
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STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE
FOR
MEASUREMENT & CALCULATION OF
AOW FLOW RATES AT DUKE ENERGY SITES
SYNTERRA CORPORATION
148 RIVER STREET #220
GREENVILLE,f SC 29601
AUGUST 2016
PREPARED FOR
INTERNAL USE
Michael Spacil
Senior Environmental Scientist

SOP — AOW Flow Measurement
Duke Energy AOW Sites
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION
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SynTerra
PAGE
1.0 USING THE FLOW TRACKER METHOD.............................................................1-1
1.1 Procedure...................................................................................................................1-1
1.1.1 Site Selection........................................................................................................1-1
1.1.2 Measurement.......................................................................................................1-1
1.1.3 Result....................................................................................................................1-1
1.1.4 Record Data..........................................................................................................1-2
2.0 USING THE TIMED VOLUME METHOD.............................................................2-3
2.1 Graduated Bucket.....................................................................................................
2-3
2.2 Graduated Cylinder..................................................................................................2-4
3.0 USING THE TIMED FLOAT METHOD..................................................................3-7
3.1 Steps for the Timed Float Method..........................................................................
3-7
4.0 DATA MANAGEMENT..............................................................................................4-9
4.1 Steps for End of Day.................................................................................................4-9
4.2 Completing Flow Rate Spreadsheets.....................................................................
4-9
4.2.1 Timed Volume Method Calculation.................................................................
4-9
4.2.2 Timed Float Method Calculation....................................................................
4-10
4.3 Back in the Office....................................................................................................4-11
FIGURE
Figure 1 Schematic diagram illustrating calculation of flow rate as a volume
per time unit using area dimensions and the timed float method for
determination of flow velocity.
APPENDICES
Appendix A Washington State Department of Ecology — Environmental
Assessment Program — Standard Operating Procedure for
Operation of the SonTek" FlowTracker° Handheld ADVO
Appendix B SonTek° FlowTracker° Handheld ADVO Technical Manual
Page i
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SOP — AOW Flow Measurement August 1, 2016
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY / INTRODUCTION
At select Duke Energy Progress, LLC and Duke Energy Carolinas, LLC sites across
North Carolina, and as a requirement of the Coal Combustion Residuals (CCR) rule,
Areas of Wetness (AOWs) are to be monitored. This monitoring includes inspection of
areas adjacent to CCR impoundments at these sites for new AOWs, as well as existing
AOWs. When a new or existing AOW is inspected, the following takes place:
photographs are taken; notes are recorded regarding appearance, history, current
weather, and time/date information; water samples are collected, if feasible, for
laboratory analysis, and water flow rate is measured or calculated (estimated), if
possible. Reminder: flow rate is measured or calculated AFTER collecting all water
samples — this is done to ensure that water samples are not affected by any
suspended sediments or solids (e.g., iron flocculation, algae, debris, particles, etc.)
that could be disturbed by these methods. Also, FLOW RATE IS NOT TO BE
MEASURED IF AOW IS NOT SAMPLED OR IF AREA IS DRY OR A STAGNANT
POOL.
This SOP guides the sampling personnel on the proper sequence of steps and methods
for field determination of an accurate and precise flow rate estimate for Duke Energy
AOWs and also provides instructions for use of the Flow Tracker Method (FTM), the
Timed Float Method (TFM), and the Timed Volume Method (TVM).
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SOP — AOW Flow Measurement
st 1, 2016
Duke Energy AOW Sites SynTerra
1.0 USING THE FLOW TRACKER METHOD
Use of the SonTek Flow Tracker is the most desirable and accurate and precise flow
measurement technique. This device uses Doppler technology to measure, with some
input from the user regarding AOW dimensions, the water flow rate and ultimately,
flow as a volume per time unit. Please refer to the User Guide for more information.
The theory behind this method is that by measuring channel depth at several locations
across the width of a channel, along with the measurement area used by the
transmitter/receiver unit, a total discharge can be calculated using built-in equations.
Supplies needed:
0 SonTek F1owTracker
h Graduated tag line (e.g., a white rope with demarcations similar to a ruler)
0 Rubber boots or waders, depending on water depth
h Yellow Field Book
y Surface Water Velocity Log sheet
h Writing utensil
1.1 Procedure
1.1.1 Site Selection
Select a location that has reasonable uniform bottom conditions that can be safely
waded. String a graduated tag line across the width of the channel. Sometimes,
excessive debris or soft sediment/mud/floc can inhibit reliable use of this device.
1.1.2 Measurement
At each station (between tag line graduations) enter station location and water
depth and measure the velocity at one or more depths, depending on which
measurement method is being used. The x-axis of the probe should be
perpendicular to the tag line and held away from underwater obstacles that may
obstruct flow.
1.1.3 Result
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SOP — AOW Flow Measurement
Duke Energy AOW Sites
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Based on the depth, station width, and mean velocity, the discharge for a station
is calculated. The total discharge is the sum of all station and edge discharge
values.
1.1.4 Record Data
The result of each station discharge is to be recorded on the Surface Water
Velocity Log sheet and summed for the total discharge volume per time.
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SOP — AOW Flow Measurement August 1, 2016
Duke Energy AOW Sites SynTerra
2.0 USING THE TIMED VOLUME METHOD
The Timed Volume Method (TVM) is the second most desirable method of measuring
water flow at AOW locations. This technique directly measures amount of water
flowing on a volume per time unit, typically liters (L) or milliliters (mL) per second(s).
This method uses a graduated container (e.g., cylinder, bucket) to capture and measure
the amount of water flowing through an AOW. Due to the mechanics of this method,
however, there are locations where this method is not possible or is not the best method
based on characteristics of the AOW. The specifics on these techniques are discussed
below.
Supplies needed:
1' A graduated container (e.g., cylinder, bucket)
`7 Stopwatch
C0 Calculator
0 Surface Water Flow Rate Log sheet
�.? Yellow Field Book
,0 Writing utensil
2.1 Graduated Bucket
A graduated bucket is a bucket that displays measurement lines on the sidewall,
usually in liters or gallons. The sidewall is somewhat translucent, so the water line is
visible from the outside after water has been placed inside the bucket. This method is
an accurate and precise way of measuring amount of water flow directly, with minimal
calculation or conversion of units. However, this method cannot be used everywhere;
in fact, this method should only be used in specific instances where the entirety or
majority of the flow can be captured. In the case that less than one hundred percent of
the flow is captured, a percentage estimate should be noted. If no other method is
feasible, you may use this method, along with an estimate of the percentage of the flow
captured. For example, a location that would be very amenable to this method would
be a culvert outfall under which a graduated bucket could be positioned for filling, and
the time to fill (partially, to a level that could be measured by the graduations on the
sidewall) would be timed using a stopwatch.
Steps for using this method:
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SOP — AOW Flow Measurement
Duke Energy AOW Sites
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1. After sample collection and measurement of water field parameters is completed,
approach the AOW with a graduated bucket. Another person will prepare to
operate a stopwatch.
2. With verbal coordination, person 1 will position the bucket into the water
stream, while person 2 simultaneously starts the stopwatch.
3. Both persons observe the filling of the bucket.
4. With verbal coordination, person 1 removes the bucket (ensuring to remove the
bucket while the water remains within the bounds of the graduations on the
sidewall) from the water stream, while person 2 simultaneously stops the
stopwatch.
5. Person 1 sets the bucket on a level surface and waits for approximately 30
seconds for the water to calm in the bucket.
6. Person 1 relays the volume measurement to person 2, estimating volume to the
nearest 0.25 L.
7. Person 2 then notes on the Surface Water Flow Rate Log sheet the volume in
Liters and time in seconds, in a table format.
8. Repeat nine more times, for a total of 10 measurements.
9. Calculate the average number of liters captured.
10. Calculate the average time in seconds.
11. These data will be entered into the Timed Volume Method Calculation
spreadsheet at the end of the day before entering flow data into the Chain of
Custody (COC).
2.2 Graduated Cylinder
A graduated cylinder is a slender cylindrically -shaped container that displays
measurement lines on the sidewall, usually in mL. The sidewall is somewhat
translucent or clear, so the water line is visible from the outside after water has been
placed inside. This method is an accurate and precise way of measuring amount of
water flow directly, with minimal calculation or conversion of units. However, this
method cannot be used everywhere; in fact, this method can only be used in specific
instances where the entirety of the flow can be captured. For example, a location that
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SOP — AOW Flow Measurement August 1, 2016
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would be very amenable to this method would be a narrow, shallow channel into which
a graduated cylinder could be positioned for filling, and the time to fill (partially, to a
level that could be measured by the graduations on the sidewall) would be timed using
a stopwatch. Measuring flow in a channel can be challenging using this method, as
capturing 100% of the flow is difficult. If no other method is feasible, you may use this
method, along with an estimate of the percentage of the flow captured. A small culvert,
or pipe, outfall could be measured using this method also, if the flow were slow enough
to capture all of the outfall water and get precise start and stop times for filling.
Steps for using this method:
1. After sample collection and measurement of water field parameters is completed,
approach the AOW with a graduated cylinder. Another person will prepare to
operate a stopwatch.
2. With verbal coordination, person 1 will position the cylinder into the water
stream, while person 2 simultaneously starts the stopwatch.
3. Both persons observe the filling of the cylinder.
4. With verbal coordination, person 1 removes the cylinder (ensuring to remove the
cylinder while the water remains within the bounds of the graduations on the
sidewall) from the water stream, while person 2 simultaneously stops the
stopwatch.
5. Person 1 sets the cylinder on a level surface and waits for approximately 5
seconds for the water to calm in the cylinder.
6. Person 1 relays the volume measurement to person 2, estimating volume to the
nearest mL.
7. Person 2 then notes in the Surface Water Flow Rate Log sheet the volume in mL
and time in seconds. If less than 100% of the flow is captured, note the alternate
percentage also.
8. Repeat nine more times, for a total of 10 measurements.
9. Calculate the average number of mL captured.
10. Calculate the average time in seconds.
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SOP — AOW Flow Measurement
Duke Energy AOW Sites
.st 1, 2016
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11. These data will be entered into the Timed Volume Method Calculation
spreadsheet at the end of the day before entering flow data into the Chain of
Custody (COC).
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3.0 USING THE TIMED FLOAT METHOD
The Timed Float Method (TFM) likely exhibits the least accuracy of the three methods
employed for AOW flow rate measurement, but is amenable at most locations where
FTM and TVM are not feasible. This technique measures velocity of water flowing
through a channel as a distance per time unit (e.g., inches per second), and incorporates
the dimensions of the measurement area in order to translate the measured velocity into
a calculation of volume per time unit. This method uses a float device (e.g., ping pong
ball) to measure the rate of water flowing over a measured distance through an AOW.
Due to the constraints of this method, however, there are locations where this method is
not feasible or would not be the preferred method based on characteristics of the AOW.
This method is to be used only in locations where the previously discussed methods are
unable to be used accurately and precisely, based on professional judgment. The
specifics on these techniques are discussed below and illustrated in Figure 1.
Supplies needed:
69 A float (e.g., ping pong ball)
y Distance measuring device (e.g., measuring tape, folding ruler)
147, Stopwatch
C, Start and stop stakes (e.g., tent stakes)
0 Calculator
y Surface Water Velocity Log sheet
,67 Yellow Field Book
0 Writing utensil
3.1 Steps for the Timed Float Method
When all other methods are ruled out, this method is used to get an ESTIMATE of flow
volume through an AOW. Efforts have been taken to minimize estimation, calculation,
and rounding error while using this method; however, incorporated into this method
are several factors that are inherently imperfect (e.g., AOW dimensions, surface water
velocity versus subsurface water velocity, etc.).
Steps for using this method:
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SOP — AOW Flow Measurement August 1, 2016
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1. After sample collection and measurement of water field parameters is completed,
approach the AOW to measure dimensions of an area within the flowing portion
of the AOW. Effort should be exercised to use an area where flow is channeled
through a rather uniform section (i.e., rather consistent width and depth over a
distance).
2. Using a tape or folding ruler, measure the following: width of the channel, depth
of the water, and distance over which the float is to travel. In channels that vary
in width and/or depth, take several measurements and average them to get a
single width and/or depth measurement. If there is more than one channel,
either measure all of them separately and sum the final results or estimate the
percentage of flow being captured. Note these characteristics in the Yellow Field
Book.
3. Insert the start and stop stakes vertically into the sediment within the flowing
section of water to demarcate the starting and stopping points for measuring the
travel of the float.
4. Place float in water upstream of start stake and start stopwatch as the float passes
the start stake. If the float contacts the start stake (or any debris in channel), pick
up float and retry.
5. Stop the stopwatch when the float either passes or contacts the stop stake.
6. Enter the float times and note in Surface Water Velocity Log sheet.
7. Repeat nine more times for a total of 10 measurements.
8. Average the float times for all 10 measurements.
9. These data will be entered into the Timed Float Method Calculation spreadsheet
at the end of the day before entering flow data into the Chain of Custody (COC).
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SOP — AOW Flow Measurement
Duke Energy AOW Sites
4.0 DATA MANAGEMENT
August 1, 2016
SynTerra
4.1 Steps for End of Day
1. Samples are to be transferred to a courier for transit to the Duke Laboratory.
Before transferring samples to the courier, the Chain of Custody (COC) is to be
completed, filling all required fields on the form, signed by the sampling person,
signed by the courier, and secured to a sample cooler. One COC may be used for
multiple coolers, as long as all coolers are labelled sequentially (e.g., Cooler 1 of
3, Cooler 2 of 3, Cooler 3 of 3, etc.).
2. For AOW samples, the COC contains a column for Flow Rate, and the units
should be noted as a cubic feet per second (CFS) unit. Both the Timed Volume
Method Calculation and Timed Float Method Calculation spreadsheets will
calculate and convert user input from the field and display both CFS and gallons
per minute (GPM). This output of CFS is to be inserted on the COC; the GPM
output will be used later. See Section 4.2 for instructions on completing these
spreadsheets.
3. After shipping sample coolers, the Daily Field Report is to be completed and sent
via email to Kathy Webb, Jerry Wylie, the Site Lead for that particular site, and
CC'd to Rhonda Isham, Sam Wilkinson, Meghan Dailey, Heather Smith, Matt
Huddleston, Michael Spacil, and the members of the sampling teams for that
day. Attached to this email should be a picture of the signed (by both parties)
COC.
4.2 Completing Flow Rate Spreadsheets
There are two spreadsheets for calculating flow rates as a volume per time unit: Timed
Volume Method Calculation and Timed Float Method Calculation.
4.2.1 Timed Volume Method Calculation
Steps for completing this sheet:
1. With a field computer/laptop previously loaded with this file, open the file
in Foxit PhantomPDF.
2. Enter Site, Personnel, and Date fields at the top of the form.
3. Enter AOW location designation (e.g., S-01, A-02, 64EO-2, etc.) into
Location column.
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SOP — AOW Flow Measurement
Duke Energy AOW Sites
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SynTerra
4. Enter the average volume measurement into EITHER THE GRADUATED
CYLINDER OR GRADUATED BUCKET COLUMN. DO NOT FILL
BOTH.
5. Enter the average fill time (in seconds) from the Surface Water Flow Rate
Log sheet into the Mean Time (s) column.
6. Enter the percentage of flow captured by the measurement. This should be
100% for most measurements.
7. The sheet will automatically populate the Volume Measured (L) column
and calculate the discharge as GPM and CFS in the last two columns.
8. Enter any notes, if needed, at the bottom of the sheet.
Note: The columns for "Mean Time (s)" and "% of Flow" are pre -populated with 1.0
and 100%, respectively; edit these values if needed for AOW locations where flow
was measured, but leave these in place for the rows that are not used. These are
default values purposely placed to avoid generation of error messages while entering
data.
4.2.2 Timed Float Method Calculation
Steps for completing this sheet:
1. With a field computer/laptop previously loaded with this file, open the file
in Foxit PhantomPDF.
2. Enter Site, Personnel, and Date fields at the top of the form.
3. Enter AOW location designation (e.g., S-01, A-02, 64EO-2, etc.) into
Location column.
4. Enter AOW dimensions into their respective columns as measured in the
field.
5. The sheet will automatically calculate the water volume of the AOW
within the confines of the measurement area.
6. Enter the average float time (in seconds) from the Surface Water Velocity
Log sheet into the Mean Time (s) column.
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SOP — AOW Flow Measurement August 1, 2016
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7. Enter the percentage of flow captured by the measurement. This should be
100% for most measurements.
8. The sheet will automatically calculate the discharge as GPM and CFS in
the last two columns.
9. Enter any notes, if needed, at the bottom of the sheet.
Note: The columns for "AOW Dimensions," 'Mean Time (s);' and "% of Flow" are
pre -populated with 1s,1.0, and 100%, respectively; edit these values if needed for
AOW locations where flow was measured, but leave these in place for the rows that
are not used. These are default values purposely placed to avoid getting error
messages while entering data.
4.3 Back in the Office
When field teams return to the office, the following items are to be relinquished to
Heather Smith: the Yellow Field Book for that site, the site binder, all hard copy (i.e.,
paper) flow rate/velocity sheets that were completed in the field, spreadsheet PDF files
(that were completed at End of Day and resaved as different file names), and photo files
from the Site Lead's camera/phone (make sure files are named according to AOW
location). Only the Site Lead (or a designated person who will be present at all site
AOWs) — should take photos, and photos should only be on one device. Heather will
use these materials to complete the AOW Sample Log Sheets. These sheets contain the
AOW location, field parameters, flow data, a photo of the AOW (with the sign in the
picture, if a sign is present), and other notes about the location.
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SOP — AOW Flow Measurement
Duke Energy AOW Sites
Figure
st 1, 2016
SynTerra
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SOP — AOW Flow Measurement August 1, 2016
Duke Energy AOW Sites SynTerra
AOW Flow Rate Calculation: Tinned Float Method*
"Modified Method from Michaud and Vdierenga (2005)
Area of Parabola (W) = (2 x b x h)/3
Volume (of AOW measurement area in Ina) = area of parabola distance
Float time = time (s)
Result = in3 / s 4 Convert to Gallons Per Minute (GPM):
1 Gal = 231 W,1 min = 60 s, apply 0.85 correction factor
Convert GPM to ft3/s (CFS)
1Gal =7.48ft3,60s=1min -14
Assumptions:
L Parabolic stream bottom
2. Mean water velocity is 85%
of the surface velocity"
"b"— base (in)
"w"—width (in) (= 2 x b)
start
-- -- __....I "h"—height(in)
in)
"not to scale
Example: measurement area is 36" wide, 4" deep, 72" long (distance), and float time is 15 seconds
1. AOW Volume (V) = ((2 x 18 x4)/3) x 72 = 3456 in3
2. Float time {t} =15 sec If only part of the Flow can be captured (e.g., more than one channel),
either measure all channels and sum them (preferable), or estimate the
3. GPM = (3456 in3 x 60 s x 0.85) / (231 in3 x 15 s) = 50.9 GPM percentage of flow measured and dlvlde volume rate by percent
4. CFS = 50.9 GPM/ (7.48 gal x 60s) = 0.113 CFS measured (Ex. 50.9 GPM /30% =169.7 GPM)
"thaud, J. P. and Wiw-ga, M.2005. Estlmati g 0isoharge and Stream nowmA Guidefor Sard end Gravel Operatara. Washiigtan State Oepartmert otEcology, Eca5agr Publimtion Humber
0510-070.
Figure 1. Schematic diagram illustrating calculation of flow rate as a volume per time unit using
area dimensions and the timed float method for determination of flow velocity.
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SOP — AOW Flow Measurement
Duke Energy AOW Sites
Appendices
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Washington State Department of Ecology
Environmental Assessment Program
Standard Operating Procedure for Operation of the SonTeko F1owTrackero Handheld ADV®
Version 1.1
Author — Tyler W. Burks, WOS FMU
Date — February 26, 2009
Reviewer — Mitch Wallace, EOS FMU
Date — March 30, 2009
QA Approval - William R. Kammin, Ecology Quality Assurance Officer
Date —
EAP058
APPROVED: 6/24/2009
Recertified: 8/10/2015
Signatures on File

Please note that the Washington State Department of Ecology's Standard Operating Procedures
(SOPS) are adapted from published methods, or developed by in-house technical and administrative
experts. Their primary purpose is for internal Ecology use, although sampling and administrative
SOPs may have a wider utility. Our SOPS do not supplant official published methods. Distribution of
these SOPs does not constitute an endorsement of a particular procedure or method.
Any reference to specific equipment, manufacturer, or supplies is for descriptive purposes only
and does not constitute an endorsement of a particular product or service by the author or by
the Department of Ecology.
Although Ecology follows the SOP in most instances, there may be instances in which Ecology uses an
alternative methodology, procedure, or process.
XAEA PROGRAMTCYEAPSMApproved SOPs\ECY_EAP_SOP_OperadonofSonTekFlowTrackerHandhe]dADV_vl_IEAP058.docx —08/10/15—Page 2

SOP Revision History
Revision Date Rev Summary of changes Sections Reviser(s)
number
08/10/2015 1.1 BeanlCheck frequency and Mounting 6.2.1 and Tyler Burks
Correction update. 6.3.8
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Environmental Assessment Program
Standard Operating Procedure for Measuring Stream Discharge using the SonTek® FlowTracker®
Handheld ADV®
Introduction
The SonTek® FlowTracker® Handheld Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter (FlowTracker) is the primary
instrument used for measuring surface freshwater discharge in wadeable streams by the Environmental
Assessment Program (EAP) Freshwater Monitoring Unit (FMU). The FlowTracker ADV operates at
an acoustic frequency of 10 MHz and measures the phase change caused by the Doppler shift in
acoustic frequency that occurs when a transmitted acoustic signal reflects off particles in the flow of
water. The magnitude of the phase change is proportional to the flow velocity. In cooperation with the
United States Geological Survey, SonTek/YSI Inc. adapted this previously lab -restricted technology
for use by hydrographers in wadeable streams, via a Top -set wading rod.
1.0 Purpose and Scope
1.1 This document is the Environmental Assessment Program (EAP) Freshwater
Monitoring Unit (FMU) Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for measuring stream
discharge using the SonTek FlowTracker Handheld ADV.
1.2 The procedure for operation, maintenance, quality assurance, and data management for
producing a surface water measurement with the FlowTracker is summarized in this
document. The information hereafter is for quick reference and FMU relative
supplementary information and is not a substitute for the SonTek FlowTracker Quick
Start Guide, User's Manual, or the more in-depth Technical Manual.
2.0 Applicability
2.1 This procedure is followed when conditions warrant a wading discharge measurement.
Certain steps in this procedure (i.e. maintenance and quality assurance) can be followed
out of sequence during periodic maintenance or office processing of a discharge
measurement.
3.0 Definitions
3.1 Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter (ADV): An instrument that measures stream velocity by
sensing the phase change caused by the Doppler shift in acoustic frequency that occurs
when a transmitted acoustic signal reflects off particles in the flow.
3.2 Boundary: An underwater obstacle that impedes the transmission or receipt of the
acoustic signal by the FlowTracker. The sampling range self -adjusts to some boundaries
but may dramatically reduce recorded maximum velocity. The degree of interference is
reported as the Boundary QC.
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3.3 Cross-section: A vertical plane oriented perpendicular to the stream flow direction that
extends from bank to bank and from the channel substrate to the water surface.
3.4 Discharge: The volume of water in a stream passing a given point at a given moment in
time and is determined by measuring the stream channel cross sectional area and the
water's mean velocity at the site selected.
3.5 QA Thermistor: An analytical probe comprised of thermally sensitive resistors used to
measure water temperature for quality assurance purposes.
3.6 Quality control (QC) data: In addition to velocity, the FlowTracker records several
quality control parameters. These include signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), standard error of
velocity, boundary adjustment, the number of spikes filtered from data, and velocity
angle. For details about quality control data, see §8.1 of this document.
3.7 Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR): The ratio of the received acoustic signal strength to the
ambient noise level. It is expressed in the logarithmic unit of decibels (dB), and is the
most important quality control data for the FlowTracker. Without sufficient SNR, the
FlowTracker cannot measure velocity.
3.8 Standard error of velocity (6V): A direct measure of the accuracy of the mean velocity
data. 6V is calculated by dividing the standard deviation of one -second samples by the
square root of the number of samples.
4.0 Personnel Qualifications/Responsibilities
4.1 Personnel should possess knowledge of safely conducting discharge measurements by
wading methods.
4.2 Anyone tasked to make a wading discharge measurement that has secured a
FlowTracker from the FMU equipment pool.
5.0 Equipment, Reagents, and Supplies
5.1 2-D ADV Probe attached to FlowTracker Handheld Unit (Handheld Unit), with
firmware v3.90.
5.2 Top -Set Wading Rod with ADV Probe Mount and bubble level.
5.3 Mounting bracket for Handheld Unit.
5.4 Hex Key or Allen® Wrench.
5.5 Discharge Measurement Notes Form (ECY 040-56 (Rev. 12/07)).
5.6 Personal Floatation Device.
5.7 Engineer's Rule Measuring Tape (graduated in l Oths of feet to an appropriate length)
and two stakes (or means to secure measuring tape).
5.8 Attire suitable for entering the stream.
5.9 RS -232 Communication Cable with USB adapter.
5.10 External Computer with SonTek Software installed (SonTek FlowTracker v2.30,
SonUtils v4.20, and all versions of the manual).
5.11 Large container of turbid water (i.e. 5 gallon bucket or rectangular plastic tote).
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6.0 Summary of Procedure
6.1 Instrument Assembly
6.1.1 Remove 2-D ADV Probe, Handheld Unit, Mounting Bracket, and hex key from the
protective case.
6.1.2 Attach Mounting Bracket via thumbscrews to the two threaded holes on the back of the
Handheld Unit.
6.1.3 Insert the Mounting Post of the ADV Probe into the ADV Probe Mount on the Top -Set
Wading Rod; tighten the hex -head setscrew with the supplied hex key.
6.1.4
(SonTek/YSI, Inc., 2006)
Place the Mounting Bracket on the post extending from the top of the Top -Set Wading
plastic -capped setscrew.
(SonTek/YSI, Inc., 2006)
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6.2 Pre -Measurement Diagnostics: are performed both in the office and field environment
in order to verify proper system function. BeamCheck is a SonTek diagnostic tool used
to test and track the integrity of the ADV Probe in a controlled environment before the
unit is taken to the measurement location. Additionally, there is a built-in Quality
Control Test (QCTest) procedure that is completed in the field before each measurement
is started to assure system function.
6.2.1 BeamCheck is required only when (1) a new instrument is received, (2) if physical
damage (e.g., dropping) may have occurred, (3) a firmware upgrade or repair is made,
and (4) after any QCTest failures that cannot be explained by improper placement in the
test environment.
6.2.1.1 Fill a container (five -gallon bucket or rectangular plastic tote) with at least 12 inches of
water. This water must be turbid enough to reflect the transmitted acoustic pulses back
to the receivers at the ADV Probe. If using tap water, add a handful of fine-grained dirt
and stir into the container until suspended.
6.2.1.2 Connect the RS -232 Communication cable to the USB adapter, and between an external
computer and the threaded 5 -pin connector COM port at the base of the Handheld Unit.
6.2.1.3 Start up the external computer.
6.2.1.4 Turn the Handheld Unit on by holding down the yellow button on the keypad.
6.2.1.5 Run the FlowTracker software v2.30 (click Start I Programs I SonTek Software
FlowTracker).
6.2.1.6 Click Connect to a FlowTracker. Select the correct COM port and click Connect.
6.2.1.7 Click BeamCheck
6.2.1.8 Submerge ADV Probe in turbid water assuring that it is a minimum of 2 inches from the
bottom of the container and ideally 8-12 inches from the edge of the container. It is
important however that a boundary does exist.
6.2.1.9 In the upper right of the BeamCheck window, click Averaging.
6.2.1.10 Click Start then quickly click Record.
6.2.1.10.1 The software will log the BeamCheck session to a file.
6.2.1.10.2 Use the following file naming convention: FT*-YYYY-MM-DD.bmc. (*Depends on
the EAP assigned number to that particular FlowTracker unit).
6.2.1.10.3 Save the file to the external computer for future archiving.
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6.2.1.11 After recording a minimum of 20 pings click Stop.
6.2.1.11.1 The number of recorded pings is monitored in the upper left corner of the BeamCheck
window.
6.2.1.11.2 The following diagram is an example of a near ideal BeamCheck session:
@e ,IEOt ye -w @-ams PIs A:k gl)ma n
Start
..Button...
-inging
4.
-X 100-
i'
r
0a
6.2.1.11.3
6.2.1.12
6.2.1.13
6.2.1.14
6.2.1.15
6.2.1.16
Record averaging t
uttan... :...Button .............
' � I
Sampling. - .. Boundary.. _ate
I
Volume Reflection
i;
_----_--- --- -- - - - - - - - - - -- -
Noise
Level'
to IS' 20 ?5 31 35 =o 45 ;
Refer to SonTek/YSI FlowTracker Technical Manual (§6.5.5) for detailed explanation
of the sample diagram. Refer to SonTek/YSI FlowTracker Technical Manual (§6.5.6)
for assistance with diagnosing potential hardware problems using BeamCheck.
Click File I Exit to close BeamCheck.
Click Disconnect.
Disconnect the communication cable from the Handheld Unit and external computer.
Press and hold the yellow power button on the Handheld Unit until the screen is blank.
Disassemble the FlowTracker and secure for departure.
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i gs�.•_ra�3ed
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j
FlowTracker AIP1108 - BJ) V20016202; d PM (Avera eg d; 33 pingsj
Start
..Button...
-inging
4.
-X 100-
i'
r
0a
6.2.1.11.3
6.2.1.12
6.2.1.13
6.2.1.14
6.2.1.15
6.2.1.16
Record averaging t
uttan... :...Button .............
' � I
Sampling. - .. Boundary.. _ate
I
Volume Reflection
i;
_----_--- --- -- - - - - - - - - - -- -
Noise
Level'
to IS' 20 ?5 31 35 =o 45 ;
Refer to SonTek/YSI FlowTracker Technical Manual (§6.5.5) for detailed explanation
of the sample diagram. Refer to SonTek/YSI FlowTracker Technical Manual (§6.5.6)
for assistance with diagnosing potential hardware problems using BeamCheck.
Click File I Exit to close BeamCheck.
Click Disconnect.
Disconnect the communication cable from the Handheld Unit and external computer.
Press and hold the yellow power button on the Handheld Unit until the screen is blank.
Disassemble the FlowTracker and secure for departure.
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6.2.2 Field Diagnostics are performed, with the instrument assembled, prior to each discharge
measurement or periodically throughout the field excursion to confirm operation and
capacity of the instrument.
6.2.2.1 The Recorder Status option checks the amount of space available on the 4 -MB internal
memory of the Handheld Unit.
6.2.2.1.1 Press and hold the yellow power button to turn on the unit.
6.2.2.1.2 Press Enter for the Main Menu
6.2.2.1.3 Press 2 to access System Functions
6.2.2.1.4 Press 2 to access Recorder Status
6.2.2.1.4.1 The number of files recorded and the maximum number of files available will be
reported. On 4 -MB of internal memory approximately 64 measurements can be
conducted before the memory must be reformatted (erased).
6.2.2.1.5 Press Enter to return to the System Functions menu
6.2.2.1.6 If you have concerns regarding the amount of space available, Press 3 to Format
Recorder.
6.2.2.1.6.1 Before the internal memory is erased be sure to download the data to an external
computer, or confirm with others that the data has been properly archived. Once the
memory is reformatted, the previous data is non-recoverable.
6.2.2.1.7 Press "1" 6(2" "3" and Enter to confirm your decision.
6.2.2.1.8 Press Enter after the format is complete to return to the System Functions menu. This
process will take approximately 15-60+ seconds.
6.2.2.2 Temperature Data should be checked for accuracy because it is used for sound speed
calculations and can affect velocity data.
6.2.2.2.1 Place the ADV Probe in the water that is to be measured.
6.2.2.2.2 From the System Functions menu Press 4 to access temperature data.
6.2.2.2.2.1 The temperature sensor is in the probe head and is accurate to ±0.1 °C. The temperature
recorded is used for automatic sound speed correction.
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6.2.2.2.3 This temperature value should be compared to an independent measurement of water
temperature (QA Thermistor) before a measurement is conducted. A difference of 5°C
between the two values could result in an error of ;::;2% in mean velocity detennination.
6.2.2.2.4 Press Enter to return to the System Functions menu.
6.2.2.3 Battery Data should be checked prior to each measurement to confirm that there is
capacity to complete the measurement.
6.2.2.3.1 From the System Functions menu Press 5 to access battery data.
6.2.2.3.1.1 The battery voltage and estimated remaining capacity (percent of total) based on voltage
will be displayed for three battery types. In most cases, Alkaline or NiMH batteries are
available.
6.2.2.3.1.2 Alkaline batteries have an average continuous running time of 25 hours, with a
"drained" voltage of 7.0 V.
6.2.2.3.1.3 NIMH (1600mAh) batteries have an average continuous running time of 15 hours, with
a "drained" voltage of 8.OV. If the alkaline voltage drops, below ;:4.0 V, the batteries
should be changed. Batteries cannot be changed during a measurement without the
possibility of losing data,
6.2.2.3.1.4 It is important to check the battery data at ambient temperature because capacity can
vary greatly with environmental conditions.
6.2.2.3.2 Refer to SonTek/YSI F1owTracker Technical Manual (§7.2) for further information
regarding the Handheld Unit Power Supply.
6.2.2.3.3 Press Enter to return to the System Functions menu.
6.2.2.3.4 The batteries are accessed from the back of the Handheld Unit.
6.2.2.3.4.1 Turn the system off by holding down the yellow power button.
6.2.2.3.4.1.1 Special Note: Each time the Handheld Unit is turned off, it is critical that you do so
from the Main Menu. This ensures that all information is properly saved.
6.2.2.3.4.2 Remove the six screws holding the battery compartment lid to the main housing.
6.2.2.3.4.3 Remove the old batteries from the battery holder.
6.2.2.3.4.3.1 Place all discharged single -use alkaline batteries in a receptacle for proper recycling, or
recharge NiMH batteries for later reuse.
6.2.2.3.4.4 Install the new batteries, matching the orientation shown on the battery holder.
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6.2.2.3.4.5 Secure the battery compartment lid using the six screws.
6.2.2.3.4.6 Turn the system on and check the battery voltage level as described in §6.2.2.3.1 of this
document.
6.2.2.3.4.6.1 New alkaline batteries will show approximately 12.OV, where NiMH will show
approximately 10.5V.
6.2.2.4 Confirm the System Clock displays the correct date and time (PST).
6.2.2.4.1 From the System Functions menu Press 9 to access Set System Clock.
6.2.2.4.2 If time and date are accurate Press 0 to exit back to the System Functions menu.
6.2.2.4.2.1 Change Date if not accurate.
6.2.2.4.2.1.1 Press i to change Date.
6.2.2.4.2.1.2 Type date on keypad YYYY/MM/DD. Use "." for
6.2.2.4.2.1.3 Press Enter to return to Set System Clock menu.
6.2.2.4.2.2 Change Time (PST) if not accurate.
6.2.2.4.2.2.1 Press 2 to change Time.
6.2.2.4.2.2.2 Type time on keypad HH:MM:SS. Use "." for ":."
6.2.2.4.2.2.3 Press Enter to apply the set time and return to the Set System Clock menu.
6.2.2.4.2.3 Press 0 to exit back to the System Functions menu.
6.2.2.4.3 Press 0 to exit back to the Main Menu.
6.3 Setup Parameters determine how the FlowTracker collects data and establishes quality
control criteria. In most cases these settings will not vary from the USGS (Blanchard,
2007) recommended defaults. Instances of deviation will be mentioned below. It is
however important to verify the setup parameters prior to deployment. (Special Note:
Press Enter to scroll through the Setup Parameters menu)
6.3.1 The Units System defines the units used for display and output data.
6.3.1.1 From the Main Menu Press 1 to enter the Setup Parameters menu
6.3.1.2 Confirm that the Unit System is "English."
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6.3.1.2.1 To change, Press i from the Setup Parameters menu.
6.3.1.2.2 Press 1 to change the Units System to "English."
6.3.2 The Avg Time (averaging time) option determines the period of sampling (in seconds)
for data collection at each station.
6.3.2.1 The current averaging time will be displayed in parentheses to the right of Avg Time.
6.3.2.2 Confirm that the Avg Time is 40 seconds.
6.3.2.3 To change, Press 2 from the Setup Parameters menu.
6.3.2.3.1 In normal measuring conditions the averaging time is 40 seconds which conforms to
EAP FMU and USGS standards.
6.3.2.3.2 In certain measurement conditions (Shedd, 2009) it is necessary to increase or decrease
the averaging time. The desired time can be entered on the keypad during step 6.3.2.3.
6.3.3 The Data Collection Mode (Mode) option determines the procedure when collecting a
series of measurement stations.
6.3.3.1 The current data collection mode will be displayed to the right of Mode.
6.3.3.2 Confirm that the Mode is set to "Discharge."
6.3.3.3 To change, Press 3 from the Setup Parameters Menu.
6.3.3.4 Press 1 to set the mode to "Discharge", or Press 2 to set the mode to "General."
6.3.3.4.1 Typical discharge measurements require the Mode be set to "Discharge."
6.3.3.4.2 The "General" mode is reserved for the storage of location and velocity information
without discharge calculation. This mode will not be discussed further in this document.
Refer to SonTek/YSI F1owTracker Technical Manual §4.2.2 for further information.
6.3.4 The QC Settings menu sets quality control criteria for discharge measurements. To
access the QC Settings menu Press 4 fi-om the Setup Parameters menu, this grants you
access to multiple criteria.
6.3.4.1 Press 1 to set the SNR Threshold.
6.3.4.1.1 The SNR Threshold should be set to 100, which conforms to EAP FMU and USGS
standards.
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6.3.4.1.2 The optimal operating range is >—I OdB; however, the FlowTracker can operate properly
at a ratio as low as 4dB. Below 4dB additional seeding material may be required to
collect accurate data.
6.3.4.1.3 For additional information regarding the SNR refer to SonTek FlowTracker Technical
Manual § 1. 4.2
6.3.4.2 Press 2 to set the 6V Threshold (Standard Error of Velocity Threshold).
6.3.4.2.1 The 6V Threshold should be set to 0.033 feet per second (ft/sec), which confonns to
EAP FMU and USGS standards.
6.3.4.2.2 aV is normally dominated by real variations in the flow and will vary depending on the
measurement environment.
6.3.4.2.3 If the threshold is exceeded the observation can be repeated, with an adjustment of
location in the cross section if desired. In certain measurement environments threshold
exceedances are unavoidable.
6.3.4.2.4 For additional information regarding the aV refer to SonTek FlowTracker Technical
Manual §1.4.3
6.3.4.3 Press 3 to set the Spike Threshold.
6.3.4.3.1 The Spike Threshold should be set to 10%, which conforms to EAP FMU and USGS
standards.
6.3.4.3.2 Spikes in velocity data are inherent in all acoustic Doppler velocity sensors. Spikes have
many causes; but typically include: boundaries, highly aerated water, or acoustic
anomalies.
6.3.4.3.3 A warning is given after a velocity observation if the percentage of spikes relative to the
total number of points exceeds 10%. In the case of a 40 second averaging time this
threshold would be 5 spikes.
6.3.4.3.4 If the threshold is exceeded the observation can be repeated, with an adjustment of
location in the cross section if desired. In certain measurement environments threshold
exceedances are unavoidable.
6.3.4.3.5 For additional information regarding the Spike Threshold refer to SonTek FlowTracker
Technical Manual § 1.4.5
6.3.4.4 Press 4 to set the Max Velocity Angle.
6.3.4.4.1 The Max Velocity Angle should be set to 20°, which conforms to EAP FMU and
USGS standards.
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6.3.4.4.2 Velocity angle is defined as the water flow direction relative to the FlowTracker's X
measurement component.
6.3.4.4.3 The following diagram by (Rehmel, 2007) illustrates the probe coordinate system
relative to the channel cross section.
Flow
Probe i
Mountin
8racke>I�
( Wading Rod
NOT TO SCALE
(Rehmel, 2007)
Tag tine
6.3.4.4.4 The FlowTracker's ability to measure two components of velocity eliminates the
requirement for the individual to measure and document now angles at each station for
later use in discharge computation of wading measurements.
6.3.4.4.5 If the threshold is exceeded the observation can be repeated, with an adjustment of
location in the cross section if desired. If however a majority of the channel flow is
beyond 20-30° in a single direction (positive or negative) a new location for the
measurement cross section should be considered.
6.3.4.4.6 For additional information regarding the Max Velocity Angle refer to SonTek
FlowTracker Technical Manual § 1.4.6.
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}— 5 cm --}— 5 cm ---�
1 Acoustic
'Receiver i
Probe
Coordinate
System
Y
-�------�� .
kTransmiiitter
tic
'Sampling Volume
Acoustic
Receiver
Probe i
Mountin
8racke>I�
( Wading Rod
NOT TO SCALE
(Rehmel, 2007)
Tag tine
6.3.4.4.4 The FlowTracker's ability to measure two components of velocity eliminates the
requirement for the individual to measure and document now angles at each station for
later use in discharge computation of wading measurements.
6.3.4.4.5 If the threshold is exceeded the observation can be repeated, with an adjustment of
location in the cross section if desired. If however a majority of the channel flow is
beyond 20-30° in a single direction (positive or negative) a new location for the
measurement cross section should be considered.
6.3.4.4.6 For additional information regarding the Max Velocity Angle refer to SonTek
FlowTracker Technical Manual § 1.4.6.
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6.3.5 The Discharge Settings menu specifies settings for the discharge calculations and the
quality control criteria used for Discharge measurements. To access the Discharge
Settings menu Press 5 from the Setup Parameters menu.
6.3.5.1 From the Discharge Settings menu Press 1 to confirm the Equation used for discharge
calculation. The current equation used is in parentheses next to the word Equation.
6.3.5.1.1 The Equation should be set to Mid Section, which conforms to EAP FMU and USGS
standards.
6.3.5.1.2 If the Equation differs Press 1 to set to the Mid Section method.
6.3.5.1.3 By selecting the Mid Section method this sets Repeat Depth and Repeat Velocity to
"NO." Repeat Depth and Repeat Velocity are only used in measurement methods non-
standard to the EAP FMU and USGS.
6.3.5.2 From the Discharge Settings menu Press 4 to confirm the Max Section Discharge,
which is the percentage of the total discharge allowed in each section.
6.3.5.2.1 The Max Section Discharge should be set to 10%, which conforms to EAP FMU and
USGS standards.
6.3.5.2.2 The default Max Section Discharge is 10%.
6.3.5.2.3 The operator is given an alert during the measurement if a Rated discharge is entered,
or after the entire measurement is complete. For additional information regarding the
Max Section Discharge refer to SonTek F1owTracker Technical Manual § 1.4.7.
6.3.5.3 From the Discharge Settings menu Press 5 to confirm the Max Depth Change (default
50%), which is intended to alert the operator of potential depth entry errors.
6.3.5.3.1 If the entered depth differs from the previous or adjacent section by 50% the operator is
alerted and prompted to re-enter or accept the value.
6.3.5.3.2 For additional information regarding the Max Depth Change refer to SonTek
F1owTracker Technical Manual § 1.4.8.
6.3.5.4 From the Discharge Settings menu Press 6 to confirm the Max Location Change
(default 100%), which is intended to alert the operator of potential location entry errors.
6.3.5.4.1 With a setting of 100% an alert will be given to the operator if the station spacing
changes by two-times or if a station is simply out of order. Stations can be entered out
of order, however an alert is given to confirm the entry prior to sorting the location to
the correct order.
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6.3.5.4.2 For additional information regarding the Max Location Change refer to SonTek
FlowTracker Technical Manual § 1.4.9.
6.3.5.5 From the Discharge Settings menu Press 7 to confirm the discharge Reference value.
6.3.5.5.1 The discharge Reference value is used to compute percent discharge (%Q) at each
station.
6.3.5.5.2 The operator has the option to compute %Q using a Rated or Measured discharge.
6.3.5.5.3 Rated is the default option, however, if a value is not supplied the Measured discharge
is used.
6.3.5.5.4 One benefit of entering a Rated discharge is that the operator is able to monitor the %Q
of each section as the measurement progresses; adding additional sections if necessary.
6.3.5.6 From the Discharge Settings menu Press 8 to select the Methods Displayed. This
allows the operator to select the options available to measure mean velocity at a section.
6.3.5.6.1 The EAP FMU only uses a limited number of the total methods available. The unused
methods can be turned off to reduce the number of methods toggled through during a
measurement if a method change is required. Special Note: To the right of each method
the word ON or OFF will be displayed.
6.3.5.6.2 Based on current techniques employed by the EAP FMU the following Methods should
be toggled to the ON position: 2-6-8 Methods, and Multi Methods.
6.3.5.6.3 Press 1 to toggle ON 2-6-8 Methods.
6.3.5.6.4 Press 5 to toggle ON Multi Methods.
6.3.5.6.5 For additional information regarding the methods available for the measurement of
mean velocity in a section refer to SonTek FlowTracker Technical Manual §5.2.4.
6.3.5.7 From the Discharge Settings menu Press 9 to confirm the Uncertainty calculation.
6.3.5.7.1 The Uncertainty calculation should be set to Stats (abbreviated from Statistical),
which conforins to EAP FMU standards. The Stats calculation provides an estimate of
measurement uncertainty for each discharge calculation.
6.3.5.7.2 In addition to an overall statistical uncertainty calculation uncertainty is split into the
following components: accuracy, depth, velocity, and width.
6.3.5.7.3 The Stats Uncertainty calculation incorporates measurement uncertainty, natural
stream conditions (e.g., different bottom types), and the assumption that depth and
velocity change linearly between stations.
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6.3.5.7.4 For detailed information regarding the Stats Uncertainty calculation refer to SonTek
FlowTracker Technical Manual §5.2.5 and Appendix C.
6.3.6 Salinity
6.3.6.1 The salinity of the water being measured can affect the sound speed which is used for
mean velocity determination.
6.3.6.2 Freshwater has a salinity of <0.5 ppt (parts per thousand) and seawater has a salinity of
35-50 ppt.
6.3.6.2.1 For the purposes of the EAP FMU, it is rare that the FlowTracker will be used in water
with a salinity that will affect the sound speed. However, salinity may affect sound
speed in estuary (brackish), or polluted waters.
6.3.6.2.2 IMPORTANT: When using the FlowTracker in salt water, a sacrificial zinc anode
should be installed on the probe for corrosion protection.
6.3.6.3 It has been determined that an error of 12 ppt in salinity creates a ;z2% error in mean
velocity.
6.3.6.4 From the Setup Parameters Menu press 6 to change the Salinity value (in ppt).
6.3.7 Language
6.3.7.1 The FlowTracker firmware can be operated in five different languages: English, French,
German, Spanish, and Italian.
6.3.7.2 From the Setup Parameters Menu press 7 to change the Language.
6.3.7.3 Press 1 to set the firmware to English.
6.3.7.4 Consult the FlowTracker Technical Manual §2.4.7 if another language is desired.
6.3.8 Mounting Correction
6.3.8.1 SonTek/YSI reports that a potential bias of 1 to 2 percent was identified in the x -velocity
component (streamwise component) during tests conducted using a FlowTracker in a tow
tank with a standard wading rod and offset mount. This condition prompted SonTek/YSI to
release new versions of firmware (3.9) and software (2.30) for the FlowTracker to allow a
setting called "mounting correction" that may be used to adjust the measured x -velocity
component for flow disturbance in the sample volume caused by the mounting bracket and
wading rod. Based on careful investigation and analysis by the USGS Office of Surface
Water, EAP FMU conforms to the policy that the "mounting correction" must NOT be
applied. Follow-up USGS field comparisons, flowing water numerical simulations, and lab
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comparisons in flowing water did not indicate a consistent bias of this magnitude for
expected field applications (Rehmel, 2010).
6.3.8.2 From the Setup Parameters Menu press 8 to change the Mounting Correction.
6.3.8.3 Press 1 to set the firmware to No Correction (the default setting).
6.3.8.4 Consult the F1owTracker Technical Manual §2.4.8 and §8.1.4 if a non-standard
mounting correction is necessary. The non-standard correction must also be set in
F1owTracker software v2.30 under the Program Settings dialog.
6.4 Discharge Measurement Procedure
6.4.1 Summary of Site Selection Criteria
6.4.1.1 The first and often most critical step in determining the discharge of a watercourse is
selecting a representative cross section. The following is a brief summary of site
selection criteria that are specific to producing the best results with the SonTek
FlowTracker. For a full description of measurement site selection criteria review
(Shedd, 2009).
6.4.1.2 The channel is relatively straight for a distance (z10-20 channel widths upstream and
downstream of the measurement site) to provide uniform flow through the measuring
section.
6.4.1.3 Streamflow is perpendicular to the measurement cross section and tagline.
6.4.1.4 The channel is free of obstructions (e.g., vegetation, woody debris, and variable
substrate sizes) and excessive turbulence that create negative velocity, uneven velocity
distribution across the measurement cross section, or that interfere with the acoustic
signal.
6.4.1.4.1 In some cases, especially shallow streams with variable substrate sizes, minor channel
modification may be necessary to improve a measurement site.
6.4.1.4.2 Modifications should be minor and conducted prior to the start of the flow
measurement. Be mindful of the potential for salmonid redds during appropriate
seasons.
6.4.1.5 The water to be measured has sufficient particulate matter (fine sediment, organics, and
air) entrained to carry an acoustic signal.
6.4.2 Summary of the Mid -Section Method
6.4.2.1 The following is a brief summary of the mid-section method for determining stream
discharge. A full explanation can be found in (Shedd, 2009).
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6.4.2.2 The default method (§6.3.5.1) used by the FlowTracker for discharge calculation is the
mid-section method. This discharge setting organizes the entered measurement
information for the operator and applies the mid-section equation to the data to calculate
discharge. Therefore, only working knowledge of the mid-section method is necessary.
6.4.2.3 In order to accurately define the area and mean velocity of the channel, the cross section
is divided into multiple segments. A discharge measurement is the summation of the
products of the partial areas of the stream cross section and their respective average
velocities.
6.4.2.4 In the mid-section method of computing a discharge measurement, it is assumed that the
velocity sample at each point represents the mean velocity in a rectangular subsection.
The subsection area extends laterally from half the distance from the preceding
observation point to half the distance to the next, and vertically from the water surface
to the sounded depth (Buchanan and Somers, 1969; Rantz et al., 1982).
6.4.3 Data Collection Procedure
6.4.3.1 Assemble the FlowTracker as described in §6.1 of this document.
6.4.3.2 Select the cross-section location and stretch the tagline perpendicular to the prominent
flow direction.
6.4.3.3 Begin filling out Discharge Measurement Notes Form (ECY 040-56 (Rev. 12/07)).
6.4.3.4 Read and record all primary, secondary, and auxiliary gage indices (where applicable).
6.4.3.5 Read and record water temperature for future comparison to both station data and the
FlowTracker water temperature sensor.
6.4.3.6 Measurement Header Information
6.4.3.6.1 From the Main Menu Press 3 to Start Data Run
6.4.3.6.2 Press i to Name the data file.
6.4.3.6.2.1 Enter the station number (e.g., 45F110) using the keypad. It is similar to a touch-tone
phone keypad, where numbers are displayed first then letters. Press the individual key
multiple time to reach the desired number or letter.
6.4.3.6.2.2 Press Enter when finished.
6.4.3.6.3 Press 2 to add an extension to the Data File Name. The extension should consist of the
3 -digit date as an identifier. Press Enter when finished.
6.4.3.6.4 Review the Data File Name, displayed in parentheses, for accuracy.
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6.4.3.6.5 Press 9 to accept the Data File Name.
6.4.3.6.6 Press 1 to enter the Site name, this name will be imported during post -processing into
the Hydstra database.
6.4.3.6.6.1 Enter the station number (e.g., 45F110) using the keypad. In this case the letters are
displayed first, and then numbers. If a key is needed for a consecutive letter/number
combination, wait for the cursor to move to the next space before pressing the keypad.
6.4.3.6.6.2 Press Enter when finished.
6.4.3.6.7 Press 2 to enter Operator Name (initials). Enter your initials using the keypad. In this
case the letters are displayed first, and then numbers. Press Enter when finished.
6.4.3.7 Pre -measurement OC Data
6.4.3.7.1 Press 9 to Start.
6.4.3.7.2 Press 8 or QC Menu (in yellow text) to enter gage height, rated discharge, location, and
site condition information. This button can be pressed at any point during the
measurement to better document conditions throughout the site. For example, multiple
entries of Height may be required during a rapidly changing stage. Up to 20 different
entries can be added to each measurement file.
6.4.3.7.2.1 Press i to enter gage Height in feet. This value should be the most recent recorded
observation of the primary gage index.
6.4.3.7.2.2 Press 2 to enter the RatedQ in W/s. A current rating table is required to enter this
information. This value is used for comparison to measured discharge both in %Q
calculation during the measurement (aides in adjusting width spacing) and a quality
control feature at the end of the measurement, showing departure from the current
rating. Press Enter when finished.
6.4.3.7.2.3 Press 3 to enter the Time of the observation if it differs from the current time displayed.
Press Enter when finished.
6.4.3.7.2.4 Press 4 to enter the Location of the observation on the tag line in feet. Press Enter when
finished.
6.4.3.7.2.5 Press 5 to enter text Comments about the measurement cross section or a particular
location in the cross section. The "-" button is used to put a space between words. It is
advised that this feature only be used for limited text entry. Document additional notes
on Discharge Measurement Note Sheet (ECY 040-56 (Rev. 12/07)). Press Enter when
finished.
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6.4.3.7.2.6 By pressing 6 or 7 you are able to navigate between specific observation entries.
6.4.3.7.2.7 Once you have completed pertinent entries press 0 to exit. This will either continue with
the beginning of the measurement or return to the present measurement location.
6.4.3.7.3 The operator will next be prompted to Run or Skip the Auto QC Test. The Auto QC
Test is essentially a field version of BeanzCheck, but is particular td the present
measurement environment. This information is stored with each discharge measurement
file and is displayed on the discharge measurement summary.
6.4.3.7.3.1 It is a requirement of all EAP FMU members to conduct an Auto QC Test prior to each
discharge measurement.
6.4.3.7.3.2 Press I to Run Test.
6.4.3.7.3.3 The operator will be prompted to put the FlowTracker probe in moving water, away
from obstructions. It is suggested that the operator place the probe in a location within
the cross section that is representative of the stream to be measured. Set the probe at the
6/10ths depth on the wading rod and Press Enter.
6.4.3.7.3.4 The FlowTracker will collect 20 pings and either report that "All Results are Good" or
that the test completed with warnings.
6.4.3.7.3.5 If a warning exists Press I to End Test or Press 2 to Repeat Test. If the test is being
repeated, move to a different place in the cross section free of potential boundary
interference.
6.4.3.7.4 At this point of the procedure you are prompted to enter the Starting Edge of the cross
section to be measured and will soon be collecting velocity data.
6.4.3.7.4.1 All discharge measurements conducted by EAP FW members begin at the right edge
of water (REW). However the default is the left edge.
6.4.3.7.4.2 Press LEW/REW (44) to toggle between the edges, and set the starting edge to REW.
6.4.3.7.4.3 Press Set Location to enter the distance on the tagline for the starting REW. Press Enter
when finished.
6.4.3.7.4.4 Some cases exist where the edge of the cross section has a depth (Shedd, 2009), e.g., at
a bridge abutment.
6.4.3.7.4.5 Press Set Depth to enter the depth of water at the particular location on the tagline. Refer
to (Shedd, 2009) for instructions on the use of a top -set wading rod. Press Enter when
finished.
6.4.3.7.4.6 Press Next Station (#2) to continue the measurement.
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6.4.3.7.4.7 The following sequence will occur at each successive location of the cross section.
Generally, 25-30 observations per cross section are sufficient to define the natural
variability of the channel. Narrow channels will have fewer observations due to the fact
that spacing between observations is limited to 0.3 feet.
6.4.3.7.4.7.1 Press Set Location to enter the location on the tagline of the velocity observation. Press
Enter when finished. The default observation spacing is one foot. Each successive
observation sends you to the next point on the tagline based on the spacing of previous
observations.
6.4.3.7.4.7.2 Press Set Depth to enter the depth of water at the observation point. Press Enter when
finished. Each successive observation copies the depth of the previous point.
6.4.3.7.4.7.3 Depending on the depth of water at the observation point, the measurement method
(§6.3.5.6) may differ in order to calculate mean velocity. To toggle between the various
methods press Method+. The actual velocity observation depth (referenced from the
bottom-up) is displayed in parentheses. This depth changes with method.
6.4.3.7.4.7.4 When all values are correctly set and the probe is located as desired, press Measure to
start velocity data collection. Make sure you keep the probe's X direction perpendicular
to the tag line being used to define the stream cross section (see §6.3.4.4.3 of this
document).
6.4.3.7.4.7.5 It is possible to recover if you mistakenly press Measure with an incorrect parameter or
Method. Press Abort to terminate the measurement (or let the measurement finish), and
press 2 to repeat the measurement. Until one measurement is accepted at a station, you
have the ability to change all parameters. After one measurement has been accepted,
Method can no longer be changed (although other parameters can still be changed).
Loc 2 -CO +L per, _ 6Tr
V. __n2 -
BUT, -4.2
6.4.3.7.4.7.6 An updating display (right) shows velocity and SNR data. - T_mc
Displayed values represent the running mean of data at that station.
6.4.3.7.4.7.7 Once the measurement time has elapsed, a series of quality control criteria warnings
may be displayed, depending on the measurement environment. Below is a series of
tables that describes the quality control warnings and recommend action. Sections in
this table refer to the FlowTracker Technical Manual.
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w2ming
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6.4.3.7.4.7.8 Following the potential quality control warnings a summary of velocity and quality
control data is shown. Below is an example of a summary screen.
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7P6_ Z. . ,=5 4,yre. 0 - 014
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=-
6.4.3.7.4.7.9 Press 1 to Accept the data and move to the next station or location in the measurement
series (e.g., advancing from the 2/10115 to 8/10'15 observation depth). Record location,
depth, and mean velocity in the Discharge Measurement Notes after each accepted
observation.
6.4.3.7.4.7.10 Press 2 to Repeat the measurement, especially if quality control issues arise. When a
measurement is repeated, data are not lost. However, you will no longer be able to view
the old data from the keypad interface. The old data are still recorded. Later, the data
can be extracted in the raw data file (*.dat) and the measurement summary file (*.sum),
but not in the discharge summary file (*.dis).
6.4.3.7.4.7.11 Once a station is completed, the FlowTracker displays the next station. Location, depth,
and method data for new stations are predicted using previous stations. If a multiple
measurement method was used (e.g., 2/1OthS and 8/1015 water depth), the next station
will use the same method in the opposite order (i.e.; 8/10`" then 2/1 Ot" depth).
6.4.3.7.4.7.12 Depending on the width and flow characteristics of the stream being measured, steps
encompassed in §6.4.3.7.4.7 (through *7.10) will be repeated for approximately 25-30
locations across the cross section.
6.4.3.7.4.7.13 At the end of the cross section, or when an individual station is complete, the operator
can review summary data for stations by pressing Next Station and Previous Station. Below
is an example of summary information that is displayed.
Stn t toc 2-.00,
Stn 1 Loc 2.00
0.E'(D.54),
N.Oss -40 C1.E(Cl.54)
hep -.3s
Tzel 2.25.
Enter--M,o�
2mq 5- Ent-ar ;More
11
Stn 2 loo 2.. O G
Stn Jo-- 2.'00
S -N -z, 14.5 0. 5-)
Sing 2;.523 cfs.
crv, 0.Ll,� Brad BEST
Stnv 2 . 2 5 - ft.ls
'Spikes 0 Enter ---More
6.4.3.7.4.7.14 After initial review of the collected data the operator has the option to return to a station
and either delete or repeat the observation. This station can be navigated to by pressing
Previous Station or Next Station.
6.4.3.7.4.7.15 Whether you are going to repeat or delete a completed station press Delete and the digits
1-2-3 to confirm.
6.4.3.7.4.7.16 If the operator must repeat or "redo' a station enter the location, depth, and
measurement method of the station. Follow standard measurement procedures for that
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station. In most cases the operator will get a warning that the entered location is out of
sequence. Press 1 to Accept Value, the new station data will automatically be sorted
into the correct position so that discharge calculations are accurate. Data from a deleted
station is not lost. However, you will no longer be able to view the old data from the
keypad interface.
6.4.3.7.4.7.17 Once all measurement stations are completed press End Section. Depending on the
measurement environment the operator is then presented with the summary of all data
that has exceeded quality control criteria. Press Enter to review stations with quality
control warnings.
6.4.3.7.4.7.18 After the review of stations, the operator has the option to either press 1 to end the
section or to press 2 to not end the section. If quality control warnings exist and the
measurement can be improved press 2 to return to the cross section for modification.
6.4.3.7.4.7.19 If the section is not ended the operator is returned to the last station. At this point press
Set Location to add stations. If the operator has not advanced (Next Station) to the
current last station of the measurement, pressing Set Location will modify the location of
the present station on the display. In order to avoid confusion advance to the last station
before adding any additional stations.
6.4.3.7.4.7.20 Once satisfied press End Section, and then press 1 to end the collection of velocity
observations.
6.4.3.7.4.7.21 Press QC Menu (#8) to enter the ending gage height from the primary gage index, and
any additional observations as described in §6.4.3.7.2 of this document.
6.4.3.7.4.7.22 The operator will then be prompted to enter the ending (LEW) edge of water, enter the
respective depth and location.
6.4.3.7.4.7.23 Press Calculate Disch. to finish the measurement. Below is an example of the final
measurement summary screens that are displayed. Press Enter to advance through the
multiple screens. While reviewing this information, populate the necessary fields of
form ECY 040-56 (Rev. 12/07). It is also suggested that V Max, Depth Mean, SNR
Mean, 6V Mean, and H2O Temperature be written in the remarks portion of the form.
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6.4.3.7.4.7.24 Press 0 to Exit and return to the Main Menu. Once data collection is complete press
and hold the yellow power button until the display goes dark, this must be done from
the Main Menu otherwise there is a risk of losing data.
6.4.3.7.4.7.25 After each completed measurement disassemble the FlowTracker and return it to its
protective case. Extra attention should be given to protecting the integrity of the sensor
cable.
6.5 Discharge Measurement Processing
6.5.1 Discharge measurements conducted with the FlowTracker are processed using the
software SonTek FlowTracker v2.30. For instructions on acquiring and installing this
software refer to the SonTek FlowTracker Technical Manual §6.1.
6.5.2 Discharge measurement processing and software utilization requires connecting the
FlowTracker to an external computer. Connect the RS -232 Communication cable to the
USB adapter, and between an external computer and the threaded 5 -pin connector COM
port at the base of the Handheld Unit.
6.5.3 Start up the external computer.
6.5.4 Turn the Handheld Unit on by holding down the yellow button on the keypad.
6.5.5 Run the FlowTracker software v2.30 (click Start I Programs I SonTek Software
FlowTracker). Below is the FlowTracker software start up window:
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Tota1Q 44.234, cfs
L Uncer-ta rcy 3.51,c
-Num Stati•ans '27
ated4 45.1300 c'rs
Largest Source
v 2'_ean 1.,43 ft/s
Difference -1,.7;
?v`um Stations
V I•Sax 3.2'1 ft,/s,
G=Exit. or ,Enter=_'!cry
O=Exit or Enter=More
O=E,xit or Enter I 0=e
Width 273.000 'ft
Depth Me 3T '2.7 7 ft
SNIt Mean 16.5 dB
Area 47.350 ft -2,
Depth Max 3.15 ft
uV Mean 0.05. f .,1s
a
Temnerarure
O=Exit or Enter=-'•{c,re
O=Exit or Enter=2More
,0=�xit or 'Enter=l•'__`
Srsrt Ge1g-11L 4.000
File -505312.'10[,
S=ce
End Height 5-.0002
•rore: D_schar5e
Pcudre ki vex FC
Chan'ge 0.100 f4.
20GVG+e/28' 14:24:.15,
Operator 8111v Bob
0 Exit or Ett,6± _fore
rQ=Exit or Enter=Plot:
O=Exit or Enter=21nre
6.4.3.7.4.7.24 Press 0 to Exit and return to the Main Menu. Once data collection is complete press
and hold the yellow power button until the display goes dark, this must be done from
the Main Menu otherwise there is a risk of losing data.
6.4.3.7.4.7.25 After each completed measurement disassemble the FlowTracker and return it to its
protective case. Extra attention should be given to protecting the integrity of the sensor
cable.
6.5 Discharge Measurement Processing
6.5.1 Discharge measurements conducted with the FlowTracker are processed using the
software SonTek FlowTracker v2.30. For instructions on acquiring and installing this
software refer to the SonTek FlowTracker Technical Manual §6.1.
6.5.2 Discharge measurement processing and software utilization requires connecting the
FlowTracker to an external computer. Connect the RS -232 Communication cable to the
USB adapter, and between an external computer and the threaded 5 -pin connector COM
port at the base of the Handheld Unit.
6.5.3 Start up the external computer.
6.5.4 Turn the Handheld Unit on by holding down the yellow button on the keypad.
6.5.5 Run the FlowTracker software v2.30 (click Start I Programs I SonTek Software
FlowTracker). Below is the FlowTracker software start up window:
XAEA PROGRAMECYEAPSOAApproved SON ECY_EAP_SOP_OperationofSonTekFlowTrackerHandheldADV_vl_lEAP058.docx _08/10/15 -Page 26

AO the tools you need to work with the Flan•Tradre .
Select one of these actions
f� Open a Flov+Tracker file
often many FlowTrackerfileslfolders
The current export settings are:
❑Q Shaw Discharge Shunrnary Report
Export ASCII Discharge file (DIS)
❑ Export ASCII Control file (CTL)
❑ Export ASCII Sumrnary file (SUM)
[--]Export ASCII Data file (DAT)
❑ Export Flo wPack file (FPX)
❑•/ Put Headers on ASCII files
Conned to a FlowTracker
To download data and run deignostrs
IS Program Settings
QQuality Control Settings
�J Show user's Manual
Show Technical Manual
Show Quick Start
About FlowTracker
ER English
SonTek FlowTracker v2.30 —
6.5.6 Click Connect to a FlowTracker. Select the correct COM port and click Connect. The
operator will be notified if a connection was established. If a connection is not
established a red circle will appear in the "connect to serial port" dialog box.
6.5.7 Each FlowTracker measurement is saved to a master file (*.wad), which is composed of
many extractable file types that can be used in different settings. Each file type can be
extracted at any time fiom the *.wad. Important: FlowTracker software does NOT
prompt before overwriting the ASCII output files. Be sure any modified files, or
files using the same file name, have been moved to a different folder before
extracting the ASCII data.
6.5.7.1 From the main software window review the current file export settings.
6.5.7.2 For the proper export settings check the box next to the following three statements:
"Show Discharge Summary Report," "Export ASCII Discharge file (DIS)," and "Put
Headers on ASCII files."
6.5.7.3 "Show Discharge Summary Report" displays the final discharge calculation and
measurement summary report in tabular and graphic form. This includes automatic
X:\EA PROGRAM\ECYEAPSOP\Approved SOPs\ECY_EAP_SOP_OperationofSonTekFloNvTrackerHandheldADV_vl_IEAP058.docx _08/10/15_Page 27

quality control analysis to flag measurements that may include suspect data. Below is an
example of a discharge summary report:
DEPARTMENT OF
;�
ECOLOGY
B
oe5 D96
L�5.d•106•.
State of Washington
DischargeMeasurementSumma
4
VA
Dare60neMted.Wed Feb it200-
o
g
rkInfonnituDn _ Site Details.
Fie 113me 45C06J-2008-05-14.v1F0S:e Ilmu1
450;60
2
, re Ind Tm1 20 6105114 15:03:50 02e e1
starDa
n•,B
System lnfomla[i4n Units. - (tng4sh Umh) -_ _ D'esdmM Uncertainly
O
6 B ]0 12 14 16
t -taboo h
( )
T1>te F1mvT8 36o Stats
fc tate0ory{,�__
W. my
5-1
CPU F- p372 A- 1t(a
re-e,,ra'e t'ersci 3.2 Area F,^2
DepthAMM.2% 1.0.5
O.T %In
S-F.svare ver 2.31 M&.'Ge <h
S
\'ailcw'.y iA9 T.59'
oa
3.0
NSC7l t 0_19: 0.1•:
Slwmary--
Averagng W. 40 a Smtbns 26
2.5 j
Overall I SO45T 10w
Stm Edge REvt T-IlMdth 12.400
Hea. SNR i1.l dB T-Iai Area 11.939
..
a 2.0
Hein Teri 53.45 •F Mean Depth 0.967
Dech. E00a:On Md-Sectv1 HemVebcty 15174
t 1.
T.tal Dkdh a 18.1160
1.
Suppiemenlal Data_(6a-ge Herghtchage50.000ft) _ _-C
el1%tRIMI-�
1a Time fl-mb9c;GQuyated
-mments
0•
O.O
6 6 30 12 14 16
L ed 34 ssa`ze]pD,T_r75 O -Me s.s6o -j
�edhlSv :: iS::S:ta par zav I].aa 5.5h)
Measurement Res -As
L4CabOn (R)
St cock lot Nelh-d Depth 'KD_ep rtms0_1 vel [mrtau�lieaMi /vea_� Ib�l %q
0 ii9 + W Nre 0 D 0 D.0000
1) 2593 5 W 0 3201 0 - 0_i .3613
t 07 0 0000 0000 0 0030 0 0
too? 0 36351 0 1- 0
0.0
2(�I59S 5 5_Q D.Br L►D 6_OAJO 0.0997
I 0099% 0.507 0.0:?9 U S
0.
OA
I49A v O K 0 930 D.Q 0792 0.+] S O? 0!7-;�0.+�7 01995 41
15d� 6.Sd Ob' !._ 0.R' D.d' d.N3 t.0 �.7A3 OE00 4+a7.i T.6
5 1Sd91 FS t.: t" 0J�97 1.71
!'�C L917➢ t3 09105 V.5
7
7.50 09 10s 0.6' 0.5'0 IIS30
1.00 I.1570 0.6`A L 9.]
0.6
0.0
3' 150 3.W 06 10SO 06' 0.+w 2.8133 1.OQ 2.97Y3� O.S2S L+B7k 9T
13:23 3ID 0.6 SOA' 06' 0+3 2..^,bs 1. LSTb 0.575 L)7d 7.6
9� :r•!i� Aa7 Q6�1._1T' 0.6 O;iy L6153 LCC -, 1n -0.bt0� 89693 14
30 15_:B 9.50 0.6 L ' 0_6' d.s32 0.4333
11,-I5: G O.N]3,_L07
L06__0_4373�05_1� 0.5920`14
0 1F:37_2
1.0
i S1 10,0] 0 LS _ 0_bt 0.+2
0.49OS2
0_N33 %5
I.Oiro097:3o0a2% .-
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1'1.40
0.+5?1 7.
13_f.55OTAfi 00..660.2I9
0.&'
- ?
e
B 30 12 14 16
IOCOhOn (R)
_Ifs3_'A _�.55i15'
43:x27•:5a
0O.66lL' 1.6
t6 12_G70 6 5a7 L47 y-1.0� tAll 0� 650_0.96 5.2
iS iY.17 t2_SJ-O6 t_140 0.5i Q.X' L_3Sr IAO' 1_]bl 057 LOIS" 56
_17i5•:j^t^1300 0_6 09501-0.6' 0 111Td -lAq =.1tL O,+,S LOSh 56
13�LSi 121E F6( O.Ri FFI-�0 :Jt/tOT`
I91 ti -JS ti Q] 0.6 F6a 0.6 0.TU1 L17111
!.M S9It0 D.Vi]r I.:JJ+7 Q3
1.OV l_J O.ti5 �S0
Q-5 Cbntrnl
St t-- %Dep I It... e
x0� IS:T3 t+A 0.6 0800 Ob 11 20 2.5242_t.Od
71 15:2° i_5. 7 j' 0.$?6� 1}SS
5.529 4.+JD f.0ii5 56
i;0 _211 0Q71=0 111 4
5 7.01'-- 0.6�MyYsa'dsd mul0.112
_4x 11.57 15_94 O6' OTA U6 0. Y' 234i]
0.6� 0.7R7 0.61 C.-- I.A.
• 0.:77 O.F57
i0P_jiiu6r-0-Y�0 _0 1; a1
ILV 1.71:6 95V O. V3J S!
a55- Sti O.
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9 9W O.6M 11.1d- 0. t16
3d 13.'A_ QQSrLSyn Yge_21
_ OnD R6'�
K 15:73 11.04 Are O.GJd 0.0 00 0.000d
1.00 __
i.00 OA000 0000 Ot MI 00
19 1_04 O b e• 31
_ {6_OT 08 r$S'a'1roE eaw_,0096
R-S.-1O..ffi-ta QCa .See amQ1t/ Ca^ad W,d Orsrepvt fare mF niton.
2: :650 06 - e-00.97
I Automatic OuaGty Control Test (Be-amCheck) I
0
5 10 15
�( 1loise level check - Pass
SNR check - Pass
Peak location check - Pass
Peak shape check - Pass
.'Jed i'.9av 14'15:02:24 PDT 2008
Beam 1
Seam2
20 25 30 35 40 45
Range (cm)
6.5.7.4 "Export ASCII Discharge file (DIS)71 displays final discharge calculation data and
overall measurement summary. The most widely used output file, especially for
database integration. It also displays mean temperature, SNR, and flow angle of each
vertical. In the instance that a data entry error was discovered prior to database import;
this is the only file that is editable. See example below:
X:\EA PROGRAM\ECYEAPSOP\Approved SOPs\ECY_EAP_SOP_OperationofSonTekFlowTrackerHandheldADV_vl_IEAP058.doex -08/10/15-Page 28

450060-2008-05-14.W'aD
2008/05/1: 15:03:50
450060
T%s
F1am-acker-mandheld-ADv
P1783
2.11 (Build 48 - Nov 29 2006)
3.2
40 sec
En lisp units
Mid-section
REW
26
12.400 fi
11.939 ftn2
18.1160 cfs
0963 ft
1..5174 ft/$
41.1 de
0.0644 ft/s
53.45 deg F
0 Best
0 best
1 Good
2 Fair
3 Poor
3.0 ti
1.0
0.2 V
1.0 Y
0.1 %
1.7 K
2.0
istical)
3.4 %
1.0
2.1 N
2.5 %
0.1 %
_Height -Change 0.000 ft
rd Time Gauge-Heighr(fc) Rated-FloW(Cf5) commems
OL 2006/05/14 15:02:07 5.560
02 2006/05/14 15:45:40 5.560
Noise level check - Pass
suR check - Pass
Peak location check - Pass
Peak shape check- - Pass
clock LOCDepth IceD %DeP MeasD Npts spike Vel SNR Angle Verr end Temp COrrFact MeanV Area FIOVI %Q
O (ft) (ft) (ft) (a0) (ft) () O (ft/s) (de) (deg) (ft/s) O (degF) () (ft/s) (ftA2) (cfs) (%)
15:03 4.60 0.000 0.000 0.0 0.000 0 0 0.0000 0.0 0 0.0000 0 0.00 1.00 0.0000 0.000 0.0000 0.0
15:03 5.00 0.320 0.000 0.6 0.128 40 0 0.3635 38.9 -17 0.0479 0 53.28 1.00 0.3635 0.144 0.0523 0.3
15:06 5.50 1.000 0.000 0.6 0.400 40 3 0.0997 40.0 8 0.0341 0 53.28 1.00 0.0997 0.500 0.0499 0.3
15:07 6.00 0.980 0.000 0.6 0.392 40 2 0.4072 40.0 0 0.0509 0 53.28 1.00 0.4072 0.490 0.1995 1.1
15:08 6.50 1.200 0.000 0.6 0.480 40 4 0.7703 40.2 1 0.0574 0 53.29 1.00 0.7703 0.600 0.4623 2.6
15:09 7.00 1.230 0.000 0.6 0.492 40 0 1.3179 40.8 -4 0.1122 0 53.31 1.00 1.3179 0.615 0.8105 4.5
15:10 7.50 1.300 0.000 0.6 0.520• 40 0 2.2530 40.8 -3 0.0906 0 53.33 1.00 2.2530 0.650 1.4643 8.1
15:11 8.00 1.050 0.000 0.6 0.420 40 0 2.8333 41.9 -1 0.1033 0 53.35 1.00 2.8333 0.525 1.4873 8.2
15:13 8.50 1.070 0.000 0.6 0.428 40 0 2.5764 41.3 -1 0.1273 0 53.37 1.00 2.5764 0.535 1.3782 7.6
15:14 9.00 1.200 0.000 0.6 0.480 40 0 1.6158 41.3 0 0.1165 0 53.40 1.00 1.6158 0.600 0.9696 5.4
15:16 9.50 1.080 0.000 0.6 0.432 40 1 0.9833 41.3 1 0.0505 0 53.42 1.00 0.9833 0.540 0.5310 2.9
15:17 10.00 1.130 0.000 0.6 0.452 40 2 0.7933 40.4 -7 0.0266 0 53.44 1.00 0.7933 0.565 0.4482 2.5
15:19 10.50 1.030 0.000 0.6 0.412 40 0 0.8343 41.1 -13 0.0358 0 53.46 1.00 0.8343 0.515 0.4296 2.4
15:20 11.00 1.080 0.000 0.6 0.432 40 1 0.9052 41.5 -11 0.0436 0 53.47 1.00 0.9052 0.540 0.4888 2.7
15:21 11.50 1.280 0.000 0.6 0.512 40 2 1.2159 41.7 -13 0.0436 0 53.47 1.00 1.2159 0.640 0.7781 4.3
15:22 12.D0 1.300 0.000 0.6 0.520 40 1 1.4777 42.1 -17 0.0358 0 53.49 1.00 1.4777 0.650 0.9604 5.3
15:23 12.50 1.150 0.000 0.6 0.460 40 2 1.7615 42.1 -13 0.0413 0 53.51 1.00 1.7615 0.575 1.0128 5.6
15:24 13.00 0.950 0.000 0.6 0.380 40 3 2.2178 42.4 -15 0.0597 0 53.53 1.00 2.2176 0.475 1.0536 5.8
15:25 13.50 0.980 0.000 0.6 0.392 40 1 2.3110 41.9 -20 0.0686 0 53.55 1.00 2.3110 0.490 1.1324 6.3
15:26 14.00 0.850 0.000 0.6 0.340 40 4 2.1273 42.1 -20 0.0466 0 53.55 1.00 2.1273 0.425 0.9042 5.0
15:28 14.50 0.800 0.000 0.6 0.320 40 2 2.5292 41.9 -15 0.0653 0 53.56 1.00 2.5292 0.400 1.0115 5.6
15:29 15.00 0.750 0.000 0.6 0.300 40 3 2.1355 41.3 -18 0.0577 0 53.58 1.00 2.1355 0.375 0.8008 4.4
15:30 15.50 0.720 0.000 0.6 0.288 40 1 2.2448 41.5 -14 0.0482 0 53.58 1.00 2.2448 0.360 0.8083 4.5
15:31 16.00 0.780 0.000 0.6 0.312 40 0 1.5118 40.6 -14 0.0961 0 53.60 1.00 1.5118 0.390 0.5895 3.3
15:33 16.50 0.680 0.000 0.6 0.272 40 0 0.8615 39.8 -19 0.0866 0 53.62 1.00 0.8615 0.340 0.2930 1.6
15:33 17.00 0.000 0.000 0.0 0.000 0 0 0.0000 0.0 0 0.0000 0 0.00 1.00 0.0000 0.000 0.0000 0.0
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6.5.8 From the main software menu click on the "Program Settings" hyperlink. This dialog
box allows the operator to specify the output units system, mounting correction,
language settings, and (if desired) a fixed output directory for all ASCII output files.
See the example below:
a;- - --- -- -- --
-ProgramSettings
-- --- - - - - - ®.
E.*h Ur&
014etric Lhts
The mountng conectmn (default value 0.0%) must be speofied loth here n soft we and n the MvZradoer itself.
Normally these two value, should match. if the two values are different, the software seterrg sh— hue w0 be used.
0 No Correction (0.0%)
O custom d 1.0 %correction)
Export f les to the same directory as the data fide
O Export files to fixed dvectory: I C:'SonOata Btowse
�'. ' '*' _
Select an mage fie that wS be used as the IDW in the repot header
Notm Images are recommended to be no more than 500 poets wide by 100 pixels high
1fiJ
t
d
t7f
Odd.
I
I
Select Language jErghsh
Ok J Cancel
6.5.8.1 Set the Unit System and Language to English.
6.5.8.2 The *.dis file is electronically archived in the same location as the *.wad master file.
Therefore, all files should be exported to the salve directory as the master file.
6.5.8.3 It is suggested that an official Department of Ecology logo be placed on the discharge
summary report header. Click Browse and navigate to
H:\FLOWS\Instrumentation\SonTek FlowTracker\Ecology Logo\LOGO_color_FT jpg
for the current pre -formatted logo.
6.5.8.4 Once satisfied with the Program Settings click OK to exit. These settings will now be
valid for all measurements opened using the software.
6.5.9 While the FlowTracker is connected to an external computer the operator has access to
the Recorder dialog box via a hyperlink. See an example of the Recorder dialog box
below:
XAEA PROGRAMECYEAPSMApproved SOPs\ECY-EAP_SOP_OperationofSonTekFlowTrackerHandheldADV_vl_lEAP058.docx _08/10/15 Page 30

i' Hm k'rk-Lro w I I
DEFD40
416
11/1ArT02
1503 J
DEF039
416
1111 412M
1aD3
" DEF039
416
11 M/XL7_'
IDD2
• DEF037
416
11/14/ZD02
1801,
DEF036
11166
11/74/:002
17.59
416
1111MUM
17.56
DEF034
416
11114/2fM
175E
DEF033
416
117147207
1756
DEF037.
416
11/112002
17.:it
DEF031
416
11/1 Moo,
1752
DEF030
416
11114M02
17,A3
DEF029
416
11/1472U12
1140
DEMS
A16
1111AI'M
17A7
DEF027
416
11714/2M2
1746
III DEF0.'6
416
11114MO,
1746
_ _
Used 5/.ax
16251.1!
v
_
Flc4 773 I
�Re45paCe
65Wf18
�,ci�1d1
Fmn�,
,Deud�No
fl�
� Drlmtrn ldda
r\Pw-F,�–\SmTe1.
I 6rb�afae4 erd 6u
'pcwrA44?1c+e14rN
Lhb
6.5.9.1 Completed discharge measurements are selected using several different methods. The
operator can click one file to select it, hold Control or Shift and click a series of files, or
click Select All to select all files on the recorder.
6.5.9.2 The default download rate for the Recorder is 57,600 baud. Faster or slower download
rates are selectable depending on the external computer. If difficulty arises select a
lower baud rate.
6.5.9.3 In most cases the operator will complete batch downloads of measurements. Later these
processed measurements will be electronically archived to a gaging station specific
directory. It is suggested that an intermediate Destination folder be established on a
Department of Ecology (personal or network) drive in which all pre-processed
discharge measurements be stored. Click Browse and navigate to this location.
6.5.9.4 Click Download to copy all the selected files to the specified folder. Note: A Cancel
control will appear to let the operator abort the download process. Watch the status area
at the bottom of the dialog box to view the download progress.
6.5.9.5 From the Recorder dialog box the operator can Format (erase) the internal memory of
the FlowTracker, as discussed in §6.2.2.1.5 of this document. The previous discussion
outlines how to Format the internal memory using the Keypad. The following steps
outline how to Format the internal memory using the software.
6.5.9.5.1 Once it has been confirmed that all measurements have been properly downloaded and
are in the proper directory click Format and then OK to confirm the decision to
format/erase discharge measurements from the internal memory. As a reminder, once
the measurements have been deleted from the FlowTracker's internal memory the data
is non-recoverable.
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6.5.9.5.2 Depending on the number of measurements this process could take several minutes.
When finished Close the Recorder dialog box and Disconnect the FlowTracker from
the external computer.
6.5.9.6 An electronic and hard -copy archive of all FlowTracker discharge measurements is
required by the EAP FMU. The following steps outline how to generate a hard -copy.
6.5.9.6.1 Run the FlowTracker software v2.3O (click Start I Programs I SonTek Software
FlowTracker).
6.5.9.6.2 Click the open a FlowTracker file hyperlink. Browse to the particular discharge
measurement that will be processed.
6.5.9.6.3 Prior to opening the *.wad file the file must be renamed. This file name is displayed on
the Discharge Measurement Summary and is used to name subsequent export files, such
as the *.dis. The name of the *.wad can be renamed by right -clicking on the
measurement icon. The electronic file naming convention places station identification
number, 4 -digit year, 2 -digit month, and 2 -digit day; all separated by hyphen (e.g.,
45F 110-2007-07-26.wad).
6.5.9.6.4 Double-click on the measurement icon F445 14-2007-07-2s),;;,o. This will load measurement
data and display the Discharge Measurement Summary.
6.5.9.6.5 Review summary information for the measurement paying particular attention to the
Discharge Uncertainty statistics, and Quality Control messages. This information is
useful for evaluating the overall quality rating more the measurement. Also, assure that
the information contained on the Discharge Measurement Notes Form (ECY 040-56
(Rev. 12/07)) and the Discharge Measurement Summary is consistent.
6.5.9.6.6 In the upper right corner of the Discharge Measurement Summary is the Print
icon � . Clicking this icon will bring up the print dialog box, which varies depending
on the printer being used. In an effort to reduce paper consumption it is suggested that
the printer be configured to print two color pages per double -sided sheet. The Discharge
Measurement Summary is not editable therefore printing configuration is the only
option for paper reduction.
6.5.9.7 Submit the printed Discharge Measurement Summary and the completed Discharge
Measurement Notes form for peer review.
6.5.10 Located on the lower left corner of the main software screen are three hyperlinks to the
three versions of the FlowTracker manual. These include the User's Manual, Technical
Manual, and Quick Start Guide all in *.pdf format.
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7.0 Records Management
7.1 Recorded BeamCheck files are saved using the following file naming convention: FT*-
YYYY-MM-DD.bmc. (*Depends on the EAP assigned number to that particular
FlowTracker Handheld unit). BeamCheck files are archived on the EAP FMU shared
server(H:\FLOWS\Instrumentation\SonTelc FlowTracker\BeamCheck\FT*).
7.2 Field data for discharge measurements are recorded on form ECY 040-56 (Rev. 12/07):
Discharge Measurement Notes.
7.3 Master (*.wad) and auxiliary (*.dis) files are saved using the standard file naming
convention, e.g., 45F110-2009-02-18.wad.
7.4 Both file types for each measurement are electronically archived on the EAP FMU
shared server (H:\FLOWS\Projects), under the specific station name and water year in
which the measurement was conducted.
7.5 Once returned from peer review (discussed in §8.7) the Discharge Measurement
Summary and Discharge Measurement Notes and all original field discharge
measurement notes are stored in central locations at Ecology Headquarters, Regional, and
Field Offices.
7.6 A record of peer reviews of all discharge measurements is located in the EAP FMU shared
server (H:\FLOWS\QAData).
8.0 Quality Control and Quality Assurance Section
8.1 The FlowTracker records quality control (QC) data with each measurement. QC
parameters are automatically reviewed with each measurement and at the completion of
a discharge cross section. Below is a summary table of QC parameters, all section
hyperlinks are inactive, but, refer to the FlowTracker Technical Manual:
XAF-A PROGRAMECYEAPSMApproved SOPs\ECY_EAP_SOP_OperationofSonTekFlowTrackerHandheldADV_vl_lEAP058.docx —08/10/15—Page 33

Parameter
Description
Expected Values
SNR is the most important QC parameter
SNR
• It measures the strength of the acoustic reflection from particles in
Ideally - 10 dB
(§1.42)
the water.
Minimum a 4 dB
■ Without sufficient SNR, the FlowTracker cannot measure vetoc'ity.
aV (standard error of velocity) is a direct measure of the accuracy of
Typically r
aV
velocity data.
D.NnVs (0.03 f'tfs).
(§1.4.3}
• It includes the effects of turlurlence in the river ani instrument un-
Higher in turbulent
certainty.
environment
Boundary
Boundary QC evaluates the measurement environment for interfer-
O4.
ence from underwater obstacles.
BEST or GOOD
(§1'4'4}
• FAIR or POOR results may indicate significant interference from
an underwater obstacle.
Spikes in R=Tracker velocity data are removed using a spike filter.
Typically -5% of
Spikes
•Some spikes are common and no cause for concern.
total samples.
(§1-4.5)
• Too many spikes indicate a problem in the measurement envi-
,Should be { 10%
ronment (e.g., interference from underwater obstacles or highly
of total saanples
aerated water)-
ater _Angle
Angleis the direction.ofthe measured velocity relative to tile Flow-
Angle
a racker X-axis.
• Used for discharge measurements only.
Ideally < 213°
• A good site should have small velocity angles.
• Large anti les may be unavoidable at some sites.
%Q is the percentage of the total discharge in a single measurement
Typical criteria:
(§i.4.7}
station.
Ideally < a%
• Most aciencies have criteria for the maximum 91W.
Ma+3mum K 100.E
8.2 If any value exceeds expected criteria, a warning is given. §6.4.3.7.4.7.7 of this
document lists different QC warning messages and gives guidelines for interpreting
these messages. All QC review criteria can be adjusted or disabled.
8.3 Avoidance of all QC warnings for a particular discharge measurement is difficult and
strictly dependent on the stream environment available. However, the feedback given
by the FlowTracker allows the operator to address potential QC issues at the
measurement site. Addressing QC warnings at the measurement site may require
modification of the measurement cross section, repeating velocity observations, adjusting
the spacing of observations, adding observations to better define the channel, or choosing a
different measurement cross section.
8.4 Upon completion of the measurement (Calc. Discharge) the FlowTracker reports a
calculation of overall statistical discharge uncertainty and the largest contributing
source. The Stats Uncertainty calculation incorporates measurement uncertainty,
natural stream conditions (e.g., different bottom types), and the assumption that depth
and velocity change linearly between stations. This uncertainty percentage should be
used as guidance to assign a preliminary quality rating
8.5 As a general guide, if the Overall Uncertainty of the discharge measurement is within
two percent the measurement is considered excellent. If Overall Uncertainty is within
five percent the quality of the measurement is good. An Overall Uncertainty between
five and eight percent is considered fair. The measurement is regarded as poor if the
Overall Uncertainty is greater than eight percent.
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8.6 In addition to the discharge uncertainty statistics the relative amount of QC warnings
incurred during the measurement should be considered. The operator should also
consider factors such as cross-section quality, and flow conditions as part of the quality
assignment.
8.7 Measurement Review
8.7.1 All FlowTracker measurements are peer reviewed. Reviewed materials include
completed Discharge Measurement Notes and the Discharge Measurement Summary.
Before review, the measurement is entered to the Hydstra Gaugings database.
8.7.2 The reviewer checks measurement notes to ensure proper measurement procedures were
followed and the data reflects the assigned quality code. The Hydstra Gaugings
database is checked to verify measurement statistics, stage height, quality assignments,
and notes are entered correctly. After the Gaugings database is verified, the reviewer
enters his or her initials in the check box provided.
8.7.3 The reviewer compares the Discharge Measurement Summary to the Discharge
Measurement Notes to evaluate potential discrepancies of location, depth, and velocity.
Measurements are also checked for the completion of the Auto QC Test and a review of
QC warnings present. Though it is the decision of the Basin Lead, the reviewer may
suggest an alternative quality rating for the measurement.
8.7.4 The reviewer enters the Overall discharge uncertainty, including the uncertainty in
velocity and depth into the EAP FMU Quality Assurance Database
(H:\FLOWS\QAData).
8.7.5 When the review is complete the reviewer initials the field note sheet in the space
provided in the upper right corner and returns the submitted materials along with any
written comments to the Basin Lead.
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8.8 Troubleshooting
8.8.1 If problems persist and solutions cannot be found in this document consult the SonTek
FlowTracker Technical Manual (particularly §8.7) for further assistance. If necessary
contact SonTek at [phone] or via e-mail at [e-mail].
8.8.2 BeamCheck is the same diagnostic tool that the manufacturer uses and is available to all
users. BeamCheck methods are outlined in §6.2.1 of this document.
8.8.3 If SonTek is contacted via e-mail it is suggested that you send the ".wad file for the
measurement in which difficulties were experienced and any previous *.bmc files for
the FlowTracker that was used for the measurement. This may prevent the need to send
the Handheld Unit to SonTek.
9.0 Safety
9.1 Personal Flotation Devices are required for persons working in or near bodies of water.
9.2 All EAP safety policies are followed and safety is always the top priority when
operating this instrument.
9.3 In all measurement situations unsafe deployments that may result in injury to staff, loss
or damage to equipment are not attempted. Refer to the EAP Safety Manual, beginning
on pages 43 and 65 (EAP, 2015) for further information about working in and around
streams.
9.4 Always consider the safety and traffic situations when measuring from a bridge and
take appropriate actions including suspending the measurement if unsafe conditions
exist. Consult the EAP Safety Manual, page 37 (EAP, 2015) for further guidance
regarding bridge measurement safety.
9.5 Crossing the stream is done safely and in accordance with the guidelines for working in
and around streams established in the EAP Safety Manual, page 43 (EAP, 2015).
10.0 References
10.1 Blanchard, S.F., 2007. SonTek/YSI FlowTracker firmware version 3.10 and software
version 2.11 upgrades and additional policy on the use of FlowTrackers for discharge
measurements. United States Geological Survey, Office of Surface Water. Technical
Memorandum 2007.01.
10.2 Buchanan, T.J., and Somers, W.P., 1969. "Discharge measurements at gaging stations."
Techniques of water -resources investigations, Book 3, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston,
Va., Chapter A8.
10.3 Environmental Assessment Program, 2015. Environmental Assessment Program Safety
Manual, March, 2015. Washington State Department of Ecology, Olympia, WA.
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10.4 Rantz, S. E., et al., 1982. "Measurement and computation of streamflow."
U.S. Geological Survey Water -Supply Paper No. 2175, Vol. 1, Reston, Va,
10.5 Rehmel, M., 2007. Application of acoustic doppler velocimeters for stream flow
measurements. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 133(12):1433-1438.
10.6 Rehmel, M., 2010. FlowTracker diagnostic test policy. United States Geological
Survey, Office of Surface Water. Technical Memorandum 2010.06.
10.7 Shedd, J.R., 2009. Standard Operating Procedure for Measuring and Calculating Stream
Discharge, Version 1.0. Washington State Department of Ecology, Olympia, WA.SOP
Number EAP056. www.egy.wa.%4oy/programs/eap/qualily.html
10.8 SonTek/YSI, Inc., 2009. FlowTracker® Handheld ADV® Technical Manual Firmware
Version 3.7, Software Version 2.30 featuring SmartQC. P/N 6054-60050--D
10.9 SonTek/YSI, Inc., 2009. FlowTracker® Handheld ADV® User's Manual Firmware
Version 3.7 featuring SmartQC. P/N 6054-60051--D
10.10 SonTek/YSI, Inc., 2009. FlowTracker®- Quick Start Guide. P/N 6054-60211--D
10.11 SonTek/YSI, Inc., 2009. SonTek FlowTracker, version 2.30[program]. San Diego,
California, SonTek/YSI, Inc.
10.12 Unless otherwise noted all photos and images used in this document courtesy of
SonTek/YSI, Inc.
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