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HomeMy WebLinkAbout20160343 Ver 1_More Info Received_20160615F)2 hdrinc.com June 14, 2016 Sue Homewood Department of Environmental Quality Division of Water Resources, Winston Salem Regional Office 450 W. Hanes Mill Road, Suite 300 Winston Salem, NC 27105 Subject: Nationwide No. 121 General Water Quality Certification No. 3884 Approval Additional Permit Information Request City of Winston-Salem Reynolds Creek Outfall Improvements Project Forsyth County, North Carolina Dear Ms. Homewood: HDR, on behalf of the City of Winston-Salem, is submitting additional information for the 401 Water Quality Certification request made on April 7, 2016 for construction activities associated with the Reynolds Creek Outfall Improvements Project in Forsyth County. Thank you for reaching out to us for clarification on the 401 permit application. We have included the comments received and followed with responses to help with review as well as attached updated drawings where needed. Comment 1: 1 can't confirm this from the half -sized plan sheets so can you confirm that the entire project meets the following condition in the GC: For sewer lines, when the construction corridor is parallel to a stream, then the edge of the construction corridor shall not be closer than 10 feet from top of bank. For streams classified as WS (except WS -IV or WS -V), B, SA, ORW, HQW, or SB from normal high water (or tide elevation) and wetlands, the edge of the construction corridor shall not be closer than 50 feet to a stream; or 100 feet to private or public water supply sources or waters classified as WS -1 waters or Class I or Class 11 impounded reservoirs used as a source of drinking water in accordance with 15A NCAC 02T. 0305(17. Response: We have reviewed the impact of the project on stream banks and identified areas where the construction corridor is parallel to the stream and encroaches on the 10 -foot requirement. A list of the locations is below. We will not impact the stream bank at these locations; however, we need to be near the bank to abandon the old, existing sewer that is located along the stream. 555 Fayetteville Street Suite 900, Raleigh, NC 27601 T 919.232.6600 F 919.232.6642 Stations Sta. 3+00 Sta. 50+00 — 52+00 Sta. 93+00 — 94+00 Sta. 6+00 Sta. 56+50 — 59+00 Sta. 99+00 Sta. 7+50 — 10+00 Sta. 61 +00 Sta. 119+00 — 123+00 Sta. 12+00 — 33+50 Sta. 84+00 Sta. 128+00 — 130+00 Sta. 45+00 Sta. 85+50 — 90+00 Sta. 132+00 — 137+00 555 Fayetteville Street Suite 900, Raleigh, NC 27601 T 919.232.6600 F 919.232.6642 June 14, 2016 Page 2 Comment 2: Also, can you give me a little more justification/explanation for the permanent culverts. All sewer lines need maintenance and would prefer to have permanent crossings in all locations but we limit them to areas where there is no other reasonable access. So if the maintenance crew could reasonably access both sides of the stream from opposite directions and it's just easier to be able to drive across then that's not typically a sufficient purpose and need for permanent impacts. Response: We have reviewed the culvert locations and believe they are the minimum required to provide maintenance access. Here is a summary of our analysis. Culvert Location Upstream Limitations Downstream Limitations Sta. 60+20 (New) No access due to Reynolds Creek We plan to access the project upstream of the proposed culvert via Styers Ferry Road Sta. 81+75? We plan to access the project via No access due to Reynolds Fairhaven Road upstream of the Creek downstream of the proposed culvert proposed culvert Comment 3: Finally, the PCN narrative indicates that the permanent culverts will be buried but the culvert style stream crossing in the plans clearly show the pipes are level with the stream bed rather than buried. Response: All new culverts will be constructed with 1 foot buried. Drawings have been revised and are attached. If you have any questions or require additional information after your review of the enclosed information, please contact me at (919) 338-6855 or matt.shultz@hdrinc.com. Respectfully, HDR Engineering, Inc. of the Carolinas Matt Shultz, PE Project Manager Attachments: Updated plan sheets cc: William Ward - City of Winston-Salem Mario Edouard - City/County Utilities PM, City of Winston-Salem David Saunders, PE - HDR 1 2 3 4 5 I 6 MANHOLE NY 29 T� MANHOLE NO. 27 STA 69+85.78 07j► STA 64+61.66 N 854708.66 /0 �3 y N 854923.45 30' UTILITY EASEMENT E 1590295.96 E 1590730.45 Now or Formerly S O 20' CONSTRUCTION EASEMENT / -2 PIN 5895-03-3815 2j�1'� 7- / ^� / 'S Angela P. Hall Now or Formerly j��76 6,/ �/ /1�1`�,�ro`/ �9 ( ) l Deed Book 1792, Page 928 PIN 5895-13-2540 ---766- PIN �� LIMITS OF DISTURBANCE m ��G�� / / / / \\ -76p Plat Book 36, Page 163 Sarah Norman Jones ' 110 PROPERTY �/ / / / // 8 -759 5g- PROPERTY LINE (TYP) �c� 7 12 / i 1 1 -�9L // / / 5��\ �- '�7 'IS 755 l ✓i 00 -19 ------ / / ��� MANHOLE NO. 28 �� k - -6--- / STA 68+08.24 : \tp- 0- x � -7 N 854859.35 /C I �� -757---------- i� - �� ' // E 1590389.84 / -756------- \. -755-------- _/ i O !�/ I ('- \\ 11 -754- __ �/ - �� �� �) I IAAITC OF r)1CT11PQAK1r`P7 -753 TCE TCE 7��� �/ // / X x X CE --� //// -752---_ }� x -x-� X52- x -x 'x -x -x _ x TCE-x -x -x IV _TM � w 0- _750- -75®- - _ / 65+00 66+00 10 68+ 0. ���\Q / �S� �\ L INV: /4J.JJ V CREEK CENTERLINE �v/ 1014 _$F `S�_ -SF ' - _SF / STONE OUTLET P1�' x i -7 ------ SS SMH4034 1 -T�� x L x -- i ) / / O x- x x- _ SEE DETAFL 6/00C-22 // 30 STREAM BUFFER / VQ� sem`\ RIM: 752.35 k� x x- x__- --� �I --- �r�� SHELF: 743.40 -x_748 / O j , v k � x x X- _ AZ �INV: 742.70 �� �\ f� k I S�gao �� x x� x / _ x x�3(�x / i` _ \\7X0 . -751- (� / s/ 1 0 / \\ 0 ���� �45� _� �` / �,� - 41 EXISTING 20' ''�NITARY���/ / \� I '� s \ \ 48__�\���_ 4%�-` \ _ // '� zc � \ I / Ste/ SEWER EASE11, _��T \ - ��� x� \ �� �� ��� \\� \ 9n SMH3996 \\ \ I\ /� �/ 1\�� <� ;'� RIM: 757.88 / ss/ 14C SHELF: 745.53 INV: 744.78 49� � INV (4"): 751 6- -�6-1_ _ / _s� 746 /f / / 5s / Now or Formerly UTILITY EASEMENT, 4, X Z // / ss PIN 5895-04-2982 WIDTH VAIRES O 2 _\ oy s / / / y 0 � \ �_ � x-745 a / , p / Robert J. Dryer, Jr. and wife �' Shelly Ann Dryer TYP >� 5_--------�� g�<-- �� // / s5 / Deed Book 2994, Page 1089 / Plat Book 35, Page 148 / 20' CONSTRUCTION EASEMENT y� - = -750- / / (LIMITS OF DISTURBANCE) SS 30" GRAVITY SEWER Now or Formerly 3989 Now or Formerly '1 j/� _ _ _ _ ? / PIN .Reays and Danii / PIN 5895-05-8735-_\� MelissaLVReavi wife Bettie P. Slaterh / /---- - MANHOLE NO. 25 MANHOLE NO. 26 EXTEND EXISTING �� �� ��/// ��� --- Deed Book 2830, Page 3480 \ / Deed Book 1888, Page 3752 STA 62+28.86 STA 63+11.87 GRAVITY SEWER �� 1��,� /// j �6 = Plat Book 35, Page 148 10 N 855088.59TO NEW MANHOLE / / P N 855068.02 SMH4036 � �--------- - s E 1590850.04 APPROX 105 LF-S9L--- = E 1590769.62 OF 15" Co? 0.45% RIM: 754.43 SHELF: 744.6808 PIP \ � INV: 743.98 / \ 790 780 770 760 INT 750 �---- 740 730 720 - 4' @ 8`- 10' 12' ® 6'- 8' 710 60+00 60+50 261.81 LF OF 30" ® 0.25% 61+00 HDR Engineering Inc of the Carolinas 301 N. Main St., Suite 2441 Winston-Salem, NC 27101 336.416.3462 N.C.B.E.L.S. License Number F-0116 83.02 LF OF 30" © 0.25% 7 149.78 LF OF 30"_ ® 0.25% 342' @ 8'- 10' 61+50 62+00 62+50 63+00 63+50 3/2016 FINAL DESIGN - NOT ISSUED FOR CONSTRUCTION ISSUE DATE DESCRIPTION 3 3' © 6'- 8' 70' @ 8'- 10' 64+00 5 46' @ 10'-12' �14 � 12'1 64+50 64+50 65+00 PROJECT MANAGER M. SHULTZ, PE DESIGNED M. SHULTZ, PE DESIGNED K. QUATTLEBAUM QC � WILLIAMS, PE N Q 770 O U a DRAWN K. QUATTLEBAUM PROJECT NUMBER 000000000255569 rnu7�� =w Qa- `D�zz Q�-0760 a o Ln L0 m � m ww w > o rn o a- > O U r- Ln O 0 u? .. r - N 0 Q 0 W NQ 00 00 r�r p W 0 CD (D 00 r) � Z Z_ Q O n 0 1- �- CD 6 rO 2 n w a z � N��� w �n - Ij���.=.�.� Ld rw7 + NcDd �D _ Z� Zz� =w :�Cn QD � � - w w >W Q O w REYNOLDS CREEK 261.81 LF OF 30" ® 0.25% 61+00 HDR Engineering Inc of the Carolinas 301 N. Main St., Suite 2441 Winston-Salem, NC 27101 336.416.3462 N.C.B.E.L.S. License Number F-0116 83.02 LF OF 30" © 0.25% 7 149.78 LF OF 30"_ ® 0.25% 342' @ 8'- 10' 61+50 62+00 62+50 63+00 63+50 3/2016 FINAL DESIGN - NOT ISSUED FOR CONSTRUCTION ISSUE DATE DESCRIPTION 3 3' © 6'- 8' 70' @ 8'- 10' 64+00 5 46' @ 10'-12' �14 � 12'1 64+50 64+50 65+00 PROJECT MANAGER M. SHULTZ, PE DESIGNED M. SHULTZ, PE DESIGNED K. QUATTLEBAUM QC E. WILLIAMS, PE N Q 770 O U � u7 DRAWN K. QUATTLEBAUM PROJECT NUMBER 000000000255569 I 100 YEAR FLOOD ELEVATION I - 346.59 LF OF 30" © 1.50% --------------- 116' @ 8'-10' 65+50 66+00 66+50 DEPTH OF BURY P`; o o° ,�iRY •SSEA ° Co�$ "tRv0,Tj_ON Ol��� , ° \ING /\\ O a 0 m Of Lj w w o `n Q6 U u7 D r- 00 z N Q J p (D N .- W Z Z00 nro LLn W � O O r - 0r7 00Ln�� 0_ CO =w �z_0 Q W W g� U)Fhww> 177.54 LF OF 30" @ 0.25% 387' @ 6'-8' 67+00 67+50 68+00 68+50 69+00 WINSTON SALEM - FORSYTH COUNTY REYNOLDS CREEK OUTFALL IMPROVEMENTS WINSTON SALEM, NORTH CAROLINA Winston-Salem • Forsyth County Cilty/county Utilities Water • Sewer • Solid Waste Disposal 7 790 Q 0 'n 780 m ww a> �O �Q N Q 770 O U � u7 ZZ u�-a)U) E Li 00 0) + wow rnu7�� =w Qa- `D�zz Q�-0760 750 740 730 720 710 69+50 70+00 .01 KEY NOTES: O ABANDON EXISTING MANHOLE IN PLACE. SEE DETAIL 1/OOC-16. 02 ABANDON EXISTING 15" GRAVITY SEWER IN PLACE. 03 ANTI -SEEPAGE COLLAR. SEE DETAIL 3/OOC-20. 04 MANHOLE TO INCLUDE VENT PIPE WITH OPENING TWO FEET ABOVE 100 YEAR FLOOD D ELEVATION. SEE DETAIL 3/OOC-18. 05 PROPOSED GRAVITY SEWER PIPE SHALL BE DUCTILE IRON FROM MANHOLE TO MANHOLE. 06 PROVIDE "CULVERT" STYLE TEMPORARY STREAM CROSSING. SEE DETAIL 3/OOC-23. FOLLOWING CONSTRUCTION, REMOVE CULVERT AND CONVERT TO "FORD" STYLE STREAM CROSSING AT NO ADDITIONAL COST. SEE DETAIL 2/OOC-23. FOR EROSION CONTROL AT STREAM CROSSING, SEE DETAIL 5/OOC-23. (DOUTSIDE DROP MANHOLE. SEE DETAIL 1/OOC-21. O REMOVE EXISTING MANHOLE AND EXTEND 15" GRAVITY SEWER TO PROPOSED MANHOLE NO. 26. OINSTALL TEMPORARY FENCE TO MAINTAIN ENCLOSED PASTURE. &NSTALL GATE. SEE DETAIL 4/OOC-20. 11 RIPRAP OUTLET, SEE DETAIL 3/OOC-22. C DIMENSIONS: 5' WIDE AT END OF PIPE; 10' WIDE AT END OF APRON; 10' LONG, PIPE TO END OF APRON. 12 FOR EROSION CONTROL AT STREAM CROSSING, SEE DETAIL 5/OOC-23. PERMANENTLY INSTALL 15' SECTION OF 48" CULVERT PIPE. BURY PIPE SO THAT INVERT IS 1' BELOW EXISTING STREAM BOTTOM. 40 0 40 80 HORIZONTAL SCALE IN FEET 10 0 10 20 VERTICAL SCALE IN FEET STA 60+00 TO STA 70+00 30 GRAVITY SEWER PLAN AND PROFILE 0 1" Z, FILENAME OOC-07.dwg SCALE AS NOTED SHEET OOC-07 IV /0 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 20' CONSTRUCTION Now or Formerly (LIMITS OF DISTURI 8" GRAVITY SEWER / j� / PIN 5885-93-0906 4" GRAVITY SEWER / SZ Arbor Run Homeowner Association (E) SERVICE LINE / Deed Book 1820, Page 3783 Plat Book 38, Page 6 Now or 1-ormerly PIN 5885-94-4167 MANHOLE NO. 3301 Cb5 x �X TENNIS Christopher M. Reilly andSTA 81+26.48 °�j �X �x COURTS / 10 wife N 854119.26 5`' �X / co UTILITY BOXES Tammy B. Reilly i X x ^ 4" GRAVITY SFWFF Deed Book 3046, Page 3402 E 1589343.18 / _ SERVICE LINE \ Plat Book 33, Page 148 I / % I / 24" GRAVITY SEWER Playground 30' STREAM BKl FSR � � // � � ASPHALT \\ TC TOk'EARKING LOT030. \ 1 30" GRAVITY SEWER /x00 / / !� i 8�1 8-a 83+00 , / / ' ss i� F \ - sSF s _ SF - - 4 _ - SF / >� _ _-_ -- F ASF ISF 12 CREEK CENTERLINE 810 :�4 790 780 770 5 0 7 EASEMENT p 3ANCE) 8" GRAVITY SEWER / / 19 / / Now c; ormerly l 20 PIN 5885 -83-6957 O SMH3959 / Now or Formerly RIM: 771.15 Robert Holtje and wife / Jane Holtje PIN 5885-83-5979 SHELF: 758.05 Deed Book 2757, Page 2789 Larry P. Bird and / � INV: 757.45 Plat Book 32, Page 17' Patricia L. Federico ` Deed Book 2789, Page 456 INV (8"): 759.75 MANHOLE NO. 36 / Plat Book 32, Page 179 I % / STA 87+88.36 /� / �" GRAVITY SEWER T I / N 854017.39 ^PVICE LINE E 1588G95.29 10 / 0 v X3958 RIM: 768.87 21 SHELF: 758.87 bo \ INV: 758.05 NowO erly or horm // \%V (4"): 764.97 PIN 5885-84-4091 S� \ ( ) Jill A. Dembosky and George J. Dembosky, Jr. 4 \ \ \ 'P Deed Book 2841, Page 891 Plat Book 32, Page 179 /�/� 760-- / v,_ \` �� ILMITS OF DISTURBANCE I SMH3960 O UTILITY EASEMENT, / / _� \\\ �F�� ��_-_ _ �� \ / - _ WIDTH VARIES �C / \� L- - -_- �� g/ // /,// �_^� 57-m ' / (EXISTING EASEMENT LINE)/ RIM: 763.70 1 1 jt\ \ �� -� _ qJ► / _ 1 MANHOLE NO. 35 SHELF: 756.41 Q O // / / / ;;�- - 1 - CULVERT PIPES S� \� \ Q O / /� -Y STA 84+89.33 INV: 755.56 \\\\v ,� / f/�� I �aaa� N STONE OUTLET (TYP) N 854055.67 INV 4" : 756.76 EXISTING 20 SANITARs03.� �i2� \ / /�j \ %'� I SEE DETAIL 6/OOC-22 E 1588991.87 ( ) SEWER EASEMENTCo" / OMANHOLE N0. 3740/ / /��� , N MANHOLE NO. 34STA 89+11.46 \ ICo STA 82+11.78 N 854050.10 I, ll �I I N 854131-7-3---- / \ \ '9� / ss�, V1 -€ 1-589258.79 E 1588576.63 0,/OCD X �/ 1 - SMH3961 5 I PROPERTY LINE MANHOLE NO. 38 �� J S1 QQ�- RIM: 760.96 / STA 89+70.86 -� N I SHELF: 755.56 (TYP) / N 854080.97 STA 90+00 - OOC-� 0 � / / MATCHLINE SHEET � INV: 754.46 E 1588525.87 s „ , / / OR CONTINUATION SE INV (8 ). 755.36 F 760 - - N 180.32 LF OF 30" © 0.25% 750 Now or Formerly PIN 5885-94-1385 Voyto Sailer and wife Laura P. Sailer Deed Book 2213, Page 3411 IPlat Book 42, Page 20 (D a_ Q Ln u7 mw mw CN d >> O O O -H r - ZZ � Q 00 O Ld co O 00 O� W 00 � �00'� z corn zz�0 cy) 0 tY Nu7pjW OLd p��._ J t ± co J + co 00 00 OC -j �W °0�zz � =W °0�z0zz za Qg-O z zw ��-0- �� i�ww j �� Cn YWW W w REYNOLDS CREEK T IBUTA Y 3 W (D M. SHULTZ, PE ROAD Q M. a _ o 0 QC E. LO �O 6ncVu7, 0Of0 i` Lnui u7 W LO Cd L'j w w> DRAWN U QUATTLEBAUM p O co r - L Z r- > O�co�I- O co w rL"')w z z Ef rn �t d? - Cb rn � '� - W + _j (D = W Za- 00 r -Z � Z � -iz g� Qom- �Cww w> 100 YEAR FLOOD ELEVATION - - - - - - - - - - 277.54 LF OF 24" ® 0.50% 85.30 LF OF 30" @ 0.25% 2 740 13' @ 6'- 8' 13' © 8'- 10' 13' @ 8'- 10' 23' ® 10'- 12' 1150' @ 10'-12' 431' ® 10'- 730 80+00 80+50 81+00 81+50 82+00 82+50 83+00 83+50 84+00 84+50 HDR Engineering Inc of the Carolinas 301 N. Main St., Suite 2441 Winston-Salem, NC 27101 336.416.3462 N.C.B.E.L.S. License Number F-0116 3/2016 FINAL DESIGN - NOT ISSUED FOR CONSTRUCTION ISSUE DATE DESCRIPTION FAIRHAVEN M. SHULTZ, PE ROAD Q M. SHULTZ, PE _ o QUATTLEBAUM QC E. WILLIAMS, PE �O 6ncVu7, � 0 i` Lnui u7 W LO Cd =.a - rnc0°o��. DRAWN K. QUATTLEBAUM W W > 000000000255569 n CV JO r7 O�co�I- �O co Z D O U) ��- 00 -H n Z Q OCA Co C)nO C) Z Z 00 � W Cb CO + 00 co o =W o0�zo z z cn Cn i zQw �- Q�- NSW W W W 00 EXISTING GRADE 15" GRAVITY SEWEI-\ 7 -------- 299.04 LF OF 24" @ 0.607.-- ------ 85+00 PROJECT MANAGER M. SHULTZ, PE DESIGNED M. SHULTZ, PE DESIGNED K. QUATTLEBAUM QC E. WILLIAMS, PE �O 6ncVu7, � 0 i` Lnui u7 W LO � Z Q =.a - rnc0°o��. DRAWN K. QUATTLEBAUM PROJECT NUMBER 000000000255569 85+50 15' @ 16'- 14' @ 14'- 53' @ 12'-14' I\ 86+00 86+50 87+00 DEPTH OF BURY •SSEA ° Co�$ "rRv0,Tj_ON 00�°°�4N 3 54' @ 18'-20' 87+50 (D 0 Q O � O � Ln C u7 W ww w> CO � 0 � w 790 �O 6ncVu7, � 0 i` Lnui u7 W LO � Z Q =.a - rnc0°o��. 00 O � z z_ -: -t G W+ �� 0 oo L JO r7 O�co�I- = W co Z D O z Qw ��- - -1 -+-1 - - 123.09 LF VI's �.`•"'3c 810 Q in M cl�i 800 w a-0 0 U O � O � co Q u7 W 00 CO � 0 � w 790 Z_Z 6ncVu7, 0_ i` Lnui u7 W LO r7 � =.a - rnc0°o��. =W ��Z�Z� 7' Q_ g� w g� NQWWW> 780 \\___0 59.41 LF OF 24" @ 0.50% 14' ® 16'-18' 35' Ca? 14'-16' 172'' ® 12'-14' 88+00 88+50 89+00 89+50 WINSTON SALEM - FORSYTH COUNTY REYNOLDS CREEK OUTFALL IMPROVEMENTS WINSTON SALEM, NORTH CAROLINA Winston-Salem • Forsyth County Cilty/county Utilities Water • Sewer • Solid Waste Disposal 770 760 750 740 -' 730 90+00 .01 KEY NOTES: -1 MANHOLE TO INCLUDE VENT PIPE WITH OPENING TWO FEET ABOVE 100 YEAR FLOOD ELEVATION. SEE DETAIL 3/OOC-18. O ANTI -SEEPAGE COLLAR. SEE DETAIL 3/OOC-20. 03 PROPOSED GRAVITY SEWER PIPE SHALL BE DUCTILE IRON FROM MANHOLE TO MANHOLE. 04 FOR EROSION CONTROL AT STREAM CROSSING, SEE DETAIL 5/OOC-23. PERMANENTLY INSTALL TWO 15' SECTIONS OF 42" CULVERT PIPES. BURY PIPES SO THAT INVERT IS 1' BELOW EXISTING STREAM BOTTOM. 05 ABANDON EXISTING MANHOLE IN PLACE. SEE DETAIL 1/OOC-16. 06 REMOVE EXISTING MANHOLE. O REMOVE EXISTING PIPE WITHIN LIMITS OF PROPOSED TRENCH. CAP ALL ENDS WITH CONCRETE. 08 TEMPORARY GRAVITY BYPASS LINE. SEE DETAIL 2/OOC-21. CONTRACTOR SHALL VERIFY HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL LOCATION OF EXISTING SEWER PRIOR TO CONSTRUCTION. 09 OUTSIDE DROP INLET. SEE DETAIL 1 /OOC-21 . 10 CONNECT ALL EXISTING GRAVITY SEWER SERVICE LINES INTO PROPOSED MANHOLES. INSTALL CLEANOUT AT EDGE OF UTILITY EASEMENT. 11 REMOVE SECTION OF EXISTING FENCE AND INSTALL GATE PER DETAIL 4/OOC-20. PROTECT ALL OTHER SECTIONS OF FENCE. IF REMOVAL IS REQUIRED, REPLACE BACK TO ORIGINAL CONDITIONS. 12 RIPRAP OUTLET, SEE DETAIL 3/OOC-21. DIMENSIONS: 10' WIDE AT END OF PIPES; 15' WIDE AT END OF APRON; 10' LONG, PIPE TO END OF APRON. 40 0 40 80 HORIZONTAL SCALE IN FEET 10 0 10 20 VERTICAL SCALE IN FEET STA 80+00 TO STA 90+00 30'1/24" GRAVITY SEWER PLAN AND PROFILE 0 1" Z, FILENAME OOC-09.dwg SCALE AS NOTED SHEET OOC-09 C IV 0