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Home My WebLink AboutOther RisksTechnical Net Environmental Benefits January 17, 2016 Memorandum As required by the North Carolina Coal Ash Management Act (LAMA), the North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) has proposed initial risk classifications for each impoundment. Under CAMA, a given classification is based on consideration of nine different factors, one of which is any other factor DEQ deems relevant to the establishment of risk. In the case of off-site impacts to private wells, the data and peer-reviewed modeling confirm that excavation provides no real benefit in comparison to capping the material in place or other innovative/sustainable solutions. This conclusion was anticipated by the U.S. EPA in its CCR rule. Similarly, six Environmental Impact Statements prepared by the Tennessee Valley Authority in December of 2015 confirmed that excavation would not meaningfully improve groundwater quality while creating new risks. The EPA explicitly requires consideration of the associated impacts to the environment with any excavation, transportation, and re -disposal of material (p. 21488, Selection of Remedy, Part 257.97). For sites in which groundwater/surface water impacts are the primary risk drivers, employing excavation as a remedy creates additional risk. The additional risk from excavation and transporting ash from one location to another is greater than the risk posed by leaving the ash in place. The table below provides estimates of the risk associated with excavation, transportation and ecological disturbance. For example, one out of eight traffic fatalities in 2005 resulted from a collision involving a large truck' such as would be moving ash from various sites. Ecologically, disturbance scales directly with volume of ash moved and distance traveled. Consideration Classification Low Excavation Optional Intermediate OR High Excavation Required Fatal In' — For Excavation minimum risk 0 1.10E-7 / hour a Non-fatal In'u — For Excavation minimum risk 0 6.6E-5 / hour a Fatal In'u — Transportation minimum risk) 0 2.8E-8 / mile b Non-fatal In'u — Transportation (minimum risk) 0 8.4E-7 / mile b Life Cycle Analysis — Carcinogen impact Pt 573 ° 22,500 ° Life Cycle Analysis — Ecotoxici Pt 132 ° 3,650 Life Cycle Analysis — Fossil Fuels Pt 141,000 ° 3,590,000 Life Cycle Analysis — Acidification / Eutro hication Pt 5,540 209,000 Notes: (a) Risk values for fatalities and injuries taken from Dr. Lisa Bradley, Haley & Aldrich, data from Oak Ridge National Laboratory. 1.1E-7 = 1.1 x 10-'= 1.1 / 107 = 0.00000011 = One fatality for every 9,090,909 man-hours 6.6E-5 = 6.6 x 10-5 = 6.6 / 105 = 0.000066 = One non-fatal injury for every 15,151 man-hours (b) Risk values for fatalities and injuries taken from Dr. Lisa Bradley, Haley & Aldrich, data from U.S. Department of Transportation. 2.8E-8 = 2.8 x 10 = 2.8 / 108 = 0.000000028 = One fatality for every 35,714,285 truck -miles 8.4E-7 = 8.4 x 10-7 = 8.4/ 107 = 0.00000084 = One non-fatal injury for every 1,190,476 truck -miles (c) Point values taken from SimaPro 8 Analysis, Eco-Indicator Results, as performed by Dr. Krishna Reddy, P.E., University of Illinois at Chicago (see Appendix). Point (Pt) values represent a standard Eco-Indicator value, as computed for one site. Pt values are dimensionless, derived from normalizing impacts relative to established databases for each category (e.g., ecotoxicity). The absolute number of points is not meaningful except in comparison across scenarios. Interested readers are directed to PR6 Consultants, where supporting the publications and case studies can be found: https://www.pre-sustainability.com/. Reference 'Fact Sheet, NHTSA's National Center for Statistics and Analysis, DOT HS 810 619, Washington, DC, 2005. Broader Environmental Impacts for Ash Disposal Scenarios SimaPro v.8 Analyses Using Eco -Indicator and TRACI Methods References • Goedkoop, M., Oele, M., Vieira, M., Leijting, J., Ponsioen, T. and Meijer, E. (2014). SimaPro 8 Tutorial, PRe Consultants, Netherlands. • International Organization for Standardization (2006), ISO 14040 Environmental Management - Life Cycle Assessment -Principles & Framework, Switzerland. Scope of Environmental Impact Analysis Excavation of coal ash Loading of ash Transport of material onto materials for on - trucks site/ off-site disposal Wxq7 9 Basin 3 (270,000 T) Basin 2 (1,950,000 T) Basin 1 (2,840,000 T) Scenario — 1 Excavate, load and transport entire Basin 3 quantity of ash for a distance of 3 miles L : Excavate, load and transport 25% of the mass of ash in both basins for a distance of 1 mile Scenario — 2 Excavate, load and transport the entire ash from both basins for a distance of 3 miles Scenario — 3 Excavate, load and transport the entire ash from both basins for a distance of 3 miles on-site landfill disposal Excavate, load and transport for a distance of 3 miles for temporary storage on site Load the stored ash and transport 3 miles for disposal at on-site landfill Scenario — 4 Excavate, load and transport the entire ash from both basins for a distance of 3 miles for on-site landfill disposal FExcavate, load and transport for a distance of 25 miles for off-site landfill disposal Scenario — 5 Excavate, load and transport the entire ash from both basins for a distance of 25 miles for off-site landfill disposal SimaPro 8 Inputs and Assumptions The total hours of operation for the L Processes Input Units equipment is calculated by assuming Excavation (total ash quantity kton that the ash removal rate is 1 million for a scenario) tons/year. Loader operation Hours Days of operation = Ash quantity/2740 tons Transport of total ash Ktkm Time of operation calculated assuming excavated for each scenario(diesel powered truck) 8 working hours/day 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 SimaPro 8 Analysis, Eco -Indicator Results Method: Eco -indicator 99 (H) LCA Food V2.03 / Europe EI 99 H/H / Single score Sel I Impact category Unit I Scenario -1 I Scenario -2 I Scenario -3 I Scenario -4 I Scenario -5 Scenario -1 Scenario -Z Scenario -3 Carcinogens Resp. organics = Resp. inorganics Climate change Ecotoxicity acidification/ Eutrophication = Land use Minerals Scenario -4 Radiation Fossil fuels Scenario -5 Ozone layer Total Pt 1.76E5 4.18E5 1.2.5E6 2.69E6 4.99E6 ® Carcinogens Pt 573 1.61E3 5.05E3 1.22E4 2.25E4 ® Resp. organics Pt 28.6 79.3 249 595 1.1E3 E,?j Resp. inorganics Pt 2.66E4 6.57E4 2.08E5 4.43E5 9.6E5 F] Climate change Pt 2.34E3 1.07E4 3.77E4 1.07E5 2.04E5 ® Radiation Pt 1.42 2.14 4.88 4.88 4.88 ® Crone layer Pt 0.0617 0.0946 0.218 0.229 0.246 [v7] Ecotoxicity Pt 132 314 933 2.04E3 3.65E3 ® .Acidification/ Eutrophication Pt 5.54E3 1.4E4 4.45E4 9.59E4 2.09E5 ® Land use Pt x x x x x ® Minerals Pt 3.83 5.8 13.2 13.2 _ _ ® Fossil fuels Pt 1.41E5 3.25 E5 9.51E5 2.03E6 3.59E6 Scenario -1 Scenario -Z Scenario -3 Carcinogens Resp. organics = Resp. inorganics Climate change Ecotoxicity acidification/ Eutrophication = Land use Minerals Scenario -4 Radiation Fossil fuels Scenario -5 Ozone layer Eco -Indicator Results for Damage Assessment 100 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Sel I Impact category Unit Scenario -1 I Scenario -2 I Scenario -3 I Scenario -4 I Scenario -5 0.0294 Carcinogens DALY W Resp. organics DALY r Resp. inorganics DALY C Climate change DALY E%7 Radiation DALY 0.12 Ozone layer DALY 5.47 Ecoto icity PDF*m2yr G (Acidification/ Eutrophication PDF* m2yr 0.00025 Land use PDF*m2yr 1.12E-5 Minerals MJ surplus r% -.o Fossil fuels MJ surplus Scenario -1 I Scenario -2 I Scenario -3 I Scenario -4 I Scenario -5 0.0294 0.0823 0.259 10.623 1.15 0.00147 0.00406 0.0127 0.0305 0.0564 1.36 3.36 10.6 22.7 49.2 0.12 0.548 1.93 5.47 10.5 7.25E-5 0.00011 0.00025 0.0.0-025 0.00025 3.16E-6 4.84E-15 1.12E-5 1.17E-5 1.26E-5 1.69E3 4.03E3 1.2E4 2.62E4 4.67E4 7.11E4 1.7E5 5.7E5 1.23E-6 2.68E6 x x x x x 107 163 370 370 370 3.95E6 9.11E6 2.66E7 15.68E7 1.01EB Carcinogens Resp. organic Resp. inorgan Climate Radiation Ozone la•.er Ecotoxicity Acidification Land use Minerals Fossil fuels s ics change J Eutrophicati E Scenario -1 B Scenario -2 ❑ Scenario -3 0 Scenario -4 ❑ Scenario -5 Eco -Indicator Results for Impact Assessment (Weighting) Sel I Impact category Unit Scenario -1 I Scenario -2 I Scenario -3 I Scenario -4 I Scenario -5 3.4--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3.2 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2.8 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2.6 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2.4 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2.2 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1.6 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1.4 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1.2 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 0.8-------------------------------------------------.. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 0.6-------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 0.4----------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 0.2------------------------------------------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ------------------------------------------------------.. 0 . Carcinogens Resp. organic Resp. inorgan Climate Radiation Ozone layer Ecotoxicity Acidification Land use Minerals Fossil fuels s ics change / Eutrophicati E Scenario -1 E Scenario -2 0 Scenario -3 E Scenario -4 a Scenario -5 Total Pt 1.76E5 4.18E51.25E6 2.69E6 4.99E6 Carcinogens Pt 573 1.61E3 15.05E3 1.22E4 2.25E4 ® Resp. organics Pt 28.6 79.3 X249 595 1.1E3 0 Resp. inorganics Pt 2.66E4 6.57E4 2.08E5 4.43E5 9.6E5 Climate change Pt 2.34E3 1.07E4 �3.77E4 1.07E5 2.04E5 [l Radiation Pt 1.42 2.14 4.88 4.88 4.88 P] Ozone layer Pt 0.0617 0.0946 0.218 0.229 0.246 [l Ecoto icity Pt 132 314 933 2.04E3 3.65E3 P] Acidification/ Eutrophication Pt 5.54E3 1.4E4 �4.45E4 9.59E4 2.09E5 ® Land use Pt x x Ix x x Minerals Pt 3.93 15.9 13.2 13.2 13.2 ® Fossil fuels Pt 1.41E5 13.25E5 9.51E5 2.03E6 3.59E6 3.4--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3.2 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2.8 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2.6 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2.4 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2.2 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1.6 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1.4 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1.2 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 0.8-------------------------------------------------.. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 0.6-------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 0.4----------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 0.2------------------------------------------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ------------------------------------------------------.. 0 . Carcinogens Resp. organic Resp. inorgan Climate Radiation Ozone layer Ecotoxicity Acidification Land use Minerals Fossil fuels s ics change / Eutrophicati E Scenario -1 E Scenario -2 0 Scenario -3 E Scenario -4 a Scenario -5 170 160 150 140 130 120 110 100 ii 90 2z 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 SimaPro 8 Results — Eco Indicator (Scenario 1) Damage Assessment Per Impact Category carcinogens Resp. organics = Resp. inorganics Ecotoxicity Acidification; Eutrophication = Land use Scenario -1 Climate change 0 Radiation Ozonelayer Minerals D Fossil fuels Eco -Indicator 99 (H) Impact Categories • Human Health (Includes number and duration of diseases, life years lost due to premature death from environmental causes) • Climate change • Ozone layer depletion • Carcinogenic effects • Respiratory effects • Ionizing (nuclear radiation) • Ecosystem Quality (Includes the effect on species diversity, namely, vascular plants and lower organisms) • Ecotoxicity • Acidification • Eutrophication • Land -use • Resources (Includes the surplus energy needed in future to extract lower quality minerals and fossil resources) • Minerals • Fossil fuels 170 160 150 140 130 12.0 110 100 a. 90 80 70 60 50 40 -o 20 10 it SimaPro 8 Results — Eco Indicator (Scenario 1) L----------------------------------------------------------------- Scenario-1 M Human Health M Ecosystem Qualit, 0 Resources Eco -Indicator Results — Process Contribution (Scenario 1) L Damage Category - Human Health -j I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 10000 I I I 1 I I I I I 1 I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I 1 I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I 1 I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I 1 I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I 1 I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I 1 I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I 1 I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I 1 I I 1 I I I I I I I I 8000 I I 1 I I I I I 1 I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I 1 I I 1 I I I I I I I I IL 6000_J___J___1___1___L___L___l___l___1____I___J___ LL I I 1 I I I I I 1 I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I 1 I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I 1 I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I 1 I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I 1 I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I 1 I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I 1 I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I 1 I I 1 I I I I I I I I 4000 1 1 1 1 1 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 2000 - - -' -' ---I---'---'---'---'---' - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - I I I--- T-- I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I 1 I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I 1 I I 1 I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I 1 I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I 1 I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I 1 I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I 1 I I 1 I I I I I I I I 0 Total Excavator, technology mix, 500 WJ, Mining GLO Diesel, combusted in industrial equipment -US Transport, single unit truck, diesel poi„ ered;'US Diesel, from crude oil, consumption mix, at refinery, 200 ppm sulphur EU -15 S Transport, ocean freighter, residual fuel oil po}„-ered'US Diesel, at refinerer'I;'US Crude ail, at production/RNA Electricite, bituminous coal, at power plantrUS Natural gas, processed, at plant'US Residual fuel oil, combusted in industrial boilerr'US Natural gas, combUsted in industrial boiler/US I Transport, ocean freighter, diesel powered/US Bituminous coal, at mine/US I Residual fuel oil, at refinerea'I'US Electricite, lignite coal, at power plantr'US Electricite, natural gas, at power plant/US Natural gas, at extraction site., -US Gasoline, combusted in egLiipment;'US Transport, train, diesel powered/US Electricite, residual fuel oil, at power plant,. -US Analyzing 1 p 'Scenario -1'; Method: Eco -indicator 99 (H) LCA Food V2.08 ,r Europe EI 99 H,'H / V-.feighting Eco -Indicator Results — Inventory List (Scenario 1) Damage Category - Human Health Nitrogen oxides Carbon dioxide, fossil Sulfur dioxide Arsenic Arsenic Dinitrogen monoxide Particulates, < 10 um Cadmium Lj Cadmium Benzo(a)anthracene Analyzing 1 p 'Scenario -1'; Method; Eco -indicator 99 (H) LCA Food V2.03 / Europe EI 99 H/H J Weighting Particulates, < 2.5 um Particulates, > 2.5 um, and < 10um Sulfur monoxide Methane Particulates, unspecified Arsenic Cadmium Carbon monoxide, fossil NMVOC, non -methane volatile organic compounds, unspecified origin Ammonia Eco -Indicator Results — Process Contribution (Scenario 1) Damage Category -Ecosystem Quality I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 1 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 1 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 1 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 1 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 1 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 1 1 I I I I I I I I I I I 2M1 I I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Ir 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -�---i---i---i---r---r---r---r---r---r---r---r---r---r---r---r--�---�----1---i---i---�---r---r---r---r---r---r---r---r---I----I----I---�---�---�---i---i---�---r---r---r------r---r---r---r---r---I----I-- I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 1 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 1 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 1 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 1 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 1 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 1 1 I I I I I I I I I I I f� I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 1 1 I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I 1 1 1 I I I I I I I I I I I 1511 MI -!---!---!---! ---! --- i ---! ---! ---!---I----I----I----I----I----I---!---!---!---!---!---!---! ---! ---! ---! ---!---I----I----I----I----I----I---!---!---!--- ;--- ;--- ;---; 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I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 1 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 1 1 I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 1 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 1 1 I I I I I I I I I I I 100#1 1___1___1___ J___J___J___ 1___1___1___ 1___1___1___L___L___L___l___l___l___1____1__ I I 1 1 I 1 I I I I 1 I I I 1 1 1 1 I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I 1 I I 1 1 1 I I I I I 1 1 I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 1 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 1 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 1 1 1 1 I I 1 I I I I I 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I I I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I I 1 1 1 1 1 I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 1 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 1 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 1 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 1 1 I I I I I I I I I I I 500 __J ---J---1---1--_ WW V V I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 1 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 1 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 1 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 1 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I 1 1 1 1 I I I I 1 I I I I 1 I I I 1 1 I I 1 1 1 I I I I 1 1 1 I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 1 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 1 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 1 1 I I I I I I I I I I I 1 1 1 41 Tota I Excavator, technology mix, 500 kW, Mining GLC Diesel, combusted in industrial equipment`US Transport, single unit truck, diesel powered/US diesel, from crude oil, consumption mix, at refinery, 200 ppm sulphur EU -1F S Transport, ocean freighter, residual fuel oil powered/US Diesel, at refinery/l/US Residual fuel oil, combusted in industrial boiler US Electricity, bituminous coal, at power plant'US Crude oil, at production/RNA Transport, ocean freighter, diesel powered/US Natural gas, processed, at plant/US Natural gas, combusted in industrial boiler/US Residual fuel oil, at refinery/l/US Electricity, lignite coal, at power plan US Electricity, residual fuel oil, at power plant/US Gasoline, combusted in equipment US Transport, train, diesel powered/US I Electricity, natural gas, at power plant/US Transport, combination truck, diesel powered/US Transport, barge, residual fuel oil powered/US ,analyzing 1 p 'Scenario -l'; Method Eco -indicator 99 (H) LCA. Food V2.03 J Europe EI 99 H/H / Weighting Eco -Indicator Results — Inventory List (Scenario 1) Damage Category - Ecosystem Quality Nitrogen oxides I I Nickel Chromium Chromium Ammonia ChromiLiM Copper Copper Cadmium Zinc Analyzing 1 p 'Scenario -1'; Method: Eco -indicator 99 (H;, LCA Food V2.03 ' Europe EI 99 H.°H ? ','e.°eighting Sulfur dioxide Sulfur monoxide Nickel Zinc Lead Zinc Nickel Cadmium Copper Cadmium Eco -Indicator Results — Process Contribution (Scenario 1) Damage Category -Resources 100000 I 1 I 1 I 1 I 1 I i-- i-- r-- r-- r-- r-- r-- 1 --� --� --i --i --r --r --r --r --1 --1 -� -� -i -r -r -r -r -r -1- -1- �- �- �- r- r- r r r - �- �- i- i- r- r- r- r- !y1 I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I 9aaaa1 1 I 1 _.___.___r___r___r___r___r___,___-___-___-___-___r___r___r___r___,____,___-___-___-___r___r___r___r___r___,____,___-___-___-___r___r___r___r___r___,___-___-___-___-___r___r___r___r ___,____,___-___-___-__ I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I 80000 I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I 700001 1 1 ___}___}___f___ I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I 60000 1___1___ 1___ 1___1___ J___J___ L___I___J--- J --- J --- J --- 1 --- L--- L --- L a 4 .l a a a I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I yAy I --- I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I 10000 - --- ---�---'----'--- 1--------------- ---� ---�---'----'----'--------- �_ I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I 1--7 --- 7 ,---- ---,----,----,----,----,---�---�---�---�---,----,----,----,----,----,---�---�---�---,----,----,----,----,----,----,---�-- I I --- I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 300001' I I I I 1 1 I I I 1 I I I 1 I I I I 1 I I I I 1 I I I I 1 I I I I 1 I I I I 1 I I I 1 I I I I I -----r---r---r---r---r---r--1I ---1I --- iI --- iI --- r - - - r - - - r - - - ---r---r-- n -I -- n -I --i1 --- r - - - r - - - r - - - r - - - --- �-i 1 I i ----1--------I ---r---r---r------r---1---1-I --1-I -- iI --- iI --- r ---r - -- 20aaa r---r---r---r--�---�---i-- �{1 I I I I I I 1 I I I I rI I I I I I I rI I I I I I I rI I I I I 1 I I I I I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Ir 1 --i---r---r---r---r---r---r--�---�---i---i---r---r---r---r---r---r--�---�---i---r---r---r---r---r---1----1---�---i---i---r---r---r---r---r---1---�---�---i---i---r---r---r---r---r---r--�---�---i-- I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I 10000 --- -- --- --- -- -- -- ;---,---,---,---,---; -- r - - -� --� -------;---;-------r---r---� -� -� ------;-----------;---;--- ---- ---- ---- -- - ---;- r -- �- �- - ---;---;---;-- I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I Tota I Diesel, from crude ail, consumption mix, at refinery, 200 ppm sulphur EU -15 S Crude oil, at production/RNA Natural gas, at extraction site/US Bituminous coal, at mine/US Lignite coal, at surface mine/US Transport, train, diesel powered/US Transport, single unit truck, diesel powered/US Transport, ocean freighter, residual fuel ail powered/US Transport, ocean freighter, diesel polmered/US Transport, ocean freighter, average fuel mix,'US Transport, combination truck, diesel powered/US Transport, combination truck, average fuel mi) US Transport, barge, residual fuel oil powered/US Lj Transport, barge, diesel powered/US Transport, barge, average fuel mi /US Residual fuel oil, combusted in industrial boiler/US Residual fuel oil, at refinery/)/US Natural gas, processed, at plant,)+US Natural gas, combusted in industrial boiler/US Loader operation, large, NE -NC RNA Analyzing 1 p 'Scenario -1'; Method; Eco -indicator 99 (H) LCA Food V2.03 J Europe EI 99 H,+H / Weighting Eco -Indicator Results — Inventory List (Scenario 1) Damage Category -Resources Energy, from oil Energy, from gas, natural Coal, 26.4 Ma per kg Lead Iro n Nickel Manganese Molybdenum Zinc oxide Zinc Analyzing 1 p 'Scenario -1'; Method: Eco -indicator 99 (H) LCA Food x'2.03 } Europe EI 99 H/H / Weighting Oil, crude Gas, natural Energy, from coal Copper Zinc Aluminium chromium Tin Zinc Zinc Sel I Impact category I Unit I Scenario -1 I Scenario -2 I Scenario -3 I Scenario -4 I Scenario -5 rv' ozone depletion kg CFC -11 eq 0.00327 0.00502 0.0116 0.0122 0.0131 rv- Global warming kg COO eq 2E6 4.77E6 1.41E7 3.09E7 5.45E7 TRACIResults r Smog kg 03 eq 3.02E5 7.58E5 2.42E6 5.2E6 1.14E7 Po' acidification kg S02 eq 1.01E4 2.62E4 8.35E4 1.84E5 _ 3.92E5 (Comparison)r Eutrophication kg N eq 576 1.48E3 4.73 E3 1.04 E4 2.24 E4 r Carcinogenics CTUh 0.00814 0.0361 0.127 0.356 0.688 rv- Non carcinogenics CTUh 0.0755 0.343 1.21 3.42 6.61 r7o Respiratory effects kg PM2.5 eq 371 754 2.16E3 3.94E3 7.94E3 Comparing product stages; rv- Ecotoxlclty CTUe 1.42EG 6.57E6 2.33E7 6.6E7 1.28E8 Method: TRACI 2.1 V1.01 / Canada 2005 / Characterization Fossil fuel depletion Ma surplus 13.94E& 19.1EG 2.66E7 5.67E7 1E8 100 - 95--- ---- _ ..._ ------------ --------------- 90..._....._....._._. ._ -------------- --------------- 85..._.,..._....._..-. F ------------- 80 -------- - ---------------- ---------------- 75 ------------ _ __------------- ---------------- _,.___,...___.._.. 70..._....._....._. - ---------------- --------------- 65..._.,..._..... _.. ...-------------- 60 ______________ ---------------- ---------------- _,.___,...___.._.. 55 ----------- ------------- -------- 50------------ ------------- ------ _..__ .. 45 - ------------- 40 ------------- 35 ------------- ------- 30 ------------- --------- .. 25 --- - --------- ------ 20 --------- ------ 15---,-- --------- --- 10 --------- ------ 5 j J1 0 Ozone depletio Global warmin Smog Acidification Eutrophication Carcinogenics Pilon carcinoge Respiratory Ecotoxicit7y Fossil fuel n g nics effects depletion Scenario -1 0 Scenario -2 0 Scenario -3 N Scenario -4 a Scenario -5 TRACT Results (Comparison) Comparing product stages; Method: TRACI 2.1 V1.01 / Canada 2005 / Normalization Sel I Impact category Unit I Scenario -1 I Scenario- Scenario -3 I Scenario -4 naricy-5 17 Ozone depletion 0.818 1.76 7.89 3.05 3.28 rv- Global warming 86.7 207 611 1.34E3 2.36E3 r Smog 163 410 1.31E3 2.81E3 6.17E3 rv- ,acidification 76.3 197 679 1.39E3 2.95E3 r Eutrophication 144.4 114 365 799 1.73E3 F Carcinogenics 351 1.55E3 5.47E3 1.53E4 2.96E4 r7e Non carcinogenics 84.1 382 1.35E3 3.81E3 7.37E3 r Respiratory effects 4.64 9.43 27 49.3 99.2. F7 Ecotoxicity 1136 631 2.24E3 6.33E3 1.23E4 F4/ Fossil fuel depletion 1118 273 798 1.7E3 3.01E3 28000 ---- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 26000....------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 24000 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 22.000 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 20000 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 18000 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 16000 _....---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14000-.__ ------------------------------------ 12.000- 10000 .._ 8000 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6000 4000 --------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- 2.000 --__-__..__..e.__e.__-._.--._.e_.___.__-__,....._ __-._.e-. 0 Ozone depletio Global warmin Smog Acidification Eutrophication Carcinogenics Non carcinoge Respiratory Ecotoxicity Fossil fuel n g nits effects depletion Scenario -1 E Scenario -2 El Scenario -3 ■ Scenario -4 E Scenario -5 Sel I Impact category Unit I Total I Scenario, -1 r7o Ozone depletion kg CFC -11 eq 0.00327 0.00327 global warming kg CO2 eq 2E6 J2EG Si ma Pro 8 Analsis Smog kg 03 eq 3.0E 13.O2 -E5 v rv—o,acidification kg S02 eq 1.01E4 1.01E4 TRACI 1 rv—o Eutrophication kg N eq 576 6 r7o Carcinogenics CTUh 0.00814 O.14 Non carcinogenics CTUh 0.0755 0.0755 Scenario 1; Method: TRACI 2.1 V1.01 / Canada 2005 / Characterization Respiratory effects kg FM.S eq 371 X71 r%o- Ecotoxicit} CTUe 1.42E& 1.42E rv—o Fossil fuel depletion MJ surplus 3.94 E& 13.94E6 100 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 13 10 ID Ozone depletio Global 5.-�drmin Smog-_idification Eu•trophicatiorn Carcinogenics Non carcinoge Respiratory Ecotoxicity Fossil fuel n 9 nics effects depletion Scenario -1 340 320 300 280 260 240 220 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 SimaPro 8 Analysis TRACI (Scenario 1) Scenario 1; Method: TRACI 2.1 V1.01 / Canada 2005 / Normalization Sel I Impact category Tota I Scenario -1 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------ E ------ ------ 0 ------ ------ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------- --------------------------- ---------------------------------------------- ------ ------- ---- -------------------------- ------ ------- ---- --------------------------- ------ ------- ---- -------------------------- ------- ------- ---- 0 -------------------------- ------- ------- Ozone depletio Global warming Smog Acidification Eutrophication Carcinogenics Non carcinogen n ics N Scenario -1 Respiratory Ecotoxicity Fossil fuel effects depletion ozone depletion 0.818 8.818 f7 Global warming 86.7 86.7 Wo, Smog 163 163 IV Acidification 76.3 76.3 W Eutrophication 44.4 44.4 lr Carcinogenics 351 351 r7o, Non carcinogenics 84.1 84.1 Respiratory effects 4.64 4.64 1` Ecotoxicity 136 136 Fossil fuel depletion 118 118 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Eutrophication Carcinogenics Non carcinogen n ics N Scenario -1 Respiratory Ecotoxicity Fossil fuel effects depletion TRACT Results (Scenario 1) — Process Contribution for Carcinogenic Impacts Comparing product stages; Method: TRACI 2.1 V1.01 / Canada 2005 / Normalization I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I i i f 1 I I I 1 I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I 1 I I I 1 I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I 1 I I I 1 I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I 1 I I I 1 I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I 1 1 1 I I I I 1 I 1 I I I I I 1 1 I I I I I 1 I I I I 1 I I I 1 I I I 1 I 1 I 1 I I I I I 1 I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I 1 I I I 1 I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I 1 I I I 1 I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I 1 I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I 1 I I I 1 I I I 1 I I I I I I I I F- -J---J---J---J----I----I----I----I----I----I----I----I----L---L---L---L---L--- L - - -I- - -- L - -- L - - -L- -- L - -- L - -- L - - -L- -- L - -- L - -- L - -- J - -- L - -- L - -- L - -- J - -- L - -- L - -- L---J---J---J---J---J---J---J---J---J---J---J---J---J-- ' I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I 1 I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I 1 1 I I 1 I I I 1 I I 1 I 1 I I I 1 1 1 I I 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 I 1 1 1 I I 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I 1 I I I 1 I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I 1 I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I 1 I I I I I I I I 150--1 1 1 1 1 I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I 1 I I I 1 I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I 1 I I I 1 I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I 1 I I I 1 I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I 1 I I I 1 I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I 1 I I 1 I I 1 1 I I I 1 I I I 1 I I 1 I I I I I -'';-J---J---J-_-J----I--_-I----I-_--I----I--- !----I-_-!----1-_-l---l_-_l---l-_-l---l_-_l_--L---L---L---L--'L---L---L---L---L---1---1---1---1---1---1---1---1---J---J---J---J---J---J---J---J---J-_-J---J---J---J-_ 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I 1 I I I 1 II I 1 I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I 1 I I I 1 I I I 1 I I I I I I I I Scenario -1 Crude oil, at production/RNA Diesel, at refinery/I/US Diesel, combusted in industrial equipment,/US Electricity, bituminous coal, at power plant/US Natural gas, combusted in industrial boiler/US Electricity, lignite coal, at power plant,�US Liquefied petroleum gas, at refinery/I/US Diesel, combusted in industrial boiler/US Lj Excavator, technology mix, 500 M, Mining GLO Fuel grade uranium, at regional storage/US Comparing product stages; Method; TRACI 2.1 V1.01 / Canada 2005 / Normalization Diesel, from crude oil, consumption mix, at refinery, 200 ppm sulphur EU -15 S Natural gas, at extraction site/US Residual fuel oil, at refinery/I/US Residual fuel oil, combusted in industrial boilerJUS Electricity, biomass, at power plant/US Gasoline, at refinery/I/US Electricity, residual fuel oil, at power plant/US Electricity, natural gas, at power plant/US Gasoline, combusted in equipment/US Bituminous coal, combusted in industrial boiler/US TRACT Results (Scenario 1) Carcinogenic Impacts Comparing product stages; Method: TRACI 2.1 V1.01 / Canada 2005 / Normalization — Inventory List for Chromium chromium III Chromium VI chromium Arsenic Mercury Nickel Arsenic PAH, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Chromium VI Comparing product stages; Method: TRAC:I 2.1 V1.01 r' Canada 2005 J Normalization Chromium Chromium Arsenic chromium Formaldehyde Nickel Arsenic Chromium ffi Nickel Lead TRACT Results (Scenario 1) — Network Analysis for Carcinogenic Impacts 1.31 E6 tkni Transport, 6'x'17 Scenario -1 00% 1p Scenario -1 0 i i (.14,] 1.47E9 kg Excavato rr i,40;� 1455E Loader 6. Q �;7