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HomeMy WebLinkAbout20131200 Ver 4_Application_20160613June 10, 2016 Mr. Steve Kichefski CLear aLer C1earWater Environmental Consultants, Inc. www.cwenv.com US Army Corps of Engineers Asheville Regulatory Field Office 151 Patton Avenue, Room 208 Asheville, North Carolina 28801-2638 Ms. Karen Higgins NC DWR, 401 & Buffer Permitting Unit 512 N. Salisbury Street, 9h Floor Raleigh, North Carolina 27604 FuJ JUN 1 3 2016 $ PAID RE: Request to Modify Corps Permit Application and DWR 401 Certification Tryon International Equestrian Center Polk County, North Carolina Action ID SAW -2013-00262; DWQ Project # 13-1200 v3 Mr. Kichefski and Ms. Higgins, Please reference the permit application dated June 24, 2016 and the NC Division of Water Resources' 401 Water Quality Certification dated February 2, 2016 associated with the project known as the Tryon International Equestrian Center (TIEC) owned by Tryon Equestrian Partners, LLC and represented by Mr. Jeff Brown. The permit application requested written authorization for impacts associated with development of the TIEC. The 401 Water Quality Certification authorized 723 linear feet of permanent stream impacts, 0.02 acre of permanent wetland impacts, and 120 linear feet of temporary stream impacts. The DWR required a total of 495 linear feet of stream mitigation. The applicant/permittee requests to modify the permit application and 401 Water Quality Certification as follows. Modification to Site Plan and Impacts The permittee/applicant would like to modify the project site plan to eliminate the following impacts: Impact Linear Feet Acres RCI 91 0 RC3 64 0 RC4 62 0 RC5 60 0.02 Total 277 0.02 32 Clayton Street Asheville, IAC 28801 828-698-9800 Tel Mr. Steve Kichefski 06.10.16 Page 2 of 2 The above crossing locations would be spanned using arch culverts that would not impact jurisdictional waters.A modified site plan is included for review (Figure 1). Total' impacts at TIEC would be 446 linear feet of permanent stream impacts and 120 linear feet of temporary stream impacts. Modification to the Mitigation Plan The original permit application included mitigation in the form of preservation and payment into the Division of Mitigation Services' (DMS) in -lieu fee program. The DWR authorized payment to DMS in the 401 Water Quality' Certification. The resource agencies would not approve the on-site preservation plan as proposed. The applicant/permittee would like' to modify the Mitigation Plan to include off-site, in-kind mitigation in the form of enhancement and restoration at the site known as the Harmon L Dairy Stream Mitigation Project Site. The site would provide 1,122 linear feet of stream mitigation credits which accounts for mitigation of previous and proposed impacts at TIEC at a 2:1 ratio. The proposed Mitigation Plan is included for review (Attachment A). The proposed mitigation would also include 0.003 acre of wetland impact (165 square feet) in the floodplain of Marys Branch. The proposed Conservation Easement was submitted to Mr. Carl Pruitt of the US'Army Corps of Engineers on May 17, 2016. The applicant respectfully requests that the permit application and 401 Water Quality Certification be modified to reflect the above changes. Should you have any questions or comments concerning this project please do not hesitate to contact me at 828-698-9800. Sincerely, Rebekah N. Reid R. Clement Riddle, P.W.S. Senior Project Manager Principal Cc: NC Division of Water Resources - Jennifer Burdette NC Division of Water Resources — Zan Price fD N , D z n pj o � o D T cD CID rD � �v N 00 00 O 51 v O O O I uo �Q CD 1. A Y �, '�!�. \ _ ,•:�- ,+~, _ ill r m CD a� N a 3 g $ m � i O O O I uo �Q CD 1. A Y �, '�!�. \ _ ,•:�- ,+~, _ ill I< O s x N a a z m z �5 z O Gy�C1 robropro� C •� O O . 6 6 go 3 y CA pApy N ppOH� yyO Ow.�� ON AAA A a kA o. rt n c ee �- z �7 a I< O s lo Attachment A_, Proposed Mitigation, Plant% (dated June,=10,-'2016)' 4 ' 1 '�•:'`t;'awl .,, '1:.` •.^-�t.�- �.�' _ :TG•:YY� qGa •�T77j��� .w _..:.s,.� 'aeyt,.�"�: •y ' _ _I � Irl r� .. F.i'1 .- ._ .a-"�vY9"' �r�•:1h __'� :'iii ��.'rtJC.1'f,.l;l::�.�:.[! moi. L:. .. �i - Ah Table of Contents 1.0 PROJECT SUMMARY..........................................................................................1 1.1 Project Objectives..............................................................................................1 2.0 SITE SELECTION.................................................................................................1 3.0 SITE PROTECTION INSTRUMENT.................................................................. 2 4.0 BASELINE INFORMATION................................................................................ 2 4.1 Location...............................................................................................................2 4.2 Existing Site Conditions..................................................................................... 2 5.0 DETERMINATION OF CREDITS...................................................................... 4 6.0 MITIGATION WORK PLAN AND MANINTENANCE PLAN ....................... 4 6.1 Design Approach................................................................................................ 4 6.2 Construction Schedule....................................................................................... 5 6.3 Erosion and Sediment Control Measures........................................................ 5 6.4 Stream Bank and Floodplain Re -Vegetation ................................................... 6 6.5 Invasive Species Control.................................................................................... 6 6.6 Maintenance Plan............................................................................................... 6 7.0 PERFORMANCE STANDARDS.......................................................................... 6 8.0 MONITORING REQUIREMENTS..................................................................... 7 10.0 ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT PLAN.................................................................. 8 11.0 FINANCIAL ASSURANCES............................................................................... 8 12.0 REFERENCES.......................................................................................................9 APPENDIX A: FIGURES Figure 1. Site Vicinity Map Figure 2. USGS Topographic Quadrangle Figure 3. Aerial Map Figure 4. Stream and Wetland Delineation Map APPENDIX B: CONSERVATION EASEMENT APPENDIX C: GEOMORPHIC DATA PHOTOGRAPHS CALCULATIONS APPENDIX D: RESTORATION PLANS 1.0 PROJECT SUMMARY Tryon Equestrian Partners, LLC (TEP) is proposing to enhance and restore 1,383 linear feet (LF) of stream channel at the Harmon Dairy Stream Mitigation Project site (site) in Polk County, North Carolina (Appendix A, Figure 1). The proposed project would generate 1,122 Stream Mitigation Units (SMUs). Restoration would offset environmental losses resulting from unavoidable impacts associated with the proposed Tryon International Equestrian Center (TIEC) in Polk County. 1.1 Project Objectives The resource functions of the proposed stream restoration project address needed improvements to the watershed in several ways. The existing stream at the site is degraded due to prior channelization, habitat alteration, excess sediment from bank erosion, limited riparian buffers, and livestock trampling. The proposed project would address these impairments and improve watershed functions by restoring approximately 1,122 linear feet of an unnamed tributary (UT) to Mary's Branch. The primary goal of the stream restoration project would be to return the project reach to a stable, well - vegetated, and naturally functioning condition. Specific stream restoration objectives include: improving bank stability, enhancing aquatic and terrestrial habitats, removing invasive exotic plant species, and establishing more robust and wider vegetative buffers. 2.0 SITE SELECTION The applicant has chosen off-site, in-kind mitigation in the form of restoration to fulfill mitigation requirements associated with development of the TIEC. The project site was selected because it has a high likelihood of success based on a number of factors, including: landscape position; absence of significant constraints; and conservation protection. There are no approved mitigation banks in the watershed. The watershed of the proposed project reach is approximately 181 acres and over 1,000 linear feet of stream channel would be enhanced or restored, and preserved. Establishing upland riparian buffers around stream resources would limit indirect and cumulative impacts associated with the ongoing dairy operation. Streams on site would have no protections should the mitigation plan be determined unacceptable. Restoring or enhancing streams now is more beneficial than funding large-scale restoration at a later date. Streams would also be preserved. Although mitigation provided by a mitigation bank or in -lieu fee program would provide mitigation within the same watershed, stream reaches used for mitigation could be many miles from the permitted project site. The Harmon Dairy is approximately 5 miles from the TIEC. Permittee responsible mitigation is an accepted means of providing compensatory mitigation. When properly designed and implemented, and appropriately monitored, this approach offers a predictable and tested way of achieving compensatory mitigation as well as the opportunity to protect unique, natural features. Mitigation activities are justified because of the degraded nature of the existing stream and the plan to restore the UT to Mary's Branch to an ecologically self-sustaining stream. Harmon Dairy Stream Mitigation Plan 1 June 2016 3.0 SITE PROTECTION INSTRUMENT A Conservation Easement (CE) on the property would be held by the Polk County Soil and Water Conservation District (SWCD) to protect in perpetuity the improved aquatic habitats and riparian buffers of the stream restoration project and restrict future activities that may compromise the functions and services of the aquatic resources (Appendix B). The permanent conservation easement would extend at least 50 feet beyond the top of both banks. Within the conservation easement, the riparian buffer would be planted with native trees and shrubs, as well as live stakes or live whips and transplants, to provide post -construction bank stability, erosion control and riparian habitat enhancement. All site protection instruments require 60 -day advance notification to the US Army Corps of Engineers (Corps) and the NC Division of Water Resources (DWR) prior to any action to void, amend, or modify the document. No such action would take place unless approved by the Corps and DWR. 4.0 BASELINE INFORMATION 4.1 Location The proposed site is located in the Piedmont physiographic province (NCGS 2004) in Polk County, North Carolina. The proposed site is accessed from NC Highway 9 in the town of Green Creek (Appendix A, Figure 1). The proposed site is bordered by Mary's Branch to the west, and stream and wetlands on site are UTs to Mary's Branch in the Broad River basin (HUC 03050105). To access the site from Asheville, take Interstate 26 East for 36 miles to Exit 67. Follow US -74 East toward Columbus. Take Exit 167 and turn south onto NC Highway 9. After approximately 7 miles, turn right onto Harmon Dairy Lane. Harmon Dairy Lane ends at the dairy. The project reach is located to the west of the diary barns. 4.2 Existing Site Conditions The watershed of the UT to Mary's Branch measures approximately 181 acres and is primarily used for pasture (Appendix A, Figure 2 and 3). Land use in the project area is predominantly pasture with pockets of mixed hardwood/pine forests. The surrounding land use is similar, but also includes residential home sites. The project reach was apparently channelized, straightened, and moved to the edge of the valley in order to maximize usable pasture land. The upstream end of the project reach has been trampled by cattle over the past several decades and fine sediment has covered the native gravel bed materials. The downstream reach is undergoing an incision process as the channel profile adjusts to the steeper grade imposed by straightening and by its connection to Mary's Branch, which is also incised. Banks are nearly vertical with raw soil and evidence of active erosion. The project reach can be characterized by Stage III (degradation) in the Simon Channel Evolution Model. The upstream reach can be classified in the Rosgen classification system as an "F" while the downstream reach can be classified as a "G" or "E" Harmon Dairy Stream Mitigation Plan 2 June 2016 The riparian buffer that exists along the left bank of the project reach is dominated by Chinese privet (Ligustrum sinense), with some Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica) and multi -flora rose (Rosa multiflora). Native tree species include maple species and American beech (Fagus grandifolia). Photographs of the site along with geomorphic and sediment data are included for review (Appendix Q. A stream and wetland delineation map is included in (Appendix A, Figure 4). Baseline information and attributes are summarized in Table 1 below. N/A - Noi Applicable Harmon Dairy Stream Mitigation Plan 3 June 2016 Table 1. Project Baseline Information and Attributes Harmon Dalry Stream Mitigation Project Project Information Project County Polk Project Area (acres) 3.8 Project Coordinates (latitude and longitude) 35.201888,-82.064722 Project Watershed Summary Information Physiographic Province Piedmont River Basin Broad USGS H drolo is Unit 8 -digit: 03050105 14th t: 03050105150020 DWQ Sub -basin 03-08-06 Project Drainage Area (acres) 181 Project Drainage Area Percentage of Impervious Area <10% CGIA land Use Classification Forested (53%), Cultivated Crops and Hay (33%), Grassland (11%), Developed(2%), Impervious <I% , Barren <I% Reach Summaloformation Parameters UT Mary's Branch UT Mary's Branch Reach 1 Reach 2 Length of Reach Qinear feet 152 900 Valley Classification VIII VIII Drainage Area (acres) 102 181 NCDWQ Water Quality Classification C C Morphological Descn tion (Stream T F E Evolution Trend F -E E -G -F -E Underlying Mapped Soils RnE Drainage Class Well Drained Soil Hydric Status No Slope 1.7% 1.1% FEMA Classification Zone X Zone X Native Vegetative Community Riparian Riparian Percent Composition of Exotic Invasive Vegetation —300/a —30% Wetland Summary Information N/A Regulatory Considerations Regulation Applicable Resolved -Supporting Documentation Waters of the United States - Section 404 Yes No Waters of the United States - Section 401 Yes No Endangered Species Acts No No Historic Preservation Act Yes No Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA) / Coastal Area Management Act (CAMA) No N/A FEMA Floodplain Compliance Yes No Essential Fisheries Habitat No N/A N/A - Noi Applicable Harmon Dairy Stream Mitigation Plan 3 June 2016 5.0 DETERMINATION OF CREDITS Mitigation credits presented in these tables are projections based upon site design. Upon completion of site construction, the project components and credits data would be revised to be consistent with the as -built condition. N/A - Na Applicable 6.0 MITIGATION WORK PLAN AND MANINTENANCE PLAN 6.1 Design Approach The restoration plan (Appendix D) provides for restoring bank and bed stability, promoting sediment transport equilibrium over a range of discharges, and improving aquatic and terrestrial habitats. Establishing and maintaining a native forested riparian buffer along the stream banks would help improve bank stability and reduce water temperatures as the canopy matures. Land uses in the conservation easement areas would be restricted to protect planted vegetation and ensure long-term recovery of riparian functions. Changes in hydraulic geometry features, such as the creation of riffles and pools, would enhance habitat function and contribute to an overall improvement in habitat diversity. Stream restoration and enhancement would be accomplished using a natural channel design approach to restore appropriate channel dimension, pattern, and profile. These improved conditions would promote water and sediment transport equilibrium between the stream and its watershed, reconnect the stream to its floodplain, and promote healthy in -stream and riparian habitats. Proposed restoration involves on-line restoration of channel dimensions and in -stream structures in the upstream reach, and excavation of a new, off-line channel over the downstream reach. The proposed project would also include removing invasive plant species and planting native riparian buffer vegetation. Harmon Dairy Stream Mitigation Plan 4 lune 2016 Table 2. Projected M stion Credits Harmon Dalry Stream Mitigation Pro ed Mlftllidon Credit Summaries Stream Riparian Wetland Non -Riparian Wetland Buffer Nitrogen Nutrient Offset Phosphorous Nutrient Offset Overall Credit 1,126 N/A I N/A I N/A N/A I N/A N/A Project Components Project Component or Reach ID Stationing Pre -project --Restoration Footage or Footage or Restoration Acreage Acreage Level Restoration or Rest Equiv. Mittgatio n Ratio Mitigation Credits Notes UT Mary's Branch Reach 1 1+66-3+18 152 152 E2 E 2.5:1 61 UT M s Branch Reach 2 3+18-13+83 900 1,065 R R 1:1 1,065 - Lengill and Area Summations Restoration Level Stream (Linear Feet) Non - Riparian Wetland (acres) riparian Wetland Buffer (Square feet) Upland (acres) Riverine Non-Riverine Restoration 1065 Enhancement 152 - - - - N/A - Na Applicable 6.0 MITIGATION WORK PLAN AND MANINTENANCE PLAN 6.1 Design Approach The restoration plan (Appendix D) provides for restoring bank and bed stability, promoting sediment transport equilibrium over a range of discharges, and improving aquatic and terrestrial habitats. Establishing and maintaining a native forested riparian buffer along the stream banks would help improve bank stability and reduce water temperatures as the canopy matures. Land uses in the conservation easement areas would be restricted to protect planted vegetation and ensure long-term recovery of riparian functions. Changes in hydraulic geometry features, such as the creation of riffles and pools, would enhance habitat function and contribute to an overall improvement in habitat diversity. Stream restoration and enhancement would be accomplished using a natural channel design approach to restore appropriate channel dimension, pattern, and profile. These improved conditions would promote water and sediment transport equilibrium between the stream and its watershed, reconnect the stream to its floodplain, and promote healthy in -stream and riparian habitats. Proposed restoration involves on-line restoration of channel dimensions and in -stream structures in the upstream reach, and excavation of a new, off-line channel over the downstream reach. The proposed project would also include removing invasive plant species and planting native riparian buffer vegetation. Harmon Dairy Stream Mitigation Plan 4 lune 2016 r The design approach for restoration would be mainly a -Priority I, with Priority II elements at the , upstream and downstream ends of the project reach. The Priority I approach raises the stream to its original floodplain elevation, abandoning the old channel. The Priority II approach involves creating a new stream channel and floodplain at the current channel elevation. In both cases, when abandoned, the old channel would be filled with spoil produced by the excavation of the new channel and floodplain. Stream restoration measures have been designed using a combination of analytical data and reference reaches from stable reaches found with a similar valley type. The project design also incorporates natural materials, such as gravel, cobble and logs to improve in - stream habitat and provide lateral stability. Bioengineering measures would be installed on restored stream banks, particularly at the outside bends where stresses are high, in order to promote bank stability and quickly establish a near -bank vegetative cover. Sediment transport competence analyses have been performed to check that the designed channel would transport the size of sediment available within the watershed. The analyses, summarized in Appendix C, indicate that the design stream reaches would have bankfull shear stresses capable of mobilizing the larger fraction (D84 to Dtoo) of the bed materials sampled at the site. Bankfull dimensions and estimated bankfull discharge were evaluated based on site surveys, regional hydraulic geometry relationships, and hydraulic modeling. The design bankfull dimensions, slope, and discharge match regional relationships well. 6.2 Construction Schedule Construction is estimated to last from two to three months, depending upon weather. Installation of live stakes, live transplants, and all riparian tree and shrub planting would be performed during the dormant winter months, regardless of when construction is completed. Construction is planned to begin within two months of final design approval and receipt of permits. 6.3 Erosion and Sediment Control Measures Construction phase erosion and sediment controls would be implemented in accordance with state standards to ensure sediment resulting from project construction would remain on site. The contractor would be instructed to disturb only as much ground as necessary to complete the active phase of work. Silt fences would be placed around all temporary stockpiles. A pump -around flow diversion would be employed in order to minimize downstream migration of fine sediment from work areas. Erosion control matting composed of natural biodegradable coir fiber would be installed along the constructed channel or herbaceous cover would be established before water is turned into the new channel. The erosion control matting would extend to the top of bank and would be secured with wood stakes and live stakes. Immediately following any ground disturbing activities, both a temporary cover seed mix and a permanent native Harmon Dairy Stream Mitigation Plan 5 June 2016 seed mix would be sown to provide immediate ground cover and stabilize exposed soil. The newly constructed channel would be stabilized with native herbaceous vegetation and live stakes after construction. 6.4 Stream Bank and Floodplain Re -Vegetation The vegetative components of this project include stream bank and floodplain planting. Any areas of the site that are disturbed, lack diversity, or might be adversely impacted by the construction process would also be replanted. A buffer of woody and herbaceous species would be established within 50 feet from the top of the newly constructed bank using a native seed mix, bare -root seedlings, live stakes, and live transplants. Planted trees and shrubs would provide a diversity of forest structure, forage value, filtering capacity, soil stability, and riparian habitat. Planting zones on the site would mimic natural stream bank and floodplain communities and would consider the frequency and magnitude of flows experienced by the project stream. Planting would commence in the dormant season after project construction is completed to ensure that species are planted in suitable hydrologic regimes. 6.5 Invasive Species Control Invasive non-native species, primarily Chinese privet, are present within the proposed conservation easement. Invasive species would be cut and treated with herbicide prior to grading or completely removed during grading. In areas where grading operations would remove individual invasive plants, follow-up treatments would be implemented as necessary to eradicate any new invasive populations. Invasive plants would be replaced with native trees and shrubs. 6.6 Maintenance Plan Maintenance of the newly constructed channel and all structures associated with the restoration would be accomplished by TEP if the restored stream exceeds the range of natural variability established during the 7 -year monitoring period. Replacement planting would be performed by TEP if stem counts fall below 320 stems per acre during the first 3 years, 260 stems per acre through year 5, or 210 stems per acre through year 7. If any portion of the mitigation project fails to meet the specified performance standards in a monitoring year, the reasons for this failure would be determined and a corrective action plan (which includes proposed actions, a schedule, and monitoring plan) would be prepared. If it is believed that corrective action to a problem area is not warranted, the corrective action plan would state the reasons. Continued monitoring of the problem area may be required. 7.0 PERFORMANCE STANDARDS In accordance with the provisions in CFR Title 33, "performance standards that will be used to assess whether the project is achieving its objectives... and should relate to the Harmon Dairy Stream Mitigation Plan 6 June 2016 objectives ... so that the project can be objectively evaluated to determine if it is developing into the desired resource type, providing the expected functions, and attaining any other applicable metrics ". Table 3 below lists proposed success criteria for each proposed ecological service enhancement. While some success criteria are quantitative (e.g. bank height ratio) and others are qualitative (e.g. observations of fine sediment deposition on the floodplain), each is measurable. Year to year comparisons for the various parameters would allow adaptive management to be implemented early on in the monitoring period if necessary in order to reduce the risk of widespread problems. Table 3. Performance Standards Parameter Metrics/Success Criteria Frequency a. Entrenchment ratio for reaches where ER is corrected through design Parameter and construction shall be no less than 2.2. Channel Stability b. The stream project shall remain stable and all other performance standards shall be met through two separate bankfull events, occurring in separate years, during the monitoring years 1 through 7. a. Density of 320 live, planted stems/acre at year 3; 260 live, planted Riparian Buffer Vegetation stems/acre at year 5; 210 live planted stems/acre at year 7. Pattern and Profile b. Less than 15% cover of exotic/invasive species. As -Built a. 100% of fencing and signage to remain intact. No encroachment on Project Boundary the easement. 8.0 MONITORING REQUIREMENTS Environmental components monitored in this project are those that allow an evaluation of stream stability and vegetative survivability. The success of stream stability and woody vegetation plantings would be evaluated for 7 years per the proposed guidance set forth by the North Carolina Interagency Review Team's (NCIRT) "Monitoring Requirements and Performance Standards for Compensatory Mitigation in North Carolina" — February 8, 2013 (USACE 2013). Table 4. Monitoring Requirements Required Quantity Frequency Notes Parameter Pattern/profile survey will extend for As per North Carolina at least 20 bankfull widths per reach. Pattern and Profile Interagency Review As -Built Annual profile surveys only required if Team's Requirements channel instability is observed. As per North Carolina As -Built, A minimum of one representative Dimension Interagency Review Years 1, 2, riffle and pool cross section will be Team's Reguirements 3, 5, and 7 surveyed per 1,000 linear feet. Surface Water I As per North Carolina Annual A crest gauge will be installed on site; Harmon Dairy Stream Mitigation Plan 7 June 2016 Hydrology Interagency Review the device will be inspected on a semi - Team's Requirements annual basis to document the occurrence of bankfull events on the project. As per North Carolina As -Built, Vegetation will be monitored using a Vegetation Interagency Review Years 1, 2, standard sampling method. Team's Requirements 3, 5, and 7 Exotic and nuisance Annual Locations of exotic and nuisance vegetation vegetation will be mapped. Locations of fence damage, vegetation Project boundary Annual damage, boundary encroachments, etc. will be mapped. Reference photographs will be made at PhotographsAnnual selected overviews and near -stream locations. 9.0 LONG TERM MANAGEMENT PLAN Upon close out by the Corps, the site would remain owned by the Harmons and the conservation easement would be held by the Polk County SWCD. The designated party would be responsible for periodic inspection of the site to ensure that restrictions required in the restrictive covenant document(s) are upheld. Endowment funds required to uphold restrictive covenants would be negotiated prior to site transfer to the responsible party. 10.0 ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT PLAN Project maintenance would be performed as described above. If, during the course of annual monitoring it is determined the site's ability to achieve site performance standards is jeopardized, the applicant would notify the Corps and DWR of the need to develop an Adaptive Management Plan. Once the Adaptive Management Plan is prepared and finalized the applicant would: 1. Notify the Corps and DWR. 2. Revise performance standards, maintenance requirements, and monitoring requirements as necessary and/or required by the Corps and DWR. 3. Obtain other permits as necessary. 4. Implement the Adaptive Management Plan. 5. Provide the Corps and DWR with documentation of corrective action. This report would depict the extent and nature of the work performed. 11.0 FINANCIAL ASSURANCES TEP will provide a Surety Bond to ensure a high level of confidence that the project would be successfully completed: Harmon Dairy Stream Mitigation Plan 8 lune 2016 12.0 REFERENCES NCGS (North Carolina Geological Survey). 2004. Physiography of North Carolina. Map compiled by the Division of Land Resources. Raleigh. Rosgen, Dave. 1996. Applied River Morphology, Wildland Hydrology. USACE (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers). 2003. Stream Mitigation Guidelines. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers — Wilmington District, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission, and North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources Division of Water Quality. Wilmington, North Carolina. USACE (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers). 2013. Monitoring Requirements and Performance Standards for Compensatory Mitigation in North Carolina. North Carolina Interagency Review Team (NCIRT). Harmon Dairy Stream Mitigation Plan 9 June 2016 -A _ pendix`A' Figures`-` r Harmon Dairy Stream Mitigation Project (+/- 3.77 Ac;) 1 c I I / I � / I I I c \ / I o' Marys Branch r \ 1 \ Boundary Y 1 / \ � � I \ 1 \ T / Legend CE Boundary — — — Streams Drawn by: RNR 06.06.15; CEC Project# 747 ,6 Did Melvin 0 500 1,000 2,000 Feet Polk County, CLearWater Site Vicinity North Carolina Figure 1 32 Clayton Street Asheville, NC 28801 r,h4 I I 1 c I I / I � / I I I c \ / I o' Marys Branch r \ 1 \ Boundary Y 1 / \ � � I \ 1 \ T / Legend CE Boundary — — — Streams Drawn by: RNR 06.06.15; CEC Project# 747 ,6 Did Melvin 0 500 1,000 2,000 Feet Polk County, CLearWater Site Vicinity North Carolina Figure 1 32 Clayton Street Asheville, NC 28801 Harmon Dairy Stream Mitigation Project (+I 3.1 ( ACS) A, a fir.' •T��" °� 4 r `!�� + - � W'-. �" � � - - - � see. ''� 'Y ♦ ! ,.T, '� •-'�• a '$ W *,V tar�1. � � ��:e� � i v y f � � s r ; ... , c. y� w- 1 x j„li.,y •y .. ' 3 `6 ,+fie �tr�_' a.+i r S,r . '�° e 4 i . �x ' `;f'� _ ,y 41. �r.r°.. P �.+ y'•��. ' f�'y'� �'T �'tr i°X x .xi P. ....yx-` $.e'y�..�'� �,e f -. y'y t �.13•< t h � - �� $C 4F .� + a �C;' y _ :. !.`ti,.:q , t rs q �"�' : ¢ .k.e. �g P��..'A+`�•i 'iii T "�� W t •er`" -y"1 - *' Au y7,4,4­ y} • 6*._ .. x � }y,� � ♦~ T.A 1. P.-.fi ` ,-k ,y ' Me s 3r s a •.F ��"1# g. {r;• Y �++. '1 C. _ as a; k. Legend Qin y , 1 250 500 1111 Y; CE Boundafy Y ° s F_ '�ea �.y.�°r e��r .;'5.��,-�x;..�`-. _ ee , ..:t c..'C�.�,..LY.X ,• �, q� � A� ..,.C�`+. Harmon Dairy Stream Mitigation Site (+/- 3.77 AC) 01 I I Wetland 4 Continues t Off Property \X10 Jurisdictional wetlands and waters identified on this map have been located within sub -meter accuracy utilizing a Trimble mapping grade Global Positioning System (GPS) and the subsequent differential correction of that data. GPS points may demonstrate uncorrectable errors due to topography, vegetative cover, and/or multipath signal error. Note: The illustrated wetland and stream locations are approximate. These areas have been flagged in the field; however, they have not been surveyed. Although Clearwater Environmental Consultants, Inc. (CEC) is confident in our assessment, the US Army Corps of Engineers (Corps) is the only agency that can make final decisions regarding jurisdictional wetland and waters of the US delineations. Therefore, all preliminary determinations are subject to change until written verification is obtained. CEC strongly recommends that written verification be obtained from the Corps prior to closing on the property, beginning any site work, or making any legal reliance on this determination. t This map was prepared by CEC using the best information available to CEC at the time of production. This map is for informational purposes only and should not be used to determine precise boundaries, roadways, property boundary lines, nor legal descriptions. This map shall not be construed to be an official survey of any data depicted. Source Data: Preliminary Harmon Easement is from Wildlands Engineering. S3 was drawn (1i via aerial imagery (NCCGIA 2015). Potential) Ja1640iaeal wmle Weliand(AQ Stream(IF) WI 0.W6 SI 1.077 W2 0.01 S2 133 W3 a008 S3 (Not Delineated) 2,569 W4 0.35 Tata) 0374 Told 39779 Legend Data Form / X \ ti Stream Wetland Contours 125 250 500 — - — - Preliminary Harmon Easement �. Drawn by: KAY 5.13.16; CEC Project #747 Douglas Harmon , : \ Feet ru earWater Stream & Wetland Polk County, Delineation Map North Carolina 32 Clayton Street Delineated May 13, 2016 Asheville, NC 28801 Figure 4 r -'Appendix` B Conservation Eas"e,ment t 4y ,a � ' ri Polk County Soil and Water Conservation District When Recorded Mail to: Polk County Soil & Water District Office Courthouse Annex, PO Box 236 Columbus, NC 28722 AMENDMENT TO DEED OF AGRICULTURAL CONSERVATION EASEMENT THIS AMENDMENT TO DEED OF AGRICULTURAL CONSERVATION EASEMENT (the "Amendment") is made by Douglas Harmon and James Alan Harmon at 335 Harmon Dairy Lane, Columbus, North Carolina 28722, ("Grantors"), to Polk County Soil and Water Conservation District ("Grantee" or "District"), a body politic and corporate organized and existing under the laws of the State of North Carolina and having a principal place of business in Columbus, North Carolina; WITNESS THAT: WHEREAS, Grantors are the owners in fee simple of the certain real property in Green Creek Township, Polk County, North Carolina, more particularly described as Tax Parcel P 119-4, Deed Book 08-E Page 231 and Deed Book 143 at Page 73 in the Polk County Registry, herein referred to as the "Property;" WHEREAS, Grantors and Grantee entered into a Deed of Agricultural Conservation Easement on the Property recorded in Deed Book 404 at Page 927, Polk County Registry; WHEREAS, Grantors now desire to do stream restoration work on a portion of the Property consisting of approximately 1122 linear feet of an unnamed tributary to Mary's Branch; R&S 16190011 WHEREAS, the stream mitigation is being pursuant to an individual permit (the "Permit") issued by the United States Army Corps of Engineers ("USACE") and a 401 Water Quality Certification issued by the North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality ("NCDEQ"); WHEREAS, USACE and NCDEQ require, as a condition of the Permit, that the mitigated portion of the stream and a buffer on either side of the stream be protected by a Permanent Conservation Easement; WHEREAS, Grantor and Grantee have considered the proposed stream restoration project (the "Project") and agree that the Project is not inconsistent with the purposes of the Deed of Agricultural Easement and that paragraph 3. Of Exhibit B to the Deed of Agricultural Easement allows for the "repair or improve[ment ofJ unstable ... streambanks." 3. WHEREAS, Paragraph 16. Of the Deed of Agricultural Easement allows for amendment of the Easement so long as the amendment is consistent with the Grantee's amendment policies and complies with section 170(h) of the Internal Revenue Code; WHEREAS, Grantor and Grantee agree that the Stream Restoration Project and the imposition of a Permanent Conservation Easement on 1122 linear feet of a tributary to Mary Branch's together with a buffer on either side of the stream is consistent with the purposes of the Deed of Agricultural Easement, the Grantee's Easement Amendment Policies and Section 170(h) of the Internal Revenue Code; WHEREAS, It is the intent of the Grantor and the Grantee to Amend the Deed of Agricultural Easement to allow for the placement of a Permanent Conservation Easement on approximately 1122 linear feet of an unnamed tributary to Mary's Branch together with a buffer on either side of the unnamed tributary; NOW, THEREFORE, for and in consideration of the covenants and representations contained herein and for other good and valuable consideration, the receipt and legal sufficiency of which is hereby acknowledged, Grantors hereby unconditionally and irrevocably grant and convey unto Grantee, its heirs, successors and assigns a Conservation Easement of the nature and character and to the extent hereinafter set forth, over the Property described on Exhibit A, together with the right to preserve and protect the conservation values thereof, as follows: ARTICLE I Duration of Easement This Conservation Easement shall be perpetual. This Conservation Easement is an Easement in gross, runs with the land and is enforceable by Grantee against Grantor, Grantor's personal representatives, heirs, successors and assigns, lessees, agents and licensees. ARTICLE II Prohibited and Restricted Activities R&S 1619001_1 Any activity on , or use of the Property inconsistent with the purpose of this Conservation Easement is prohibited. The Property shall be preserved in its natural condition and restricted from any development that would impair or interfere with the conservation values of the Property. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, the following activities and uses are expressly prohibited, restricted or reserved as indicated hereunder.: A. Disturbance of Natural Features. Any change, disturbance, alteration or impairment of the natural features of the Property or any introduction of non-native plants and/or animal species is prohibited. B. Construction. There shall be no constructing or placing of any building, mobile home, asphalt, or concrete pavement, billboard or other advertising display, antenna, utility pole, conduit, line, pier, landing, dock, or any other temporary or permanent structure or facility on or above the Property. C. Industrial, Commercial and Residential Use. Industrial, residential and/or commercial activities, including any rite of passage for such purposes are prohibited. D. _Agricultural Grazing and Horticultural Use. Agricultural, grazing, animal husbandry, and horticultural use of the Property are prohibited, except that Grantor may draw water from the unnamed tributary for agricultural use and for grazing animals. E. Vegetation. There shall be no removal, burning, destruction, harming, cutting or mowing of trees, shrubs, or other vegetation on the Property. F. Roads and Trails. There shall be no construction of roads, trails, or walkways on the Property; nor enlargement or modification to existing roads, trails or walkways. G. Signage. No signs shall be permitted or over the Property, except the posting of "No Trespassing signs, signs identifying the conservation values of the Property, signs giving directions or proscribing rules and regulations for the use of the Property and/or signs identifying the Grantor as owner of the Property. H. Dumping or Storage. Dumping or storage of soil, trash, ashes, garbage, waste, abandoned vehicles, appliances, machinery, or hazardous substances or toxic or hazardous waste, or any placement of underground or above ground storage tanks or other materials on the Property is prohibited. I. Excavation, Dredging or Mineral Use. There shall be no grading, filling, excavation dredging, mining, or drilling,; no removal of topsoil, sand, gravel, rock, peat, mines or other materials, and no change in the topography of the land in any manner on the Property, except to restore natural topography or drainage patterns. J. Water Quality and Drainage Pattern. There shall be no diking, draining, dredging, channeling, filling, leveling, pumping, impounding or related activities, or altering, or tampering with water control structures or devices, or disruption or alteration of the restored, enhanced, or created drainage patterns. In addition, diverting or causing or permitting the diversion of surface or underground water into, within, or out of the easement areas by any means, removal of wetlands, polluting or discharging into waters, springs, seeps, or wetlands, or use of pesticides or biocides is prohibited. K. Development Rights. No development rights that have been encumbered or extinguished by the Conservation Easement shall be transferred pursuant to a R&S 1619001_1 transferable developments right scheme or cluster development arrangement or otherwise. L. Vehicles. The operation of mechanized vehicles, including, but not limited to, motorcycles, dirt bikes, all -terrain vehicles, cars and trucks is prohibited. M. Other Prohibitions. Any other use of, or activity on, the Property which is or may become inconsistent with the purposes of this grant, the preservation of the Property substantially in its natural condition, or the protection of its environmental systems, is prohibited. ARTICLE III Grantor's Reserved Rights The Grantor expressly reserves for himself, his personal representatives, heirs, successors or assigns, the right to continue the use of the Property for all purposes not inconsistent with this Conservation Easement, including but not limited to, the right to hunt, fish, and hike on the Property, the right to sell, transfer, gift, or otherwise convey the Property, provided such sale, transfer, or gift conveyance is subject to the terms of, and shall specifically reference, this Conservation Easement. Notwithstanding the foregoing Restrictions, Grantor reserves for Grantor, its successors and assigns, the right to construct wetland and stream mitigation on the Property, in accordance with the Stream Restoration Plan attached hereto as Exhibit B. ARTICLE IV Grantee's Rights The Grantee or its authorized representatives, successors and assigns, and the Corps, shall have the right to enter the Property at all reasonable times for the purpose of inspecting said Property to determine if the Grantor, or his personal representatives, heirs, successors, or assigns, is complying with the terms, conditions, restrictions, and purposes of this Conservation Easement. The Grantee shall also have the right to enter and go upon the Property for purposes of making scientific or education observations and studies and taking samples. The easement rights granted herein do not include public access rights. ARTICLE V Enforcement and Remedies A. To accomplish the purposes of the Easement, Grantee is allowed to prevent any activity on or use of the Property that is inconsistent with the purposes of this Easement and to require the restoration of such areas or features of the Property that may be damaged by such activity or use. Upon any breach of the terms of this Conservation Easement by Grantor that comes to the attention of the Grantee, the Grantee shall notify the Grantor in writing of such breach. The Grantor shall have 30 days after receipt of such notice to correct the conditions constituting such breach. If the breach remains uncured after 30 days, the Grantee may enforce this Conservation Easement by appropriate legal proceedings including damages, R&S 1619001_1 injunctive relief and other relief. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Grantee, reserves the immediate right, without notice, to obtain a temporary restraining order, injunctive or other appropriate relief if the breach of the tem of this Conservation Easement is or would irreversibly or otherwise materially impair the benefits to be derived from this Conservation Easement. The Grantor and Grantee acknowledge that under such circumstances damage to the Grantee would be irreparable and remedies at law will be inadequate. The rights and remedies of the Grantee provided hereunder shall be in addition to, and not in lieu of, all other rights and remedies available to Grantee in connection with this Conservation Easement. The costs of a breach, correction or restoration, including Grantee's expenses, court costs and attorney's fees, shall be paid by Grantor, provided, Grantor is determined to be responsible for the breach. The Corps shall have the same right to enforce the terms and conditions of this easement as the Grantee. B. No failure on the part of the Grantee to enforce any covenant or provision hereof shall discharge or invalidate such covenant or any other covenant, condition, or provision hereof or affect the right to Grantee to enforce the same in the event of a subsequent breach or default. C. Nothing contained in this Conservation Easement hall be construed to entitle Grantee to bring any action against Grantor for any injury or change in the Property resulting from causes beyond the Grantor's control, including, without limitation, fire, flood, storm, war, acts of God or third parties, except Grantor's lessees or invitees; or from any prudent action taken in good faith by Grantor under emergency conditions to prevent, abate, or mitigate significant injury to life, damage, to property, or harm to the Property resulting from such causes. ARTICLE VI Miscellaneous A.Warranty. Grantor warrants, covenants, and represents that it owns the Property in fee simple (except as previously described herein), and that Grantor either owns all interests in the Property which may be impaired by the granting of this Conservation Easement or that there are no outstanding mortgages, tax liens, encumbrances or other interests in the Property which have not been expressly subordinated to this Conservation Easement. Grantor further warrants that Grantee shall have the use of and enjoy all the benefits derived from and arising out of this Conservation Easement, and that Grantor will warrant and defend title to the Property against the claims of all persons. B. Subsequent Transfers. The Grantor agrees to incorporate the terms of this Conservation Easement in any deed or other legal instrument that transfers any interest in all or a portion of the Property. The Grantor agrees to provide written notice of such transfer at least thirty days prior to the date of the transfer. The Grantor and Grantee agree that the terms of this Conservation Easement shall survive any merger of the fee and easement interests in the Property or any portion thereof and shall not be amended, modified, or terminated without the prior written consent and approval of the Corps. R&S 16190011 C. Assignment. The parties recognize and agree that the benefits of this Conservation Easement are in gross and assignable provided, however, that the Grantee hereby covenants and agrees that in the event it transfers or assigns this Conservation Easement, the organization receiving the interest will be a qualified holder under N.C. Gen. Stat. 121-34 et seq. and Section 170(h) of the Internal Revenue Code and the Grantee further covenants and agrees that the terms of the transfer or assignment will be such that the transferee or assignee will be required to continue in perpetuity the conservation purposes described in this document. D. Entire Agreement and Severability. This instrument sets forth the entire agreement of the parties with respect to the Conservation Easement and supersedes all prior discussions, negotiations, understandings or agreements relating to the Conservation Easement. If any provision is found to be void or unenforceable by a court of competent jurisdiction, the remainder shall continue in force and effect. E. Obligations of Ownership. Grantor is responsible for any real estate taxes, assessments, fees, or charges levied upon the Property. Grantor shall keep the Property free of any liens or encumbrances for obligations incurred by Grantor. Grantee shall not be responsible for any costs or liability of any kind related to the ownership, operation, insurance, upkeep, or maintenance of the Property, except as expressly provided herein. Nothing shall relieve the Grantor of the obligation to comply with federal, state or local laws, regulations and permits that may apply to the exercise of reserved rights. F. Extinguishment. In the event that changed conditions render impossible the continued use of the Property for the conservation purposes, this Conservation Easement may only be extinguished, in whole, or in part, by judicial proceeding. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, Grantors have executed this Amendment to Deed of Agricultural Conservation Easement this day of , 2016. Grantors: M. Douglas Harmon, Grantor James Alan Harmon, Grantor R&S 1619001 1 Accepted by Grantee: Polk County Soil and Water Conservation District By: f NORTH CAROLINA COUNTY OF POLK l I, a Notary Public in and for the County and State aforesaid, do hereby certify that Douglas Harmon (Grantor), personally appeared before me this day and acknowledged the'execution of the foregoing instrument. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto''set my hand arid-Notary'Seal this the day of , 2016. [SEAL] Notary Public My commission expires _ R&S 16190011 ` - __: '�'• � * \ '^1: s � _ - - . � - nom'• . _ �r - _.'�- \ Appendii, C- _ ' '6eoinoip4ic Data, Photographs;}and Calculations v- ' _a � :tel " � .. � {n;..jL . : f I • ' ' , � � - � ; �. _�- " I 't,:: 11 41 " ;; } ' 94.5 94 93.5 0 93 0 92.5 a� W 92 91.5 91 riffle 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Width (ft) Elevation (ft) Bankfull Dimensions Flood Dimensions Materials 8.0 x -section area (ft.sq.) 19.4 W flood prone area (ft) — D50 (mm) 11.9 width (ft) 1.6 entrenchment ratio — D84 (mm) 0.7 mean depth (ft) --- low bank height (ft) 29 threshold grain size (mm): 1.2 max depth (ft) --- low bank height ratio 12.5 wetted parimeter (ft) 0.6 hyd radi (ft) 17.7 width -depth ratio 94 93.5 93 92.5 0 92 a� W 91.5 91 90.5 pool 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Width (ft) Bankfull Dimensions Flood Dimensions Materials 15.1 x -section area (ft.sq.) -- W flood prone area (ft) --- D50 (mm) 11.9 width (ft) --- entrenchment ratio --- D84 (mm) 1.3 mean depth (ft) --- low bank height (ft) 52 threshold grain size (mm): 2.3 max depth (ft) --- low bank height ratio 13.2 wetted parimeter (ft) 1.1 hyd radi (ft) 9.4 width -depth ratio x C 2 d w 96 95 94 93 92 91 riffle 90 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 Bankfull Dimensions 8.2 x -section area (ft.sq.) 5.3 width (ft) 1.5 mean depth (ft) 2.1 max depth (ft) 7.8 wetted parimeter (ft) 1.0 hyd radi (ft) 3.5 width -depth ratio Width (ft) Flood Dimensions 20.0 W flood prone area (ft) 3.8 entrenchment ratio --- low bank height (ft) --- low bank height ratio Materials -- D50 (mm) --- D84 (mm) 47 threshold grain size (mm): UT to Mary's Branch - XS1 Particle Class Size (mm) UT to Mary's Branch - XS2 Zigzag Pebble Count Particle Distribution SiIt/Cla Y ._ —_ n0 I Sand + Gravel B I { -- - Cobble Boulder r Bedrock i i I � v 60 OR 41,1 RJ 10 Fl - 20 1 1 u I I i i di— i11 1 1 10 FRI lirip) 11l()(H) Particle Class Size (min) SIEVE ANALYSIS SUMMARY Largest Particle Size: 35 mm Refer to ASTM D 422-63 'Standard Test Method for Particle -Size Analysis of Soils' L:\Aclive Projects\005-20285 TIEC Stream Mitigation\Harmon Dairy Site\sediment\SIEVE ANALYSIS bar sample As, Data 6/3/2016 WEI PROJECT NO. 005-20285 SITE OR PROJECT: Harmon Dairy REACH/LOCATION: Bar at XS2 DATE COLLECTED: 4/25/2016 FIELD COLLECTION BY: SEG DATA ENTRY BY: SEG Largest Particle Size: 35 mm Refer to ASTM D 422-63 'Standard Test Method for Particle -Size Analysis of Soils' L:\Aclive Projects\005-20285 TIEC Stream Mitigation\Harmon Dairy Site\sediment\SIEVE ANALYSIS bar sample As, Data 6/3/2016 RETAINED ON SIEVE PARTICLE CLASS WEIGHT (9) Class Cumulative MATERIAL PARTICLE SIZE (mm) SIEVE SIZE (mm) SIEVE NUMBER Raw Tare Net % % Silt / Clay < .063 1945.4 367.2 1578.2 38% 38% Very Fine .063-125 .125 0.063 #230 0.0 0% 38% •'i $•'i t'L Fine .125-25 .25 0.125 #120 0.0 0% 38% SAND Medium .25-50 .50 0.25 #60 0.0 0% 38% i; t t ►4 i; 'L Coarse .50 - 1.0 0.5 #35 0.0 0% 38% lY; � s,•i;Y Very Coarse 1.0 - 2.0 1.0 #18 1057.3 479.1 578.2 14% 51% Very Fine 2.0-4.75 2.0 #10 1149.3 494.6 654.7 16% 67% Fine - Medium 4.75 - 12.5 4.75 #4 1375.3 513.0 862.3 21% 87% GRAVEL Medium - Coarse 12.5.25 12.5 1/2 IN 1072.4 541.0 531.4 13% 100% Coarse 25-45 25 1 IN 0.0 0% 100% Very Coarse 45-64 0.0 0% 100% Small 64-90 0.0 0% 100% Small 90-128 0.0 0% 100% COBBLE O Large 128-180 0.0 0% 100% CLarge 180-256 0.0 0% 100% Small 256-362 0.0 0% 100% BOULDER Small 362-512 0.0 0% 100% Medium 512-1024 0.0 0% 100% Large - Very Large 1024-2048 0.0 0% 100% BEDROCK Bedrock > 2048 0.0 0% 100% Total 6599.7 2394.9 4204.8 100% Largest Particle Size: 35 mm Refer to ASTM D 422-63 'Standard Test Method for Particle -Size Analysis of Soils' L:\Aclive Projects\005-20285 TIEC Stream Mitigation\Harmon Dairy Site\sediment\SIEVE ANALYSIS bar sample As, Data 6/3/2016 R c L'' P y F - 5r UT to Mary's Branch Typical Section Design RIFFLE SECTION Regional Curve Estimate to d/s end Right Bank Slope, x:1 2.5 DA (sq. mi.) 0.27 Left Bank Slope, x:1 2.5 NC Mountains (area) 8.871195 Max Depth (ft) 1.2 NC Mountains (discharge) 37.2055 Bottom Width (ft) 4 Area 8.4 NC rural Piedmont (area) 8.797303 Bankfull Width (ft) 10 NC rural Piedmont (discharge) 34.68703 Bankfull Depth (ft) 0.84 1.428571 W/D ratio 11.90 USGS 2 year discharge Ave Width (ft) = NC Hydro Area 2 40 Discharge Calculation overall reach Q = 1.49/n R213 s'n A SEDIMENT DATA WP (ft) 10.46 WEI bar sample 1 R (ft) 0.80 de4 = 10 mm design slope 0.810 dloo = 35 mm Channel n 0.035 Q (cfs) 31 WEI zz 1 WEI zz 2 R (power) 1.93 ds4 = 57 mm dB4 = 36 mm d,o = 110 mm d,00 = 80 mm yRs = 0.50 psf grain diam, Shields = 30 to 90 mm 10130 100 E P M 10 C 0.1 r-- 0.001 1 G T/ Q :GtA ° m 4 0 R � O 0 c7 00 tir 0 U n i� �~ O �C� coq c Q Q GOC O i 4 +�-I I-- ---F- --I- 4 4-H 4+}--- -+--- F - {-i-444� 0.01 01 1 10 Critical Shear Stress ilbs/sq ft} range of mobile grain diameters at 0.5 psf; 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