Exotic Plant Guidelines

~xotic Plant
_, 1 1
North Carolina Division of Parks and Recreation
Department of Environment and Natural Resources

EXOTIC PLANT GUIDELINES
Chem L. Smith
Department of Environment and Natural Resources
Division of Parks and Recreation
Raleigh, North Carolina

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
These guidelines would not be possible without the work of Dr. Robert W. Merriam, The North
Carolina Nature Conservancy, and Dr. John M. Randall, The Nature Conservancy. Dr. Merriam's
manual, for Weed Pests of North Carolina, provided a wealth of information on a number of
exotic plant species. Much of the information on herbicides and specifics for control plans in these
guidelines came directly from the work of Dr. Randall. Thanks also go to the many other reviewers
who took the time necessary to read the draft manuscript and to offer comments and suggestions.
I also greatly appreciate the illustrations drawn by Margret Mueller, a professional artist, as well as
the illustrations drawn by Clare Steece-Julich and Alex Krings.

EXOTIC PLANT GUIDELINES
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 DIRECTOR'S STATEMENT ........................................ 1
2.0 INTRODUCTION AND POLICY STATEMENT ........................ 2
3.0 DEFII~TITIONS .................................................... 3
4.0 PREVENT ION OF INVASION ..................................... . 4
5.0 ASSESSM ENT OF EXOTIC PLANTS IN A PARK ..................... . 5
5.1 Priority by Immediacy of Threat
5.2 Priority by Likelihood of Success
5.3 Priority by Invasiveness of Species
5.4 Flow Charts
5.5 Staff Time
6.0 PLANNIN G FOR CONTROL OF EXOTIC SPECIES .................... 13
6.1 Preparation of a Control Plan
6.2 When NOT to Write a Control Plan
6.3 Who Writes a Control Plan
7.0 MANAGE MENT OF HISTORIC CULTIVARS ........................ 15
8.0 TREATME NT OF EXOTIC PLANTS ................................ 16
8.1 Manual/Mechanical Control
8.2 Prescribed Fire
8.3 Competitiori/Restoration
8.4 Flooding
8.5 Biological Control
8.6 Chemicals (Herbicides)
8.7 Integrated Pest Management
9.0 PROTOCO L FOR USING HERBICIDES ............................. 19
9.1 Choosing an Herbicide
9.2 Choosing an Application Method
9.3 General Safety Considerations
9.3.1 Protective gear
9.3.2 Emergency precautions and equipment
9.3.3 Posting treated areas
i

TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONTINUED)
9.3.4 Storing herbicides
9.3.5 Mixing herbicides
9.3.6 Transporting herbicides
9.3.7 Herbicide disposal
9.3.8 Applicator cleanup
9.3.9 Contaminated clothing
9.3.10 Responding to spills
10.0 MONITORING TREATMENT AREAS ............................. 24
10.1 Equipment
10.2 Permanently Marked Point
10.3 Data and Data Sheets
10.4 Archiving Photographic Monitoring Data
10.5 Important Considerations for Establishing Photopoints
10.6 Important Considerations for Establishing Photoplots
11.0 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES ................................ 27
11.1 Superintendent of State Parks
11.2 Park Superintendents
11.3 Resource Management Program
11.4 Public Information Officer
11.5 District Superintendents
APPENDICES
Appendix I Specific Control Plan for Exotic Plant Species .............. 29
Appendix II Example Control Plan for Exotic Plant Species ............. 33
Appendix III Invasive Exotic Plaat Species in North Carolina's State Parks .. 40
Tree-of Heaven (Ailanthus altissima)
Alligatorweed (Alternanthera philoxeroides)
Hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillacta)
Korean or Sericea Lespedeza (Lespedeza cuneata)
Chinese Privet (Ligustrum sinese)
Japanese Honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica)
Japanese Grass (Microstegium vimineum)
Princess Tree (Paulownia tomentosa)
Common Reed (Phragmites australis)
Kudzu (Pueraria lobata)
Multiflora Rose (Rosa multiflora)
Autumn Olive (Elaeagnus umbellata)
Purple Loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria)
Johnson Grass (Sorghum halapense)
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONTINUED)
Appendix IV Aquatic Weed Control Act of 1991 ...... .
Appendix V State Noxious Weed List .............. .
Appendix VI Regulations for State Noxious Weeds ... .
...............89
...............95
................99
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Originator: Smith EXOTIC PLANTS Date: February 1. 1998
1.0 DIRECTOR'S STATEMENT
As North Carolina continues to urbanize, our state parks become an even more
important component of our landscape. Activities beyond park borders, however, are
increasingly affecting natural resources and processes within our boundaries. In
recent years, the introduction and spread of exotic plants has accelerated nationwide
with North Carolina as no exception to the trend. Active control of exotic plants
within the parks is becoming more and more critical to protect the integrity of the
native biological communities of our parks.
Exotic plants have been introduced, either intentionally or by accident, into areas
outside their native range. Although most of these exotic species have little or no
impact, and in many cases are highly beneficial, a small percentage are potentially
devastating to the natural resources of our state parks. As park resource managers,
it is our mission to protect our native plants, animals, and biological communities by
actively working to prevent the introduction and spread of invasive plant species
within our borders.
The intent of the following Exotic Plant Guidelines is to provide technical
information for the successful control of invasive exotic plant species. This
document also outlines a systematic methodology for determining the priority of
exotic plant problems and documenting control efforts. The initiation of actions to
manage infestations of exotic plants will be in accordance with these guidelines.
Sincerely,
~, .~`7r~
Philip K. McKnelly
Director

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Originator: Smith EXOTIC PLANTS Date: February 1. 1998
2.0 INTRODUCTION AND POLICY STATEMENT
Of the thousands of species of exotic plants that aze established in the United States,
only a small percentage ultimately cause problems. This small percentage of plants,
however, can wreak havoc as they spread into surrounding ecosystems and displace
native vegetation. Exotic plant species often outcompete native species because they
are aggressive in their growth habits, put out more seed that lasts longer in the soil,
or have no natural predators and diseases in the ecosystem that they aze invading.
The control of exotic plant species is an important component of natural resource
management in the state pazks system. At this point, it is necessary for us to
intervene since exotic plants have disrupted natural processes in a number of our
parks. In many cases, the continued existence and spread of exotic plant species pose
a threat to our raze native plants, animals, and biological communities as well as to
important azchaeological sites.
It is, therefore, the policy of the North Cazolina state pazks system to control the
spread of exotic plant species where feasible. Our first line of defense should always
be to prevent the introduction of these undesirable species into our pazk boundaries.
Where prevention is no longer an option, active control measures may be pursued.
Implementation of control measures will be preceded by a control plan and followed
by a monitoring program.
The following information outlines a strategy for the overall priority, management,
and control of exotic plant species in North Carolina's state parks system. Appendix
I presents the specific requirements for a management and control plan and Appendix
II outlines an example management and control plan. Appendix III presents fact
sheets covering how to identify and control the 14 most invasive exotic plant species
found in our state pazks. Appendices IV through VI cover North Cazolina's Aquatic
Weed Control Act of 1991, State Noxious Weed List, and Regulations for State
Noxious Weeds.
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Guideline: 30 Title: Section: 3 Q
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Originator: Smith EXOTIC PLANTS Date: February 1. 1998
3.0 ~EFII~TITIONS
Exotic species: A species occurring in a given place that is outside of its native
range. Exotic, non-native, non-indigenous, introduced, and alien are synonymous
terms. The vast majority of exotic species have little or no impact on our natural
areas, and many are highly beneficial. Almost all of our important crops are exotic
species that were deliberately introduced.
Invasive exotic species: A species outside of .its native range that threatens the
survival or reproduction of native plants or animals or threatens to reduce biological
diversity. Invasive exotic species will be considered for active control in our state
parks.
Historic cultivars: Varieties of domestic, ornamental, or crop plants that may be
genetically or morphologically distinct from the common contemporary varieties,
were present in historic districts during periods of significance, and have been used
historically.
Native species: A species that occurs and evolves naturally without human
intervention or manipulation.
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4.0 PREVENTION OF INVASION
The first line of defense in the management of exotic species is to prevent their
introduction and establishment. The importance of prevention cannot be
overemphasized. The following methods are useful to help prevent accidental
introductions:
1) minimize the building of roads, trails, and structures that break up intact native
communities. Also, locate facilities to nuninuze disturbance and fragmentation;
2) watch existing disturbed areas for invading species;
3) minimize changes in hydrology as well as erosion and sedimentation. These
changes tend to degrade native plant communities, allowing more easy access for
exotic plants;
4) ensure fill used in construction projects and other materials likely to transport
exotics are as free as possible of exotic plant propagules; and
5) where feasible, control exotic plant species established on neighboring lands
before they become established on the park.
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Originator: ~It1ilh EXOTIC PLANTS Date: February 1. 1998
5.0 ASSESSMENT OF EXOTIC PLANTS IN A PARK
An assessment of exotic species problems will eventually be conducted for each pazk.
The assessment will include an inventory of exotic species and~an evaluation of the
priority of each species for control efforts.
In order to do this inventory, pazk managers should eventually be able to recognize
the exotic plant species within their pazks. In some cases, pazk staff will be able to
do this inventory on their own and, in other cases, it maybe necessary for the division
to hire a consultant or reseazcher to assist with this job. The inventory should
thoroughly document the population size, extent, and effects on natural and cultural
resources of each exotic plant species.
The following criteria that will be used to determine the priorty of each species for
control efforts include: the immediacy of the threat to an azea of ecological or
cultural significance, the likelihood of success of the control effort, and the
invasiveness of the exotic species. The following categories are outlined by priority
for control:
5.1 riority by Immediacy of Threat
High priority where exotic species pose immediate threat to:
• rare or endangered native plants or biological communities;
• undisturbed examples of natural communities;
• biological communities representative of North Carolina's natural landscape
that aze not represented elsewhere in the state pazks system;
• azeas supporting species of animals known to depend upon native vegetation
that is threatened by exotic species; and
• the integrity of a historic or culturally significant site.
Medium priority where exotic species will threaten an azea as described above
within 1-2 yeazs.
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Originator: ,~1Y11Ih EXOTIC PL NTS Date: February 1. 1998
..
Low priority where it will be more than two yeazs before an exotic species poses a
threat to an azea as described above.
5.2 Priority by Likelihood of Success
High priority where invading species is present in localized populations with good
possibility for eradication.
Medium priority where invading species is controllable but only in selected azeas
or confinable to certain azeas of the pazk. This category also includes species that are
controllable pazkwide, even though this effort may require removal from one area at
a time.
Low priority where invading species is present with little possibility of control.
Localized exotic plants aze the most amenable to control efforts. It may even be
possible to completely eradicate these species if management is initiated quickly.
Since exotic plant species often establish along predictable avenues such as roadsides
and other azeas where disturbance has taken place, efforts to assess the invasion of
exotic plants should be concentrated in these azeas. Exotic plant species that have
become established in the pazk may not be controllable throughout their entire range,
but their impacts can be ameliorated. One method is to control these species in
selected areas. These azeas should include high priority natural areas and culturally
significant sites. Another approach is to confine widespread exotic species to certain
portions of a pazk. This approach works by controlling an infestation at the edges and
then working toward the center. With this approach, surveys should be conducted
beyond the controlled azea to assure that long-distance establishment has not taken
place.
Some widespread populations of exotic species cannot be controlled or can be
controlled only partially. In these cases, their impacts must be accepted and every
effort should be made to control further spreading.
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Originator.: Smith EXOTIC PLANTS Date: February 1. 1998
5.3 Priority by Invasiveness of S ep cies
High priority for highly invasive species. These species may include but aze not
limited to:
tree-of-heaven (Ailanthus altissima)
autumn olive (Elaeagnus umbellata)
hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata)
Korean lespedeza (Lespedeza cuneata)
Chinese privet (Ligustrum sinense)
Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica)
purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria)
Japanese grass (Microstegium viminium)
princess tree (Paulownia tomentosa)
common reed (Phragmites australis)
kudzu (Pueraria lobata)
multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora)
Johnson grass (Sorghum halepense)
alligatorweed (Alternanthera philozeroides)
Low priority for moderately invasive species. These species may include but aze not
limited to:
mimosa (Albizia julibrissin)
gill-over-the-ground or ground ivy (Glecoma hederacea)
English ivy (Hedera helix)
common chickweed (Stellaria media)
bigleaf periwinkle (Vinca major)
common periwinkle (Vinca minor)
wisteria (Wisteria sinensis)
Each pazk's list of exotic species should be divided into these two categories of
invasiveness to help prioritize where action should be taken. Those species with
more potential to harm pazk resources should be given higher priority for control.
Innocuous exotic species such as those restricted to azeas subject to continuing
human disturbance (i.e. continuously disturbed lawns and roadsides) aze not
discussed in this section since management efforts should generally not be expended
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Guideline: 30 Title: Section: S Q
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Originator: Smith EXOTIC PLANTS Date: February 1. 1998
on these species. For the purposes of these guidelines, highly invasive exotic species
aze defined as those plants that have species, community-level, or ecosystem-level
effects that can significantly alter natural processes such as fire regimes, nutrient
cycling, hydrology, or successional patterns. These plants may also alter species
composition by reducing populations of native species or by hybridizing with native
species. Moderately invasive exotic species aze those species that tend to spread
slowly and stay in localized patches. They do not often pose a threat of becoming
landscape-level problems. These species can, however, pose problems for small
populations of raze plants.
5.4 flow Charts
These three criteria aze combined into a series of flow charts in Figures 1 a.-1 c. These
flow charts and corresponding scores of 1-10 aze designed to provide pazk managers
with guidance on when an exotic plant is an overall high, medium, or low priority for
control. An overall score of 8-10, 4-7, and 1-3 indicates a high, medium, and low
priority for control, respectively. Since these scores aze meant as guidance, they
should not in all cases replace best professional judgement. Each pazk's list of exotic
plant species should eventually be prioritized based on the criteria set forth in these
flow charts. Refer to Table 1 for an example of how to organize these data.

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Originator: ~ui~t1 EXOTIC PLANTS Date: February 1. 1998
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Guideline: 30 Title: Section: ~
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Originator: ~ EXOTIC PLANTS Date: February 1. 1998
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Guideline: 30 Title: Section: ~Q
Page: g of g
Originator: EXOTIC PLANTS Date: February 1. 1998
Table 1. Prioritized List of Weed Species
Last Updated:
Common Name Scientific Name Score/Categ~ Comments
5.5 Staff Time
The initiation of an effort to control exotic species will obviously require staff time.
Small infestations of exotic plants will likely be controllable by on-site park staff,
whereas more widespread, established exotic plant problems may require a much
greater commitment of time than is available within the individual park. High
priority infestations for control, however, should not be neglected because of lack
of staff If additional staff time is needed for control of a high priority problem, the
park superintendent may request assistance from elsewhere in the organization.
Parks are encouraged to share expertise and to help each other with staff if possible.
Parks may also use volunteer assistance for efforts to control exotic species if
appropriate.
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Originator: EXOTIC PLANTS Date: February 1. 1998
6.0 PL ANNING FOR CONTROL OF EXOTIC SPECIES
6.1 Preparation of a Control Plan
The importance of controlling exotic pests is recognized nationwide. Efforts are
underway in North Carolina to control exotic plants at the federal, state, and local
levels as well as by private organizations such as The Nature Conservancy. Any
information that we gain in the state park system toward the goal of successful control
of exotic plants will be valuable to other land managers with similar problems.
Control plans are particularly important as a method of documenting the success or
failure of various treatments for use by our own as well as other agencies.
An Exotic Species Control Plan will be prepared and approved before a major control
effort is initiated. The plan will include a thorough inventory, the priority status for
active control, locational maps, goals for control, description of selected control
method(s), and a monitoring program for the problem species. Generally, control
efforts will be initiated through park staff with resource management. staff available
for technical assistance.
In addition to eliminating a species that may be threatening a natural or cultural
resource, a control plan must also focus on what should be in place of the exotic
species. A program for the control of exotic species is best viewed as part of
an overall restoration program. The control program also must consider what impact
control operations will have on other indigenous species.
Long-term and sometimes even permanent management commitments and consistent
follow-up are essential to successful programs for controlling exotic plants.
Persistent seed banks and long-lived seeds often require control efforts over many
years to eradicate exotic plants in a park even if the species are localized. For these
reasons, plans should be developed for a specific period (e.g. 5 years) and be flexible
enough to be modified if new circumstances arise. These plans should include
schedules for achieving goals as well as estimates of required materials, money, and
person-hours. Goals should consider the level of control desired and practically
attainable. Eradication of the exotic species is ideal, but in many cases it may be
impossible to achieve. Generally, the goal will be to reduce the population to some
stable level. Refer to Appendiz I for an ezample of a control plan for exotic
plant species.
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6.2 When NOT to Write a Control Plan
Control plans are not necessary for the management of every exotic plant species in
a park. Clear-cut situations where control plans are not necessary include the routine
spraying of glyphosate around buildings to control weeds, removal of a few exotic
shrubs at an old homesite, or pulling up English ivy at a ranger residence. As stated
previously, at the other extreme are long-term or sometimes even permanent
management commitments involving considerable money and staff time. Of course,
there will always be a number of situations that fall somewhere in between the two
extremes. When in doubt about whether an exotic species problem warrants a control
plan, please call the division's resource management staff for advice.
6.3 Who Writes a Control Plan
Park staff may choose to write their own control plan or they may request that
resource management staff write the control plan for them. In the latter case, park
staff should schedule an on site field investigation with a representative from the
Resource Management Program.
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7.0 MANAGEMENT OF HISTORIC CULTIVARS
In cultural landscapes, exotic plants should be evaluated according to their cultural
and/or historical significance. Both cultivated and noncultivated species may be
appropriate in a historical context. In fact, native plants and animals may require
management if they aze detrimental to the management of cultural landscapes.
If historic cultivazs occur within a natural azea and they aze not invasive, they may
be left in place. If removal is chosen, the pazk should provide propagules from the
historic cultivazs to botanical gazdens, azboretums, and other interested public or
nonprofit organizations. In historic areas, disruptive exotic plants may be replaced
with cultivazs, crop land, or pasture as well as by native plant communities which are
historically appropriate. This activity requires an approved control plan.
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8.0 TREATMENT OF EXOTIC PLANTS
A number of factors need to be considered when choosing a method of eradication
or control. These factors include: potential impact to non-tazget organisms; risks to
workers, volunteers, and visitors; effectiveness; cost per unit of control; public
relations; and impacts to public use areas. The various methods of control available
may be classed under the headings: manuaUmechanical, prescribed fire,
competition/restoration, flooding, biological control, chemicals (herbicides), and
integrated pest management. This list does not preclude other methods of control
where appropriate.
8.1 ManuaUMechanical Control
Some weeds can be controlled by pulling them by hand or removing or killing them
with a tool or mechanical device. A maj or advantage of manuaUmechanical methods
is that they can be safely used by staff and volunteers. On the other hand, these
methods do not kill the wide variety of species (particulazly shrubs) that resprout
vigorously. Disturbance to the soil can also encourage reinvasion and incursions by
other pests.
8.2 Prescribed Fire
The majority of pazk managers aze familiaz with the use of fire to manage vegetation
communities that have evolved with fire. In this case, fire is used primarily to
manage the growth of species that are native. Fire may also be used to control exotic
species. Prescribed fires, however, should be used with caution since they may
actually promote certain invasive, non-native species.
8.3 Comnetition/Restoration
The use of native plants to outcompete alien weeds is a frequently overlooked but
potentially powerful technique. Often the natives must be planted into the habitat
and given some caze until they aze well established. This technique may be
appropriate where a native forest community is to be re-established in an old field
that currently has an herb layer dominated by exotic grasses and forbs. Other weed
control methods can be enhanced by encouraging competition from native species.
Lightly infested patches or satellite populations of exotic plants can be cleared
manually or with spot-treatments of herbicides, clearing the way for the
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re-establishment of native species. Once lightly infested patches or satellite
populations have been cleared, the core infestation can be attacked by gradually
clearing the perimeter and encouraging natives to move in.
8.4 Floodine
Prolonged flooding can kill plants that infest impoundments or other areas where
water levels can be controlled. This method works best if the area is mowed or
burned prior to flooding. For example, part of a Phragmites australis infestation at
the Wertheim National Wildlife Refuge on Long Island, NY was eliminated by
prescribed burning followed by flooding.
8.5 biological Control
Biological control, or biocontrol, involves the use of animals, fungi, or other
microbes that prey upon, consume, or parasitize a target species. "Classical"
biological control carefully selects and introduces one or more of these enemies to
the target species' new habitat to reduce its population. Successful "classical"
biological control programs result in permanent establishment of the control agent(s)
and consequent permanent reduction in target species populations. Results cannot
be expected immediately from this type control. "Inundative" or "augmentative"
biological control involves mass releases of native or non-native organisms.
Biological control is not designed to eliminate the target completely, and it often
takes years before the effects are obvious. Moreover, agents for biological control
are available for only a few exotic plant species, and the research required to locate
and test potential biological control agents is beyond the individual capabilities of the
parks. For these reasons, biological control will at present have little utility for the
majority of exotic plant problems.
8.6 Chemicals (Herbicides)
Herbicides are chemicals that kill or inhibit plant growth. Herbicides are frequently
needed in exotic plant programs because they can be extremely effective tools in
controlling or eliminating certain exotic plant species. They can also, however, be
hazardous to human beings and the environment and should be used only after careful
consideration of other options.
17

Guideline: 30 Title: Section: ~
Page: _3 of 3
Originator: ~.~ PIXOTIC PLANTS Date: Februarv, 1_1998
8.7 Integrated Pest Management
In most cases, no single method of control is completely effective against an exotic
species. Several considerations must be made when selecting pest management
strategies. Consideration must be given to disruption of natural controls, hazards to
human health, effects on nontarget organisms, overall damage to the environment,
how effective treatments will be in reducing the pest population below the action
level, how feasible it will be to effectively implement treatments, and how cost
effective the treatment is over the short and long term. The integrated pest
management concept is based on the fact that combined strategies for pest
management are usually more effective in the long run than a single type of
treatment.
18

Guideline: 30 Title: Section: _2.4_
Page: 1 of 5
Originator: F,XOTIC PLANTS Date: February 1. 1998
9.0 PROTOCOL FOR USING HERBICIDES
9.1 C'h~~sin~ an Herbicide
When deciding which herbicide to use, consider the following factors:
• effectiveness on the target species;
• effects on non-target species;
• persistence in the soil;
• toxicity to animals; and
• likelihood that it will leach to groundwater.
Look for chemicals that:
• are selective;
• degrade rapidly;
• attach to soil particles and, therefore, are less likely to reach groundwater;
and
• are non-toxic to animals.
In some cases the most effective herbicides are also more persistent and toxic. More
effective herbicides, however, may not require repeated application and may result
in the smallest total input of toxin to the environment. Trade-offs between
effectiveness and toxicity will need to be evaluated on a case-by-case basis within
an individual management plan.
Site conditions are also important to consider when choosing a control method.
These conditions include: accessibility, proximity to open water, depth to
groundwater, and the presence of rare species.
9.2 boo ing, an A~nlication Method
Herbicides can be applied:
• to living foliage;
• around the circumference of the trunk on the intact bark;
• to cuts in the stem;
19

Guideline: 30 Title: Section: ~Q
Page: 2 of 5
Originator: EXOTIC PL NTS Date: February 1. 1998
• by injection into the inner bark;
• to cut stems and stumps;
• in pellet form at the base of the plant; and
• to the soil before pest seeds germinate and emerge.
Application techniques that nunimize the release of the herbicide to the environment
are- preferred, especially if other rare species are in the vicinity. This choice will
depend greatly on the species being eradicated as well as the herbicide that is used.
Use of a marker dye with foliar-applied herbicides will aid in avoiding non-target
vegetation and will facilitate better coverage on the target weeds:
Park employees must be licensed by the North Carolina Department of Agriculture
for any pesticide use on public lands. Training and exams are offered periodically
in various locations throughout the state. Staff should contact Pesticide Education,
51 Kilgore Hall, N.C. State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, (919)-515-3113 for
information regarding training.
9.3 General Safety Considerations
The health and safety of the applicator is always of utmost importance. Weed control
management plans involving the use of herbicides should include protocols for safety
that contain procedures for chemical storage, mixing, and cleanup. The following
outlines some general guidelines that should be adheared to when using herbicides.
9.3.1 Protective
At a minimum, applicators must wear all protective gear required on the label of the
herbicide they are using. Even if not required, the applicator should wear the
following when mixing or applying herbicides:
• rubber boots
• long sleeved shirt and long pants (unless more protective clothing is required
on the label such as a tyvek suit)
• rubber gloves (these should not be fleece lined)
• safety goggles
• respirator or dust mask if required on the label
20

Guideline: 30 Title: Section: ~Q
Page: 3 of 5
Originator: ~ EXOTIC PLANTS Date: Februarv~l. 1998
9.3.2 Emergen ,precautions and eauinment
It is important for applicators to be supplied with decontamination and first aid kits
whenever they do not have easy access to a shower or sink. Decontamination kits
should include:
• two one gallon or more containers filled with potable water
• eyewash kits or eyewash bottles with buffered isotonic eyewash
• soap
• paper towels
• a map and directions to the nearest medical facilities and emergency phone
numbers
• a full tyvek coverall with foot covers
9.3.3 Posting treated areas
The herbicide label will list any federal requirements for posting treated azeas. Most
of the more commonly used herbicides such as glyphosate and triclopyr have no
federal posting requirements. Treated areas should always be kept off limits to the
public at least until the herbicide dries and longer depending on the persistence of the
herbicide.
When posting azeas accessible to the public such as trails and visitor centers, place
notices on the usual points of entry or the perimeter of the treated sites. The posting
should include a notice that the az~ea has or will be treated, the name of the herbicide
used, the date of treatment, appropriate precautions to be taken, the date when re-
entry is determined to be safe, and a phone number for additional information.
9.3.4 Storing herbicides
Always store herbicides in a well ventilated, cool, dry azea where food and drinks aze
not stored or prepazed. Always store herbicides in their original containers. The
floor should be concrete or lined with plastic or other impermeable material to
prevent leaks from reaching the soil. The storage area should also be inaccessible to
the public and locked except when chemicals aze being removed or returned.
Containers should be labelled with the contents, date mixed, and approximate
remaining volume. Containers must never be stacked.
21

Guideline: 30 Title: Section: ,~Q
Page: 4 of 5
Originator: EXOTIC PLANTS Date: February 1. 1998
9.3.5 Mixing herbicides
Although it may seem obvious, read the label before mixing any herbicides. Water
used for mixing in the field should be in separate containers labelled "Water and
Rinsate for Herbicide Only, Nonpotable." Always keep the water and rinsate
containers separate. The rinsate should not go into the water container. Certain areas
should be designated for the mixing of chemicals such as near the storage site or in
areas near the treatment site. Field mixing sites should have relatively few native
species that could be impacted, be in areas that are not susceptible to runoff or
erosion, and be isolated from areas that are visited by the public. Rinse small spills
to a safer dilution and always take a shovel, heavy plastic garbage bags, and a soil
absorbent (eg. cat litter) to field mixing sites in case of a larger spill. Never mix
herbicides near a well and never fill a tank with the hose placed in the mixing tank.
9.3.6 Transporting herbicides
Herbicides must always be transported in a well constructed and watertight box or
bucket to prevent leaks from contaminating vehicles, applicators, and the
environment. Containers should never be placed in the passenger compartment of a
vehicle for transportation.
9.3.7 herbicide disposal
Equipment cleanup
Application equipment and empty herbicide containers must be triple rinsed
following use with 10% of the container volume for each rinse. This waste water
must then be applied to a target weed for proper disposal. It is best to pressure rinse
the container directly into the spray tank. Always read the label for specific
procedures for equipment cleanup.
Container disposal
Containers should always be punctured before disposal to prevent re-use and should
be crushed if possible. Properly rinsed containers can be disposed of at most
municipal and county landfills throughout the state. Since some counties may also
have specific collection centers for recycling pesticide contaminated containers,
applicators should check on the availability of these centers. If the herbicide label
states that the container may not be disposed of in a regular sanitary landfill, call your
county or municipal waste department for information on avenues for proper
22

Guideline: 30 Title: Section: ~,Q
Page: 5 of 5
Originator: EXOTIC PLANTS Date: February 1_1998
disposal. For example, many counties have periodic dates for collection of hazardous
materials.
9.3.8 ~nnlicator cleanuR
After cleaning all pesticide containers and application equipment, thoroughly rinse
personal protection geaz with cold water from a hose or container that is hand-held
(gloves o~ and was not used during application work. All personal protection geaz
should then be washed in mild soap and water. Finally, applicators should wash their
hands and any other azeas that were exposed and could have potentially come in
contact with the herbicide. Applicators should also shower and change clothing as
soon as possible. Even if clothes worn during the application appear
uncontaminated, they must be washed and dried separately from other clothing
before being worn again.
9.3.9 Contaminated clothing
If concentrated herbicide spills on clothing, the clothing should be wrapped in
newspaper and placed in the trash or a landfill, or burned where permitted. Items
contaminated with certain commercial products, including " 2, 4-D" or formulation
in which " 2, 4-D" is the sole active ingredient, aze classified as hazardous wastes.
In this case, you should contact your local hazardous waste materials center for
instructions on how to dispose of this material.
9.3.10 Res op nding to shills
The proper response to a spill varies depending on the volume and concentration of
herbicide released, the location of the spill, and the chemical involved. In general,
it is not necessary to call for help unless an herbicide spill contaminates too much
soil to dig up and place in plastic gazbage bags.
When small volumes of dilute herbicide aze spilled, they can be treated by digging
up the affected soil and spreading this material at the legal rate or concentration.
This material should be spread on azeas within the designated treatment site. In
situations where a spill is so lazge that it cannot be readily contained or disposed of
please call 911 and ask for assistance from the local fire department. The fire
department will generally have access to their own hazardous materials team and, if
not, they should know who to contact at the local or county level.
23

Guideline: 30 Title: Section: 10.0
Page: 1 of 3
Originator: filth EXOTIC PLANTS Date: February 1. 1998
10.0 MOI\TITORING TREATMENT AREAS
The Exotic Species Control Plan will include a program for monitoring the results
of control efforts. The importance of monitoring the impact of a control plan on an
exotic plant species cannot be overemphasized. Monitoring data should be taken
before the initiation of a control program as well as on an annual basis to determine
if and when additional treatment is necessary. Monitoring is also important to
determine whether the treatment adversely affected other organisms.
To monitor trends in population growth and possible expansions of range, baseline
data on the exotic species must first be obtained. These data should include a range
map of the exotic species and information on the density of the population.
Information on the ecological role of the exotic species is also needed to determine
the urgency of control measures.
The use of photographic monitoring to evaluate changes in cover, density, or
population structure is one of the most efficient methods of long-term monitoring,
both in terms of cost and time. These guidelines do not preclude the use of other
types of monitoring such as vegetation transects; however, only the protocol for
photographic monitoring will be covered given the pazks limited resources. It is the
responsibility of the park superintendent to ensure that control programs are
adequately monitored.
The two types of photographic monitoring covered by these guidelines include
photopoints (repeated photographs of a landscape azea) and photoplots (repeated
photographs of a plot located at or neaz ground level). The following outlines the
protocol that should be followed when using photographic monitoring.
10.1 Equipment
A quality 35 mm camera with either a 35 mm (for wide angle shots) or a 50
mm macro lens (for normal shots) is recommended.
Either black and white prints (film: Kodak T-Max 100) or
Kodachrome slides aze the best for azchival purposes.
A tripod is useful for repeating shots at the same location and height
above the ground as well as providing greater stability while
24

Guideline: 30 Title: Section: 10.0
Page: 2 of 3
Originator: Smith EXOTIC PLANTS Date: February 1_1998
focusing.
A pole with clearly marked units to measure the height of vegetation
and to provide a scale in the photographs is recommended.
10.2 Permanently Marked Point
For photopoints and photoplots, the location from which the photograph is taken
needs to be permanently marked. This step requires a permanent stake or marker (i.e.
PVC, conduit, rebar).
10.3 Data and Data Sheets
Locational as well as photographic data should be taken at each photopoint or
photoplot. A sample data sheet is found in Appendix I.
10.4 Archiving Photographic Monitoring Data
Slides and photographs should be stored in a dark, cool (no higher than 70° F), and
dry (between 25-50 percent relative humidity) environment. Storage locations can
be metal file or storage cabinets or archival storage boxes made of acid-free paper.
Wooden storage cabinets should not be used since wood maintains higher humidities
than are recommended. Slides/photographs should be stored in tight plastic sleeves
for protection from handling and dust.
The duplication of slides and photographs is recommended for long-term projects.
Duplicates of slides are usually made on Ektachrome film and will, therefore, not last
as long as the Kodachrome originals. It is best to use the Ektachrome duplicates for
projection and for use in the field and to archive the Kodachrome originals.
10.5 Important Considerations for Establishing Photopoints
recommend keeping the vertical angle of the camera at 90 degrees
take photographs with the sun directly behind or directly above
25

Guideline: 30 Title: Section: 10.0
Page: 3 of 3
Originator: EXOTIC PLANTS Date: February 1. 1998
10.6 1_inportant Considerations for Establishing Photonlots
Photoplots can be used for qualitative assessments of change; however, they are most
useful to obtain quantitative data on cover or density. The prerequisites for
quantitative photoplots include:
• short-statured vegetation (usually less than 1.5 feet)
• identifiable species of interest in the photograph or slide
• a small enough plot size (1.5 x 1.5 feet at most) to be photographed by people
of different heights
26

Guideline: 30 Title: Section: 11.0
Page: 1 of 1
Originator: EXOTIC PLANTS Date: February 1. 1998
11.0 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES
11.1 ~perintendent of State Parks
The Superintendent of State Pazks is responsible for the administration of the Exotic
Plant Guidelines.
11.2 Park Superintendents
Pazk superintendents are responsible for preventing the invasion of exotic plant
species into pazk boundaries to the greatest extent possible. They aze also
responsible for the assessment and the establishment of priorities of the exotic plant
problems in their pazks as well as ensuring that every major control effort has a
completed control plan. Staff at an individual park may prepare their own plan or the
pazk superintendent may request that resource management staff write a plan for
them. Pazk superintendents shaze joint responsibility with the supervisor of the
Resource Management Program for final approval of all control plans for exotic
plants in their respective pazks.
11.3 Resource Management Program
Staff of the Resource Management Program aze available to provide technical
assistance in the prevention and assessment of exotic species problems. They aze
also available to write control plans as requested. The supervisor of this program
shazes with the pazk superintendents the responsibility for final approval of all
control plans for exotic plants.
11.4 Public Information Officer
In the case of large-scale programs, the public information officer, in coordination
with the appropriate pazk superintendent, may prepaze and implement an appropriate
public information strategy to inform the public of the pazk's acitivities. Special
attention should be paid to tazgeting residents of the surrounding azeas.
11.5 District Superintendents
The district superintendents aze available to assist with the allocation of personnel
from other parks to work on various control efforts in their district.
27

Appendix I
Specific Control Plan for Exotic Plant Species
Common name: Scientific name:
Name of State Park:
Date:
Background and Management Information
A. Priority
(Record priority number determined from jlow charts in Figures 1 a. -1 c. Describe what criteria
contribute to the priority status for this particular species.)
B. Description
(Briefly describe the habit, life history, native range, and arty other pertinent characteristics of the
exotic plant species. Inmost cases, this information can be found in Appendix III where each of the
most irrvasive exotic plant species found in our parks is described.)
C. Current Distribution on the Site
(Describe the current range of the species in the park from baseline monitoring dada. Include a
range map and information on the density of the population. Also note whether the population is
increasing, stable, or decreasing.)
D. Damage and Threats
(Describe haw the species degrades a site on the park or could do so if allowed to proliferate.)
E. Goals
(Outline long-term goals for this species. For example, a management goal may be to reduce the
numbers of this species so that it no longer threatens populations of a rare species.)
F. Measurable Objectives
(Establish measurable objectives for the control effort. These objectives should include:
1. the impact on numbers, density, cover, -etc. that you would like to achieve;
2. the size of the area in which you would like to achieve this objective; and
3. the time frame that you would like to achieve this objective.)
G. Management Options
(Briefly discuss the preferred alternative or alternatives and the conditions under which they may
be used. Be sure to include the total anticipated cost of each of these alternatives.)
29

H. Actions Planned for Treatment and Monitoring
(Briefly describe the locations to be treated, materials and methods to be used, approximate dates
and time of year, and an approximate schedule for control and monitoring activities. If several
methods are to be tested, outline the design of the planned experiment or demonstration.)
I. Criteria for Success
(Outline the criteria that will be used to evaluate the success or failure of the program. These
criteria should be based on the management goals and objectives.)
J. Resource Needs
(Estimate the amount of time for sfacff crud the amount of money that will be required to carry out the
planned control, monitoring, and evaluation for this species Refer to the following worksheet for
guidance on estimating resource needs.)
Annual Cost and Labor Worksheet
Common Plant Name:
Year:
Scientific Plant Name:
Date: Item/Person: Staff Hrs Volunteer Hrs Cost ($) Comments:
K. Results of Evaluation
(This section is reserved for when monitoring data on the control effort have been evaluated.
Ideally, monitoring darta should be taken within the first year after treatment and then each
successive year that the management plan is designed for. These data should then be used to
determine whether any sections of the control plan will need to be modified.)
30

Emergency Information
Include directions and map to nearby hospitals or clinics.
Herbicide Use Protocols Where Herbicide Use is Planned
Note which herbicide(s) will be used and roughly haw much will be used. Also outline any state and
local requirements for posting of treated areas. Brief Zy describe how the herbicide(s) will be stored,
mixed, and transported Describe haw excess herbicide and any equipment that has become
contaminated will be disposed of. Describe ~ emergency first aid procedures and plans for
responding to spills or contamination. List the names of herbicide applicators and what protective
gear will be available for them.
Herbicide Labels
If herbicide use is planned, attach copies of the herbicide label(s).
Monitoring Data
Photopoint or Photoplot Monitoring Record Form
Park:
Initial Take Information
Location:
Date:
Project:
Retake Frequency:
Describe access, location of permanent point, surrounding area, include sketch map.
Reference Point Descriptions: Sketch Map below:
Reference Point 1
Description:
Reference Point 2
Description:
31

Reference Point 3
Description:
Photographic Information:
Photographer:
Camera: Lens: Filter: Film: ASA:
Time: Weather:
Notes:
Retake Information
Date: Photographer:
Camera: Lens: Filter: Film: ASA:
32

Appendiz II
Example Control Plan for Exotic Plant Species
Common Name: Korean or Sericea Lespedeza Scientific Name: Lespedeza cuneata
Name of State Park: Raven Rock State Park
Date: August 20, 1997
Background and Management Information
A. Priority
The priority number for Korean lespedeza as determined from the flow charts in Figures 1 a.-1 c.
is 8. This score indicates that the control of Korean lespedeza is a high priority at Raven Rock State
Park. The main criterion contributing to this score is the fact that Korean lespedeza poses an
immediate threat to areas that have been planted with long-leaf pines. Although once widespread
in eastern North Carolina, long-leaf pine communities are now extremely rare.
At this point, the complete eradication of Korean lespedeza is probably impossible. It can still,
however, be controlled and confined to certain areas of the park. Immediate action is necessary to
combat Korean lespedeza since this plant is extremely invasive.
B. Description
A native of Japan, Korean lespedeza now occurs from southern New Jersey to central Florida and
westward to eastern Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas. It is also found as far north as the southern half
of Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio. A prolific seed producer, this plant can readily colonize early to mid-
successional grasslands and open forest communities. In a mixture of grass it usually becomes the
dominant species after 3 or 4 years. It has a tendency to form dense stands that prevent or retard the
natural invasion of other plants..
C..Current Distribution on the Site
The population of Korean lespedeza is increasing at Raven Rock because this plant is a prolific
seed producer a,s well as the fact that a number of areas in the park are burned in the effort to re-
establish long-leaf pine communities. Fire greatly enhances the ability of this species to seed and
spread (refer to Figure 1).
D. Damage and Threats
Korean lespedeza is currently hindering the efforts of the park staffto re-establish long-leaf pine
communities by shading out the pine seedlings as well as every other species in the herb layer.
E. Goals
The goal for this control effort is to manage Korean lespedeza at suppressed levels such that long-
leafpines and other species associated with this natural community can be re-established. It is also
33

hoped that with the suppression of lespedeza, the natural recruitment of herbaceous species can
occur.
F. Measurable Objectives
Approximately 25 acres at Raven Rock State Pazk need to be managed for the control of Korean
lespedeza. The objectives of this control effort aze a 95% reduction in cover of Korean lespedeza
as well as the prevention of further spreading of this species. Such a significant reduction in cover
is necessary to prevent Korean lespedeza from regaining a strong foothold in successive yeazs. This
objective will take approximately five yeazs to achieve.
G. Management Options
An effective way to control Korean lespedeza is to mow it during the growing season and then
spray it with Roundup. The pazk staff at Raven Rock would prefer to purchase a skid sprayer to treat
the lespedeza with herbicide instead of hiring a tractor operator with a boom sprayer. In this way,
the spray radius can be controlled more effectively in azeas that aze already planted with long-leaf
pine seedlings. Although the less expensive alternative is to hire an herbicide applicator, this
alternative is only viable in azeas where long-leaf pines have not been planted. Because of this
limitation, only the cost to treat the azeas with a skid sprayer is calculated. Refer to Section J where
resource needs aze calculated.
H. Actions Planned for Treatment and Monitoring
Given limited stafftime, it is impossible to mow and treat the entire 25 acres of Korean lespedeza
with Roundup in one yeaz. Realistically, approximately 5 acres can be mowed and treated with
herbicide each yeaz. This treatment should ideally occur in the eazly summer when the plants aze still
actively growing. After an azea has been treated with herbicide, it will be monitored annually. Areas
that aze not -being treated with herbicide in a particulaz yeaz will be mowed in August while the
Korean lespedeza is flowering but before it has set seed to prevent further spread of the plant. After
the entire 25 acres has been initially treated with Roundup, spot treatments of Roundup will be
required in successive yeazs. At that point, monitoring for the entire azea will be done annually.
I. Criteria for Success
The success of this program will be based on reducing the cover of Korean lespedeza by 95% of
pretreatment levels and preventing the spread of this plant to new locations.
34

J. Resource Needs
Annual Cost and Labor Worksheet
Year: 1998
Date: Item/Person: Stag' Hrs Volunteer Hrs Cost ($) Comments:
June skid sprayer 1,000
mower operator 4 40 $10/hour
gas for mower 11.5 $1.15/gallon
herbicide applicator 40 400 $10/hour
Roundup 280 $56/gallon
August mower operator 16 160 $10/hour
gas for mower 46 $1.15/gallon

total cost ~ 1,937.50
The total estimated cost for the first year of this control program is $1,937.50. This cost includes
the initial one time price for a skid sprayer of $1,000 plus $937.50 for mowing and herbicide
application. This estimate assumes that it takes approximately 4 hours to mow 5 acres and that it
takes approximately 8 hours to apply herbicide onto 1 acre. Note that in the first year 5 acres are
mowed and sprayed with herbicide in the early summer when the Korean lespedeza is actively
growing. The rest of the twenty acres will be mowed in August while the Korean lespedeza is
flowering but before it sets seed. The annual cost for the successive 4 years of intensive treatment
should remain at approximately $937.50 given that the area to be mowed will decrease but that spot
treatments of herbicide will be necessary in areas that have previously been treated. The costs for
annual monitoring given that photograhic monitoring is employed are neglible.
K. Results of Evaluation
(This section is reserved for when monitoring data on the control effort have been evaluated
Ideally, monitoring data should be taken within the first year after treatment and then each
successive year that the management plan is designed for. These data should then be used to
determine whether any sections of the control plan will need to be modified)
35

Emergency Information
The closest hospital to Raven Rock State Park is Central Carolina Hospital in Sanford. From the
park take 421 North. In Sanford, 421 will turn into Homer Boulevard. Take a left at the light at
Field's Drive and the hospital will be on the right (refer to Figure 2).
Herbicide Use Protocols Where Herbicide Use is Planned
Roundup (glyphosate) will be used for this control effort at a rate of 1 gallon (concentrated) per
acre. There are no requirements for posting areas that have been treated with glyphosate.
The herbicide will be stored in a cool, dry area of the maintenance building. If mixing is
necessary, this activity will also be done at the maintenance building. The herbicide will be
transported to the field site in watertight containers placed in the back of a pickup truck.
Excess herbicide will be applied to target weeds in the park. Application equipment and empty
herbicide containers will be triple rinsed with 10% of the container volume for each rinse. This
wastewater will also be applied to target weeds. Empty containers will be punctured and disposed
of in the garbage. -
On-site first aid kits should always contain at least two gallons of potable water, eyewash bottles
with buffered isotonic eyewash, soap, and paper towels. In addition, a shovel, plastic garbage bags,
and soil absorbant (eg. cat litter) should be taken to the field site in case of a spill.
Applicators at Raven Rock State Park may include: Paul Hart, David Brown, Jonathan Griffith,
and Wayne Rouse. For mixing and applying herbicides, applicators must at a minimum wear rubber
boots, a long sleeved shirt and long pants, rubber gloves (not fleeced lined), and safety goggles. This
apparel should be washed in soap and water after use. Applicators should always wash their hands
and any other areas that were exposed to the herbicide as soon as possible. It is also recommended
that applicators shower and change clothing a~s soon as possible.
ROUNDUP
Herbicide Label
DIRECTIONS FOR USE
It is a violation to use this product in a manner inconsistent with its labeling.
READ ENTIRE LABEL. USE STRICTLY IN ACCORDANCE WITH LABEL
PRECAUTIONARY STATEMENTS AND DIRECTIONS.
WHEN TO USE: Use anytime weeds and grasses are actively growing. Treated weeds usually show
initial symptoms within hours and complete kill in 1 to 2 weeks. Larger more established weeds may
take up to 4 weeks for a complete kill. Roundup works best in warm sunny weather with daytime
temperature above 60°F. Reapply if it rains within 6 hours after application. Ifhard-to-control weeds
are not killed within 4 weeks, reapply.
HOW TO USE: To treat individual weeds adjust the nozzle to a coarse spray. Spray when air is
calm. Position sprayer tip approximately 1 to 2 feet from weeds and apply until completely covered.
IMPORTANT: Roundup is an all-purpose weed and grass killer which will kill almost all
plants contacted. If necessary, use cardboard or plastic to shield desirable plants. If plants are
36

accidentally sprayed, rinse off immediately with water. Do NOT use for spot weed control in lawns
since Roundup kills all green plants, including lawn grass. Sprayed azeas can be replanted with
ornamentals or flowers the day after treatment.
STORAGE: Store this product in its original container, in a secure area. Protect container from
freezing. DISPOSAL: To dispose of partially used or empty container, securely wrap it in several
layers of newspaper and discazd in trash. In case of SPILL or LEAK, soak up with paper towels and
discazd in trash. Do not reuse empty container except for refill in accordance with refill instructions.
PRECAUTIONARY STATEMENTS
HAZARDS TO HUMANS & DOMESTIC ANIMALS
CAUTION: Causes eye irritation. Avoid contact with eyes or clothing. Wash thoroughly with soap
and water after handling. People a,nd pets may re-enter treated azeas after spray has dried. FIItST
AID: If in Eyes: Flush eyes with plenty of water. Call a physician if imtation persists. In case of
emergency involving this product, call l -800-454-2333 . ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS: Do not
apply directly to water. Do not contaminate water when disposing of equipment washwaters.
NOTICE: Buyer assumes all responsibility for safety and use not in accordance with directions.
Monitoring Data
To be completed after the first year of the control plan.
37

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b
.r.,
0
b
U
r-I
U
a
a~
cr
.r.,
w
39

Flower
., , , ,
• ~~~

Appendiz III
Invasive Ezotic Plant Species in North Carolina's State Parks
Tree-of-Heaven (Ailanthus aZtissima)
Description
Tree-of-heaven is a small to medium sized tree with smooth, gray bark that can achieve a
maximum height of up to 100 feet. Leaves are alternate along the stem and are compound,
composed of 11-401eaflets oppositely arranged along the leaf stem with a terminal leaflet. Each
leaflet is two to five inches long, lance-shaped, with a pointed tip and blunt base. Most leaflets
have one to three coarse teeth near their base. When crushed, the leaves produce a distinctive,
offensive odor that has been described as "the smell of burnt peanut butter."
The tree flowers in July and August, with flowers occurring in panicles (much-branched
flower cluster) at the ends of the branches. Each greenish-yellow flower has five sepals and
petals. Seeds are encased in a papery sheath called a samara. The samaras are slightly twisted or
curled and can be carried by the wind great distances from the parent plant.
Habitat
Tree-of-heaven readily establishes on disturbed sites such as vacant lots of the inner city,
railroad embankments, highway medians, fence rows, and roadsides. In naturally forested areas,
disturbance created by severe storms or insect infestations can open the way for the invasion of
tree-of-heaven.
Distribution
Tree-of-heaven is native to a region extending from China south to Australia. It was imported
to the United States in 1784 by a Philadelphia gardener. In the west, it was brought over by
Chinese immigrants who use it for medicinal purposes.
Threats
Tree-of-heaven is an aggressive competitor that propagates by both seeds and underground
runners. Once established, it can grow several feet every year. One tree can produce up to
350,000 seeds per year. Seedlings establish a taproot three months from germination allowing
this plant to outcompete most native plants for sunlight and space. Furthermore, tree-of-heaven
also produces a toxin in its bark and leaves that can accumulate in the soil and inhibit the growth
of other plants.
41

Control
This tree is best eliminated while still small since it is very difficult to remove once it has
established a tap root. At first, the root system is shallow so that seedlings can simply be pulled
out, roots and all, when the soil is moist and loose. When the tree becomes too large for
mechanical removal, another option is to cut the tree down near to the ground and either paint or
spray the freshly cut stumps with a 50% solution of glyphosate or triclopyr. Late spring to early
fall is the best tune to apply this herbicide since in the spring sap may flow to the surface of the
cut and rinse the chemical off. Late fall to early spring, translocation is too poor to adequately
distribute the chemical through the plant. In addition, the basal section of the tree (ground to 12
inches) can be treated with a solution of 25% triclopyr and 75% horticultural oil. After
treatment, wet the area thoroughly.
42

Alligatorweed
•^•-, f.
~ - -- ~.
I _ ~ ' r"'
:~s;
~- ..fir
.w ~..
__ KNIIEi~1fi[

Appendix III (continued)
Alligatorweed (Alternanthera philoxeroides)
Description
Alligatorweed is an aquatic and sometimes terrestrial plant that is characterized by opposite,
non-succulent leaves and small white flowers that grow on a terminal spike. In its aquatic stage,
the stems of this plant are hollow providing great bouyancy and enabling the plant to achieve
lengths of up to 45 feet. The stems can also root at the closely spaced nodes giving the plant the
ability to begin a new mat elsewhere. In the terrestrial stage, the stems of alligatorweed are
usually not hollow and the leaves tend to be smaller.
Habitat
Alligatorweed roots in soil along the shore or in shallow water and then grows across the
surface forming a dense interwoven floating mat. This plant grows primarily as an emersed
aquatic plant but can also thrive in wet or dry soils.
Distribution
Alligatorweed, a South American immigrant, was first authentically recorded in 1897 near
Mobile, Alabama, although it might have been found in Florida as early as 1894. It was present
near New Orleans in 1898 and was recognized as a threat to waterways as early as 1901.
Populations of alligatorweed, .however, were mostly held in check by the more aggressive
waterhyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes, until modem herbicides arrived in the late 1940's.
Alligatorweed, which was more resistant than waterhyacinth to 2,4-D and other herbicides, often
replaced waterhyacinth after both were sprayed. By 1963, an estimated 162,000 acres of water
from North Cazolina south to Florida and west to Mississippi were infested.
Threats
The hollow stems of this plant can grow to great lengths and allow plants to form dense
floating mats that extend far into bodies of water. These mats reduce or eliminate native plants,
are impenetrable to motor boats, and restrict water movement. Of particular concern is the
ability of this plant to root at the stem nodes allowing alligatorweed to spread very rapidly as
pieces of stem break and float away.
45

Control
At present, chemical control is the only viable means for alligatorweed control. Two
herbicide treatments of Rodeo (a formulation of glyphosate that has been approved for use over
water), one early in the growing season and one in late-summer or early fall, are most effective
for the initial treatment of alligatorweed. After three or four years when the infestation of this
weed is reduced to a maintenance level, only minor annual treatments should be required. The
terrestrial stage of alligatorweed is more difficult to manage because of the formation of a large
tap root. As with the aquatic stage, two herbicide treatments of glyphosate are needed each year
during the growing season until the weed is reduced to a maintenance level where only one
annual treatment is required. It may take at least four or five years, however, to reduce the
terrestrial stage of alligatorweed to a maintenance level.
46

Appendiz III (continued)
Autumn Olive (Elaeagnus umbellata)
Description
Autumn olive is a deciduous shrub or small tree with alternate, oval, untoothed leaves. The
underside of the dark green leaf is characteristically covered with silver-white scales. After the
leaves have appeared early in the growing season, small, light yellow, fragrant flowers are borne
along the twigs. The small round fruits are reddish to pink, dotted with scales, and produced in
great quantity.
Habitat
Typical habitats of autumn olive are disturbed areas, roadsides, pastures, and fields in a wide
range of soil types. This plant has nitrogen-fixing root nodules that allow it to thrive in poor
soils. It does not do well in wet or densely forested areas but has considerable tolerance to
drought.
Distribution
A native to China, Korea, and Japan, autumn olive was introduced to the United States for
cultivation in 1830. It has been planted in the eastern and central United States for revegetation
of strip mines and other disturbed areas, as an ornamental shrub, and as wildlife cover.
Threats
Autumn olive has the potential of becoming one of the most troublesome invasive shrubs in
the central and eastern United States. It exhibits prolific fruiting, rapid growth, wide dispersal by
birds, and the ability to adapt to many sites. It also resprouts vigorously after cutting or burning.
Populations of this shrub should be closely monitored and infestations eliminated while they are
still small.
Control
Seedlings and sprouts can be grubbed by hand when the soil is moist to insure removal of the
root system. With larger plants, cutting alone results in thicker, more vigorous growth. Burning
also results in vigorous resprouting.
Foliar application of a solution of 1 to 2% glyphosate or triclopyr with a 0.5% nonionic
surfactant may be adequate for small patches of autumn olive. Application of herbicide should
be done in late August or September when the plant is actively translocating materials to the
roots. The plant can also be cut off at the main stem and immediately painted with a 50%
49

solution of glyphosate or triclopyr. Be sure to cover the outer 20% of all cut stumps. In addition,
the basal section of the plant (ground to 12 inches) can be treated with a solution of 25%
triclopyr and 75% horticultural oil. After treatment, wet the area thoroughly.
50

Hydrilla Leaves

Appendiz III (continued)
Hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata)
Description
Hydrilla grows submersed in water and is generally rooted to the bottom, although in some
cases fragments will break loose and survive in afree-floating state. The coazsely serrated leaves
of this plant occur in whorls of three to eight and have characteristic spines on the underside of
the midrib. It closely resembles Elodea canadensis and Egeria densa, except that these two
species do not have spines.
Hydrilla produces reproductive propagules called turions and tubers. Turions aze compact
dormant buds that aze produced in leaf axils and fall from the plant when they aze mature.
Tubers aze formed terminally on rhizomes and can be found up to a foot deep in the sediment.
Habitat
Hydrilla occurs primarily in lakes and ponds of tropical and temperate climates.
Distribution
Hydrilla is probably native to the warmer regions of Asia. It is a cosmopolitan species that
occurs in Europe, Asia, Australia, New Zealand, the Pacific Islands, Africa, Europe, South
America, and North America. Hydrilla was first discovered in the United States in 1960 and is
now found in all Gulf Coast states, Atlantic Coast states as faz north as Maryland and Delawaze,
and in the western states of California, Washington, and Arizona.
Threats
Hydrilla has many chazacteristics that enable it to compete so effectively and displace native
aquatic vegetation. First, the growth habit of hydrilla enables it to compete effectively for
sunlight. This plant can grow very rapidly, up to one inch per day, until it neazs the water
surface. Neaz the water surface it branches profusely and forms a thick mat, enabling this plant
to intercept sunlight to the exclusion of other submersed plants.
Second, hydrilla is able to grow under a wide range of water chemistry conditions. It is
commonly found in a range of lakes from oligotrophic to eutrophic. It can also grow in water up
to nine to ten parts per thousand salinity (brackish) while also tolerating a wide range of pH.
Third, this plant is adapted to use low light levels for photosynthesis. Hydrilla can, therefore,
begin to photosynthesize eazlier in the morning allowing it to successfully compete with other
aquatic plants for a limited amount of dissolved cazbon. This requirement for low light also
allows hydrilla to colonize in deeper water than other aquatic plants.
53

Fourth, although capable of reproducing by seed, hydrilla is particularly successful because of
its varied modes of vegetative reproduction. Hydrilla can sprout new plants from stem fragments
containing as few as two whorls of leaves. Fragments from rhizomes can also form new plants.
This charateristic means that small amounts of hydrilla on boat trailers, bait buckets, etc. can
spread the plant from place to place. The most troubling reproductive trait of hydrilla for aquatic
plant managers is the production of tubers and turions. These propagules can withstand ice
cover, prolonged drying, ingestion and regurgitation by waterfowl, and herbicides.
Control
A variety of control methods have been used on hydrilla including mechanical removal,
dessication through lake drawdown, and herbicide application. In North Carolina., the least
expensive and most effective method of control has been the use of sterile, triploid grass carp.
The stocking and monitoring of grass carp in infested lakes can be coordinated through the
Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Division of Water Resources, Aquatic Weed
Control Program, P.O. Box 27687, Raleigh, NC 27611, (919)-733-4064. Keep in mind that grass
carp are non-specific herbivores and will, therefore, consume desirable native species of aquatic
plants in conjunction with hydrilla.
Please note that hydrilla is listed as a state noxious weed. All suspect infestations of
hydrilla should be reported immediately to the North Carolina Department of Agriculture,
Plant Industry, Plant Protection Section, P.O. Boa 27647, Raleigh, NC 27611, (919) 733-
6932, or toll free -1-800-206-WEED (9333).
54

Leaf
Lespedeza StE

Appendix III (continued)
Korean or Sericea Lespedeza (Lespedeza cuneata)
Description
Korean lespedeza is a perennial legume ranging in height from 1.5 to 5 feet. The blunt-tipped
leaves of this plant are arranged alternately in groups of three along the entire length of the stem.
The stems are herbaceous to somewhat woody with numerous straight branches.
The inconspicuous flowers of lespedeza are creamy-white with purple markings and grow in
the axils of the leaves from the middle to the upper portions of the plant. They bloom in late
summer or early fall.
Habitat
Korean lespedeza is found in open woodlands, clearings, borders, old fields, roadsides, and
urban waste areas.
Distribution
Korean lespedeza is native to Japan and now occurs from southern New Jersey to central
Florida and westward to eastern Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas. It occurs as far north as the
southern half of Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio.
Threats
A prolific seed producer, this plant can readily colonize early to mid-successional grasslands
and open forest communities. In a mixture of grass it usually becomes the dominant species after
3 to 4 years. It has a tendency to form dense stands that prevent or retard the natural invasion of
other plants.
Control
At present, little is known about the control of this plant. Spraying the foliage of lespedeza
with a solution of 2% glyphosate or triclopyr and 0.5% nonionic surfactant has some promise for
control. The North Carolina Department of Transportation has found that the herbicide Transline
is very effective for controlling lespedeza and should be applied in a 0.5% solution with 0.5%
nonionic surfactant. This herbicide should not be used near water because of its toxicity to fish
and insects. Either herbicide should be applied during the active growing season before the plant
has had a chance to set seed. Mowing lespedeza in the flower bud stage for 2 to 3 consecutive
years will also help to curtail the spread of this plant.
57

M
M~

Appendix III (continued)
Chinese Privet (Ligustrum sinense)
Description
Chinese privet is amulti-branched shrub that can grow up to 12 feet high. In North Carolina,
it is evergreen in most of the state but maybe semi-evergreen at higher elevations. The elliptical-
shaped leaves are small (usually only one to one and a half inches long), smooth-edged, and
oppositely arranged along the branches. The upper surface of each leaf is dark green, shiny, and
leathery and the lower surface is pale green. A distinguishing feature of this plant is that the
midrib of each leaf is hairy on the underside.
The flowers are tiny and white and grow in branching clusters at the ends of the twigs. The
flowers are also quite fragrant with a smell that has been likened to cheap perfume. The black,
pea-sized berries are a favorite food for a variety of birds.
Habitat
Chinese privet is usually found in lowlands and waste places often under a shady canopy. It
frequently forms dense thickets.
Distribution
Chinese privet is a native of China and has been cultivated extensively in the southern United
States.
Threats
Propagated by seeds that are readily carried and spread by birds, this shrub has become an
intrusive pest in natural areas, particularly in wooded floodplains.
Control
Chinese privet bushes with stems one inch or smaller can be removed by hand pulling. Since
the root system of these plants is extensive, pulling larger plants is seldom possible. Larger
plants can be killed by spraying the foliage with a solution of 2% glyphosate or triclopyr and
0.5% nonionic surfactant. The leaves of the privet should be completely wetted, one bush at a
time. Treatment is most effective on fully developed foliage, especially late in the summer.
Another option is to cut the shrub down near to the ground and either paint or spray the freshly
cut stumps with a 25% solution of glyphosate or triclopyr.
59

Stem
Honeysuckle Fruit
Honeysuckle Flower
Honeysuckle Roots

Appendiz III (continued)
Japanese Honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica)
Description
Japanese honeysuckle is a trailing or twining woody vine that can grow to more than 30 feet
in length. Young stems are often hairy, while older stems are hollow with a reddish brown bark.
The oblong to oval shaped leaves are one to two and a half inches long and grow along the stem
in opposite pairs. In most of North Carolina, the leaves of Japanese honeysuckle are semi-
evergreen and may persist on the vines year-round. The whitish, trumpet-shaped flowers occur
in pairs from between leaves and bloom from late April into August. The fruit is a black, pulpy
berry that matures in early autumn.
Japanese honeysuckle is distinguished from North Carolina's three native species by the
leaves near the tips of the vines. These leaves are separate and not united. In our native species,
these leaves are united at the base, forming a single leaf surrounding the stem.
Habitat
Japanese honeysuckle occurs primarily in disturbed habitats such as roadsides, trails, fence
rows, abandoned fields, forest edges, and in many types of forests. It often invades native plant
communities after natural or human induced disturbances such as logging, road building, floods,
windstorms, or pest and disease outbreaks. It is especially prevalent and invasive in disturbed
bottomlands.
Distribution
Imported to the United States in the 1800's as horticultural groundcover, Japanese
honeysuckle is native to eastern Asia. In North Carolina, Japanese honeysuckle is naturalized
statewide and is one of the most abundant plants in the state.
Threats
Since it propagates by both seeds that birds disseminate or by shallow, underground runners
that can extend as much as 45 feet, this plant is very successful. In forests, Japanese honeysuckle
vines spread both vertically and horizontally by climbing up tree trunks and/or by trailing over
the forest floor.
Dense, strangling growths of Japanese honeysuckle can impact natural vegetation by
decreasing light availability, depleting soil moisture and nutrients, or by toppling upright stems
by the sheer weight of accumulated vines. It is seen by many managers of preserves as the state's
most formidable species of exotic plant.
61

Control
Small populations of Japanese honeysuckle can be controlled by careful hand-pulling,
grubbing with a hoe or a shovel, and removal of trailing vines. In fire-dependent natural
communities, Japanese honeysuckle can be controlled by prescribed burning. Burning can
reduce the abundance of Japanese honeysuckle by up to 50%, but the area must be successively
burned every year or every other year. The use of glyphosate or triclopyr is also an effective
treatment either by itself or after a prescribed fire. The fact that the leaves of Japanese
honeysuckle are evergreen in many parts of North Carolina provides an opportunity to treat this
plant in the fall (October-November) after surrounding vegetation has become dormant. Apply a
solution of 2% glyphosate or triclopyr and 0.5% nonionic surfactant to thoroughly wet all foliage.
For vines climbing into surrounding trees use a 25% solution of glyphosate or triclopyr on cut
vine surfaces. Ambient air temperature should be above 65°F.
62

Loosestrife Flower

Appendiz III (continued)
Purple Loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria)
Description
Characterized by long showy spikes of magenta flowers, purple loosestrife is an herbaceous,
perennial, wetland plant. The plant ranges in height from two to six feet but may reach up to 10
feet in height in nutrient-rich habitats. The leaves are opposite or in whorls of three, lance-
shaped, and without teeth. Purple loosestrife has flowers with five to seven petals occumng in
dense clusters on terminal spikes. These flowers begin blooming in June and continue until
September.
Habitat
Purple loosestrife is found in a variety of sunny wetland habitats including marshes, river
banks, the edges of ponds and reservoirs, as well as ditches and other disturbed wetland areas. It
grows best in high organic soils but tolerates a wide range of soil textures including clay, sand,
and silt.
Distribution
A native of Eurasia, purple loosestrife was introduced into the northeastern United States and
Canada in the early 1800's. Although this plant has subsequently spread through most of
temperate North America, the heaviest concentrations are in the glaciated wetlands of the
northeast. It is present but has not yet become a dominant invasive plant in North Carolina.
Please note that purple loosestrife and all other non-native Lvthrum species are listed as
state noxious weeds. All suspect infestations of purple loosestrife should be reported
immediately to the North Carolina Department of Agriculture, Plant Industry, Plant
Protection Section, P.O. Boz 27647, Raleigh, NC 27611, [phone], or toll free -1-800-
206-WEED (9333).
Threats
Purple loosestrife thrives in disturbed wetlands but also invades natural wetlands, crowding
out native wetland vegetation and forming extensive monospecific stands. As a result, the
wildlife value of wetland habitats is greatly diminished.
A single stalk of purple loosestrife may produce as many as 300,000 seeds and densities of up
to 80,000 stalks per acre. The species also readily reproduces from stem or root segments.
Although not yet a significant invasive problem in North Carolina, wetland communities should
be closely monitored for the presence of purple loosestrife because of its potential devastating
65

effects. It has dominated marshes and bogs in a number of states in the Northeast.
Control
Since small infestations of purple loosestrife can be removed by hand pulling, the early
detection of this plant is critical to its control. Hand removal should always be done before the
plants flower to prevent the scattering of seeds. The entire rootstock must be pulled out since the
plant can rejuvenate from root fragments. In addition, plants that are pulled should be bagged on
site to prevent dispersing the stem and root segments.
Where mechanical removal is not feasible, purple loosestrife may be removed by spot
application of Rodeo (a formulation of glyphosate that has been approved for use over water)
before or during the period of peak bloom, usually late August. The best way to apply this
herbicide is to cut off all stems at about six inches (be sure to bag this refuse) and then paint or
drip a 20-30% solution of Rodeo onto the cut surface. As with mechanical control methods,
follow-up treatments may be needed in subsequent years to remove new plants that have sprouted
from the seed bank.
For large areas a foliar spray may be necessary. Apply a solution of 2% Rodeo and 0.5%
nonionic surfactant before flower head formation. If possible, cut the flower heads (bag these
heads) before applying herbicide to ensure the prevention of seed production.
The most effective herbicide for controlling purple loosestrife is Garlon 3A. Since this
product is still under experimental use for aquatic plants, it would have to be applied
experimentally under supervision of the manufacturer, Dow Elanco.
66

Japa

Appendiz III (continued)
Japanese Grass (Microstegium vimineum)
Description
This annual grass grows to be up to two to three feet by late summer. It has long, thin,
alternate, lance-shaped leaves along a branched stalk. In spring and early summer the grass is
shorter and more tender in appearance. The stalk of this grass is distinctly divided by nodes with
flattened segments between the nodes that get wider toward the upper end.
Habitat
Japanese grass is often found in bright green patches along the margins of roads or paths and
less frequently on forest floors. Preferring shaded or partially sunny areas, it tends to get a
stronghold in moist areas which can be particularly troublesome when close to water courses
since water aids in the dispersal of seeds. A number of bottomlands in the parks system have
been heavily impacted by this weed.
Distribution
This grass was imported as an ornamental from Asia. It was not common as late as 1970 but
has exploded in the past two decades and is now common throughout North Carolina.
Threats
Japanese grass is a quickly spreading annual plant that produces seeds for the following year
and then dies in the fall. It propagates both by shallow runners and seed and spreads in dense
patches that eventually exclude most other plants. The plant spreads primarily in the spring and
summer before flowering and the production of seed in late summer and early fall.
Control
The best time for removing Japanese grass is early in the growing season when it is small and
before seed production. While young, the grass is shallow-rooted and easy to grub out by hand.
Mowing while in flower and before seed production has also been effective in controlling the
spread of this grass. Extensive areas of Japanese grass maybe controlled by the herbicide
Vantage (sethoxydim). This herbicide is particularly attractive because the active ingredient
rapidly decomposes in soil and it acts mainly on grasses leaving most broad-leaved plants
unaffected. This herbicide kills both perennial and annual grasses within about 14 days by
interfering with an enzyme involved in lipid synthesis. Herbicide treatments should be made late
69

in the growing season but before the plants set seed. Apply a 1.5% solution of sethoxydium and
1% horticultural oil when the air temperature is above 65°F and rain is not expected within one
hour following application. A solution of 2% glyphosate and 0.5% nonionic surfactant may also
be used.
~o

Princess Tree Leaf ~
,•
~~
,., ~
. ~. ~ ,
,~ -.
~ -
~,
~+. "~' ~

Princess Tree Flower
Princess Tree Fruit

Appendiz III (continued)
Princess Tree (Paulownia tomentosa)
Description
Princess tree may reach a height of up to 50 feet. The bazk of this tree is chazacteristically
gray with shallow, shiny ribs. The leaves aze lazge (5-10 inches long on mature trees), heart-
shaped, and oppositely arranged along the branches. The edges of the leaves often have blunt
"horns" on each side. Stump sprouts and young plants have extremely lazge leaves that can be up
to 32 inches long.
This tree flowers in April and May, usually before its leaves have fully emerged. The very,
lazge, light purple flowers aze distinctively sticky and hairy on the outside. These flowers aze
arranged in pyramidal clusters that aze about 10 to 15 inches long. The fruits of this tree persist
in lazge brown clusters through the winter and into eazly spring. The seeds from these fruits aze
small and winged and disperse easily.
Habitat
Princess tree favors sunny locations along roadsides, clearings, and borders of forests.
Distribution
The princess tree was imported from East Asia for horticultural purposes. It has since escaped
cultivation and is scattered in a number of locations throughout the state, particularly in the
mountains and foothills of western North Cazolina.
Threats
Once princess tree escapes into the wild, it is an extremely fast-growing competitor with
native species. Propagating from seeds, this tree may be six to eight feet in its second yeaz of
growth.
Control
It is best to eliminate princess tree by hand when it is still a small sapling without awell-
developed taproot. Of course this stage is short-lived since the tree is usually too big to manually
remove by its second year.
Once hand pulling is no longer possible, another option is to cut the tree down neaz to the
ground and either paint or spray the freshly- cut stumps with a 25% solution of glyphosate or a
50% solution of triclopyr. Stump treatments can be used as long as the ground is not frozen.
73

Phragmites Roots

Appendiz III (continued)
Common Reed (Phragmites australis)
Description
Common reed is a tall, perennial, wetland grass ranging in height from three to thirteen feet.
Strong, leathery, horizontal shoots growing on or beneath the ground surface give rise to roots
and tough vertical stalks. The leaves of these stalks are alternately arranged, flat and hairless, up
to 24 inches long, one half to two and one half inches wide, and tapering to a sharp point. The
foliage is gray-green during the growing season, with purple-brown, foot-long plumes appearing
on the top of the stem by late June. By fall the entire plant turns tan. Giant cordgrass (Spartina
cynosuroides), anon-invasive native species, can be confused with common reed. It is
distinguished from common reed by its sparse flowering structure and longer, more gracefully
arching leaves.
Habitat
Common reed thrives in sunny wetland habitats. It is found along elevated areas of brackish
and freshwater marshes and along riverbanks and lakeshores. This plant is particularly abundant
in the disturbed or polluted soils of roadsides, ditches, and dredged areas.
Distribution
Common reed may be the most widely distributed plant in the world. It is found throughout
the temperate regions of North America. Many Atlantic coast wetlands have been invaded by
common reed as a result of alterations to tidal movements by roads and impoundments. It is
treated as an exotic species because it invades the habitats of other plants as a result of human
alterations to the environment. Moreover, it is strongly suspected that anon-native, aggressive
strain of this species was carried to North America in the early twentieth century.
Threats
Common reed has- become a destructive weed in North Carolina, displacing desirable wetland
plants such as wild rice and cattails. This plant propagates by seeds but once established, it
spreads mostly through underground rhizomes. Invasive stands of common reed eliminate
diverse wetland plant communities and provide little food or shelter for wildlife.
Control
Herbicide use in combination with burning has generally proven to be the most effective
means of controlling common reed. Rodeo (a formulation of glyphosate approved for use over
75

water) should be sprayed on common reed colonies after the tasseling stage (July-September)
when the foliage is re-directing nutrients to the roots. Prescribed burning does not reduce the
growing ability of phragmites unless root bum occurs. Root bum seldom occurs because the
rhizomes are usually covered by a layer of soil, mud, or water. Burning does, however, have the
advantage of removing accumulated phragmites leaf litter, giving the seeds of other species area
to germinate.
Flooding can also be used to control phragmites when at least three feet of water cover the
rhizomes for an extended period during the growing season (usually four months). Cutting the
plant in July removes most of the food reserves produced in that season and, therefore, reduces
the vigor of the plant. A cutting regime that is carried out on an annual basis may be enough to
eliminate a colony.
76

K~
Kudzu Roots
Kudzu Flower

Appendiz III (continued)
Kudzu (Pueraria lobata)
Description
Kudzu is a perennial, trailing, or climbing vine of the legume (bean or pea) family. The
compound leaves are broad, up to seven or eight inches long; have hairy undersides; and are
arranged in threes at the ends of the stems. With a fragrance reminiscent of grapes, the one half
to three quarter inch purple flowers are produced on plants exposed to direct sunlight. Kudzu
fiuits, present in October and November, are hairy bean-like pods with a few viable seeds in each
pod. It is thought that some of these seeds can remain dormant for several years before they
germinate.
Young stems of this plant are hairy, while older stems become woody and up to an inch in
diameter. From roots that may extend down 12 feet in sandy soils, vines grow upward and
runners extend outward. New plants begin at stem nodes every one to two feet. Roots become
tuberous, storing as starch the carbohydrates produced by the leaves. These tuberous roots are
capable of starting new vines when vines and leaves above ground have been destroyed.
Habitat
Kudzu grows in a variety of habitats and environmental conditions but does best on deep,
well-drained, loamy soils. Almost any sunny disturbed area is suitable habitat for this vine.
Distribution
A native of Japan, kudzu was originally brought to the United States for use as animal food.
About 50 years ago, it was planted extensively along highways and railroads to stabilize
embankments. Now, kudzu has spread along the Atlantic coast, north to Illinois and
Massachusetts, west to Texas and Oklahoma, and south to Alabama, Georgia, and Mississippi.
In North Carolina, kudzu is a common sight along roadways and bordering agricultural fields.
Threats
Wherever it grows, kudzu has the ability to outcompete and eliminate native plant species.
With vine growth of up to one foot a day, it completely overgrows and kills everything from
grasses to mature trees in its expanding area.
Control
Eradication of kudzu is not easy and can take up to 10 years for well established stands.
Burning kudzu patches in February or early March as well as discing the ground helps prepare an
79

area for the application of herbicide. Regular cutting may also be sufficient to control most
kudzu populations.
The herbicide Transline has been shown to be effective against kudzu. It should be applied
during the active growing season in a solution of 0.25% Transline and 0.5% surfactant. This
herbicide should not be used near water because of its toxicity to fish and insects. For kudzu
near bodies of water, the United States Forest Service recommends Banvel 720 at two
gallons/acre for patches less than 10 years old and three gallons/acre for patches greater than 10
years old.
Kudzu can also be controlled by cutting the vines and runners just above ground level and
then waiting one to two weeks for foliar resprouting. At this point, the plant can be treated with
a solution of 2% glyphosate or triclopyr and 0.5% nonionic surfactant. This treatment may need
to be repeated a couple of times during the grov~ing season for several years before the plant is
effectively controlled.
An alternative approach involves the application of glyphosate or triclopyr to cut stumps,
foliage, and roots. For vines in tree canopies, cut the vines near the ground and apply a 25%
solution of glyphosate or triclopyr to the stumps. Use a solution of 2% glyphosate or tric~opyr
and 0.5% nonionic surfactant to treat areas with extensive kudzu ground cover. If possible,
locate the tap root and dig or cut into the root crown and apply a 50% solution of triclopyr to the
exposed root.
so

Multiflora
Base
. ~-, Multiflora Rose Flower

Appendiz III (continued)
Multiflora Rose (Rosa multiflora)
Description
Multiflora rose is a perennial thorny shrub of medium height. Its arching stems can root at the
tip, forming dense thickets of thorny branches. Each compound leaf has five to 11 oval leaflets
that are arranged alternately along the stem with a terminal leaflet. The tapering clusters of
pungently fragrant, white or pinkish flowers of multiflora rose bloom in June to July. As with
other rose species, the fruits are small, red hips containing many seeds in their fleshy interiors.
Habitat
Multiflora rose prefers clearings, roadsides, fence rows, borders of woods, and other open
areas. It is adaptable to a wide range of environments but is usually not tolerant of extremely wet
or dry habitats. It is, however, invading some bogs and other mountain wetlands in North
Carolina.
Distribution
Native to North China, Korea, and Japan, multiflora rose was brought to the United States by
horticulturalists in the second half of the nineteenth century. Later, wildlife managers planted it
for wildlife food and cover. It was also used for control of soil erosion and on highway medians
to reduce headlight glare. Multiflora rose is now found throughout most of the United States.
Threats
Reproducing by seeds, an average-sized multiflora rose shrub can produce 500,000 to
1,000,000 seeds in a good year. Birds disseminate the seed widely. Multiflora rose forms dense
thickets that can choke out native plant species. These thickets form living fences that aze
impenetrable by large mammals.
Control
Lightly infested azeas may be cleared with a shovel or hoe provided that the entire root is
removed. In heavier infestations, three to six cuttings or moorings per year near the ground for
two or more years will give high mortality. In some situations, a prescribed fire during the early
growing season may be an appropriate method of control. As with mechanical methods of
control, it may be necessary to annually burn for several years to completely kill this plant.
Glyphosate and triclopyr are probably the most effective herbicides for controlling multiflora
rose. Apply a solution of 2% glyphosate or triclopyr and 0.5% nonionic surfactant to thoroughly
83

wet all leaves. The air temperature should be above 65°F to ensure absorption of the herbicide.
In addition, the stems of multiflora rose can be cut at or near ground level and then immediately
be treated with a 25% solution of glyphosate or triclopyr. This treatment remains effective at low
temperatures as long as the ground is not frozen. The basal section of the plant (ground to 12
inches) can also be treated with a solution of 25% triclopyr and 75% horticultural oil. After
treatment, wet the area thoroughly.
84

~sce
.,onnson vrass ~~oots

Appendiz III (continued)
Johnson Grass (Sorghum halapense)
Description
Johnson grass forms dense clumps and can grow to a maximum height of eight feet. It has
long, smooth leaves with a characteristic white mid-vein. The stems of this grass are often pink
to rusty red near the base and the inflorescence is large and loosely branched.
Habitat
Johnson grass thrives in cultivated and abandoned fields, forest edges, stream banks,
roadsides, vacant lots or any disturbed ground.
Distribution
Johnson grass was introduced to the United States from its native range around the
Mediterranean Sea. It has spread to most temperate regions of the world and is found extensively
in North Carolina.
Threats
A major agricultural weed, Johnson grass is especially troublesome in corns fields where it
forms tall, dense stands. It also aggressively crowds out native species along riverbanks and
along the edges of woodlands.
Control
Johnson grass can be a challenging plant to control since when this grass is cut it can resprout
from underground rhizomes and it is resistant to many common herbicides. Moreover, spring
burning encourages regrowth. Small stands of this grass can be controlled by hand-pulling when
the soil is moist. Repeated winter tilling to expose and kill root material has been successful at
controlling larger infestations.
The application of a 2% solution of glyphosate near the end of the growing season (just prior
to seed maturity) when this grass is transporting nutrients to its roots results in a high rate of
mortality. The herbicide maybe applied to the leaves or freshly cut stems. Increase the
concentration of glyphosate to 20% if it is applied to cut stems. These treatments must be
repeated for several years to eradicate the seed bank.
s~

Appendiz IV
Aquatic Weed Control Act of 7991
(Article 15, Chapter 113A of
the Genera/ Statutes of North Caro/inaJ
and
Regulations
/Title 15A, Chapter 2, Subchapter 2G
of the North Carolina Administrative Code/
Published by
North Carolina Department of Agriculture
James A. Graham, Commissioner
and
Department of Environmental, Health, and
Natural Resources
89

Appendix IV (continued)
§113A-21~ ART. 15. AQUATIC WEED CONTROL §113A-222
§§ 113A-215 through 113A-219: Reserved for future codifi-
cation purposes.
ARTICLE 1J .
Aqua tic Weed Control.
§ 113A-220. Short title.
This Article shall be known as the Aquatic Weed Control Act of
1991. (1991, c. 132, s. 1.}
§ 113A-221. Definitions.
Unless a different meaning is required by the context, the follow-
ing definitions shall apply throughout this Article:
(1) "Department" means the Department of Environment,
Health, and Natural Resources.
(2) "Secretary" means the Secretary of Environment, Health,
and Natural Resources or his designee.
(3) `Noxious aquatic weed" means any plant organism so des-
ignated under this Article.
(4) "Waters of the State" means any surface body or accumula-
tion of water, whether publicly or privately owned and
whether naturally occurring or artificially created, which
is contained within, flows through, or borders upon any
part of this State. (1991, c. 132, s. l.)
§ 113A-222. Designation of noxious aciuatic weeds.
(a) The Secretary, after consultation with the Director of the
North Carolina Agricultural Extension Service, the Wildlife Re-
sources Commission, and the Marine Fisheries Commission, and
with the concurrence of the Commissioner of Agriculture, may des-
ignate as a noxious aquatic weed any plant organism which:
(1) Grows in or is closely associated with the aquatic environ-
ment, whether floating, emersed, submersed, or ditch-bank
species, and including terrestrial phases of any such plant
organism;
{2) Exhibits characteristics of obstructive nature and either
massive productivity or choking density; and
(3) Is or may become a threat to public health or safety or to
existing or new beneficial uses of the waters of the State.
(b) A plant organism may be designated as being a noxious
aquatic weed either throughout the State or within specified areas
within the State.
(c) The Secretary shall designate a plant organism as a noxious
aquatic weed by rules adopted pursuant to Chapter 150B of the
General Statutes.
(d) The Secretary may, modify or withdraw any designation of a
plant organism as a noxious aquatic weed made previously under
this section. Any modification or withdrawal of such designation
shall be made following the procedures for designation set out in
this section. (1991, c. 132, s. 1.)
90

Appendix IV (continued)
§113A-224 ART. 15. AQUATIC WEED CONTROL §113A-226
§ 113A-224. Powers of the Commissioner of Agri-
culture.
{a) The Commissioner of Agriculture may regulate the importa-
tion, sale, use, culture, collection, transportation, and distribution
of a noxious aquatic weed as a plant pest under Article 36 of Chap-
ter 106 of the General Statutes.
(b) This Article shall not be construed to limit any power of the
Commissioner of Agriculture, the Department of Agriculture, or
the Board of Agriculture under any other provision of law. (1991, c.
132, s. 1.)
§ 113A-225. Responsibilities of other State agen-
cies.
All State agencies shall cooperate with the Secretary to assist in
the implementation of this Article. {1991, c. 132, s. 1.)
§ 113A-22S. Enforcement.
(a) (Effective October 1, 1994 -See editor's note} Any person
who violates this Article or any rule adopted pursuant to this Arti-
cle shall be guilty of a Class 2 misdemeanor for each offense.
(b) Whenever there exists reasonable cause to believe that any
person has violated this Article or rules adopted pursuant to this
Article, the Secretary may request the Attorney General to insti-
tute acivil action for injunctive relief to restrain the violation. The
Attorney General may institute such action in the name of the
State upon relation of the Department in the superior court of the
county in which the violation occurred. Upon a determination by
the court that the alleged violation of the provisions of this Article
or of rules adopted pursuant to this Article has occurred or is
threatened, the court shall grant the relief necessary to prevent or
abate the violation or threatened violation. Neither the institution
of the action, nor any of the proceedings thereon shall relieve any
party to such proceedings from any penalty otherwise prescribed for
violations of this Article. (1991, c. 132, s. 1; c. 761, s. 20; 1993, c.
539, s. 877; 1994, Ex. Sess., c. 24, s. 14(c).}
Editor's Note. -Session Laws 1993,
c. 539, which amended this section, in s.
1359, as amended by Session Laws 1994,
Extra Session, c. 24. s. 14(c), provides:
"This act becomes effective October 1,
1994, and applies to offenses occurring
on or after that date. Prosecutions for
offenses committed before the effective
date of this act are not abated or affected
by this act, and the statutes that would
be applicable but for Lhis act remain ap-
plicable to those prosecutions."
Effect of Amendments. -The 1993
amendment, effective October 1, 1994,
and applicable to offenses occurring on
or after that date, in subsection (a) in-
serted "Class 2" preceding "misde-
meanor" and deleted "and, upon convic-
tion, shall be fined not less than fifty
dollars ($50.00) nor more than one thou-
sand dollars t$1,000), or imprisoned for
not less than 10 days nor more than I80
days, or both" following "misdemeanor".
91

Appeniz IV (continued)
§ 113A-227 CH. I13A. POLLUTION CONTROL, ETC.
§ 113A-227. Adoption of rules.
§ 113A-22?
. The Secretary,may adopt rules necessary to implement the provi-
sions of this Article ursuant to Cha ter 150B of the General Stat-
P P
utes. {1991, c. 132, s. 1.)
92

Appendiac IV (continued)
SECTION .0600 -AQUATIC WEED
CONTROL
.0001 THE AQUATIC WEED CONTROL ACT
'1Le NaNh Carolina Aquatic Weed Control Act of 1991 empowers
the State of Nortb Carolitu to control, eradicate. and regulate plats
designated as noxious aquatic weeds. 'Ihe Aquatic Weed Control Act
and the existing powez: of the Commissioner of Agriculture prohibit
importation. ale. use. culture, collection. transportation. and distrrbu-
tion of these pleats in North Carolina. Permits for the movement of
noxious aquatic weeds may be obtained from the Commisdmet of
Agriculoue purwant b 2 NCAC 48A .1705 sad .1706 snbjeet to the
conditions Gated therein.
HtsratY Nom
Statutory Aatltairy G.S. lab-~42a 113M~22;113A-223;113A-224:
E~ September 1.1992.
.0002 NOXIOUS AQUATIC WEED LIST
'1be Secretary of the Department of Enviranmen~ Health, and Naw-
ral Resources has determined that the following aquatic pLnts exhibit
characteristics which threaten a may threaua the health or safety of
the people of North Carolina a beneficial uses of the waters of North
Catelintc
(1) Aquatic Species Listed an the Federal Noxious Weed List.
Azolb pimtata R. Brown - Pinnate mocquitofem
Eichhorns aztrrea (Sw.) Kurth -Anchored waterhyacinth
Nydrilb vcrricillara (L.L) Royle - Hydril4
NyaropJtila polysperma (roxb.) T. Anderson - ladian
hygrophila
Ipomoca aquatiea Falk. -Swamp moraiagglary. water
spinach
Lagarosiphoa major (Ridley) Moss - African elodea
Lbrtnophlb nssll{/loro (Vahl) Blume-Lmanophi4
Mcldcxca gtringwcnervs (Cav.) BLke-Melalucea
MonocJtors ltattata (L.) Sohsu - Arrowieaved monacho-
ria
Mot•ochorla voaiaalis (Bu:m. f.) Kurth - Monochoria
Soairrars saairt~folia L. -Arrowhead
Salviafa awkulata Aubl. - Giant salvinia
Salvinio biloba Raddi -Giant salvinia
Salvias iterzoaii de 4 Sots - Giant salviaia
Salvias •roksaa Mitch. - Giant salvinia
Sparaaeiarrt crctrmt L. -Branched burreed
Strarriorss abides L. -Gab's claw
(2) Additional Noziats Aquatic Weeds.
Crasswla l~sbnsil -Swamp stanecrop
Logarosiplwn spp. (All cpecia) -African elodea
Salvias spp. (All except S. roamdifolia) -Water fem
Traps spp. (All species) -Water Cbesmut
Ltrdwigs wwgtraycasis (Comb.) Hera -Uruguay water-
P
Lyrltnan taluaars L. -Purple loosestrife
Pltnagntires atrsrralis (Cav.) Trin. ex Swtd. -Common
reed
Alterna~trkera p6ilouroides (MGR) Griseb - Alliga-
tarweed
Eacrs dense Planch. -Brazilian eloda
Myrioplryllwn spicarwn L. -Eurasian watermilfoil
Noes stinor All. - Brittleleaf naiad
HuznitY Nom
Statutory Authority G.S. t 13A-222:
Eff. September 1.1992.
s • •
93

Appendix V
North Carolina Department of Agriculture
State Noxious V~eed List
(Revised Febn~ary 7, 1996)
Class A Noacious Weeds
Federally lasted Species
Aquatic Weeds:
AzoUa pinnata R. Brown
~'ichhornia azurea (Sw.) Kunth
Hydrilla verticillata (L. f.) Royle
Hygrophila polysperma (Roxb.) T. Anderson
Ipomoea oquatica Forsk.
Lagarosiphon major (Ridley) Moss
Limnophila sessil flora (Vahl) Blume
Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cav.) Blake
Monochoria hastata (L.) Solms
Monochoria vaginalis (Burro. f.) Kunth
Ottelia alismoides (L.) Pers.
Sagittaria sagimifolia L.
Salvinia auriculata Aubl.
Salvinia biloba Raddi
Salvinia herzogii de la Sota
Salvinia molesta Mitch.
Sparganium ereetum L.
Parasitic Weeds:
Aeginetia spp
Alectra spp.
Cuscuta spp. (Dodders), other than following species:
Cuscuta americaria L.
Cuscuta applanta Engelmann
Cuscuta opproximata Babington
Cuscuta ottenuata Waterfall
Cuscuta Snldinghii Urban
Cuscuta brachycalyx (Yuncker) Yuncker
Cuscuta ca! formica Hooker & Arnoa
Cuseuto campestris Yuncker
Cuscuta cassytoides Nees ex Engelmann
Cuscuta ceanothii Behr
Cuscuta cephalanthii Engelmann •
Cuscuta compacts Jussieu
Cuscuta corylii Engelmann
Cuscuta cuspulata Engelmann
Cuscuta decipiens Yuncker
Cuscuta dentosquamota Yuncker
Cuscuta denticulata Engelmann
Cuscuta epilinum Weihc
Cuscuta epithymuin (L.) L.
Cuscuto erosa Yuncker
Cuscuta europoea L.
Cuscuta exolto Engelmann
(Pinnate mosquitofern)
(Anchored Waterhyacinth)
(Hydrilla)
(Indian hygrophila)
(Swamp Morningglury)
(Limnopliila)
(Melaleuca)
(Arrowleaved Monochoria)
(Monochoria)
(Arrowhead)
(Giant Salvinia)
(Giant Salvinia)
(Giant Salvinia)
(Karit~awcrd)
(Branched Burreed)
95

Appendix V (continued)
Cuscuta fasciculata Yuncker
Cuscuta glabior (Engelmann) Yuncker
Cascara globulosa Bentham
Cuscuta glomerata Choisy
Cuscuta gronovii Willdenow
Cuscuta harperi Small
Cuscuta howelliona Rubtzoff
Cuscuta indecora Choisy
Cuscuta jepsonii Yuncker
Cuscuta leptantha Engelmann
Cuscuta mttriformis Engelmann
Cuscuta nevadensis I. M. Johnston
Cuscuta obtusifolia Humboldt, Bonpland & Kunth
Cascara occide-ualis Millspaugh ex Mill & Nuttalf
Cuscuta odoraolepis Engelmann
Cuscuta pentogona Engelmann
Cuscuta planiflora Tenore
Cuscuta plattensis A. Nelson
Cuscuta pol~~gonorum Engeemann
Cuscuta rostrata Shuttleworth ex Engelmann
Cuscuta runyonii Yuncker ,
Cuscuta saliva Engelmann
Cuscuta sandwichia~w Choisy
Cuscuta squamata Engelmann
Cuscuta suaveolens Seringe
Cuscuta suksdorf~i Yuncker
Cuscuta tuberculata Brandegee
Cuscuta umbellata Humboldt, Bonpland & Kunth
Cuscuta umbrosa Beyrich ex Hooker
Cuscuta vetchii Brandegee
Cuscuta tivarneri Yuncker
~robanche spp. (Broomrapes), other than the following species:
Orobanche bulbosa (Gray) G. Beck
Orobanche califorruca Schlechtendal & Chamisso
Orobanche cooperi (Gray) Heller
Orobanche cor-~mbosa {Rydberg} Ferris
Orobanche dugesii (S. Watson) Manz
Orobanche fasciculata Nuttall
Orobanche ludoviciana Nuttall
Orobanche multicaulis Brandegee
Orobanche parishii (Jepson) Heckard
Orobanche pinorum Geyer ex Hooker
Orobanche uni1Yorum L.
Orobanche valida Jepson
Orobanche vallicola (Jepson) Heckard
itriga spp. {Witchweedsj
96

Appendiz V (continued)
Terrestrial Wccds:
Alterianthera sessilis (L.) R. Br. ex DC.
Asphodelus fistulosus L.
Avena sterilis L. (including Avena ludoviciana Durieu)
Borreria elate (Aubl.) DC.
Ccrrthamus ox~-aca,rlha Bieb.
Chrysopogon aciculotus (Retz.) Trin.
Commelina benghalensis L.
Crupina vulgaris Cass.
Digitoria scalarum (Schweinf.) Chiov.
Digitoria velutina (Fors.) Beauv.
Drymaria arenariuides H. B. K.
Emex australis Steinheil
Emex spinosa (L.) Campd.
Eupatoriorium adenophorum Spreng.
(=Ageratina adenophoru (Spreng.) King & Ruhinson)
Galega o, jficinalis L.
Heraeleum ma-itegazzianum Sommier & Levier
Imperata brosiliensis Tritvus
Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv.
Ipomoeo trilobo L.
Ischaernum rugosum Salisb.
Leptochloa chinensis (L.) Nees
Lycium feroctssi»ucm Miers
Melastoma matebathricum L.
Mikrrnia cordate (Burm. f.) B. L. Robins.
Mikania micrantha H. B. K.
Mimosa invisa Mart.
Mimosa pigra L.
Nassella tricholoma (Nees) Hack.
Opuntia aurantiaca LituUey
Or}'za longistaminata Chev. & Roehrich
Oryza punctata~Kotschy ex Steudel
Oryza rufipogon Griffith
Pespalum vrbiculare Font.
(=Paspalum scrobiculotum Am. auctt.]
Pennisetum clandestinum Hochst. ex Chiov.
Pennisetum maerourum Trinius
Pennisetum pedice/latrun Trin.
Pe,uiise~um polystoch~-on (L.) Schultes
Prosopis alapataco R. A. Philippi
Prosopis argentine Burkart
Prosopis articulate S. Watson
Prvsopis burkortii Munoz
Prosopis caldenia Burkart
Prvsopis calingastana Burkart
Prosopis campestris Grisebach
Prosopis cnstellrrnosii Burkart
Prosvpis Jenudans Bentham
Prosopis elate (Burkart) Burkart
Prosopis farcta (Solander ex Russell) Macbride
(Sessile Joywee~ )
(Onionwecd)
(Sterile Uat)
(Broadleaf Butt~nweed)
(Carthamus)
(Pilipiliula)
(Tropical Spiderwort)
(Common Crupina)
(Blue Couch)
(V~Ivet Fingergrass)
(Alfumbrilla)
(Three-c~~rnered Jack)
(Spiny FmCx>
(CruftnnwCCd)
(Goatsrue )
(Giant Hugweetl)
(Brazilian Satintail)
(Cogongrass)
(Threelobe Murningglary)
(Saramollagrass)
(Chinese Sprangletup)
(African E3uxthorn)
(Banks Melastoma)
(African Mile-a-minute)
(Mile-a-minute)
(Giant SCnsitive Plant)
(Catclaw Mimosa)
(Srrrtted Tusscx;k)
(Jointed Prickly Pear)
(Red Rice)
(Red Rice)
(Red Rice)
(Ricegrass Paspalun~)
(Kikuvugrass)
(African Feathergrass)
(Ky~asumagrass )
(Missi~~ngrass)
97

Appendiz V (continued)
Prosopis ferox Grisebach
Prosopis fiebrigii Harms
Prosopis hassleri Harms
Prosopis humilis Gillies ex Hooker & Arnott
Prosopis kuritzei Harms
Prosopis pallida (Humboldt & Bonpland ex Willdenow) Humboldt, Bonpland, & Kunth
Prosopis Palmeri S. Watson
Prosopis reptaris Bentham var. reptans
Prosopis rojasiaria Burkart
Prosopis ruizlealii Burlcart
Prosopis ruscifolia Grisebach
Prosopis sericariiha Gillies ex Hooker & Arnott
Prosopis strombulifera (Lamarck) Bentham
Prosopis torquato (Cavanillcs ex Lagasca y Segura) DC
Rottboellw cocltuuhcnerists (Lour.) W. Clayton (Itchgrass, Raoulgrass)
Rebus fruticosus L. (European Blackberry)
Rubes moluccanus L. (Molucca Raspberry)
Saccharum sporitaneurn L. (Wild Sugarcane)
Salsola vermiculota L. (Mediterranean Saltwortl
Setaria pollide fusca (Schumacher) Stapf & C. E. Hebb. (Cattailgrass)
Solarium torvum Swam (1~rkeyberry)
Solarium vutrum Dunal ~ (Tropical Soda Applc)
Tridaz procumberis L. (Coat Buttons)
Urochloa pariicoides Beauv. (Liverseedgrass)
Other Class A Noxious Weeds
Crassula helmsii (Swamp Stonecrop)
Lagarosiphori spp. (African Elodea)
Polygonum perfoGatum (Mile-a-Minute)
Salvinia spp. (ail except S. rouritifolia) (Water Fern)
Traps spp. (Water-Chestnut)
Class B Noxious Weeds
Carduus acarithoides L. (Plumeless Thistle)
Carduus nutans L. (Musk Thistle)
Cirsium arverise (L.) Scop. (Canada Thistle)
Ludwigia uruguayensis (Carob.) Hara (Uruguay Waterrrimrose)
Lythrum spp.(Any Lythrum spp. not (Purple Loosesuife)
native to North Carolina)
Myriophyllum spicatum L. (Eurasian Watermilfoil)
Rorippa sylvestris (L.) Bess. (Yellow Fieldcress)
Stachys floridoria Shuttlew. (Florida Betony)
Tribulus terrestris L. (Puncturevinc)
Class C Noadous Weeds
None.
1,000 copies of this public document were printed at a cost of 520.62, or 5.02 per copy.
98

Appendiz VI
Regilla.tions
for
State 1~Toxious V~'eeds
(Title 2, Chapter 48, Subchapter A,
Sections . 17DI - 1708 of the North
Carolina Administrative Code)

~l
.~
L?
North Carolina Department of Agriculture
James A. Graham, Cornrnissioner
6/94500
99

Appendix VI (continued)
Section
.1701 Definitions
Table of Contents
.1702 Noxious Weeds
.1703 Regulated Areas
.1704 Regulated Articles
.1705 Conditions Governing the Movement of Regulated
Articles
.1706 Issuance of Certificates and Limited Permits
.1707 Cancellation of Certificates and Permits
.I70$ Inspection and Disposal
508 copies of the public document were printed at a cost of
X79.09, or .16 per copy.
ioo

Appendiz VI (continued)
SECTION _ 1700 -STATE NOXIOUS VvEEDS
.1701 DEF~ITTIONS
The following definitions shall apply to this Section:
(1) Administrator. The Plant Pest Administrator of the North
Carolina Department of Agriculture, Plant Industry
Division;
(2) Board. The North Carolina Board of Agriculture;
(3) Certificate. A document issued by a specialist to allow the
movement of non-contaminated regulated articles to any
destination;
(4) Class A. Any noxious weed on the Federal Noxious Weed
List or any noxious weed that is not native to the State, not
currently known to occur in the State, and poses a serious
threat to the State;
(5) Class B. Any noxious weed that is not native to the State,
is of limited distribution statewide, and poses a serious
threat to the State;
(6) Class C. Any other designated noxious weed;.
(7) Commissioner. The Conunissioner of the North Carolina
Department of Agriculture or his authorized
representative;
(8) Compliance Agreement. A written agreement between a
person engaged in growing, handling, or moving regulated
articles, and the North Carolina Department of
Agriculture, Plant Industry Division, wherein the former
agrees to comply with the requirements of the compliance
agreement;
(9) Infestation. The presence of a noxious weed in any stage
of development;
(1 O) Noxious Weed. Any plant in any stage of development,
including parasitic plants whose presence whether direct or
indirect, is detrimental to crops or other desirable plants,
livestock, land, or other property, or is injurious to the
public health;
(21) Limited Permit. A document issued by a speciali st to
allow the movement of noncertified regulated articles to a
specified destination for special handling, utilization, or
processing, or for treatment;~
(12) Regulated Article. Any noxious weed or any article
described in these Rules which is capable of carrying a
noxious weed;
(13) Regulated Area. Any state or territory or any portion
thereof of the United States described in these Rules which
is infested with a noxious weed;
101

Appendix VI (continued)
(14) ScientiFc Permit. A document issued by the Administrator
to authorize the movement of regulated articles to a
specified destination for scientific purposes;
(15) Specialist. Any authorized employee of the North
Carolina Department of Agriculture, Plant Industry
Division, or any other person authorized by the
Commissioner of Agriculture to enforce the provisions of
this Section_
History Note: Statutory Authority G S. l0~-420,-
E,,~: December l , 1991.
.I702 NOXIOUS WEEDS
(a) Class A Noxious Weeds. The North Carolina Board of
Agriculture hereby establishes the following list of Class A Noxious
weeds:
(1) AlI weeds listed in 7 C.F.R. 360.200 which is hereby
incorporated by reference including subsequent
amendments and editions. Copies of the Code of Federal
Regulations may be obtained from the Superintendent of
Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, DC
20402, at a cost of twelve dollars (~ 12.00);
(2) Elodea, African--Lagarosiphon spp. (all species);
(3) Fern, Water--Salvinia spp. (all except S. rotundifoiia);
(4) Stonecrop, Swamp--Crassula helmsii;
(S) Water-cb~estnut- Trapa spp.
(b) Class B Noxious Weeds. The North Carolina Board of
Agriculture hereby establishes the following list of Class B Noxious
Weeds:
{ 1) Betony, Florida--Stachys tlor•idana Shuttlew. ;
(2) Fieldcress, Yellow--Rorippa sylvestris (L_) Bess. ;
(3) Lythruin -- Any Lythrum species not native to North
Carolina;
(4) Puncturevine-Tribulus terrestris L.;
(S) Thistle, Canada--Cirsiuin arvense (L.) Scop.;
(6) Thistle, Musk--Carduus nutans L_;
(7) Thistle, Plumeless--Carduus acanthoides L.
(8) Watermilfoil, Eurasian--Myriophylluin spicatum L.;
(9) Waterprirnrose, Uruguay--Ludwigia uruguayensis
(Carob.) Hara.
(c) Class C Noxious Weeds. The North Carolina Board of
Agr-iculture hereby establishes the following List of Class C Noxious
Weeds: none.
102

Appendiz VI (continued)
History Note: Statutory Authority G. S. 106-420;
E,,~`: December I , 1991.
Amended ~,,~`: June l , 1994; June 1, 1993.
.17Q3 REGULATED AREAS
(a) Except as permitted in 2 NCAC 48A .I'7O5 and .17Q6, the
following is prohibited:
(1) The movement of Canada Thistle [Cirsium arvense (L.)
Scop. ] or any regulated article infested with Canada
Thistle from the following counties is .prohibited: Ashe,
Avery, Haywood, Mitchell, Northampton, Yancey;
(2) The movement of Class A or B noxious weeds or any
regulated article infested with Class A or B noxious weeds
into North Carolina is prohibited;
(3) The movement of a Class A noxious weed or any regulated
article infested with any Class A noxious weed is
prohibited throughout the State;
(4) The movement of Eurasian Wateraulfoil (Myriophyllum
spicatum L.) or any regulated article infested with
Eurasian Watermilfoil from the following counties is
prohibited: Halifax, Northampton, Perquimans, Tyrrell,
Warren;
(5) The movement of Florida Betony (Stachys floridana
Shutilew.) or any regulated article infested with Florida
Betony from the following counties is prohibited: Bladen
Brunswick, Cumberland, Forsyth, Hoke, New Hanover,
Onslow, Wake;
(6) The movement of M usk Thistle (Carduus nutans L.) or any
regulated article infested with Musk Thistle from the
following counties is prohibited: Buncombe, Cleveland,
Chatham, Gaston, Henderson, Lincoln, Madison,
Randolph, Rowan, Rutherford;
(7) The movement of Plumeless Thistle (Carduus acanthoides
L.) or any regulated article infested with Flumeless Thistle
from the following counties is prohibited: Haywood,
Jackson, Madison, Watauga;
($) The movement of Puncturevine (Tribulus terrestris L.) or
any regulated article infested with Puncturevine from the
following counties is prohibited: Durham, New Hanover;
(9) The movement of any Lythrum species not native to North
Carolina or any regulated article infested with any non-
native Lythrvrn species from the following counties is
prohibited: Forsyth, Watauga;
103

Appendix VI (continued)
(l O) The movement of Uruguay Waterprimrose [Ludwigia
uruguayensis (Camb.) Hara. ] or any regulated article
infested with Uruguay Waterprirnrose froze the following
counties is prohibited: Bladen, Brunswick, Columbus,
Durham, Granville, Hyde, New Hanover, Orange, Rowan,
Wake, Warren;
(11) The movement of Yellow Fieldcress [Rorippa sylvestris
(L.) Bess.] or any regulated article infested with Yellow
Fieldcress from the following county is prohibited:
Orange.
(b) Other regulated areas. The Commissioner may take appropriate
action as suthorize~d under G.S. 106-421 to designate as a regulated
area any state or portion of a state in which he has reasonable cause
tro believe that a noxious weed exists, and there is an immediate
need to prevent its introduction, spread or dissemination in North
Carolina.
History Note: Statutory Authority G_ S. 106-42I;
Ems': Decerrsber I , 1991.
- Amended F~ June 1, 1994; June I , 1993.
.1704 REGULATED ARTICLES
The following articles are regulated under the provisions of this
Section:
(1) Soil, compost, peat, humus, muck, decomposed manure,
sand, and gravel, either separately or mixed with other
articles; except that potting soil commercially prepared aad
free of noxious weed seed, packaged and shipped in
original contaizZers is not a regulated article;
(2) Nursery stock including growing media (houseplants
grown in a home and not for sale are excluded);
(3) Grass sod;
(4) Used mechanized soil-moving equipment, cultivating
equipment and harvesting machinery, except when
decontaminated and cleaned free of soil;
(5) Hay, straw, or other material of a si:niiar nature;
(6) Any means of conveyance of any noxious weed when such
conveyance is determined by the Administrator to
present a hazard of spread of noxious weeds and the
person is possession of such conveyance has been so
notified.
History Note: Statutory Authority G. S. 106-420,•
E,,~ December I , 1991.
104

Appendiz VI (continued)
.1705 CONDI'T'IONS GOVERNING THE MOVEMENT OF
REGULA'T'ED ARTICLES
(a) A certificate or permit must accompany the tovement of
regulated articles from regulated areas into North Carolina.
(b) A certificate or permit must accompany the movement of
regulated articles from a regulated area in North Carolina to a non-
regulated area in North Carolina.
History Note: Statrstory Authority G. S. 106-420;
E,,~ : Dec~emher I , l 99l .
.1706 ISSiJANCE OF CERTIFICA'T'ES AND LIMITED
PERMITS .
(a) Certificates may be issued by a specialist for the movement of
regulated articles under the following conditions:
(1) In the judgment of the specialist, they have not been
exposed to infestations;
(2) They have been examined and found to be free of noxious
weeds;
(3) They have been treated under the direction of the specialist
with approved control measures known to be effective
under the conditions applied;
(4) They have been grown, produced, stored, or handled in
such manner that, in the judgment of the specialist,
designated noxious weeds would not be transmitted by
movement of the article.
(b) Lenuted pernuts may be issued by a specialist for the
movement of non-certified regulated articles to specified
destinations for limited handling, utilization, processing or treatment
when the specialist determines no hazard of spread of t-oxious
weeds exists.
(c) Scientific permits may be issued by the Administrator to allow
the movement of noxious weeds in any living stage and any
regulated artic3es for scientific purposes under such conditions as
may be prescribed in cacti specific case by the Plant Pest
Administrator. Scientific permits will be issued pursuant to 2
NCAC 48A .1300.
(d) As a condition of issuance of certificates or limited permits for
the movement of regulated articles, any person engaged in
purchasing, assembling, exchanging, handling, processing,
utilizing, treating, or moving such articles may be required to sign
a compliance agreement stipulating that he will maintain such
105

Appendiz VI (continued)
safeguards against the establishment and spread of infestation and
comply with such conditions as to the nzaintrenance of identity,
handling and subsequent movement of such articles, and the
cleaning and treatment of means of conveyance and containers used
in the transportation of such articles, ss may be required by the
specialist.
History Note: Statutory Authority G. S. I0~6-420;
E,,~`: December l , 1991.
.1707 C ArTC ELLAT IOri OF CERTIFIC A'I'ES AND
LIMITED PEFUVITTS
Any certifYCate, limited permit, scientific permit, or compliance
agreement which has been issued or authorized may be canceled by
the specialist if he determines that the holder has not complied with
conditions for its use.
History Note: Statutory Authority G. S. 106-420;
E,,,~: December I , 1991.
.1708 INSPECTIOrI AND DISPOSAL
Any specialist is authorized to stop and inspect, any person or
rnesns of conveyance moving within or from the State of North
Carolina upon probable cause to believe that such means of
conveyar~ce or articles are infested with a noxious weed; and, such
specialist is authorized to seize, treat, destroy, or otherwise dispose
of articles found to be moving in violation of these Rules.
History Note: Statutory Authority G_ S. 106-420;
E,~`: December 1, 1991.
106