NC0087751_Application_20020207

IVOC 16')
Amendment
to
Engineering Proposal and
NPDES Permit Application
for
Linville Heights
Avery County, North Carolina
Prepared by:
E I
John T. Coxey
.
Consulting Engineering, P. A.
;;�0 ' ......
53 Fox Chase Road West
•'•h,N 7. 0�
Asheville, North Carolina 28804
Project No. 20010
February, 2002

A. SUBSUFACE DISPOSAL SYSTEMS
Although the project site consists of 215 acres, very little of this land is suitable
for underground disposal such as septic tank/drain field systems, low-pressure
pipe systems (LPP), or spray or drip irrigation.
Comprehensive soil survey information has been obtained from the US
Department of Agriculture Natural Resource Conservation Service in Avery
County. This information describes the soil properties of the County and provides
maps showing classifications of soils.
A portion of the map that includes the location of the Linville Heights project is
included herewith. There are five (5) soil classifications found on the project site:
CrE — Crossnore-Jeffrey complex
PaB — Pineola gravelly loam, 2-8% slopes
PnC- Pineola gravelly loam, 8-15% slopes
PnD-Pineola gravelly loam,15-25% slopes
WtD-Whiteoak fine sandy loam, 15-30% slopes, very stony
Each soil description and suitability for numerous parameters are included herein.
Only one (1) soil type (PaB) is considered suited to poorly suited for septic tank
and underground drain field systems and concerns are noted regarding the
restricted permeability of these soils as well as a recommendation that deeper
soils be used to possibly improve filter field performance.

The remaining soil types (CrE, PnC, PnD, WtD) are classified poorly suited with
concerns for steepness of slope, erodibility and permeability.
A map delineating all soil areas is included in this Amendment.
In the location where the moderately suitable soils are present, building
construction will take place and there are potential sites for drilling potable water
supply well(s) and construction of a water storage tank. This location is also a
very small portion of the overall property, and is on one side of the property,
which is several thousand feet from other developable portions of the property. It
would not be feasible to use this Iand for subsurface disposal because of its
location within the site and its use for construction, well sites, and storage tank
considerations.

B. SURFACE DISPOSAL SYSTEMS
Spray irrigation and drip irrigation are not viable options for the reasons presented
under the subsurface disposal evaluation above. Unsuitable soils are present over
more than 90% of the site and only moderately suitable soils exist in the areas of
the proposed development.

4-
C. REUSE
Reuse of treated wastewater effluent on this project could only be an option when
used in conjunction with a biological treatment system approved under an NPDES
permit. State requirements regarding reuse stipulate that effluent be tertiary
quality. It is not evident at this time that tertiary limits will be set for discharge of
612200 gallons of treated effluent on this project.
The project site has very limited areas where reclaimed water could be land
applied. In addition, and since it is beyond the scope of this report to determine a
rate of application, the rate may be such that it would be economically unsound to
require the owner to provide the additional treatment components and distribution
equipment necessary for reuse.

CrE=Crossnore-Jeffrey complex, 30 to 50 percent slopes, very stony
Seibng
Landscape: Intermedate mountains in the central and northeast central part of the county
Elevation range. 3,400 to 4,600 feet
Landform: Mountain sideslopes and ridges
Landform posidon. Sideslopes and ridgetops
Shape of areas. Long and narrow or Irregularly shaped
Size of areas. 5 to 1000 acres
Crossnore soils and similar inclusions: 45 percent
Jeffrey soils and similar inclusions: 40 percent
Dissimilar Inclusions:15 percent
Compost On
Typical Profile
Crossnore soils
Surface -layer.
0 to 7 inches --dark brown gravelly sandy loam
subsoil:
7 to 16 inches=yellowish brown gravelly sandy loam
16 to 22 inches4nwrdsh yellow gravelly sandy loam
Underlying material.
22 WO inches=mullicolored gravelly loamy sand saprolite
Bedrock
30 to 61 inches=soft weathered partially consolidated low-grade metasandstone bedrock
Jeffrey soils
Surface layer.
0 to 5 inches lack gravelly sandy loam
5 to 9 inches --dark brown gravelly sandy loam
Subsoil.
9 to 20 inches=yeilowlsh brown gravelly loam
Underlying material.
20 to 31 inches=yellowish brown gravelly sandy loam
Bedrock
31 to 36 inches=hard unweathered, feldspathic sandstone
Soil Properdes and Qualfffes
Depth class. Crossnore=moderately deep; Jclfrey=modemtely deep
Drainage class: Cmmore=Weil drained; Jeffrey=Somewhat excessively drained
General texture class: Loamy
PermeabiNT. Moderately rapid
Depth to seasonal high water table: Greater than 6.0 feet below the soil surface
Hazard of flooding: None
Shrinkswell potential• Low
Slope class. Steep
Extent of erosion: Slight, less than 25 percent of the original surface layer has been removed
Hazard of water erasion: Very severe

Rock fragments on the surface. Widely scattered surface stones and cobbles that average about 10 to 24 inches in
diameter and 3 to 25 feet apart
Surface layer organic matter content Moderate to high
Potential frost action: Moderate
Parent materialResiduum affected by soil creep in the upper part, weathered from felsic and mafrc low-grade
metamorphic rock
Depth to bedrock: Crossnore=20 to 40 inches to soft bedrock; Jeffrey--20 to 40 inches to hard bedrock
Minor Components:
Dissimilar inclusions:
• Whiteoak soils with more clay in the subsoil, and depth to bedrock more than 60 inches, in concave areas at the
heads of drains, In drains, and on foot slopes
• Spivey soils with a thicker dark surface layer, more rock fragments throughout the soil, and depth to bedrock more
than 60 inches, in narrow drains and on foot slopes
• Soils with depth to soft bedrock at greater than 40 inches, on smoother parts of the landscape
• Soils with depth to hard bedrock at less than 20 inches, on nose slopes and near rock outcrops
• Widely scattered areas of rock outcrops
• Prominent summits or ridges at higher elevations that are windswept
Similar inclusions:
• Crossnore and Jeffrey soils with loam, fine sandy loam and coarse sandy loam surface texture in the fine earth
fraction
• Randomly scattered areas of Pineola soils with more clay in the subsoil and depth to soft bedrock at 20 to 40 inches
as well as soils with more day in the subsoil and hard bedrock at 20 to 40 inches
• Crossnore and Jeffrey soils which have a lighter colored surface layer or with a thinner dark surface layer than is
usually seen with these soils
• Crossnore and Jeffrey soils with extremely stony surface coverage
Land Use
Dominant Uses: Woodand
Other Uses: Pasture, building site development, ornamentals, and fraser Ir production
Agriculture! Devefopment
Cropland
Suitability. Unsuited
Management concerns: This map unit is severely limited for crop production because of steepness of slope and
erodibility. Another site should be selected with better suited soils.
Pasture and Hayland
Suitability: Suited to poorly suited to pasture; unsuited to hayland
Management concerns. Equipment use, erodrbility, soil fertility, and rooting depth and droughtiness
Management measures:
• Steepness of slope limits equipment use
• Preparing seedbeds on the contour or across the slope helps to reduce soil erosion and increases germination.
• Following lime and fertilizer recommendations from soil tests helps to increase plant nutrient availability and
maximizes productivity when establishing, maintaining, or renovating pasture.
• Using rotational grazing, implementing a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule, and removing livestock in
time to allow forage plants to recover before winter dormancy helps to maintain pastures and increases productivity.
• Moderately deep rooting depth may make soils in this map unit difficult to manage for pasture and hay crop
production because of low available water.

Orchard and Ornamental Crops
Suitability: Suited to poorly suited to fraser fir production; Poorly suited to all other ornamentals
Management concems: Equipment use, erodibility, sal fertility, ball and burlap harvesting, frost action, plant shape and
rooting depth, and droughtiness
Management measures.
• Proper management is the key to maximizing productivity and minimizing plant stress and minimizing disease such
as phytophthora, on these soils.
• Soils in this map unit are difficult to manage for orchard or omamental crops because steepness of slope limits
equipment use.
• Establishing and maintaining sod between vows and on access roads helps to reduce the hazard of erosion.
• Due to poor fertility of these soils, following lime and fertilizer recommendations from soil tests helps to increase the
availability of plant nutrients and is critical to maximize productivity.
• Proper channelizaation of water away from and not into fields helps to control phytophona root disease
• Avoiding ball and burlap harvesting during dry periods helps prevent fracture of the ball and separation of the soil
from the roots caused by low moisture and minimal day content
• Maintaining plant cover or using mach helps to reduce damage to roots caused by frost heaving.
• The steepness of slope will affect the shape of ornamentals on the uphill side.
• Moderately deep roofing depth makes soils in this map unit difficult to manage for ornamental and orchard crops
because of low available water and windthrow hazard.
Woodland
Suit&1hy Suited to poorly suited
Potential for commercial species: Moderate to low for hardwoods
Producfi * class: Crossnore=moderate to low for northern red oak; Jeffrey=low for northern red oak
Management concerns: Equipment use, erodibility, seeding survival, windhrow hazard, and windswept conditions on
small exposed areas
Management measures.
• Designing roads on the contour and installing water control structures such as broad base dips, water bars, culverts
and avoiding diversion of water directly onto fill slopes helps to stabilize logging roads, skid trails, and landings.
Reseeding all disturbed areas with adapted grasses and legumes helps to prevent sal erosion.
• Avoid areas that show signs of windswept conditions, for increased productivity.
• Leaving a buffer zone of trees and shrubs ac#acent to streams helps to reduce siltation and provides shade for the
aquatic habitat
• Avoid grazing livestock in areas managed for woodland
• Productivity is limited because of the limited rooting depth of these soils.
• Productivity may be increased by periodically harvesting windthrown trees, which result from high winds and limited
rooting depth.
• Using improved varieties of eastern white One helps to increase productivity.
• Replanting may be necessary on warm, south- to west -facing slopes because of reduced sal moisture. Planting
when the soil is mast for extended periods helps to increase seeding survival.
Urban Devefopnwrit
Dwellings
Suitability. Poorly suited
Management concerns: Steepness of slope, erodibility, corrosivity, and depth to hard bedrock
Management measures.
• Designing structures on the contour with natural slopes or building on less sloping areas within the unit helps improve
soil pemformance.
• Drilling and blasting of hard rock or the use of special earth -moving equipment is needed to increase the sal depth
may be needed on .Jeffrey soils.
• Vegetating disturbed areas and using erosion control structures such as sediment fences and catch basins helps to
keep eroding soil on site.

• Using corrosion -resistant materials for foundations and basements helps to reduce the risk of damage to -concrete.
• Installing permanent retaining walls helps to improve sal stability.
Septic Tank Absorption Fields
Suitability. Poorly suited
Management concems. This map unit is severely limited for septic tank absorption fields because of steepness of
slope and depth to bedrock. Another site should be selected with better suited soils. Contact the local Health
Department for additional guidance.
Local Roads and Streets
Suitability.- Poorly suited
Management concerns. Steepness of slope, erodibility, slippage, depth to rock, and frost heaving
Management measures:
• Designing roads on the contour and installing water control structures such as broad base clips, waterbars, and
culverts helps to maintain road stability. Avoiding diversion of water directly onto fill slopes and vegetating cut and fill
slopes as soon as possible helps to prevent slippage and excessive sal erosion.
• Blasting or special grading may be needed to construct roads on Jeffrey soils because of hard bedrock.
• The soft bedrock underlying the soils in this map unit should not require special equipment for excavation but are
difficult to vegetate or to pack if used in fill slopes.
• Permanent surfacing of roads or using suitable subgrade or base material helps to reduce damage from frost
heaving.
Lawns and Landscaping
Suitability: Poorly suited
Management concerns: Steepness of slope, erodibility, droughtiness, large stones, soil fertility, frost action, and depth
to bedrock
Management measures:
• Soils in this map unit are difficult to manage for lawns and landscaping because steepness of slope limits equipment
use as well as most other uses.
• Designing plantings on natural contours helps to increase water infiltration. Vegetating disturbed areas and using
erosion control structures such as sediment fences and catch basins helps to keep eroding soil on site.
• Removing larger stones and boulders and limiting the use of equipment to the larger, open areas help to improve the
suitability of these soils.
• Using lime, fertilizer, mulch, irrigation, and varieties adapted to droughty conditions helps to establish lawns and
landscape plants.
• Stockpile topsoil from disturbed areas and replace it before landscaping.
• Using mulch helps to reduce damage to newly established landscape plants caused by frost heaving.
• Moderately deep rooting depth may make these soils difficult to manage for lawns and landscaping especially if the
soil has been disturbed.
• If excavated material is to be used for landscaping, any soft bedrock will need to be crushed or removed.
Interpretive Groups
Land capability classification: Crossnore=Vlle; ,leffrey=Vlle
Woodland ordination symbol: Crossnore=4R for northern red oak; Jeffrey=311 for northern reed oak

PaB=Pinecla gravelly loan, 2 to 8 percent slopes
Setting
Landscape: Intermediate mountains in the central and northeast central part of the county
Elevation range: 3,600 to 4,200 feet
Landform: Mountain ridges
Landform position: Ridgetops
Shape of areas: Oblong to irregularly shaped
Size of areas. 2 to 50 acres
Pineola soils and similar incusiorw. 85 percent
Dissimilar indusions:15 percent
Composidon
Typical Profile
Surface layer.
0 to 7 inches=dark brown gravelly loam
Subsoil.
7 to 20 inches=yellowish brown clay loam
20 to 26 inches=browrdsh yellow loam
Underlying material.
26 to 32 indvs=brownish yellow and very pale brown gravelly loam saprolite
Bedrock.
32 to 61 inches=multicolored, soft weathered, metasiltstone bedrock
Soil Properties and Qualides
Depth class: Moderately deep
Drainage class: Well drained
General texture class: Loamy
PermeabiNy Moderate
Depth to seasonal high water table. Greater than 6.0 feet below the soil surface
Hazard of flooding. None
Shrink -swell potential• Low
Slope class. Gently sloping
Extent of erosion: Slight, less than 25 percent of the original surface layer has been removed ,
Hazard of water erosion. Moderate
Surface layer organic matter content Moderate to high
Potential frost action. Moderate
Parent material., Residuum affected by soil creep in the upper part, weathered from felsic to mafic low-grade
metamorphic rock
Depth to bedrock 20 to 40 inches
Minor Components
Dissimilar inclusions:
• Sails with depth to bedrock at greater than 60 inches scattered randomly throughout the map unit
• Soils with depth to bedrock at less than 20 inches scattered randomly throughout the map unit
• Whiteoak soils that are colluvial in nature with depth to bedrock at greater than 60 inches in saddles and on toe
slopes
Similar inclusions.
• Pinola soils with a fine sandy loam or sandy loam surface texture in the fine earth fraction

• Pinola soils which have a lighter colored surface layer or with a thinner dark surface layer
• Crossnore soils which have less day in the subsoil
• Soils with depth to hard bedrock at 20 to 40 inches
• Soils with depth to soft bedrock at 40 to 60 inches
Land Use
Dominant Uses. Fraser fir production, pasture, and hayland
Other Uses: Ornamental crops, and woodland
Agricultural Development
Cropland
Suitability: Well suited
Management concerns: Erodibility, filth, soil fertility, herbicide retention, climate, and rooting depth and droughtiness
Management measures:
• Using resource management systems that include terraces" and diversions, crop residue management,
striperopping, and contour Wage, help to control soil erosion and surface runoff and maximize the infiltration of rainfall.
• Avoiding tillage during wet periods, incorporating crop residue or leaving residue on the soil surface helps to reduce
clodding and crusting and increases rainfall infiltration.
• Following lime and fertilizer recommendations from soil tests helps to increase plant nutrient availability and
maximizes crop productivity.
• Slow air drainage may allow late spring frost to damage new growth in some years.
• Incorporating plant residue helps to improve water holding capacity and using shallow rooted crops helps to
overcome the moderately deep rooting depth of Pinola soils.
Pasture and Hayland
Suitability.. Well suited
Management concerns: Erodibility, soil fertility, and rooting depth
Management measures:
• Preparing seecxeds on the contour when renovating pastures and establishing Seedbeds helps to prevent further sal
erosion and increases gernination.
• Following lime and fertilizer recommendations from soil tests helps to increase plant nutrient availability and
maximizes productivity when establishing, maintaining, or renovating pasture and hayland.
• Using rotational grazing, implementing a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule, and removing livestock in
time to allow forage plants to recover before winter dormancy helps to maintain pastures and increases productivity.
• Moderately deep rooting depth of Pineola soils may limit the productivity for pasture and hay crop production
because of low available water
Orchard and Ornamental Crops
Suitability. • Well suited
Management conoems: Erodibility, root disease, herbicide retention, ball and burlap harvesting, frost action, soil
fertility, and rooting depth
Management measures:
• Proper management is the key to maximizing productivity and minimizing plant stress and minimizing disease such
as phytophthom, on these soils.
• Establishing and maintaining sod between rows and on access roads helps to reduce the hazard of erosion.
• Proper channeiization of water away from and not into fields helps to control phytophthora root disease caused by
restricted movement of air and water due to the high day content of the subsoil.
• Avoiding ball and burlap harvesting during extreme moisture conditions helps prevent fracture or deformation of the
ball and tearing of the roots.
• Soils in this map unit may retain soil applied herbicides due to the high day content The concentration of herbicides
may be damaging to future crops.

• Maintaining plant cover or using mulch helps to reduce damage to roots caused by frost heaving.
• Following lime and fertilizer recommendations from soil tests helps to Increase the availability of plant nutrients and
maximize productivity.
• Moderately deep rooting depth may make Pineda sobs in this map unit difficult to manage for ornamental and
orchard crops because of low available water and windthrow hazard.
• Using supplemental irrigation and crop varieties adapted to droughty conditions helps to increase productivity.
Woodland
Suitability: Well suited
Produciit* class: High for eastern white One
Management concerns. Windthrow hazard
Management measures.
• Leaving a buffer zone of trees and shrubs adacent to streams helps to reduce siltation and provides shade for the
aquatic habitat.
• Avoid grazing livestock in areas managed for woodland
• Avoiding logging operations during periods when the soil is saturated helps to prevent nutting of the sal surface and
damage to tree roots due to soil compaction.
• Using improved varieties of Eastern white One helps to increase productivity.
• Productivity may be limited on areas of Pineolasoils because of the limited rooting depth of these soils.
• Replanting may be necessary on warm, south- to west facing slopes because of reduced soil moisture or in areas of
higher clay content in the subsoil. Planting when the soil is moist -for extended periods helps to increase seeding
survival.
Urban Development
Dwellings
Suitability: Well suited
Management concerns. Corrosivity, and depth to soft bedrock Management measures:
• Designing structures to conform with natural slopes helps to improve sal performance.
• Vegetating disturbed areas and using erosion control structures such as sediment fences and catch basins helps to
keep eroding soil on site.
• Using coirosion*resistant materials helps to reduce the risk of damage to concrete.
• The soft bedrock underlying the sails in this map unit should not require special equipment for excavation but are
difficult to vegetate or to pack if used in fill slopes.
Septic Tank Absorption Fields
Suitability. • Suited to poorly suited
Management concerns: Permeability and depth to soft bedrock
Management measures.
• Contact the local Health Department for guidance on sanitary facilities.
• Installing distribution lines on the contour helps to improve performance of septic tank absorption fields.
• Raking trench walls helps to reduce sealing of sal pores which may occur during the excavation of septic tank
absorption fields.
• This map unit is difficult to manage for septic tank absorption fields because these soils are moderately deep to soft
bedrock. Locating and using the deeper soils within the area may improve filter field performance.
Local Roads and Streets
Suitability. Well suited
Management concerns: Depth to bedrock and frost action
Management measures.

• Designing roads on the contour and installing water control structures such as broad base dips, waterbars, and
culverts helps to maintain road stability. Avoiding diversion of water directly onto fill slopes and vegetating cut and fill
slopes as soon as possible helps to prevent slippage and excessive soil erosion.
• Permanent surfacing of roads or using suitable subgrade or base material helps to reduce damage from frost
heaving.
• The soft bedrock underlying the soils in this map unit should not require special equipment for excavation but are
difficult to vegetate or to pack if used in fill slopes.
Lawns and Landscaping
Suitability: Well suited
Management concerns: Erodibility, frost action, sal compaction, soil fertility, and depth to soft bedrock
Management measures.
• Designing plantings on natural contours helps to increase water infiltration. Vegetating disturbed areas and using
erosion control structures such as sediment fences and catch basins helps to keep eroding sal on site.
• Using mulch helps to reduce damage to newly established landscape plants caused by frost heaving.
• Avoiding heavy equipment use on areas to be landscaped helps to prevent soil compaction.
• Using lime, fertilizer, mulch, and irrigation helps to establish lawns and landscape plants.
• Moderately deep rooting depth may make Pineaa soils difficult to manage for lawns and landscaping especially if the
soil has been disturbed.
• If excavated material is to be used for landscaping, any soft bedrock will need to be gushed or removed.
• Using supplemental irrigation and varieties adapted to droughty conditions helps to increase the survival of grasses
and landscaping plants.
lntmpr+edve Groups
Land capability classiric afion: vile
Woodland ordination symbol:10D for eastern white pine

PnC=Pineola gravelly loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, stony
Setting
Landscape: Intermediate mountains in the central and northeast central part of the aunty
Elevagon range: 3,400 to 4,400 feet
Landform: Mountain ridges and sideslopes
Landform position: Ridgetops and upper sideslopes
Shape of areas.- Irregularly shaped
Size of areas. 2 to 150 acres
Composition
Pineola soils and similar inclusions: 85 percent
Dissimilar inclusions:15 percent
Typical Profile
Surface layer.
0 to 7 inches --dark brown gravelly loam
Subsoil.
7 to 20 inches=yellowish brown clay loam
20 to 26 inches=brownish yellow loam
Underlying material:
26 to 32 inches=brownish yellow and very pale brown gravelly loam saprolite
32 to 61 inches=multicolored, soft weathered, metasiltstone bedrock
Soil Properties and Qualifies
Depth dam Moderately deep
Drainage class: Well drained
General texture class: Loamy
Penneabiky. Moderate
Depth to seasonal high water table. Greater than 6.0 feet below the soil surface
Hazard of flooding., None
Shrink -swell potential: Low
Slope class. Strongly sloping
Extent of erasion: Slight, less than 25 percent of the original surface layer has been removed
Hazard of water erosion: Severe
Rock fragments on the surface: Widely scattered surface stones and cobbles that average about 10 to 24 inches in
diameter and 25 to 75 feet apart
Surface layer organic matter content Moderate to high
Potential frost action: Moderate
Parent material: Residuum affected by sal creep in the upper part, weathered from felsic to mafic low-grade
metamorphic rock
Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches
Minor Components
Dissimilar indusions:
• Soils with depth to bedrock at greater than 60 inches scattered randomly throughout the map unit
• Soils with depth to soft or hard bedrock at less than 20 inches on shoulder slopes and scattered randomly throughout
the map unit
• Whiteoak soils that are colluvial in nature with depth to bedrock at greater than 60 inches in saddles and on toe
slopes
• Randomly scattered areas of rock outcrop
Similar inclusions.

• Pinola soils with a fine sandy loam or sandy loam surface texture in the fine earth fraction
• Pinola soils which have a lighter colored surface layer or with a thinner dark surface layer
• Crossnore soils which have less day in the subsoil
• Soils with depth to hard bedrock at 20 to 40 inches
• Soils with depth to soft bedrock at 40 to 60 inches
Land Use
Dominant Uses: Woodland, fraser fir production, ornamentals
Other Uses: Pasture and Wand, and'building site development
Agricultural Development
Cropland
Suitability. Suited
Management concems. Erod ability, filth, herbicide retention, climate, and rooting depth and droughtiness, and soil
fertility
Management measures.
• Using resource management systems that include contour farming, conservation tillage, crop residue management,
striperopping, winter cover crops, and crop rotations which include grasses and legumes helps to reduce soil erosion,
maximize rainfall infiltration, increase available water, and improve soil fertility.
• Avoiding tillage during wet periods, incorporating crop residue or leaving residue on the soil surface helps to reduce
clodding and crusting and Increases rainfall Infiltration.
• Soils in this map unit retain soil applied herbicides due to the high organic matter content of the soil surface. The
concentration of herbicides may be damaging to future crops.
• Following lime and fertilizer recommendations from soil tests helps to increase plant nutrient availability and
maximizes crop productivity.
• Slow air drainage may allow late spring frost to damage new growth in some years.
• Incorporating plant residue helps to improve water holding capacity and using shallow rooted crops helps to
overcome the moderately deep rooting depth of Pinola soils.
Pasture and Hayland
Suitability: Well suited
Management concerns: Equipment use, erodibility, herbicide retention, and rooting depth and droughtiness, and soil
fertility
Management measures:
• Preparing seedbeds on the contour when renovating pastures and establishing seedbeds helps to prevent further soil
erosion and increases germination.
• Following lime and fertilizer recommendations from soil tests helps to increase plant nutrient availability and
maximizes productivity when establishing, maintaining, or renovating pasture and hayland.
• Soils in this map unit retain soil applied herbicides due to the high organic matter content of the soil surface. The
concentration of herbicides may be damaging to future crops.
• Using rotational grazing, implementing a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule, and removing livestock in
time to allow forage plants to recover before winter dormancy helps to maintain pastures and increases productivity.
Orchard and Ornamental Crops
Suitabift.. Suited
Management concerns: Erodibility, root disease, frost action, soil fertility, herbicide retention, rooting depth, and ball
and burlap harvesting
Management measures.-
- Proper management is the key to maximizing productivity and minimizing plant stress and minimizing disease such
as phytophthora, on these soils.

• Establishing and maintaining sod between rows and on access roads helps to reduce the hazard of erosion.
• Maintaining plant cover or using mulch helps to reduce damage to roots caused by frost heaving.
• Proper channelization of water away from and not into fields helps to control phytophthora root disease caused by
restricted movement of air and water due to the high day content of the subsoil.
• Soils in this map urdt may retain sal applied herbicides due to the high day content The concentration of herbicides
may be damaging to future crops.
• Moderately deep rooting depth may make Pinola soils in this map unit difficult to manage for ornamental and
orchard crops because of law available water and windthrow hazard.
• Following lime and fertilizer recommendations from soil tests helps to increase the availability of plant nutrients and
maximize productivity.
• Avoiding bail and burlap harvesting during extreme moisture conditions helps prevent fracture or deformation of the
ball and tearing of the roots.
• Using supplemental imgation and crop varieties adapted to droughty conditions helps to Increase productivity.
Woodland
Suifabli ty.• Well suited
Productivity class: High for eastern white One
Management eoncems: Erodibility, equipment use, seeding survival, and windthrow hazard
Management measures:
• Designing roads on the contour and installing water control structures such as broad base dips, water bars, culverts
and avoiding diversion of water directly onto fill slopes helps to stabilize logging roads, skid trails, and landings.
Reseeding all disturbed areas with adapted grasses and legumes helps to prevent soil erosion.
• Leaving a buffer zone of trees and shrubs adfacent to streams helps to reduce siltation and provides shade for the
aquatic habitat.
• Avoid grazing livestock in areas managed for woodand.
• Avoiding logging operations during periods when the soil is saturated helps to prevent rutting of the soil surface and
damage to tree roots due to soil compaction.
• Using improved varieties of Eastern white pine helps to increase productivity.
• Productivity may be limited on areas of Pinola soils because of the limited rooting depth of these soils.
• Replanting may be necessary on warn, south- to west -facing slopes because of reduced soil moisture or in areas of
higher clay content in the subsoil. Planting when the soil is moist for extended periods helps to increase seeding
survival.
Urban Development
Dwellings
Suitability: Suited
Management concems. Steepness of slope, erodlibiiity, corrosivity, and depth to bedrock
Management measures.
• Designing structures to conform with natural slopes helps to improve soil performance.
• Vegetating disturbed areas and using erosion control structures such as sectiment fences and catch basins helps to
keep eroding sal on site.
• Using corrosion -resistant materials for foundations and basements helps to reduce the risk of damage to concrete.
• The soft bedrock underlying the soils in this map unit does. not require special equipment for excavation but is difficult
to revegatete or to pack if used in fill slopes.
Septic Tank Absorption Fields
Suitability. Pooriy suited
Management concerns: Depth to soft bedrock, permeability and steepness of slope
Management measures:
• Contact the local Health Department for guidance on sanitary facilities.
• This map unit is difficult to manage for septic tank absorption fields because the dominant soils are moderately deep
to soft bedrock.

• increasing the size of septic tank absorption field helps to improve performance
• Raking trench wails helps to reduce sealing of soil pones which may occur during the excavation of septic tank
absorption fields.
• Installing distribution lines on the contour helps to improve performance of septic tank absorption fields.
Local Roads and Streets
Suitabilit .. Suited
Management concerns. Depth to bedrock, frost action,
erodibility, and steepness of slope
Management measures.
• Designing roads on the contour and installing water control structures such as broad base dips, waterbars, and
culverts helps to maintain road stability. Avoiding diversion of water directly onto III slopes and vegetating cut and fill
slopes as soon as possible helps to prevent slippage and excessive soil erosion.
• Permanent surfacing of roads or using suitable subgrade or base material helps to reduce damage from frost
heaving.
• The soft bedrock underlying the soils in this map unit should not require special equipment for excavation but are
difficult to vegetate or to pack if used in fill slopes.
Lawns and Landscaping
Suitability: Suited
Management concerns: Steepness of slope, erodibility, soil fertility, frost action, and soil compaction
Management measures:
• Designing plantings on natural contours helps to increase water infiltration. Vegetating disturbed areas and using
erosion control structures such as sediment fences and catch basins helps to keep eroding soil on site.
• Using lime, fertilizer, mulch, imgation, and varieties adapted to droughty conditions helps to establish lawns and
landscape plants.
• Using mach helps to reduce damage to newly established landscape plants caused by frost heaving.
• Avoiding heavy equipment use on areas to be landscaped helps to prevent soil compaction.
lnterpredve Groups
Land capability classification: iVe
Woodland ordination symbol.10D for eastern white pine

PnD=Pineola gravelly loam,15 to 25 percent slopes, stony
Setting
Landscape: Intermediate mountains in the antral and northeast central part of the county
Elevation range: 3,400 to 4,600 feet
Landform. Mountain ridges and slopes
Landform position: Ridgetops and upper sideslopes
Shape of areas: Irregulady shaped
Size of areas. 2 to 275 acres
Pineola soils and similar inclusions: 85 percent
Dissimilar inclusions:15 percent
Composition
Typical Profile
Surface layer.
0 to 7 inches --dark brown gravelly loam
Subsoil:
7 to 20 inches --yellowish brown clay loam
20 to 26 inches=bmdsh yellow loam
Underlying material.
26 to 32 inches=brownish yellow and very pale brown gravelly loam saprolite
32 to 61 inches --multicolored, soft weathered, metasiltstone bedrock
Soil Properties and Qualities
Depth class. Moderately deep
Drainage Bass: Well drained
General texture class: Loamy
Permeability.' Moderate
Depth to seasonal high wafer table: Grater than 6.0 feet below the soil surface
Hazard of flooding. None
Shrink -swell potential. • Low
Slope dam Moderately steep
Extent of erosion: Slight, less than 25 percent of the original surface layer has been removed
Hazard of water erosion: Very severe
Rock fragments on the surface: Widely scattered surface stones and cobbles that average about 10 to 24 inches in
diameter and 25 to 75 feet apart
Surface layer organic matter content Moderate to high
Potential frost action: Moderate
Parent material: Residuum affected by soil creep in the upper part, weathered from felsic to ma tic low-grade
metamorphic rock
Depth to bedrock. 20 to 40 inches
Minor Components
Dissimilar inclusions:
• Soils with depth to bedrock at greater than 60 inches scattered randomly throughout the map unit
• Soils with depth to soft or hard bedrock at less than 20 inches on shoulder slopes and scattered randomly throughout
the map unit
• Whiteoak soils which are colluvial in nature with depth to bedrock at greater than 60 inches in saddles and on toe
slopes
• Randomly scattered areas of rock outcrop

Similar inclusions:
• Pineoia soils with a fine sandy loam or sandy loam surface texture in the fine earth fraction
• Pineola soils which have a lighter colored surface layer or with a thinner dark surface layer
• Crossnore soils which have less day in the subsoil
• Soils with depth to hard bedrock at 20 to 40 inches
• Soils with depth to soft bedrock at 40 to 60 inches
Land Use
Dominant Uses. Woodland, fraser fir production, ornamentals
Other Uses: Pasture and hayland, and buildng site development
Agricultural Development
Cropland
Suitability: Poorly suited
Management concerns: Steepness of slope, erodibility, filth, herbicide retention, climate, and rooting depth and
droughtiness, and soil fertility
Management measures:
• This map unit is difficult to manage for cultivated crops because the slope limits the use of equipmnet
• Using resource management systems that include contour farming, conservation tillage, crop residue management,
striperopping, winter cover crops, and crop rotations which include grasses and legumes helps to reduce sal erosion,
maximize rainfall infiltration, increase available water, and improve soil fertility.
• Avoiding tillage during wet periods, incorporating crop residue or leaving residue on the soil surface helps to reduce
clodding and crusting and increases rainfall infiltration.
• Avoiding Wage during wet periods, incorporating crop residue or leaving residue on the soil surface helps to reduce
clodding and crusting and increases rainfall infiltration.
• Soils in this map unit retain sal applied herbicides due to the high organic matter content of the soil surface. The
concentration of herbicides may be damaging to future crops.
• Following lime and fertilizer recommendations from soil tests helps to increase plant nutrient availability and
maximizes crop productivity.
• Slow air drainage may allow late spring frost to damage new growth in some years.
• Incorporating plant residue helps to improve water holding capacity and using shallow rooted crops helps to
overcome the moderately deep rooting depth of Pinola soils.
Pasture and Hayland
Suitability: Suited to pasture; suited to poorly suited to Wand
Management concerns. Equipment use, erodibility, herbicide retention, and rooting depth and droughtiness, and soil
fertility
Management measures.
• Steepness of slope may limit equipment use on steeper areas when harvesting hay crops.
• Preparing seedbeds on the contour when renovating pastures and establishing seedbeds helps to prevent further soil
erosion and increases germination. .
• Following lime and fertilizer recommendations from soil tests helps to increase plant nutrient availability and
maximizes productivity when establishing, maintaining, or renovating pasture and hayland.
• Soils in this map unit retain soil applied herbicides due to the high organic matter content of the soil surface. The
concentration of herbicides may be damaging to future crops.
• Using rotational grazing, implementing a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule, and removing livestock in
time to allow forage plants to recover before winter dormancy helps to maintain pastures and increases productivity.
Orchard and Ornamental Crops
Suitability. Suited

Management concerns: Erodibility, root disease, frost action, soil fertility, herbicide retention, rooting depth, and ball
and burlap harvesting
Management measures.
• Proper management is the key to maximizing productivity and minimizing plant stress and minimizing disease such
as phytophthora, on these soils.
• Establishing and maintaining sod between rows and on access roads helps to reduce the hazard of erosion.
• Maintaining plant cover or using mulch helps to reduce damage to roots caused by frost heaving.
• Proper channelization of water away from and not into fields helps to control phytophthora root disease caused by
restricted movement of air and water due to the high day content of the subsoil.
• Soils in this map unit may retain soil applied herbicides due to the high day content The concentration of herbicides
may be damaging to future crops.
- Moderately deep rooting depth may make Pineola soils in this map unit difficult to manage for ornamental and
orchard crops because of low available water and windthrow hazard.
• Following lime and fertilizer recommendations from soil tests helps to increase the availability of plant nutrients and
maximize productivity.
• Avoiding ball and burlap harvesting during extreme moisture conditions helps prevent fracture or deformation of the
ball and tearing of the roots.
• Using supplemental irrigation and crop varieties adapted to droughty conditions helps to increase productivity.
Woodland
Suitability: Suited
Productivity class: High for eastem white pine
Management concerns: Erodbility, equipment use, seeding survival, and windthrow hazard
Management measures:
• Designing roads on the contour and installing water control structures such as broad base dips, water bars, culverts
and avoiding diversion of water directly onto fill slopes helps to stabilize logging roads, skid trails, and landings.
Reseeding all disturbed areas with adapted grasses and legumes helps to prevent soil erosion.
• Leaving a buffer zone of trees and shrubs a4acent to streams helps to reduce siltation and provides shade for the
aquatic habitaL
• Avoid grazing livestock in areas managed for woodland.
• Avoiding logging operations during periods when the soil is saturated helps to prevent rutting of the soil surface and
damage to tree roots due to soil compaction.
• Using improved varieties of Eastern white One helps to increase productivity.
• Productivity may be limited on areas of Pinola soils because of the limited rooting depth of these soils.
• Replanting may be necessary on warn, south- to west -facing dopes because of reduced soil moisture or in areas of
higher clay content in the subsoil. Planting when the soil is moist for extended periods helps to increase seedling
survival.
Urban Development
Dwellings
Suitability.Suited to poorly suited
Management concems: Steepness of slope, erodbility, comosivity, and depth to.bedrock
Management measures.
• Designing structures to conform with natural slopes helps to improve soil performance.
• Vegetating disturbed areas and using erosion control structures such as sediment fences and catch basins helps to
keep eroding soil on site.
• Using corrosion -resistant materials for foundations and basements helps to reduce the risk of damage to concrete.
• The soft bedrock underlying the soils in this map unit does not require special equipment for excavation but is difficult
to revegatate or to pack if used in fill slopes.
Septic Tank Absorption Fields
Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Depth to soft bedrock, permeability and steepness of slope
Management measures.
• Contact the local Health Department for guidance on sanitary facilities.
• This map unit is difficult to manage for septic tank absorption fields because the dominant soils are moderately deep
to soft bedrock.
• Increasing the size of septic tank absorption field helps to improve performance
• Raking trench walls helps to reduce sealing of soil pores which may occur during the excavation of septic tank
absorption fields.
• Installing distribution lines on the contour helps to improve performance of septic tank absorption fields.
Local Roads and Sbwb
Suitability: Suited
Management concerns. Depth to bedrock, frost action,
erodbility, and steepness of slope
Management measures:
• Designing roads on the contour and installing water control structures such as broad base dips, waterbars, and
culverts helps to maintain road stability. Avdding diversion of water directly onto fill slopes and vegetating cut and fill
slopes as soon as possible helps to prevent slippage and excessive soil erosion.
• Permanent surfacing of roads or using suitable subgrade or base material helps to reduce damage from frost
heaving.
• The soft bedrock underlying the soils in this map unit should not require special equipment for excavation but are
difficult to vegetate or to pack if used in fill slopes.
Lawns and Landscaping
Suitability: Suited to poorly suited
Management concerns: Steepness of slope, erodibility, soil fertility, frost action, and soil compaction
Management measures:
• Designing plantings on natural contours helps to increase water infiltration. Vegetating disturbed areas and using
erosion control structures such as sediment fences and catch basins helps to keep eroding sal on site.
• Using lime, fertilizer, mulch, irrigation, and varieties adapted to droughty conditions helps to establish lawns and
landscape plants.
• Using mulch helps to reduce damage to newly established landscape plants caused by frost heaving.
• Avoiding heavy equipment use on areas to be landscaped helps to prevent sal compaction.
lnterpredv a Groups
Land capability classrfrcafion: Me
Woodland ordination symbol. IOR for eastern white one

WtD=Whboak fine sandy loan 15 to 30 percent slopes, very stony
Setting
Landscape: Intermediate mountains in the central and northeast central part of the county
Elevation range. 3,000 to 4,200 feet
Landform: Coves, colluvial fans, and benches
Landform position. Foot slopes and toe slopes
Shape of areas. Irregular
Size of areas: 2 to 30 acres
Whiteoak soils and similar inclusions: 90 percent
Dissimilar inclusions:10 percent
Composition
Typical Profile
Surface layer.
0 to 9 inches --very dark grayish brown fine sandy loam
Subsoil.
9 to 12 inches=dark yellowish brown fine sandy loam
12 to 30 inches=yellowish brawn clay loam
30 to 55 inches=yellowish brown loam
55 to 62 inches=yellowish brown loam
Soil Properties and Qualities
Depth dass: Very deep
Drainage dam Well drained
General texture class: Loamy
Permeability. Moderate
Depth to seasonal high wafer table: Greater than 6.0 feet below the sal surface
Hazard of flooding: None
Shrink -swell polentiat Low
Slope dam Moderately steep
Extent of erosion: Slight, less than 25 percent of the original surface layer has been removed
Hazard of water erosion: Very severe
Surface layer organic matter content Moderate to high
Potential frost scion: Moderate
Special climatic conditions: Subject to slow air drainage allowing for late spring and early fall frost
Parent material: Colluvium derived from felsic to mafic low-grade metamorphic rock
Depth to bedrock Greater than 60 inches
Other distinctive properties. Random areas of seeps and springs
Minor Components
Dissimilar inclusions.
• Soils with more rock fragments in the subsoil, in drainageways as well as occurring randomly
• Somewhat poorly drained Cullowhee soils that are loamy in the upper part and 20 to 40 inches to strata high in rock
fragments, along stream channels
Similar inclusions:
• Whiteoak soils with sandy loam or loam surface texture
• Whiteoak soils with surface layers that have less organic matter, and lack the thick dark surface layer
• Staffer soils that rarely flood for very brief duration, along stream channels

Land Use
Dominant Uses. Pasture, hayland, woodland
Other Uses. Fraser fir production and ornamental crops
Agricultural Development
Cropland
Suitability.Poorly suited
Management concerns: Erodibility, steepness of slope, filth, sal fertility, herbicide retention, and climate
Management measures.
• Solis in this map unit are difficult to manage for cultivated crops because steepness of slope limits equipment use.
• Using resource management systems that include contour farming, conservation tillage, crop residue management,
striperopping, winter cover crops, and crop rotations which include grasses and legumes helps to reduce soil erosion,
maximize rainfall infiltration, increase available water, and improve soil fertility.
• Avoiding tillage during wet periods, incorporating crop residue or leaving residue on the soil surface helps to reduce
clodding and crusting and increases rainfall infiltration.
• Soils in this map unit retain sal applied herbicides due to the high organic matter content of the soil surface. The
concentration of herbicides may be damaging to future crops.
• Following lime and fertilizer recommendations from soil tests helps to increase plant nutrient availability and
maximizes crop productivity.
• Slow air drainage may allow late spring frost to damage new growth in some years.
Pasture and Hayland
Suitability: Suited to pasture; suited to poorly suited to hayland
Management concerns. Equipment use, erodibility, herbicide retention, and soil fertility
Management measures.
• Steepness of slope may limit equipment use on steeper areas when harvesting hay crops.
• Preparing seedbeds on the contour or across the slope helps to reduce soil erosion and increases germination.
• Fencing livestock from creeks and streams helps to prevent streambank erosion and sedimentation.
• Soils in this map unit retain soil applied herbicides due to the high organic matter content of the soil surface. The
concentration of herbicides may be damaging to future crops.
• Following lime and fertilizer recommendations from soil tests helps to increase plant nutrient availability and
maximizes productivity when establishing, maintaining, or renovating pasture and hayland.
• Using rotational grazing, implementing a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule, and removing livestock in
time to allow forage plants to recover before winter dormancy helps to maintain pastures and increases productivity.
Orchard and Ornamental Crops
Suitability., Suited
Management concerns. Erodibility, steepness of slope, climate, root disease, ball and burlap harvesting, frost action,
herbicide retention, and sal fertility,
Management measures.
• Proper management is the key to maximizing productivity and minimizing plant stress and minimizing disease such
as phytophthora, on these soils.
• Establishing and maintaining sod between rows and on access roads helps to reduce the hazard of erosion.
• Proper channelization of water away from and not into fields helps to control phytophthora root disease caused by
restricted movement of air and water due to the high day content of the subsoil.
• When planting fraser fir, avoid toe slope and foot slope positions on the landscape in this map unit. Also avoid drains,
drainways, concave, and depressional areas where water would concentrate for prolonged periods of time. These
areas are more susceptible to phytophthora root disease.
• Slow air drainage may allow late spring frost to damage new growth in some years.

• Avoiding ball and burlap harvesting during extreme moisture conditions helps prevent fracture or deformation of the
ball and tearing of the roots.
• Maintaining plant cover or using mulch helps to reduce damage to roots caused by frost heaving.
• Using plant applied herbicides increases effectiveness as compared to soil applied herbicides which are tied -up by
organic matter.
• Following lime and fertilizer recommendations from soil tests helps to increase the availability of plant nutrients and
maximize productivity.
Woodland
Suitah 14.Suited
Potential for commerdal spedes. Moderately high for cove hardwoods
Productivity dam Moderately high for yellow -poplar
Management concems: Steepness of slope, erodibility, seedling survival, and herbicide retention
Management measures.
• Designing roads on the contour and installing water control structures such as broad base dips, water bars, culverts
and avoiding diversion of water directly onto fill slopes helps to stabilize logging roads, skid trails, and landings.
Reseeding all disturbed areas with adapted grasses and legumes helps to prevent sal erosion.
• Leaving a buffer zone of trees and shrubs adjacent to streams helps to reduce siltation and provides shade for the
aquatic habitat.
• Avoid grazing livestock in areas managed for woodland.
• These soils are best reforested by managing for natural regeneration of hardwoods or planting improved varieties of
Eastern white pine.
• Replanting may be necessary on warm, south- to west: facing slopes because of reduced soil moisture. Planting
when the soil is mast for extended periods helps to increase seedling survival.
• Soil applied herbicides are retained due to herbicide -organic matter binding which may damage tree seedlings when
cropland is converted to woodland.
Urban Development
Dwellings
Suitability: Suited to poorly suited
Management concerns. Erodibility, steepness of slope, seeps and springs, stones and boulders, and corrosivity
Management measures.
• Vegetating disturbed areas and using erosion control structures such as sedment fences and catch basins helps to
keep eroding soil on site.
• Designing structures that conform to the natural slope helps to improve soil performance.
• Installing a subsurface drainage system around foundations helps to intercept water from seeps and springs.
• Using corrosion -resistant materials helps to reduce the risk of damage to concrete.
• Large stones and boulders may be encountered during excavation.
Septic Tank Absorption Fields
Suitabilo: Poorly suited
Management concerns: Steepness of slope, restricted permeability and, seeps and springs
Management measures.
• Contact the local Health Department for guidance on sanitary facilities.
• Increasing the size of septic tank absorption field helps to improve performance.
• Raking trench walls helps to reduce sealing of soil pores which may occur during the excavation of septic tank
absorption fields.
• Excavations may cut into seeps and springs. These areas should be avoided.
• Installing distribution lines on the contour helps to improve performance of septic tank absorption fields.
Local Roads and Streets

Suitability: Suited
Management ooncems. Steepness of slope, low strength, erodibility, frost action, and seeps and springs
Management measures:
• incorporating sand and gravel and compacting roadbeds helps to improve soil strength.
• Designing roads on the contour and installing water control structures such as broad base dips, waterbars, and
culverts helps to maintain road stability. Avoiding diversion of water directly onto fill slopes and vegetating cut and fill
slopes as soon as possible helps to prevent slippage and excessive soil erosion.
• Permanent surfacing of roads or using suitable subgrade or base material helps to reduce damage from frost
heaving.
• Intercepting and diverting underground water from seeps and springs helps to stabilize cut and fill slopes.
Lawns and Landscaping
Suitability., Suited to poorly suited
Management concerns. Steepness of slope, erodibility, soil compaction, frost action, herbicide retention, large stones
and boulders, climate, and soil fertility
Management measures:
• Designing plantings on natural contours helps to increase water infiltration. Vegetating disturbed areas and using
erosion control structures such as sediment fences and catch basins helps to keep eroding soil on site.
• Avoiding heavy equipment use on areas to be landscaped helps to prevent soil compaction.
• Using mulch helps to reduce damage to newly established landscape plants caused by frost heaving.
• Using plant applied herbicides increases effectiveness as compared to soil applied herbicides which are tied -up by
organic matter.
• Removing the large stones and boulders and limiting the use of equipment to the larger, open areas help to improve
the suitability of these soils.
• Slow air drainage may allow late spring frost to damage new growth in some years.
• Using lime, fertilizer, mulch, and irrigation helps to establish lawns and landscape plants.
• Stockpile topsoil from disturbed areas and replace it before landscaping.
Interpretive Groups
Land capability classification: Me
Woodland ordination symbol., 7R for yellow -poplar

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USDA. mics - fort worth, Terms Names may be changed and areas may be co—,,1, :

Engineering Proposal and
NPDES Permit Application
for
Linville Heights
Avery County, North Carolina
—
Prepared by:
John T. Coxey
Consulting Engineering, P. A.
53 Fox Chase Road West
Asheville, North Carolina 28804
Project No. 20010
—
Telephone: [phone]
Fax: [phone]
Revised February, 2002
—
r M3
v0�' FNGINF.E

Table of Contents
M
introduction
Project Wastewater Flow Characteristics
Waste Treatment Disposal Options
Alternate 1
Alternate 2
Alternate 3
Discussion of Alternatives
Description of Proposed Treatment Works
Cost Estimates
Location Maps
NPDES Permit Application
Financial Qualifications
Addendum to Engineering Proposal
MM
M
Page
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
9
10
14
M

INTRODUCTION
Linville Heights is a proposed single-family and multi -family residential
RW
development in Avery County, North Carolina situated on N.C. Highway 181 between
the Town of Newland to the west and the Linville community to the east.
The proposed site is approximately 215 acres and is predominantly wooded
mountainous terrain at this time. Elevations on the site range from elevation 3850 at the
lowest point to approximately 4425 at the highest point.
The current master plan for the project calls for approximately 130 single-family
lots, which would be served by a private water system and would utilize septic tanks and
drain fields for wastewater disposal. The remaining areas of development would be
M" dedicated to high -density patio, homes and multi -family use. These areas would also be
served by a private water system and an NPDES Permit would be applied for to discharge
treated wastewater from a wastewater treatment facility on the project site serving the
high -density development only. It is only the high -density development, which is under
consideration and discussion within this Engineering Proposal.
"o A discussion of the proposed treatment alternatives and an NPDES Permit
Application is included as part of this Engineering Proposal.
-1-
W

r
r
r
F,
PROJECT WASTEWATER FLOW CHARACTERISTICS
Wastewater from the proposed project would be 100% domestic in nature with an
expected BOD of approximately 200 mg/l and TSS of 200 mg/l.
Flow would come from 170 three (3) bedroom multi-family/patio home units.
Based on North Carolina Division of Water Quality standards, a total flow of 61,200
gallons per day (gpd) could be expected.
There will be approximately 130 single-family lots in the project, however
wastewater flows from this area of the development would be disposed of by
conventional septic tanks and drain fields for each lot.
It is the purpose of this report to present the waste treatment and disposal options
available for the waste (61,200GPD)tgenerated by the multi-family/patio homes
development only.
IM
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132X(� s)
cn"V
o� Zvi
v�F%

WASTE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OPTIONS
oft
There are three (3) alternatives for treatment and disposal of wastewater from the
multi-family/patio homes development at Linville Heights. They are as presented below.
am
Alternate 1
MM
Wastewater Pump Station and Gravity Sewer to Town of Newland collection
OR, system.
Alternate 2
no
On -site Wastewater Treatment Plant and Gravity Effluent Line to Linville River.
Alternate 3
Septic Tanks and Drain Fields for Entire Project
No
A description of each alternative is presented herein.
FM
MM
to
f"
-3-
fm

ALTERNATE NO. 1
This alternative would consist of constructing a wastewater pumping station on
the Linville Heights project site, pumping through a force main approximately 2,000 L.F.
and constructing 10-inch and 8-inch gravity sewer lines to the Town of Newland
collection system. The majority of the gravity line would be 10-inch diameter since the
line would extend over 2 miles from the existing Newland collection system. A total of
approximately 15,000 L.F. of gravity line would be constructed along Kentucky Creek
across private property, necessitating obtaining numerous private easements, which
would not only be very costly, but would possibly take several years to obtain.
In addition, the Town is presently under a moratorium for new sewer services
until the Town's wastewater treatment plant is upgraded and expanded. The Town has
applied for funding for this project, however it is anticipated that the new plant upgrade
and expansion is 2 to 3 years from being on line and able to accept flow from the Linville
Heights project. Because of the time constraints with obtaining easements and the
Newland wastewater plant expansion, this alternative is not deemed to be the most
feasible project for the Linville Heights project.
ME
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lav16 60"cJ{;06� CfP(��

ALTERNATE
This alternate would consist of constructing a wastewater treatment plant on the
Linville Heights project site and constructing an 8-inch effluent outfall line to the Linville
River just west of the Linville community. The majority of the outfall line could be
constructed in DOT right-of-way, however several private easements would have to be .r
acquired to discharge to the Linville River.
Additionally an NPDES Discharge Permit would have to be acquired for
discharge to the Linville River.
-5-

ALTERNATE 3
This alternative would consist of providing individual septic tanks and drain fields
for the multi-family/patio homes development of Linville Heights.
e cu=jItlyplanned density of a ,d„gLvelopment is such that it is not feasible to
provide individual disposal systems in this area. The project would have to be scaled
down significantly from the 170 planned three -bedroom units to approximately 25 to 30
units.
It is the high -density portion of the project, which will be constructed initially to
make development of the remainder of the project financially feasible. The Linville
Heights financial plan is of course predicated on building the entire 70nulti-
family/patio home units.
r
0

.,
M DISCUSSION OF ALTERNATIVES
Alternates I and 2 pertain to treatment of flows from Linville Heights by pumping
and construction of gravity lines to the Town of Newland or by construction of a
wastewater plant and effluent discharge to the Linville River, re pectively.
- Because of the time frame involved in expansion of the Town of Newland's
wastewater facility and obtaining the necessary easements for constructing gravity lines,
Alternate 1 is not feasible for Linville Heights.
Alternate 2 is a feasible option, and an NPDES Permit would be required for
discharge to the Linville River. Accordingly an NPDES Application requesting a
discharge to the Linville River is included in this report
Alternate 3, while being the less capital cost option, would result in a scaled down
project for Linville Heights and would severely impact further development of the
-7-

project. The construction of the multi-family/patio homes area is necessary for financing
the remaining single family areas of the development. The planned 170 units would be
reduced to 30 units to provide adequate land area to facilitate construction of septic tanks
and drain fields. The reduction of 140 units would result in a drop in gross sales of over
34 million dollars over the course of the project and would limit further development. It
.� is for this reason that Linville Heights is seeking a discharge permit for treated effluent to
Y
be discharged to the Linville River.
While it is not within the scope of this proposal to determine the affects of a
concentration of septic systems on groundwater in the area, it is relevant to point out that
treatment technology exists to produce an effluent which is of equal or greater quality
than the waters to which it is discharged. Linville Heights fully anticipates that stringent
effluent discharge limits would be implemented, but realizes that there are treatment
technologies available to meet these limits. Linville Heights is financially capable of
providing the necessary treatment technology for a discharge permit.
In

.M DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSED TREATMENT WORKS
P"
The proposed wastewater treatment plant would be dual -train consisting of the
me
following components:
am
Flow equalization chamber with duplex equalization pumps
Am
Extended aeration chambers (61,200 gallon total)
Duplex blower system for aeration
Anoxic chamber and mixer for nitrogen limits r'
Dual clarification units with airlift sludge return
Sludge Holding Tanks
Tertiary filter system with mud well chamber, backwash chamber and duplex
Pumps
UV disinfection chamber
Standby power generator
Ma
The proposed treatment system described above can of course be modified as
MR
necessary to meet discharge parameters of an NPDES Permit.
MW
.,
so
MR
0

P"y
r#A
ALTERNATE COST ESTIMATE
A cost estimate for each of the three alternates is presented in the following pages.
-10-

VA
i
ALTERNATE 1
CONSTRUCTION COST ESTIMATE
UNIT
TOTAL
Aft
ITEM QUANTITY
UNITS
COST
COST
10" PVC Gravity Sewer
62000
L.F.
$45.00
$2701000
am
10" DIP Gravity Sewer
6,000
L.F.
$53.00
$3191,000
8" PVC Gravity Sewer
1,500
L.F.
$40.00
$ 601000
8" DIP Gravity Sewer
11500
L.F.
$50.00
$ 75,000
4" PVC Force Main
2,000
L.F.
$15.00
$ 303000
Manholes
60
Ea.
$12750
$1051000
..
Pump Station and
Standby Power
1
Ea.
$752000
$ 75,000
Total Estimated Construction Cost
$9332000
Administration and Easements
S� 75,000
Engineering Fees
1052000
Contingencies (10%)
93,300
Total Project Cost
$122062300
fm
-11-
0"
A"

P
ALTERNATE 2
CONSTRUCTION COST ESTIMATE
UNIT
TOTAL
�•
ITEM QUANTITY
UNITS
COST
COST
Wastewater Treatment
�»
Plant
1
Ea
$250V000
$2502000
Site work
1
L.S.
25,000
25,000
Yard Piping
1
L.S.
25,000
252000
Standby Power
1
L.S.
355000
351,000
Electrical
1
L.S.
202000
201P000
8-Inch DIP Gravity Outfall Line
2500
L.F.
50
1252000
Manholes
10
Ea
1,750
172500
Total Estimated Construction Cost
$497,500
Administration Easements
301P000
Engineering Fees
511,000
Contingencies (10%)
49,750
Total Project Cost
$6281>250
am
-12-
AM

wo
ALTERNATE 3
M"
CONSTRUCTION COST ESTIMATE
Ala
TOTAL
am ITEM UNITS QUANTITY COST COST
Septic Tank & Drain field 30* Ea. $31000 $90,000
Total Construction Cost $90,000
Administration -0-
Engineering Fees -0-
Contingencies (10%) 9,000
Total Project Cost $992000
am
I"
no
fm
*Scaled down project from 170 to 30 multi -family units
-13-
ON
an

LOCATION MAPS
Location maps for Alternates 1 and 2 are shown on the following pages.
No map is shown for Alternate 3.
-14-

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NPDES PERMIT APPLICATION - SHORT FORM D
To be filed only by dischargers of 100% domestic wastewater (< 1 MGD flow)
N. C. Department of Environment and Natural Resources
Division of Water Quality / NPDES Unit
1617 Mail Service Center, Raleigh, NC 27699-1617
North Carolina NPDES Permit Number I NC00
�. (if known)
Please print or type
1. Mailing address of applicant/ persnittee:
Facility Name Linville Heights
w,
Owner Name Linville Heights Limited Partnership
Street Address P. O. Box 2290
City Banner Elk
•• State North Carolina
ZIP Code 28604
Telephone Number [phone]
Fax Number [phone]
e-mail Address N/A
2. Location of facility Producing discharge:
am Name (If different from above) Same
Facility Contact Person Dale Franklin
am Street Address or State Road State Road 181
City / Zip Code Banner Elk
County Avery
on Telephone Number (828-) 898-5888
no 3. Reason for application:
Expansion/Modification * Existing Unpermitted Discharge
Renewal New Facility X
* Please provide a description of the expansion/modification:
N/A
an
4. Description of the existing treatment facilities Pist all installed components with
capacitiesj:
N/A
'� Page 1 of 2 Version 6"

Fm
NPDES PERMIT APPLICATION - SHORT FORM D
To be filed only by dischargers of 100% domestic wastewater (< 1 MGD flow)
S. Description of wastewater f check all that apply),
No MM of Facility Generating Wastewater
Industrial Number of Employees
No Commercial Number of Employees
Residential X Number of Homes 1 7 jJ
School Number of Students/Staff
MR Other
Describe the source(s) of wastewater (example: subdivision, mobile home park, etc.):
Subdivision-Multi-Family/Patio Homes
6. Number of separate wastewater discharge pipes (wastewater outfalls):
One
7. If the facility has multiple discharge outfalls, record the sources) of wastewater for each
ontfa&
N/A
S. Name of receiving stream(s) (provide a map showing the enact location of each outfall):
Linville River
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I certify that I am familiar with the information contained in the application and that to the
best of my knowledge and belief such information is true, complete, and accurate.
5 dC4am ,vX�.�
Printed Name of Person Signing
�/ • %00
Title
• .2 90
Signature of Applicantz Da a Signed
FAN North Carolina General Statute 143-215.6(bX2) provides that Any person who knowingly makes any false statement representation, or
cert€tication In any application, record, report, plan, or other document fries or required to be maintained under Article 21 or regulations of the
Environmental Management Commission Implementing that Article, or who falsifies, tampers with, or knowingly renders Inaccurate any
recording or monitoring device or method required to be operated or maintained under Article 21 or regulations of the Env€ronmenta€
,., Management Commission implementing that Article, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor punishable by a fine not to exceed $10,000, or by
Imprisonment not to exceed six months, or by both. (18 U.S.C. Sectron 1001 prov€des a punishment by a fine of not more than $10,000 or
imprisonment not more than 5 years, or both for a similar offense.)
W" Page 2 of 2 Version "9

IM
LPNILLE HEIGHTS, L.P.
P.O. Box 7369, Naples, R. 34102
941-6434211
P.O. Box 2290 Banner Elk, N. C 28604
., 828-898-5888.
February 4, 2002
am North Carolina Department of Environment
And Natural Resources
Division of Water Quality
NPDES Unit
1617 Mail Service Center
Raleigh, North Carolina 27699-1617
Re: Linville Heights
NPDES Permit Application
Avery County
Dear Sir/Madaxn,
This letter serves to certify that Linville Heights Limited Partnership is financially
qualified to fund construction of a wastewater treatment facility at Linville
�., Heights for treatment of 61,200 gallons per day of domestic sewage.
Furthermore, as developers of Crooked Creek in Banner Elk, North Carol;ina, we
have demonstrated previous compliance with federal and state laws, regulations
and rules for protection of the environment.
Sincerely,
S. Dale Franklin, Vice President
No
am
MM

Amendment
to
Engineering Proposal and
NPDES Permit Application
:. for
Linville Heights
Avery County, North Carolina
wo-
we
Prepared by:
wo-
John T. Coxey
Consulting Engineering, P. A.
53 Fox Chase Road West
Asheville, North Carolina 28804
Project No. 20010
iiq-
February, 2002
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?2293
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a-/�" P0 z-

A. SUBSUFACE DISPOSAL SYSTEMS
MR Although the project site consists of 215 acres, very little of this land is suitable
for underground disposal such as septic tank/drain field systems, low-pressure
pipe systems (LPP), or spray or drip irrigation.
Comprehensive soil survey information has been obtained from the US
Department of Agriculture Natural Resource Conservation Service in Avery
County. This information describes the soil properties of the County and provides
�^ maps showing classifications of soils.
am
A portion of the map that includes the location of the Linville Heights project is
MR included herewith. There are five (5) soil classifications found on the project site:
CrE -- Crossnore-Jeffrey complex
ON
PaB — Pineola gravelly loam, 2-8% slopes
PnC- Pineola gravelly loam, 8-15% slopes
PnD-Pinola gravelly loam,15-25% slopes
rM
WtD-Whiteoak fine sandy loam, 15-30% slopes, very stony
M"
Each soil description and suitability for numerous parameters are included herein.
Only one (1) soil type (PaB) is considered suited to poorly suited for septic tank
and underground drain field systems and concerns are noted regarding the
restricted permeability of these soils as well as a recommendation that deeper
soils be used to possibly improve filter field performance.

am
'AR The remaining soil types (CrE, PnC, PnD, WtD) are classified poorly suited with
OW concerns for steepness of slope, erodibility and permeability.
FM
A map delineating all soil areas is included in this Amendment.
In the location where the moderately suitable soils are present, building
construction will take place and there are potential sites for drilling potable water
supply well(s) and construction of a water storage tank. This location is also a
very small portion of the overall property, and is on one side of the property,
which is several thousand feet from other developable portions of the property. It
would not be feasible to use this land for subsurface disposal because of its
location within the site and its use for construction, well sites, and storage tank
considerations.
I"
Mq
No
"M

FM
am
B. SURFACE DISPOSAL SYSTEMS
me Spray irrigation and drip irrigation are not viable options for the reasons presented
under the subsurface disposal evaluation above. Unsuitable soils are present over
more than 90% of the site and only moderately suitable soils exist in the areas of
the proposed development.
FM
am
am
MR
LZO
0"
M"
am
0"

C. REUSE
MM
Reuse of treated wastewater effluent on this project could only be an option when
used in conjunction with a biological treatment system approved under an NPDES
permit. State requirements regarding reuse stipulate that effluent be tertiary
quality. It is not evident at this time that tertiary limits will be set for discharge of
61,200 gallons of treated effluent on this project.
The project site has very limited areas where reclaimed water could be land
applied. In addition, and since it is beyond the scope of this report to determine a
rate of application, the rate may be such that it would be economically unsound to
require the owner to provide the additional treatment components and distribution
equipment necessary for reuse.
FM
M
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CrE=Crossnom-Jeffrey complex, 30 to 50 percent slopes, very stony
Seidng
Landscape: Intermediate mountains in the central and northeast central part of the county
am Elevadon range: 3,400 to 4,600 feet
Landform: Mountain sideslopes and ridges
Landform position: Sideslopes and ridgetops
Shape of areas: Long and narrow or irregularly shaped
MR Size of areas. 5 to 1000 acres
I' Crossnore soils and similar inclusions: 45 percent
Jeffrey soils and sirralar inclusions: 40 percent
Dissimilar inclusions:15 percent
0"
Composidon
Typical Profile
Crossnore soils
Surface -layer.
0 to 7 inches=dark brown gravelly sandy loam
Subsoil:
7 to 16 inches=yellowish brown gravelly sandy loam
16 to 22 inches --brownish yellow gravelly sandy loam
Underlying material:
22 to 30 inches=muldcolored gravelly loamy sand saprolite
FMA Bedroc*:
30 to 61 inches=soft weathered partially consolidated low-grade metasandstone bedrock
Im Jeffrey soils
Surface layer.
0 to 5 inches --black gravelly sandy loam
5 to 9 inches --dark brown gravelly sandy loam
°" Subsoil.
9 to 20 inches=yellowish brown gravelly loam
Underlying material.
MR 20 to 31 inches=yellowish brown gravelly sandy loam
Bedrock:
31 to 36 inches=hard unweathered, feldspathic sandstone
go
Soil Properties and Qualldes
e. Depth dass: Crossnore=moderately deep, Jeffreymnoderately deep
Drainage bass: Crossnore=Well drained; Jeffrey=Somewhat excessively drained
General texture class: Loamy
lip Permeability. Moderately rapid
Depth to seasonal high water table: Greater than 6.0 feet below the soil surface
Hazard of flooding. None
Shrink -swell poterntial: Low
Slope class: Steep
Extent of erasion. Slight, less than 25 percent of the original surface layer has been removed
Hazard of water erosion. Very severe
am

Rock fragments on the surface: Widely scattered surface stones and cobbles that average about 10 to 24 inches in
diameter and 3 to 25 feet apart
Surface layer organic matter content: Moderate to high
Potential frost action: Moderate
Parent material• Residuum affected by sal creep in the upperpart, weathered from felsic and mafic low-grade
metamorphic rock
Depth to bedrock: Crossnore=20 to 40 inches to soft bedrock; Jeffrey--20 to 40 inches to hard bedrock
Minor Components:
Dissimilar inclusions:
• Whitsoak soils with more clay in the subsoil, and depth to bedrock more than 60 inches, in concave areas at the
heads of drains, in drains, and on foot slopes
• Spivey soils with a thicker dark surface layer, more rock fragments throughout the soil, and depth to bedrock more
than 60 inches, In narrow gains and on foot slopes
• Soils with depth to soft bedrock at greater than 40 inches, on smoother parts of the landscape
• Soils with depth to hard bedrock at less than 20 inches, on nose slopes and near rock outcrops
• Widely scattered areas of rock outcrops
• Prominent summits or ridges at higher elevations that are windswept
Similar inclusions:
• Crossnore and Jeffrey soils with loam, fine sandy loam and coarse sandy loam surface texture in the fine earth
fraction
"' • Randomly scattered areas of Pineola soils with more clay in the subsoil and depth to soft bedrock at 20 to 40 inches
as well as soils with more clay in the subsoil and hard bedrock at 20 to 40 inches
• Crossnore and Jeffrey soils which have a lighter colored surface layer or with a thinner dark surface layer than is
usually seen with these soils
• Crossnore and Jeffrey soils with extremely stony surface coverage
Land Use
Dominant Uses: Woodand
Other Uses: Pasture, building site development, ornamentals, and fraser fir production
Agricultural Development
Cropland
Suitability.. Unsuited
Management concerns: This map unit is severely limited for crop production because of steepness of slope and
ON erodibi*. Another site should be selected with better suited soils.
Pasture and Hayland
SuitsbUltyr. Suited to poorly suited to pasture; unsuited to hayland
Management concerns: Equipment use, erodibility, sal fertility, and rooting depth and doughtiness
Management measures:
• Steepness of slope limits equipment use
• Preparing seedbeds on the contour or across the slope helps to reduce soil erosion and increases germination.
• Following lime and fertilizer recommendations from soil tests helps to increase plant nutrient availability and
maximizes productivity when establishing, maintaining, or renovating pasture.
• Using rotational grazing, implementing a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule, and removing livestock in
time to allow forage plants to recover before winter dormancy helps to maintain pastures and increases productivity.
• Moderately deep rooting depth may make soils in this map unit difficult to manage for pasture and hay crop
production because of low available water.

MR
s
Orchard and Ornamental Crops
14 Suitabilo.Suited to poorly suited to fraser fir production; Poorly suited to all other ornamentals
Management concerns: Equipment use, erodibility, sal fertility, ball and burlap harvesting, frost action, plant shape and
rooting depth, and droughtiness
me Management measures.
• Proper management is the key to maximizing productivity and minimizing plant stress and minimizing disease such
as phytophthora, on these soils.
• Soils in this map unit are difficult to manage for orchard or ornamental crops because steepness of slope liras
equipment use.
a • Establishing and maintaining sod between rows and on access roads helps to reduce the hazard of erosion.
• Due to poor fertility of these soils, following lime and fertilizer recommendations from soil tests helps to increase the
availability of plant nutrients and is critical to ma)amize productivity.
• Proper channelization of water away from and not into fields helps to control phytophora root disease
• Avoiding ball and burlap harvesting during dry periods helps prevent fracture of the ball and separation of the soil
from the roots caused by low moisture and minimal clay content
�! • Maintaining plant cover or using mulch helps to reduce damage to roots caused by frost heaving.
• The steepness of slope will affect the shape of ornamentals on the uphill sidle.
• Moderately deep rooting depth makes soils in this map unit difficult to manage for ornamental and orchard crops
because of low available water and windthrow hazard.
Woodland
Im Suitability.• Suited to poorly suited
Potential for commercial species: Moderate to low for hardwoods
Productivity lass: Crossnore=moderate to low for northem red oak; Jefhey=low for northem red oak
oft Management concerns. Equipment use, erodibility, seeding survival, windthrow hazard, and windswept conditions on
small exposed areas
Management measures:
• Designing roads on the contour and installing water control structures such as broad base dips, water bars, culverts
no and avoiding diversion of water directly onto fill slopes helps to stabilize logging roads, skid trails, and landings.
Reseeding all disturbed areas with adapted grasses and legumes helps to prevent sal erosion.
• Avoid areas that show signs of windswept conditions, for increased productivity.
• Leaving a buffer zone of trees and shrubs adacent to streams helps to reduce siltation and provides shade for the
aquatic habitat
• Avoid grazing livestock in areas managed for woodland.
• Productivity is limited because of the limited rooting depth of these soils.
�. • Productivity may be increased by periodically harvesting windthrown trees, which result from high winds and limited
rooting depth.
• Using improved varieties of eastern white One helps to increase productivity.
• Replanting may be necessary on warm, south- to west -facing slopes because of reduced soil moisture. Planting
when the soil is mast for extended periods helps to increase seedling survival.
Urban Development
Dwellings
Suitability. Poorly suited
'" Management concerns. Steepness of slope, erodibility, corrosivity, and depth to hard bedrock
Management measures.
• Designing structures on the contour with natural slopes or building on less sloping areas within the unit helps improve
soil performance.
• Drilling and blasting of hard rock or the use of special earth -moving equipment is needed to increase the sal depth
may be needed on Jeffrey soils.
• Vegetating disturbed areas and using erosion control structures such as sediment fences and catch basins helps to
keep eroding soil on site.
r-__i

• Using corrosion -resistant materials for foundations and basements helps to reduce the risk of damage to -concrete.
• Installing permanent retaining walls helps to improve sal stability.
Septic Tank Absorption Fields
Suitability Poorly sated
Management concerns. This map unit is severely limited for septic tank absorption fields because of steepness of
slope and depth to bedrock. Another site should be selected with better suited soils. Contact the local Health
Department for additional guidance.
Local Roads and Streets
R. Suitability: Poorly suited
Management concerns: Steepness of slope, erodbility, slippage, depth to rock, and frost heaving
Management measures.
• Designing roads on the contour and installing water control structures such as broad base dips, waterbars, and
- --culverts-helps to maintaln-road stability. Avoiding diversion of water directly onto fill slopes and vegetating out and fill
slopes as soon as possible helps to prevent slippage and excessive soil erosion.
• Blasting or special grading may be needed to construct roads on .Jeffrey soils because of hard bedrock.
• The soft bedrock undWng the soils in this map unit should not require special equipment for excavation but are
difficult to vegetate or to pack if used in fill slopes.
• Permanent surfacing of roads or using suitable subgrade or base material helps to reduce damage from frost
heaving.
Lawns and Landscaping
Suitabilfty.• Poorly suited
Management concerns: Steepness of slope, erodibility, droughtiness, large stones, soil fertility, frost action, and depth
to bedrock
., Management measures:
• Soils in this map unit are difficult to manage for lawns and landscaping because steepness of slope limits equipment
use as well as most other uses.
• Designing plantings on natural contours helps to increase water infiltration. Vegetating disturbed areas and using
erosion control structures such as sediment fences and catch basins helps to keep eroding sal on site.
• Removing larger stones and boulders and limiting the use of equipment to the larger, open areas help to improve the
suitability of these soils.
�, • Using lime, fertilizer, mulch, irrigation, and varieties adapted to draughty conditions helps to establish lawns and
landscape plants.
• Stockpile topsoil from disturbed areas and replace it before landscaping.
• Using mulch helps to reduce damage to newly established landscape plants caused by frost heaving.
• Moderately deep rooting depth may make these soils difficult to manage for lawns and landscaping especially if the
soil has been csturbed.
• If excavated material is to be used for landscaping, any soft bedrock will need to be crushed or removed.
fnterprebve Groups
Land capability classibcalon: Crossnore=Vlle; Jeffrey=Vlle
Woodland ordination symbol. Crossnore=4R for northern red oak; Jeffrey=3R for northern red oak
no
me
am

PaB=Plneola gravelly loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes
Seidng
Landscape: Intermediate mountains in the central and northeast central part of the county
fm Elevation range: 3,600 to 4,200 feet
Landfonn: Mountain ridges
Landform position: Ridgetops
Shape of areas: Oblong to Irregularly shaped
am Size of areas: 2 to 50 acres
no Pinola soils and similar inclusions: 85 percent
Dissimilar inclusions:15 percent
a
Composidon
Typical Profile
Surface layer.
0 to 7 inches=dark brown gravelly loam
a' Subsoil.
7 to 20 inches -yellowish brown clay loam
20 to 26 inches=brownish yellow loam
Underlying material.•
26 to 32 inches=brownish yellow and very pale brown gravelly loam saprolite
Bedrock
32 to 61 inches=multicolored, soft weathered, metasiltstone bedrock
Soil Properties and Qualides
Depth class. Moderately deep
Drainage class. Well drained
General texture class: Loamy
Permeabilh)r. Moderate
Depth to seasonal high water table: Greater than 8.0 feet below the soil surface
Hazard of flooding: None
Shrink -swell potential: Low
a. Slope class. Gently sloping
Extent of erosion: Slight, less than 25 percent of the original surface layer has been removed
Hazard of water erosion: Moderate
Surface layer organic matter content: Moderate to high
Potential frost action: Moderate
Parent materiat• Residuum affected by soil creep in the upper part, weathered from felsic to mafic low-grade
metamorphic rock
Depth to bedrock• 20 to 40 inches
Minor Components
so Dissimilar inclusions:
• Soils with depth to bedrock at greater than 60 inches scattered randomly throughout the map unit
• Soils with depth to bedrock at less than 20 inches scattered randomly throughout the map unit
as • Whiteoak soils that are coiluvial in nature with depth to bedrock at greater than 60 inches in saddles and on toe
slopes
Similar incluslons:
• Pinola soils with a fine sandy loam or sandy loam surface texture in the fine earth fraction

list
.n
• Pinola soils which have a lighter colored surface layer or with a thinner dark surface layer
• Crossnore soils which have less day in the subsoil
"" • Soils with depth to hard bedrock at 20 to 40 inches
• Soils with depth to soft bedrock at 40 to 60 inches
�. Land Use
Dominant Uses: Fraser fir production, pasture, and hayland
Other Uses: Ornamental crops, and woodland
Agricultural DeWopmenl
No Cropland
Suitabili y: Well suited
Management concerns: Erodibility, tilth, soil fertility, herbicide retention, climate, and rooting depth and droughtiness
am Management measures:
• Using resource management systems that include terraces* and diversions, crop residue management,
shiperopping, and contour tillage, help to control soil erosion and surface runoff and maximize the infiltration of rainfall.
,�, • Avoiding tillage during wet periods, incorporating crop residue or leaving residue on the soil surface helps to reduce
clodding and crusting and increases rainfall infiltration.
• Following lime and fertilizer recommendations from soil tests helps to increase plant nutrient availability and
maximizes crop productivity.
• Slow air drainage may allow late spring frost to damage new growth in some years.
• Incorporating plant residue helps to improve water holding capacity and using shallow rooted crops helps to
overcome the moderately deep rooting depth of Pinola soils.
am Pasture and Hayland
Suitability: Well suited
+�► Management concerns. Erodibility, soil fertility, and rooting depth
Management measures:
• Preparing seedbeds on the contour when renovating pastures and establishing seedbeds helps to prevent further soil
erosion and increases germination.
• Following lime and fertilizer recommendations from soil tests helps to increase plant nutrient availability and
maximizes productivity when establishing, maintaining, or renovating pasture and hayland.
• Using rotational grazing, implementing a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule, and removing livestock in
time to allow forage plants to recover before winter dormancy helps to maintain pastures and increases productivity.
• Moderately deep rooting depth of Pinola soils may limit the productivity for pasture and hay crop production
because of low available water
"W Orchard and Ornamental Crops
Suitability. Well suited
go Management concems. Erodibility, root disease, herbicide retention, ball and burlap harvesting, frost action, soil
fertility, and rooting depth
Management measures:
• Proper management is the key to maximizing productivity and minimizing plant stress and minimizing disease such
as phytophthora, on these soils.
• Establishing and maintaining sod between rows and on access roads helps to reduce the hazard of erosion.
• Proper channlization of water away from and not into fields helps to control phytophthora root disease caused by
restricted movement of air and water due to the high day content of the subsoil.
• Avoiding ball and burlap harvesting during extreme moisture conditions helps prevent fracture or deformation of the
ball and tearing of the roots.
• Soils in this map unit may retain soil applied herbicides due to the high day content The concentration of herbicides
may be damaging to future crops.
so

we
• Maintaining plant cover or using mulch helps to reduce damage to roots caused by frost heaving.
• Following lime and fertilizer recommendations from soil tests helps to increase the availability of plant nutrients and
maximize productivity.
• Moderately deep rooting depth may make Pinola soils in this map unit difficult to manage for ornamental and
orchard crops because of low available water and windthrow hazard.
�, • Using supplemental irrigation and crop varieties adapted to droughty conditions helps to increase productivity.
Woodland
as Suitability: Well suited
Productivity class: High for eastern white One
Management concerns. Windthrow hazard
Management measures:
• Leaving a buffer zone of trees and shrubs adacent to streams helps to reduce siltation and provides shade for the
aquatic habitat.
• Avoid grazing livestock in areas managed for woodland.
• Avoiding logging operations during periods when the soil is saturated helps to prevent nutting of the soil surface and
damage to tree roots due to soil compaction.
• Using improved varieties of Eastern white One helps to increase productivity.
• Productivity may be limited on areas of Pineolasoils because of the limited rooting depth of these soils.
• Replanting may be necessary on warm, south- to west -facing slopes because of reduced sal moisture or in areas of
higher clay content in the subsoil. Planting when the soil is moist for extended periods helps to increase seeding
survival.
.■t
Urban Development
Dwellings
Suitability: Well suited
Management concerns. Corrosivity, and depth to soft bedrock Management measures.
• Designing structures to conform with natural slopes helps to improve soil performance.
• Vegetating disturbed areas and using erosion control structures such as sediment fences and catch basins helps to
keep eroding soil on site.
• Using con osiorHasistant materials helps to reduce the risk of damage to concrete.
• The soft bedrock underlying the soils in this map unit should not moire special equipment for excavation but are
difficult to vegetate or to pack If used in fill slopes.
an Septic Tank Absorption Fields
Suitability., Suited to poorly suited
Management concerns: Permeability and depth to soft bedrock
no Management measures:
• Contact the local Health Department for guidance on sanitary facilities.
• Installing distribution lines on the contour helps to improve performance of septic tank absorption fields.
• Raking trench walls helps to reduce sealing of soil pores which may occur during the excavation of septic tank
absorption fields.
• This map unit is difficult to manage for septic tank absorption fields because these soils are moderately deep to soft
bedrock. Locating and using the deeper soils within the area may improve filter field performance.
Local Roads and Streets
PM Suitability: Well suited
Management concerns. Depth to bedrock and frost action
Management measures.
v.

M
r
• Designing roads on the contour and installing water control structures such as broad base dips, waterbars, and
culverts helps to maintain road stability. Avoiding diversion of water directly onto fill slopes and vegetating cut and fill
slopes as soon as possible helps to prevent slippage and excessive soil erosion.
• Permanent surfacing of roads or using suitable subgrade or base material helps to reduce damage from frost
heaving.
• The soft bedrock underlying the soils in this map unit should not require special equipment for excavation but are
difficult to vegetate or to pack if used in fill slopes.
me Lawns and Landscaping
Suitabilh)r Well suited
Management concerns: Erodibility, frost action, soil compaction, soil fertility, and depth to soft bedrock
Management measures:
- Designing plantings on natural contours helps to increase water infiltration. Vegetating disturbed areas and using
erosion control structures such as sediment fences and catch basins helps to keep eroding sal on site.
�+ • Using mulch helps to reduce damage to newly established landscape plants caused by frost heaving.
• Avoiding heavy equipment use on areas to be landscaped helps to prevent soil compaction.
• Using lime, fertilizer, mulch, and irrigation helps to establish lawns and landscape plants.
- Moderately deep rooting depth may make Pineoia soils difficult to manage for lawns and landscaping especially if the
soil has been disturbed.
- If excavated material is to be used for landscaping, any soft bedrock will need to be crushed or removed
- Using supplemental irrigation and varieties adapted to droughty conditions helps to increase the survival of grasses
and landscaping plants.
fnterpredve Groups
Land capability classificafion. II le
Woodland ordination symbol.1 OD for eastern white pine
a,
am
am
Oft
Im
Im
w.

PnC=Plneola gravelly loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, stony
setting
Landscape: Intermediate mountains in the central and northeast central part of the county
„q Elevation range. 3,400 to 4,400 feet
Landform: Mountain ridges and sideslopes
Landform position Ridgetops and upper sideslopes
Shape of areas: Irregularly shaped
a" Size of areas: 2 to 150 acres
Composition
on Pineola soils and similar inclusions: 85 percent
Dissimilar inclusions:15 percent
Typical Pm ite
no
surface layer.
0 to 7 inches=dark brown gravelly loam
Subsoil:
No 7 to 20 inches -yellowish brown clay loam
20 to 26 inches=browmsh yellow loam
Underlying material,
no 26 to 32 inches=browrush yellow and very pale brown gravelly loam saprolite
32 to 61 inches= multicolored soft weathered metasiltstone bedrock
Soil Properties and Qualities
9"
Depth class Moderately deep
Drainage class: Well drained
General texture class: Loamy
Permeability: Moderate
Depth to seasonal high water table: Greater than 6.0 feet below the sal surface
Hazard of flooding: None
Shdnk4well potential• Low
Slope class: Strongly sloping
Extent of erasion: Slight, less than 25 percent of the original surface layer has been removed
�., Hazard of water erosion. Severe
Rock fragments on the surface: Widely scaftered surface stones and cobbles that average about 10 to 24 inches in
diameter and 25 to 75 feet apart
Surface layer organic matter content Moderate to high
Potential frost action: Moderate
Parent material: Residuum affected by sal creep in the upper part, weathered from felsic to matic low-grade
metamorphic rock
Depth to bedrock. 20 to 40 inches
Minor Components
14 Dissimilar inclusions:
• Soils with depth to bedrock at greater than 60 inches scattered randomly throughout the map unit
• Soils with depth to soft or hard bedrock at less than 20 inches on shoulder slopes and scattered randomly throughout
the map unit
• Whiteoak soils that are colluvial in nature with depth to bedrock at greater than 60 inches in saddles and on toe
slopes
• Randomly scattered areas of rock outcrop
Similar inclusions:
0"

No
• Pinola soils with a fine sandy loam or sandy loam surface texture in the fine earth fraction
• Mineola soils which have a lighter colored surface layer or with a thinner dark surface layer
�+ • Crossnore soils which have less day in the subsoil
• Soils with depth to hard bedrock at 20 to 40 inches
• Soils with depth to soft bedrock at 40 to 60 inches
Land Use
aft Dominant Uses: Woodland, fraser fir production, omamentals
Other Uses: Pasture and hayland, andbuilding site development
Agricultural Development
AM
Cropland
AM Suitability: Suited
Management concems. Erodibility, filth, herbicide retention, climate, and rooting depth and droughtiness, and soil
fertility
Management measures:
"' • Using resource management systems that indude contour farming, conservation tillage, crop residue management,
striperopping, winter cover crops, and cop rotations which include grasses and legumes helps to reduce sal erosion,
maximize rainfall infiltration, increase available water, and improve soil fertility.
go • Avoiding tillage during wet periods, incorporating crop residue or leaving residue on the sal surface helps to reduce
clodding and crusting and increases rainfall infiltration.
• Soils in this map unit retain soil applied herbicides due to the high organic matter content of the soil surface. The
concentration of herbicides may be damaging to future crops.
"" • Following lime and fertilizer recommendations from soil tests helps to increase plant nutrient availability and
maximizes crop productivity.
• Slow air drainage may allow late spring frost to damage new growth in some years.
• Incorporating plant residue helps to improve water holding capacity and using shallow rooted crops helps to
overcome the moderately deep roofing depth of Pinola soils.
Pasture and Hayland
so
Suitabilo. Well suited
Management concerns: Equipment use, erodibility, herbicide retention, and roofing depth and droughtiness, and soil
no fertility
Management measures:
• Preparing seedxAs on the contour when renovating pastures and establishing seedx)ds helps to prevent further soil
erosion and inaeases germination.
am • Following lime and fertilizer recommendations from soil tests helps to increase plant nutrient availability and
maximizes productivity when establishing, maintaining, of renovating pasture and hayland
• Soils in this map unit retain soil applied herbicides due to the high organic matter content of the sal surface. The
we concentration of herbicides may be damaging to future crops.
• Using rotational grazing, Implementing a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule, and removing livestock in
time to allow forage plants to recover before winter dormancy helps to maintain pastures and increases productivity.
me Orchard and Ornamental Crops
Suitability: Suited
Management concerns: Erodbility, root disease, frost action, soil fertility, herbicide retention, roofing depth, and ball
and burlap harvesting
Management measures.
• Proper management is the key to maximizing productivity and rrdnimizing plant stress and minimizing disease such
as phytophthora, on these soils.
ow

• Establishing and maintaining sod between rows and on access roads helps to reduce the hazard of erosion.
• Maintaining plant cover or using mulch helps to reduce damage to roots caused by frost heaving.
• Proper channelization of water away from and not into fields helps to control phytophthora root disease caused by
restricted movement of air and water due to the high day content of the subsoil.
• Soils in this map unit may retain soil applied herbicides due to the high day content The concentration of herbicides
may be damaging to future crops.
• Moderately deep rooting depth may make Pineola soils in this map unit difficult to manage for ornamental and
orchard crops because of low available water and windthrow hazard.
• Following lime and fertilizer recommendations from soil tests helps to increase the availability of plant nutrients and
+�► maximize productivity.
• Avoiding ball and burlap harvesting during extreme moisture conditions helps prevent fracture or deformation of the
ball and tearing of the roots.
• Using supplemental laigation and crop varieties adapted to droughty conditions helps to increase productivity.
Woodland
••, Suitability: Well suited
Producti ity class: High for eastem white one
Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use, seeding survival, and windthrow hazard
Management measures:
"" • Designing roads on the contour and installing water control structures such as broad base dips, water bars, culverts
and avoiding diversion of water directly onto fill slopes helps to stabilize logging roads, skid trails, and landings.
Reseeding all disturbed areas with adapted grasses and legumes helps to prevent sal erosion.
a., • Leaving a buffer zone of trees and shrubs a rent to streams helps to reduce siltation and provides shade for the
aquatic habitat
• Avoid grazing livestock in areas managed for woodand.
• Avoiding logging operations during periods when the soil is saturated helps to prevent nutting of the soil surface and
damage to tree roots due to soil compaction.
• Using improved varieties of Eastem white One helps to increase productivity.
• Productivity may be limited on areas of Pinola soils because of the limited rooting depth of these soils.
• Replanting may be necessary on warm, south- to west -facing slopes because of reduced sal moisture or in areas of
higher clay content in the subsoil. Planting when the soil is moist for extended periods helps to increase seeding
survival.
MI
Urban Development
Dwellings
Suitability: Suited
Management concerns: Steepness of slope, erodibility, corrosivity, and depth to bedrock
Management measures:
• Designing structures to conform with natural slopes helps to improve soil performance.
• Vegetating disturbed areas and using erosion control structures such as sediment fences and catch basins helps to
keep eroding soil on site.
• Using corrosion -resistant materials for foundations and basements helps to reduce the risk of damage to concrete.
• The soft bedrock underlying the soils in this map unit does not require special equipment for excavation but is difficult
to revegatate or to pack if used in fill slopes.
me Septic Tank Absorption Fields
Suitability. Poorly suited
am Management cconcems: Depth to soft bedrock, permeability and steepness of slope
Management measures.
• Contact the local Health Department for guidance on sanitary facilities.
• This map unit is difficult to manage for septic tank absorption fields because the dominant soils are moderately deep
go to soft bedrock.
ON

mm
• Increasing the size of septic tank absorption field helps to improve performance
No • Raking trench wails helps to reduce sealing of soil pones which may occur during the excavation of septic tank
absorption fields.
• Installing dstribution lines on the contour helps to improve performance of septic tank absorption fields.
Ow Local Roads and Streets
Suitablififr.• Suited
Management concerns: Depth to bedrock, frost action,
erodibility, and steepness of slope
Management measures.
• Designing roads on the contour and installing water control structures such as broad base clips, waterbars, and
culverts helps to maintain road stability. Avoiding diversion of water erectly onto fill slopes and vegetating cut and fill
slopes as soon as possible helps to prevent slippage and excessive soil erosion.
• Permanent surfacing of roads or using suitable subgrade or base material helps to reduce damage from frost
heaving.
""" • The soft bedrock underlying the soils in this map unit should not require special equipment for excavation but are
difficult to vegetate or to pack if used in fill slopes.
No Lawns and Landscaping
Suitability.• Suited
Management concerns: Steepness of slope, erodibility, soil fertility, frost action, and sal compaction
an Management measures.
• Designing plantings on natural contours helps to increase water infiltration. Vegetating disturbed areas and using
erosion control structures such as sediment fences and catch basins helps to keep eroding sal on site.
,,,� • Using lime, fertilizer, mulch, irrigation, and varieties adapted to droughty conditions helps to establish lawns and
landscape plants.
• Using mulch helps to reduce damage to newly established landscape plants caused by frost heaving.
• Avoiding heavy equipment use on areas to be landscaped helps to prevent soil compaction.
lnterpi►edwe Groups
Land capability dassfiicafion: IVe
Woodland ordination symbol. IOD for eastern white pine
Im
No
as
am
M
so

law .
PnD=Pineola gravelly loan% 15 to 25 percent slopes, stony
�+ Setting
Landscape: Intermediate mountains in the central and northeast central part of the county
Elevation range: 3,400 to 4,600 feet
Landform. Mountain ridges and slopes
Landform position: Ridgetops and upper sideslopes
Shape of areas: Irregularly shaped
Size of areas. 2 to 275 acres
. Composition,
Pinola soils and similar inclusions: 85 percent
Dissimilar inclusions:15 percent
Typical Pmtile
Surface layer.
0 to 7 inches=dark brown gravelly loam
Subsoil:
7 to 20 inches --yellowish brown clay loam
20 to 26 inches --brownish yellow loam
Underlying material:
26 to 32 inches=brownish yellow and very pale brown gravelly loam saprolite
32 to 61 inches=multicolored, soft weathered, metasiltstone bedrock
Soil Pmperties and Qualides
Depth class: Moderately deep
�•�•► Drainage dam Well drained
General texture class, Loamy
Permeabilityy. Moderate
Depth to seasonal high water table: Greater than 6.0 feet below the soil surface
Hazard of flooding. None
Shrink -swell potential: Low
Slope class: Moderately steep
+� Extent of erosion: Slight, less than 25 percent of the original surface layer has been removed
Hazard of water erosion: Very severe
Rock fragments on the surface. Widely scattered surface stones and cobbles that average about 10 to 24 inches in
diameter and 25 to 75 feet apart
Surface layer organic matter content: Moderate to high
Potenfial frost action: Moderate
Parent material., Residuum affected by sal creep in the upper part, weathered from felsic to mafic low-grade
metamorphic rock
Depth to bedrock 20 to 40 inches
Minor Components
Dissimllarindustons:
- Soils with depth to bedrock at greater than 60 inches scattered randomly throughout the map unit
- Soils with depth to soft or hard bedrock at less than 20 inches on shoulder slopes and scattered randomly throughout
the map unit
- Whiteoak soils which are colluvial in nature with depth to bedrock at greater than 60 inches in saddles and on toe
slopes
�' • Randomly scattered areas of rock outcrop
04

MM
am•
Similar inclusions:
• Pinola soils with a fine sandy loam or sandy loam surface texture in the fine earth fraction
"' • Pinola soils which have a lighter colored surface layer or with a thinner dark surface layer
• Crossnore soils which have less day in the subsoil
• Soils with depth to ham bedrock at 20 to 40 inches
P" • Soils with depth to soft bedrock at 40 to 60 inches
Land Use
am Dominant Uses. Woodland, fraser fir production, ornamentals
Other Uses: Pasture and hayland, and building site development
so
Cropland
Agricultural Development
.� Suitability: Poorly suited
Management concerns: Steepness of slope, erod ability, filth, herbicide retention, climate, and rooting depth and
droughtiness, and soil fertility
Management measures:
• This map unit is difficult to manage for cultivated crops because the slope limits the use of equipmeet.
• Using resource management systems that include contour farming, conservation tillage, crop residue management,
stdperopping, winter cover crops, and crop rotations which include grasses and legumes helps to reduce soil erosion,
�. maximize rainfall infiltration, increase available water, and improve soil fertility.
• Avoiding tillage during wet periods, incorporating crop residue or leaving residue on the soil surface helps to reduce
dodding and crusting and increases rainfall infiltration.
• Avoiding tillage during wet periods, incorporating crop residue or leaving residue on the soil surface helps to reduce
clodding and crusting and increases rainfall infiltration.
• Soils in this map unit retain soil applied herbicides due to the high organic matter content of the soil surface. The
concentration of herbicides may be damaging to future crops.
�•, • Following lime and fertilizer recommendations from soil tests helps to increase plant nutrient availability and
maximizes crop productivity.
• Slow air drainage may allow late spring frost to damage new growth in some years.
• Incorporating plant residue helps to improve water holding capacity and using shallow rooted crops helps to
overcome the moderately deep rooting depth of Pinola soils.
Pasture and Hayland
Suitability: Suited to pasture; suited to poorly suited to hayland
Management concerns. Equipment use, erodibility, herbicide retention, and rooting depth and droughtiness, and soil
fertility
Management measures:
• Steepness of slope may limit equipment use on steeper areas when harvesting hay crops.
• Preparing seedbeds on the contour when renovating pastures and establishing seedbeds helps to prevent further soil
�., erosion and increases germination. .
• Following lime and fertilizer recommendations from soil tests helps to increase plant nutrient availability and
maximizes productivity when establishing, maintaining, or renovating pasture and hayland
• Soils in this map unit retain soil applied herbicides due to the high organic matter content of the soil surface. The
concentration of herbicides may be damaging to future crops.
• Using rotational grazing, implementing a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule, and removing livestock in
time to allow forage plants to recover before winter dormancy helps to maintain pastures and increases productivity.
Orchard and Ornamental Crops
Suitability: Suited
im

ow
Management concems: Erodbility, root disease, frost action, soil fertility, herbicide retention, rooting depth, and ball
and burlap harvesting
Management measures:
• Proper management is the key to maximizing productivity and minimizing plant stress and minimizing disease such
as phytophthora, on these soils.
• Establishing and maintaining sod between rows and on access roads helps to reduce the hazard of erosion.
• Maintaining plant cover or using mulch helps to reduce damage to roots caused by frost heaving.
• Proper channelization of water away from and not into fields helps to control phytophthora root disease caused by
restricted movement of air and water due to the high day content of the subsoil.
.� • Soils in this map unit may retain soil applied herbicides due to the high day content The concentration of herbicides
may be damaging to future crops.
• Moderately deep rooting depth may make Pinola soils in this map unit difficult to manage for ornamental and
orchard crops because of low available water and windthrow hazard.
• Following lime and fertilizer recommendations from soil tests helps to increase the availability of plant nutrients and
maximize productivity.
• Avoiding ball and burlap harvesting during extreme moisture conditions helps prevent fracture or deformation of the
�+ ball and tearing of the roots.
• Using supplemental irrigation and crop varieties adapted to droughty conditions helps to increase productivity.
Woodland
Suiiablltty. Suited
Productivity class: High for eastern white pine
+•� Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use, seedling survival, and windthrow hazard
Management measures.
• Designing roads on the contour and installing water control structures such as broad base dips, water bars, culverts
and avolding diversion of water directly onto fill slopes helps to stabilize logging roads, slid trails, and landings.
" Reseeding all disturbed areas with adapted grasses and legumes helps to prevent soil erosion.
• Leaving a buffer zone of trees and shrubs a4acent to streams helps to reduce siltation and provides shade for the
aquatic habitat.
�., • Avoid grazing livestock in areas managed for woodland.
• Avoiding logging operations during periods when the soil is saturated helps to prevent nutting of the soil surface and
damage to tree roots due to soil compaction.
• Using improved varieties of Eastern white One helps to increase productivity.
• Productivity may be limited on areas of Pinola soils because of the limited rooting depth of these soils.
• Replanting may be necessary on warn, south- to west -facing slopes because of reduced soil moisture or in areas of
higher clay content in the subsoil. Planting when the soil is moist for extended periods helps to increase seedling
survival.
Urban DeWopment
"a Dwellings
Suitability.• Suited to poorly suited
am Management concerns: Steepness of slope, erodrbility, corosivity, and depth to.bedrock
Management measures.
• Designing structures to conform with natural slopes helps to improve soil performance.
• Vegetating disturbed areas and using erosion control structures such as sediment fences and catch basins helps to
keep eroding soil on site.
• Using corrosion -resistant materials for foundations and basements helps to reduce the risk of damage to concrete.
• The soft bedrock underlying the soils in this map unit does not require special equipment for excavation but is difficult
to revegatate or to pack if used in fill slopes.
Septic Tank Absorption Fields
Suitability: Poorly suited
M"

Management concerns: Depth to soft bedrock, .permeability and steepness of slope
Management measures:
A. • Contact the local Health Department for guidance on sanitary facilities.
• This map unit is difficult to manage for septic tank absorption fields because the dominant soils are moderately deep
to soft bedrock.
• Increasing the size of septic tank absorption field helps to improve performance
• Raking trench walls helps to reduce sealing of soil pones which may occur during the excavation of septic tank
absorption fields.
• Installing distribution lines on the contour helps to improve performance of septic tank absorption fields.
Local Roads and Streets
No Suitabrliiy.• Suited
Management concerns. Depth to bedrock, frost action,
erodibility, and steepness of slope
Management measures.
�a • Designing roads on the contour and installing water control structures such as broad base clips, waterbars, and
culverts helps to maintain road stability. Avoiding diversion of water directly onto fill slopes and vegetating cut and fill
slopes as soon as possible helps to prevent slippage and excessive soil erosion.
• Permanent surfacing of roads or using suitable subgrade or base material helps to reduce damage from frost
°r heaving.
• The soft bedrock underlying the soils in this map unit should not require special equipment for excavation but are
difficult to vegetate or to pack if used in fill slopes.
�w
Lawns and Landscaping
Surtabllo. Suited to poorly suited
Management concerns: Steepness of slope, erodibility, soil fertility, frost action, and sal compaction
Management measures.
• Designing plantings on natural contours helps to increase water infiltration. Vegetating disturbed areas and using
�.., erosion control structures such as sediment fences and catch basins helps to keep eroding sal on site.
• Using lime, fertilizer, mulch, irrigation, and varieties adapted to droughty conditions helps to establish lawns and
landscape plants.
• Using mulch helps to reduce damage to newly established landscape plants caused by frost heaving.
• Avoiang heavy equipment use on areas to be landscaped helps to prevent soil compaction.
Interpretive Groups
+R
Land capablllty dassllication. Vle
Woodland ordination symbol: IOR for eastern white pine
Im
fm
0"
no
6"

WtD=Whiteoak fine sandy loam,15 to 30 percent slopes, very stony
•• Setting
Landscape: Intermediate mountains in the central and northeast central part of the county
Elevation range. 3,000 to 4,200 feet
Landform. Coves, colluvial fans, and benches
Landform position: Foot slopes and toe slopes
Shape of areas: Irregular
Size of areas. 2 to 30 acres
w
Whiteoak soils and similar inclusions: 90 percent
Dissimilar inclusions:10 percent
F"
Composition
Typical Profile
Surface layer.
0 to 9 inches --very dark grayish brown fine sandy loam
Subsoil.
9 to 12 inches=dark yellowish brown fine sandy loam
12 to 30 inchesyellowish brown clay loam
�., 30 to 55 inches=yellowish brown loam
55 to 62 inches=yellowish brown loam
Soil Properties and Qualides
P"
Depth class: Very deep
Drainage dam Well drained
so General texture class: Loamy
PermeabiRy. Moderate
Depth to seasonal high water table: Greater than 6.0 feet below the soil surface
Hazard of flooding. None
No Shrink -swell potential• Low
Slope class: Moderately steep
Extent of erosion: Slight, less than 25 percent of the original surface layer has been removed
Hazard of water erosion. Very severe
Surface layer organic matter content Moderate to high
Potential frost action: Moderate
Special climatic conditions: SuNect to slow air drainage allowing for late spring and early fall frost
Parent material: Colluvium derived from felsic to maflc law -grade metamorphic rock
Depth to bedrock Greater than 60 inches
Other distinctive properties: Random areas of seeps and springs
Minor Components
Dissimilar inclusions:
• Soils with more rock fragments in the subsoil, in drainageways as well as occurring randomly
• Somewhat poorly drained Cullowhee soils that are loamy in the upper part and 20 to 40 inches to strata high in rock
fragments, along stream channels
Similar inclusions:
• Whlteoak soils with sandy loam or loam surface texture
• Whiteoak soils with surface layers that have less organic matter, and lack the thick dark surface layer
• Stater soils that rarely flood for very brief duration, along stream channels
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PM
Land Use
Dominant Uses. Pasture, hayland, woodland
Other Uses. Fraser fir production and ornamental crops
Agricultural Development
Cropland
am
Suitability. • Poorly suited
Management concerns. Erodbility, steepness of slope, filth, soil fertility, herbicide retention, and climate
no Management measures:
• Soils in this map unit are difficult to manage for cultivated crops because steepness of slope limits equipment use.
• Using resource management systems that include contour farming, conservation tillage, crop residue management,
striperopping, winter cover crops, and crop rotations which include grasses and legumes helps to reduce sal erosion,
RM maximize rainfall infiltration, increase available water, and improve soil fertility.
• Avoiding tillage during wet periods, incorporating crop residue or leaving residue on the soil surface helps to reduce
clodding and crusting and increases rainfall infiltration.
�„ • Soils in this map unit retain soil applied herbicides due to the high organic matter content of the soil surface. The
concentration of herbicides may be damaging to future crops.
• Following lime and fertilizer recommendations from soil tests helps to increase plant nutrient availability and
maximizes crop productivity.
• Slow air drainage may allow late spring frost to damage new growth in some years.
Pasture and Hayland
Suitability.• Suited to pasture; suited to poorly suited to hayland
Management concerns. Equipment use, erodibility, herbicide retention, and soil fertility
Management measures:
• Steepness of slope may limit equipment use on steeper areas when harvesting hay crops.
• Preparing seedbeds on the contour or across the slope helps to reduce soil erosion and increases germination.
• Fencing livestock from creeks and streams helps to prevent streambank erosion and sedimentation.
• Soils in this map unit retain soil applied herbicides due to the high organic matter content of the soil surface. The
concentration of herbicides may be damaging to future crops.
• Following lime and fertilizer recommendations from soil tests helps to increase plant nutrient availability and
maximizes productivity when establishing, maintaining, or renovating pasture and hayland
• Using rotational grazing, implementing a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule, and removing livestock in
time to allow forage plants to recover before winter dormancy helps to maintain pastures and increases productivity.
Orchard and Ornamental Crops
Suitability., Suited
Management concerns. Erodibility, steepness of slope, climate, root disease, ball and burlap harvesting, frost action,
herbicide retention, and soil fertility,
Management measures.
• Proper management is the key to maximizing productivity and minimizing plant stress and minimizing disease such
as phytophthora, on these sails.
"' • Establishing and maintaining sod between rows and on access roads helps to reduce the hazard of erosion.
• Proper channelization of water away from and not into fields helps to control phytophthora root disease caused by
restricted movement of air and water due to the high clay content of the subsoil.
MW • When planting fraser fir, avoid toe slope and foot slope positions on the landscape in this map unit. Also avoid drains,
drainways, concave, and depressional areas where water would concentrate for prolonged periods of time. These
areas are more susceptible to phytophthora root disease.
• Slow air drainage may allow late spring frost to damage new growth in some years.
Pja
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Ow
• Avoiding ball and burlap harvesting during extreme moisture conditions helps prevent fracture or deformation of the
ball and tearing of the roots.
• Maintaining plant cover or using mulch helps to reduce damage to roots caused by frost heaving.
• Using plant applied herbicides increases effectiveness as compared to soil applied herbicides which are tied -up by
organic matter.
• Following lime and fertilizer recommendations from soil tests helps to increase the availability of plant nutrients and
maximize productivity.
Woodland
FM
Suitability.. Suited
Potential for commercial spedes: Moderately high for cove hardwoods
Productivity class; Moderately high for yellow -poplar
No Management concems: Steepness of slope, erodibility, seedling survival, and herbicide retention
Management measures.
• Designing roads on the contour and installing water control structures such as broad base dips, water bars, culverts
,.� and avoiding diversion of water directly onto fill slopes helps to stabilize logging roads, skid trails, and landings.
Reseeding all disturbed areas with adapted grasses and legumes helps to prevent soil erosion.
• Leaving a buffer zone of trees and shrubs adacent to streams helps to reduce siltation and provides shade for the
aquatic habitat.
• Avoid grazing livestock in areas managed for woodland.
• These soils are best reforested by managing for natural regeneration of hardwoods or planting improved varieties of
Eastern white pine.
�, • Replanting may be necessary on warn, south- to west -facing slopes because of reduced soil moisture. Planting
when the soil is mast for extended periods helps to increase seedling survival.
• Soil applied herbicides are retained due to herbicide -organic matter binding which may damage tree seedlings when
cropland is converted to woodland.
Urban Development
Im Dwellings
Suitability.. Suited to poorly suited
Management concems: Erodlbility, steepness of slope, seeps and springs, stones and boulders, and cor osivity
am Management measures.
• Vegetating disturbed areas and using erosion control structures such as sediment fences and catch basins helps to
keep eroding soil on site.
Faq • Designing structures that conform to the natural slope helps to improve soil performance.
• Installing a subsurface drainage system around foundations helps to intercept water from seeps and springs.
• Using corrosion -resistant materials helps to reduce the risk of damage to concrete.
• Large stones and boulders may be encountered during excavation.
Septic Tank Absorption Fields
am Suitability: Poorly suited
Management concems. Steepness of slope, restricted permeability and, seeps and springs
Management measures.
• Contact the local Health Department for guidance on sanitary facilities.
Ow • Increasing the size of septic tank absorption field helps to improve performance.
• Raking trench walls helps to reduce sealing of soil pores which may occur during the excavation of septic tank
absorption fields.
im • Excavations may cut into seeps and springs. These areas should be avoided.
• Installing distribution lines on the contour helps to improve performance of septic tank absorption fields.
Local Roads and Streets
Ow
FM

OR
Suitability: Suited
am Management concerns: Steepness of slope, low strength, erodibility, frost action, and seeps and springs
Management measures.
• Incorporating sand and gravel and compacting roadbeds helps to improve soil strength.
• Designing roads on the contour and installing water control structures such as broad base dips, waterbars, and
IM culverts helps to maintain road stability. Avdding diversion of water directly onto fill slopes and vegetating cut and fill
slopes as soon as possible helps to prevent slippage and excessive soil erosion.
• Permanent surfacing of roads or using suitable subgrade or base material helps to reduce damage from frost
heaving.
• Intercepting and diverting underground water from seeps and springs helps to stabilize cut and fill slopes.
Lawns and Landscaping
Suiiabilo.• Suited to poorly suited
Management concems: Steepness of slope, erodibility, soil compaction, frost action, herbicide retention, large stones
and boulders, climate, and soil fertility
Management measures:
• Designing plantings on natural contours helps to increase water infiltration. Vegetating disturbed areas and using
erosion control structures such as sediment fences and catch basins helps to keep eroding soil on site.
• Avoiding heavy equipment use on areas to be landscaped helps to prevent soil compaction.
• Using mulch helps to reduce damage to newly established landscape plants caused by frost heaving.
• Using plant applied herbicides increases effectiveness as compared to soil applied herbicides which are tied -up by
organic matter.
• Removing the large stones and boulders and limiting the use of equipment to the larger, open areas help to improve
the suitatxlity of these soils.
• Slow air drainage may allow late spring frost to damage new growth in some years.
• Using lime, fertilizer, mulch, and irrigation helps to establish lawns and landscape plants.
• Stockpile topsoil from disturbed areas and replace it before landscaping.
Interpretive Groups
Land capability classification: Vle
Woodland ordination symbol. • 7R for yellow -poplar
B,
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• • U. S. Department of Agriculture T Soil Survey Field Sheet
Natural Resources Conservation Service - N - 1" = 1000' Avery County, North Carolina
Cooperating with Approximate Scale Advance Copy - Subject To Change
S1 late Agric Rural Experiment Station Survey has not been compiled no: co•,eiaie-
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Local Government Review Requirements
for the Issuance of New Non -Municipal Domestic Wastewater Discharge Permits
General Statute Overview
North Carolina General Statute 143-215.1 (c)(6) allows input from local governments in the issuance of NPDES Permits for non -
municipal domestic wastewater treatment facilities. Specifically, the Environmental Management Commission (EMC) may not act
on an application for a new non -municipal domestic wastewater discharge facility until it has received a written statement from
each city and county government having jurisdiction over any part of the lands on which the proposed facility and its
appurtenances are to be located. The written statement shall document whether the city or county has a zoning or subdivision
ordinance in effect and (if such an ordinance is in effect) whether the proposed facility is consistent with the ordinance. The
EMC shall not approve a permit application for any facility which a city or county has determined to be inconsistent with zoning
or subdivision ordinances unless the approval of such application is determined to have statewide significance and is in the best
interest of the State.
Instructions to the Applicant
Prior to submitting an application for a NPDES Permit for a proposed facility, the applicant shall request that both the
nearby city and county government complete this forth.
The applicant must:
♦ Submit a copy of the permit application (with a written request for this form to be completed) to the clerk of the
city and the county by certified mail, return receipt requested.
♦ If either (or both) local goverrument(s) fails) to mail the completed form, as evidenced by the postmark on the
certified mail card(s), within 15 days after receiving and signing for the certified mail, the applicant may submit the
application to the NPDES Unit.
♦ As evidence to the Commission that the local government(s) failed to respond within 15 days, the applicant shall
submit a copy of the certified mail card along with a notarized letter stating that the local government(s) failed to
respond within the 15-day period.
Instructions to the Local Government
The nearby city and/or county government which may have or has jurisdiction over any part of the land on which the
proposed facility or its appurtenances are to be located is required to complete and return this form to the applicant
within 15 days of receipt. The form must be signed and notarized.
Name of local
I (City/County)
Does the city/county have jurisdiction over any part of the land on which the proposed facility and its appurtenances
are to be located? Yes [vr No [ ] If no, please sign this form, have it notarized, and return it to the applicant.
Does the city/county have in effect a zoning or subdivision ordinance? Yes [V(No [
If there is a zoning or subdivision ordinance in effect, is the plan for the proposed facility consistent with the
ordinance? Yes [ V]' No [ ]
Date ri 2 2OVO
Signature dy'o-(l K, IJ
(City Manager/County Manager)
State of W2 CA ROU W 4, , County of A'%IJ ERA
On this 2 day of 2600, personally appeared before me, the said
name F_)oNaJJ K. Jl 5 cer to me known and known to me to be the person
described in and who executed the foregoing document and he (or she) acknowledged that he (or she)
executed the same and being duly sworn by me, made oath that the statements in the foregoing document
are true.
My Commission expires 2//9/A00 3 .(Signature of Notary Public, . a �O . mgo
Notary Public (Offi ial Seal)