770017_Permit Renewal Application 2019_20190410

State of North Carolina
Department of Environmental Quality -
Division of Water Resources
Animal Waste Management Systems
Request for Certification of Coverage
Facility Currently covered by an Expiring Sate Non -Discharge General Permit
On September 30, 2019, the North Carolina State Non -Discharge General Permits for Animal Waste Management Systems will
expire. As required by these permits, facilities that have been issued Certificates of Coverage to operate wider these State
Non -Discharge General Permits must apply for renewal at least 180 days prior to then expiration date. Therefore, all applications
must be received by the Division of Water Resources by no later than April 3, 2019.
Please do not leave any question unanswered Please verify all information and make any necessary corrections below.
Application must be signed and dated by the Permittee.
1. Farm Number: 77-0017
2. FacilityName: Wilson's Swine Farm
3. Landowner's Name (same as on the Waste Management Plan):
4. Landowner's Mailing Address: 3208 Gibson Mill Rd
Certificate Of Coverage Number: AWS770017
Paul Bryan Wilson
City: Ellerbe State: NC ` Zip: 28338-8426
Telephone Number: 910-652-3749 Ext. E-mail: 'D V 3 44 i r C' W�-
5. Facility's Physical Address: 359 Gold Leaf Farm Rd
City: Ellerbe State:
6. County where Facility is located: Richmond
7. Farm Manager's Name (if different from Landowner):
8. Farm Manager's telephone number (include area code):
9. Integrator's Name (if there is not an Integrator, write "None"):
10. Operator Name (OIC): Paul B. Wilson
11. Lessee's Name (if there is not a Lessee, write "None"):
NC
Zip: 28338
Carlos Morales
910-6524822 Ext.
- 7DM iann .�dc-,
Phone No.: 910-652-4822 OIC #: 17566
12. Indicate animal operation type and number:
Current Permit: Operations Type Allowable Count
Swine - Feeder to Finish 8,800.
Operation Types:
Swine
Cattle
Wean to Finish
Dairy Calf
Wean to Feeder
Dairy Heifer
Farrow to Finish
Milk Cow
Feeder to Finish
Dry Cow
Farrow to Wean
Beef Stocker Calf
Farrow to Feeder
Beef Feeder
Boar/Stud
Beef Broad Cow
Gilts
Other
Other
Dry Poultry
Other Tvoes
Non Laying Chickens
Horses - Horses
Laying Chickens
Horses - Other
Pullets
Sheep - Sheep
Turkeys
Sheep - Other
Turkey Pullet
Wet Poultry
Non Laying Pullet
Layers

13. Waste Treatment and Storage Lagoons (Verify the following information is accurate and complete. Make all necessary
corrections and provide missing data.)
Structure
Name
Estimated
Date
Built
Liner Type
(Clay, Synthetic,
Unknown)
Capacity
Feet)
Estimated
Surface Area
((Square Feet)
Design Freeboard
"Redline"
(Inches)
77-17
0
�.-t
�r(Cubic
e[ fl LY
ia"{ 5
21.00
Mail one (1) copy of the Certified Animal Waste Management Plan (CAWMP) with this completed and signed application
as required by NC General Statutes 143-215.1OC(d) to the address below.
The CAWMP must include the following components:
1. The most recent Waste Utilization Plan (WUP), signed by the owner and a certified technical snecialist containing:
a. The method by which waste is applied to the disposal fields (e.g. irrigation, injection, etc.)
b. A map of every field used for land application (for example: irrigation map)
c. The soil series present on every land application field
d. The crops grown on every land application field
e. The Realistic Yield Expectation (RYE) for every crop shown in the WUP
f. The maximum PAN to be applied to every land application field
g. The waste application windows for every crop utilized in the WUP
h. The required NRCS Standard specifications
2. A site map/schematic
3. Emergency Action Plan
4. Insect Control Checklist with chosen best management practices noted
5. Odor Control Checklist with chosen best management practices noted
6. Mortality Control Checklist with selected method noted - Use the enclosed updated Mortality Control Checklist
7. Lagoon/storage pond capacity documentation (design, calculations, etc.) Please be sure the above table is accurate and
complete. Also provide any site evaluations, wetland determinations, or hazard classifications that may be applicable to
your facility. -
8. Operation and Maintenance Plan
If your CAWMP includes any components not shown on this list, please include the additional components with your submittal.
(e.g. composting, digesters, waste transfers, etc.)
As a second option to mailing paper copies of the application package, you can scan and email one signed copy of the
application and all the CAWMP items above to: [e-mail]

WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWNT
Requiring enlargements of existing lagoon systems to meet current NRCS design criteria must be
evaluated on a case -by -case basis since they are usually full of effluent and it is often difficult to make
them larger. It is best to view actual effluent test results to see if adequate treatment is taking place.
Below the reader will see the design volume of the lagoon in question. Historical treatment
effectiveness of this lagoon system will be discussed later.
TABLE 5
Minimum Design Treatment Volume for Wilson's Swine Farm
1 Stage Anaerobic Lagoon 1 8,300,000 gallons (1,109,626 cu. ft.) +/-
Six Month Wastewater And Rainfall Storage
Wastewater is typically pulled off of the top of a last stage lagoon and recycled to the confinement
buildings for re -use. Excess water accumulation will eventually be spray irrigated on crops. Naturally
the farmer will not desire to irrigate every day or every week. Likewise there will be time periods
when the weather will not permit responsible irrigation. This requires there to be storage volume built
into the lagoon system to give the farmer safety and flexibility in the irrigation routine. In North
Carolina the time period for this part of the design can vary between three and six months or
occasionally less if intensive waste management is used.
Table 6 shows a 6 month water storage volume and a 1 month storage volume for this farm's lagoon.
The six month storage volume includes excess wastes produced by the animals, spillage or wasted
water, clean-up water, and excess rainfall (less evaporation) directly into the lagoon. This does not
include rainfall run-off water from outside the lagoon since it is usually diverted by earthen
embankments and grass water ways. These are "book values" only.
TABLE 6
Typical Wastewater Storage Needs - Book Values:
Six Months 4,443,120 gallons (594,000 cu. ft.) +/
One Month 740,520 gallons (99,000 cu. ft.) +/-
Table 6 shows book values for excess wastewater production based on generalized climatological
data and known case histories of hog production. This data also accounts for the average evaporation
which occurs from lagoons. However this data can vary greatly with seasons and unusual weather
conditions. The engineer thinks it is acceptable to use if the lagoon is uncovered and mostly free of
floating organic mats and crust. An actual rainfall balance should be used if the structure is covered
such as with most dairy waste storage ponds,
Storage Of The First 25 Year - 24 Hour Storm
At any time in North Carolina there may occur a severe rain producing storm which can deposit
considerable amounts of water quickly. The standard storm surge allowed in lagoon design is the 25
year - 24 hour rainfall event. This storm event is historically different between the Mountains,
Piedmont, and Coastal plain and can even vary between neighboring cities. The 25 year - 24 hour
storm used for the lagoon design was 6.5 inches.
11

WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWW
There Should Be No Surface Run -Off From Surrounding Areas Allowed To Enter The Lagoon.
All Run -Off Shall Be Diverted Around The Lagoon Via Earthen Embankments, Grass Water
Ways, Or Similar Water Diversion Techniques.
One 25 year - 24 hour storm volume for this farm is shown below. This value must be considered
above the 6 month storage volumes.
TABLE 7
Estimated Volume For One 25 Year - 24 Hour Severe Storm:
Firet Rtnrm .S'tnrnue 1 778.728 eallons (104.108 cubic feet)
Storage Of The Second 25 Year - 24 Hour Storm (Sometimes Called Normal Freeboard)
For animal waste lagoons, normal freeboard is defined as the added depth needed for containment of a
second 25 year-24 hour storm event. When the Wilson's Swine Farm lagoon was constructed there
was not a design criteria for a second storm allowance. While the second storm allowance would be
the same as the first if used, the second storm allowance for this farm is zero.
Wilson's Swine Farm Lagoon Normal Freeboard Volume: 0 gallons (0 cu. ft.)
Emergency Freeboard
Emergency freeboard is the extra depth added to a lagoon for safety against a random embankment
overflow or dam washout. This extra depth is a safety measure and prevents water from spilling over
the dam, resulting in dam erosion and complete or partial dam failure. This amount of added depth is
usually selected to be 1 foot but can be 2 feet in some cases. This freeboard is between the top of any
emergency overflow and the top of the dam.
Wilson's Swine Farm Lagoon Emergency Freeboard: 1 foot
Since emergency overflow discussions have no bearing on animal waste utilization, no additional detail
on emergency overflow design will be given herein. See the EES lagoon design package for
emergency overflow design details.
High Water Markers for Liquid Levels
As required by regulation, the farmer shall install a permanent pole or metered stick or stakes inside
the lagoon or waste storage pond so the operator can tell at a glance the current water level and
volume inside the lagoon. The engineer recommends the farmer use some type of highly visible marker
divided in increments so he/she can tell at a glance the storage volume remaining in the lagoon. Pole
markings should be no greater than 1 foot apart, but six inch graduations are better. Highly visible
permanent markers mounted up and down the interior side slope of the lagoon will also serve the
same purpose. If wooden stakes are used they should be made out of treated lumber. As a minimum
the farmer shall install a permanent marker at the "pump on" level and one at the "pump oft' level.
The "pump on" level is below the allowance for any storm surges. A mid -way marker is also very
helpful for approximating volumes if the marker is not graduated. Important lagoon water levels are
shown below in Table 8. See Exhibit 29 to view a graph of lagoon volume vs. depth.
16

WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWW
TABLE 8
Approximate Levels To Stake Inside The LaLroon
START PUMPING BEFORE HERE
STOP PUMPING AT LEAST BY HERE
(FEET BELOW OVERFLOW
FEET BELOW OVERFLOW
Lagoon #1
1 0.7++
4.4
++ = Storage for only one 25 Year - 24 Hour Storm available between here and overflow. Please
remember, the emergency overflow is NOT the top of the dam.
TABLE 9
OVERALL DESIGN SUMMARY FOR THE GOLD LEAF FARM LAGOON
Added Liquid
Depth (Feet)
Total Liquid
Depth From
Bottom Of
Lagoon (Feet)
Added Volume
(Gallons)
Total Volume
(Gallons)
Sludge
2.10
2.10
2,000,000
2,000,000
Minimum Design Volume
8.50
10.60 .
8,300,000
10 300,000
Six Month Storage Volume
3.70
14.30
4,443,120
14,743,120
Surface Inflow
Included in six
months storage
Included in six
months storage
Included in six
months storage
Included in six
months storage
Extra Storage Capacity
0
14.30
0
14,743 120
First 25 Year - 24 Hour Storm
0.70
15.00
778,728
15,521 848
Normal Freeboard (second
storm
0
15.00
0
15,521,848
Emergency Freeboard
1.0
16.00
N/A
N/A
Totals
16.00
-------
15,521,848 +/-
All tabular values are presented as calculated but are close approximations. Tabular values may vary a little
from design values. See Exhibit 29 for a graph of as -built lagoon data.
CONTROL PROGRAMS FOR WILSON'S SWINE FARM
Odor. Control And Lagoon Management (apply as needed)
Note: Much of this document's text and exhibits are directly or indirectly related to odor control.
Likewise, common sense plays a very important part of any odor control program. The below list of
items is not intended to be all inclusive. Please refer to all information related to this farm, including
suggestions made in the attached exhibits. See Exhibit 18 for an odor control checklist.
1. Use common sense and constant observations to prevent lagoon upsets.
2. It is desirable to add manure daily or every other day in regular doses. This is preferred to slug
loading the lagoon at irregular intervals or starving the microorganisms.
3. The lagoon sludge and/or wastewater shall be tested to determine its nutrient content prior to land
applications. This shall be done every 60 days or within 60 days of major application events. Send
effluent and sludge samples to the N. C. Department of Agriculture, Plant, Waste, and Tissue Lab,
4300 Reedy Creek Road, Raleigh, N.C. 27607, phone [phone]. Plant or crop tissue
11

755'
Bryan Wilson
255'
8
9
24
7
10
23
6
11
22
5
12
21
4
13
20
3
14
19
2
15
18
1
16
17

. . . . . . . . . ........
.............
EA
...........................................
MAIN STARTS HECRE
EA
........................... - i
FIELD �
............................ I ......
5" PVC FORCE
TIES IN HERE
................
.. ....... . ....... ...
EW 6' PVC FORCE MAIN
I FIELD 64
F6-
P9
....................
PF-?- �
3
. .. .......
F?-
P5
.........
EA....
...................
F?-
P7
.................
.................
.... .........
................
0 200 400 600 800
I rm���

SOLID BLUE
LINE STREAM
( UNNAMED )
PROPERTY LINE.: !: POND
::::::::::::::::::::::::
i:a R
S :::.:;:
\-
i
EA
F7-
c;: Pz FIELD

P
F6-
.........................
P9
6-
PVC FORCE
(ARTSWE 6_
FIELD
IF�F2IGATION BUFFER FROM
HIGHWAY C/L. 55 FT. MIN.
100 FT. RECOMMENDED
INSTALL 6 INCH IRRIGATION PIPE UNDER
�-RGHWAY PER O.O.T. SPECIFICATIONS

EA
FIELD
EA
P4- ................ ...... I
F6%................... I .........
........
P9
i
F ..... 7
PROPMV-

�.
BROKEN
BLUE
LINE STREAMS
11
WILSON'S SWINE
:::f
......M.:'
LINE:•STRE-A
:.
to
FARM OPERATION..-'
'-"'O"""':::":'""."":�:'::'::::::::::::
�.: -- - _
POND ::
POND
�� -
:...•
.. .
_
�C�
...
CD
T_`
.
.
_
:::::
F3-P
FE
5- 1
,erty
,::::::= F3-PI
Fy
_
F3-
on
_
-
MAIIJ TIES HERE
'eet
_
_
A
FIELD 3
:FIELD` 5
::: I :FIELD •4
=
'
CHICKEN
F3 P4
HOUSES
I_
F5-P4

:FIELD �4
POND
T
F3-PI
HOUSES
L
F4-PI =
PROPERTY LINE
SUGGESTED IRRIGATION
BUFFER FROM PROPERTY LINE
( 25 FEET RECOMMENDED )
•\Auer+A n -••Oa.
y:
TIES
:EA
FIELD 3 {
L
F3-P4
REGULATORY IRRIGATION SET -BACKS OR I
FROM WETTED AREAS
25 FEET FROM PERENNIAL WATERS +
• !A GCDT CDlIM AAIV ODf10CDTV Dill imnA

I attest that this application has been reviewed by me and is accurate and complete to the best of my knowledge. I understand that,
if all required parts of this application are not completed and that if all required supporting information and attachments are not
included, this application package will be returned to me as incomplete.
Note: In accordance with NC General Statutes 143-215.6A and 143-2I5.6B, any person who knowingly makes any false statement,
representation, or certification in any application may be subject to civil penalties up to $25,000 per violation. (18 U.S.C.
Section 1001 provides a punishment by a fine of not more than $10,000 or imprisonment of not more than 5 years, or both for
a similar offense.)
Printed Name of Signing Official (Landowner, or if multiple Landowners all landowners should sign. If Landowner is a
corporation, signatme should be by a principal executive officer of the corporation):
Name: ,L, W'LS'� Title: (� Lr% ^fit'
Signature: Date:
✓ /
Name:
Signature:
Name:
Signature:
Title:
Date: .. _ .....
Title:
Date:
THE COMPLETED APPLICATION SHOULD BE SENT TO THE FOLLOWING ADDRESS:
NCDEQ-DWR
Animal Feeding Operations Program
1636 Mail Service Center
Raleigh, North Carolina 27699-1636
Telephone number: 4939)gBT-'S�96�
E-mail: [e-mail]
FORM: RENEWAL -STATE GENERAL 02/2019

WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWMF
Miscellaneous Site Details
There are no dwellings, structures, roads, or bridges between the anaerobic lagoon and the nearest
creek or branch.
In North Carolina the prevailing winds are typically from the south-west blowing to the north-east.
There are no high density residential developments, hospitals, schools, or parks immediately north east
of the Gold Leaf Farm parcel but some individual dwellings do exist in the nearby community. The
land application of waste should not be inhibited by these nearby dwellings as long as all precautions
and safeguards are followed. SR# 1465 is not designated a N.C. Scenic By -Way.
From limited observation, the engineer did not observe any unusual natural or archeological features at
this farm parcel where waste is to be applied. No endangered or threatened wildlife species were
noted. Most wildlife habitat at this farm have been provided and are being maintained by the owner
(e.g. fresh water ponds, wooded buffers, etc.).
Animal Waste Descriptions and Related Information
Anaerobically treated swine effluent is the only type of animal waste to be applied to the fields and
crops on the Gold Leaf Farm proper. As mentioned earlier, the chicken manure will be hauled off site.
Sludge from the anaerobic lagoon has not been scheduled for removal. However in the future it will
need to be scheduled for land application. Sludge removal and its associated land application is not
part of this waste utilization package.
TABLE 3
General Swine Farm Data For Wilson's Swine Farm
Type of facility
Feeder to Finish
Original farm siting
1994
Number of head
8,800
Average head weight
135 pounds
Total SSLW
1,188,000 pounds.
La con construction completed
1995
Number of lagoons
1
Lagon for storing excess water
First(only) stage
Future expansion plans
None
A BRIEF REVIEW OF THE WILSON'S SWINE FARM LAGOON SYSTEM.
General
The Wilson's Swine Farm anaerobic lagoon was built in 1995. Environmental Engineering Services
developed the design specifications for this lagoon. For brevity the engineer will refer the reader to
the original document for design and construction details. The revised CAWMp report herein will not
concentrate on the lagoon construction efforts but will give known volumes to the reader and relate
how they affect the waste utilization plan.

WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWMP
The swine confinement houses at this farm use shallow under slat puts with pull -plug type drains for
waste removal. All wastewater generated within the confinement houses drains to the lagoon by
gravity. Wastewater is stored inside the lagoon until ready for irrigation. Transfer pipe outlets from
!�! the houses terminate below the water surface within the lagoon.
Description of Waste Treatment
Modern intensive livestock operations with a liquid waste component typically use on -farm anaerobic
lagoons to both store and treat the animal manure. These lagoons rely on bacteria to decompose the
organic matter in the wastewater into gases, liquids, and sludges or solids. In addition significant
pathogen reduction is achieved by the process.
Lagoon Shape and Flows
There is no one special shape required for the design of anaerobic lagoons. Lagoon volume is a
more important criteria than is shape. Very shallow water depths are discouraged.
The anaerobic lagoon at this farm has no outlet and its water level will vary with wastewater
generation, irrigation, and rainfall. Irrigation does and will occur out of this single lagoon. The lagoon
has a rectangular shaped surface area and more or less flat bottom. The interior of this lagoon could
not be viewed because of existing effluent but the original interior shape is known from measurements
that were taken in 1995. This lagoon has an imported clay liner which was compacted as it was
installed, The farm lagoon was built according to NRCS standards at the time of construction. The
farmer has reportedly staked his lagoon to show the minimum and maximum water levels.
Sludge Holding Capacity
The Wilson's Swine Farm lagoon was designed to contain 5 years of sludge accumulation. The
current sludge depth is not known for this structure. The engineer is assuming the farm manager will
address sludge removal in the not too distant future. The manager should plan for sludge removal at
an optimum time of crop growth and weather conditions and have a certified plan reflecting his or her
desires. For the farmer's reference, planning and future consideration, the lagoon was designed for the
following sludge accumulation.
TABLE 4
Sludge Storage Volume Designed for The Wilson's Swine Farm Lagoon
5 years of storage 1 2,000,000 gallons (267,380 cubic feet) +/-
Typical Design Treatment Volume
The design treatment volume (sometimes called Minimum Design Volume) is the volume of
wastewater needed to maintain optimum conditions for bacterial growth in anaerobic lagoons. This
volume may require several months to obtain once filling begins on new lagoons. The owner should
be careful to add water to the lagoon until one half of the design treatment volume is achieved before
adding swine manure to new lagoons. The operator should always strive to maintain a liquid depth
greater than 6 feet in single stage or first stage lagoons to control excessive odors. Minimum depth
maintenance does not apply to storage only ponds. Second stage lagoon water levels can be lowered
below the 6 feet level before the on -set of long wet seasons.
8

Exhibit 20
EMERGENCY ACTION PLAN
DWPHONE UN�iBERS —
Q
EMERGENCY MANAGEMENVYSTEM _�r-b,m.. ejJ ('k.,
SWCD _ 1/0 512LA Y
NRCS G f o s42-62-S
This plan will be implemented in the event that wastes from your operation are leaking,
overflowing, or running off site. You should not wait until wastes reach surface waters or
leave your property to consider that you have a problem. You should make every effort to
ensure that this does not happen. This plan should be posted in an accessible location for
all employees at the facility. The following are some action items you should take.
1. Stop the release of wastes. Depending on the situation, this may or may not be
possible. Suggested responses to some possible problems are listed below.
A. Lagoon overflow -possible solutions are:
a. Add soil to berm to increase elevation of dam.
b. Pump wastes to fields at an acceptable rate.
c. Stop all flows to the lagoon immediately.
d. Call a pumping contractor.
e. Make sure no surface water is entering lagoon.
B: Runoff from waste application field -actions include:
a. Immediately stop waste application.
b. Create a temporary diversion to contain waste.
C. Incorporate waste to reduce runoff.
d. Evaluate and eliminate the reason(s) that caused the runoff.
e. Evaluate the application rates for the fields where runoff occurred.
C: Leakage from the waste pipes and sprinklers -action include:
a. Stop recycle pump.
b. Stop irrigation pump.
c. Close valves to eliminate further discharge.
d. Repair all leaks prior to restarting pumps.
D: Leakagge from flush systems, houses, solid separators -action include:
a. Stop recycle pump.
b. Stop irrigation pump.
c. Make sure no siphon occurs.
d. Stop all flows in the house, flush systems, or solid separators.
December 18, 1996

C. Repair all leaks prior to restarting pumps.
E: Leakage from base or sidewall of lagoon. Often this is seepage as opposed to
flowing leaks- possible action:
a. Dig a small sump or ditch away from
back to nkment to catch all seepage,
put in a submersible pump, and pump
b. if holes are caused by burrowing animals, trap or remove animals and fill
holes and compact with a clay type soil.
c. Have a professional evaluate the condition of the side walls and lagoon
bottom as soon as possible.
2. Assess the extent of the spill and note any obvious damages.
a. Did the waste reach any surface waters?
b. Approximately how much was released and for what duration?
c. Any damage noted, such as employee injury, fish kills, or property damage?
d. Did the spill leave the property?
e. Does the spill have the potential to reach surface waters?
f. Could a future rain event cause the spill to reach surface waters?
g. Are potable water wells in danger (either on or off of the property)?
h. How much reached surface waters?
3: Contact appropriate agencies.
a. During normal business hours, call your DWQ (Division of Water Quality)
regional office; Phone - . . After hours, emergency number: 919 733 3942.
oYour f theinc'tdent�from item, l should the exact locatime on of the facility, hone the locatioer, the n for
direction of movement of the spill, weather and wind conditions. The corrective
measures that have been under taken, and the seriousness of the situation.
b. If spill leaves property or enters surface waters, call local EMS Phone number C.
Instruct EMS to contact local Health Department.
SWCD office phone number
d. Contact CES, phone number - -
and local NRCS office for adviceltechnical assistance phone number
4: If none of the above works call 91a or the Sheriffs Department and explain your
problem to them and ask that person to contact the proper agencies for you.
5: Contact the contractor of your choice to begin repair of problem to minimize off -site
damage.
a. Contractors Name:
�deI }e„,ci h1C. a73�1r
b. Contractors Address: sv9—
c. Contractors Phone:
2 December 18,1996

end Exhibit 20
6: Contact the technical specialist who certified the lagoon (NRCS, Consulting
Engineer, etc.)
a. Name: G @ rr
b. Phone:3.�5•'i-
7: Implement. procedures as advised by DWQ and technical assistance agencies to
rectify the damage, repair the system, and reassess the waste management plan to
keep problems with release of wastes from happening again.
3
December 18, 1996

WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWW
TABLE 8
s To Stake
Lagoon #1 0 7 ++ I
++ = Storage for only one 25 Year - 24 Hour Storm avada
remember, the emergency overflow is NOT the top of the dam.
The Lagoon
PUMPING AT LEAST BY ]
FEET BELOW OVERFL0�1
4.4
le between here and overflow.
TABLE 9
OVERALL DESIGN SUMMARY FOR THE GOLD LEAF FARM LAGOON
Added Liquid Total Liquid Added Volume Total Volume
Depth (Feet) Depth From (Gallons) (Gallons)
Bottom Of
Lagoon (Feet)
2.10 2.10 2,000,000 2,000,000
Sludge _
Six Montle -Storage Volume
3.70
Included in six
months storage
14..w
Included in six.
months storage
Included in six
months storage
Included in six
months stora e
Surface Inflow
0
14.30
0
14,743,120
Extra rage Capacity
0.70
15.00
778,728
15,521 848
First 25 Year - 24 Hour Storm
0
15,521,848
Normal Freeboard (second
p
15.00
storm
enc Freeboard
1.0ls
16.00
N/A
N/A
15,521,848
rtaej
16.00
All tabular values are presented as
____
calculated but are close approximations.
Tabular values may vary a li e
from design values. See Exhibit 29
for a graph of as -built lagoon data.
CONTROL PROGRAMS FOR WILSON'S SWINE FARM
Odor Control And Lagoon Management (apply as needed)
Note: Much of this document's text and exhibits are directly or indirectly related to odor control.
Likewise, common sense plays a very important part of any odor control program. The below list of
items is not intended to be all inclusive. Please refer to all information related to this farm, including
suggestions made in the attached exhibits. See Exhibit 18 for an odor control checklist.
1. Use common sense and constant observations to prevent lagoon upsets.
2. It is desirable to add manure daily or every other day in regular doses. This is preferred to slug
loading the lagoon at irregular intervals or starving the microorganisms.
3. The lagoon sludge and/or wastewater shall be tested to determine its nutrient content prior to land
applications: This shall be done every 60 days or within 60 days of major application events. Send
effluent and sludge samples to the N. C. Department of Agriculture, Plant, Waste, and Tissue Lab,
4300 Reedy Creek Road, Raleigh, N.C. 27607, phone [phone], Plant or crop tissue
I

i
WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWMP
samples can also be sent for regular analysis. Contact the local Cooperative Extension Service for
additional details and phone numbers. Keep in mind that sludge applications will likely alter
routine liquid application rates so do not confuse sludge and .slurry applications with liquid
effluent. See Exhibit 9 for waste sampling instructions.
4. Keep grasses and vegetation out of the lagoon. Permanent floating organic mats are not likely to
occur on swine lagoons. Such mats will not interfere with performance but should be removed to
help control odor and insects. Animal health consumables, rubber gloves, plastic bags, and trash
i tend to accumulate in lagoons and should be cleaned out regularly. Keep it neat!
5. Lagoon water levels should be lowered before the on -set of wet weather seasons and in
accordance with on -farm crop needs. Leave plenty of room for heavy rainfalls or long wet
i seasons. Review freeboard requirements and keep enough freeboard for the appropriate storm
surges.
6. Regularly inspect the lagoon dam and earthen embankments for settling or bulges, side slope
stability, rodent damage, jug holes or pock marks, erosion scars, wave action damage, weeping,
_ etc. Weeds should be mown at least one time per year and two times per year in heavy growth
years so the operator can see problems before they get serious.
7. Do not drive vehicles across emergency spillways. Keep the spillway clear of limbs, tall plant
growth, logs, floating debris, sedimentation, etc. Watch for erosion and settling.
S. Grazing on dams and embankments can cause problems and is not allowed.
9. Inspect all dams, earthen embankments, and emergency spillways at least two times per year or
after every significant storm event. The owner/operator shall keep a written record on all
inspections, maintenance and repairs done on the lagoon and or dam.
10. Lagoons with floors below the seasonably high water table should maintain the water levels in the
lagoon at or slightly above the seasonably high level.
11. Always maintain at least 1 foot of freeboard in lagoons with pump systems. If pump units are not
owned by the farmer where he/she has control of the use of the pump then the farmer should
maintain at least a 2 feet freeboard.
12. Try to avoid large rapid liquid level reductions inside the lagoon. Always observe the inside dam
sides for possible liner sloughing during rapid liquid draw -downs. Repair damaged lagoon liners
immediately.
11 Emergency spillways should be kept clear of trash and debris. A good grass cover should be
maintained at and down slope of emergency spillways.
14. Once new lagoons are constructed and ready for filling, it is very important to first add water to
the lagoon prior to adding swine manure. The owners should be careful to add water to a new
lagoon until at least one half of the lagoon design treatment volume is achieved before adding
swine manure. In first stage lagoons the operator should always strive to maintain a liquid depth
of about 6 feet (does not apply to storage only ponds). Initial water addition to the lagoon shall be
_. from water wells on the farm or from nearby creeks, but if storm water run-off can be easily added
to the lagoon it may be added in place of well water. Do not allow lagoon side walls to become
eroded when filling.
15. Research literature suggests a pH of 7.5 to 8.0 be maintained in an anaerobic swine lagoon to
obtain optimum treatment conditions and minimize odors. During lagoon start-up the acid forming
bacteria will tend to populate faster then the methane forming bacteria and can lover the overall
pH of the lagoon water. If this occurs, the owner/operator should add hydrated lime to the lagoon
at a rate of 1 pound per 1000 cubic feet of water. The lime can be applied to the surface of the
12

WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWMP
lagoon and mixed into the surface waters until a proper pH is obtained. Start adjusting the pH if
the lagoon water, drops to or below a pH of 6.7.
16. The only way to accurately estimate the volume of sludge in an anaerobic lagoon is to take
- measurements. This can be done by using a "sludge judge" or a variety of other measuring
devices. Measure sludge accumulation at least one time every 2 years. Plan sludge removal events
as desired by the farmer in accordance with the waste utilization plan, weather conditions, etc.
PLAN AHEAD!
17. Avoid unnecessary agitation of the lagoon when not irrigating. This will help control odors. Take
measures to allow water to flow into the lagoon in a gentle fashion instead of splashing or
cascading. Inlet piping should be placed below water surface as long as the water inside the
houses will drain out fully. Extreme care should be used when filling the lagoon so as to avoid
eroding a scar into the side of the lagoon and exposing undesirable soils. Use temporary flexible
drainage pipe if necessary to transfer water to the bottom of the lagoon area. Flexible pipe can be
left in lagoon.
18. Effluent piping from the confinement housing should be a minimum of 6 inches in diameter,
however 8 inch piping may be used. Gravity flow piping should be sloped according to the
recommendations of the building contractor. It should be PVC piping with glue joints. The
terminal end of the piping should extend just under the water surface. If the pipe outlets are under
water and the pipes are air tight the pipes should be equipped with vapor traps and vents to
prevent gasses from moving back toward the confinement houses. Clean out ports should also be
provided for each set of pipes. USE EXTREME CAUTION WHEN INSTALLING PIPES
ACROSS FILL MATERIAL SUCH AS A DAM. CONSULT THE ENGINEER OR NRCS
BEFORE DIGGING.
19. Lagoon start-ups are best done in warm weather, particularly in the northern climates. This is less
important in southern states. Careful consideration to pH and gradual start-up loadings can help
L off -set cool weather start-ups.
20. Irrigation pump intakes should be a minimum of 18 inches below the lagoon liquid surfaces. The
operator may elect to occasionally agitate the sludge on the lagoon floor while irrigating in order
to minimize sludge build-up. Any irrigation pump and irrigation nozzles should be designed to
PUMP solids if this is part of the irrigation plan. If solids are agitated when irrigating, account for
this in your waste application amounts.
21. Take extreme care to select optimum conditions for spray irrigation of wastewater and' sludge
removal events. Careful planing will help minimize odors. Irrigate wastewater in dry warm
weather if possible, preferably before 12 noon. Avoid weekend and holiday irrigation unless
absolutely necessary. Try to irrigate when wind is not blowing toward neighbors.
22. New products are being developed to help minimize odors from swine operations. The
owner/operator may utilize such products but these should only be utilized according to
manufacture's recommendations and with caution. Many of these products do not reduce odors
and are a waste of money. Rapid additions of enzymes or chemicals could cause microbial upsets.
23. In North Carolina prevailing winds blow from the southwest toward the northeast. Plant or
maintain trees on the west and southwest side of the farm to act as a wind break. Plant trees
between irrigation fields and neighbors or public highways. Avoid spraying on windy days or
when the wind is blowing toward nearby neighbors.
24. Keep trash, dead animals, and spilled feed cleaned up and properly disposed. Regularly haul off
dead animal carcasses or bury them according to accepted carcass disposal methods.
13

WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWMP
25. Keep at least 12 inches of air space between the bottom of concrete slats and under floor waste
accumulations.
Odor Control And Air Quality Regulations (recent)
The NC Environmental Management Commission (EMC) adopted temporary odor rules in February
1999. Permanent rules are scheduled to be adopted within the year. Most of these rules are
mentioned in the above section but are being shown separate for emphasis. These rules are listed
below for the farmer's information.
1. The discharge point of the flush water discharge pipe shall extend to a point below the surface of
theanimal wastewater lagoon.
2. The carcasses of dead animals shall be properly stored at all times and disposed of within 48 hours.
3. Spray irrigation activities of wastewater can not be allowed to drift beyond the farm boundary
except for the purposes of maintaining a safe lagoon freeboard. This would be an emergency
situation. Farmers must contact the Division of Water Quality (DWQ) in emergency situations
and before irrigating effluent during storms.
4. Animal wastewater application spray system intakes shall be located near the liquid surface of the
animal wastewater lagoon. In other words they can not be located more than 18 inches below the
surface.
5. Ventilation fans shall be maintained according to the manufacturer's specifications.
6. Animal feed storage containers located outside of animal containment buildings shall be covered
except when necessary to remove feed.
7. Animal wastewater flush tanks shall be covered with a device that is designed for ready access to
prevent overflow or shall have installed a fill pipe that extends below the surface of the tank's
wastewater.
Insect Control And Mortality Management
Insect control is an important aspect of the day to day operation of a swine production facility and
assists the farmer in being a "good neighbor". Below is a list to consider in an insect control program.
Also refer to Exhibit 19 for an insect control check list.
1. The farmer shall at all times strive to keep weeds and tall grass from growing uncontrolled around
the lagoons. Good weed control will help minimize insect problems.
2. Keep large floating mats of leaves, trash, and debris cleaned out from the lagoon. These mats can
tend to form a habitat for insects and flies. Dispose of all organic materials and trash in containers
or dumpsters.
3. Keep dead animals picked up, placed in carcass disposal containers, and hauled off -site. In warm
months have the dead animals removed from the farm every day.
4. Keep all grass mown; especially around houses and lagoons.
5. Keep all spilled feed and piles of grain cleaned up.
6. Follow crop stalk and root destruction programs where applicable. Follow all BMP's for crop
production.
7. Small pools. of water can develop around a farm due to equipment traffic, etc. Keep these
depressions filled so water does not stand for long periods. A "dry" and manicured farm
discourages insect breeding.
14

WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWMF
8. The farmer should consult with the local Cooperative Extension Service to discuss an integrated
pest management program. Incorporate the use of pesticides and herbicides as needed for insect
control.
9. Employ good housekeeping!
10. Manure tends to pack into the corners of pits and can cause excessive odors and insects.
Regularly inspect pits, sump areas, pit walls, etc. for caked manure. Use a high pressure hose to
wash out caked manure areas.
11. Remove crusted solids from lagoons, pits, and channels.
12. Fly traps which lure flies to them with an attractant well if enough of them are used around a farm,
especially if the animal waste is not allowed to sit undisturbed in corners of pits or in hard to reach
places. Hang such traps where they will not be damaged by the animals or by machinery and
where they can be maintained.
13. The managers at Wilson's Swine Farm use steel containers or dumpsters to house dead animals
until picked up by a rendering company (Enterprise Rendering Company, 28821 Bethlehem
Church Road, Oakboro, N.C. 28129 Ph. # [phone]). This is their method of mortality
management. Make sure all dead animals are placed within this container immediately upon
removal from the confinement housing.
General Sediment, Nutrient And Run -Off Control Suggestions (use as needed)
1. The off -site discharge of animal waste is prohibited. Surface waters of the state can not be
impacted by animal waste. In the future the farmer shall at all times take whatever means
necessary to control soil erosion on the farm and prevent sediment or nutrient transport off -site.
The farmer should use terraces, grass strips, grass buffer zones, farming on the contour, silt
fencing, rock dams, etc. in order to control erosion and run-off. However, erosion control design
is beyond the scope of this waste utilization package. The local NRCS office may assist in
developing a long term sediment and erosion control plan if requested by the farmer.
2. The up -slope sides of all lagoons shall have sufficiently sized stormwater diversion embankments
across their length to convey rainfall run-off to the sides or around the ponds. Rainfall run-off
from the buildings should be diverted away from the pond area if possible.
3. After any soil disturbance and/or final grading takes place, the farmer shall establish permanent
vegetation around the confinement houses, lagoon dams, and waste application fields. The farmer
shall maintain good covers with mowing and fertilizing. Annually collect soil samples for analysis
and follow fertilizer and lime recommendations. Fertilize and lime native grasses around the site
and keep existing ground cover in tact as much as possible. Maintain natural water ways and
ditches. Plant new cover grasses'as necessary. See Exhibit 8 for soil sampling and plant tissue
sampling instructions.
4. Repair mulch and seed beds as necessary if areas of dead grass develop or erosion scars occur.
5. Use pesticides and herbicides only as a last resort to keep grass stands healthy. Use good
housekeeping techniques to control insects along with or instead of pesticides.
6. New shrubs and trees should not be planted closer than 30 feet to lagoons and never on earthen
dams.
7. Leave grasses a little long just going into the typical dormant season for the type of grass you
have. Leave grasses long in buffer areas and in grass water ways.
15

Version —November 26, 2018
Mortality Management Methods
Indicate which method(s) will be implemented.
When selecting multiple methods indicate a primary versus secondary option.
Methods other than those listed must be approved by the State Veterinarian.
Primary Secondary Routine Mortality
Burial three feet beneath the surface of the ground within 24 hours of knowledge of animal
death. The burial must be at least 300 feet from any flowing stream or public body of water
(G.S.106-403). The bottom of the burial pit should be at least one foot above the seasonal
high water table. Attach burial location map and plan.
Landfill at municipal solid waste facility permitted by NC DEQ under GS 15A NCAC
13B .0200.
Rendering at a rendering plant licensed under G.S. 106-168.7.
Complete incineration according to 02 NCAC 52C .0102.
A composting system approved and permitted by the NC Department of Agriculture & Con-
sumer Services Veterinary Division (attach copy of permit). If compost is distributed off -farm,
additional requirements must be met and a permit is required from NC DEQ.
E In the case of dead poultry only, placing in a disposal pit of a size and design approved by the
NC Department of Agriculture & Consumer Services (G.S. 106-549.70).
Any method which, in the professional opinion of the State Veterinarian, would make possible
the salvage of part of a dead animal's value without endangering human or animal health.
(Written approval by the State Veterinarian must be attached).
Mass Mortality Plan
Mass mortality plans are required for farms covered by an NPDES permit. These plans are
also recommended for all animal operations. This plan outlines farm -specific mortality man-
agement methods to be used for mass mortality. The NCDA&CS Veterinary Division sup-
ports a variety of emergency mortality disposal options; contact the Division for guidance.
• A catastrophic mortality disposal plan is part of the facility's CAWMP and is activated
when numbers of dead animals exceed normal mortality rates as specified by the State
Veterinarian.
• Burial must be done in accordance with NC General Statutes and NCDA&CS Veterinary
Division regulations and guidance.
• Mass burial sites are subject to additional permit conditions (refer to facility's animal
waste management system permit).
• In the event of imminent threat of a disease emergency, the State Veterinarian may enact
additional temporary procedures or measures for disposal according to G.S. 106-399.4.
P -- 0�
Signature of Farm Owner/Manager
r -
SignaUiWof Technical Specialist
hq
�g
Date
J
Date

System Calibration
Information presented in manufacturer's charts are based on average operation
conditions with relatively new equipment. Discharge rates and application rates change
over time as equipment gets older and components wear. In particular, pump wear
tends to reduce operating pressure and flow. With continued use, nozzle wear results in
an increase in the nozzle opening which will increase the discharge rate while
decreasing the wetted diameter.
You should be aware that operating the system differently than assumed in the design
will alter the application rate, diameter of coverage, and subsequently the application
uniformity. For example, operating the system with excessive pressure results in smaller
droplets, greater potential for drift, and accelerates wear of the sprinkler nozzle.
Clogging of nozzles can result in pressure increase. Plugged intakes or crystallization of
mainlines will reduce operating pressure. Operating below design pressure greatly
reduces the coverage diameter and application uniformity.
For the above reason, you should calibrate your equipment on a regular basis to ensure
proper application rates and uniformity. Calibration at least once every three years is
recommended. Calibration involves collecting and measuring flow at several locations in
the application area. Any number of containers can be used to collect flow and
determine the application rate. Rain gauges work best because they already have a
graduated scale from which to read the application amount without having to perform
additional calculations. However, pans, plastic buckets, jars, or anything with a uniform
opening and cross-section can be used provided the liquid collected can be easily
transferred to a scaled container for measuring.
For stationary sprinklers, collection containers should be located randomly throughout
the application area at several distances from sprinklers. For traveling guns, sprinklers
should be located along a transect perpendicular to the direction of pull. Set out
collection containers 25 feet apart along the transect on both sides of the gun cart. You
should compute the average application rate for all nonuniformity of the application. On
a windless day, variation between containers of more than 30 percent is cause for
concern. You should contact your irrigation dealer or technical specialist for assistance.
*Reprinted for Certification Training for Operations of Animal Waste Management Systems Manual
1

OPERATION & MAINTENANCE PLAN
Proper lagoon management should be a year-round priority. It is especially important to manage
levels so that you do not have problems during extended rainy and wet periods.
Maximum storage capacity should be available in the lagoon for periods when the receiving crop is
dormant (such as wintertime for bermudagrass) or when there are extended rainy spells such as a
thunderstorm season in the summertime. This means that at the first sign of plant growth in the
later winter / early spring, irrigation according to a farm waste management plan should be done
whenever the land in dry enough to receive lagoon liquid. This will make storage space available
in the lagoon for future wet periods. In the late summer / early fall the lagoon should be pumped
down to the low marker (see Figure 2-1) to allow for winter storage. Every effort should be made
to maintain the lagoon close to the minimum liquid level as long as the weather and waste
utilization plan will allow it.
Waiting until the lagoon has reached its maximum storage capacity before starting to irrigated does
not leave room for storing excess water during extended wet periods. Overflow from the lagoon for
any reason except a 25-year, 24-hour storm is a violation of state law and subject to penalty
action.
The routine maintenance of a lagoon involves the following:
Maintenance of a vegetative cover for the dam. Fescue or common bermudagrass
are the most common vegetative covers. The vegetation should be fertilized each
year, if needed, to maintain a vigorous stand. The amount of fertilized applied
should be based on a soils test, but in the event that it is not practical to obtain a
soils test each year, the lagoon embankment and surrounding areas should be
fertilized with 800 pounds per acre of 10-10-10, or equivalent.
Brush and trees on the embankment must be controlled. This may be done by
mowing, spraying, grazing, chopping, or a combination of these practices. This
should be done at least once a year and possibly twice in years that weather
conditions are favorable for heavy vegetative growth.
NOTE: If vegetation is controlled by spraying, the herbicide must not be allowed to enter the
lagoon water. Such chemicals could harm the bacteria in the lagoon that are treating the waste.
Maintenance inspections of the entire lagoon should be made during the initial filling of the lagoon
and at least monthly and after major rainfall and storm events. Items to be checked should
include, as a minimum, the following:
Waste Inlet Pipes, Recycling Pipes, and Overflow Pipes -- look for:
1. separation of joints
2. cracks or breaks
3. accumulation of salts or minerals
4. overall condition of pipes

Lagoon surface -- look for:
1. undesirable vegetative growth
2. floating or lodged debris
Embankment -- look for:
1. settlement, cracking, or "jug" holes
2. side slope stability -- slumps or bulges
3. wet or damp areas on the back slope
4. erosion due to lack or vegetation or as a result of wave action
5. rodent damage
Larger lagoons may be subject to liner damage due to wave action caused by strong
winds. These waves can erode the lagoon sidewalls, thereby weakening the lagoon
dam. A good stand of vegetation will reduce the potential damage caused by wave
action. If wave action causes serious damage to a lagoon sidewall, baffles in the lagoon
may be used to reduce the wave impacts.
Any of these features could lead to erosion and weakening of the dam. If your lagoon
has any of these features, you should call an appropriate expert familiar with design and
construction of waste lagoons. You may need to provide a temporary fix if there is a
threat of a waste discharge. However, a permanent solution should be reviewed by the
technical expert. Any digging into a lagoon dam with heavy equipment is a serious
undertaking with potentially serious consequences and should not be conducted unless
recommended by an appropriate technical expert.
Transfer Pumps -- check for proper operation of:
1. recycling pumps
2. irrigation pumps
Check for leaks, loose fittings, and overall pump operation. An unusually loud or grinding
noise, or a large amount of vibration, may indicate that the pump is in need of repair or
replacement.
NOTE: Pumping systems should be inspected and operated frequently enough so that
you are not completely "surprised" by equipment failure. You should perform your
pumping system maintenance at a time when your lagoon is at its low level. This will
allow some safety time should major repairs be required. Having a nearly full lagoon is
not the time to think about switching, repairing, or borrowing pumps. Probably, if your
lagoon is full, your neighbor's lagoon is full also. You should consider maintaining an
inventory of spare parts or pumps.
• Surface water diversion features are designed to carry all surface drainage
waters (such as rainfall runoff, roof drainage, gutter outlets, and parking lot
runoff) away from your lagoon and other waste treatment or storage
structures. The only water that should be coming from your lagoon is that
which comes from your flushing (washing) system pipes and the rainfall that
hits the lagoon directly. You should inspect your diversion system for the
following:
1. adequate vegetation
2. diversion capacity
3. ridge berm height
3

Identified problems should be corrected promptly. It is advisable to inspect your system
during or immediately following a heavy rain. If technical assistance is needed to
determine proper solutions, consult with appropriate experts.
You should record the level of the lagoon just prior to when rain is predicted, and then
record the level again 4 to 6 hours after the rain (assumes there is no pumping). This will
give you an idea of how much your lagoon level will rise with a certain rainfall amount
(you must also be recording your rainfall for this to work). Knowing this should help in
planning irrigation applications and storage. If your lagoon rises excessively, you may
have an overflow problem from a surface water diversion or there may be seepage into
the lagoon from the surrounding land.
Lagoon Operation
Startup:
1. Immediately after construction establish a complete sod cover on bare soil
surfaces to avoid erosion.
2. Fill new lagoon design treatment volume at least half full of water before waste
loading begins, taking care not to erode lining or bank slopes.
3. Drainpipes into the lagoon should have a flexible pipe extender on the end of the
pipe to discharge near the bottom of the lagoon during initial filling or another
means of slowing the incoming water to avoid erosion of the lining.
4. When possible, begin loading new lagoons in the spring to maximize bacterial
establishment (due to warmer weather).
5. It is recommended that a new lagoon be seeded with sludge from a healthy
working swine lagoon in the amount of 0.25 percent of the full lagoon liquid
volume. This seeding should occur at least two weeks prior to the addition of
wastewater.
6. Maintain a periodic check on the lagoon liquid pH. If the pH falls below 7.0, add
agricultural lime at the rate of 1 pound per 1000 cubic feet of lagoon liquid volume
until the pH rises above 7.0. Optimum lagoon liquid pH is between 7.5 and 8.0.
7. A dark color, lack of bubbling, and excessive odor signals inadequate biological
activity. Consultation with a technical specialist is recommended if these
conditions occur for prolonged periods, especially during the warm season.
Loading:
The more frequently and regularly that wastewater is added to a lagoon, the better the
lagoon will function. Flush systems that wash waste into the lagoon several times daily
are optimum for treatment. Pit recharge systems, in which one or more buildings are
drained and recharged each day, also work well.

• Practice water conservation --- minimize building water usage and spillage from
leaking waterers, broken pipes and washdown through proper maintenance and
water conservation.
• Minimize feed wastage and spillage by keeping feeders adjusted. This will reduce
the amount of solids entering the lagoon.
Management:
• Maintain lagoon liquid level between the permanent storage level and the full
temporary storage level.
• Place visible markers or stakes on the lagoon bank to show the minimum liquid level
and the maximum liquid level. (Figure 2-1).
• Start irrigating at the earliest possible date in the spring based on nutrient
requirements and soil moisture so that temporary storage will be maximized for the
summer thunderstorm season. Similarly, irrigate in the late summer / early fall to
provide maximum lagoon storage for the winter.
• The lagoon liquid level should never be closer than 1 foot to the lowest point of the
dam or embankment.
• Don not pump the lagoon liquid level lower than the permanent storage level unless
you are removing sludge.
• Locate float pump intakes approximately 18 inches underneath the liquid surface and
as far away from the drainpipe inlets as possible.
• Prevent additions of bedding materials, long-stemmed forage or vegetation, molded
feed, plastic syringes, or other foreign materials into the lagoon.
• Frequently remove solids from catch basins at end of confinement houses or
wherever they are installed.
• Maintain strict vegetation, rodent, and varmint control near lagoon edges.
• Do not allow trees or large bushes to grow on lagoon dam or embankment.
• Remove sludge from the lagoon either when the sludge storage capacity is full or
before it fills 50 percent of the permanent storage volume.
• If animal production is to be terminated, the owner is responsible for obtaining and
implementing a closure plan to eliminate the possibility of a pollutant discharge.
Sludge Removal:
Rate of lagoon sludge buildup can be reduced by:
E

• proper lagoon sizing,
• mechanical solids separation of flushed waste,
• gravity settling of flushed waste solids in an appropriately designed basin, or
• minimizing feed wastage and spillage.
Lagoon sludge that is removed annually rather than stored long term will:
• have more nutrients,
• have more odor, and
• require more land to properly use the nutrients.
Removal techniques:
• Hire a custom applicator.
• Mix the sludge and lagoon liquid with a chopper - agitator impeller pump through large
- bore sprinkler irrigation system onto nearby cropland; and soil incorporate.
• Dewater the upper part of lagoon by irrigation onto nearby cropland or forageland; mix
remaining sludge; pump into liquid sludge applicator; haul and spread onto cropland or
forageland; and soil incorporate.
• Dewater the upper part of lagoon by irrigation onto nearby cropland or forageland;
dredge sludge from lagoon with dragline or sludge barge; berm an area beside lagoon
to receive the sludge so that liquids can drain back into lagoon; allow sludge to
dewater; haul and spread with manure spreader onto cropland or forageland; and soil
incorporate.
Regardless of the method, you must have the sludge material analyzed for waste
constituents just as you would your lagoon water. The sludge will contain different
nutrient and metal values from the liquid. The application of the sludge to fields will be
limited by these nutrients as well as any previous waste applications to that field and
crop requirement. Waste application rates will be discussed in detail in Chapter 3.
When removing sludge, you must also pay attention to the liner to prevent damage.
Close attention by the pumper or drag -line operator will ensure that the lagoon liner
remains intact. If you see soil material or the synthetic liner material being disturbed, you
should stop the activity immediately and not resume until you are sure that the sludge
can be removed without liner injury. If the liner is damaged it must be repaired as soon
as possible.
Sludge removed from the lagoon has a much higher phosphorus and heavy metal
content than liquid. Because of this it should probably be applied to land with low
phosphorus and metal levels, as indicated by a soil test, and incorporated to reduce the
chance of erosion. Note that if the sludge is applied to fields with very high soil -test
phosphors, it should be applied only at rates equal to the crop removal of phosphorus.
As with other wastes, always have your lagoon sludge analyzed for its nutrient value.

The application of sludge will increase the amount of odor at the waste application site.
Extra precaution should be used to observe the wind direction and other conditions
which could increase the concern of neighbors.
Possible Causes of Lagoon Failure
Lagoon failures result in the unplanned discharge of wastewater from the structure.
Types of failures include leakage through the bottom or sides, overtopping, and breach
of the dam. Assuming proper design and construction, the owner has the responsibility
for ensuring structure safety. Items which may lead to lagoon failures include:
• Modification of the lagoon structure -- an example is the placement of a pipe in the
dam without proper design and construction. (Consult an expert in lagoon design
before placing any pipes in dams.)
• Lagoon liquid levels -- high levels are a safety risk.
• Failure to inspect and maintain the dam.
• Excess surface water flowing into the lagoon.
• Liner integrity -- protect from inlet pipe scouring, damage during sludge removal, or
rupture from lowering lagoon liquid level below groundwater table.
NOTE: If lagoon water is allowed to overtop the dam, the moving water will soon cause
gullies to form in the dam. Once this damage starts, it can quickly cause a large
discharge of wastewater and possible dam failure.

INSECT CONTROL CHECKLIST FOR ANIMAL OPERATIONS
Source Cause BMP's to Minimize Odor Site Specific Practices
Flush Gutters Accumulation of solids () Flush system is designed and operated
sufficiently to remove accumulated
solids from gutters as designed.
() Remove bridging of accumulated solids at
discharge
Lagoons and Pits Crusted Solids () Maintain lagoons, settling basins and
pits where pest breeding is apparent to
minimize the crusting of solids to a depth
of no more than 6-8 inches over more than
30% of surface.
Excessive Decaying vegetation ( )Maintain vegetative control along banks of
Vegetative Growth lagoons and other impoundment's to prevent
accumulation of decaying vegetative matter
along water's edge on impoundment's perimeter.
Feeders Feed Spillage () Design, operate and maintain feed systems (e.g..
bunkers and troughs) to minimize the accumulation
of decaying wastage.
() Clean up spillage on a routine basis (e.g. 7-10 day
interval during summer; 15-30 day interval during winter).
Feed Storage
Accumulation of feed
residues
Animal Holding
Accumulation of animal
Areas
wastes and feed wastage
MIC -- November 11, 1996
() Reduce moisture accumulation within and around
immediate perimeter of feed storage areas by
insuring drainage away from site and/or providing
adequate containment (e.g., covered bin for
brewer's grain and similar high moisture grain
products).
() Inspect for and remove or break up accumulated
solids in filter strips around feed storage as needed.
() Eliminate low area that trap moisture along fences
and other locations where waste accumulates and
disturbance by animals is minimal.
() Maintain fence rows and filter strips around animal
holding areas to minimize accumulations of wastes
(i.e. inspect for and remove or break up accumulated
solids as needed).
10

Dry Manure Handling Accumulations of animal () Remove spillage on a routine basis (e.g. 7-10 day
Systems wastes interval during summer; 15-30 days interval during
winter) where manure is loaded for land application
or disposal.
() Provide for adequate drainage around manure stockpiles
() Inspect for and remove or break up accumulated wastes
in filter strips around stockpiles and manure handling
areas as needed.
The issues checked ( ) pertain to this operation. The landowner / integrator agrees to
use sound judgment in applying insect control measures as practical.
I certify the aforementioned insect control Best Management Practices have been
reviewed with me.
r�
(Landowner ignature)
For more information contact the Cooperative Extension Service, Department of Entomology, Box
7613, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, INC 27695-7613.
AMIC -- November 11, 1996

SWINE FARM WASTE MANAGEMENT ODOR CONTROL CHECKLIST
Source
Cause
BMP's to Minimize Odor Site Specific Practices
Farmstead
Swine production
( )Vegetative or wooded buffers:
( )Recommended best management
practices;
( )Good judgment and common sense
Animal body
Dirty manure
( )Dry floors
surfaces
covered animals
Floor surfaces
Wet manure -covered
( )Slotted floors;
floors
( )Waterers located over slotted floors;
( )Feeders at high end of solid floors;
( )Scrape manure buildup from floors;
( )Underfloor ventilation for drying
Manure collection
Urine
( )Frequent manure removal by flush, pit
pits
recharge or scrape
Partial microbial
( )Underfloor ventilation
decomposition
Ventilation
Volatile gases
( )Fan maintenance;
exhaust fans
Dust
( )Efficient air movement
Indoor surfaces
Dust
( )Washdown between groups of animals
( )Feed additives;
( )Feeder covers;
( )Feed delivery downspout extenders to
feeder covers
Flush Tanks
Agitation of recycled ( )Flush tank covers
lagoon liquid while tanks
( )Extend fill lines to near bottom of tanks
are filling
with anti -siphon vents
Flush alleys
Agitation during waste
( )Underfloor flush with underfloor
water conveyance ventilation
Pit recharge
Agitation of recycled ( )Extend recharge lines to near bottom of
points
lagoon liquid while pits
pits with anti -siphon vents
are filling
Lift stations
Agitation during sump
( )Sump tank covers
tank filling and drawdown
Outside drain
Agitation during waste
( )Box Covers
collection or
water conveyance
junction boxes
End of drain
Agitation during waste
( )Extend discharge point of pipes
pipes at lagoon
water
underneath lagoon liquid level
Lagoon surfaces
Volatile gas emissions
( )Proper lagoon liquid capacity
Biological mixing
( )Correct lagoon startup procedures
Agitation
( )Minimum surface area -to -volume ratio
( )Minimum agitation when pumping
( )Mechanical aeration
( )Proven biological additives
Irrigation sprinkler
High pressure agitation
( )Irrigate on dry days with little or no wind
nozzles
Wind draft ( )Minimum
recommended operation pressure
( )Pump intake near lagoon liquid surface
( )Pump from second -stage lagoon
AMOC -- November 11, 1996
12

Storage tank or Partial microbial ( )Bottom or midlevel loading
basin surface decomposition Mixing while ( )Tank covers
filling Agitation when emptying( )Basin surface mats of solids
( )Proven biological additives or oxidants
Settling basin
Partial microbial decom-
( )Extend drainpipe outlets underneath liquid
surface
position Mixing while filling
level
Agitation when emptying
( )Remove settled solids regularly
Manure, slurry or
Agitation when spreading
( )Soil injection of slurry/sludges
sludge spreader
Volatile gas emissions
( )Wash residual manure from spreader after use
outlets
( )Proven biological additives or oxidants
Dead animals
Carcass decomposition
( )Proper disposition of carcasses
Dead animal
Carcass decomposition
( )Complete covering of carcasses in burial pits
disposal pits
( )Proper location / construction of disposal pits
Incinerators
Incomplete combustion
( )Secondary stack burners
Standing water
improper drainage
( )Farm access road maintenance
around facilities
Microbial decomposition of
away from facilities
organic matter
Manure tracked Poorly maintained access ( )Farm access road maintenance
onto public roads roads
from farm access
Additional Information: Available From:
Swine Manure Management 0200 Rule / BMP Packet NCSU-County Extension Center
Swine Production Farm Potential Odor Sources and Remedies, EBAE Fact Sheet NCSU-BAE
Swine Production Facility Manure Management:Pit Recharge --Lagoon Treatment:EBAE128-88NCSU-BAE
Swine Production Facility Manure Management:Undernoor Fluse-Lagoon Treatment 129-88NCSU-BAE
Lagoon Design and Management for Livestock Manure Treatment and Storage; EBAE103-83NCSU-BAE
Calibration of Manure and Wastewater Application Equipment EBAE Fact Sheet NCSU-BAE
Controlling Odors from Swine Buildings; PIH-33 NCSU-Swine Extension
Environmental Assurance Program: NPPC Manual NC Pork Producers Assoc
Options for Managing Odor; a report from the Swine Odor Task Force NCSU Agri Communication
Nuisance Concerns in Animal Manure Management: Odors and Flies; PR0101, Florida Cooperative Extension
1995 Conference Proceedings
The issues checked ( ) pertain to this operation. The landowner / integrator agrees to
use sound judgment in applying odor control measures as practical.
I certify the aforementioned odor control Best Management Practices have been
reviewed with me. q�j
(Landowner ignature)
13

lWILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWMP
• The most explosive of gases produced, especially during manure agitation. Not extremely toxic
at low levels.
• Colorless and odorless.
• Lighter than air, accumulates near the ceiling.
• Recommended maximum safe gas concentrations for an 8 hour exposure to humans: 1,000 parts
er million
• Recommended control of as: Adequate ventilation.
• Explosive at concentrations of 50,000 to 150,000 parts per million or 5 - 15
Ammonia-(NH4):
• Not extremely toxic in lower concentrations. Irritating to the eyes and respiratory system. Can
be released in large quantities especially during manure agitation. Can be corrosive to exposed
metal parts.
• Colorless with very distinct odor.
• Lighter than air, accumulates near the ceiling.
• Recommended maximum safe gas concentrations for an 8 hour exposure to humans: 25 parts
per million
• Recommended control of as: Adequate ventilation.
• Not readily explosive.
4. Workers should never go under floor slats unless accompanied by a helper and only if adequate
ventilation is in place. Drain and clean under slat pits at least 8 hours prior to entering in addition
to providing good ventilation. Workers entering confined spaces should follow OSHA guidelines
for such activities.
5. The owner/operator may wish to purchase a portable hand held gas meter for questionable
environmental situations.
6. Beware of spiders and snakes around swine facilities.
7. Workers should attend to cuts and wounds immediately with the proper first aid.
8. An emergency action plan must be developed for this farm in case an emergency develops. A
general plan is discussed later in this document.
WASTE UTILIZATION PLANS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Soils To Receive Waste
The USDA/NRCS soil survey maps for Richmond County (Exhibit 4) are not as complete as some
counties. It would appear from Exhibit 4 that there is only one soil type for the Gold Leaf Farm crop
land. That predominate soils series to "potentially" receive animal manure at this site is Candor and
Wakulla. Below the reader will find a soil description:
17

WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWMP
Soils At Gold Leaf Farm - CropLand
1. 716B - WcB. Candor and Wakulla Soils, 0 to 8 percent slopes
Soil Description
- 1
Candor and Wakulla Soils
SoilName..............................................................I...
Soil Index Number ................................................. :...
6 (most probable)
Most Restrictive Permeability Zone ...................... I.....
6 in/hr. (approx.)
Bare Soil = 0.40 In./Hr. (Avg.)
Maximum Long Duration Application Rate ................
Maximum Long Duration Application Rate ................
On Crop = 0.50 In./Hr. (Avg.)
Maximum Short Duration Application Rate ................
On Crop = 0.60 Inches/Hour
"Design" Moisture Use Rate (Maximum -Hay) ...........
0.24 Inches/Day
0.18 Inches/Day
"Design" Moisture Use Rate(Maximum-Veg.)
Every 4 to 5 Days
Maximum Irrigation During Peak ET - Hay. ......................
Everyto 8 s
Maximum Irrigation During Peak ET - Veg. ... ........4......
•..
1 inches
Application Amount Range Per Event ........ :...................
Most of the above soildescription was taken from the NRCS Technical guide, Section II-G (Sprinkler
Irrigation Guide). Certain items have been modified per the engineer's opinion.
++ Approximate maximum irrigation in one cycle in the piedmont and coastal plain. Usually irrigation
application amounts should be 0,75 inches or less. Highest value assumes a 75% irrigation efficiency
and would only be possible in hot and dry weather conditions on slopes less than 8 %. Steeper slopes
or cool weather applications will require less intensive irrigation. Do not apply more than 1 inch of
wastewater at any one irrigation event. Application amounts of fresh water may be higher.
On -Farm Nutrient Production From Animal Manure And Its Use On Agricultural Crops
There is no more important task in the utilization of animal waste than to properly apply it on a
particular crop at rates which the plants can utilize. Over application can cause nutrients to be washed
off to surface water or leached into ground water, and under application can result in a poor crop
growth, lower yields, etc. Proper application amounts are known as "agronomic rates', The
proper short
agronomic rates can vary from season to season, by crop types, by soil types, by topography, b Y
term weather conditions, etc. These values are not to be confused with potential hydraulic loadings.
Hydraulic loadings will be discussed in another section. The key factor to remember is to not apply
nutrients to crops in excess of their ability to utilize these nutrients or in excess of water (hydraulic)
acceptance -rates. Do not be confused and think that there is onl one nutrient application rate for a
articular cro . Nutrient application will v as mentioned above.
Once raw animal waste is collected and stored it starts going through microbial digestion. Anaerobic
lagoons are especially good at breaking down solids and nutrients in raw manure. The microbes in all
digestion processes consume some nutrients in their metabolism and help reduce the nutrient value of
the raw manure. Anaerobically digested animal manure contains nitrogen as well as other
macronutrients such as calcium, phosphorous, potassium, etc. In addition the effluent contains many
micronutrients such as copper, zinc, iron, etc. Currently only nitrogen is considered as the limiting
nutrient factor for the land application of animal waste, but in the future other nutrients may become
the limiting components, especially if they are found in large quantities within the waste. The farmer
must perform annual soil tests for potassium, phosphorous, copper, zinc, sodium, etc. The farmer
18

WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWMP
should always be aware of the total nutrient composition of his/her waste and always look at other
nutrients besides nitrogen since these can seriously effect crop health. Some discussion about
nutrients and metals will be given in this plan. Exhibit 13 shows maximum metal loading in soils.
Below the reader will find estimated nutrient amounts expected to be produced from the swine waste.
These values are subject to change with future waste analyses.
- Nitrogen
I Plant Available Nitrogen or P.A.N. in animal waste can be most reliably estimated by using an average
of actual chemical analyses. When data is not available the designer can use some standard design
numbers (i.e. book values) such as those issued by the N.C. Cooperative Extension Service, NRCS
' publications, etc. Book values are often used if there are not at least 6 consecutive waste analyses to
average (i.e. 2 per year for 3 years or 3 per year for 2 years), All nitrogen figures discussed within this
report are given as P.A.N.
As a word of caution, NCDA waste testing is only as reliable as the care with which the sample is
retrieved. Therefore the farmer should take extreme care to collect representative waste samples.
The same would be true for soil sampling. The reader can see Exhibit 9 for waste sampling
instructions and Exhibit 8 for soil sampling instructions.
Animal manure from Wilson's Swine Farm is the only source of animal waste that will be applied to
the Gold Leaf Farm crop land. Table 11 (below) shows recent test data from the swine lagoon. This
data was collected by Mr. Bryan Wilson and provided to the engineer (also see Exhibit 5). In addition
Table 11 shows "average book values" for similar type hog operations. The actual on -farm test data
only represents 2 sample dates or sample events. The reader should note that according to DWQ
guidelines and NRCS guidelines there is not enough long term testing data available from Wilson's
Swine Farm to draw strong conclusions about PAN. amounts in the effluent. In addition the samples
were all taken in warm months which could also skew the data. Because the actual test data is higher
than the book value, the engineer has chosen to use a value slightly over the average book value to
estimate nitrogen production. However the engineer would like to caution the farmer to closely watch
future NCDA test results since the few available PAN values show levels of nitrogen significantly
above the book averages. REMINDER: In the future the farmer must collect waste samples at
least 3 times per year to accurately track nutrient levels in the lagoon effluent. Collecting
samples one time per season (4 times per year) is a better plan if at all possible.
Gold Leaf Farm Nitrogen Value Determination
Number of Head: 8,800 top hogs.
Type of operation: Feeder to Finish
Estimation source: NCDA test results and NRCS book value averages .
Estimated average weight per animal unit: 1351bs
Estimated average excess water production (rainfall added) = 1.0 cu. ft. /lb.
Excess water production est. source: NCSU - Cooperative Ext. Service.
19

WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWMP
TABLE 11
Fetimatad P.A N_ Prndnetinn On Wilsnn's Swine Farm - Annual Totals
DATE OR
APPLICATION
P.A.N. PER
ESTIMATED
TOTAL P.A.N.
TYPE OF
TECHNIQUE
UNIT FOR
GALLONS OF
PRODUCTION
SAMPLE
LIQUID WASTE
EFFLUENT TO
(POUNDS PER YEAR)
(POUNDS PER
IRRIGATE
1000 GAL)
ANNUALLY
GALLONS
7-9-97
Irrigated
3.1
N/A
N/A
7-9-97
irrigated
3.0
N/A
N/A
6-17-98
Irrigated
3.5
N/A
N/A
6-17-98 >'
irrigated
3.1
N/A
N/A
6-17-98
Irrigated
3.9
N/A
N/A
Average of
Irrigated
3.3
8,900,000
29,370
Actual Data
NRCS Book
Irrigated
2.5
8,900,000
22,250
Value
Selected Design
Irrigated
2.75
8,900,000
24,475
Value
Copper And Zinc
Copper and zinc are trace metals (heavy metals) often found in animal type waste and will appear in
the anaerobic lagoon effluent in small amounts. Heavy metals concentrations are usually higher in
anaerobic lagoon bio-solids (sludge) than in anaerobic lagoon effluent. Plants must have a limited
amount of these metals in order to thrive. Copper and zinc can accumulate in soils and may eventually,
reach high enough levels to become toxic to plants (phytotoxic) if applied year after year, especially if
applied in large amounts each year. Different plants have different tolerances for these metals.
Harmful metal accumulation levels will also depend on the cation exchange capacity (CEC) of the soil.
Exhibit 13 shows these two metals and relative harmful levels. The land owner or operator should
always try to keep the heavy metal levels as low as possible. NRCS, DWQ, etc. recommends that no
more than 1/20 of the lifetime metals allowance be applied in any one year, especially if the application
is an on -going event. Soil test data will show existing metal levels and the CEC of the soil. Soil tests
for copper and zinc must be taken at least annually or according to the DWQ issued permit. Table 12
summarizes the most recent test results in terms of copper and zinc concentrations.
Phosphorus and Potassium
Phosphorus is found in various concentrations in all animal types of waste with concentrations usually
higher in anaerobic lagoon sludge. Phosphorous is a key element to ensure good crop health. Its
effect on crop growth is not as dramatic as nitrogen or potassium, but the lack of it can cause plant
stunting, poor seed formation, and reduced crop yields. Phosphorous levels in animal type waste will
vary depending on many factors so testing will always be required. Often the operator will land apply
phosphorus in amounts beyond what can be taken up by plants. High phosphorus levels are more of a
problem for surface transport to streams than it is a problem for plants. This is because the
phosphorous strongly attaches itself to soil particles. Therefore the operator must be very cautious
about surface run-off and soil erosion from fields into streams or creeks. Good buffer strips and
20

WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWMP
erosion controls will help keep phosphorus from getting into streams. See Exhibits 12 and 17 for
more details about phosphorus.
Potassium is also found in anaerobic lagoon effluent and is a very important element for plant growth.
Plants use potassium in quantities similar to their use of nitrogen. The lack of potassium can cause
plant stress, defoliation, or death. Potassium is less mobile in soil than nitrogen but more mobile than
potassium. Sandy soils tend to loose potassium more readily than clay soils. Maintaining good soil
pH and organic matter will help keep potassium from moving below the plant root zone. Potassium is
not thought to be as environmentally damaging as phosphorous. Good buffer strips and erosion
controls will help keep phosphorus from getting into streams from run-off. See Exhibits 12 and 17 for
more details about potassium.
As mentioned above under P.A.N. discussions, Wilson's Swine Farm does not have enough
representative lagoon effluent samples or test results from which to draw strong conclusions about
nutrient contents. However for the purpose of discussion Table 12 summarizes the known test results
in terms of phosphorous and potassium concentrations assuming they will be irrigated.
Sodium
Sodium is a naturally occurring element in many soils. Excessive buildups of sodium can cause water
stress in growing plants. Sometimes sodium can cause clay particle dispersion if it is not balanced with
calcium or magnesium. Clay particle dispersion will cause the soil surface to become hard and will
severely restrict water infiltration and permeability.
High sodium content wastes, if land applied, can accumulate sodium in the soil profile and cause the
problems mentioned above. Engineers use an equation to evaluate the potential effect of sodium on a
soil that is called the Sodium Adsorption Ration or S.A.R. This ratio looks at a balance between
sodium, calcium and magnesium. In general, a wastewater or sludge with a S.A.R. of 15 or less is
usually safe to apply on clay soils. Sandy soils do not have as much problem with clay dispersion as
do clay type soils since the clay content of sandy soils is obviously less. The waste sample collected
for this project (using values from Table 12) has a S.A.R. of less than 8. All things considered, sodium
does not seem to be a problem at this time. Table 12 summarizes the test results for sodium.
Other Elements In The Lagoon Effluent
Exhibit 5 shows additional elements and compounds that were tested for by the NCDA. The engineer
does not see significant quantities of these elements that are of concern given the amount of effluent
scheduled for application. However, the operator should not be lulled into thinking future test results
will remain the same as shown here. Future test results should always be viewed for elevations in
heavy metals, sodium, etc. Table 12 shows the remainder of these tested elements and rough
estimations on their quantities in future applications. But remember, these are estimates and do not
substitute for routine testing.
21

WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWMP
TABLE 12
N:S'11MA1.1'.LAl`I19uni.
FOUND IN THE
vvc..�a.. ..=------•____..--
WILSON'S SWINE
FARM ANAEROBIC
-
LAGOON
EFFLUENT
NCDA
WASTE ANALYSES
RESULTS taken
7-9-97 and 6-17-98
Compound
Averaged
Gallons of Waste
Total Annual Est.
Suggested
Maximum Soil
Sample Test
+
to Irrigate
Annually
Application Due
To Irrigation
oadingRcumulave)tees
Results
(
Aluminum (Al)*
No Data
8,900,000
No Data
Not Established
Arsenic (As)
No Data
8,900,000
No Data
< 37 lbs./acre
Boron (B)*
0.64 mg/L
8,900,000
48 pounds
Not Established
Calcium (Ca)*
106 mg/L
8,900 000
7,872 pounds
N/A
Cadmium (Cd)*
No Data
8,900,000
No Data
4.4 - 17.8 lbs./acre
Chlorine (Cl)*
No Data
8,900,000
No Data
Not Established
Chromium (Cr)
No Data
8,900,000
No Data
< 2,6761bs./acre
Copper (Cu)*
0.55 mg/L
8,900,000
41 pounds
125 - 5001bs./acre
Iron (Fe)*
5 mg/L
8,900,000
371 pounds
Not Established
Lead (Ph)*
No Data
8,900,000
No Data
500 - 2,000 lbs./acre
No Data
8,900,000
No Data
Not Established
Lithium (Li)*
Magnesium (Mg)*
23.24 mg/L
8,900,000
1,726 pounds
Not Established
Manganese (Mn)*
0.33 mg/L
8,900,000
25 pounds
Not Established
Mercury (I Ig)
No Data
8,900,000
No Data
<15 lbs./acre
Molybdenum (Mo) *
No Data
8,900,000
No Data
<16 ]bs./acre
No Data
8900000
,,
No Data
125 - SOO lbs./acre
Nickel (Ni)*
*
Phosphorous(P)
80.22 mg/L
8,900,000
5 957 pounds
N /A
Potassium (K) *
896 mg/L
8,900,000
66,538 pounds
N /A
Selenium (Se)*
No Data
-8,900,000
No Data
< 89 lbs./acre
Sodium (Na)*
331 mg/L
8,900,000
24,581 pounds
Not Established
Sulfur (S)*
21.4 mg/L
8,900,000
1,589 pounds
Not Established
Zinc (Zn)*
0.71 mg/L
8,900,000
53 pounds
250 - 1,000 lbs./acre
1 th NCDA
Waste Analysis
Report sheets.
* = These elements or compounds are reportable va ues on e
+ = These values are shown for irrigation since that will be the likely manner of application. They are total
values not necessarily plant available. Some of each element will be used by each year's crop.
++ = This column is shown for general guidance only. Maximum values will actually depend t>n soil type, soil
pH, and the cation exchange capacity (CEC) of the soil. See Exhibit 13 for potential phytotoxic problem levels
for copper and zinc. Sources are EPA and NCDA.
N / A = Not applicable.
22

WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWMP
Soil Test Results And Discussions
Routine soil testing is very important for land application sites to give the operator feedback about soil
conditions. The soil test is representative of the conditions of the soil in everything but nitrogen.
Nitrogen is estimated based on typical plant needs and is not reported as a true test result. All soil
reports are a "snap -shot" of the soil conditions at a particular time and are subject to change as the
years pass. Keep soil data for historical reviews.
Gold Leaf Farm has been taking soil samples and having them tested at the NCDA lab for a number of
years. Exhibit 15 shows three years of soil test data. For brevity the engineer will let the reader view
Exhibit 15 for himself/herself. The farmer has designated where -each sample was collected. In the
future the farmer should keep all records according to the field numbers within this document. The
latest soil report (i.e. 1999) is the best report since it is the newest. While these soil reports are only
"snap -shots" of the soil conditions from year to year; the following basic comments can be made:
1. Most sandy soils will need lime in order to maintain the proper pH. Keeping the soil pH near
neutral (i.e. neutral is 7) will help keep metals immobile and provide a proper plant growth acidity
level. The swine effluent from the anaerobic lagoon already contains some calcium and magnesium
which could account for some of the annual lime needs, The most recent soil tests show that there
is little need for lime for the upcoming planting season. Always collect soil samples before waste
applications to verify the correct lime amounts. The soil pH values tested by Bryan Wilson are
mostly between 5.6 and 6.5.
2. Past soil test results should be kept by the operator and compared to new test results. Look for
trends or increasing levels of metals. When collecting soil samples, closely follow the soil sample
instructions found in Exhibit 8. Do not use galvanized buckets or galvanized tools to collect these
samples.
3. Land applied nutrients from animal waste are not 100 percent available to the crop in the first year.
Some of the nutrients applied this year will become available next year for next years crops.
Discussions about nutrient mineralization and residuals are beyond the scope of this report. Collect
soil samples early enough to study the results before planting crops.
4. Crop nitrogen requirements are estimated on the soil reports. Remember that nitrogen
requirements are based on averages for a particular type crop. More will be said later about crop
production rates vs. nitrogen application.
5. In terms of crop utilization and benefits, there is a need for potassium (i.e. potash) on every field
and little or no phosphorous needed according to the 1999 soil test results. Table 12 indicates that
a considerable amount of potassium is available from the animal manure. Use caution but go
ahead and land apply the correct amount of nutrients to the crops via irrigation, broadcasting, etc.
Pay close attention to P and K levels in the future since there is a considerable amount of these
elements in the animal waste.
6. According to the 1999 soil report there is not a need to add copper or zinc to the soils at the farm
in terms of crop production. In fact future loading of these metals should be minimized to avoid
plant phytotoxicity problems. The 1999 soil test indicates that copper and zinc levels are not at
levels to cause plant phototoxic problems for fields 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7. Fields 2 and 8 had no
results reported for 1999. Looking back on soils reports from 1998 and 1997 it would appear
field 8 is approaching excessive amounts of both copper and zinc. Here the zinc index is high
compared to the CEC of the soil (see Exhibit 13 for a table of metals and CECs). There were no
soil samples collected for field 2.
23

WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWMP
�— 7. Field # 8 may have had chicken litter applied to it in years past, raising the elevation of copper and
zinc. While there does not appear to be a noticeable vegetative problem within this field, the
engineer would recommend keeping a close eye on this sample next time and if the zinc and copper
indexes are still increasing, discontinue applying animal waste on this field. Read Exhibit 8
carefully for soil sampling instructions to make sure the test results are representative of your
situation.
Overall Cropping Descriptions
Discussions between the farmer and the engineer were held to determine the farmer's desire for future
crop selection. As mentioned earlier, Gold Leaf Farm grows a wide variety of crops. Table 13 shows
the crops typically grown at the farm. All crops are harvested regularly. The reader should understand
that Mr. Wilson rotates his crops from field to field from year to year. This means he could have -most
any type crop in any given field on any particular year. The exact mixture of crops to be grown on any
i field will depend on the farmer's business needs, crop demands, and the weather. In order to make
€ this report useful and not overly complex the engineer will not attempt to give all possible
combinations of crop patterns but will discuss the most likely combinations. The farmer should be able
to take the discussed data and apply it to the particular crop combinations each year. A discussion on
the cropping patterns will appear below.
Cereal Rye (i.e. small grain) will be planted on all fields for a winter cover crop. All cereal rye planted
crops will be grazed by cattle. Cereal rye stubble will be plowed under when the time comes to plant
row crops. Cereal rye overseeded on coastal bermudagrass fields will be cut short just before
bermudagrass emergence.
All effluent will be surface applied via a spray irrigation system. Mr. Wilson can apply effluent via a
broadcast wagon it needed, but this is not currently planned for the farm. See Exhibit 7 for a property
sketch, field identifications and an irrigation plan. .
Table 13 shows the various fields at Gold Leaf Farm which are scheduied to receive waste. This table
is a best guess summary of the Gold Leaf cropping patterns and available land areas. The field sizes
were taken from FSA field maps and aerial photographs and are the engineer's best estimates. Some
on -the -ground field sizes were collected for verification of map scale. The field sizes shown in Table
13 are not wettable acres. The crops shown to be grown are typical for that particular field. The
farmer has flexibility in changing the crop patterns if needed, but records must be to show what
was grown on each field how much vield was obtained and how much waste applied. Typically, row
crops will be grown in warm weather on every cultivated field when possible. Cereal rye will be
planted as a cover crop during cool weather on cultivated fields and on the bermudagrass field.
Gold Leaf Farm will harvest the produced crops except for the grazing mentioned earlier. Burning hay
or other crops is not allowed.
24

WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWMP
TABLE 13
Field Sizes for the Gold Leaf Farm Property
Field
Field Areas
Field Areas
Predominate
Crop Type To Be Grown
Approx.
Number
Before
After
Soil Type(s)
Slopes In
Buffers
Buffers
Fields
acres +
acres +
1
32.78
31.31
Candor WcB
Tobacco, Sweet Com, Sweet Potatoes,
0 to 8 %
Watermelons, Cantaloupes, Field Corn,
Re
2
5.18
4.65
Candor WcB
Tobacco, Sweet Corn, Sweet Potatoes,
2 to 10 %
Watermelons, Cantaloupes, Field Corn,
Rye
3
13.30
13.30
Candor WcB
Tobacco, Sweet Com, Sweet Potatoes,
0 to 8 %
Watermelons, Cantaloupes, Field Com,
Re
4
31.05
30.09
Candor WcB
Tobacco, Sweet Com, Sweet Potatoes,
0 to 8 %
Watermelons, Cantaloupes, Field Com,
Rye
5
18.94
18.94
Candor WcB
Coastal Bermudagrass, Rye
0 to 8 %
6
31.63
30.42
Candor WcB
Tobacco, Sweet Corn, Sweet Potatoes,
0 to 8 %
Watermelons, Cantaloupes, Field Com,
Re
7
35.04
33.84
Candor WcB
Tobacco, Sweet Corn, Sweet Potatoes,
0 to 8 %
Watermelons, Cantaloupes, Field Com,
Rye
8
3.39
2.42
Candor WcB
Coastal Bermudagrass, Rye
0 to 8 %
Total
171.31
164.97
N/A
N/A
N/A
+ = These are NOT wetted acres.
Crop Planting and Fertilizing Considerations
Tobacco
Flue cured tobacco is a warm season annual that will be planted at Gold Leaf Farm. Approximately
fifty acres of tobacco will be planted each year according to the farmer.
When using animal manure as a nitrogen source, the nitrogen can not be applied more than I month
before planting the crop. The engineer recommends less time between waste application and planting
to avoid unwanted leaching of the nitrogen below the soon -to -be root zone, especially in sandy soils.
However nitrogen leaching is a function of weather, temperature, soil type, topsoil depth, microbial
activity, waste type, organic content of the waste, etc.
The best time for planting flue cured tobacco is between April 1 and May 15, but this planting window
can change depending on the readiness of the transplants, weather (especially temperature), field
preparations, etc. Typically, tobacco plants are transplanted into the fields in rows -as seedlings.
Tobacco seedling spacings will vary somewhat by variety, soil types, experience, etc. Therefore the
engineer will not specify a particular plant or row spacing in this document. Tobacco is a crop
scheduled for human consumption therefore it can not have animal waste applied to it once in the field.
25

WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWMP
This means any animal waste must be applied as a preplant measure only. Thus, book values for
R.Y.E. are really not applicable to tobacco since a only a certain amount of the total N needed for this
crop will be applied at preplant. Post emergence N needs of tobacco must be supplied via a
commercial fertilizer.
Tobacco quality greatly depends on the proper applications of nitrogen. Too much or too little
nitrogen can have a negative impact on the tobacco quality. Typical nitrogen application ranges for
tobacco are between 50 and 80 pounds of nitrogen annually, but this may need to be adjusted upwards
if leaching is a problem (mainly on sandy or coarse textured soils). Fine textured soils with high clay
or organic content will require the lower range of nitrogen. Deep topsoils that have a coarse and
sandy texture require more nitrogen. The normal ripening process of tobacco leaves is partially caused
by nitrogen starvation. Leaves high in nitrogen are difficult to cure and often turn dark, especially in
the yellowing stage. Therefore the farmer should avoid applying nitrogen to tobacco late in its
growing cycle. Overall the growing of tobacco is a complicated process and the fertilization process is
not a "one size fits all" effort. The reader can see more information about tobacco production in the
NC Cooperative Extension Service publication titled "1999 Flue Cured Tobacco Information", AG-
187.
Animal waste will only be applied to tobacco as a preplant measure. Nitrogen from the animal waste
will be released over time so applying the waste near transplanting will afford the plants longer
exposure to the available nitrogen. For tobacco the engineer will use the typical preplant nitrogen rate
as a fixed pounds per acre. P.A.N. application as a preplant measure for tobacco at the Gold Leaf
Farm will be given at 65 lbs. N per acre. This rate takes into consideration the sandy soils and the
rates given in the 1999 Tobacco Information book mentioned above. Tobacco is a warm season crop
and its nutrient uptake is typically greatest in the months from May through June. This uptake of
nutrients may shift a little depending on when the crop is planted. A typical R.Y.E. for tobacco on
Candor soils would be 1,700 pounds per acre, but Gold Leaf Farm records show a typical yield
of 3,000 pounds per acre. The engineer believes the significantly larger yield is due to fresh water
irrigation. Again, R.Y.E. will not be used to calculate P.A.N. removal due to only applying animal
waste as a preplant. Table 14 shows a summary of typical nitrogen uptake windows for various crops.
Tobacco may be harvested over a several month period. Usually this period is from August through
October but can be as early as July and as late as November. The tobacco leaves will be harvested and
the stalks and roots reincorporated into the soil. Records shall be kept on all tonnage of all crops
removed from the site. Regular soil samples shall be collected and the analysis incorporated into the
desired nutrient application plan. This especially important since many nutrients other than nitrogen
are important for tobacco production. Lime and supplement fertilize according to the NCDA soil
reports.
Sweet Corn
Field corn is a warm season crop. Mr. Wilson usually plants about 15 acres of sweet corn per year on
the Gold Leaf Farm. Field corn is typically planted between February 15 to April 30 in eastern NC
and between March 15 and June 1 in the Piedmont. However it is best to plant corn by April 15 in
both regions to achieve the best yields. Corn has its most vigorous growth and nitrogen uptake
between 25 and 75 days after planting.
26

WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWMP
When commercial fertilizer is used, a percent of the total crop nitrogen needs (say 1/4 to 1/2 total N
application) is applied at preplant or at planting. This will of course depend on the soil type, organic
matter in the soil, clay content of the soil, rainfall, etc. Then as the corn starts to grow and is roughly
12 to 18 inches tall, 1/2 to 3/4 of the total nitrogen is applied as a side dressing.
When using animal manure as a nitrogen source, the nitrogen can not be applied more than 1 month
before planting the crop. The engineer recommends less time between waste application and planting
to avoid unwanted leaching of the nitrogen below the soon -to -be root zone, especially in sandy soils.
Nitrogen can be applied to a growing corn crop as needed as long as the total nitrogen applied does
not exceed the crop's demand.
Sweet corn is a crop scheduled for human consumption therefore it can not have animal waste applied
to it once in it emerges. This means any animal waste must be applied as a preplant measure only.
Thus, book values for R.Y.E. are really not applicable to sweet corn since only a certain amount of the
total N needed for this crop will be applied at preplant. Post emergence N needs of sweet corn must be
supplied via a commercial fertilizer.
For sweet corn the engineer will use the typical preplant N rate as a fixed pounds per acre. Typical
P.A.N. application as a preplant measure for sweet corn at the Gold Leaf Farm is usually 85 lbs.
N per acre. This is slightly higher than the normally recommended preplant application from
commercial fertilizer, but since the sweet corn will be irrigated and since some of the animal waste
P.A.N. will be released over time the engineer feels this application rate would be appropriate. A
typical RY.E. for sweet corn on Candor soils was not available for review. Gold Leaf Farm
records show a typical yield of sweet corn to be 1,000 and 1,200 dozen per acre. Again, R.Y.E.
will not be used to calculate P.A.N. removal due to only applying animal waste as a preplant. Table 14
shows a summary of typical nitrogen uptake windows for various crops.
Since there are numerous varieties of corn it is best to refer to the manufactures recommendations on
planting rates and row spacings. However, a rule of thumb is to strive for around 14,500 to 19,000
corn plants per acre.
Sweet corn will normally be ready for harvest around the first of July. The corn ears will be harvested
and the stalks reincorporated into the soil. Records shall be kept on all tonnage (or applicable yield
units) of all crops removed from the site. Regular soil samples shall be collected and the analysis
incorporated into the desired nutrient application plan. Lime and supplement fertilize according to the
NCDA soil reports. The reader can see more information about sweet corn production in the NC
Cooperative Extension Service publication titled "1999 North Carolina Commercial Vegetable
Recommendations", AG 586.
Field Corn
Field corn is a warm season crop. Mr. Wilson usually plants about 16 acres of field corn per year on
the Gold Leaf Farm. Field corn is typically planted between March 20 to May 1 in eastern NC and
between March 25 and May 15 in the Piedmont. However it is best to plant corn by. April 15 in both
regions to achieve the best yields. Soil temperatures need to be about 55 degrees F. in order to plant
corn seed. Corn has its most vigorous growth and nitrogen uptake between 25 and 75 days after
planting.
27

LWILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWNT
When commercial fertilizer is used a percent of the total crop nitrogen needs (say 1/4 to 1/2 total N
application) is applied at preplant or at planting. This will of course depend on the soil type, organic
matter in the soil, clay content of the soil, rainfall, etc. Then as the corn starts to grow and is roughly
12 inches tall, 1/2 to 3/4 of the total nitrogen is applied as a side dressing.
When using animal manure as a nitrogen source, the nitrogen can not be applied more than 1 month
before planting the crop. The engineer recommends less time between waste application and planting
to avoid unwanted leaching of the nitrogen below the soon -to -be root zone, especially in sandy soils.
Nitrogen can be applied to a growing corn crop as needed as long as the total nitrogen applied does
not exceed the crop's demand. Field corn is not a crop scheduled for human consumption therefore it
can have animal waste applied to it after it emerges.
The engineer will use R.Y.E. to calculate nutrient uptake based on historical values since the book
values for corn yields on Candor soils are so far off the normal Gold Leaf Farm yields. The engineer
believes the book values for corn yields on Candor soils (i.e. 45 bushels per acre) do not account for
the use of fresh water irrigation and subsequent increased yields. The engineer sees no reason to
detract from the farmer's historical yields simply to comply with a book number that is inaccurate for
this farm. Typical nitrogen removal by field corn is usually 1 to 1.2 pounds of N uptake per
bushel of harvested crop. A typical R.Y.E. for field corn at the Gold Leaf Farm is
conservatively 100 bushels per acre, and in many years up to 150 bushels per acre. Table 14 shows
a summary of typical nitrogen uptake windows for various crops.
Nitrogen application on field corn usually stops about one week before tasseling which usually occurs
about 3 months from planting. Applying nitrogen after the silks have turned brown is not advised. A
rule for applying nitrogen is to apply one half as a preplant measure and the rest 30 to 40 days after
emergence. Be careful not to over -apply nitrogen or obtain run-off of effluent when applying animal
waste. Table 14 shows a summary of typical nitrogen uptake windows for various crops.
Since there are numerous varieties of corn it is best to refer to the manufactures recommendations on
planting rates and row spacings. However, a rule of thumb is to strive for around 20,000 to 24,000
corn plants per acre.
Field corn is usually ready for harvest between October and November. Optimum grain moisture
content for mechanically harvested corn is between 21 and 26 percent. The corn ears will be
harvested and the stalks reincorporated into the soil. Records shall be kept on all tonnage (or
applicable yield units) of all crops removed from the site. Regular soil samples shall be collected and
the analysis incorporated into the desired nutrient application plan. Lime and supplement fertilize
according to the NCDA soil reports. Annually the farmer or irrigation operator shall compare crop
removal rates with animal waste analyses and adjust waste application accordingly. The reader can see
more information about field corn production in the NC Cooperative Extension Service publication
titled "Corn Production Systems in North Carolina", AG-347.
Sweet Potatoes
Sweet potatoes are a warm season annual that will be planted at Gold Leaf Farm. Approximately
twenty five acres of sweet potatoes will be planted each year. Sweet potatoes are typically planted
28

WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWW
between May 1 to July 15 in eastern NC and between May 15 and June 30 in the piedmont. Sweet
potato root development requires about 3 to 4 months.
When using animal manure as a nitrogen source, the nitrogen can not be applied more than 1 month
before planting the crop. The engineer recommends less time between waste application and planting
to avoid unwanted leaching of the nitrogen below the soon -to -be root zone, especially in sandy soils.
However nitrogen leaching is a function of weather, temperature, soil type, microbial activity, waste
type, organic content of the waste, etc.
Sweet potato sprouts can be set out on soil ridges 8 to 14 inches apart with row spacings of 36 to 48
inches. Sweet potatoes are a crop scheduled for human consumption therefore they can not have
animal waste applied to the plants once in the field. This means any animal waste must be applied as a
preplant measure only. Thus, book values for R.Y.E. are really not applicable to sweet potatoes since
only a certain amount of the total N needed for this crop will be applied at preplant. Post emergence N
needs of sweet potatoes must be supplied via a commercial fertilizer.
E
For sweet potatoes the engineer will use the typical preplant N rate as a fixed pounds per acre.
Typical P.A.N. application as a preplant measure for sweet potatoes at the Gold Leaf Farm is
usually 60 lbs. N per acre. For sweet potatoes, fertilizer is usually added about 21 to 28 days after
planting, but since the sweet potatoes will be irrigated and since some of the animal waste P.A.N. will
be released over time the engineer feels this application rate would be appropriate. A typical R.Y.E.
for sweet potatoes on Candor soils was not available to the engineer, but Gold Leaf Farm
records show a typical yield of 350 bushels per acre. Again, R.Y.E. will not be used to calculate
P.A.N. removal due to only applying animal waste as a preplant. Table 14 shows a summary of typical
nitrogen uptake windows for various crops.
Sweet potatoes are usually ready for harvest sometime in September or October. , Records shall be
kept on all tonnage (or applicable yield units) of all crops removed from the site. Regular soil samples
shall be collected and the analysis incorporated into the desired nutrient application plan. Lime and
supplement fertilize according to the NCDA soil reports. The reader can see more information about
sweet potato production in the NC Cooperative Extension Service publication titled "1999 North
Carolina Commercial Vegetable Recommendations", AG-586.
Watermelons
Watermelons are a warm season annual that will be planted at Gold Leaf Farm. Approximately twenty
acres of watermelons will be planted' each year. Watermelons are typically planted between April 15
to May 20 in eastern NC and between May 1 and June 15 in the Piedmont. However it is best to plant
watermelons as early as possible in either region. Soil temperatures should be 55 degrees F before
planting. Early plantings may need to be protected from wind damage by rye strips, or similar wind
breaks. Watermelons should mature in about 3 months from emergence if using direct seeding.
When using animal manure as a nitrogen source, the nitrogen can not be applied more than 1 month
before planting the crop. The engineer recommends less time between waste application and planting
to avoid unwanted leaching of the nitrogen below the soon -to -be root zone, especially in sandy soils.
29

WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWMP
However nitrogen leaching is a function of weather, temperature, soil type, microbial activity, waste
type, organic content of the waste, etc.
Watermelons can be planted by direct seeding. Plant 3 to 5 pounds of seed per acre. The
recommended spacings for watermelons is 3 to 4 feet apart with row spacings of 5 to 6 feet. If plastic
mulch is used this spacing would change. Watermelons are a crop scheduled for human consumption
therefore they can not have animal waste applied to the plants once in the field. This means any animal
waste must be applied as a preplant measure only. Thus, book values for R.Y.E. are really not
applicable to watermelons since only a certain amount of the total N needed for this crop will be
applied at preplant. Post emergence N needs of watermelons must be supplied via a commercial
fertilizer.
For watermelons the engineer will use the typical preplant N rate as a fixed pounds per acre. Typical
P.A.N. application as a preplant measure for fresh water irrigated watermelons at the Gold
Leaf Farm is usually 60 lbs. N per acre. For watermelons, fertilizer is usually added at preplant and
after the vines start running and sometimes after the first harvest. When commercial fertilizer is used
about 50 pounds of N per acre is used, but since the animal waste P.A.N. will be released over time
the engineer feels the 60 pound application rate would be appropriate. A typical RY.E. for
watermelons on Candor soils was not available to the engineer, but Gold Leaf Farm records
show a typical yield of 8 tons per acre. Again, R.Y.E. will not be used to calculate P.A.N. removal
due to only applying animal waste as a preplant. Table 14 shows a summary of typical nitrogen uptake
windows for various crops.
Watermelons are usually ready for harvest sometime in mid summer, usually sometime in July or early
August. Records shall be kept on all tonnage (or applicable yield units) of all crops removed from the
site.. Regular soil samples shall be collected and the analysis incorporated into the desired nutrient
application plan. Lime and supplement fertilize according to the NCDA soil reports. The reader can
see more information about watermelon production in the NC Cooperative Extension Service
publication titled "1999 North Carolina Commercial Vegetable Recommendations", AG-586.
Cantaloupes (muskmelon)
Cantaloupes are a warm season annual that will be planted at Gold Leaf Farm. Approximately fifteen
acres of cantaloupes will be planted each year. Cantaloupes are typically planted between April 15 to
May 15 in eastern NC and between May 1 and July 20 in the Piedmont. Some eastern NC planting
may also occur between July 1 and July 15 according to published literature, but not for the Gold Leaf
Farm. It is best to plant cantaloupes as early as possible in either region. Transplant or seed
cantaloupes when the daily mean temperature has reached 60 degrees F. Temperatures below 45
degrees F can cause plant stunting. Early plantings may need to be protected from wind damage by
rye strips, or similar wind breaks. Cantaloupes should mature in about 100 days from planting.
When using animal manure as a nitrogen source, the nitrogen can not be applied more than 1 month
before planting the crop. The engineer recommends less time between waste application and planting
to avoid unwanted leaching of the nitrogen below the soon -to -be root zone, especially in sandy soils.
However nitrogen leaching is a function of weather, temperature, soil type, microbial activity, waste
type, organic content of the waste, etc.
30

WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWMP
Cantaloupes can be planted by direct seeding or by using seedlings. The recommended spacings for
cantaloupes is 5 to 6 feet apart on plastic mulch and 6 to 7 feet on bare ground. If plastic mulch is
used 7.5 to 15 square feet should be allowed per plant and if bare ground is used 20 to 25 square feet
should be allowed. Cantaloupes are a crop scheduled for human consumption therefore they can not
have animal waste applied to the plants once in the field. This means any animal waste must be
applied as a preplant measure only. Thus, book values for R.Y.E. are really not applicable to
cantaloupes since only a certain amount of the total N needed for this crop will be applied at preplant.
Post emergence N needs of cantaloupes must be supplied via a commercial fertilizer.
For cantaloupes the engineer will use the typical preplant N rate as a fixed pounds per acre. Typical
P.A.N. application as a preplant measure for fresh water irrigated cantaloupes at the Gold Leaf
Farm is usually 60 lbs. N per acre. For cantaloupes, fertilizer is usually added at preplant and after
the vines start running. When commercial fertilizer is used about 50 pounds of N per acre is used, but
since the animal waste P.A.N. will be released over time the engineer feels this application rate of 60
pounds would be appropriate. A typical R.Y.E. for cantaloupes on Candor soils was not available
to the engineer, but Gold Leaf Farm records show a typical yield of 7.5 tons per acre. Again,
R.Y.E. will not be used to calculate P.A.N. removal due to only applying animal waste as a preplant.
_ Table 14 shows a summary of typical nitrogen uptake windows for various crops.
Cantaloupes are usually ready for harvest sometime in mid summer, usually from July 15 to August
15, but can vary with many factors. Records shall be kept on all tonnage (or applicable yield units) of
all crops removed from the site. Regular soil samples shall be collected and the analysis incorporated
into the desired nutrient application plan. Lime and supplement fertilize according to the NCDA soil
reports. The reader can see more information about cantaloupe production in the NC Cooperative
Extension Service publication titled "1999 North Carolina Commercial Vegetable Recommendations",
AG-586.
Hybrid Coastal Bermudagrass (for hay)
Typically, hybrid coastal bermudagrass will yield more tonnage than common bermudagrass. Hybrid
coastal bermudagrass produces no seeds but spreads by rhizomes and stolons. Coastal bermudagrass is
a warm season crop and its nutrient uptake is typically greatest in the months from May to August,
however it may actively grow from April to October, depending on temperatures. Climatic and
nutrient conditions will alter growth rates for bermudagrass. About 3 cuttings per year can be
expected on most bermudagrass fields.
Hybrid coastal bermudagrass tolerates acid soils reasonably well (pH 5 to 5.5). However it does
respond to liming. A soil pH of 6.0 or higher is recommended for improved growing conditions.
Commercial fertilizer should be applied in split applications, i.e. not all at one time. When using
animal type waste as a fertilizer source applications will occur regularly over the growing season.
Nitrogen uptake predictions will be discussed below.
When establishing, sprig hybrid coastal bermudagrass at 5 to 15 bushels per acre in rows about 3 to 4
feet apart with sprigs 2 to 3 feet apart within the row. If sprigs are plentiful, the farmer can establish
by broadcasting 70 to 100 bushels per acre in late winter and disking in. One bushel will contain about
1,200 sprigs. Best planting dates in the Piedmont and Coastal Plain are between March 1 and March
31

i
WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWMP
31. Planting may also be possible between February 15 to May 1 if weather conditions are favorable.
If irrigated, some planting may spill over into July but this is not highly recommended. Sprig mortality
i is lessened when ample soil moisture is present.
The typical yield for non -irrigated hybrid coastal bermudagrass is from 3 to 6 tons per acre, again
depending on many factors, not the least of which is soil type. For a Candor soil type, the R.Y.E.
for non -irrigated coastal bermuda hay is 5 tons per acre (taken from NCSU/NCCES Nutrient
Management Manual, Reference Section). However if bermudagrass is irrigated with fresh water
its yield can be considerably higher. Since Gold Leaf Farm irrigates its coastal bermudagrass the
engineer will use a R.Y.E. of 6 tons per acre as a gross yield. However the coastal bermudagrass at
this farm will be grazed by cattle, so its R.Y.E. must be reduced by 75% (per NRCS guidelines)
to 4.5 tons per acre. The normal nitrogen uptake for hybrid coastal bermudagrass is between
40 and 50 pounds of N per ton of hay. The engineer has used a Realistic Yield Expectation (R.Y.E.)
to estimate crop yield for the Gold Leaf Farm.
If bermudagrass is overseeded with a grain crop and the overseeded crop is not cut properly in the
spring, it can shade the greening bermudagrass and reduce the subsequent yields. Therefore it is
important to harvest the overseeded crop before it heads or by April 7 in most coastal counties and by
April 15 in most piedmont counties.
If the bermudagrass is not being grazed, cut regularly and harvest the residual hay. This is important
when calculating crop nitrogen removal capabilities. Bermudagrass should be cut when it is 12 to 15
inches tall. Regular cutting every four to six weeks during the growing season can be expected
provided growing conditions are suitable. More or less frequent cutting may be necessary. If the
operator is not overseeding, bermudagrass should go into the winter season with 3 to 4 inches of
growth. If being overseeded, cut bermudagrass back to 2 or 3 inches before planting the winter crop.
Do not cut bermudagrass closer than 2 inches from the ground since this can damage the root system.
Cereal Rye (winter cover crop)
Cereal rye is a winter annual small grain that looks similar to wheat, barley, and oats. This crop is
sometimes used to overseed a warm season crop like bermudagrass, Doing so affords some flexibility
to a waste management program and enhances nitrogen uptake on an annual basis. However, it must
be managed correctly or it can have a negative impact on a bermudagrass crop and be counter
productive to the grower.
The cereal rye should be planted between August 20 and October 31 in the piedmont and between
September 1 and November 15 in the coastal plain region. Planting by October 15 is recommended to
provide the best opportunity to get winter growth. Cereal rye has its most vigorous growth in the
spring, but it has moderate growth in the fall. Some growth, though small, also occurs in the winter.
Nitrogen uptake is greatest in the spring. Its fall nitrogen uptake and growth is greater than annual
ryegrass for the same season. Be careful not to plant rye too early in the season if planting over
bermudagrass since the bermudagrass may tend to keep growing and shade the emerging rye.
The most consistent cereal grain stands are obtained from drilling rye into short (less than 3 inches tall)
bermudagrass sod. If drilling is not possible, the seeds may be broadcast on short bermuda sod
32

I
WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWMP
followed by a light cultivation with a disc or tillage implement. The seeding rate for broadcast
planting should be 1.5 times the rate for drilled seeds. Typical planting of cereal rye is 100 pounds of
seed per acre if drilling and 130 to 150 pounds per acre if broadcasting.
i If overseeding bermudagrass, the last application of animal type waste should be applied to
bermudagrass prior to August 31. When the small grain (overseeded on bermuda) is to be harvested
an application of/50 lbs/acre of Plant Available Nitrogen (P.A.N.) may be applied between September
15 and October 30. An additional 50 lbs/acre of P.A.N. may be applied in February or early March.
If rye is overseeded on bermudagrass and will be grazed by cattle, the P.A.N. applications must
be reduced by 25 %, or a maximum application of 75 pounds P.A.N. per year. Small grain
harvest is required prior to heading or April 7, which ever comes first. If grazing, allow cattle access
- to the rye before bermudagrass emerges. If rye growth is harvested on time it should not significantly
shade the bermuda and reduce bermudagrass yields. If the bermuda is not overseeded it will continue
to grow until cool weather. Usually bermudagrass growth will slow and sometimes stop by the end of
September if it is not overseeded with a cool season crop.
If the rye will be planted on cultivated soil (i.e. not overseeded on bermudagrass), and will be
grazed, and the stubble reincorporated into the soil before planting of row crops, the total
P.A.N. is recommended not to exceed 60 pounds per year.
If rye is not grazed, cut rye as needed and remove from the site, usually this will only occur one time
for small grains. Do not cut the rye closer than about 3 or 4 inches from the ground in order to not
damage the emerging hybrid coastal bermudagrass shoots or root system. Short rye stubble should be
left standing after cutting.
TABLE 14
Tvvical Nitrogen Uotake Months for Varians Crone Grown in Confrnt and N !'
CROP
Jan
Feb
Mar
I Aril
May
June
July
AugSet
Oct
Nov
Dec
Field Corn(grain)
N
N
N
L-M
M-H
H
H-N
H-N
N
N
N
N
Sweet Corn (grain)*
N
N
N-L
M-H
H
H
H-N
N
N
N
N
N
Corn (silage)
N
N
N
L-M
M-H
H
H-N
N
N
N
N
N
Sorghum(grain) -
N
N
N
N-L
M-H
H
H
M
N
N
N
N
Sorghum
N
N
N
N-L
M-H
I H
H
M
N
N
N
N
Winter Wheat
L-N
M-H
H
H
M
N
N
N
N-L
L
L-N
L-N
Winter Rye
N
L-M
H
H
M
N
N
N
L
L
N
N
Soybeans
N
N
N
N
N
L-M
M-H
H-M
L
N
N
N
Tall Fescue
N
M-H
H
H
M
L
L
M-N
M
M-L
L-N
L-N
Orchard ass
N
M-H
H
H
M
L
L
M-N
M
M-L
L-N
L-N
H .Bermuda
N
N
N
N-L
L-M
H
H
M
L-N
N
N
N
Tobacco *
N
N
N
M-H
H
H
M-N
N
N
N
N
N
Sweet Potatoes •
N
N
N
N
N-L
M-H
H
H-M
M-N
N
N
N
Watermelons *
N
N
N
N-L
L-M
H
H
M-L
N
N
N
N
Cantaloupes
N
N
N
N-L
L-M
H
H-M
M-N
N
N
N
N
Pearl Millet
N
N
N
N-L
M-H
H
H
H-M
L-N
N
N
N
N = No nitrogen application recommended under normal growing conditions.
L = Apply nitrogen in Low amounts for normal growing conditions. Low amounts are < 15 ibs/acre.
M = Apply nitrogen in Medium amounts for normal growing conditions. Medium amounts are < 25 lbs/acre.
H = Apply nitrogen in High amounts for normal growing conditions. High amounts are 50 + lbs/acre.
* = These crops are grown for human consumption. Do not apply animal waste to these crops except at pre -plant.
33

WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWMP
NOTESABOUT TABLE 14: This is a somewhat general chart and does not account for every situation. When
the chart says L-N for a month, it may be better to use None unless weather and crop growth permits. The
nitrogen application on crops will depend on the planting schedule and the harvest date of previous crops.
Animal waste can not be applied more than 30 days prior to planting a crop or from crop emergence (i.e.
greening). This table was taken from data developed by NCSU, NRCS, and the NC Cooperative Extension
Service and tempered with the engineer's experience. Waste with high organic content may require fertilization
in advance of Table 14 dates. Likewise, applying animal waste as preplant fertilizer may be necessary to apply
a High dose since it can not be applied after crop emergence. See written explanations about each crop and the
associated animal waste recommendations.
TABLE 15
Summarized R.Y.E. For The Croos At Gold Leaf Farm (all fields are Candor soils)
CROP TYPE
BOOK
HISTORICAL
TYPICAL
P.A.N. TO BE
P.A.N. TO BE
VALUE
AVERAGE
TOTAL
APPLIED VIA
APPLIED VIA
FOR R.Y.E.
VALUES FOR
P.A.N.
ANIMAL
ANIMAL MANURE
R.Y.E. +
REMOVAL
MANURE
(POST-
REPL
EMERGENCE)
TOBACCO
1700 Ibs/acre
3,000 Ibs/acre
preplant only
unds/acre
0 pounds
SWEET CORN
Not Available
1,100 doz/acre
preplant only
85 unds/acre
0 pounds
FIELD CORN
45 bu/acre
100 bu/acre
1.21bs/bu
0 unds/acre
0 unds/acre
SWEET POTATO
Not Available
350 bu/acre
re ]ant onl
0 unds/acre
0 pounds
WATERMELON
Not Available
8 tons/acre
preplant only
60 unds/acre
0 pounds
CANTALOUPE
Not Available
7.5 tons/acre
re lant only
60 imds/acre
0 pounds
RYE (small grain)
N/A
N/A
6lllbs/year
(20'pounds/acre
40 poundstacre in
( cultivated &
in fall
spring
razed
RYE (small grain)
N/A
N/A
;75 lbs/year
f.30 pounds/acre
45 pounds/acre in
(overseeded &
in fall
spring
razed
BERMUDAGRASS
5 tons/acre
unknown I
48,Ibs/ton
uniform/season
uniform/season
+ = When book values for R.Y.E. are not even close to historical data, the engineer used the farmer's historical
data for R.Y.E. The historical data used is not the highest year yield but represents reasonable yields based on
the farmer's data. Gold Leaf Farm irrigates all crop land with fresh water so yields will typically be higher than
book values. .
General Crop Management Reminders
In order to maximize yield and provide high quality crops, soil samples and waste samples shall be
collected and the analysis incorporated into the desired nutrient application plan. See Exhibit 8 for soil
sampling details. Soil samples shall be collected no less than yearly. Lime and supplement fertilize
according to the NCDA soil reports tempered with yields and crop health. Annually the farmer shall
compare crop removal rates with nutrient application rates and adjust irrigation accordingly. Do not
over -apply nutrients to crops since that can result in crop damage, environmental problems; and animal
health problems when the forage crops are consumed. Consult seed companies for exact planting and
harvesting suggestions or your local Cooperative Extension Service.
Exhibit 8 includes some information about plant tissue sampling. The farmer is encouraged to collect
plant tissue samples in advance of the need to fertilize and have them tested for nutrients. This is
especially useful if you think you have not applied enough nitrogen to a crop and it looks yellow or
34

Plan Amendment
This waste management plan was amended on December 21, 2018 to change
Tract 1939 Field 4 from row crops to Bermuda Pasture. Fields 1, 6, and 7
were changed from Row Crops to pearl millet and rye. The lbs. of N/1,000
gal were updated to reflect the current numbers from the most recent waste
analysis. This number was averaged over a three-year time period using the
Nitrogen available from the irrigated liquid.
Swine Operation Owner/Manager:
_ X✓�� Date
Technical Specialist:
Date

Bryan Wilson Amendment to Animal Waste Plan
12/21/18
8,157,600 gallons of lagoon liquid produced.
1.52 Ibs of PAN/1000 gal liquid (waste report)
8,157,600 X 1.52/1000= 12,400 Ibs of PAN produced annually.
N needed
Rye and pearl millet pasture 31.31+30.42+33.84= 95.57 acres

ROY COOPER
Governor
NUCHAEL S. REGAN
UNDA CULPEPPER
Dire"
Paul B. Wilson
Wilson's Swine Farm
3208 Gibson Mill Rd
Ellerbe NC 28338-8426
Dear Mr. Paul Bryan Wilson,
NORTH CAROLINA
Envrrm=wad Quality
August 08, 2019
'�trerp,�M
610,0 P onv
UMC/0-3014103A1303a
RECe1VED/NCDEQ/0WFj
AUG 4 02019
Water Quality
Regional Operations section
Subject: Additional information Request
Application No. AWS770017
Wilson's Swine Farm
_Richmond G- 9unt31_ _ ._
The Animal Feeding Operation Program of the Division of Water Resources (Division) has completed a
preliminary review of your renewal permit application package. Additional information is required
before we may continue our review. Please address and submit the following item(s) within 30 (thirty)
days of receipt of this letter:
,Z' issing Copies of Site Map ield Ma;zs: Our record show that the copies of the field maps are
missing in your WLTP or NMP.
L, l Insect Control Checklist with chosen best management practices checked.
COdor Control Checklist with chosen best management practices checked.
Lagoon/storage pond capacity documentation (design, calculations, etc.) Also provide any site
evaluations, wetland determinations, or hazard classifications that may be applicable to your
facility.
Please reference the subject application number when providing the requested information. All revised
and/or additional documentation shall be signed, dated and sent to my attention at the address below. The
Information can also be submitted electronically at raniesh.mvella,Lzncdenr.,�ov
tease--- eeeLfre titcontact me at 919-707-3702. if you have any questions regarding this letter,
Ramesh Ravella
1636 Mail Service Center
Raleigh NC 27699-1636 Sincerely,
Animal Feeding Operations Program
cc: Fayetteville Regional Office, Water Quality Regional Operations Section
AFOGS Section Files — AWS770017
North Carolina Department of Envim mental Quality 1 Division of Water Resources
-u: i. e:512 North Salisbury Street 11636 Mail Service Center I Raleigh, North Carolina 27699-1636
u. ie.w
� � 919JO7.9000

Plan Amendment
This waste management plan was amended on December 21, 2018 to change
Tract 1939 Field 4 from row crops to Bermuda Pasture. Fields 1, 6, and 7
were changed from Row Crops to pearl millet and rve. The lbs. of NI1,000
gal were updated to reflect the current numbers from the most recent waste
analysis. This number was averaged over a three-year time period using the
Nitrogen available from the'irrigated liquid.
Swine Operation Owner/Manager:
Technical Specialist:
'q t�s 77oc) /
Date iI
;r
Date Ile
AUG 4 0 2019
"3 ^1 1 n^anuons Section

Bryan Wilson Amendment to Animal Waste Plan
12/21/18
8,157,600 gallons of lagoon liquid produced.
1.52 lbs of PAN/1000 gal liquid (waste report)
8,157,600 X 1.52/1000= 12,400 lbs of PAN produced annually.
N needed
Rye and pearl millet pasture 31.31+30.42+33.84= 95.57 acres
A t;,,j 's --) -� d 6 1 -)

CaC: Candor and Wakulla soils, 8 to 15 percent slopes
SLOPE
Use Representative Slope Typical of the Soil Map Unit
`-' Use My Slope: S
CALCULATE >
,4m5 7719v
RECEIVECiMCDEOIDWR
AUG 4 0 Z019
Wc^s ter Q:IaRy
Regional Operations Soeft
REALISTIC
ESTIMATED
PHOSPORHUS
YIELD
NITROGEN
FACTOR
NITROGEN
RATE
REMOVAL
CROP �
1t
1t
(LBS/ACRE)
PZ (LBS E)
11
It
Bahiagrass (Hay)
2.6 Tons
50
128
29
Barley (Grain)
38
1.6
61
14
Bushels
Caucasian/Old World Bluestem (Hay)
2.7 Tons
50
133
32
Common Bermudagrass (Hay)
2.6 Tons
50
128
31
Corn (Grain)
55
1.04
(�5�
24
.�
Bushels
Corn (Silage)
0 Tons
12
0
0
Cotton
0.12
50
12
Pounds
Dallisgrass (Hay)
2.6 Tons
50
128
34
Fescue ,:�: Y
0.2 Tons
50
8
3
Hybrid Bermudagrass (Hay)J ~ _
3.4 Tons
50
168
4.1
----D
Hybrid Bermudagrass overseeded with
Rescuegrass (Hay)
3.8 Tons
50
188
51
Mixed Cool Season Grass (Hay)
0.1 Tons
50
6
2
Oats (Grain)
1.3
63
12
Bushels
Orchardgrass (Hay)
0.1 Tons
50
6
2
Peanuts
1679
0
0
9
Pounds
Pearl Millet (Hay)
3 Tons
55
163
39
Rescuegrass (Hay)
1.6 Tons
50
80
18

REALISTIC ESTIMATED
NITROGEN NITROGEN PHOSPORHUS
YIELD FACTOR RATE REMOVAL
CROP
,t l+ (LBS/ACRE) P n LBS0c`
Small Grain (Silage)
4.9 Tons
12.5
61
26
Sorghum (Grain).
21 CWT
2
42
16
Sorghum (Silage)
0 Tons
8.4
0
0
Sorghum Sudan (Hay)
2.7 Tons
55
148
37
Soybeans (Double Cropped - Manured)
15
4
60
12
Bushels
Soybeans (Double Cropped)
15
0
0
12
Bushels
Soybeans (Full Season - Manured)
18
4
73
15
Bushels
Soybeans (Full Season)
18
0
0
15
Bushels
Timothy Grass (Hay)
0 Tons
50
0
0
Tobacco (Burley)
0 Pounds
0.08
0
0
Tobacco (Flue Cured)
1561
0.4
625
g
Pounds
Triticale (Grain)
40
1.48
59
13
Bushels
Tropical Corn (Silage)
0 Tons
7.2
0
0
Wheat (Grain)
28
2.42
69
14
Bushels
A6 T)06G ?
The NC Interagency Nutrient Management Committee (http://nutrients.soil.ncsu.edu/) is
responsible for the development and maintenance of the Realistic Yield reporting tool.
© 2018 NC State University

It.
REVISED CERTIFIED ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN
FOR
WILSON'S SWINE FARM
RICHMOND COUNTY, N.C.
FACILITY I.D. # 77-17
Prepared for : Wilson's Swine Farm
c/o Bryan Wilson
1180 Jones Springs Church Road
Ellerbe, N.C. 28338
Phone [phone]
Plans Prepared By: Larry F. Graham, P.E.
Environmental Engineering Services
P.O. Box 426
Aberdeen, N.C. 28315
Phone [phone] Fax: [phone]
Copy Submitted to: Richmond County NRCS
Vilma Mendez Colombani - District Conservationist
125 South Hancock Street
Rockingham, N.C. 28379
[phone]
Original Waste Utilization Plan Completion Date (by MRCS): March 29, 1995
Revised Plan Completion Date: May 18, 1999

WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWMP
WARNING
THE MATERIAL CONTAINED IN THIS PACKAGE WAS DEVELOPED
SPECIFICALLY FOR THE NAMED CLIENT ON THE TITLE PAGE. THIS
MATERIAL SHALL NOT BE COPIED BY PRIVATE INDIVIDUALS FOR
PERSONAL USE OR DISTRIBUTION. ONLY PERSONS AUTHORIZED BY
THE CLIENT SHOULD COPY OR REPRODUCE THE MATERIAL WITHIN
THIS REPORT. REGULATORY OFFICIALS MAY HOWEVER COPY
AND/OR DISTRIBUTE THIS DOCUMENT ACCORDING TO
DEPARTMENTAL POLICY AND ACCORDING TO THE LAWS OF THE
STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA.
Page ii

WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWW
Table of Contents
BACKGROUND ABOUT THIS FARM AND A GENERAL SCOPE OF WORK 1
REPORT OBJECTIVES 2
ON -FARM DETAILS 3
General Site Information and Location 3
Topography, Drainage, and Surface Waters 4
Animal Waste Related Set -Backs Or Buffers 5
Miscellaneous Site Details 7
Animal Waste Descriptions and Related Information 7
A BRIEF REVIEW OF THE WILSON'S SWINE FARM LAGOON SYSTEM.
7
General
7
Description of Waste Treatment
8
Lagoon Shape and Flows
8
Sludge Holding Capacity
8
Typical Design Treatment Volume
8
Six Month Wastewater And Rainfall Storage
9
Storage Of The First 25 Year - 24 Hour Storm
9
Storage Of The Second 25 Year - 24 Hour Storm (Sometimes Called Normal Freeboard)
10
Emergency Freeboard
10
High Water Markers for Liquid Levels
10
CONTROL PROGRAMS FOR WILSON'S SWINE FARM
11
Odor Control And Lagoon Management (apply as needed)
11
Odor Control And Air Quality Regulations (recent)
14
Insect Control And Mortality Management
14
Page iii

WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWMP
General Sediment, Nutrient And Run -Off Control Suggestions (use as needed) 15
Personal Safety Considerations Around Lagoons 16
WASTE UTILIZATION PLANS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 17
Soils To Receive Waste 17
On -Farm Nutrient Production From Animal Manure And Its Use On Agricultural Crops 18
Nitrogen 19
Copper And Zinc 20
Phosphorus and Potassium 20
Sodium 21
Other Elements In The Lagoon Effluent 21
Soil Test Results And Discussions 23
Overall Cropping Descriptions 24
Crop Planting and Fertilizing Considerations 25
Tobacco.............................................................................................................................................................. 25
SweetCorn......................................................................................................................................................... 26
FieldCorn .......................................................................................................................................................... 27
SweetPotatoes....................................................................................................................................................28
Watermelons...................................................................................................................................................... 29
Cantaloupes(muskmelon).................................................................................................................................. 30
Hybrid Coastal Bermudagrass (for hay)............................................................................................................. 31
CerealRye (winter cover crop)........................................................................................................................... 32
General Crop Management Reminders 34
NUTRIENT AND LIQUID WASTE APPLICATIONS 36
Irrigation Scheduling 35
Existing and Proposed Irrigation Methodology 36
Field by Field Land Application Details 42
ANIMAL WASTE APPLICATION EQUIPMENT AND ITS USE 64
General 64
Irrigation System Layout And Operation 65
Grading And Clearing For Travel Lanes (use if needed) 66
Page iv

WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWMP
Trenches And Pipe Installation 67
Valves And System Safety 68
System Operation And Maintenance 70
Irrigation Examples 70
GENERAL EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN FOR WILSON'S SWINE FARM 74
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION AND NOTICES
Page v
76

WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWMP
E)UIIBIT LIST
Exhibit 1
County road map (vicinity map).
Exhibit 2.
USGS Topographic map of the farm property location.
Exhibit 3..
Boundary outline of entire property (aerial photograph).
Exhibit 4,
NRCS soil survgy map of the farm.
Exhibit 5.
NCDA waste analysis reports of lagoon effluent.
Exhibit 6.
Not used in this package.
Exhibit 7.
Irrigation layout and field map for Wilson's Swine Farm.
Exhibit 8.
Soil and plant tissue sampling instructions.
Exhibit 9,
Waste sampling instructions.
Exhibit 10,
Mortality management methods list.
Exhibit 11.
Example forms for record keeping.
Exhibit 12.
Cooperative extension publication "Swine Manure as a Fertilizer Source"
Exhibit 13.
Metals loading in soils (NRCS).
Exhibit 14.
Specification guide for pasture and hay land planting.
Exhibit 15.
NCDA Soil Test Report. '
Exhibit 16,
Field calibration procedures for animal waste application equipment (extension publication).
Exhibit 17.
Crop nutrient requirements, etc. (Cooperative Extension Publication)
Exhibit 18.
Swine farm waste management odor control checklist.
Exhibit 19.
Insect control checklist for animal operations.
M';��E�1Dw�
Exhibit 20.
Emergency action plan ideas and BMP's.
IBM
Exhibit 21.
Gun cart nozzle data and irrigation pump curves.
2��g
Exhibit 22.
Hard hose traveler information.
Exhibit 23.
Pipe for irrigation (extension publication).
1pnelLlperationsse►ion
Exhibit 24.
Irrigation scheduling (extension publication).
Exhibit 25.
Typical systems operation guide.
Exhibit 26.
Tri-Action Valve information.
Exhibit 27.
Field calibration procedures for semi -solid animal waste application equipment.
Exhibit 28.
Head loss and pressure calculations for each pull.
Exhibit 29.
Volume vs. depth graph for the anaerobic lagoon.
Page vi

WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWIVIP
CERTIFICATION PARAMETERS AND DETAILS
BACKGROUND ABOUT THIS FARM AND A GENERAL SCOPE OF WORK
Gold Leaf Farm is a diversified farming operation, with a multitude of crop production and livestock
production enterprises. On the Gold Leaf Farm property is an existing swine grow -out or finishing
complex consisting of 10 finishing houses, a single stage anaerobic lagoon, an office, and misc.
support equipment. The swine production operation is known as Wilson's Swine Farm. The
swine operation has been active since the spring of 1995 and is owned by Mr. Bryan Wilson. Since its
completion, the swine operation has been following a Certified Waste Management Plan (CAWMP)
for dealing with its animal manure. It is the purpose of this new document to revise the old CAWMP
and better reflect current farming operations within the framework of more recent regulatory
guidelines. Details within this revised plan are being developed in accordance with current U.S.
Natural Resources and Conservation Service (MRCS) guidelines. The engineer will however use his
own judgment about certain matters to include or exclude and use reasonable assumptions about waste
utilization data when exact data is not available.
For clarity, the reader should remember that through out this document the engineer will mention both
Wilson's Swine Farm and Gold Leaf Farm since they are related and found on the same farm land.
Animal waste from Wilson's Swine Farm will be applied to Gold Leaf Farm Land and associated
crops. The CAWMP is being developed for Wilson's Swine Farm.
The swine operation was sited in August of 1994 by the Richmond County NRCS (Mr. Jerry Pate and
Ms. Vilma Marra, both with the NRCS). In March of 1995, the Richmond County NRCS certified an
animal waste utilization plan for Wilson's Swine Farm. The farm has been more or less using this plan
since that time. In March of 1999 Environmental Engineering Services (EES) was hired to revise this
plan and bring it up-to-date.
The anaerobic lagoon at Wilson's Swine Farm was designed by Larry F. Graham, P.E. with
Environmental Engineering Services (EES). Except for a few minor details, its construction was
certified as complete in May of 1995. When designed and constructed, the lagoon met or exceeded
the NRCS guidelines at that time. There are no plans to modify the existing lagoon system beyond
what was designed at the time of its construction.
Gold Leaf Farm is a very diversified operation and has intensive crop growing schedules. This requires
the farmer to be flexible in his yearly planning for -waste applications. It is extremely difficult to
describe every crop growing alternative for this farm, especially when it relates to a large variety of
crops planted on different fields each year. The plan being discussed herein will replace the existing
CAWMP, but the reader should note that the farmer has the ultimate authority to manage his animal
manure resource to best suite his cropping patterns and weather conditions. This l}lan is only a guide,
and should be modified twithin reason) to fit those needs from year toy year. Maximums and
minimums being discussed should not be violated and precautions about off -site run-off of animal
waste should be strictly observed.
The design parameters contained in this document have been shown to be effective if performed in a
responsible manner by knowledgeable persons. It is impossible however to predict all future
operational, environmental, and legislative situations which could cause these plans to need
modification or be revised at a later date. When possible, this document follows the U.S. Natural
1

WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWMP
Resources Conversation Service (MRCS) design criteria and is not meant to contradict standard
MRCS guidelines or the design criteria of other organizations. Much of the exhibit information in this
document was obtained courtesy of the N.C. Cooperative Extension Service.
In case the reader is not familiar with animal waste utilization plans for agriculture, he or she must
realize that this document is not a comprehensive teaching manual. In fact no such document can take
the place of the owner/operator's experience and desire to learn all there is to know about the
operation and maintenance of animal operations, especially with regards to waste management. When
possible the engineer has tried to explain the thought process so the farmer could make changes to the
plan following the same logic. All assumptions related to decision details are not presented in full
explanation for brevity .
The development of a CAWMP is a dynamic process. This means that one design decision will affect
the next decision, and that decision will affect the next, etc. In the. future on -site situations will
occasionally require plan alterations or adjustments to those parameters presented below. Therefore,
the reader should use this plan for guidance and for general standards more than for exact "to the
inch" measurements. The farmer/manager however should not grossly exceed the minimum or
maximum recommendations so as not to violate the intent of the recommendations. The engineer has
tried to weigh all factors in accordance with importance. Parameters like manpower requirements,
equipment costs, economics of operations, and the individual's situation enter into the plan design but
may not be openly addressed in this report. Each swine facility operates differently and must be
evaluated on its own merit and the owner/operator's willingness to maintain best management
practices or BMP's.
Irrigation information presented in this document may relate to a new, existing, or modified system.
Either way the engineer is presenting this information to demonstrate the adequacy of the equipment
and to give general guidance as to performance parameters. It will be completely up to the irrigation
system operator to operate the system in accordance with these plans, to protect the surface water and
ground water of the State of North Carolina, and to adhere to all rules and regulations related to
animal waste utilization.
All specifications within this document or other documents provided by EES are acceptable for use to
satisfy the animal waste management rules found in the publication titled NCDEHNR, Division of
Environmental Management, Title 15A:02H, Section .0200. The reader should refer to this $tate
publication for regulatory details.
REPORT OBJECTIVES
1. To describe the Gold Leaf Farm (and Wilson's Swine Farm) site characteristics and operational
features. To explain to the reader where the farm is located, what type of production is occurring,
and significant animal waste management practices. Descriptions and explanations about crop
production, lagoon storage capacities, crop yields, etc, will be given for background.
2. To review the farm's manure application areas, soil types, and plans for crop production. This
would include an evaluation of the adequacy of existing equipment for current and proposed
irrigation needs. '
N

WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWW
3. To list the crops to be grown, which crops will receive animal waste, Realistic Yield Expectations
(R.Y.E.), Plant Available Nitrogen (P.A.N.) uptake by crop, some general cropping patterns, and
animal waste application windows.
4. To provide general guidance to the farmer and/or irrigation operator as to some fundamental
irrigation equations and principals so on -site waste application adjustments can be made as needed.
This will include critical elements such as application amounts, precipitation rates, gun cart travel
speeds, and a general water balance discussion between the irrigation routine and storage
capabilities of the lagoon system.
5. To add emphasis to environmental concerns related to the protection of surface and groundwater
at and near the farm. This will include insect and odor control information.
6. To provide a certifiable set of animal waste management plans (including information provided by
others) that will accommodate the specific farm needs, be cost effective to the farmer, and meet
the basic criteria of prudent and effective animal waste utilization and irrigation.
ON -FARM DETAILS
General Site Information and Location
The physical location of the farm parcel is in the north eastern- part of Richmond County
approximately 9 miles north east of Ellerbe and approximately 2.5 miles south east of Derby.
Entrance to the farm is off SR# 1465 (Sycamore Lane Road) about 1,100 feet north of the intersection
of SR# 1471 and SR# 1465. The farm consists of approximately 300 acres total. The nearest named
stream to the farm site is Drowning Creek and it is located north east of the farm according to USGS
quadrangle maps. Exhibits 1, 2, 3, 4 and 7 show various views of the property.
The farm property is bordered by mostly wooded land or farm land with some residential dwellings
scattered around the immediate community. Sandhill Game Land borders a section of the property on
the south east corner. A travel trailer campground lies approximately 1.5 miles north west of the farm
in a direct vector.
Gold Leaf Farm has only one swine production complex on the parcel. This production complex is a
feeder to finish operation with 8,800 head. Wilson's Swine Farm grows hogs for N.G. Purvis Farms,
Inc., a Moore County based integrator. A single stage anaerobic lagoon stores and treats the liquid
swine effluent. When needed the swine liquid is recycled into the houses to recharge the waste
removal systems. On occasion lagoon effluent is pumped from the lagoon and land applied via an
existing spray irrigation system. The effluent is applied to farm grown crops at agronomic rates and
acts as a commercial fertilizer substitute. The swine population at this complex is not being changed.
To the engineer's knowledge, there have been no occurrences of effluent and/or sludge releases at this
farm parcel. In addition to growing a multitude of crops and swine, Mr. Wilson has several poultry
houses on his farm. All chicken manure will be transported off the farm in the future.
R

WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWMP
Specifications contained in this report will relate to proper animal waste utilization. Throughout this
document there will also be information and suggestions providing helpful hints on odor control, insect
control, mortality management, as well as general long term overall waste management.
Topography, Drainage, and Surface Waters
The topography at and around the farm parcel ranges from almost flat to gently rolling hills with all of
the drainage moving in a general north east direction and eventually into Drowning Creek. In addition
there are several unnamed tributaries (i.e. broken blue line streams) on the farm parcel which terminate
at Drowning Creek. From aerial photographs and on -site observation there are three fresh water
ponds on site. A composite USGS topo map of the area can be seen as Exhibit 2. The USGS
topographic maps containing this information are the West End Quadrangle map (photo revised 1982)
and the Hoffman Quadrangle map (photo revised 1982). Coordinates for the Wilson's Swine complex
are approximately Longitude 79 degrees, 36 minutes, 20 seconds; Latitude 35 degrees, 7 minutes, 26
seconds.
Drowning Creek lies approximately 7,800 feet north east of the anaerobic lagoon in a direct vector
and approximately 3,000 feet from the closest land application field. The down -slope hydraulic path to
Drowning Creek is greater than the straight line distance. Three unnamed -named tributaries (broken
blue line streams) can be found on the farm, mostly on the northern farm side. All three of the fresh
water ponds are located on these broken blue line streams. From the USGS topographic
representations and from conversations with the farm owner, flow in these streams depends on rainfall.
In warm dry weather these streams may cease to flow. Drowning Creek is a WS2 water supply near
the farm. No towns are know to get their water from the Drowning Creek immediately down stream
from the farm site. Crop fields are located all around the Gold Leaf Farm parcel.
The discharge of swine effluent to the surface waters of N.C. is prohibited. Therefore no effluent
should be allowed to make its way into the nearby streams and rivers. While no intensive animal
farming operation is immune from wastewater discharge accidents, adhering to the safety guidelines
within this document and careful management should greatly minimize any such accidents. A sudden
dam breach causing a significant release of effluent is very unlikely but existing dam evaluations are
beyond the scope of this document. The reader should note however that the engineer did observe the
lagoon and its earthen dike being installed and verified it was constructed according to NRCS
guidelines. Likewise run-off from excess irrigation is not allowed. In a discharge event, the effluent
would be very dilute prior to it reaching any public water supply intake. While the -effects of any such
occurrence is serious, the engineer believes any major threat to a drinking water supply is minimal and
would not have dramatic and prolonged effects on the availability of the drinking water supply.
Municipal water intakes would be more than 10 miles away from the farm (downstream). Stream
aquatic life would be in jeopardy associated with any large and sudden release of swine effluent
especially if the discharge would occur at dry times when stream flows are small. The extent of such
an accident would depend on the quantity and quality of the effluent.
The natural slopes within the spray fields at the farm range from 0 to 8 percent, with one field from 2
to 10 percent. In general rainfall run-off flows away from or around the confinement housing and the
lagoon areas via pre -determined grass water ways and ditches. The swine houses are not guttered.
Most surface flowing water that might initially flow toward the lagoon is intercepted so this water is
4

WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWMP
diverted. around the outside of the lagoon. Therefore only rainwater falling directly into the lagoon
adds to yearly volume increases.
None of the farm land which is receiving animal manure should not be impacted by 100 year flooding.
This was not verified with flood insurance maps but is a reasonable assumption given the positions of
the fields (see Exhibit 2).
Animal Waste Related Set -Backs Or Buffers
There are numerous regulations related to set -backs and buffers from intensive livestock operations.
Unfortunately these values are subject to rapid change due to legislation, making them hard to always
follow. The engineer has made an attempt to list the appropriate set -backs below according to the
.0200 regulations, General Statue 106 (Senate Bill 1080), Senate Bill 1217, House Bill 515, etc. as of
this report date.
Tables 1 and 2 show various buffers or set -backs that apply to swine and dairy operations. Table 2
shows minimum distances from wetted areas, usually from irrigation. The reader should note that the
set -backs shown are dependent on the time the farm was sited. Gold Leaf Farm has been in business
for many years but the swine facility was sited in August of 1994. Wind conditions, neighbor activities,
crop growth, temperatures, etc. may require that buffers be increased. Wind direction is
predominately from the west and southwest in Piedmont North Carolina. Be particularly careful to
avoid spray drift if irrigating on windy days.
TABLE 1
"FAC.TFJTV SET -RACKS" FOR NEW OR EXPANDING OPERATIONS
FACILITY SET -BACKS FROM --
SWINE
COWS
Residences farms existing before 4-15-87
300 feet
300 feet
Residences farms sited before 10-1-95)
750 feet
750 feet
Residences (farms sited after 10-1-95)
1.500 feet
750 feet
Public use area, church, hospitals, schools, picnic
areas, parks, etc. farms existing before 4-15-87
300 feet
300 feet
Public use .area, .church, hospitals, schools, picnic
areas, parks, etc. farms sited before 10=1-95)
750 feet
750 feet
Public use area, church, hospitals, schools, picnic
areas, arks, etc. farms sited after 10-1-95 )
2,500 feet
750 feet
Property lines
• Farms sited before 10-1-95
• Farms sited between 10-1-95 & 10-1-96
• Farms sited after 10-1-96
100 feet?
100 feet
500 feet
100 feet?
100 feet?
100 feet?
Blue Line Streams SGS Quad. Maps)
100 feet
100 feet
Water wells serving the farm property
100 feet
100 feet
Water wells not servina the farm property
500 feet
100 feet
100 year flood plain
Not Allowed
Not Allowed
? = This setback has not been confirmed, but it is considered a good recommendation.

WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWMP
Facilities would include the confinement houses, feed bins, lagoon, lagoon dam, etc. Access roads,
stormwater control devices (i.e. grass water ways), irrigation fields, piping, etc. are not part of the
facilities under the above set -back limitations according to the engineer's understanding. However the
grower should refer to legal counsel and/or regulatory agencies to confirm these opinions since there is
much regulatory confusion about such matters.
TABLE 2
"WASTE APPLICATION SET -BACKS" FOR ANIMAL OPERATIONS (NEW AND EXISTING)
WASTE APPLICATION SET -BACKS FROM --
SWINE
COWS
Residences or occupied dwellings
200 feet
200 feet
T
Public use area, church, hospitals, schools, picnic
200 feet
200 feet
areas, parks, etc.
Any property line not owned by the farm (except as
No Specification (50 ft.
No Specification (25 ft.
shown below)
recommended, more is
! recommended, more is
better)
better)
Any property line with an occupied dwelling on that
adjacent property.
• Farm sited before 10-1-95 ...........................
0 feet (more is better)
No Specification (25 ft.
• Farm sited between 10-1-95 & 8-27-97........
50 feet
recommended, more is
• Farm sited or expanded after 8-27-97 .........
75 feet
better)
• S ravfields put in place after 8-27-97 .........
75 feet
Public roads and ri t-of-wa s +
25 feet recommended?
25 feet recommended?
Shallow drainage ditches or grass water ways ++
0 ft use extreme caution)
0 ft (use extreme caution)
Irrigation ditches or canals fflowin or usually full)
25 ft more is better)
25 ft (more is better)
Perennial Streams (i.e. Blue Line Streams from USGS
Quad. Maps) other than an .irrigation ditch or Canal
• Farms sited before 10-1-95 .... I ......... I ... I.......
25 feet (100 ft is better)
25 feet (100 feet is
• Farms sited between 10-1-95 & 8-27-97.......
50 feet (100 ft is better)
recommended)
• Farm sited or expanded after 8-27-97 .........
75 feet (100 ft is better)
• S rayfields put in 21ace after 8-27-97 ..........
75 feet (100 ft is better)
Water wells serving the farm property
100 feet
100 feet
Water wells not serving the farm property
100 feet
100 feet
100 ymr flood plain
Allowed but use caution
Allowed but use caution
? = This setback has not been confirmed, but it is considered a good recommendation.
+ = Typical right-of-ways from secondary roads in NC is 30 feet from the center line of the road. This means to
stay 25 feet away from the right of way or a total of 55 feet from the center line of the road. The engineer would
suggest a buffer of at least 75 feet from public road right-of-ways if using big gun irrigation to avoid unpleasant
accidents, especially in windy conditions. Twenty five feet is recommended if using a "honey wagon" to
broadcast near public road right-of-ways.
++ = A light application of effluent over grass water ways to maintain a good grass cover is acceptable. This is
different from deep ground water lowering ditches. Use good judgment and plan this type of activity away from
rain events. Do not irrigate in wet lands if avoidable. Do not heavily apply waste in valleys which are subject to
high rainfall run off or in wet weather drainage ways. 100 feet buffers from perennial water (i.e. blue line
streams) are recommended by the engineer for all fields where waste is to be applied (if applicable).

WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWMP
Miscellaneous Site Details
There are no dwellings, structures, roads, or bridges between the anaerobic lagoon and the nearest
creek or branch.
In North Carolina the prevailing winds are typically from the south-west blowing to the north-east.
There are no high density residential developments, hospitals, schools, or parks immediately north east
of the Gold Leaf Farm parcel but some individual dwellings do exist in the nearby community. The
land application of waste should not be inhibited by these nearby dwellings as long as all precautions
and safeguards are followed. SR# 1465 is not designated a N.C. Scenic By -Way.
From limited observation, the engineer did not observe any unusual natural or archeological features at
this farm parcel where waste is to be applied. No endangered or threatened wildlife species were
noted. Most wildlife habitat at this farm have been provided and are being maintained by the owner
(e.g. fresh water ponds, wooded buffers, etc.).
Animal Waste Descriptions and Related Information
Anaerobically treated swine effluent is the only type of animal waste to be applied to the fields and
crops on the Gold Leaf Farm proper. As mentioned earlier, the chicken manure will be hauled off site.
Sludge from the anaerobic lagoon has not been scheduled for removal. However in the future it will
need to be scheduled for land. application. Sludge removal and its associated land application is not
part of this waste utilization package.
TABLE 3
General Swine Farm Data For Wilson's Swine Farm
Type of facility
Feeder to Finish
Original farm siting
1994
Number of head
8,800
Avera a head weight
135 pounds
Total SSLW
1,188,000 pounds,
Lagoon construction completed
1995
Number of laBoons
I
Lagoon for storin excess water
First(only) stage
Future expansion plans
None
A BRIEF REVIEW OF THE WILSON'S SWINE FARM LAGOON SYSTEM.
General
The Wilson's Swine Farm anaerobic lagoon was built in 1995. Environmental Engineering Services
developed the design specifications for this lagoon. For brevity the engineer will refer the reader to
the original document for design and construction details. The revised CAWMP report herein will not
concentrate on the lagoon construction efforts but will give known volumes to the reader and relate
how they affect the waste utilization plan.
7

WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWMP
The swine confinement houses at this farm use shallow under slat puts with pull -plug type drains for
waste removal. All wastewater generated within the confinement houses drains to the lagoon by
gravity. Wastewater is stored inside the lagoon until ready for irrigation. Transfer pipe outlets from
the houses terminate below the water surface within the lagoon.
Description of Waste Treatment
Modern intensive livestock operations with a liquid waste component typically use on -farm anaerobic
lagoons to both store and treat the animal manure. These lagoons rely on bacteria to decompose the
organic matter in the wastewater into gases, liquids, and sludges or solids. In addition significant
pathogen reduction is achieved by the process.
Lagoon Shape and Flows
There is no one special shape required for the design of anaerobic lagoons. Lagoon volume is a
more important criteria than is shape. Very shallow water depths are discouraged.
The anaerobic lagoon at this farm has no outlet and its . water level ` will vary with wastewater
generation, irrigation, and rainfall. Irrigation does and will occur out of this single lagoon. The lagoon
has a rectangular shaped surface area and more or less flat bottom. The interior of this lagoon could
not be viewed because of existing effluent but the original interior shape is known from measurements
that were taken in 1995. This lagoon has an imported clay liner which was compacted as it was
installed. The farm lagoon was built according to NRCS standards at the time of construction. The
farmer has reportedly staked his lagoon to show the minimum and maximum water levels.
Sludge Holding Capacity
The Wilson's Swine Farm lagoon was designed to contain 5 years of sludge accumulation. The
current sludge depth is not known for this structure. The engineer is assuming the farm manager will
address sludge removal in the not too distant future. The manager should plan for sludge removal at
an optimum time of crop growth and weather conditions and have a certified plan reflecting his or her
desires. For the farmer's reference, planning and future consideration, the lagoon was designed for the
following. sludge accumulation.
TABLE 4
Sludge Storage Volume Designed for The Wilson's Swine Farm Lagoon
S years of storage 2,000,000 gallons (267,380 cubic feet) +/-
Typical Design Treatment Volume
The design treatment volume (sometimes called Minimum Design Volume) is the volume of
wastewater needed to maintain optimum conditions for bacterial growth in anaerobic lagoons. This
volume may require several months to obtain once filling begins on new lagoons. The owner should
be careful to add water to the lagoon until one half of the design treatment volume is achieved before
adding swine manure to new lagoons. The operator should always strive to maintain a liquid depth
greater than 6 feet in single stage or first stage lagoons to control excessive odors. Minimum depth
maintenance does not apply to storage only ponds. Second stage lagoon water levels can be lowered
below the 6 feet level before the on -set of long wet seasons.
8

WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWMP
Requiring enlargements of existing lagoon systems to meet current NRCS design criteria must be
evaluated on a case -by -case basis since they are usually full of effluent and it is often difficult to make
them larger. It is best to view actual effluent test results to see if adequate treatment is taking place.
Below the reader will see the design volume of the lagoon in question. Historical treatment
effectiveness of this lagoon system will be discussed later.
TABLE 5
Minimum Design Treatment Volume for Wilson's Swine Farm
1 Stage Anaerobic Lagoon 8,300,000 gallons (1,109,626 cu. ft.) +/-
Six Month Wastewater And Rainfall Storage
Wastewater is typically pulled off of the top of a last stage lagoon and recycled to the confinement
buildings for re -use. Excess water accumulation will eventually be spray irrigated on crops. Naturally
the farmer will not desire to irrigate every day or every week. Likewise there will be time periods
when the weather will not permit responsible irrigation. This requires there to be storage volume built
into the lagoon system to give the farmer safety and flexibility in the irrigation routine. In North
Carolina the time period for this part of the design can vary between three and six months or
occasionally less if intensive waste management is used.
Table 6 shows a 6 month water storage volume and a I month storage volume for this farm's lagoon.
The six month storage volume includes excess wastes produced by the animals, spillage or wasted
water, clean-up water, and excess rainfall (less evaporation) directly into the lagoon. This. does not
include rainfall run-off water from outside the lagoon since it is usually diverted by earthen
embankments and grass water ways. These are "book values" only.
TABLE 6
Typical Wastewater Storage Needs - Book Values:
Six Months 4,443,120 gallons (594,000 cu. ft.) +/-
One Month 740,520 gallons (99,000 cu. ft.) +/-
Table 6 shows book values for excess wastewater production based on generalized climatological
data and known case histories of hog production. This data also accounts for the average evaporation
which occurs from lagoons. However this data can vary greatly with seasons and unusual weather
conditions. The engineer thinks it is acceptable to use if the lagoon is uncovered and mostly free of
floating organic mats and crust. An actual rainfall balance should be used if the structure is covered
such as with most dairy waste storage ponds.
Storage Of The First 25 Year - 24 Hour Storm
At any time in North Carolina there may occur a severe rain producing storm which can deposit
considerable amounts of water quickly. The standard storm surge allowed in lagoon design is the 25
year - 24 hour rainfall event. This storm event is historically different between tlie Mountains,
Piedmont, and Coastal plain and can even vary between neighboring cities. The 25 year - 24 hour
storm used for the lagoon design was 6.5 inches.
01

WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWMP
There Should Be No Surface Run -Off From Surrounding Areas Allowed To Enter The Lagoon.
All Run -Off Shall Be Diverted Around The Lagoon Via Earthen Embankments, Grass Water
Ways, Or Similar Water Diversion Techniques.
One 25 year - 24 hour storm volume for this farm is shown below. This value must be considered
above the 6 month storage volumes.
TABLE 7
Estimated Volume For One 25 Year - 24 Hour Severe Storm:
First Storm Storage 778,728 gallons 104,108 cubic feet)
Storage Of The Second 25 Year - 24 Hour Storm (Sometimes Called Normal Freeboard)
For animal waste lagoons, normal freeboard is defined as the added depth needed for containment of a
second 25 year-24 hour storm event. When the Wilson's Swine Farm lagoon was constructed there
was not a design criteria for a second storm allowance. While the second storm allowance would be
the same as the first if used, the second storm allowance for this farm is zero.
Wilson's Swine Farm Lagoon Normal Freeboard Volume: 0 gallons (0 cu. ft.)
Emergency Freeboard
Emergency freeboard is the extra depth added to a lagoon for safety against a random embankment
overflow or dam washout. This extra depth is a safety measure and prevents water from spilling over
the dam, resulting in dam erosion and complete or partial dam failure. This amount of added depth is
usually selected to be 1 foot but can be 2 feet in some cases. This freeboard is between the top of any
emergency overflow and the top of the dam.
Wilson's Swine Farm Lagoon Emergency Freeboard: 1 foot
Since emergency overflow discussions have no bearing on animal waste utilization, no additional detail
on emergency overflow design will be given herein. See the EES lagoon design package for
emergency overflow design details.
High Water Markers for Liquid Levels
As required by regulation, the farmer shall install a permanent pole or metered stick or stakes inside
the lagoon or waste storage pond so the operator can tell at a glance the current water level and
volume inside the lagoon. The engineer recommends the farmer use some type of highly visible marker
divided in increments so he/she can tell at a glance the storage volume remaining in the lagoon. Pole
markings should be no greater than 1 foot apart, but six inch graduations are better. Highly visible
permanent markers mounted up and down the interior side slope of the lagoon will also serve the
same purpose. If wooden stakes are used they should be made out of treated lumber. As a minimum
the farmer shall install a permanent marker at the "pump on" level and one at the "pump off" level.
The "pump on" level is below the allowance for any storm surges. A mid -way marker is also very
helpful for approximating volumes if the marker is not graduated. Important lagoon water levels are
shown below in Table 8. See Exhibit 29 to view a graph of lagoon volume vs. depth.
10

WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWMP
TABLE 8
Approximate Levels To Stake Inside The Lagoon
START PUMPING BEFORE HERE
STOP PUMPING AT LEAST BY HERE
_FEET BELOW OVERFLOW
FEET BELOW OVERFLOW
Lagoon #1
0.7 ++
4.4
++ = Storage for only one 25 Year - 24 Hour Storm available between here and overflow. Please
remember, the emergency overflow is NOT the top of the dam:
TABLE 9
OVERALL DESIGN SUMMARY FOR THE GOLD LEAF FARM LAGOON
Added Liquid
Depth (Feet)
Total Liquid
Depth From
Bottom Of
Lagoon (Feet)
Added Volume
(Gallons)
Total Volume
(Gallons)
Sludge
2.10
2.10
2,000,000
2,000,000
Minimum Desi2 Volume
8.50
10.60
8,300,000
10,300,000
Six Month Stora a Volume
3.70
14.30
4,443,120
14,743,120
Surface Inflow
Included in six
months storage
Included in six
months storage
Included in six
months storage
Included in six
months storage
Extra Storage Capacity
0
14.30
0
14,743,120
First 25 Year - 24 Hour Storm
0.70
15.00
778,728
15,521,848
Normal Freeboard (second
storm)
0
15.00
0
----
15,521,848
_._
Emergency Freeboard
1.0
16.00
N/A
N/A
Totals
----
16.00
------- 1
15,521,848 +/-
All tabular values are presented as calculated but are close approximations. Tabular values may vary a little
from design values. See Exhibit 29 for a graph of as -built lagoon data.
CONTROL PROGRAMS FOR WILSON'S SWINE FARM
Odor. Control And Lagoon Management (apply as needed)
Note: Much of this document's text and exhibits are directly or indirectly related to odor control.
Likewise, common sense plays a very important part of any odor control program. The below list of
items is not intended to be all inclusive. Please refer to all information related to this farm, including
suggestions made in the attached exhibits. See Exhibit 18 for an odor control checklist.
1. 'Use common sense and constant observations to prevent lagoon upsets.
2. It is desirable to add manure daily or every other day in regular doses. This is preferred to slug
loading the lagoon at irregular intervals or starving the microorganisms.
3. The lagoon sludge and/or wastewater shall be tested to determine its nutrient content prior to land
applications: This shall be done every 60 days or within 60 days of major application events. Send
effluent and sludge samples to the N. C. Department of Agriculture, Plant, Waste, and Tissue Lab,
4300 Reedy Creek Road, Raleigh, N.C. 27607, phone [phone]. Plant or crop tissue
11

WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWNW
samples can also be sent for regular analysis. Contact the local Cooperative Extension Service for
additional details and phone numbers. Keep in mind that sludge applications will likely alter
routine liquid application rates so do not confuse sludge and slurry applications with liquid
effluent. See Exhibit 9 for waste sampling instructions.
4. Keep grasses and vegetation out of the lagoon. Permanent floating organic mats are not likely to
occur on swine lagoons. Such mats will not interfere with performance but should be removed to
help control odor and insects. Animal health consumables, rubber gloves, plastic bags, and trash
tend to accumulate in lagoons and should be cleaned out regularly. Keep it neat!
5. Lagoon water levels should be lowered before the on -set of wet weather seasons and in
accordance with on -farm crop needs. Leave plenty of room for heavy rainfalls or long wet
seasons. Review freeboard requirements and keep enough freeboard for the appropriate storm
surges.
6. Regularly inspect the lagoon dam and earthen embankments for settling or bulges, side slope
stability, rodent damage, jug holes or pock marks, erosion scars, wave action damage, weeping,
etc. Weeds should be mown at least one time per year and two times per year in heavy growth
years so the operator can see problems before they get serious.
7. Do not drive vehicles across emergency spillways. Keep the spillway clear of limbs, tall plant
growth, logs, floating debris, sedimentation, etc. Watch for erosion and settling.
8. Grazing on dams and embankments can cause problems and is not allowed.
9. Inspect all dams, earthen embankments, and emergency spillways at least two times per year or
after every significant storm event. The owner/operator shall keep a written record on all
inspections, maintenance and repairs done on the lagoon and or dam.
10. Lagoons with floors below the seasonably high water table should maintain the water levels in the
lagoon at or slightly above the seasonably high level.
11. Always maintain at least 1 foot of freeboard in lagoons with pump systems. If pump units are not
owned by the farmer where he/she has control of the use of the pump then the farmer should
maintain at least a 2 feet freeboard.
12. Try to avoid large rapid liquid level reductions inside the lagoon. Always observe the inside dam
sides for possible liner sloughing during rapid liquid draw -downs. Repair damaged lagoon liners
immediately.
13. Emergency spillways should be kept clear of trash and debris. A good grass cover should be
maintained at and down slope of emergency spillways.
14. Once new lagoons are constructed and ready for filling, it is very important to first add water to
the lagoon prior to adding swine manure. The owners should be careful to add water to a new
lagoon until at least one half of the lagoon design treatment volume is achieved before adding
swine manure. In first stage lagoons the operator should always strive to maintain a liquid depth
of about 6 feet (does not apply to storage only ponds). Initial water addition to the lagoon shall be
from water wells on the farm or from nearby creeks, but if storm water run-off can be easily added
to the lagoon it may be added in place of well water. Do not allow lagoon side walls to become
eroded when filling.
15. Research literature suggests a pH of 7.5 to 8.0 be maintained in an anaerobic swine lagoon to
obtain optimum treatment conditions and minimize odors. During lagoon start-up the acid forming
bacteria will tend to populate faster then the methane forming bacteria and can lower the overall
pH of the lagoon water. If this occurs, the owner/operator should add hydrated lime to the lagoon
at a rate of 1 pound per 1000 cubic feet.of water. The lime can be applied to the surface of the
12

WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWMP
lagoon and mixed into the surface waters until a proper pH is obtained. Start adjusting the pH if
the lagoon water, drops to or below a pH of 6.7.
16. The only way to accurately estimate the volume of sludge in an anaerobic lagoon is to take
measurements. This can be done by using a "sludge judge" or a variety of other measuring
devices. Measure sludge accumulation at least one time every 2 years. Plan sludge removal events
as desired by the farmer in accordance with the waste utilization plan, weather conditions, etc.
PLAN AHEAD!
17. Avoid unnecessary agitation of the lagoon when not irrigating. This will help control odors. Take
measures to allow water to flow into the lagoon in a gentle fashion instead of splashing or
cascading. Inlet piping should be placed below water surface as long as the water inside the
houses will drain out fully. Extreme care should be used when filling the lagoon so as to avoid
eroding a scar into the side of the lagoon and exposing undesirable soils. Use temporary flexible
drainage pipe if necessary to transfer water to the bottom of the lagoon area. Flexible pipe can be
left in lagoon.
18. Effluent piping from the confinement housing should be a minimum of 6 inches in diameter,
however 8 inch piping may be used. Gravity flow piping should be sloped according to the
recommendations of the building contractor. It should be PVC piping with glue joints. The
terminal end of the piping should extend just under the water surface. If the pipe outlets are under
water and the pipes are air tight the pipes should be equipped with vapor traps and vents to
prevent gasses from moving back toward the confinement houses. Clean out ports should also be
provided for each set of pipes. USE EXTREME CAUTION WHEN INSTALLING PIPES
ACROSS FILL MATERIAL SUCH AS A DAM. CONSULT THE ENGINEER OR NRCS
BEFORE DIGGING.
19. Lagoon start-ups are best done in warm weather, particularly in the northern climates. This is less
important in southern states. Careful consideration to pH and gradual start-up loadings can help
oil set cool weather start-ups.
20. Irrigation pump intakes should be a minimum of 18 inches below the lagoon liquid surfaces. The
operator may elect to occasionally agitate the sludge on the lagoon floor while irrigating in order
to minimize sludge build-up. Any irrigation pump and irrigation nozzles should be designed to
pump solids if this is part of the irrigation plan. If solids are agitated when irrigating, account for
this in your waste application amounts.
21. Take extreme care to select optimum conditions for spray irrigation of wastewater and sludge
removal " events. Careful planing will help minimize odors. Irrigate wastewater in dry warm
weather if possible, preferably before 12 noon. Avoid weekend and holiday irrigation unless
absolutely necessary. Try to irrigate when wind is not blowing toward neighbors.
22. New products are being developed to help minimize odors from swine operations. The
owner/operator may utilize such products but these should only be utilized according to
manufacture's recommendations and with caution. Many of these products do not reduce odors
and are a waste of money. Rapid additions of enzymes or chemicals could cause microbial upsets.
23. In North Carolina prevailing winds blow from the southwest toward the northeast. Plant or
maintain trees on the west and southwest side of the farm to act as a wind break. Plant trees
between irrigation fields and neighbors or public highways. Avoid spraying on windy days or
when the wind is blowing toward nearby neighbors. ,
24. Keep trash, dead animals, and spilled feed cleaned up and properly disposed. Regularly haul off
dead animal carcasses or bury them according to accepted carcass disposal methods.
13

WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWMP
25. Keep at least 12 inches of air space between the bottom of concrete slats and under floor waste
accumulations.
Odor Control And Air Quality Regulations (recent)
The NC Environmental Management Commission (EMC) adopted temporary odor rules in February
1999. Permanent rules are scheduled to be adopted within the year. Most of these rules are
mentioned in the above section but are being shown separate for emphasis. These rules are listed
below for the farmer's information.
1. The discharge point of the flush water discharge pipe shall extend to a point below the surface of
the animal wastewater lagoon.
2. The carcasses of dead animals shall be properly stored at all times and disposed of within 48 hours.
3. Spray irrigation activities of wastewater can not be allowed to drift beyond the farm boundary
except for the purposes of maintaining a safe lagoon freeboard. This would be an emergency
situation. Farmers must contact the Division of Water Quality (DWQ) in emergency situations
and before irrigating effluent during storms.
4. Animal wastewater application spray system intakes shall be located near the liquid surface of the
animal wastewater lagoon. In other words they can not be located more than 18 inches below the
surface.
5. Ventilation fans shall be maintained according to the manufacturer's specifications.
6. Animal feed storage containers located outside of animal containment buildings shall be covered
except when necessary to remove feed.
7. Animal wastewater flush tanks shall be covered with a device that is designed for ready access to
prevent overflow or shall have installed a fill pipe that extends below the surface of the tank's
wastewater.
Insect Control And Mortality Management
Insect control is an important aspect of the day to day operation of a swine production facility and
assists the farmer in being a "good neighbor". Below is a list to consider in an insect control program.
Also refer to Exhibit 19 for an insect control check list.
1. The farmer shall at all times strive to keep weeds and tall grass from growing uncontrolled around
the lagoons. Good weed control will help minimize insect problems.
2. Keep large floating mats of leaves, trash, and debris cleaned out from the lagoon. These mats can
tend to form a habitat for insects and flies. Dispose of all organic materials and trash in containers
or dumpsters.
3. Keep dead animals picked up, placed in carcass disposal containers, and hauled off -site. In warm
months have the dead animals removed from the farm every. day.
4. Keep all grass mown, especially around houses and lagoons.
5. Keep all spilled feed and piles of grain cleaned up.
6. Follow crop stalk and root destruction programs where applicable. Follow all BMP's for crop
production.
7. Small pools, of water can develop around a farm due to equipment traffic, efc. Keep these
depressions filled so water does not stand for long .periods. A "dry" and manicured farm
discourages insect breeding.
14

WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWNW
8. The farmer should consult with the local Cooperative Extension Service to discuss an integrated
pest management program. Incorporate the use of pesticides and herbicides as needed for insect
control.
9. Employ good housekeeping!
10. Manure tends to pack into the corners of pits and . can cause excessive odors and insects.
Regularly inspect pits, sump areas, pit walls, etc. for caked manure. Use a high pressure hose to
wash out caked manure areas.
11. Remove crusted solids from lagoons, pits, and channels.
12. Fly traps which lure flies to them with an attractant well if enough of them are used around a farm,
especially if the animal waste is not allowed to sit undisturbed in corners of pits or in hard to reach
places. Hang such traps where they will not be damaged by the animals or by machinery and
where they can be maintained.
13. The managers at Wilson's Swine Farm use steel containers or dumpsters to house dead animals
until picked up by a rendering company (Enterprise Rendering Company, 28821 Bethlehem
Church Road, Oakboro, N.C. 28129 Ph. # [phone]). This is their method of mortality
management. Make sure all dead animals are placed within this container immediately upon
removal from the confinement housing.
General Sediment, Nutrient And Run -Off Control Suggestions (use as needed)
1. The off -site discharge of animal waste is prohibited. Surface waters of the state can not be
impacted by animal waste. In the future the farmer shall at all times take whatever means
necessary to control soil erosion on the farm and prevent sediment or nutrient transport off -site.
The farmer should use terraces, grass strips, grass buffer zones, farming on the contour, silt
fencing, rock dams, etc. in order to control erosion and run-off. However, erosion control design
is beyond the scope of this waste utilization package. The local NRCS office may assist in
developing a long term sediment and erosion control plan if requested by the farmer.
2. The up -slope sides of all lagoons shall have sufficiently sized stormwater diversion embankments
across their length to convey rainfall run-off to the sides or around the ponds. Rainfall run-off
from the buildings should be diverted away from the pond area if possible.
3. After any soil disturbance and/or final grading takes place, the farmer shall establish permanent
vegetation around the confinement houses, lagoon dams, and waste application fields. The farmer
shall maintain good covers with mowing and fertilizing. Annually collect soil samples for analysis
and follow fertilizer and lime recommendations. Fertilize and lime native grasses around the site
and keep existing ground cover in tact as much as possible. Maintain natural water ways and
ditches. Plant new cover grasses as necessary. See Exhibit 8 for soil sampling and plant tissue
sampling instructions.
4. Repair mulch and seed beds as necessary if areas of dead grass develop or erosion scars occur.
5. Use pesticides and herbicides only as a last resort to keep grass stands healthy. Use good
housekeeping techniques to control insects along with or instead of pesticides.
6. New shrubs and trees should not be planted closer than 30 feet to lagoons and never on earthen
dams.
7. Leave grasses a little long just going into the typical dormant season for the type of grass you
have. Leave grasses long in buffer areas and in grass water ways.
15

WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWW
Personal Safety Considerations Around Lagoons
(repeated from lagoon design package)
1. Fencing around the lagoon is an option to the farmer if trespassing is a problem. If the public or
children will have access to the lagoon area the lagoon should have a stock tight fence installed
around its perimeter. Clear warning signs should be installed around the lagoon and be visible
from all sides of the lagoon. Unauthorized persons should be kept away from the lagoon area.
2. The owners should install throw type safety devices within easy access from at least 2 places
around the lagoon in the event of a drowning accident. Safety ropes should also be kept nearby.
At least one person at the farm should have water rescue training. Any person using a boat on the
lagoon must wear a life preserver and have a helper standing on shore in case of an emergency, All
farm personnel should have first aid and safety training.
3 Animal manures produce gasses as their solids decompose. Agitation of lagoon solids or agitation
of under slat liquids can cause large amounts of gasses to. be released quickly. The owners should
be aware that certain gasses are colorless and odorless and can cause asphyxiation and death under
severe circumstances (usually in confined spaces and not as likely around a lagoon). It is doubtful
gas concentrations would approach explosive levels, but the owners should be aware of such
possibilities in confined spaces. Employees should be warned about such dangers and trained in
.dealing with such matters. The primary types of gases produced by animal manure are listed
below:
TABLE 10
Hydrogen Sulfide- MS :
• The most dangerous of gases produced, especially during manure agitation. This gas is corrosive
to exposed metal parts. 7
• Colorless with distinct odor. _
• Heavier than air, accumulates near the floor.
• Recommended maximum safe gas concentrations for an 8 hour exposure to humans: 10 parts
per million
• Recommended control of as: Adequate ventilation.
• Not readily explosive.
Carbon Dioxide- CO2 :
• Not particularly toxic in normal concentrations. Large quantities can be released during manure
agitation. Not particularly corrosive.
• Colorless and odorless.
• Heavier than air, accumulates near the floor.
• Recommended maximum safe gas concentrations for an 8 hour exposure to humans: 5,000 parts
per million
• Recommended control of gas: Adeq uate ventilation.
• Not readily explosive.
Methane- CH4
16

WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWNT
• The most explosive of gases produced, especially during manure agitation. Not extremely toxic
at low levels.
• Colorless and odorless.
• Li hter than air, accumulates near the ceiling.
• Recommended maximum safe gas concentrations for an 8 hour exposure to humans: 1,000 parts
er million
• Recommended control of as: Adequate ventilation.
• Explosive at concentrations of 50,000 to 150,000 parts per million (or 5 - 15 %)
Ammonia-(NH4):
• Not extremely toxic in lower concentrations. Irritating to the eyes and respiratory system. Can
be released in large quantities especially during manure agitation. Can be corrosive to exposed
metal parts.
• Colorless with ve distinct odor.
• Lighter than air, accumulates near the ceiling.
• Recommended maximum safe gas concentrations for an 8 hour exposure to humans: 25 parts
per million
• Recommended control of gas: Adequate ventilation.
• Not readily explosive._
4. Workers should never go under floor slats unless accompanied by a helper and only if adequate
ventilation is in place. Drain and clean under slat pits at least 8 hours prior to entering in addition
to providing good ventilation. Workers entering confined spaces should follow OSHA guidelines
for such activities.
5. The owner/operator may wish to purchase a portable hand held gas meter for questionable
environmental situations.
6. Beware of spiders and snakes around swine facilities.
7. Workers should attend to cuts and wounds immediately with the proper first aid.
8. An emergency action plan must be developed for this farm in case an emergency develops. A
general plan is discussed later in this document.
WASTE UTILIZATION PLANS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Soils To Receive Waste
The USDA/NRCS soil survey maps for Richmond County (Exhibit 4) are not as complete as some
counties. It would appear from Exhibit 4 that there is only one soil type for the Gold Leaf Farm crop
land. That predominate soils series to "potentially" receive animal manure at this site is Candor and
Wakulla. Below the reader will find a soil description:
17

WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWMP
Soils At Gold Leaf Farm - Crop Land
1. 716B - WcB. Candor and Wakulla Soils, 0 to 8 percent slopes.
Soil Description - 1
Soil Name..................................................................
Candor and Wakulla Soils
Soil Index Number .....................................................
6 (most probable)
Most Restrictive Permeability Zone ............................
6 in/hr. (approx.)
Maximum Long Duration Application Rate ................
Bare Soil = 0.40 In./Hr. (Avg.)
Maximum Long Duration Application Rate ................
On Crop = 0.50 In./Hr. (Avg.)
Maximum Short Duration Application Rate ................
On Crop = 0,60 Inches/flour
"Design" Moisture Use Rate (Maximum -Hay) ...........
0.24 Inches/Day
"Design" Moisture Use Rate (Maximum-Veg.) ...........
0.18 Inches/Day
Maximum Irrigation During Peak ET - Hay .......................
Every 4 to 5 Days
Maximum Irrigation During Peak ET - Veg.......................
Every 7 to 8 Days
Application Amount Range Per Event ..............................
0.3 to 1.0 inches ++
Most of the above soil. description was taken from the NRCS Technical guide, Section II-G (Sprinkler
Irrigation Guide). Certain items have been modified per the engineer's opinion.
++ Approximate maximum irrigation in one cycle in the piedmont and coastal plain. Usually irrigation
application amounts should be 0.75 inches or less. Highest value assumes a 75% irrigation efficiency
and would only be possible in hot and dry weather conditions on slopes less than 8 %. Steeper slopes
or cool weather applications will require less intensive irrigation. Do not apply more than 1 inch of
wastewater at any one irrigation event. Application amounts of fresh water may be higher.
On -Farm Nutrient Production From Animal Manure And Its Use On Agricultural Crops
There is no more important task in the utilization of animal waste than to properly apply it on a
particular crop at rates which the plants can utilize. Over application can cause nutrients to be washed
off to surface water or leached into ground water, and under application can result in a poor crop
growth, lower yields, etc. Proper application amounts are known as "agronomic rates". The proper
agronomic rates can vary from season to season, by crop types, by soil types, by topography, by short
term weather conditions, etc. These values are not to be confused with potential hydraulic loadings.
Hydraulic loadings will be discussed in another section. The key factor to remember is to not apply
nutrients to crops in excess of their ability to utilize these nutrients or in excess of water (hydraulic)
acceptance .rates. Do not be confused and think that there is only one nutrient application rate for a
particular crop. Nutrient application will va as mentioned above.
Once raw animal waste is collected and stored it starts going through microbial digestion. Anaerobic
lagoons are especially good at breaking down solids and nutrients in raw manure. The microbes in all
digestion processes consume some nutrients in their metabolism and help reduce the nutrient value of
the raw manure. Anaerobically digested animal manure contains nitrogen as well as other
macronutrients such as calcium, phosphorous, potassium, etc. In addition the effluent contains many
micronutrients such as copper, zinc, iron, etc. Currently only nitrogen is considered as the limiting
nutrient factor for the land application of animal waste, but in the future other nutrients may become
the limiting components,especially if they are found in large quantities within the waste. The farmer
must perform annual soil tests for potassium, phosphorous, copper, zinc, sodium, etc. The farmer
18

WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWMP
should always be aware of the total nutrient composition of his/her waste and alwa s look at other
nutrients besides nitrogen since these can seriously effect crop health. Some discussion about
nutrients and metals will be given in this plan. Exhibit 13 shows maximum metal loading in soils.
Below the reader will find estimated nutrient amounts expected to be produced from the swine waste.
These values are subject to change with future waste analyses.
Nitrogen
Plant Available Nitrogen or P.A.N. in animal waste can be most reliably estimated by using an average
Jof actual chemical analyses. When data is not available the designer can use some standard design
numbers (i.e. book values) such as those issued by the N.C. Cooperative Extension Service, NRCS
publications, etc. Book values are often used if there are not at least 6 consecutive waste analyses to
average (i.e. 2 per year for 3 years or 3 per year for 2 years). All nitrogen figures discussed within this
report are given as P.A.N.
As a word of caution, NCDA waste testing is only as reliable as the care with which the sample is
retrieved. Therefore the farmer should take extreme care to collect representative waste samples.
The same would be true for soil sampling. The reader can see Exhibit 9 for waste sampling
instructions and Exhibit 8 for soil sampling instructions.
Animal manure from Wilson's Swine Farm is the only source of animal waste that will be applied to
the Gold Leaf Farm crop land. Table 11 (below) shows recent test data from the swine lagoon. This
data was collected by Mr. Bryan Wilson and provided to the engineer (also see Exhibit 5). In addition
Table 11 shows "average book values" for similar type hog operations. The actual on -farm test data
only represents 2 sample dates or sample events. The reader should note that according to DWQ
guidelines and NRCS guidelines there is not enough long term testing data available from Wilson's
Swine Farm to draw strong conclusions about P.A.N. amounts in the effluent. In addition the samples
were all taken in warm months which could also skew the data. Because the actual test data is higher
than the book value, the engineer has chosen to use a value slightly over the average book value to
estimate nitrogen production. However the engineer would like to caution the farmer to clesel watch
future NCDA test results since the few available P.A.N. values show levels of nitrogen significantly
above the book averages. REMINDER: In the future the farmer must collect waste samples at
least 3 times per year to accurately track nutrient levels in the lagoon effluent. Collecting
samples one time per season (4 times per year) is a better plan if at all possible.
Gold Leaf Farm Nitrogen Value Determination
Number of Head: 8,800 top hogs.
Type of operation: Feeder to Finish
Estimation source: NCDA test results and NRCS book value averages
Estimated average weight per animal unit: 135 lbs
Estimated average excess water production (rainfall added) =1.0 cu. ft. /lb.
Excess water production est. source: NCSU - Cooperative Ext. Service.
19

WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWMP
TABLE 11
Estimated P.A.N. Production On Wilson's Swine Farm - Annual Totals
DATE OR
APPLICATION
RA.N. PER
ESTIMATED
TOTAL P.A.N.
TYPE OF
TECHNIQUE
UNIT FOR
GALLONS OF
PRODUCTION
SAMPLE
LIQUID WASTE
EFFLUENT TO
(POUNDS PER YEAR)
(POUNDS PER
IRRIGATE
1000 GAL)
ANNUALLY
(GALLONS)
7-9-97
Irrigated
3.1
N/A
N/A
7-9-97
irrigated
3.0
N/A
N/A
6-17-98
Irrigated
3.5
N/A
N/A
6-17-98
Irrigated
3.1
N/A
N/A
6-17-98
Irri ated
3.9
N/A
N/A
Average of
Irrigated
3.3
8,900,000
29,370
Actual Data
NRCS Book
Irrigated
2.5
8,900,000
22,250
Value
Selected Design
Irrigated
2.75
8,900,000 24,475
Value
Copper And Zinc
Copper and zinc are trace metals (heavy metals) often found in animal type waste and will appear in
the anaerobic lagoon effluent in small amounts. Heavy metals concentrations are usually higher in
anaerobic lagoon bio-solids (sludge) than in anaerobic lagoon effluent. Plants must have a limited
amount of these metals in order to thrive. Copper and zinc can accumulate in soils and may eventually
reach high enough levels to become toxic to plants (phytotoxic) if applied year after year, especially if
applied in large amounts each year. Different plants have different tolerances for these metals.
Harmful metal accumulation levels will also depend on the cation exchange capacity (CEC) of the soil.
Exhibit 13 shows these two metals and relative harmful levels. The land owner or operator should
always try to keep the heavy metal levels as low as possible. MRCS, DWQ, etc. recommends that no
more than 1/20 of the lifetime metals allowance be applied in any one year, especially if the application
is an on -going event. Soil test data will show existing metal levels and the CEC of the soil. Soil tests
for copper and zinc must be taken at least annually or according to the DWQ issued permit. Table 12
summarizes the most recent test results in terms of copper and zinc concentrations.
Phosphorus and Potassium
Phosphorus is found in various concentrations in all animal types of waste with concentrations usually
higher in anaerobic lagoon sludge. Phosphorous is a key element to ensure good crop health. Its
effect on crop growth is not as dramatic as nitrogen or potassium, but the lack of it can cause plant
stunting, poor seed formation, and reduced crop yields. Phosphorous levels in animal type waste will
vary depending on many factors so testing will always be required. Often the operator will land apply
phosphorus in amounts beyond what can be taken up by plants. High phosphorus levels are more of a
problem for surface transport to streams than it is a problem for plants. This is because the
phosphorous strongly attaches itself to soil particles. Therefore the operator must be very cautious
about surface run-off and soil erosion from fields into streams or creeks. Good buffer strips and
20

WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWMP
erosion controls will help keep phosphorus from getting into streams. See Exhibits 12 and 17 for
more details about phosphorus.
Potassium is also found in anaerobic lagoon effluent and is a very important element for plant growth.
Plants use potassium in quantities similar to their use of nitrogen. The lack of potassium can cause
plant stress, defoliation, or death. Potassium is less mobile in soil than nitrogen but more mobile than
potassium. Sandy soils tend to loose potassium more readily than clay soils. Maintaining good soil
pH and organic matter will help keep potassium from moving below the plant root zone. Potassium is
not thought to be as environmentally damaging as phosphorous. Good buffer strips and erosion
controls will help keep phosphorus from getting into streams from run-off. See Exhibits 12 and 17 for
more details. about potassium.
As mentioned above under P.A.N. discussions, Wilson's Swine Farm does not have enough
representative lagoon effluent samples or test results from which to draw strong conclusions about
nutrient contents. However for the purpose of discussion Table 12 summarizes the known test results
in terms of phosphorous and potassium concentrations assuming they will be irrigated.
Sodium
Sodium is a naturally occurring element in many soils. Excessive buildups of sodium can cause water
stress in growing plants. Sometimes sodium can cause clay particle dispersion if it is not balanced with
calcium or magnesium. Clay particle dispersion will cause the soil surface to become hard and will
severely restrict water infiltration and permeability.
High sodium content wastes, if land applied, can accumulate sodium in the soil profile and cause the
problems mentioned above. Engineers use an equation to evaluate the potential effect of sodium on a
soil that is called the Sodium Adsorption Ration or S.A.R. This ratio looks at a balance between
sodium, calcium and magnesium. In general, a wastewater or sludge with a S.A.R. of 15 or less is
usually safe to apply on clay soils. Sandy soils do not have as much problem with clay dispersion as
do clay type soils since the clay content of sandy soils is obviously less. The waste sample collected
for this project (using values from Table 12) has a S.A.R. of less than 8. All things considered, sodium
does not seem to be a problem at this time. Table 12 summarizes the test results for sodium.
Other Elements In The Lagoon Effluent
Exhibit 5 shows additional elements and compounds that were tested for by the NCDA. The engineer
does not see significant quantities of these elements that are of concern given the amount of effluent
scheduled for application. However, the operator should not be lulled into thinking future test results
will remain the same as shown here. Future test results should always be viewed for elevations in
heavy metals, sodium, etc. Table 12 shows the remainder of these tested elements and rough
estimations on their quantities in future applications. But remember, these are estimates .and do not
substitute for routine testing.
21

WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWMP
TABLE 12
ESTIMATED ANNUAL WASTE APPLICATION AMOUNTS FOR VARIOUS COMPONENTS
FOUND IN THE WILSON'S SWINE FARM ANAEROBIC LAGOON EFFLUENT
NCDA WASTE ANALYSES RESULTS taken 7-9-97 and 6-17-98
Compound
Averaged
Sample Test
Results +
Gallons of Waste
to Irrigate
Annually
Total Annual Est.
Application Due
To Irrigation
Suggested
Maximum Soil
Loading Rates
(cumulative) ++
Aluminum (Al)*
No Data
8,900,000
No Data
Not Established
Arsenic (As)
No Data
8,900,000
No Data
< 37 lbs.lacre
Boron (B)*
0,64 mg/L
8,900)000
48 pounds
Not Established
Calcium (Ca)*
106 mg/L
8,900,000
7,872 pounds
N/A
Cadmium (Cd)*
No Data
8,900,000
No Data
4.4 - 17.81bs./acre
Chlorine (Cl)*
No Data
8,900,000
No Data
Not Established
Chromium (Cr)
No Data
8,900,000
No Data
< 2,616 lbs./acre
Copper (Cu)*
0.55 mg/L
8,900,000
41 pounds
125 - 5001bs./acre
Iron (Fe)*
5 mg/L
8,900,000
371 pounds
Not Established
Lead (Pb)*
No Data
8,900,000
No Data
500 - 2,0001bs./acre
Lithium (Li)*
No Data
8,900,000
No Data
Not Established
Magnesium (Mg)*
23.24 mg/L
8,900,000
1,726 pounds
Not Established
Manganese (Mn)*
0.33 mg/L
8,900,000
25 pounds
Not Established
Mercury (Hg)
No Data
8,900,000
No Data
<15 lbs./acre
Molybdenum (Mo)*
No Data
8,900,000
No Data
<16 lbs./acre
Nickel (Ni)*
No Data
8,900,000
No Data
125 - 500 lbs./acre
Phosphorous (P)*
80.22 mg/L
8,900,000
5,957 pounds
N /A
Potassium (K)*
896 mg/L
8,900,000
66,538 pounds
N /A
Selenium (Se)*
No Data
8,900,000
No Data
< 891bs./acre
Sodium (Na)*
331 mg/L
8,900,000
24,581 pounds
Not Established
Sulfur (S)*
21A mg/L
8,900,000
1,589 pounds
Not Established
Zinc (Zn)*
0.71 mg/L
8,900,000
53 pounds
250 - 1,000 lbs./acre
* = These elements or compounds are reportable values on the NCDA Waste Analysis Report sheets.
+ = These values are shown for irrigation since that will be the likely manner of application. They are total
values not necessarily plant available. Some of each element will be used by each year's crop.
++ = This column is shown for general guidance only. Maximum values will actually depend on soil type, soil
pH, and the cation exchange capacity (CEC) of the soil. See Exhibit 13 for potential phytotoxic problem levels
for copper and zinc. Sources are EPA and NCDA.
N / A = Not applicable.
22

WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWMP
Soil Test Results And Discussions
Routine soil testing is very important for land application sites to give the operator feedback about soil
conditions. The soil test is representative of the conditions of the soil in everything but nitrogen.
Nitrogen is estimated based on typical plant needs and is not reported as a true test result. All soil
reports are a "snap -shot" of the soil conditions at a particular time and are subject to change as the
years pass. Keep soil data for historical reviews.
Gold Leaf Farm has been taking soil samples and having them tested at the NCDA lab for a number of
- years. Exhibit 15 shows three years of soil test data. For brevity the engineer will let the reader view
Exhibit 15 for himself/herself. The farmer has designated where each sample was collected. In the
future the farmer should keep all records according to the field numbers within this document. The
latest soil report (i.e. 1999) is the best report since it is the newest. While these soil reports are only
"snap -shots" of the soil conditions from year to year, the following basic comments can be made:
1. Most sandy soils will need lime in order to maintain the proper pH. Keeping the soil pH near
neutral (i.e. neutral is 7) will help keep metals immobile and provide a proper plant growth acidity
level. The swine effluent from the anaerobic lagoon already contains some calcium and magnesium
which could account for some of the annual lime needs. The most recent soil tests show that there
is little need for lime for the upcoming planting season. Always collect soil samples before waste
applications to verify the correct lime amounts. The soil pH values tested by Bryan Wilson are
mostly between 5.6 and 6.5.
2. Past soil test results should be kept by the operator and compared to new test results. Look for
trends or increasing levels of metals. When collecting soil samples, closely follow the soil sample
instructions found in Exhibit 8. Do not use galvanized buckets or galvanized tools to collect these
samples.
_ 3. Land applied nutrients from animal waste are not 100 percent available to the crop in the first year.
Some of the nutrients applied this year will become available next year for next years crops.
Discussions about nutrient mineralization and residuals are beyond the scope of this report. Collect
soil samples early enough to study the results before planting crops.
4. Crop nitrogen requirements are estimated on the soil reports. Remember that nitrogen
requirements are based on averages for a particular type crop. More will be said later about crop
— production rates vs. nitrogen application.
5. In terms of crop utilization and benefits, there is a need for potassium (i.e. potash) on every field
and little or no phosphorous needed according to the 1999 soil test results. Table 12 indicates that
a considerable amount of potassium is available from the animal manure. Use caution but go
ahead and land apply the correct amount of nutrients to the crops via irrigation, broadcasting, etc.
JPay close attention to P and K levels in the future since there is a considerable amount of these
elements in the animal waste.
6. According to the 1999 soil report there.is not a need to add copper or zinc to the soils at the farm
in terms of crop production. In fact future loading of these metals should be minimized to avoid
plant phytotoxicity problems. The 1999 soil test indicates that copper and zinc levels are not at
levels to cause plant phototoxic problems for fields 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7. Fields 2 and 8 had no
_ results reported for 1999. Looking back on soils reports from 1998 and 1997 it would appear
field 8 is approaching excessive amounts of both copper and zinc. Here the zinc index is high
compared to the CEC of the soil (see Exhibit 13 for a table of metals and CFCs). There were no
soil samples collected for field 2.
23

WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWMP
7. Field # 8 may have had chicken litter applied to it in years past, raising the elevation of copper and
zinc. While there does not appear to be a noticeable vegetative problem within this field, the
engineer would recommend keeping a close eye .on this sample next time and if the zinc and copper
indexes are still increasing, discontinue applying animal waste on this field. Read Exhibit 8
carefully for soil sampling instructions to make sure the test results are representative of your
situation.
Overall Cropping Descriptions
Discussions between the farmer and the engineer were held to determine the farmer's desire for future
crop selection. As mentioned earlier, Gold Leaf Farm grows a wide variety of crops. Table 13 shows
the crops typically grown at the farm. All crops are harvested regularly. The reader should understand
that Mr. Wilson rotates his crops from field to field from year to year. This means he could have most
any type crop in any given field on any particular year. The exact mixture of crops to be grown on any
field will depend on the farmer's business needs, crop demands, and the weather. In order to make
this report useful and not overly complex the engineer will not attempt to give all possible
combinations of crop patterns but will discuss the most likely combinations. The farmer should be able
to take the discussed data and apply it to the particular crop combinations each year. A discussion on
the cropping patterns will appear below.
Cereal Rye (i.e. small grain) will be planted on all fields for a winter cover crop. All cereal rye planted
crops will be grazed by cattle. Cereal rye stubble will be plowed under when the time comes to plant
row crops. Cereal rye overseeded on coastal bermudagrass fields will be cut short just before
bermudagrass emergence.
All effluent will be surface applied via a spray irrigation system. Mr. Wilson can apply effluent via a
broadcast wagon if needed, but this is not currently planned for the farm. See Exhibit 7 for a property
sketch, field identifications and an irrigation plan.
Table 13 shows the various fields at Gold Leaf Farm which are scheduled to receive waste. This table
is a best guess summary of the Gold Leaf cropping patterns and available land areas. The field sizes
were taken from FSA field maps and aerial photographs and are the engineer's best estimates. Some
on -the -ground field sizes were collected for verification of map scale. The field sizes shown in Table
13 are not wettable acres. The crops shown to be grown are typical for that particular field. The
farmer has flexibility in changing the crop patterns if needed, but records must be kept to show what
was grown on each field how much Jeld was obtained, and how much waste ap .l� ied. Typically, row
crops will be grown in warm weather on every cultivated field when possible. Cereal rye will be
planted as a cover crop during cool weather on cultivated fields and on the bermudagrass field.
Gold Leaf Farm will harvest the produced crops except for the grazing mentioned earlier. Burning hay
or other crops is not allowed.
24

WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWMP
TABLE 13
Field Sizes for the Gold Leaf Farm Property
Field
Field Areas
Field Areas
Predominate
Crop Type To Be Grown
Approx.
Number
Before
After
Soil Type(s)
Slopes In
Buffers
Buffers
Fields
(acres) +
(acres) +
1
32.78
31.31
Candor WcB
Tobacco, Sweet Corn, Sweet Potatoes,
0 to 8 %
Watermelons, Cantaloupes, Field Corn,
R-ve
2
5.18
4.65
Candor WcB
Tobacco, Sweet Corn, Sweet Potatoes,
2 to 10 %
Watermelons, Cantaloupes, Field Corn,
I
Re
3
13.30
13.30
Candor WcB
Tobacco, Sweet Corn, Sweet Potatoes,
0 to 8 %
f
Watermelons, Cantaloupes, Field Corn,
Re
4
31.05
30.09
Candor WcB
Tobacco, Sweet Corn, Sweet Potatoes,
0 to 8 %
Watermelons, Cantaloupes, Field Com,
Rve
5
18.94
18.94
Candor WcB
Coastal Bermudagrass, Rye
0-to 8 %
6
31.63
30.42
Candor WcB
Tobacco, Sweet Corn, Sweet Potatoes,
0 to 8 %
Watermelons, Cantaloupes, Field Corn,
R_ye.J.
7
35.04
33.84
Candor WcB
Tobacco, Sweet Corn, Sweet Potatoes,
0 to 8 %
Watermelons, Cantaloupes, Field Corn,
Rve
8
3.39
2.42
Candor WcB
Coastal Bermudagrass, Rye
0 to 8 %
Total
171.31
164.97
N/A I
N/A
N/A
+ = These are NOT wetted acres.
Crop Planting and Fertilizing Considerations
Tobacco
Flue cured tobacco is a warm season annual that will be planted at Gold Leaf Farm. Approximately
fifty acres of tobacco will be planted each year according to the farmer.
When using animal manure as a nitrogen source, the nitrogen can not be applied more than 1 month
before planting the crop. The engineer recommends less time between waste application and planting
to avoid unwanted leaching of the nitrogen below the soon -to -be root zone, especially in sandy soils.
However nitrogen leaching is a function of weather, temperature, soil type, topsoil depth, microbial
activity, waste type, organic content of the waste, etc.
The best time for planting flue cured tobacco is between April 1 and May 15, but this planting window
can change depending on the readiness of the transplants, weather (especially temperature), field
preparations, etc. Typically, tobacco plants are transplanted into the fields in rows • as seedlings.
Tobacco seedling' spacings will vary somewhat by variety, soil types, experience, etc. Therefore the
engineer will not specify a particular plant or row spacing in this document. Tobacco is a crop
scheduled for human consumption therefore it can not have animal waste applied to it once in the field.
25

WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWMP
This means any animal waste must be applied as a preplant measure only. Thus, book values for
R.Y.E. are really not applicable to tobacco since a only a certain amount of the total N needed for this
crop will be applied at preplant. Post emergence N needs of tobacco must be supplied via a
commercial fertilizer.
Tobacco quality greatly depends on the proper applications of nitrogen. Too much or too little
nitrogen can have a negative impact on the tobacco quality. Typical nitrogen application ranges for
tobacco are between 50 and 80 pounds of nitrogen annually, but this may need to be adjusted upwards
if leaching is a problem (mainly on sandy or coarse textured soils). Fine textured soils with high clay
or organic content will require the lower range of nitrogen. Deep topsoils that have a coarse and
sandy texture require more nitrogen. The normal ripening process of tobacco leaves is partially caused
by nitrogen starvation. Leaves high in nitrogen are difficult to cure and often turn dark, especially in
the yellowing stage. Therefore the farmer should avoid applying nitrogen to tobacco late in its
growing cycle. Overall the growing of tobacco is a complicated process and the fertilization process is
not a "one size fits all" effort. The reader can see more information about tobacco production in the
NC Cooperative Extension Service publication titled "1999 Flue Cured Tobacco Information", AG-
187.
Animal waste will only be applied to tobacco as a preplant measure. Nitrogen from the animal waste
will be released over time so applying the waste near transplanting will afford the plants longer
exposure to the available nitrogen. For tobacco the engineer will use the typical preplant nitrogen rate
as a fixed pounds per acre. P.A.N. application as a preplant measure for tobacco at the Gold Leaf
Farm will be given at 65 lbs. N per acre. This rate takes into consideration the sandy soils and the
rates given in the 1999 Tobacco Information book mentioned above. Tobacco is a warm season crop
and its nutrient uptake is typically greatest in the months from May through June. This uptake of
nutrients may shift a little depending on when the crop is planted. A typical R.Y.E. for tobacco on
Candor soils would be 1,700 pounds per acre, but Gold Leaf Farm records show a typical yield
of 3,000 pounds per acre. The engineer believes the significantly larger yield is due to fresh water
irrigation. Again, R.Y.E. will not be used to calculate P.A.N. removal due to only applying animal
waste as a preplant. Table 14 shows a summary of typical nitrogen uptake windows for various crops.
Tobacco may be harvested over a several month period. Usually this period is from August through
October but can be as early as July and as late as November. The tobacco leaves will be harvested and
the stalks and roots reincorporated into the soil. Records shall be kept on all tonnage of all crops
removed from the site. Regular soil samples shall be collected and the analysis incorporated into the
desired nutrient application plan. This especially important since many nutrients other than nitrogen
are important for tobacco production. Lime and supplement fertilize according to the NCDA soil
reports.
Sweet Corn
Field corn is a warm season crop. Mr. Wilson usually plants about 15 acres of sweet corn per year on
the Gold Leaf Farm. Field corn is typically planted between February 15 to April 30 in eastern NC
and between March 15 and June 1 in the Piedmont. However it is best to plant corn by April 15 in
both regions to achieve the best yields. Corn has its most vigorous growth and nitrogen uptake
between 25 and 75 days after planting.
26

WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAW vT
When commercial fertilizer is used, a percent of the total crop nitrogen needs (say 1/4 to 1/2 total N
application) is applied at preplant or at planting. This will of course depend on the soil type, organic
matter in the soil, clay content of the soil, rainfall, etc. Then as the corn starts to grow and is roughly
12 to 18 inches tall, 1/2 to 3/4 of the total nitrogen is applied as a side dressing.
When using animal manure as a nitrogen source, the nitrogen can not be applied more than 1 month
before planting the crop. The engineer recommends less time between waste application and planting
i to avoid unwanted leaching of the nitrogen below the soon -to -be root zone, especially in sandy soils.
Nitrogen can be applied to a growing corn crop as needed as long as the total nitrogen applied does
not exceed the crop's demand.
IL Sweet corn is a crop scheduled for human consumption therefore it can not have animal waste applied
to it once in it emerges. This means any animal waste must be applied as a preplant measure only.
Thus, book values for R.Y.E. are really not applicable to sweet corn since only a certain amount of the
total N needed for this crop will be applied at preplant. Post emergence N needs of sweet corn must be
supplied via a commercial fertilizer.
For sweet corn the engineer will use the typical preplant N rate as a fixed pounds per acre. Typical
P.A.N. application as a preplant measure for sweet corn at the Gold Leaf Farm is usually 85 lbs.
N per acre. This is slightly higher than the normally recommended preplant application from
commercial fertilizer, but since the sweet corn will be irrigated and since some of the animal waste
P.A.N. will be released over time the engineer feels this application rate would be appropriate. A
typical R.Y.E. for sweet corn on Candor soils was not available for review. Gold Leaf Farm
records show a typical yield of sweet corn to be 1,000 and 1,200 dozen per acre. Again, R.Y.E.
will not be used to calculate P.A.N. removal due to only applying animal waste as a preplant. Table 14
shows a summary of typical nitrogen uptake windows for various crops.
Since there are numerous varieties of corn it is best to refer to the manufactures recommendations on
planting rates and row spacings. However, a rule of rhumb is to strive for around 14,500 to 19,000
corn plants per acre.
Sweet corn will normally be ready for harvest around the first of July. The corn ears will be harvested
and the stalks reincorporated into the soil. Records shall be kept on all tonnage (or applicable yield
units) of all crops removed from the site. Regular soil samples shall be collected and the analysis
incorporated into the desired nutrient application plan. Lime and supplement fertilize according to the
NCDA soil reports. The reader can see more information about sweet corn production in the NC
Cooperative Extension Service publication titled "1999 North Carolina Commercial Vegetable
Recommendations", AG-586.
Field Corn
Field corn is a warm season crop. Mr. Wilson usually plants about 16 acres of field corn per year on
the Gold Leaf Farm. Field corn is typically planted between March 20 to May 1 in eastern NC and
between March 25 and May 15 in the Piedmont. However it is best to plant corn by. April 15 in both
regions to achieve the best yields. Soil temperatures need to be about 55 degrees F. in order to plant
corn seed. Corn has its most vigorous growth and nitrogen uptake between 25 and 75 days after
planting.
27

WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWW
When commercial fertilizer is used a percent of the total crop nitrogen needs (say 1/4 to 1/2 total N
application) is applied at preplant or at planting. This will of course depend on the soil type, organic
matter in the soil, clay content of the soil, rainfall, etc. Then as the corn starts to grow and is roughly
12 inches tall, 1/2 to 3/4 of the total nitrogen is applied as a side dressing.
When using animal manure as a nitrogen source, the nitrogen can not be applied more than 1 month
before planting the crop. The engineer recommends less time between waste application and planting
to avoid unwanted leaching of the nitrogen below the soon -to -be root zone, especially in sandy soils.
Nitrogen can be applied to a growing corn crop as needed as long as the total nitrogen applied does
not exceed the crop's demand. Field corn is not a crop scheduled for human consumption therefore it
can have animal waste applied to it after it emerges.
The engineer will use R.Y.E. to calculate nutrient uptake based on historical values since the book
values for corn yields on Candor soils are so far off the normal Gold Leaf Farm yields. The engineer
believes the book values for corn yields on Candor soils (i.e. 45 bushels per acre) do not account for
the use of fresh water irrigation and subsequent increased yields. The engineer sees no reason to
detract from the farmer's historical yields simply to comply with a book number that is inaccurate for
this farm. Typical nitrogen removal by field corn is usually 1 to 1.2 pounds of N uptake per
bushel of harvested crop. A typical RY.E. for field corn at the Gold Leaf Farm is
conservatively 100 bushels per acre, and in many years up to 150 bushels per acre. Table 14 shows
a summary of typical nitrogen uptake windows for various crops.
Nitrogen application on field corn usually stops about one week before tasseling which usually occurs
about 3 months from planting. Applying nitrogen after the silks have turned brown is not advised. A
rule for applying nitrogen is to apply one half as a preplant measure and the rest 30 to 40 days after
emergence. Be careful not to over -apply nitrogen or obtain run-off of effluent when applying animal
waste. Table 14 shows a summary of typical nitrogen uptake windows for various crops.
Since there are numerous varieties of corn it is best to refer to the manufactures recommendations on
planting rates and row spacings. However, a rule of thumb is to strive for around 20,000 to 24,000
corn plants per acre.
Field corn is usually ready for harvest between October and November. Optimum grain moisture
content for mechanically harvested corn is between 21 and 26 percent. The corn ears will be
harvested .and the stalks reincorporated into the soil. Records shall be kept on all tonnage (or
applicable yield units) of all crops removed from the site. Regular soil samples shall be collected and
the analysis incorporated into the desired nutrient application plan. Lime and supplement fertilize
according to the NCDA soil reports. Annually the farmer or irrigation operator shall compare crop
removal rates with animal waste analyses and adjust waste application accordingly. The reader can see
more information about field corn production in the NC Cooperative Extension Service- publication
titled "Corn Production Systems in North Carolina", AG-347.
Sweet Potatoes
Sweet potatoes are a warm season annual that will be planted at Gold Leaf Farm. Approximately
twenty five acres of sweet potatoes will be planted each year. Sweet potatoes are typically planted
28

WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWMP
between May 1 to July 15 in eastern NC and between May 15 and June 30 in the Piedmont. Sweet
potato root development requires about 3 to 4 months.
When using animal manure as a nitrogen source, the nitrogen can not be applied more than 1 month
before planting the crop. The engineer recommends less time between waste application and planting
to avoid unwanted leaching of the nitrogen below the soon -to -be root zone, especially in sandy soils.
However nitrogen leaching is a function of weather, temperature, soil type, microbial activity, waste
type, organic content of the waste, etc.
Sweet potato sprouts can be set out on soil ridges 8 to 14 inches apart with row spacings of 36 to 48
inches. Sweet potatoes are a crop scheduled for human consumption therefore they can not have
animal waste applied to the plants once in the field. This means any animal waste must be applied as a
preplant measure only. Thus, book values for R.Y.E. are really not applicable to sweet potatoes since
only a certain amount of the total N needed for this crop will be applied at preplant. Post emergence N
needs of sweet potatoes must be supplied via a commercial fertilizer.
r;
For sweet potatoes the engineer will use the typical preplant N rate as a fixed pounds per acre.
Typical P.A.N. application as a preplant measure for sweet potatoes at the Gold Leaf Farm is
usually 60 lbs. N per acre. For sweet potatoes, fertilizer is usually added about 21 to 28 days after
planting, but since the sweet potatoes will be irrigated and since some of the animal waste P.A.N. will
be released over time the engineer feels this application rate would be appropriate. A typical R.Y.E.
for sweet potatoes on Candor soils was not available to the engineer, but Gold Leaf Farm
records show a typical yield of 350 bushels per acre. Again, R.Y.E. will not be used to calculate
P.A.N. removal due to only applying animal waste as a preplant. Table 14 shows a summary of typical
nitrogen uptake windows for various crops.
Sweet potatoes are usually ready for harvest sometime in September or October. Records shall be
kept on all tonnage (or applicable yield units) of all crops removed from the site. Regular soil samples
shall be collected and the analysis incorporated into the desired nutrient application plan. Lime and
supplement fertilize according to the NCDA soil reports. The reader can see more information about
sweet potato production in the NC Cooperative Extension Service publication titled "1999 North
Carolina Commercial Vegetable Recommendations", AG-586.
Watermelons
Watermelons are a warm season annual that will be planted at Gold Leaf Farm. Approximately twenty
acres of watermelons will be planted each year. Watermelons are typically planted between April 15
to May 20 in eastern NC and between May 1 and June 15 in the Piedmont. However it is best to plant
watermelons as early as possible in either region. Soil temperatures should be 55 degrees F before
planting. Early plantings may need to be protected from wind damage by rye strips, or similar wind
breaks. Watermelons should mature in about 3 months from emergence if using direct seeding.
When using animal manure as a nitrogen source, the nitrogen can not be applied more than 1 month
before planting the crop. The engineer recommends less time between waste application and planting
to avoid unwanted leaching of the nitrogen below the soon -to -be root zone, especially in sandy soils.
29

WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWMP
However nitrogen leaching is a function of weather, temperature, soil type, microbial activity, waste
type, organic.content of the waste, etc.
Watermelons can be planted by direct seeding. Plant 3 to 5 pounds of seed per acre. The
recommended spacings for watermelons is 3 to 4 feet apart with row spacings of 5 to 6 feet. If plastic
mulch is used this spacing would change. Watermelons are a crop scheduled for human consumption
therefore they can not have animal waste applied to the plants once in the field. This means any animal
waste must be applied as a preplant measure only. Thus, -k values for R.Y.E. are really not
applicable to watermelons since only a certain amount of the total N needed for this crop will be
applied at preplant. Post emergence N needs of watermelons must be supplied via a commercial
fertilizer.
For watermelons the engineer will use the typical preplant N rate as a fixed pounds per acre. Typical
P.A.N. application as a preplant measure for fresh water irrigated watermelons at the Gold
Leaf Farm is usually 60 lbs. N per acre. For watermelons, fertilizer is usually added at preplant and
after the vines start running and sometimes after the first harvest. When commercial fertilizer is used
about 50 pounds of N per acre is used, but since the animal waste P.A.N. will be released over time
the engineer feels the 60 pound application rate would be appropriate. A typical R.Y.E. for
watermelons on Candor soils was not available to the engineer, but Gold Leaf Farm records
show a typical yield of 8 tons per acre. Again, R.Y.E. will not be used to calculate P.A.N. removal
due to only applying animal waste as a preplant. Table 14 shows a summary of typical nitrogen uptake
windows for various crops.
Watermelons are usually ready for harvest sometime in mid summer, usually sometime in July or early
August. Records shall be kept on all tonnage (or applicable yield units) of all crops removed from the
site. Regular soil samples shall be collected and the analysis incorporated into the desired nutrient
application plan. Lime and supplement fertilize according to the NCDA soil reports. The reader can
see more information about watermelon production in the NC Cooperative Extension Service
publication titled "1999 North Carolina Commercial Vegetable Recommendations", AG-586.
Cantaloupes (muskmelon)
Cantaloupes are a warm season annual that will be planted at Gold Leaf Farm. Approximately fifteen
acres of cantaloupes will be planted each year. Cantaloupes are typically planted between April 15 to
May 15 in eastern NC and between May 1 and July 20 in the Piedmont. Some eastern NC planting
may also occur between July 1 and July 15 according to published literature, but not for the Gold Leaf
Farm. It is best to plant cantaloupes as early as possible in either region. Transplant or seed
cantaloupes when the daily mean temperature has reached 60 degrees F. Temperatures below 45
degrees F can cause plant stunting. Early plantings may need to be protected from wind damage by
rye strips, or similar wind breaks. Cantaloupes should mature in about 100 days from planting.
When using animal manure as a nitrogen source, the nitrogen can not be applied more than 1 month
before planting the crop. The engineer recommends less time between waste application and planting
to avoid unwanted leaching of the nitrogen below the soon -to -be root zone, especially in sandy soils.
However nitrogen leaching is a function of weather, temperature, soil type, microbial activity, waste
type, organic content of the waste, etc.
30

WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWMP
Cantaloupes can be planted by direct seeding or by using seedlings. The recommended spacings for
cantaloupes is 5 to 6 feet apart on plastic mulch and 6 to 7 feet on bare ground. If plastic mulch is
used 7.5 to 15 square feet should be allowed per plant and if bare ground is used 20 to 25 square feet
should be allowed. Cantaloupes are a crop scheduled for human consumption therefore they can not
have animal waste applied to the plants once in the field. This means any animal waste must be
applied as a preplant measure only. Thus, book values for R.Y.E. are really not applicable to
cantaloupes since only a certain amount of the total. N needed for this crop will be applied at preplant.
Post emergence N needs of cantaloupes must be supplied via a commercial fertilizer.
For cantaloupes the engineer will use the typical preplant N rate as a fixed pounds per acre. Typical
P.A.N. application as a preplant measure for fresh water irrigated cantaloupes at the Gold Leaf
Farm is usually 60 lbs. N per acre. For cantaloupes, fertilizer is usually added at preplant and after
the vines start running. When commercial fertilizer is used about 50 pounds of N per acre is used, but
since the animal waste P.A.N. will be released over time the engineer feels this application rate of 60
pounds would be appropriate. A typical R.Y.E. for cantaloupes on Candor soils was not available
to the engineer, but Gold Leaf Farm records show a typical yield of 7.5 tons per acre. Again,
R.Y.E. will not be used to calculate P.A.N. removal due to only applying animal waste as a preplant.
Table 14 shows a summary of typical nitrogen uptake windows for various crops.
Cantaloupes are usually ready for harvest sometime in mid summer, usually from July 15 to August
15, but can vary with many factors. Records shall be kept on all tonnage (or applicable yield units) of
all crops removed from the site. Regular soil samples shall be collected and the analysis incorporated
into the desired nutrient application plan. Lime and supplement fertilize according to the NCDA soil
reports. The reader can see more information about cantaloupe production in the NC Cooperative
Extension Service publication titled "1999 North Carolina Commercial Vegetable Recommendations",
AG-586.
Hybrid Coastal Bermudagrass (for hay)
Typically, hybrid coastal bermudagrass will yield more tonnage than common bermudagrass. Hybrid
coastal bermudagrass produces no seeds but spreads by rhizomes and stolons. Coastal bermudagrass is
a warm season crop and its nutrient uptake is typically greatest in the months from May to August,
however it may actively grow from April to October, depending on temperatures. Climatic and
nutrient conditions will alter growth rates for bermudagrass. About 3 cuttings per year can be
expected on most bermudagrass fields.
Hybrid coastal bermudagrass tolerates acid soils reasonably well (pH 5 to 5.5). However it does
respond to liming. A soil pH of 6.0 or higher is recommended for improved growing conditions.
Commercial fertilizer should be applied in split applications, i.e. not all at one time. When using
animal type waste as a fertilizer source applications will occur regularly over the growing season.
Nitrogen uptake predictions will be discussed. below.
When establishing, sprig hybrid coastal bermudagrass at 5 to 15 bushels per acre in rows about 3 to 4
feet apart with sprigs 2 to 3 feet apart within the row. If sprigs are plentiful, the farmet can establish
by broadcasting 70 to 100 bushels per acre in late winter and disking in. One bushel will contain about
1,200 sprigs. Best planting dates in the Piedmont and Coastal Plain are between March 1 and March
31

WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWMP
31. Planting may also be possible between February 15 to May 1 if weather conditions are favorable.
If irrigated, some planting may spill over into July but this is not highly recommended. Sprig mortality
is lessened when ample soil moisture is present.
The typical yield for non -irrigated hybrid coastal bermudagrass is from 3 to 6 tons per acre, again
depending on many factors, not the least of which is soil type. For a Candor soil type, the R.Y.E.
for non -irrigated coastal bermuda hay is 5 tons per acre (taken from NCSU/NCCES Nutrient
Management Manual, Reference Section). However if bermudagrass is irrigated with fresh water
its yield can be considerably higher. Since Gold Leaf Farm irrigates its coastal bermudagrass the
engineer will use a R.Y.E. of 6 tons per acre as a gross yield. However the coastal bermudagrass at
this farm will be grazed by cattle, so its R.Y.E. must be reduced by 75% (per NRCS guidelines)
to 4.5 tons per acre. The normal nitrogen uptake for hybrid coastal bermudagrass is between
40 and 50 pounds of N per ton of hay. The engineer has used a Realistic Yield Expectation (R.Y.E.)
to estimate crop yield for the Gold Leaf Farm.
If bermudagrass is overseeded with a grain crop and the .overseeded crop is not cut properly in the
spring, it can shade the greening bermudagrass and reduce the subsequent yields. Therefore it is
important to harvest the overseeded crop before it heads or by April 7 in most coastal counties and by
April 15 in most piedmont counties.
If the bermudagrass is not being grazed, cut regularly and harvest the residual hay. This is important
when calculating crop nitrogen removal capabilities. Bermudagrass should be cut when it is 12 to 15
inches tall. Regular cutting every four to six weeks during the growing season can be expected
provided growing conditions are suitable. More or less frequent cutting may be necessary. If the
operator is not overseeding, bermudagrass should go into the winter season with 3 to 4 inches of
growth. If being overseeded, cut bermudagrass back to 2 or 3 inches before planting the winter crop.
Do not cut bermudagrass closer than 2 inches from the ground since this can damage the root system.
Cereal Rye (winter cover crop)
Cereal rye is a winter annual small grain that looks similar to wheat, barley, and oats. This crop is
sometimes used to overseed a warm season crop like bermudagrass. Doing so affords some flexibility
to a waste management program and enhances nitrogen uptake on an annual basis. However, it must
be managed correctly or it can have a negative impact on a bermudagrass crop and be counter
productive to the grower.
The cereal rye should be planted between August 20 and October 31 in the piedmont and between
September 1 and November 15 in the coastal plain region. Planting by October 15 is recommended to
provide the best opportunity to get winter growth. Cereal rye has its most vigorous growth in the
spring, but it has moderate growth in the fall. Some growth, though small, also occurs in the winter.
Nitrogen uptake is greatest in the spring. Its fall nitrogen uptake and growth is greater than annual
ryegrass for the same season. Be careful not to plant rye too early in the season if planting over
bermudagrass since the bermudagrass may tend to keep growing and shade the emerging rye.
The most consistent cereal grain stands are obtained from drilling rye into short (less than 3 inches tall)
bermudagrass sod. - If drilling is not possible, the seeds may be broadcast on short bermuda sod
32

WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWMP
followed by a light cultivation with a disc or tillage implement. The seeding rate for broadcast
planting should be 1.5 times the rate for drilled seeds. Typical planting of cereal rye is 100 pounds of
seed per acre if drilling and 130 to 150 pounds per acre if broadcasting.
If overseeding bermudagrass, the last application of animal type waste should be applied to
bermudagrass prior to August 31. When the small grain (overseeded on bermuda) is to be harvested
an application of 50 lbs/acre of Plant Available Nitrogen (P.A.N.) may be applied between September
15 and October 30. An additional 50 lbs/acre of P.A.N. may be applied in February or early March.
If rye is overseeded on bermudagrass and will be grazed by cattle, the P.A.N. applications must
be reduced by 25 %, or a maximum application of 75 pounds P.A.N. per year. Small grain
harvest is required prior to heading or April 7, which ever comes first. If grazing, allow cattle access
to the rye before bermudagrass emerges. If rye growth is harvested on time it should not significantly
shade the Bermuda and reduce bermudagrass yields. If the bermuda is not overseeded it will continue
to grow until cool weather. Usually bermudagrass growth will slow and sometimes stop by the end of
September if it is not overseeded with a cool season crop.
If the rye will be planted on cultivated soil (i.e. not overseeded on bermudagrass), and will be
grazed, and the stubble reincorporated into the soil before planting of row crops, the total
P.A.N. is recommended not to exceed 60 pounds per year.
If rye is not grazed, cut rye as needed and remove from the site, usually this will only occur one time
for small grains. Do not cut the rye closer than about 3 or 4 inches from the ground in order to not
damage the emerging hybrid coastal bermudagrass shoots or root system. Short rye stubble should be
left standing after cutting.
TABLE 14
%rrnna Grnwn in Ci-ntral and Eastern N.C.
CROP
Jan
Feb
Mar
Aril
May
June
I July
Au
Se A
Oct
Nov
Dec
Field Corn (grain)
N
N
N
L-M
M-H
H
H-N
H-N
N
N
N
N
Sweet Corn (grain)*
N
N
N-L
M-H
H
H
H-N
N
N
N
N
N
Corn (silage)
N
N
N
L-M
M-H
H
H-N
N
N
N
N
N
Sorghum (grain)
N
N
N
N-L
M-H
H
H
M
N
N
N
N
Sorghum (llav
N
N
N
N-L
M-H
H
H
M
N
N
N
N
Winter Wheat
L-N
M-H
H
H
M
N
N
N
N-L
L
L-N
L-N
Winter Rve
Soybeans
N
N
L-M
N
H
N
H
N
M
N
N
L-M
N
M-H
N
H-M
L
L
L
N
N
N
N
N
Tall Fescue
N
M-H
H
H
M
L
L
M-N
M
M-L
L-N
L-N
Orchard grass
N
M-H
H
H
M
L
L
M-N
M
M-L
L-N
L-N
-Hvb. Bermuda
N
N
N
N-L
L-M
H
H
M
L-N
N
N
N
Tobacco *
N
N
N
M-H
H
H
M-N
N
N
N
N
N
Sweet Potatoes *
N
N
N
N
N-L
M-H
H
H-M
M-N
N
N
N
Watermelons *
N
N
N
N-L
L-M
H
H
M-L
N
N
N
N
Cantaloupes
N
N
N
N-L
L-M
H
H-M
M-N
N
N
N
N
Pearl Millet
N
N
N
N-L
M-H
H
H
H-M
L-N
N
N
N
N = No nitrogen application recommended under normal growing commons.
L = Apply nitrogen in Low amounts for normal growing conditions. Low amounts are < 15 lbs/acre.
M = Apply nitrogen in Medium amounts for normal growing conditions. Medium amounts are < 25 lbs/acre.
H = Apply nitrogen in High amounts for normal growing conditions. High amounts are 50 + lbs/acre.
* = These crops are grown for human consumption. Do not apply animal waste to these crops except at pre -plant.
33

WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWMP
NOTES ABOUT TABLE 14: This is a somewhat general chart and does not account for every situation. When
the chart says L-N for a month, it may be better to use None unless weather and crop growth permits. The
nitrogen application on crops will depend on the planting schedule and the harvest date of previous crops.
Animal waste can not be applied more than 30 days prior to planting a crop or from crop emergence (i.e:
greening). This table was taken from data developed by NCSU, NRCS, and the NC Cooperative Extension
Service and tempered with the engineer's experience. Waste with high organic content may require fertilization
in advance of Table 14 dates. Likewise, applying animal waste as preplant fertilizer may be necessary to apply
a High dose since it can not be applied after crop emergence. See written explanations about each crop and the
associated animal waste recommendations.
TABLE 15
Summarized R.Y.E. For The Crops At Gold Leaf Farm (all fields are Candor soils)
CROP TYPE
BOOK
HISTORICAL
TYPICAL
P.A.N. TO BE
P.A.N. TO BE
VALUE
AVERAGE
TOTAL
APPLIED VIA
APPLIED VIA
FOR R.Y.E.
VALUES FOR
P.A.N.
ANIMAL
ANIMAL MANURE
R.Y.E. +
REMOVAL
MANURE
(POST-
(PREPLANT)
EMERGENCE)
TOBACCO
1 7001bs/acre
3,000 lbs/acre
preplant only
65pounds/acre
0 pounds
SWEET CORN
Not Available
1,100 doz/acre
prc plant only
85pounds/acre
0 pounds
FIELD CORN
45 bu/acre
100 bu/acre
1.2 lbs/bu
'60 unds/acre
60pounds/acre
SWEET POTATO
Not Available
350 bu/acre
prcplant only
60 ' ands/acre
0 pounds
WATERMELON
Not Available
8 tons/acre
replant only
60 unds/acre
0 pounds
CANTALOUPE
Not Available
7.5 tons/acre
preplant only
6Qpounds/acre
o poTds
RYE (small grain)
N/A
N/A
60 bs/year
(26pounds/acre
40 pounds/acre in
( cultivated &
in fall
spring
,grazed
RYE (small grain)
N/A
N/A
i75 lbs/year
(3_0,:pounds/acre
45 pounds/acre in
(overseeded &
in fall
spring i
razed�
BERMUDAGRASS
5 tons/acre
unknown
48 ibs/ton
uniform/season uniform/season
+ = When book values for R.Y.E. are not even close to historical data, the engineer used the farmer's historical
data for R.Y.E. The historical data used is not the highest year yield but represents reasonable yields based on
the farmer's data. Gold Leaf Farm irrigates all crop land with fresh water so yields will typically be higher than
book values.
General Crop Management Reminders
In order to maximize yield and provide high quality crops, soil samples and waste samples shall be
collected and the analysis incorporated into the desired nutrient application plan. See Exhibit 8 for soil
sampling details. Soil samples shall be collected no less than yearly. Lime and supplement fertilize
according to the NCDA soil reports tempered with yields and crop health. Annually the farmer shall
compare crop removal rates with nutrient application rates and adjust irrigation accordingly. Do not
over -apply nutrients to crops since that can result in crop damage, environmental problems; and animal
health problems when the forage crops are consumed. Consult seed companies for exact planting and
harvesting suggestions or your local Cooperative Extension Service.
Exhibit 8 includes some information about plant tissue sampling. The farmer is encouraged to collect
plant tissue samples in advance of the need to fertilize and have them tested for nutrients. This is
especially useful if you think you have not applied enough nitrogen to a crop and it looks yellow or
34

WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWW
i
stunted. Plant tissue sampling will help you better tune your waste application for the most productive
crop without over applying nitrogen. Contact your local Cooperative Extension Service for more
details about plant tissue sampling.
It is suggested that the swine producer minimize the cutting of grasses and/or other crops in the buffer
areas shown in Exhibit 7. Taller grass allows for better sediment control and animal habitat in the
borders surrounding the fields This is especially important in or near drainage ways or ditches and in
areas where two hillsides converge. The farmer may elect to plant some other type of vegetation in
this area which requires minimal maintenance. Cut buffer zones as needed and minimize the use of
commercial fertilizers in these areas. Planting suggestions for forage crops appear on Exhibit 14.
Sometimes weeds will try to take over a field of grasses, especially if the grasses have been weakened
by drought or disease. Always control weed growth and strive for a mono -culture crop.
NUTRIENT AND LIQUID WASTE APPLICATIONS
Irrigation Scheduling
Understanding the more technical points of irrigating is very important to the proper utilization of
animal waste. Knowing soil/water relationships and plant/water relationships helps the farmer decide
when irrigation is appropriate. However, it would be much beyond the scope of this portion of the
CAWMP to dwell on highly technical aspects of irrigation. The key point to remember is that the soil
must accept and plants must be able to utilize the irrigated water (and nutrients) in order to avoid
surface run-off or gravity drainage. Full plant utilization of the water held within the root zone is
needed to avoid draining nutrients below the root zone. Careful observations of soil/plant and climatic
relationships will help assure a successful irrigation program. Exhibit 24 explains soil/water/plant
relationships in more detail.
TABLE 16
Dry Days Needed Between Hion Events (Ty ical (Medium body soils)
Month
Hay CroUs
VeEdables
January
20
23
February
15
18
March
10
13
April
8
11
May
6
8
June
5
7
July
5
7
August
6
8
September
8
10
October
10
13
November
15
18
December
20
23
35

WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWMP
Table 16 is a very general guide. On -site measurements and experience must be used to accurately
schedule irrigation events. Sandy soils may require less dry days between irrigation events. Small
amounts of irrigation may be possible without waiting for all the dry days shown. Plant available
moisture and other soil/water relationships will dictate actual times between irrigation events. If
forage crops are not actively growing it is better not to irrigate unless they are just before breaking
dormancy.
The operator must use good judgment when applying effluent to crops. His or her judgment,
tempered with crop growth, crop health, rainfall, and other factors will be needed to make a workable
irrigation schedule. The farmer must also adhere to lagoon designs and suggested maximum and
minimum lagoon volumes. Always know your lagoon level and available storage volume. A key item
to remember is to keep water levels inside the pump out lagoon (i.e. where irrigation pump is located)
at manageable levels. Lagoon water levels should not be used alone to verify effluent application
volumes over the crop land. Good records.on irrigation rates, hours of pumping, and volumes are
required. Exhibit 11 shows several examples of record keeping forms.
Due to the concerns over possible groundwater contamination occurrences, the owner is encouraged
to "spread out' the irrigation volumes so as to not concentrate loadings in one place at one time.
Heavy effluent loadings can cause nitrogen to quickly leach below the plant root zone. Several light
applications per month is often better than 1 heavy application. Monitor soil moisture so that gravity
drainage from irrigation events is more or less zero.
Hard hose travelers do not always irrigate all available acreage. Field corners and long narrow strips
are often missed by this type of irrigation system. These areas of crops need nutrients in order to
thrive. Wilson's Swine Farm may wish to utilize some of this land for effluent and sludge disposal or
in a "pump and haul" situation using a broadcast wagon, however the use of a broadcast wagon is not
part of this waste utilization flan. If the non -irrigated fields are ever used to receive effluent, the
farmer must keep a record of this activity.
Existing and Proposed Irrigation Methodology
Gold Leaf Farm has an existing irrigation system. This system mostly consists of two older hard hose
travelers, two portable or engine driven irrigation pumps, underground (permanent piping), and
aluminum piping (movable). It is the desire of Mr. Bryan Wilson to replace his old hard hose travelers
with new ones, keep his existing pumps, keep the underground piping and hydrants, and install 9 new
hydrants, underground piping to serve those hydrants, etc. The existing irrigation system and the
proposed expansion is shown on Exhibit 7. Because new equipment is planned for purchase, the
engineer is treating this system as being new or modified. However the resultant irrigation coverage is
not undergoing a significant expansion since the entire farm is already being irrigated.
Exhibit 7 divides the spray acreage into fields called 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8. A total of 165 +/- acres
of crop land is available at the Gold Leaf Farm complex after set -backs are taken into account.
However, not 100% of this area can be counted as "Certified Animal Waste Management Plan
(CAWMP) wetted acreage". Since the entire system is being classified as a new or expanded system
the engineer will refer to "effectively irrigated acreage" when discussing irrigation coverage.
Z

WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWMP
To facilitate discussions about irrigation and to assist the farmer in maintaining his irrigation records,
all fields will be divided into irrigation pull lanes for this discussion. Each field (except field 8) is
divided into individual pull paths for the gun cart. Grassy areas outside of the pull zones (including
field 8) can also be used for waste provided they are within the set -backs, but due to irrigation
equipment limitations these areas are not scheduled for spray irrigation. Table 17 shows the various
pulls at Gold Leaf Farm which are scheduled to receive effluent. At this farm there is only one
predominate soil type under irrigation.
From the USDA/NRCS soil survey map of Richmond County, and other references, the permeability
of the most restrictive soil layer of Gold Leaf Farm soils varies from as low as 6 inches per hour to as
much as 20 inches per hour. In other words the soil permeability rate is high. If crop covers exist and
if the soils are not wet, the soils should accept the higher precipitation rates shown in Table 17. As
with application rates, wastewater application depths for soils will vary between wet seasons and dry
seasons as well as with slope, soil type, crop condition, etc. However at Gold Leaf Farm there is only
one soil type reported and the field slopes (for all practical purposes) are less than 8%, but the other
conditions mentioned will temper water application amounts. Experience may allow changes to the
values in Table 17 but these are reasonable values to follow.
Table 18 shows the total estimated Effective Wettable Acres for each field by pull lane. This table is a
summary of wettable acre determination calculations showing each portion of the calculation process.
This table was developed using one type nozzle, one pressure setting, one pumping rate, and one
assumed nozzle coverage percentage. If such settings were changed the actual wettable acres may
likewise change. The gun cart pull length was estimated from Exhibit 7.
TABLE 17 IS PRINTED ON THE NEXT PAGE
37

WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWMP
TART,F 17 irrioatinn Data [nr000sed!- Gold Leaf Farm
Field & System
Pull Lateral Type
Number
Gun Nozzle Type and Size
Suggested Maximum
Precipitation Range
On/hr)
Suggested Application
Depth Range (inches)
Field 1
Pull 1
multiple
Nelson SR150R, 1,26" ring
0.3 to 0.5
0.3 to 1.0
Pull 2
Multiple
Same
0.3 to 0.5
0.3 to 1.0
Pull 3
Multiple
Same
0.3 to 0.5
0.3 to 1.0
Pull 4
Multiple
Same
0.3 to 0.5
0.3 to 1.0
Pull 5
Multi ple
Same
0.3 to 0.5
0.3 to 1.0
Field 2
Pull 1
Multiple
Same
0.3 to 0.5
0.3 to 1.0
Pull 2
Multiple
Same
0.3 to 0.5
0.3 to 1.0
Field 3
Pull 1
Multi le
Same
0.3 to 0.5
0.3 to 1.0
Pull 2
Multiple
Same
0.3 to 0.5
0.3 to 1.0
Pull 3
Multiple
Same
0.3 to 0.5
0.3 to 1.0
Pull 4
Multiple
Same
0.3 to 0.5
0.3 to 1.0
Field 4
Pull 1
Multiple
Same
0.3 to 0.5
0.3 to 1.0
Pull 2
Multiple
Same
0.3 to 0.5
0.3 to 1.0
Pull 3
Multiple
Same
0.3 to 0.5
0.3 to 1.0
Pull 4
Multi le
Same
0.3 to 0.5
0.3. to 1.0
Pull 5
Multiple
Same
0.3 to 0.5
0.3 to 1.0
Field 5
Pull 1
Multiple
Same
0.3 to 0.5
0.3 to 1.0
Pull 2
Multiple
Same
0.3 to 0.5
0.3 to 1.0
Pull 3
Multiple
Same
0.3 to 0.5
0.3 to 1.0
Pull 4
Multi le
Same
0.3 to 0.5
0.3 to 1.0
Pull 5
Multiple
Same
0.3 to 0.5
0.3 to 1.0
Field 6
Pull 1
Pull 2
Pull 3
Multi le
Multiple
Multiple
Same
Same
Same
0.3 to 0.5
0.3 to 0.5
0.3 to 0.5
0.3 to 1.0
0.3 to 1.0
0.3 to 1.0
Pull 4
Pull 5
Pull 6
Multiple
Multiple
Multiple
Same
Same
Same
0.3 to 0.5
0.3 to 0.5
0.3 to 0.5
0.3 to 1.0
0.3 to 1.0
0.3 to 1.0
Pull 7
Multiple
Same
0.3 to 0.5
0.3 to 1.0
Pull 8
Multiple
Same
0.3 to 0.5
0.3 to 1.0
Pull 9
Field 7
Multiple
Same
0.3 to 0.5
0.3 to 1.0
Pull 1
Multiple
Same
0.3 to 0.5
0.3 to 1.0
Pull 2
Multiple
Same
0.3 to 0.5
0.3 to 1.0
Pull 3
Multiple
Same
0.3 to 0.5
0.3 to 1.0
Pull 4
Multiple
Same
0.3 to 0.5
0.3 to 1.0
Pull 5
Multiple
Same
0.3 to 0.5
0.3 to 1.0
Pull 6 1
Multiple
Same
0.3 to 0.5
0.3 to 1.0
Pull 7
Multiple
Same
0.3 to 0.5
0.3 to 1.0
Pull 8
Multiple
Same
0.3 to 0.5
0.3 to 1.0
Field 8
N/A
N/A
0.3 to 0.5
0.3 to 1.0
38

TABLE 18
EFFECTIVE WETTABLE ACREAGE
CALCULATIONS
FOR_WILSON'S
SWINE
FARM
-- THIS IS
CLASSIFIED AS A NEW OR EXPANDED SYSTEM
--
INPUT
INPUT
INPUT
AUTO
AUTO
AUTO
AUTO
INPUT
INPUT
FIELD
INTERIOR
GUN
LANE
PUBLISHED
MIDDLE
MIDDLE
START
STOP
NUMBER
OR
CART
SPACING
WETTED
WETTED
WETTED
END
END
AND
EXTERIOR
PULL
FOR MULTI
DIAMETER
AREA FOR
AREA FOR
WETTED
WETTED
PULL
PULL
LENGTH
LATERAL
DATA
EXTERIOR
INTERIOR
AREA
AREA
NUMBER
SYSTEMS
LANES
LANES
(TABLE
(TABLE
NE62.5) +
NE62.5) +
FEET
FEET
FEET
ACRES _
ACRES
ACRES
ACRES
FIELD 1
PULL 1
EXTERIOR
985
200
320
5.88
0.535
0.250
PULL 2
INTERIOR
1010
200
320
4.64
0.535
0.250
PULL 3
INTERIOR
1085
200
320
4.98
0.535
0.250
PULL 4
INTERIOR
990
200
320
4.55
0.535
0.250
PULL 5
EXTERIOR
960
200
320
5.73
0.535
0.250
TOTAL
FIELD 2
PULL 1
EXTERIOR
185
200
320
1.10
0.535
0.250
PULL 2
EXTERIOR
155
200
320
0.93
0.385
0.170
TOTAL
FIELD 3
PULL 1
EXTERIOR
405
200
320
2.42
0.535
0.250
PULL 2
INTERIOR
365
200
320
1.68
0.535
0.250
PULL 3
INTERIOR
305
200
320
1.40
0.535
0.250
PULL 4
INTERIOR
320
200
320
1.47
0.535
0.250
TOTAL
+ THIS IS AN INTERPOLATION BETWEEN TABLES NE65 AND NE60.
PAGE
39
AUTO
TOTAL
EFFECTIVE
WETTED
AREA
ACRES
6.664
5.422
5.767
5.330
6.515
29.70
1.889
1.480
3.37
3.202
2.461
2.185
2.254
10.10

TABLE
18
(CONTINUED)
EFFECTIVE
WETTABLE
ACREAGE
CALCULATIONS
FOR WILSON'S
SWINE
FARM
-- THIS IS CLASSIFIED AS A NEW OR EXPANDED SYSTEM
-
FIELD
INTERIOR
GUN
LANE
PUBLISHED
MIDDLE
MIDDLE
START
STOP
NUMBER
OR
CART
SPACING
WETTED
WETTED
WETTED
END
END
AND
EXTERIOR
PULL
FOR MULTI
DIAMETER
AREA FOR
AREA FOR
WETTED
WETTED
PULL
PULL
LENGTH
LATERAL
DATA
EXTERIOR
INTERIOR
AREA
AREA
NUMBER
SYSTEMS
LANES
LANES
(TABLE
(TABLE
NE62.5) +
NE62.5) +
FEET
FEET
FEET
ACRES
ACRES
ACRES
ACRES
FIELD 4
PULL 1
EXTERIOR
920
200
PULL 2
INTERIOR
1000
200
PULL 3
INTERIOR
1110
200
PULL 4
INTERIOR
1230
200
PULL 5
EXTERIOR
765
200
TOTAL
FIELD 5
PULL 1
INTERIOR
300
200
PULL 2
EXTERIOR
940
200
PULL 3
INTERIOR
395
200
PULL 4
EXTERIOR
500
200
PULL 5
EXTERIOR
245
200
TOTAL
TOTAL
EFFECTIVE
WETTED
AREA
ACRES
320
5.49
0.535
0.250
6.276
320
4.59
0.535
0.250
5.376
320
5.10
0.535
0.250
5.881
320
5.65
0.535
0.250
6.432
320
4.57
0.535
0.250
5.351
29.32
320
1.38
0.535
0.250
2.162
320
5.61
0.535
0.250
6.396
320
1.81
0.535
0.250
2.599
320
2.98
0.535
0.250
3.769
320
1.46
0.535
0.250
2.247
17.17
+ THIS IS AN INTERPOLATION BETWEEN TABLES NE65 AND NE60.
PAGE 40

TABLE
18
(CONTINUED)
EFFECTIVE
WETTABLE
ACREAGE
CALCU
ATIONS
FOR WILSON'S
SWINE
FARM
- THIS IS CLASSIFIED AS A NEW OR EXPANDED SYSTEM -
FIELD
INTERIOR
GUN
LANE
PUBLISHED
MIDDLE
MIDDLE
START
STOP
TOTAL
NUMBER
OR
CART
SPACING
WETTED
WETTED
WETTED
END
END
EFFECTIVE
AND
EXTERIOR
PULL
FOR MULTI
DIAMETER
AREA FOR
AREA FOR
WETTED
WETTED
WETTED
PULL
PULL
LENGTH
LATERAL
DATA
EXTERIOR
INTERIOR
AREA
AREA
AREA
NUMBER
SYSTEMS
LANES
LANES
(TABLE
(TABLE
NE62.5) +
NE62.5) +
w�+e,-�,r+r
*,►+,r,kt
FEET
�,r+r+
FEET
x+-�vr�,r
FEET
,�xt+.r�,aa,�x
ACRES
�-�x*
ACRES
,r�,r**
ACRES
*�r+r�*
ACRES
�*+t
ACRES
FIELD 6
,re�,r,x
PULL 1
EXTERIOR
580
200
320
3.46
0.535
0.250
4.247
PULL 2
EXTERIOR
630
200
320
3.76
0.535
0.250
4.545
PULL 3
INTERIOR
580
200
320
2.66
0.535
0.250
3.448
PULL 4
INTERIOR
560
200
320
2.57
0.535
0.250
3.356
PULL 5
INTERIOR
585
200
320
2.69
0.535
0.250
3.471
PULL 6
INTERIOR
325
200
320
1.49
0.535
0.250
2.277
PULL 7
INTERIOR
625
200
320
2.87
0.535
0.250
3.655
PULL 8
EXTERIOR
50
200
320
0.30
0.535
0.250
1.083
PULL 9
EXTERIOR
670
200
320
4.00
0.535
0.250
4.784
TOTAL
30.87
FIELD 7
PULL 1
EXTERIOR
595
200
320
3.55
0.535
0.250
4.336
PULL 2
EXTERIOR
770
200
320
4.60
0.535
0.250
5.381
PULL 3
INTERIOR
595
200
320
2.73
0.535
0.250
3.517
PULL 4
INTERIOR
825
200
320
3.79
0.535
0.250
4.573
PULL 5
INTERIOR
265
200
320
1.22
0.535
0.250
2.002
PULL 6
INTERIOR
830
200
320
3.81
0.535
0.250
4.596
PULL 7
EXTERIOR
240
200
320
1.43
0.535
0.250
2.218
PULL 8
EXTERIOR
815
200
320
4.86
0.535
0.250
5.650
TOTAL
32.27
FIELD 8
NO PULLS
THIS FIELD DOES NOT RECIEVE
ROUTINE IRRIGATION
N/A
GRAND TOTAL FOR EFFECTIVE WETTED COVERAGE
152.80
+ THIS IS
AN INTERPOLATION BETWEEN TABLES NE65 AND NE60.
PAGE 41

WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWMP
TABLE 19
Traveler
Pull S geed Data - Gold
Leaf Farm
Field & Pull Gun
Lane Spacing
Gun Flow Rate
Target
Gun Cart
Precipitation
Number Operating
@ 62.5 %
Rotation of
Application
Travel
Rate At
Pressure
Wetted
Arc Sprinkler
Volume
Speed
These
I (psi)
Diameter
(degrees) Nozzle
l (inches)
(ft./min)
Settings
Fields 1 to
7 - All Pulls
Volume 1
50 si
200
270
255
0.3
j 6.84
0.50
Volume 2
50 psi
200
270
255
0.4
5.13
0.50
Volume 3
50 si
200
270
255
0.5
4.10
0.50
Volume 4
50 psi
200
270
255
0.6
3.42
0.50
Volume 5
50 psi
200
270
255
0.7
2.93
0.50
Volume 6
50 psi
200
270
255
0.8
2.56
0.50
Volume 7
50 psi
200
270
255
0.9
2.28
0.50
Volume 8
50 psi
200
270
255
1.0
2.05
0.50
Field 8
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
I N/A
The reader should realize that it is almost impossible to pin down the exact irrigation routine for any
site with varying weather conditions, crop needs, etc. Therefore the engineer must leave the ultimate
irrigation operation to the person doing the irrigation. Gun cart retrieval rates will likely be the most
useful adjustment factor to implement in overall application technique. But remember, precipitation
rate does not change with pull rate, as illustrated in Table 19. Application amounts (i.e. volume) do
change with pull rates, so be aware of this aspect. A series of pull rates and application volumes are
shown in Table 19 for the operator's quick reference.
Animal waste can only be applied to land eroding less than 5 tons per acre per year. The Gold Leaf
Farm land is not steep and should qualify given the proper crop covers are maintained. Erosion could
become a problem at this farm in the irrigated fields if crop covers are not maintained. It is vitally
important that the farmer pay close attention to irrigation schedules at this farm. Strong slopes
will encourage surface run off to occur, especially during rainfall events. Nearby wet weather
streams and ponds down -slope from the irrigated fields and could be impacted by the over
application of effluent or by a sudden rain storm shortly after irrigation.
Fields 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 are scheduled to be irrigated by the new hard hose travelers. Field 8 is not
scheduled for irrigation since it has some farm buildings scattered about, making a gun cart difficult to
track.
Field by Field Land Application Details
Below the reader will see Tables 20 through 33. All of these tables are related to the animal waste
utilization plans for Wilson's Swine Farm and Gold Leaf Farm. Each table represerits a different set
of predicted -values related to waste application. It is very important that the reader realize that
growing various crop types on numerous fields and rotating these crops between fields each year
makes for a complicated set of tables to predict in advance all possible combinations. -Therefore the
engineer has developed tables that present the individual crop yield and estimated nitrogen uptake for
that crop. Also, each of the Gold Leaf Farm fields will have a cereal rye crop planted in the fall of the
year for winter cover. Some of the below data shows row crops overseeded with cereal rye and some
42

WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWMP
of the tables show hybrid coastal bermudagrass overseeded with cereal rye. It is important to look at
each table for the needed information and combine tables as needed by the grower.
This animal waste utilization plan has been made to show reasonable waste application methodology
and nitrogen management, but it should be clearly understood that it is made to be changed as crop
data and waste test results change. Therefore the reader should use this plan as a guideline for animal
waste management and not get hung -up on the exact values presented below. Tables 20 through 33
were developed with the following assumptions:
1. The farmer will accurately record crop type, waste application amounts, waste test data, and
crop yield for each field (or pull) receiving animal waste. Animal waste applications will be altered
according to crops being grown, analysis of the applied waste, recent crop yields, and recent waste
test results.
2. The farmer will be able to take the actual crop yields by field number (or pull number), the
quantity of waste applied, and use the P.A.N. uptake values given in this plan and calculate an annual
P.A.N. removal for a given field. This will be especially important since the waste analysis for a given
waste type can change from season to season.
3. There are not enough actual lagoon effluent test values to use averages from this data when
calculating P.A.N. Therefore the annual P.A.N. predictions shown in Table 11 are based on book
values and tempered with a few actual waste analyses. Routine animal waste testing will be the oWX
accurate method of determining effluent nitrogen content in the future. The farmer will be allowed to
decide where to grow crops and how much animal waste is to be applied as long as P.A.N. removal
rates are not exceeded for that particular crop.
4. All fields at Gold Leaf Farm are said to be Candor Sands. All fields and crops will be irrigated
with fresh water as needed. Therefore typical yields of crops are greater on Gold Leaf Farm than
typical book values.
Explanation of Tables --
TABLE 20.
Certain crops grown at Gold Leaf Farm are scheduled for human consumption. Therefore they can
not receive animal waste as a fertilizer source except as a preplant measure. Table 20 shows the
expected yields of the crops not scheduled for human consumption. These crops can and will have
animal waste applied the entire time of their growing season. This table is based on Realistic Yield
Expectations or R.Y.E. from either book values or historical values. Since Mr. Wilson irrigates his
crops with fresh water, his yields are typically higher than book values shown for Candor soils. Table
20 is a "best guess" of R.Y.E. Future yields could be lower or higher. Table 20 shows 75 percent
reduction in forage crops due to grazing.
TABLE 21
Table 21 shows estimated P.A.N. uptakes (or removal) estimates based on crop type. The crops
scheduled for human consumption are shown as a single-preplant P.A.N. application amount, whereas
the crops not scheduled for human consumption are shown as a book value amount per unit of
harvested crop. The preplant amounts shown are not 100 % of the crops P.A.N. needs, but reflect the
amount of P.A.N. that is typically applied at preplant for this soil type. The reader should remember
that all of the P.A.N. in the animal waste is not available the minute it hits the ground, but should
41

WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWMP
become available to the crop within 1 to 4 weeks of application. All crops .are scheduled for removal
off the land at harvest except for grazed grasses.
TABLE 22
As mentioned above, Gold Leaf Farm will grow a combination of row crops on many if its fields each
summer. The farm also has dedicated coastal bermudagrass land that is not planted in row crops.
Fields 5 and 8 are planted in bermudagrass, but field 8 will not be routinely irrigated. Mr. Wilson can
apply swine effluent to Field 8 if he records the activity, but its P.A.N. removal potential is not being
counted within the routine irrigation calculations. Every field will have rye planted on it in the fall.
Table 22 shows the combination of crops that might be possible for any given field by pull zone. Table
22 only relates to P.A.N. due to animal waste applications. The reader will also note that a lower
P.A.N. application is being used for cereal rye on row crop land since this crop will be tilled under
during row crop land preparation.. All of the cereal rye crop and bermudagrass crop are being treated
as grazed. The P.A.N. removal potential for all cereal rye and bermudagrass have been adjusted for
grazing.
Table 22 divides the irrigated fields into pull zones. Each pull zone shows the total effective
wettable acres within that zone (taken from Table 18). It also breaks down the amount of annual
P.A.N. to be removed by a warm and cool season crop combination. As can be seen by this table,
certain crop combinations remove more nitrogen than other crop combinations. For example, F 1-P 1
(Field 1 and Pull 1) shows an estimated P.A.N. removal of 866 pounds for the Tobacco and Rye
combination compared to 1,000 pounds for the Sweet Corn and Rye combination. Remember, some
of these combinations are for animal waste at preplant only. Those crops not scheduled for human
consumption typically remove more P.A.N. from animal waste since the waste can be applied through
out the crop's growing season. The farmer should not land apply nitrogen in amounts in excess of
those found in Table 22 unless on -farm data can show otherwise.
TABLE 23
Table 23 shows how many acres of each crop (combined with cereal rye) that are typically grown at
Gold Leaf Farm each year. This table also shows the per acre animal waste P.A.N. removal estimates
for these combinations and the expected farm wide total P.A.N. removal. The total amount of swine
generated P.A.N. is also shown in this table for comparison. According to this table, the amount of
nitrogen generated from the swine operation is more or less balanced with the amount of P.A.N. being
removed by the crops. The reader will note that there is 165 acres of crop land ---that could receive
animal waste. The total effective wetted area for irrigation is about 153 acres, but more than 153
acres will get some effluent. Therefore the engineer is estimating about 159 acres is receiving enough
animal waste via irrigation to use in calculating total P.A.N. removal potential. These are
approximations and guidelines only. By having both cool and warm weather crops, the farmer
maintains maximum flexibility in his waste application program.
Table 23 suggests a more or less "balanced" nitrogen usage/availability scheme, but in some cases
nitrogen loading rates may be seriously diminished due to a lack of excess wastewater. This of course
would not pose a significant problem and may allow for some needed sludge removal to occur.
Nitrogen application can be less than shown by any of these tables. Lower nitrogen levels may mean
lower crop yields. Crop yields must be figured back into the nitrogen removal equation. The farmer
may wish to adjust application amounts or reduce acreage to better balance nutrients with crop
44

WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWW
demand. Always record Melds removed from all acrea_,e. Also record fresh water irrigation events
and the addition of commercial fertilizer.
TABLES 24 through 32
Tables 24 through 32 list the individual crops to be grown at Gold Leaf Farm. These tables allow the
reader to see the estimated gallons of effluent needed to supply the nitrogen needs already mentioned.
The last column in each table in this series shows the inches of effluent needed to supply those
nitrogen needs. In some cases the inches of effluent required may need to be applied in split
applications if there is a danger or run-off. For instance Table 32 shows considerable irrigation to
occur in the month of June on Coastal Bermudagrass. This application should be split, perhaps even
shifting some of the irrigation events to another month. In no case shall the farmer apply more than 1
inch of swine waste at any one irrigation event.
Tables 24 through 32 also show effluent application windows for each crop. These are "typical"
windows that coincide with crop production guides for that crop. Of course animal waste can only be
applied as a preplant measure on crops scheduled for human consumption. The farmer may at any
time vary this cropping pattern to best suite his needs and growing conditions. The reader can see
suggested fertilizer application windows and R.Y.E. values for the various crops discussed under the
above section titled "Crop Planting and Fertilizing Considerations" and in Table 14. Use these tables
as guidelines.
TABLE 33
Table 33 shows long term water balances that "could" be experienced within the Wilson's Swine Farm
lagoon. Notice that the cumulative liquid volumes wax and wane between seasons. It is very
important to realize that the operator must use good judgment when applying effluent to crops since
irrigation must be tempered with crop growth, crop health, rainfall, lagoon water levels, etc. Table 33
is only a general guide to show that it is possible to balance the excess water production with irrigation
needs and not over fill the lagoon. Excess wastewater values in Table 33 do not include unusually
large excess rainfall events (e.g. rainfall from a hurricane). Always know your lagoon level and
available storage volume. A key item to remember is to keep water levels inside the lagoon low
enough to store at least one 25 year 24 hour storm before overflow. Allowing. storage for two 25
year 24 hour storms would be better but is not a regulatory requirement for this farm. Lower water
levels in lagoon systems before the on -set of long wet seasons. Applying waste to areas outside the
wetted irrigation zones could also help if lagoon levels become too high. Exhibit 29 shows a graph of
the lagoon volume and should help the farmer relate volume to water levels.
45

FARM NAME: WILSON'S SWINE FARM
FARM OWNER(S): BRYAN WILSON
FARM LOCATION: RICHMOND COUNTY, N.C.
TABLE 2
CROP TYPES AND REALISTIC YIELD EXPECTATIONS +
R.Y.E
ONE
ONE
R.Y.E.
FIELD
ONE
ONE
FOR
ACRE OF
ONE
ONE
ACRE OF
FOR
AND
ACRE OF
ACRE OF
FIELD
SWEET
ACRE OF
ACRE OF
CEREAL
HYBRID
PULL
TOBACCO
SWEET CORN
CORN
POTATOES WATERMELONS
CANTALOUPES
RYE
BERMUDA
NUMBER
fiiiiiH
}*itifftflf
###*ffffttf
(BU/AC/YR)
if#k!}t*ff!
*}#tNk4ki#
#ftli}4k4#f
#}}tttitti#
(TONSIAC/YR)
F1 - P1
1
1
100
1
1
1
k*4ik#*}##i
1
*fflitf4kfft
0
F1 - P2
1
1
100
1
1
1
1
0
F1 - P3
1
1
100
1
1
1
1
0
F1 - P4
1
1
100
1
1
1
1
0
F1 - P5
1
1
100
1
1
1
1
0
F2 - P1
1
1
100
1
1
1
1
0
F2 - P2
1
1
100
1
1
1
1
0
F3 - P1
1
1
100
1
1
1
1
0
F3 - P2
1
1
100
1
1
1
1
0
F3 - P3
1
1
100
1
1
1
1
0
F3 - P4
1
1
100
1
1
1
1
0
F4 - P1
1
1
100
1
1
1
1
0
F4 - P2
1
1
100
1
1
1
1
0
F4 - P3
1
1
100
1
1
1
1
0
F4 - P4
1
1
100
1
1
1
1
0
F4 - P5
1
1
100
1
1
1
1
0
F5 - P1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
4.5
F5 - P2
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
4.5
F5 - P3
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
4.5
F5 - P4
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
4.5
F5 - P5
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
4.5
+ = ACTUAL
R.Y.E. IS ONLY
GIVEN FOR CROPS
NOT SCHEDULED FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION.
CROPS SCHEDULED FOR
PREPLANT NITROGEN APPLICATION ONLY ARE DESIGNATED
BY A "1" IN THIS TABLE.
PAGE
46

FARM NAME:
FARM OWNER(S):
FARM LOCATION:
FIELD
ONE
AND
ACRE OF
PULL
TOBACCO
NUMBER
r#riaait
aiwriartrar
F6-P1
1
F6 - P2
1
F6 - P3
1
F6 - P4
1
F6 - P5
1
F6 - P6
1
F6 - P7
1
F6-P8
1
F6 - P9
1
F7 - P1
1
F7 - P2
1
F7 - P3
1
F7 - P4
1
F7 - P5
1
F7-P6
1
F7 - P7
1
F7 - P8
1
FIELD 8
0
WILSON'S SWINE FARM
BRYAN WILSON
RICHMOND COUNTY, N.C.
TABLE
20-
(CONTINUED)
CROP TYPES
AND REALISTIC YIELD EXPECTATIONS +
R.Y.E
ONE
ONE
FOR
ACRE OF
ONE
ACRE OF
FIELD
SWEET
ACRE OF
SWEET CORN
CORN
POTATOES
WATERMELONS
#ia#iitaaaa
(BU/ACNR)
iiRat#iiaai
iafattlfta#
itaatrlafit
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
ONE
R.Y.E.
ONE
ACRE OF
FOR
ACRE OF
CEREAL
HYBRID
CANTALOUPES
RYE
BERMUDA
fai##H.ttkA
Hafttt#f##
(TIACIYR)
tfitkr#####i
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
4.5
+ = ACTUAL R.Y.E. IS ONLY GIVEN FOR CROPS NOT SCHEDULED FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION. CROPS SCHEDULED FOR
PREPLANT NITROGEN APPLICATION ONLY ARE DESIGNATED BY A "1" IN THIS TABLE.
PAGE 47

FARM NAME: WILSON'S SWINE FARM
FARM OWNER(S): BRYAN WILSON
FARM LOCATION: RICHMOND COUNTY, N.C.
TABLE 2
CROP TYPES AND PER UNIT NITROGEN APPLICATIONS OR REMOVALS
P.A.N.
P.A.N.
P.A.N.
P.A.N.
P.A.N.
P.A.N.
REMOVED
FOR PRE-
P.A.N.
P.A.N.
REMOVED
REMOVED
FIELD
FOR PRE-
FOR PRE-
BY
PLANT ON
FOR PRE-
FOR PRE-
BY
BY
AND
PLANT ON
PLANT ON
FIELD
SWEET
PLANT ON
PLANT ON
CEREAL
HYBRID
PULL
TOBACCO
SWEET CORN
CORN
POTATOES
WATERMELONS
CANTALOUPES
RYE
BERMUDA
NUMBER
!fflfl*f
(LB/ACRE)+
ttiti*ifii!!
(LB/ACRE)+
*f#***itfiti
(LBBU)
*#iffif*ifit
(LB/ACRE)+
!**#ifkif#**
(LB/ACRE)+
#ltfit#t##it
(LB/ACRE)+
i*tilt*ftiii
(LB/ACNR)+
tff**!##fiff
(LBrrON)
ffff*fik*iff
F1 - P1
65
85
1.2
60
60
60
65
0
F1 - P2
65
85
1.2
60
60
60
65
0
F1 - P3
65
85
1.2
60
60
60
65
0
F1 - P4
65
85
1.2
60
60
60
65
0
F1 - P5
65
85
1.2
60
60
60
65
0
F2 - P1
65
85
1.2
60
60
60
65
0
F2 - P2
65
85
1.2
60
60
60
65
0
F3 - P1
65
85
1.2
60
60
60
65
0
F3 - P2
65
85
1.2
60
60
60
65
0
F3 - P3
65
85
1.2
60
60
60
65
0
F3 - P4
65
85
1.2
60
60
60
65
0
F4 - P1
65
85
1.2
60
60
60
65
0
F4 - P2
65
85
1.2
60
60
60
65
0
F4 - P3
65
85
1.2
60
60
60
65
0
F4 - P4
65
85
1.2
60
60
60
65
0
F4 - P5
65
85
1.2
60
60
60
65
0
F5 - P1
0
0
0
0
0
0
75
48
F5 - P2
0
0
0
0
0
0
75
48
F5 - P3
0
0
0
0
0
0
75
48
F5 - P4
0
0
0
0
0
0
75
48
F5 - P5
0
0
0
0
0
0
75
48
+ = INDICATES A LUMP SUM AMOUNT OF P.A.N. APPLIED AT PREPLANT. NO POST EMERGENCE APPLICATION OF ANIMAL WASTE.
PAGE 48

FARM NAME: WILSON'S SWINE FARM
FARM OWNER(S): BRYAN WILSON
FARM LOCATION: RICHMOND COUNTY, N.C.
TABLE 2 - (CONTINUED)
CROP TYPES AND PER UNIT NITROGEN APPLICATIONS OR REMOVALS
P.A.N.
P.A.N.
REMOVED
FOR PRE -
FIELD
FOR PRE-
FOR PRE-
BY
PLANT ON
AND
PLANT ON
PLANT ON
FIELD
SWEET
PULL
TOBACCO
SWEET CORN
CORN
POTATOES
NUMBER
(LB/ACRE)
(LB/ACRE)
(LBBU)
(LB/ACRE)
F6 - P1
65
85
1.2
60
F6 - P2
65
85
1.2
60
F6 - P3
65
85
1.2
60
F6 - P4
65
85
1.2
60
F6 - P5
65
85
1.2
60
F6 - P6
65
85
1.2
60
F6 - P7
65
85
1.2
.60
F6 - P8
65
85
1.2
60
F6 - P9
65
85
1.2
60
F7 - P1
65
85
1.2
60
F7 - P2
65
85
1.2
60
F7 - P3
65
85
1.2
60
F7 - P4
65
85
1.2
60
F7 - P5
65
85
1.2
60
F7 - P6
65
85
1.2
60
F7 - P7
65
85
1.2
60
F7 - P8
65
85
1.2
60
FIELD 8
0
0
0
0
P.A.N.
P.A.N.
FOR PRE-
FOR PRE -
PLANT ON
PLANT ON
WATERMELONS
CANTALOUPES
(LB/ACRE)
flit*#ik}iH
(LB/ACRE)
ttt#tiHittt
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
0
0
P.A.N.
REMOVED
BY
CEREAL
RYE
(LB/AC/YR)
a ##Httfflff
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
75
+ = INDICATES A LUMP SUM AMOUNT OF P.A.N. APPLIED AT PREPLANT NO POST EMERGENCE APPLICATION OF ANIMAL WASTE.
P.A.N.
REMOVED
BY
HYBRID
BERMUDA
(LB/TON)
H!i#iifili#
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
48
PAGE 49

FARM NAME: WILSON'S SWINE FARM
FARM OWNER(S): BRYAN WILSON
FARM LOCATION: RICHMOND COUNTY, N.C.
TOTAL CROP ACRES IN THESE FIELDS =
165 ACRES TAKING OUT FOR BUFFERS, ETC.
TABLE 2222
NITROGEN REMOVAL ESTIMATES BASED ON ANNUAL CROP COMBINATIONS
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
P.A.N.
P.A.N.
P.A.N.
P.A.N.
P.A.N.
P.A.N.
P.A.N.
REMOVED
REMOVED
REMOVED
REMOVED
REMOVED
REMOVED
REMOVED
FIELD
TOTAL
BY
BY
BY
BY
BY
BY
BY
NUMBER
EFFECT.
TOBACCO
SWEET CORN
FIELD CORN
SWEET POTS.
WATERMELONS
CANTALOUPES
BERMUDA
AND
WETTABLE
& RYE
& RYE
& RYE
& RYE
& RYE
& RYE
& RYE
PULL
ACRES IN
COMBO.
COMBO.
COMBO.
COMBO.
COMBO.
COMBO.
COMBO.
NUMBER
#aiiiffi
THIS PULL
alit#ftffii
(pounds)
ifi##+ikkkf
(pounds)
+#fi+i+aa##
(pounds)
titii+iatif
(pounds)
itt+aril++a
(pounds)
+tttitaitt#
(pounds)
it+ai+aii#t
(pounds)
ttitittit#t
F1 - P1
6.664
866
1000
1233
833
833
833
0
F1 - P2
5.422
705
813
1003
678
678
678
0
F1 - P3
5.767
750
865
1067
721
721
721
0
F1 - P4
5.330
693
800
986
666
666
666
0
F1 - P5
6.515
847
977
1205
814
814
814
0
F2 - P1
1.889
246
283
349
236
236
236
0
F2 - P2
1.480
192
222
274
185
185
185
0
F3 - P1
3.202
416
480
592
400
400
400
0
F3 - P2
2.461
320
369
455
308
308
308
0
F3 - P3
2.185
284
328
404
273
273
273
0
F3 - P4
2.254
293
338
417
282
282
282
0
F4 - P1
6.276
816
941
1161
785
785
785
0
F4 - P2
5.376
699
806
995
672
672
672
0
F4 - P3
5.881
765
882
1088
735
735
735
0
F4 - P4
6.432
836
965
1190
804
804
804
0
F4 - P5
5.351
696
803
990
669
669
669
0
F5 - Pt
2.162
0
0
0
0
0
0
629
F5 - P2
6.396
0
0
0
0
0
0
1861
F5 - P3
2.599
0
0
0
0
0
0
756
F5 - P4
3.769
0
0
0
0
0
0
1097
F5 - P5
2.247
0
0
0
0
0
0
654
PAGE 50

FARM NAME: WILSON'S SWINE FARM
FARM OWNER(S): BRYAN WILSON
FARM LOCATION: RICHMOND COUNTY, N.C.
TABLE_. 22 (CONTINUED)
NITROGEN REMOVAL ESTIMATES BASED ON ANNUAL CROP COMBINATIONS
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
P.A.N.
P.A.N.
P.A.N.
P.A.N.
P.A:N.
P.A.N.
P.A.N.
REMOVED
REMOVED
REMOVED
REMOVED
REMOVED
REMOVED
REMOVED
FIELD
TOTAL
BY
BY
BY
BY
BY
BY
BY
NUMBER
EFFECT.
TOBACCO
SWEET CORN
FIELD CORN
SWT POTATOES
WATERMELONS
CANTALOUPES
BERMUDA
AND
WETTABLE
& RYE
& RYE
& RYE
& RYE
& RYE
& RYE
& RYE
PULL
ACRES IN
COMBO.
COMBO.
COMBO.
COMBO.
COMBO.
COMBO.
COMBO.
NUMBER
rrttt+++
THIS PULL
er+rw++rre+
(pounds)
rr++++rr+++
(pounds)
rtttwt+rwrr
(pounds)
+rrrtaaa+ra
(pounds)
(pounds)
++++a+rrr+t
(pounds)
rr+rrta+rr+
(pounds)
F6 - P1
4.247
552
637
786
ttarr+rrtrt
531
531
531
+rrrrarrrtr
0
F6 - P2
4.545
591
682
841
568
568
568
0
F6 - P3
3.448
448
517
638
431
431
431
0
F6 - P4
3.356
436
503
621
420
420
420
0
F6 - PS
3.471
451
521
642
434
434
434
0
F6 - P6
2.277
296
342
421
285
285
285
0
F6 - P7
3.655
475
548
676
457
457
457
0
F6 - P8
1.083
141
162
200
135
135
135
0
F6 - P9
4.784
622
718
885
598
598
598
0
F7 - P1
4.336
564
650
802
542
542
542
0
F7 - P2
5.381
700
807
995
673
673
673
0
F7 - P3
3.517
457
528
651
440
440
440
0
F7 - P4
4.573
594
686
846
572
572
572
0
F7 - P5
2.002
260
300
370
250
250
250
0
F7 - P6
4.596
597
689
850
575
575
575
0
F7 - P7
2.21.8
288
333
410
277
277
277
0
F7 - P&
5.650
735
848
1045
706
706
706
0
FIELD 8
2.420
0
0
0
0
0
0
704
TOTAL
155.22
TOTAL
152.80 (EXCLUDING
FIELD 8)
PAGE 51

FARM NAME: WILSON'S SWINE FARM
FARM OWNER(S): BRYAN WILSON
FARM LOCATION: RICHMOND COUNTY, N.C.
TABLE 23
TOTAL ANIMAL WASTE P.A.N. REMOVAL FOR A SELECTED COMBINATION OF CROPS
P.A.N. FROM ANIMAL
TOTAL ACRES OF
TOTAL P.A.N.
WASTE REMOVED BY
THIS CROP COMBINATION
REMOVED BY
THIS COMBINATION _
UNDER SIGNIFICANT
THIS COMBINATION
FOR ONE ACRE
IRRIGATION ++
ANNUALLY
CROP
COMBINATIONS
rarrraaa:aaaaexrxr
(pounds)
rrrarrarraa
(acres)
(pounds)
+ TOBACCO & RYE
130
rxrrarrrrrx
50
rrrrrrrrarr
6,500
+ SWEET CORN & RYE
150
15
2,250
FIELD CORN & RYE
185
16
2,960
+ SWEET POTATO & RYE
125
25
3,125
+ WATER MELONS & RYE
125
20
2,500
+ CANTALOUPES & RYE
125
15
1,875
BERMUDAGRASS & RYE
291
18
%**kk
5,238
TOTALS
159
24,448
AMOUNT OF P.A.N. GENERATED BY ANIMAL WASTE AT THIS FARM =
EXCESS (DEFECT) P.A.N. AVAILABLE FROM ANIMAL WASTE IS =
24,475
27
THE TOTAL CROP ACREAGE INSIDE OF REGULATORY SET -BACKS IS (FOR REF.) 165 ACRES
+ THESE VALUES ONLY ACCOUNT FOR NITROGEN PROVIDED BY ANIMAL WASTE. IT DOES NOT INCLUDE POST EMERGENCE
NITROGEN APPLICATIONS FROM COMMERCIAL FERTILIZER FOR CROPS SCHEDULED FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION.
P.A.N. REMOVAL FOR FORAGE CROPS IS BASED ON R.Y.E. FROM OTHER TABLES SINCE SUCH CROPS WILL BE ANIMAL FEED.
++ THIS IS A BEST GUESS FOR THE TOTAL ACRES RECEIVING "SIGNIFICANT" IRRIGATION. THIS TOTAL IS SLIGHTLY LESS
THAN THE TOTAL WETTED ACRES AND SLIGHTLY MORE THAN THE EFFECTIVE WETTABLE ACRES. FIELD FRINGES
AND ALL OF FIELD 8 ARE NOT FIGURED INTO THE TOTAL P.A.N. REMOVAL ESTIMATES OF THIS TABLE.
PAGE 52

FARM NAME: WILSON'S SWINE FARM
FARM OWNER(S): BRYAN WILSON
FARM LOCATION: RICHMOND COUNTY, N.C.
AVERAGE AMOUNT OF NITROGEN PER 1000 GALLONS OF EFFLUENT = 2.75 POUNDS
TABLE 2
ANIMAL WASTE APPLICATION GUIDELINES ON SIMILAR FIELDS
FIELDS THAT CAN GROW TOBACCO) ARE: F1, F2, F3, F4, F6, F7 -ALL PULLS
ANIMAL WASTE
TOTAL ANNUAL
SUGGESTED
POUNDS OF
GALLONS
GALLONS
INCHES OF
APPLICATION
ESTIMATED
RATE OF P.A.N.
P.A.N. TO
OF EFFLUENT
OF EFFLUENT
WASTE FOR
WINDOWS
ACRES
APPLICATION
APPLY
TO APPLY
TO APPLY
A SINGLE
ON THIS
PLANTED IN
FROM WASTE
ANNUALLY
ANNUALLY
PER ACRE
EVENT
CROP +
THIS CROP +
(LBS/AC)++
(LBS)
(GALLONS)
(GAL/ACRE)
(IN/ACRE)
APRIL OR MAY (PREPLANT)
50.0
65
3,250
1,181,818
23,636
0.87 ++
TOTAL
65
3,250
1,181,818
NOTE: THE FARMER MUST NOT APPLY ANIMAL WASTE MORE THAN 30 DAYS PRIOR TO PLANTING A CROP OR 30 DAYS
PRIOR TO A CROP BREAKING DORMANCY. ANIMAL WASTE APPLIED TO A CROP FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION MUST BE
APPLIED AS A PREPLANT MEASURE ONLY. TOTAL NITROGEN APPLIED CAN NOT EXCEED RECOMMENDED AGRONOMIC RATES
IF A CROP'S MAXIMUM NITROGEN UPTAKE DEMAND EXCEEDS THE P.A.N. APPLIED FROM ANIMAL WASTE, A COMMERCIAL
FERTILIZER MAY BE NEEDED. POST EMERGENCE NITROGEN NEEDS FOR CROPS SCHEDULED FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION
CAN NOT BE SUPPLIED WITH ANIMAL MANURE. TYPICALLY, NITROGEN APPLICATION AMOUNTS WILL VARY FROM
FIELD TO FIELD AND FROM SEASON TO SEASON. THIS TABLE IS ONLY A GUIDE. THE CROP GROWING SCHEME IN
THIS TABLE IS ONLY FOR ONE TYPE OF CROP.
+ = THE P.A.N. APPLICATION AMOUNTS AND ACRES PLANTED ARE BEST GUESSES AND MAY VARY.
++ = THIS LIQUID MAY NEED TO BE APPLIED IN TWO APPLICATIONS TO AVOID RUN-OFF, ESPECIALLY IF APPLIED ON BARE SOIL.
PAGE 53

FARM NAME: WILSON'S SWINE FARM
FARM OWNER(S): BRYAN WILSON
FARM LOCATION: RICHMOND COUNTY, N.C.
AVERAGE AMOUNT OF NITROGEN PER 1000 GALLONS OF EFFLUENT =
2.75 POUNDS
TABLE
2
ANIMAL
WASTE APPLICATK N GUIDELINES ON SIMILAR FIELDS
FIELDS THAT CAN GROW
SWEET CORN
ARE: F1, F2, F3,
F4, F6, F7 -- ALL PULLS
ANIMAL WASTE
TOTAL ANNUAL SUGGESTED
POUNDS OF
GALLONS
GALLONS
INCHES OF
APPLICATION
ESTIMATED RATE OF P.A.N.
P.A.N. TO
OF EFFLUENT
OF EFFLUENT
WASTE FOR
WINDOWS
ACRES APPLICATION
APPLY
TO APPLY
TO APPLY
A SINGLE
ON THIS
PLANTED IN FROM WASTE
ANNUALLY
ANNUALLY
PER ACRE
EVENT
CROP +
THIS CROP + (LBS/AC)+
(LBS)
(GALLONS)
(GAUACRE)
(IN/ACRE)
MARCH OR APRIL (PREPLANT)
15.0 85
1,275
463,636
30,909
1.14 ++
TOTAL
85
1,275
463,636
NOTE: THE FARMER MUST NOT APPLY ANIMAL WASTE MORE THAN 30 DAYS PRIOR TO PLANTING A CROP OR 30 DAYS
PRIOR TO A CROP BREAKING DORMANCY. ANIMAL WASTE APPLIED TO A CROP •FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION MUST BE
APPLIED AS A PREPLANT MEASURE ONLY. TOTAL NITROGEN APPLIED CAN NOT EXCEED RECOMMENDED AGRONOMIC RATES
IF A CROP'S MAXIMUM NITROGEN UPTAKE DEMAND EXCEEDS THE P.A.N. APPLIED FROM ANIMAL WASTE, A COMMERCIAL
FERTILIZER MAY BE NEEDED. POST EMERGENCE NITROGEN NEEDS FOR CROPS SCHEDULED FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION
CAN NOT BE SUPPLIED WITH ANIMAL MANURE. TYPICALLY, NITROGEN APPLICATION AMOUNTS WILL VARY FROM
FIELD TO FIELD AND FROM SEASON TO SEASON. THIS TABLE IS ONLY A GUIDE. THE CROP GROWING SCHEME IN
THIS TABLE IS ONLY FOR ONE TYPE OF CROP.
+ = THE P.A.N. APPLICATION AMOUNTS AND ACRES PLANTED ARE BEST GUESSES AND MAY VARY.
++ = THIS LIQUID MAY NEED TO BE APPLIED IN TWO APPLICATIONS TO AVOID RUN-OFF, ESPECIALLY IF APPLIED ON BARE SOIL.
PAGE 54

FARM NAME: WILSON'S SWINE FARM
FARM OWNER(S): BRYAN WILSON
FARM LOCATION: RICHMOND COUNTY, N.C.
AVERAGE AMOUNT OF NITROGEN PER 1000 GALLONS OF EFFLUENT =
2.75 POUNDS
TABLE
2
ANIMAL
WASTE APPLICATION GU_IUELIpIES
ON SIMJLAR FIELDS
FIELDS THAT CAN GROW
FIELD CORN
ARE: F1, F2, F3,
F4, F6, F7 --ALL PULLS
ANIMAL WASTE
TOTAL ANNUAL SUGGESTED
POUNDS OF
GALLONS
GALLONS
INCHES OF
APPLICATION
ESTIMATED RATE OF P.A.N.
P.A.N. TO
OF EFFLUENT
OF EFFLUENT
WASTE FOR
WINDOWS
ACRES APPLICATION
APPLY
TO APPLY
TO APPLY
A SINGLE
ON THIS
PLANTED IN FROM WASTE
ANNUALLY
ANNUALLY
PER ACRE
EVENT
CROP +
THIS CROP + (LBS/AC)++
(LBS)
(GALLONS)
(GAUACRE)
(IN/ACRE)
APRIL
16.0 30
480
174,545
10,909
0.40
MAY
16.0 35
557
202,473
12,655
0.47
JUNE
16.0 35
557
202,473
12,655
0.47
JULY
16.0 20
326
118,691
7,418
0.27
TOTAL
120
1,920
698,182
NOTE: THE FARMER MUST NOT APPLY ANIMAL WASTE MORE THAN 30 DAYS PRIOR TO PLANTING A CROP OR 30 DAYS
PRIOR TO A CROP BREAKING DORMANCY. ANIMAL WASTE APPLIED TO A CROP FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION MUST BE
APPLIED AS A PREPLANT MEASURE ONLY. TOTAL NITROGEN APPLIED CAN NOT EXCEED RECOMMENDED AGRONOMIC RATES
IF A CROP'S MAXIMUM NITROGEN UPTAKE DEMAND EXCEEDS THE P.A.N. APPLIED FROM ANIMAL WASTE, A COMMERCIAL
FERTILIZER MAY BE NEEDED. POST EMERGENCE NITROGEN NEEDS FOR CROPS SCHEDULED FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION
CAN NOT BE SUPPLIED WITH ANIMAL MANURE. TYPICALLY, NITROGEN APPLICATION AMOUNTS WILL VARY FROM
FIELD TO FIELD AND FROM SEASON TO SEASON. THIS TABLE IS ONLY A GUIDE. THE CROP GROWING SCHEME IN
THIS TABLE IS ONLY FOR ONE TYPE OF CROP.
+ = THI= P.A.N. APPLICATION AMOUNTS AND ACRES PLANTED ARE BEST GUESSES AND MAY VARY.
PAGE 55

FARM NAME: WILSON'S SWINE FARM
FARM OWNER(S): BRYAN WILSON
FARM LOCATION: RICHMOND COUNTY, N.C.
AVERAGE AMOUNT OF NITROGEN PER 1000 GALLONS OF EFFLUENT =
2.75 POUNDS
TABLE
2
ANIMAL WASTE
APPLICATION
GUIDELINES ON SIMILAR FIELDS
FIELDS THAT CAN GROW
SWEET POTATOES
ARE: F1, F2, F3, F4, F6, F7
- ALL PULLS
ANIMAL WASTE
TOTAL ANNUAL
SUGGESTED POUNDS OF
GALLONS
GALLONS
INCHES OF
APPLICATION
ESTIMATED
RATE OF P.A.N. P.A.N. TO
OF EFFLUENT
OF EFFLUENT
WASTE FOR
WINDOWS
ACRES
APPLICATION APPLY
TO APPLY
TO APPLY
A SINGLE
ON THIS
PLANTED IN
FROM WASTE ANNUALLY
ANNUALLY
PER ACRE
EVENT
CROP +
THIS CROP +
(LBS/AC)++ (LBS)
(GALLONS)
(GAUACRE)
(IN/ACRE)
APRIL, MAY, OR JUNE (PREPLANT)
25.0
60 1,500
545,455
21,818
0.80 ++
TOTAL
60 1,500
545,455
NOTE: THE FARMER MUST NOT APPLY ANIMAL WASTE MORE THAN 30 DAYS PRIOR TO PLANTING A CROP OR 30 DAYS
PRIOR TO A CROP BREAKING DORMANCY. ANIMAL WASTE APPLIED TO A CROP FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION MUST BE
APPLIED AS A PREPLANT MEASURE ONLY. TOTAL NITROGEN APPLIED CAN NOT EXCEED RECOMMENDED AGRONOMIC RATES
IF A CROP'S MAXIMUM NITROGEN UPTAKE DEMAND EXCEEDS THE P.A.N. APPLIED FROM ANIMAL WASTE, A COMMERCIAL
FERTILIZER MAY BE NEEDED. POST EMERGENCE NITROGEN NEEDS FOR CROPS SCHEDULED FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION
CAN NOT BE SUPPLIED WITH ANIMAL MANURE. TYPICALLY, NITROGEN APPLICATION AMOUNTS WILL VARY FROM
FIELD TO FIELD AND FROM SEASON TO SEASON. THIS TABLE IS ONLY A GUIDE. THE CROP GROWING SCHEME IN
THIS TABLE IS ONLY FOR ONE TYPE OF CROP.
+ = THE P.A.N. APPLICATION AMOUNTS AND ACRES PLANTED ARE BEST GUESSES AND MAY VARY.
++ = THIS LIQUID MAY NEED TO BE APPLIED IN TWO APPLICATIONS TO AVOID RUN-OFF, ESPECIALLY IF APPLIED ON BARE SOIL.
PAGE 56

FARM NAME: WILSON'S SWINE FARM
FARM OWNER(S): BRYAN WILSON
FARM LOCATION: RICHMOND COUNTY, N.C.
AVERAGE AMOUNT OF NITROGEN PER 1000 GALLONS OF EFFLUENT = 2.75 POUNDS
TABLE 2
ANIMAL WASTE APPLICATION GUIDELINES ON SIMILAR FIELDS
FIELDS THAT CAN GROW WATERMELONS ARE: F1, F2, F3, F4, F6, F7 --ALL PULLS
ANIMAL WASTE
TOTAL ANNUAL
SUGGESTED
POUNDS OF
GALLONS
GALLONS
INCHES OF
APPLICATION
ESTIMATED
RATE OF P.A.N.
P.A.N. TO
OF EFFLUENT
OF EFFLUENT
WASTE FOR
WINDOWS
ACRES
APPLICATION
APPLY
TO APPLY
TO APPLY
A SINGLE
ON THIS
PLANTED IN
FROM WASTE
ANNUALLY
ANNUALLY
PER ACRE
EVENT
CROP +
THIS CROP +
(LBS/AC)++
(LBS)
(GALLONS)
(GAUACRE)
(IN/ACRE)
MARCH, APRIL, OR MAY (PREPLANT)
20.0
60
1,200
436,364
21,818
0.80 ++
TOTAL
60
1,200
436,364
NOTE: THE FARMER MUST NOT APPLY ANIMAL WASTE MORE THAN 30 DAYS PRIOR TO PLANTING A CROP OR 30 DAYS
PRIOR TO.A CROP BREAKING DORMANCY. ANIMAL WASTE APPLIED TO A CROP FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION MUST BE
APPLIED AS A PREPLANT MEASURE ONLY. TOTAL NITROGEN APPLIED CAN NOT EXCEED RECOMMENDED AGRONOMIC RATES
IF A CROP'S MAXIMUM NITROGEN UPTAKE DEMAND EXCEEDS THE P.A.N. APPLIED FROM ANIMAL WASTE, A COMMERCIAL
FERTILIZER MAY BE NEEDED: POST EMERGENCE NITROGEN NEEDS FOR CROPS SCHEDULED FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION
CAN NOT BE SUPPLIED WITH ANIMAL MANURE. TYPICALLY, NITROGEN APPLICATION AMOUNTS WILL VARY FROM
FIELD TO FIELD AND FROM SEASON TO SEASON. THIS TABLE IS ONLY A GUIDE. THE CROP GROWING SCHEME IN
THIS TABLE IS ONLY FOR ONE TYPE OF CROP.
+ = THE P.A.N. APPLICATION AMOUNTS AND ACRES PLANTED ARE BEST GUESSES AND MAY VARY.
++ = THIS LIQUID MAY NEED TO BE APPLIED IN TWO APPLICATIONS TO AVOID RUN-OFF, ESPECIALLY IF APPLIED ON BARE SOIL.
PAGE 57

FARM NAME: WILSON'S SWINE FARM
FARM OWNER(S): BRYAN WILSON
FARM LOCATION: RICHMOND COUNTY, N.C.
AVERAGE AMOUNT OF NITROGEN PER 1000 GALLONS OF EFFLUENT =
2.75 POUNDS
TABLE
29
ANIMAL
WASTE_ APPLICATION
GUIDELINES ON SIMILAR
FIELDS
FIELDS THAT CAN GROW
CANTALOUPES
ARE: F1, F2, F3, F4, F6, F7 --ALL PULLS
ANIMAL WASTE
TOTAL ANNUAL
SUGGESTED
POUNDS OF
GALLONS
GALLONS
INCHES OF
APPLICATION
ESTIMATED
RATE OF P.A.N.
P.A.N. TO
OF EFFLUENT
OF EFFLUENT
WASTE FOR
WINDOWS
ACRES
APPLICATION
APPLY
TO APPLY
TO APPLY
A SINGLE
ON THIS
PLANTED IN
FROM WASTE
ANNUALLY
ANNUALLY
PER ACRE
EVENT
CROP +
THIS CROP +
(LBSIAC)++
(LBS)
(GALLONS)
(GAUACRE)
(INIACRE)
MARCH OR APRIL (PREPLANT)
15.0
60
900
327,273
21,818
0.80 ++
TOTAL
60
900
327,273
NOTE: THE FARMER MUST NOT APPLY ANIMAL WASTE MORE THAN 30 DAYS PRIOR TO PLANTING A CROP OR 30 DAYS
PRIOR TO A CROP BREAKING DORMANCY. ANIMAL WASTE APPLIED TO A CROP FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION MUST BE
APPLIED AS A PREPLANT MEASURE ONLY. TOTAL NITROGEN APPLIED CAN NOT EXCEED RECOMMENDED AGRONOMIC RATES
IF A CROP'S MAXIMUM NITROGEN UPTAKE DEMAND EXCEEDS THE P.A.N. APPLIED FROM ANIMAL WASTE, A COMMERCIAL
FERTILIZER MAY BE NEEDED. POST EMERGENCE NITROGEN NEEDS FOR CROPS SCHEDULED FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION
CAN NOT BE SUPPLIED WITH ANIMAL MANURE. TYPICALLY, NITROGEN APPLICATION AMOUNTS WILL VARY FROM
FIELD TO FIELD AND FROM SEASON TO SEASON. THIS TABLE IS ONLY A GUIDE. THE CROP GROWING SCHEME IN
THIS TABLE IS ONLY FOR ONE TYPE OF CROP.
+ = THE P.A.N. APPLICATION AMOUNTS AND ACRES PLANTED ARE BEST GUESSES AND MAY VARY.
++ = THIS LIQUID MAY NEED TO BE APPLIED IN TWO APPLICATIONS TO AVOID RUN-OFF, ESPECIALLY IF APPLIED ON BARE SOIL.
PAGE 58

FARM NAME: WILSON'S SWINE FARM
FARM OWNER(S): BRYAN WILSON
FARM LOCATION: RICHMOND COUNTY, N.C.
AVERAGE AMOUNT OF NITROGEN PER 1000 GALLONS OF EFFLUENT = 2.75 POUNDS
TABLE
ANIMAL WASTE APPLICATION GUIDELINES ON SIMILAR FIELDS
FIELDS THAT CAN GROW
RYE (as a winter cover crop
ARE: F1, F2, F3, F4, F6, F7 - ALL PULLS
and grazed)
ANIMAL WASTE
TOTAL ANNUAL SUGGESTED
POUNDS OF
GALLONS
GALLONS
INCHES OF
APPLICATION
ESTIMATED RATE OF P.A.N.
P.A.N. TO
OF EFFLUENT
OF EFFLUENT
WASTE FOR
WINDOWS
ACRES APPLICATION
APPLY
TO APPLY
TO APPLY
A SINGLE
ON THIS
PLANTED IN FROM WASTE
ANNUALLY
ANNUALLY
PER ACRE
EVENT
CROP +
THIS CROP + (LBS/AC)++
(LBS)
(GALLONS)
(GAUACRE)
(IN/ACRE)
SEPTEMBER, OCTOBER, (NOV.?)
141.0 20
2,841
1,033,145
7,327
0.27
FEBRUARY, MARCH, APRIL
141.0 45
6,324
2,299,582
16,309
0.60
TOTAL
65
9,165
3,332,727
NOTE: THE FARMER MUST NOT APPLY ANIMAL WASTE MORE THAN 30 DAYS PRIOR TO PLANTING A CROP OR 30 DAYS
PRIOR TO A CROP BREAKING DORMANCY. ANIMAL WASTE APPLIED TO A CROP FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION MUST BE
APPLIED AS A PREPLANT MEASURE ONLY. TOTAL NITROGEN APPLIED CAN NOT EXCEED RECOMMENDED AGRONOMIC RATES
IF A CROP'S MAXIMUM NITROGEN UPTAKE DEMAND EXCEEDS THE P.A.N. APPLIED FROM ANIMAL WASTE, A COMMERCIAL
FERTILIZER MAY BE NEEDED. POST EMERGENCE NITROGEN NEEDS FOR CROPS SCHEDULED FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION
CAN NOT BE SUPPLIED WITH ANIMAL MANURE. TYPICALLY, NITROGEN APPLICATION AMOUNTS WILL VARY FROM
FIELD TO FIELD AND FROM SEASON TO SEASON. THIS TABLE IS ONLY A GUIDE. THE CROP GROWING SCHEME IN
THIS TABLE IS ONLY FOR ONE TYPE OF CROP.
+ = THE P.A.N. APPLICATION AMOUNTS AND ACRES PLANTED ARE BEST GUESSES AND MAY VARY.
PAGE 59

FARM NAME: WILSON'S SWINE FARM
FARM OWNER(S): BRYAN WILSON
FARM LOCATION: RICHMOND COUNTY, N.C.
AVERAGE AMOUNT OF NITROGEN PER 1000 GALLONS OF EFFLUENT = 2.75 POUNDS
TABLE 3
ANIMAL WASTE APPLICATION GUIDELINES ON SIMILAR FIELDS
FIELDS THAT CAN GROW RYE (overseeded on ARE: F1, F2, F3, F4, F6, F7 --ALL PULLS
bermuda and grazed)
ANIMAL WASTE
TOTALANNUAL
SUGGESTED
POUNDS OF
GALLONS
GALLONS
INCHES OF
APPLICATION
ESTIMATED
RATE OF P.A.N.
P.A.N. TO
OF EFFLUENT
OF EFFLUENT
WASTE FOR
WINDOWS
ACRES
APPLICATION
APPLY
TO APPLY
TO APPLY
A SINGLE
ON THIS
PLANTED IN
FROM WASTE
ANNUALLY
ANNUALLY
PER ACRE
EVENT
CROP +
THIS CROP +
(LBS/AC)++
(LBS)
(GALLONS)
(GAUACRE)
(IN/ACRE)
SEPTEMBER, OCTOBER, (NOV.?)
18.0
23
419
152,182
8,455
0.31
FEBRUARY, MARCH, APRIL
18.0
52
932
338,727
18,818
0.69
TOTAL
75
1,350
490,909
NOTE: THE FARMER MUST NOT APPLY ANIMAL WASTE MORE THAN 30 DAYS PRIOR TO PLANTING A CROP OR 30 DAYS
PRIOR TO A CROP BREAKING DORMANCY. ANIMAL WASTE APPLIED TO A CROP FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION MUST BE
APPLIED AS A PREPLANT MEASURE ONLY. TOTAL NITROGEN APPLIED CAN NOT EXCEED RECOMMENDED AGRONOMIC RATES
IF A CROP'S MAXIMUM NITROGEN UPTAKE DEMAND EXCEEDS THE P.A.N. APPLIED FROM ANIMAL WASTE, A COMMERCIAL
FERTILIZER MAY BE NEEDED. POST EMERGENCE NITROGEN NEEDS FOR CROPS SCHEDULED FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION
CAN NOT BE SUPPLIED WITH ANIMAL MANURE. TYPICALLY, NITROGEN APPLICATION AMOUNTS WILL VARY FROM
FIELD TO FIELD AND FROM SEASON TO SEASON. THIS TABLE IS ONLY A GUIDE. THE CROP GROWING SCHEME IN
THIS TABLE IS ONLY FOR ONE TYPE OF CROP.
+ = THE P.A.N. APPLICATION AMOUNTS AND ACRES PLANTED ARE BEST GUESSES AND MAY VARY.
PAGE 60

FARM NAME: WILSON'S SWINE FARM
FARM OWNER(S): BRYAN WILSON
FARM LOCATION: RICHMOND COUNTY, N.C.
AVERAGE AMOUNT OF NITROGEN PER 1000 GALLONS OF EFFLUENT =
2.75 POUNDS
TABLE
3z
ANIMAL
WASTE APPLICATION GUIDELINES
ON SIMILAR
FIELDS
FIELDS THAT CAN GROW
BERMUDAGRASS
ARE: F1, F2, F3, F4, F6, F7
--ALL PULLS
ANIMAL WASTE
TOTAL ANNUAL SUGGESTED
POUNDS OF
GALLONS
GALLONS
INCHES OF
APPLICATION
ESTIMATED RATE OF P.A.N.
P.A.N. TO
OF EFFLUENT
OF EFFLUENT
WASTE FOR
WINDOWS
ACRES APPLICATION
APPLY
TO APPLY
TO APPLY
A SINGLE
ON THIS
PLANTED IN FROM WASTE
ANNUALLY
ANNUALLY
PER ACRE
EVENT
CROP +
THIS CROP + (LBS/AC)++
(LBS)
(GALLONS)
(GAIJACRE)
(IN/ACRE)
MAY
18.0 43
778
282,764
15,709
0.58
JUNE
18.0 86
1,555
565,527
31,418
1.16 ++
JULY
18.0 65
1,166
424,145
23,564
0.87 ++
AUGUST
18.0 22
389
141,382
7,855
0.29
TOTAL
216
3,888
1,413,818
NOTE: THE FARMER MUST NOT APPLY ANIMAL WASTE MORE THAN 30 DAYS PRIOR TO PLANTING A CROP OR 30 DAYS
PRIOR TO A CROP BREAKING DORMANCY. ANIMAL WASTE APPLIED TO A.CROP FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION MUST BE
APPLIED AS A PREPLANT MEASURE ONLY. TOTAL NITROGEN APPLIED CAN NOT EXCEED RECOMMENDED AGRONOMIC RATES
IF A CROP'S MAXIMUM NITROGEN UPTAKE DEMAND EXCEEDS THE P.A.N. APPLIED FROM ANIMAL WASTE, A COMMERCIAL
FERTILIZER MAY BE NEEDED. POST EMERGENCE NITROGEN NEEDS FOR CROPS SCHEDULED FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION
CAN NOT BE SUPPLIED WITH ANIMAL MANURE. TYPICALLY, NITROGEN APPLICATION AMOUNTS WILL VARY FROM
FIELD TO FIELD AND FROM SEASON TO SEASON. THIS TABLE IS ONLY A GUIDE. THE CROP GROWING SCHEME IN
THIS TABLE IS ONLY FOR ONE TYPE OF CROP.
+ = THE P.A.N. APPLICATION AMOUNTS AND ACRES PLANTED ARE BEST GUESSES AND MAY VARY.
++ = THIS LIQUID MAY NEED TO BE APPLIED IN TWO APPLICATIONS TO AVOID RUN-OFF.
PAGE 61

FARM NAME: WILSON'S SWINE FARM
FARM OWNER(S): BRYAN WILSON
FARM LOCATION: RICHMOND COUNTY, N.C.
TABLE 33
GENERAL LONG TERM WATER BALANCES ONCE CROPS ARE ESTABLISHED
WHAT IS THE MINIMUM DESIGN VOLUME FOR THIS THE LAGOON? 10,500,000 GALLONS (APPROXIMATELY)
EST. AVG. @
ALLOWABLE
WASTEWATER
ESTIMATED VOLUME #
EXCESS
ESTIMATED
ACCUMULATION
OF LIQUID IN
PERIOD OF
WASTEWATER
IRRIGATION
OR REDUCTION
THE LAGOON
THE YEAR
raaaeaatrrr
(GAL 12 MO)
trttrrrrrrrrrr
(GAL / 2 MO)
aaaaataataaara
(GAL 12 MO)
aRrir**att#*Rt
(CUMULATIVE)
rrriat******ri
JANUARY, FEBRUARY
1,481,040
1,319,155
161,885
13,161.885 ++
MARCH, APRIL
1,481,040
3,902.791
(2,421,751)
10,740,135
MAY, JUNE
1,481,040
1,798,691
(317,651)
10,422,484
JULY, AUGUST
1,481,040
684,218
796,822
11,219,305
SEPTEMBER, OCTOBER
1,481,040
1,185,327
295,713
11.515,018
NOVEMBER, DECEMBER
1,481,040
akrrR!!r*tint
0
tiatrkkri*iii
1,481,040
iiitiiitiiaaa
12,996,058
TOTAL
8,886,240
8,890,182
(3,942) +
= THE AVERAGE WASTEWATER EXCESSES DO NOT ACCOUNT FOR WIDE MONTHLY RAINFALL VARIATIONS OR MONTHLY
EVAPOTRANSPORATION VARIATIONS. SUCH VARIATIONS COULD BE SIGNIFICANT AND CHANGE THE WATER BALANCE TABLE FROM
WHAT IS SHOWN ABOVE. THIS TABLE IS ONLY AN APPROXIMATION, NOT A DETAILED WATER BALANCE.
# = A MINIMUM VOLUME OF AROUND 10,500,000 GALLONS SHOULD BE MAINTAINED IN THE
LAGOON. DO NOT PUMP MUCH BELOW THIS LEVEL. THIS ALLOWS FOR LIQUID AND SLUDGE BUILD-UP.
+ = A LARGE POSITIVE VALUE HERE INDICATES MORE ACRES MAY BE NEEDED IN ORDER TO APPLY WASTE.
A LARGE NEGATIVE VALUE INDICATES MORE THAN ENOUGH LAND IS BEING
IRRIGATED TO UTILIZE ALL OF THE EXPECTED WASTEWATER GENERATION.
++ = THIS IS AN ASSUMED VOLUME FOR THIS TABLE OR EXAMPLE. EACH YEAR WILL BE DIFFERENT.
PAGE 62

WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWW
Below is an example of how to use the tabular information discussed above.
EXAMPLE: The farmer wants to grow sweet potatoes in field 3 in the summer and grow cereal rye in
the cool months as an overseeded crop. The following is one "process" the farmer would use to
estimate the amount of P.A.N, to land apply.
1. The farmer is interested in determining the use of animal waste on field 3. At this time he is not
concerned with commercial fertilizer needs so those will not be discussed. Table 27 shows that the
preplant window for sweet potatoes is April, May, or possibly June if the farmer is late in planting.
Timing will be according to the farmer's opportunity, weather, cereal rye growth, etc. Table 30
shows the effluent application window for cereal rye on cultivated land in the fall and the spring.
2. Table 13 shows that there is a total of 13.3 acres in field 3 that could receive animal waste, but not
100 percent of field 3 can be effectively irrigated. From Table 18 he sees the total effective wetted
area due to irrigation is 10.1 acres. That information also appears in Table 22 by adding the pulls
infield 3. Table 23 shows that an estimated 125 pounds of P.A.N. can be applied to each acre of
this field annually with this combination of crops.
3. Table 27 tells the farmer he can apply roughly 21,818 gallons of animal waste per acre as a
preplant for sweet potatoes (not including cereal rye) and get the needed P.A.N. As Table 27 says
this is about 0.80 inches of effluent per acre. This may be too much effluent to apply at one time,
especially if the land has been cultivated, and may require split applications. The farmer must
decide.
4. Table 30 tells the farmer he can apply roughly 7,327 gallons of animal waste per acre in the fall and
16,309 gallons per acre in the spring on his cereal rye. As Table 30 says this is about 0.27 inches
of effluent per acre in the fall and about 0.6 inches in the spring. The farmer may wish to equally
split the effluent applications between the fall and spring if this better fits his growing schedule.
The farmer must decide.
5 If the farmer only uses this crop combination for pulls 1 and 2 in field 3, then he would have to
only total pulls 1 and 2 using the above numbers. The per acre application amounts would be the
same no matter which pulls he uses for the sweet potatoes and cereal rye combination. All of the
actual irrigation and crop growing combinations must be recorded on the appropriate forms.
This waste utilization document does not specifically address nitrogen application on germinating or
very. young crops. Thus the farmer must use good judgment when planting and applying waste to
young crops. Young crops can not remove large quantities of nitrogen thus possibly requiring split
applications. Remember, do not apply animal waste directly to crops scheduled for. human
consumz�tion.
Monthly waste application amounts will vary according to many factors. The engineer has assumed
that animal waste will be available to deliver these nitrogen quantities. If the animal waste is lacking
the needed nutrients, or lacking sufficient liquid quantities the operator could occasionally need to
supplement nutrients in greater quantities than shown in this document. However, use caution when
63

WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWW
applying commercial fertilizers. Annually look at nutrients like phosphorous and metals to make sure
you are not over applying these or other nutrients. The farmer may need to contact a qualified
technical specialist in order to help estimate these values.
Some residual nitrogen carry-over from the organic fraction in animal waste and crop residue will be
left in the fields from year to year. You might say there is a carry over of nitrogen so you may need to
apply less as the years go by. In sandy soils nitrogen carry over this tends to be less of a factor. Be
aware of this aspect and do not over apply nitrogen.
Long term sludge removal methods (i.e. irrigation, pump and haul, etc.) are not specifically addressed
in this plan as a separate issue. The Wilson's Swine Farm lagoon has sludge storage built into its
design (see Table 4). Sludge removal and land applications will need a certified plan approved by
DWQ.
ANIMAL WASTE APPLICATION EQUIPMENT AND ITS USE
The right animal waste application equipment is extremely important in terms of the farmer's ability to
accurately measure and control the application of animal waste. However, when it comes to properly
operating irrigation equipment (or broadcast equipment) the farmer must be familiar with his/her
equipment and have a good understanding of pump curves, pumping rates, basic math, and possess the
willingness to keep good records. This animal waste utilization plan is not intended to be a,
comprehensive irrigation teaching manual. The engineer must assume the farmer can take the
presented information and apply it to his or her farm.
General
Gold Leaf Farm currently has two irrigation pumps with stand alone power units, some existing below
ground PVC force mains, many permanent hydrants, some above ground aluminum piping (which is
movable), and two older model hard hose travelers. The farmer uses the irrigation system to pump
lagoon effluent and fresh water to all fields. However, the existing system needs some modification in
order to be more useful to the farmer. Therefore the engineer has developed plans and specifications
for this CAWMP that shows the irrigation system as it will be modified. The .engineer is considering
this entire system as a new or expanded system for the effective wettable acres determination. Only
factors surrounding lagoon effluent irrigation are being considered for this CAWMP. Fresh water
irrigation will also occur but the engineer is not specifying how the fresh water irrigation is to be used.
Irrigation equipment data is shown below in Table 34 as well as on Exhibits 21 and 22.
At this time, the farmer plans to install an additional 4,000 feet of below grade permanent PVC pipe to
replace the need for above ground aluminum piping. He will also be installing several new hydrants.
He plans to purchase two new hard hose traveler reels (both will be of the same make and model) and
retire his older reels. All information presented herein will discuss the proposed modifications and
new equipment. Exhibit 7 shows this general irrigation setup with the dotted lines showing the
approximate center of normal irrigation lanes. The semi -circles on Exhibit 7 show approximate net
wetted areas covered by gun cart nozzles (net wetted areas will overlap). The semi=circles shown
are not effective wetted areas used to calculate CAWMP effective wetted acres.
64

WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWMP
9FAi2T T'i 1A _ i_'nlrl T.nof ]Rarm Trrivatinn F.nninmpnt Derrrintinns
Power supply t e +
Caterpillar Diesel Engine - Model 1674 .
Pump type and size for Cat. 1674
Berkelev Model B4EYQBH, 17.87 in. impeller
Power supply ty2e +
Caterpillar Diesel Engine - Model D333.
Pump type and size for Cat. D333
Berkeley Model B4EYQBM, full impeller
Traveler type proposed
Amadas Reel Rain - Model 1030
Hose I.D. and length each reel)
3.0 inch I.D. @ 965 feet
Gun and nozzle type all fields)
Nelson Model SR150 w/ 1.26 in. ring nozzle
Nelson Sprinkler diameter (wetted diameter)
320 feet c 50 psi mfg. published info.
Expected flow and pressure with selected
nozzle (farmer tries to keep nozzle pressure
more or less constant)
255 gpm @ 50 psi (Nelson gun, mfg. published
info.)
200 ft +/- (most all pull lanes are uniform at this
farm
Selected lane spacing
Friction losses:
See Exhibit 28 for a complete listing
Flow velocity in 6 inch pipe 255 gpin
2.78 feet/second (approximately)
Gun cart retrieval mechanism
On board gasoline engine or a pelton wheel slurry
turbine
Anticipated wetted gun arc (all fields)
270 degrees
Maximum Horsepower required @ 255 gpm
a, maximum head considering allpulls)
50 hp (approximately)
+ Power unit horsepower curves were unavailable for this package. Either pump could be used to pump effluent but the
Cat Model # 1674 and Pump Model B4EYQBH are most often used to pump effluent.
Irrigation System Layout And Operation
An irrigation layout is shown as Exhibit 7. The reader should notice that Exhibit 7 shows where the
new pipe is to be installed and where the new above ground hydrants will be placed. The grower plans
to use most of the existing system as is with only a few modifications. The new portions of the
system will be tied into the existing piping. Minor pipe and hydrant placement variations due to on
site conditions is allowable.
The operator should always try and keep the gun nozzle at the same pressure and thus deliver the
same amount of water (i.e. gpm) on each pull for ease in record keeping. Each time the traveling gun
is set up it will need to be checked for the proper pressure and delivery. It is beyond the scope of this
document to predict all pumping rates and traveler retrieval rate combinations to achieve a variety of
application rates. The engineer must however rely on the farmer's record keeping ability to accurately
track gallons pumped and nutrient amounts delivered. Adjustments can also be made in engine speeds
(i.e. rpm) to increase or lower irrigation rates but use caution since this will also change application
coverage. The farmer will find it most convenient to adjust gun cart retrieval speed when changing
application volumes. Table 19 shows gun cart speeds for a specific application volume. Cart speed
will not change the effective coverage, nozzle output or precipitation rates, but it will change
application volumes.
n
As a general comment, more water will be applied at the bottom of hills than at the tops if slopes are
significant. This will be mainly due to the higher nozzle pressures at lower elevations. The farmer
63

WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWW
may find it more convenient to set applications to be correct at low points and thereby apply less on
hill tops as the cart is being retrieved. Otherwise he will need to adjust the delivery rate throughout
the pull on hills. Averages can also be used if over applications do not occur in low areas. Exhibit
28 shows detailed head loss calculations.
Critical elements of the irrigation process are listed on an example record keeping form attached as
Exhibit 11. The operator shall also keep records on equipment repairs, maintenance, and irrigation
calibrations. The engineer recommends irrigation calibration be done at least one time per year but
semi-annual calibration would be better. Information on calibration can be seen as Exhibit 16. The
farmer should consult with his or her irrigation dealer to obtain more information on calibration or
contact a qualified irrigation specialist.
Wastewater shall not be allowed to run off any field at any time. Application rates should be as
low as needed to avoid surface run-off or water ponding. When using traveling guns the
instantaneous application rate is often above continuous application rates however the duration is
minimal so run-off should not occur. Most soils at this site could accept a short duration loading rate
of about 0.4 in./hr to 0.6 in/hr but caution should be used if irrigating close to the upper value. Strong
slopes or wet conditions may cause irrigation rates to be less or require pull rates to be fast. If
irrigation selections are causing run-off, the operator should change nozzles, increase travel speed,
reduce. application or pump rates, etc. Changing gun cart speed is probably the easiest adjustment, but
it will not change the application rate. The farmer should avoid irrigating low areas in the fields or
spots which tend to stay wet. Keep good vegetative buffers between irrigated fields and the creek.
The engineer would recommend very limited irrigation or no irrigation in grass water ways,
stormwater channels, and near down -slope grass buffers.
The operator of an agricultural irrigation system for wastewater must be certified. Certification details
are not discussed within this document but more information on the irrigation operators certification
program can be obtained by calling the N.C. Division of Soil and Water Conservation at (919) 733-
2302.
Grading And Clearing For Travel Lanes (use if needed)
For smooth irrigation, the operator will need to predetermined gun cart paths and travel lanes,
especially in recently cleared fields. This will be most important between hills and where hills would
tilt the gun cart to the side. A tilted gun cart is more easily turned over and will also alter the effective
coverage of the spray. Exhibit 7 shows these travel lanes at Gold Leaf Farm. The engineer does not
expect any clearing necessary for travel lanes at this farm. If needed to smooth out cart paths, remove
all stumps and large rocks, and place soil in gullies and valleys.
Recently cleared or disturbed soil areas (if applicable) shall be seeded for soil stabilization. Irrigation
shall be limited on these areas until grass is well established. Traveler pulls across these disturbed soil
areas will be allowed if a cover crop is planted. Filling valleys can block natural drainage ways. If
earthen bridges are constructed between hills a stormwater culvert may need to be installed. Sizing
stormwater culverts is beyond the scope of this plan.

WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWMP
Trenches And Pipe Installation
Care in installing pipes or force mains will greatly reduce long term problems and potential leaks.
Exhibit 23 goes into detail about trench construction, pipe fitting, thrust block installation, trench
cover up, etc. For brevity the engineer will not repeat these details here. Some new pipe installation
is planned at the farm.
The existing and new underground pipe at Gold Leaf Farm is and will be 6 inch PVC, SDR26, class
160, gasketed joint pipe. New pipe shall be installed a minimum of 36 inches deep. Trench depths
between 40 inches and 48 inches would be better. Cut trenches and back -fill according to Exhibit 23.
Concrete thrust blocks are necessary on irrigation system piping in order to prevent pipe movement
and failure. Very often air in the pipe lines will cause water hammer to occur, Sudden shocks due to
water hammer or water rushes can loosen joints or break pipe. Thrust blocks are especially needed for
pipes 4 inches in diameter or larger and for gasketed joint pipe. Reaction blocks should be installed at
bends greater than 10 degrees. Figure 1 of Exhibit 23 shows several examples of reaction block
configuration.
Tables 35 and 36 show suggested reaction areas for thrust blocking. These are guidelines only.
Concrete should be well mixed and be at least a 2500 pound consistency. Thrust blocks are usually
between 4 and 12 inches thick and back up against the undisturbed soil of a trench wall. These are
given for future guidance. Suggested (new) thrust block locations are shown on Exhibit 7.
TABLE 35
Minimum Concrete Thrust Block Areas For PVC Pipe
Maximum Test Pressure Assumed =160 psi
Thrust Block Areas (sq. ft.) *
----------------
---------------------------------------------------------------
Location SandyLoams
+
Medium Firm Clays ++
4 inch pipe
6 inch pipe
4 inch i e
6 inch pipe
90 degree elbows 1.6
3.4
1.2
2.4
60 degree elbows 1.2
2.4
0.8
1.7
45 degree elbows 0.9
1.8
0.6
1.3
30 degree elbows 0.6
1.2
0.4
0.9
22.5 degree elbows 0.5
0.9
0.3
0.7
Dead ends 1.2
2.4
0.8
1.7
Tees 0.8
1.7
0.6
1.2
Hydrants 1.6
3.4
1.2
2.4
Drains 1.2
2.4
0.8
1.7
Ground entry i e 0.9
1.9
0.7
1.4
Valves 1.3
2.6
0.9
1.9
* Calculated using formula and tables on pages 6 and 7 of Exhibit 23.
More firm soils will reduce
thrust block surface areas. Less firm soils will increase
thrust block areas.
+ Sandy Loams assumed at 2,5001b/sq. ft.
+ Medium Firm Clay assumed at 3,5001b/sq. ft.
67

WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWNW
TABLE 36
Minimum Concrete Thrust Block Areas For PVC Pipe
Maximum Test Pressure Assumed = 200 psi
Thrust Block
Areas (sq. ft.) *
Location
----------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------
Sandy Loams +
Medium Firm Clays ++
4 inch pipe 6 inch pi e
4 inch pipe 6 inch pipe
90 degree elbows
2 4.2
1.5 3.0
60 degree elbows
1.5 3.0
1.0 2.1
45 degree elbows
1.1 2.3
0.8 1.6
30 degree elbows
0.8 1.6
0.5 1.1
22.5 de ree elbows
0.6 1.2
0.4 0.8
Dead ends
1.5 3.0
1.0 2.1
Tees
1.0 2.1
0.7 1.5
Hvdrants
2.0 4.2
1.5 3.0
Drains
L5 3.0
1.0 2.1
Ground entry pipe
1.2
2.4
0.8
1.7
Valves 1.6 3.3 1.1 2.3
* Calculated using formula and tables on pages 6 and 7 of Exhibit 23. More firm soils will reduce
thrust block surface areas. Less firm soils will increase thrust block areas.
+ Sandy Loams assumed at 2,500 lb/sq. ft.
+ Medium Firm Clay assumed at 3,5001b/sq. ft.
Valves And System Safety
When irrigation is underway the entire underground pipe system may be pressurized. Special valve
caps at each hydrant prevent water from flowing except where the irrigation reel is connected. Exhibit
23 shows a typical plumbing arrangement from the irrigation pump to underground piping. This is an
illustration only but does show needed components. A flange type butterfly type valve installed at
each hydrant will afford much control of irrigation seepage while connecting reels to hydrants,
however the standard cap type valve (i.e. bonnet) on each hydrant is acceptable. The installer shall
place concrete collars around hydrants as needed to prevent pipe movement. Also see Exhibit 7 for a
typical hydrant illustration.
The engineer is requiring a high/low pressure cut-off switch be installed on the power unit used to
pump lagoon effluent at Wilson's Swine Farm. Should a pipe break or a pipe blockage occur the
power unit (and irrigation) will automatically shut down. Both power units mentioned above have
such switches already installed. This switch would take the place of a pressure relief valve however a
pressure relief valve is a low cost safety device that is recommended on every system. Most brands
for said purpose would be acceptable. The farmer shall test this emergency cut-off switch routinely to
make sure it works. The engineer would recommend a monthly test as a minimum. DO NOT LEAVE
IRRIGATION SYSTEM OPERATING UNATTENDED..
Valves to control flow should be of a size and type that is consistent with the volume and material type
being pumped. Swine effluent is corrosive. Ball and butterfly type valves tend to be more durable than
gate valves but either is acceptable.
69

WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWMP
Never shut off valves quickly or open them quickly under full flow conditions. Be careful when
filling empty pipes in order to avoid water hammer and their possible rupture when water rushes
through the system. Table 37 is a general guide for filling irrigation type piping.
TABLE 37
o Am-v ivTr T nvr_ u A TT C 1 (1R M A TNT .TNF IRRIGATION PIPE +
+ This table was obtained from information glen in a NL Ju traInIng cuss V11 ililru4LiV11. " aFliva—
originated from David D. Davis and Associates.
++ Slowly increase flow rates. Generally speaking increase flow rates about 30 gpm per minute. Use caution to
fill pipes according to this table every time the mainline has drained down by 10 percent of its volume capacity.
A Tri-Action irrigation valve is being specified for this system, to be installed at the pump location
beside the swine lagoon. These valves will allow air to escape, prevent pipe vacuum, and act as a
pressure relief point. An example of such a valve is shown as Exhibit 26. Valve placements are shown
on Exhibit 7. Ordinary air relief valves shall be placed at the hydrants shown on Exhibit 7 and on the
force mains which cross high points of all hills (not applicable to Gold Leaf Farm).
Exhibit 7 does not propose any drain port locations. However if used, install drain ports at low points
of the irrigation system. These ports are to be used to winterize the system and in some cases can
drain out hundreds or even thousands of gallons of effluent if opened. Due to environmental concerns
the engineer is requiring that any effluent which is drained be contained either in a small pit or tank and
land applied or put back into the lagoon system. Effluent from pipes can not be emptied onto the soil
and allowed to drain off -site.
When in operation, an irrigation system is under high pressure and can be dangerous. A sudden
release of pressure in the face can easily blind or even kill an operator. Also if elbows, tees, valves, or
other parts suddenly break off, they will be projected through the air at high velocity. This can be a
deadly missile for the operator. Always use caution around irrigation systems, PTO shafts, tractors
and power units. Be sure to follow the equipment manufactures recommendation for operation and
safety and never disconnect safety devices. Think before you act!
60

1_
WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWMP
Always observe sanitary principals around animal waste. Keep your dirty hands away from your
mouth, nose, and eyes when working with manure. Also see earlier precautions about lagoon safety.
System Operation And Maintenance
Exhibit 25 is a general irrigation systems operation and maintenance guide. This document is adequate
for said purpose. In addition the farmer shall adhere to equipment manufactures recommendations for
equipment operation and maintenance.
Irrigation Examples
Perhaps the best way to summarize irrigation methodology is with examples. There are examples only
but contain many of the critical irrigation elements the farmer will need to figure his or her own
irrigation parameters. The reader can also refer to numerous other examples (e.g. NC Cooperative
Extension Training Manual AG-538-A, etc.).
Example 1.
Conditions
• Source of irrigation water: Wilson's Swine Farm anerobic lagoon effluent.
• Assumed nitrogen levels in effluent: 2.75 lbs RA.N./1000 gallons (for example only).
• Month of application: Late February
• Type of cover crop: Cereal Rye - well established on Candor Soils, All of Field 1.
• Desired nitrogen loading rate: Follow the CAWMP guidelines.
• Type of irrigation equipment: AMADAS Reel Rain Model 1030 with a Nelson SR150, 1.26 inch
ring nozzle. From CAWMP lane spacings are at 200 feet.
• Application Conditions: Apply at no more than agronomic rates and avoid run-off.
Calculations and considerations:
1. From the soils data presented earlier we know that the safe hydraulic loading at any one
application is estimated to be between 0.3 and 1.0 inches (see Table 17). One inch of total
application assumes very dry soil conditions and is usually in warm or hot weather. Now compare
the desired loading rates with your waste utilization plan for the applicable month. You may or
may not be able to apply the maximum amount of water due to nutrient limitations, poor crop
health, or wet conditions. Do not allow run off and do not over apply nutrients. You know the
soil is relatively dry but February is usually not warm. Looking at Table 30 (use Table 30 because
field 1 is a cultivated field) it shows that the recommended spring application of animal waste is
about 0.60 inches of effluent. You may want to choose 0.3 inches first to be on the safe side and
apply more waste next month. Experience may temper this value later. This is the farmer's call.
2. From enclosed literature and Table 34 the reel hose length is 965 feet. The 1.26 inch ring nozzle
is being used. You plan to apply waste on all ,your fields the same (for example) and desire to
maintain about 50 psi at the nozzle. The operator verifies this with a pressure gauge on the gun
cart. At 50 psi the nozzle will deliver 255 gpm (Exhibit 21). From calibration data the farmer can
and should verify this value since the tables can sometimes be wrong. The effective wetted
coverage of the nozzle is around 200 feet (taken from Table 19) assuming no wind and more or
T

WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWMP
less ideal conditions. (Note: effective coverage values should be verified with on site
measurements).
3 Estimate the precipitation rate for the above system, Assume we use a rotation arc (w) for our
gun of 270 degrees. The rotation arc is adjustable.
Precipitation Rate (in/hr) = 96.3 x steer flow { _ 360
3.16 x [0.9 x sprinkler radius pf X w
PR (in/hr) = 96.3 x 255 360
3.16 x [0.9 x 320/2]2 x 270
PR = 0,50 in/hr (This is within the acceptable precipitation rate range for crop/soil conditions, see
Table 17 and the soils data. However it might be a little high for February so keep a close eye out for
run-off.
4. Remember that precipitation rate and application values are not the same thing. We have decided
to apply 0.3 inches of water to be put out and safeguard against run off. How fast do you need to
pull the gun cart to only apply 0.3 inches of water?
Travel Speed (in/min) _ [19.3 x sprinkler flow rate Le vm7
line spacing (ft) x application volume (inches)
where: gpm = 255
lane spacing = 200 feet
application volume = 0.3 in (first try)
Travel Speed = 19.3 x 255 = 82.03 in/min (6,84 ft/min)
200 x 0.3
The reader can also look at Table 19 for already calculated values for these particular settings.
5. For this example assume you have pulled out 965 feet of hose and wish to know how long it will
take. to retrieve.
Time of pull: 965 feet/6.84 ft/min = 141 minutes (2.35 hours)
Discussion: Please note that 0.3 inches is the target loading volume to try for this type soil/crop
combination at this particular time. If these were `what if' type calculations and the farmer was happy
with the calculated results, the farmer would now compare these values with equipment capabilities
and make sure all parameters are within the capabilities of the machine. The owner will likely have to
calculate his or her own values based on nutrient analyses and application rates. For instance, the
farmer may wish to pull the gun cart faster to apply less water per acre. This is why it is extremely
important to calibrate equipment and keep good records, The owner/operator must use common
71

I
WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWW
sense to evaluate all parameters and apply them to the task at hand. The above calculation is only an
example and is not intended to take the place of equipment manufactures recommendations. Also if
irrigation occurs on "non -uniform" land, the operator must account for irrigation variations. Do not
over apply near hydrants or in areas that tend to stay wet. Carefully watch the system over an entire
pull to see if run-off is occurring. The irrigation amounts will vary between the top and bottom of
slopes. If pull lanes are not side by side you may not get uniform coverage to keep all crops in good
condition. A good water meter on your system may save you time and make recording water usage
much easier.
Example 2
Lets assume that no run-off occurred in the above example. So the farmer thinks he/she could irrigate
more volume. So he/she wishes to increase the loading to 0.5 inches and try that. How much should
the irrigation gun cart speed be changed in order to achieve this result?
1. Use the formula shown in item 4 of Example 1 or use the ratio:
(0.3 in/0.5 in) x 82 in/min = 49.2 in/min (or about 4.1 ft/minute)
Discussion: Reduce the gun cart speed to 49 or 50 in/min in order to increase the application volume
of effluent to 0.5 in. The precipitation rate would stay the same as calculated in Example 1, part 3
above assuming the operating pressures and pumping rates remain the same. But again, carefully
watch for effluent run-off.
Example 3
Assume an application of 0.5 inches does not result in run-off and the farmer is happy with the
retrieval rate of 49 in/min. He/she wishes to irrigate pull F1-P3 in this field. He/she will need to lay
some above ground pipe to get this entire pull since the pull length is about 1085 feet and his hose
length is only 965 feet. He/she will take up the surface laid pipe when the reel gets close to the pipe.
How many hours of irrigation time will be required? How many gallons of effluent will be pumped?
How much P.A.N. will be applied total and per acre?
From Table 18 the total effective wetted area of F1-P3 is 5.767 acres.
1085 ft / 4.1 ft/min = 265 minutes or 4.41 hours
4.41 hours = 0.76 hr/acre or 1.31 acres per hour
5.767 acres
This does not include set up time, moving the traveler, hose deployment, pipe connections, etc.
2. Total volume pumped = 255 gal/min x 60 min/hr = 15,300 gal/hr
15,300 gph x 4.41 hours = 67,473 gallons.
The operator should not always rely on "average values" since nozzle pressures and application rates
are can change across a field and between fields. Fill out Exhibit 11 for each field irrigated and
F—Pa

WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWMP
calculate individual applications per field. Again a water meter can make keeping track of gallons
pumped easy, but make sure it stays calibrated.
3. P.A.N. Application
2.75 lbs P.A.N./1000 gallons x 67,473 gal = 185.6 pounds P.A.N.
185.6 lbs P.A.N. / 5.767 acres = 32.2 lbs P.A.N./acre
Discussion: The reader can compare this value with the allowable nitrogen application in that month
from the waste utilization plans (Table 30). By doing this the operator will note that 32.2 pounds of
P.A.N. is not over the target maximum of 45 pounds in the spring. Therefore the operator may wish
to apply another application of waste in a few weeks. Slight over or under values are to be expected.
Use test data from waste analyses to accurately calculate P.A.N. To decrease P.A.N. application in
this example, increase the pull speed gun cart. Be careful to keep track of your yearly accumulation of
P.A.N.
Example 4
Lets assume (for example only) the operator pulls out the gun cart to a point considerably down hill
from a hydrant. For this example lets assume this is F1-P3. After starting up the irrigation pump
he/she checks the pressure gauge on the gun cart nozzle and find it reads 60 psi. The operator thinks
this pressure may cause him/her to over apply water and risk run-off because the soil is not extremely
dry. What is the speed the operator will need to pull the cart in order to apply a volume to 0.4 inches
(a value you feel is safe to avoid run-off)?
1. From Exhibit 21 the approximate flow from the nozzle at 60 psi is 275 gpm. Our desired flow
from earlier calculations was 255 gpm. Now use the Travel Speed Equation (Example 1, part 4) to
find the needed retrieve speed.
Travel Speed (in/min) 119,26 x sprinkler flow rate g n!)
line spacing (ft) x application volume (inches)
where: gpm = 275
lane spacing = 200 feet
application volume = 0.4 in (to avoid possible run-off
Travel Speed = 19.3 x 275. = 66.34 in/min (5.53 ft/min)
200x.4
73

WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWNT
Discussion: If the hill is steep, the cart comes back up the hill the nozzle pressure will be reduced (i.e.
not as much elevation difference) and the application volume will be reduced below 0.4 inches. You
may wish to closely watch the application event to see if run-off occurs at the lower portions of the
hill. If it does not occur go ahead and let the retrieval speed remain at the pre-set rate or slow it down
as it comes up the hill to keep the application amount the same. Use good judgment. Remember, all of
the above examples are close approximations. Try to stay within sound and safe operating ranges.
Example 5
Suppose you want to use an average for irrigated volume when pulling the gun cart up hill. How do
you do this? Lets assume you pull out your gun cart on a particular field and set the pressure at the
nozzle at 60 psi. Then you pull the gun cart back up the hill. Just before the gun cart finishes its pull
you record the nozzle pressure to be 50 psi. Assume it took 5 hours and 15 minutes to make this pull
(5.25 hours). What has been the average gallons applied during this pull?
Lets assume the hill is relatively uniform. First determine the calculated gallons per minute at the start
and stop of the pull. The change in pressure between the bottom and top of the hill is 10 psi.
Look at Exhibit 21 to see the nozzle data output and calculate the beginning and end nozzle output.
At 60 psi the output of the nozzle is 275 gpm.
At 50 psi the output of the nozzle is 255 gpm.
For the uniform hill: 275 gpm + 255 gpm = 265 gpm (avg)
2
265 gpm x 5.25 hours x 60 min/hour = 83,475 gallons
Discussion: Note that the gun cart retrieval should be more or less constant. Here is when the output
changes and an average is appropriate. The 265 gpm was the average between the 275 gpm and the
255 gpm.
In practical terms, you can make these determinations one time for each of your pulls and as
long. as the operational parameters are the same (i.e. motor rpm, pressures, pull track, etc.) you should
not have to recalculate the output every time. However, do use some common sense and check the
calibration on your equipment regularly. A few hundred gallons of effluent will not make or break
your irrigation routine. Be as careful as possible but do not get too detailed unless you have a very
good and accurate way to measure each and every parameter. A top quality water meter is also a very
helpful tool for the irrigator but it must be suitable for animal waste. Be careful about using nozzle
pressure greater than those mentioned in the CAWMP since your effective irrigation coverage changes
when you change nozzle pressures. Slight changes in nozzle pressure is an operational reality.
GENERAL EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN FOR WILSON'S SWINE FARM
Animal wastes can not impact the surface waters of North Carolina. In the event of an
emergency or accidental discharge, Bryan Wilson and/or the farm manager at that time shall take the
necessary measures.to eliminate or at least minimize the impact of the discharge and if possible keep it
74

WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWMP
out of nearby creeks. An emergency may be effluent overflow from a lagoon, a dam failure, severe
run-off of soil and nutrients due to a storm, a broken effluent pipe, etc. The owners are required to
develop a customized Emergency Response Plan for this farm. As a minimum the following shall be
done (do as applicable):
1. Take the necessary measures to safeguard lives.
2. Stop the. discharge source and then any off -site discharges ASAP. Temporary measures are
acceptable in an emergency. Cut off the irrigation pump (or other pumps) if necessary. Keep the
effluent out of surface waters. See Exhibit 20 for plan ideas
3. Get a contractor or equipment to the site to contain the discharge on a more permanent basis if this
is necessary. Do not wait for the contractor to arrive before getting more help if needed.
4. Notify all of these persons listed below (as needed).
5. In the event of a lagoon problem, develop an agreement with a local earth moving contractor who
has equipment that can be on -site within hours in the event of an emergency. This shall be a standing
agreement between the farm owners and the contractor. In an emergency notify the contractor of the
situation and specify the type of equipment needed. Use on -farm tractors, back -hoes, etc. to contain
the discharge.
6. Evaluate the situation quickly and reduce the impact of the problem if at all possible. This can be
done by turning off valves, stopping water flows, stop flush tanks, diverting problem flows, adding soil
to dams, making small dams in drainage ditches, installing temporary earthen dams or ditches with
farm equipment, pump excess water to other holding areas etc. Not all measures are applicable to all
situations. Irrigating during rainfall events may be better than allowing a dam to fail in an emergency,
but notify DWQ first and discuss options.
7. Notify DWQ officials ASAP but always within 24 hours of the problem (sooner is better).
8. Notify local authorities if lives or property are threatened.
CONTACT PERSONS IN AN EMERGENCY
1. Bryan Wilson - Wilson's Swine Farm Owner ................
Home - [phone].
Mobile - [phone]
2. Paul Wilson, Jr................................................................
Home - [phone]
3. Richmond County NRCS................................................
Office - [phone]
4. Regional Office of DWQ, Fayetteville, N.0....................
Office - [phone]
5. Larry F. Graham, P.E. - EES -........................................
Office - [phone]
6. DWQ emergency phone for after hours (in Raleigh) .........
Office - [phone]
7. Local emergency management personnel in Richmond County
Office - [phone]
8. Richmond County Environmental Health Department .......
Office [phone]
9. Richmond County Sheriffs Department -Phone ................
9-1-1.
10. EMS - Richmond County ..............................................
11. Others:
12. Others:
The farm owners should develop their own detailed Emergency Response Plan and review this
plan with all appropriate persons and employees. Exhibit 20 shows more information related to
such plans. Emergency contacts and phone numbers should be posted in visible locations, like inside
the managers shack or office and near every telephone. This Emergency Response Plan should have
75

WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWMP
considerable well thought out detail on what to do in each type emergency. The plan should address
environmental, medical, fire, and storm related emergencies. Update this plan annually and have
regular employee refresher training sessions on emergency preparedness.
Discharge emergencies can happen very quickly and every minute counts. Discharges will probably
flow off -site rapidly giving the farm manager only a short time to react. Therefore making plans in
advance is a good investment and is much less expensive than lawyers or fines. The farmer should
take some time to walk around the site with farm employees and think about possible discharge
emergencies. Ask yourself; which way would a discharge flow?, is there a creek nearby?, is there a
natural diversion that could be diked to stop the flow?, is there any emergency spill containment
equipment on site?, can you drive to the nearby creek to stop a flow before it gets away?, what
equipment would you use to stop a small or large discharge?
Go over these things in your mind and with farm managers and plan out your actions. Perhaps have a
few emergency drills to see how well your people are prepared. Discharges to nearby creeks are
serious and could cause you to loose your operating permit. Do not neglect this plan. It could save
-you a iijeat deal of trouble in the future.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION AND NOTICES
The farm operator may wish to contact the following people and/or agencies for detailed assistance
with crop selections, irrigation, soil analyses, etc.
• Richmond County NRCS office
• Richmond County Cooperative Extension Service
• N.C. Irrigation Society
• NCDA
Also the reader should thoroughly review all the attached exhibits for helpful information and
precautions.
Any person or company owning or controlling the property upon which an animal waste disposal
system is in operation shall be responsible for all aspects of the disposal system. The system must be
maintained at all times to prevent direct seepage and/or discharge of effluent to the surface of ponds,
rivers, streams, or to any type of surface or ground waters.
Significant changes in operations, or problems should be duly noted and documented by the farmer.
The owner is hereby notified that he/she must operate this system in accordance with state and local
laws and regulations. Problems should be reported to the N.C. Division of Water Quality (DWQ)
ASAP. DWQ phone numbers are listed under the emergency action plan section of this report.
Changes in animal steady state live weight, operations, ownership, and/or waste management must
first be discussed with DWQ before proceeding. This is not an option for the farmer but a
requirement. Increases in SSLW will require plan modifications and a new permit.
76

WILSON'S SWINE FARM CAWMP
All vegetation under irrigation shall be kept in peak condition at all times. This means the proper
fertilization, mowing, cutting, and liming. Overly wet or overly dry conditions can cause vegetative
stress or death, therefore the operator shall be careful to monitor vegetative performance. Baled hay
can not be left to rot next to spray fields. Harvested crops must be removed from the site.
The project engineer can not take responsibility for the accuracy . of all information or conclusions
made by others and referenced herein. Much of the information presented above is based on estimated
conditions, estimated operational capabilities, etc. that are subject to change. When dealing with so
many variables and natural elements it is impossible to predict in advance all operational conditions,
however the concepts and methodology presented above are reliable. The information above is
presented in a detailed fashion so that system operators can recalculate and adjust certain parameters
from year to year.
The engineer takes no responsibility for changes made to the above plan before, during, or after
construction without his knowledge. Nor does the engineer take any responsibility for human losses
or property damages which should occur due to poor workmanship, improper use of machinery,
unknown conditions above or below ground level, legal problems with boundary lines or easements,
acts of nature, "short-cuts" the owner may take in system construction, legislative rule changes during
or after plan development, or improper system operation. Information given to the engineer by the
owner or others and used in these specifications shall be taken as truth if it can not be verified
otherwise.
DWQ officials and local health officials are authorized to inspect the system at any time.
It is of the utmost importance that all activities with regards to waste utilization and irrigation
be recorded and kept in a safe place on the farm. Exhibit 11 forms may be altered to include
more data if needed. Good records are essential to good waste utilization practices. The farmer
must provide documentation for harvested products (e.g. weigh tickets for hay bales or sales
tickets for bushels of corn).
The farm owner must keep a copy of this certified report on the farm at all times. He or she
must adhere to these plans as much as is possible. Alterations in waste management practices
shall at no time violate the intent of this plan.
This document does not contain all specifications, rules, and laws associated with the land
application and management of animal waste. Copies of such guidelines and documentation
can be obtained at the local NRCS office, the regional office of DWQ, or from the Cooperative
Extension Service.
END OF ANIMAL WASTE UTILIZATION PLAN SPECIFICATIONS
77

EXHIBITS SECTION

1003
i
Exhibit 2
- - �- USGS Topographic map for
ti= =_ the Gold Leaf Farm.
Owner: Bryan Wilson
98 r0\Z I.rr - %69S 11
1
4 LG
k - A '-r`• �1I _ _
�..7.
�� . o- 11 .r -t. :4 .•
('
WEST END QUADRANGLE
_J = NORTH CAROLINA
- '1
455 7.5 MINUTE SERIES (TOPOGRAPHIC)
la HOFFMAN QUADRANGLE
NORTH, CAROLINA
7.5 MINUTE SERIES (TOPOGRAPHIC)
,' II SE/4 JACKSON SPRINGS 15' QUADRANGLE
O f l LA
/i 472 iI cNir
apeb
• IC
x41
461 /_ - _ >
Aso__ �_-
W.
><. // �a ->i /i •=...ev.._ .� _ -��.—,dam.
-
10 feet contour intervals
SCALE 1:24000
1 7 0 1 MILE
1000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 FEET
1 75 0 ~ 1 KILOMETER

S'i'r° K' ^•-. r > r',1 Ft� , yt �,yC �" ' - 4 ,� "+ � S � •,��
it. • 1 .. 4.a _
05i, .u. r,n" 1 ':r-•f t sib auk°,
fix-+` ti - +„•e . a-Y'M+ � 1. y � ti • � •' ` `M .
•� .,h 4
\ Y �`. 1. nit •. �1• .�A e
a
)kr k
• J �: ) ly. L
J:�ti ` 1. "47.��a 1 � •� `� ,•`•T �t,. �...
E�3;M x+ 1, � ♦,?
•� .�yYy g�rfi�rg� tl a t�, j w",�
t t
xt 4ta-''!e� _ •� � �.mN.}y �p tir .. �„nw`4. .� ,t � , �n� �, � ?
}) oqf-'� ft'. `�'� r �4•r� -C� *a
�• +u`;:Ja `t'"`s.,`!wa � f '.}t°'y 1^ s.•• ty� ?\ Wr..�7^
"� ! a � "N �'1L Lt �+ � _ n .. 'j - u• � Aa1�+, 1:tirji 4 `. �' ;'.. r� r"a
,ys_.A�� 4 � •� 1 �4. �1e i ^I M 7 K{�' l .a �) ,,�Yr��rr"4�? � i � V•,�+11..!` �21...
•S•* - eJ •,lyr „�,S , ¢4 ,,.N• MiE. •�tr,. �.. ?r, ,_ : '"` r�/ry,`.

uold Leaf Farm.,
ei
d yi•
C ;, • 'Sid z' �ia . • :`� �ti, ,
Q }�
IN
dr
.+ �.
.71' +� .. i1F' i "'^'4 1 •` y;

gCDA k oif6isiie_DwBion 4300 Rce'dy Creels Road - Ralei ,' NC . 27607.646.5 s
919 •.733-2655
-
Re oii NO: V700096 AV
Grower.• Wilson, Paul
Copies To: County Extension Director
'
1180 Jones Springs Church
Rd.
USDA-NRCS-Richmond
Ellerbe, NC 28338
WasteAnalysis
=�
5
e
o.rt Farm: 77-17Exhibit
7/ 9/97 -
Richmond County
►am le In% `. ::_: - '
Laborato Results arts per nullion unless otlzerv+5se'noted
ample ID:
N
P K Ca M
S Fe Mn Zn
Cu
B
Mo Cl C
i(?©3 r ;
Total 833 H
87.1 908 110 22.3
28.9 10.1 o.49 1.50
0.69
0.86
IN-N
M H M M
H M M M
M
M
Aaste Code:
NH4
IS
-NO3
Na Ni Cd Pb
Al Se Li Pit
SS
ON
DM% CCE% ALE K al
313
7.85
7escription:
OR-N
wL,ine ;oon Lin
Urea
VH
teconnnetidations.
Nutrients Available for First Crop .'K
"., `' lbsI1000allows
Other Elerne.nts
16,r, 000Rraflolrs
lshp?icalion MfI!N)d
V P 205 X< C) C!2 3!� S h? V?;
A. Cie B Afo 0
Na
INIT
Cd 11I, Al Se Li
lr:i avian
3.1 1-2 73 o_64 013 0A7 0.06 T
0.01 T 0-01
l.6
lam Ie Infof-
Latsorato Results arts per million Unless otherwise -noted
i ample ID:
N
P K Ca Mg S
Fe Mn Zn
Cu
B
Mo Cl C
][i0,2
Waste Code:
US
9escription:
Swine Lagoon Liq.
Total 791 M
INN
-NH4
NO3
OR-N
Urea
78.7 899 86.6 18.4 25.5
M H M M M
6.32 0.27 0.63
M M M
0.57
M
0.82
M
Na M Cd Pb Al Se Li pH SS C.•N
DM% CCE% ALE r a
323 7.88
VH
Etecomfliendations:
Nutiients.Available for First Crop'lbs11060
allows..:
Other Elements
IIisIT000 allows.
dpfilicafion nfelbod
irrigation
_
N.- P-05 K:Q
3.O 1.1 7.2
Ca. hfq. - S- Fe: :"'fin Zn
o.51. 0,11 0,15 0.04 T T
cw' B. No Cl
T T
Na
2.7
h'i
Cd Pb'° Al ::: Se M.

NCDA A gnomic Division.
; 30.0 Reed Creek: Road' Rafe NC;.
27607-6465
919: `:h733-265'S .. Grolier. `,Wilson Paul:.. _ :.
Re "ort No; W05528',P '2 ,
Tani le Info;, :. ..: :.
ub.oratog.Reiults,
('`arts er.:'nulliou'unless:
othecwise.noted
Sample ID:
N
PK
Ca mg
S Fe AM Zn
Cu B
Afo Cl C
)003.
Waste Code:
BLS
9escription:
Nine Lagoon Li .
Total
IN -N
-AIH4
-A'03
OR-N
Urea
924 H
86.2 907
M 11
116 27.0
M M
19.5 3.61 0.39 0.67
M At Af M
0:70 0.57
M M
Na Ni Cd PG Al Se Li pH SS ON
DM% CCB% ALE�A:ca!]
343 7.68
VH
Recommendations:
Nutrients available for:First Crop
lbs%1000; allons
Otltcr Elements
ZbslIQ0.,0 gallons
4p[�I.cal �z 11elbgd
Irrig tio..ii
N P30i A.'a Ca Mg S
3:9 1°.2 7.3 0.68 616 : - 6.1)
Fe: Mii:
0, 02 T
Zir Cu B ma el -
T T T
A'a Ni
2.9
Cd A At Se Li

---'
S no
Waste Code:
-NH4
gqO

When you submit soil samples for laboratory analysis, you
need and expect reliable results. Because .thc test report is
used in making decisions about liming and fertilization.
its accuracy can affect your costs and yields. In other
words, getting accurate results can make a difference in
dollars and cents.
The reliability- of the soil test, however,. can be no better
than the sample you submit. For results you can depend
on, it is vitally important that you take samples In away
that accurately represents the soil on your farm.
This publication tells how to obtain truly rcprescntativc
soil samples and to submit them for analysis.
Where to'Talce Samples
You can obtain an aerial photograph of your farm fro,
the county ASCS office: outline you r•farm•or ficldm:boun-
daries directly do the photo or make a' farger-,and'more•.
detailed map using the photo as a guide. Thcn'assign. a
permanent number to each field or management area. -
Numbering the areas will enable you to keep records of
the soil treatments applied and the crop yields obtained
from each area. For your convenience in submitting soil
samples, assign each area an identifier consisting -of -no
more than three characters — numbers,. letters, or, both.
Every soil -sample you submit for testing should consist of
about 15 to 20 cores taken at random locations, . i,
throughout one field or area. A sample should include
cores from; no more than about 20 acres even If the soil
appears to be uniform over a larger area. -
Keep in mind that each sample should represent only one
general soil type or condition. If the field you arc sam•
pling contains areas that arc obviously different in slope,
color, drainage, and texture and if those areas can bc'fcr-
tilized separately, submit a separate sample (consisting of
15 to 20 cores) for each area. (See Figure:;].)
When collecting samples, avoid small areas where -the soil
conditions are obviously quite* different from'thdsc in -the "
rest of the field — for example; wet spots,:'places:where
wood piles have been burned, severely eroded areas, old
"ILiV(: isX[ lL1 LUtI
Careful So -it"" ­
Sampling ­ .,
The ,Key.:•.td'-Reliable
Soil Test Information.
Eroded Area I Ught Colored Soil
A B
Figure 1. Within each field, collect a separate sample from each
area that has a different type of soil.
building sites, fence rows, spoil banks, and burn -row
areas. Also avoid the fertilizer bands in fields where row
crops have been grown. Because samples taken from
these locationswould not be typical of the soil in.thc rest
of the, field, including themcould produce misleading results.
Areas within a field where different crops have been
grown in the past should be sampled separately, .even if
you now plan to grow the same crop in the whop• field.
Areas that have been limed and fertilized differently from
the rest or the field *should also be sampled separately:
Sampling Problem Areas
In fields or areas where fertility problems appear to be the
cause or abnormal crop growth, samples should be col-
lected in a somewhat different way from samples used for
routine testing. At the same time you collect topsoil
samples, collect subsoil samples at a depth from 8 to 16
inches, but keep the two types of samples separate.
Follow the guidelines for collecting a good, representative
sample, taking cores at random locations throughout the
problcm•area even though it may be relatively small. At
the same time, collect a representative sample :from -nor-
mal areas of the same field.
More detailed information on collecting samples from pro•
blem areas (s'given in form AD2, "Problem Area Soil
Sample Information. Copies can be obtained from your
county Extension Service office, NCDA regional
agronomists, loca) agribusinesses, or the NCDA Agronomic
Division, Blue Ridge Road Center, Raleigh, NC 27611.

,When to Take Samples
Collect samples three to six months before planting
time. You will then have tite test report in time to plan
your liming and fertilization program bcforc•the busy'
planting season. if you submit samples immediately after
harvest in the fall, you arc likely to receive thd.results
promptly because the laboratory work load is lighter at
that time than in the spring.
Do not collect samples when the soil is. too wet because it
will be difficult to mix the cores. As a rule, if. the soil is
too wet to plow, it Is too wet to sample.
Sample the soil from perennial or sod -crop areal three o
four .months before establishing the crop or app g
or fertilizer.
How Often to Sample r
If your farm is in the coastal plain region, it is best to test
the soil every 2 or 3 years. The sandy soils in that region
do not hold nutrients as long as soils in other parts -of the
stale and arc more apt to become acid through the addi-
tion of nitrogen. The nutrient levels in the silt and clay
loam soils of the piedmont and mountain regions change
less rapidly with lime and fertilizer applications: In these
areas, soil testing once every 4 years is usually sufficient.
A good plan is io sample one-third of your fields each
year if your farm is in the coastal plains region and one
fourth of your fields each year if you arc in the piedmont
or mountain regions.
How to Collect a Good Sample
Tools. Collect your samples with stainless steel or
ehrome•plated sampling tools and plastic buckets to avoid
contaminating the samples with traces of chemical
elements (micronutricnis) from the sampling tools. Avoid
brass, bronze, or galvanized tools. A suitable soil probe is
shown on the front cover of this folder.
Make sure that the buckets and sampling tools arc clean
and free of lime and fertilizer residues. Even•a small
amount of lime or fertilizer transferred- from the; sampling
tools to the soil can seriously contaminate the sample and
produce inaccurate results.
Sampling Depth. For areas in which field crops arc
grown, collect samples to the same depth that thc,ficld is
plowed (usually about 8 inches) since this is the zone in .
which lime and fertilizer have been incorporated'(Figure2).
Pasture
and Turf
Figure 2. Sample to a depth of 8 Inches In fields. plowed for row
crODS, 4 Inches where perennial pasture or turf;erops arc grown.
— r —
and turf arq'bcing maintained, samples taken to a depth
of 4 inches -will best represent the crop's lime and fer•
tilizer needs. Where these perennial crops arc to be
established, however, sample to the regular plow depth.
Submitting the Sample
Soil samples are analyzed by the Agronomic Division of
the North Carolina Department of Agriculture. Each Sam-
plc must be submitted in a standard soil sample box and
accompanied by a completed copy of form AD4, "Soil
Sample Information:' The boxes and forms arc available
from your county Extension Service office, NCDA regional
agronomists, local agribusincsscs, or the NCDA Agronomic
• Division,' -Blue Ridge Road Center. Raleigh, NC. 27611.
`Submit your samples only in the standard boxes provid-
ed, as shown in Figure 3. Samples sent in bags or other
containers will not be compatible with the processing
System used in the laboratory. Do not pox iplastic bf the bag
in.
side the sample box. Scat the shipping
samples arc from a quarantined area. �1
r{�
Figure 3. Thoroughly mix the soil sample y r t y
and fill the standard NCDA sample box
two-thirds full.
The entire sample consisting of the 15 to 20 cores you
have collected will most likely be more soil than the box
will hold. Before filling the box, therefore, pulverize the
cores and mix them thoroughly in the bucket. Then fill
the sample box about two-thirds full with this mixture.
Label the box with the identifying number you have
assigned to the area from which you took the sample.
Remember that the identification can consist of no more
than three numbers, letters, or a combination of the two.
Directions for filling out form AD•1, the soil inforf'nalion
sheet, arc printed on the back of the form. To get the
most value from your soil test, take the time* to fill in the
.blanks completely and be sure to list the crop'or crops
-to be grown. Also check to make sure that the sample
number you put on the form corresponds to the number
on the sample box and the farm map. Mail the completed
form with the sample box, keeping a copy for your future
reference.
If you need assistance in interpreting the soil test results
or developing a soil treatment plan, consult your local
agricultural advisors.
Prepared by
rM. Ray Tuckcr, Agronomist
Jack Y. stBaird.Extension, north Carolina OCPartrncnt.or
Agronomist — Soil Fcrlitrty Agriculture '
north Carolina Agricultural
cAlenslon strrtee Pubhltud be*
THE NORTH CAROUNA AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION SERVICE. _ at O+nnwao
:faoM C.'a.0 Suu u ir«r7Y ai naNgA Hone Gala.0-W'cJly +t .ne T.crxwcy Suu t�+4
,�,np Sul. Ud..,Mr SN,�.M1 r1iM:Pr� N.C.. rl+W.r D. Dlaca.
• • a,d N. U.S. D.Pa,,..N a Ngr.culme. Court.r. 9114111, 1 and.lum 00, IIt4. 7M N-h C"Ok"
D+Kta.NsuaaanturtMuoo.au>. Nl+rw dN OWap.rranrrpu04udriu.cda.arlawwli9o,
-A7kJla+lr1t1A1ionSariu011uriupopr
. V4 i. m eq„ jl OPPM nitr .mpor.r'__ •„ .._... _ ...._...�-.«. M,.012
1.4r•IOu•TYrK

=orm AD
SOIL SAMPLE INFORMATION
Fill out and attach to mailing carton in first class envelope and mail to: AGRONOMIC DIVISION —Soil Testing Laboratory. NORTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT
OF AGRICULTURE. RALEIGH. NORTH CAROLINA 27611. Instructions and examples are given on the back of this sheet.
GROWER'S NAME —Please Print 1 A copy of your soil fast report will be sent to your County Extension Director. if you desire others to receive a copy, print their
narnes and addresses below.
(Last) (First) �—
(Address) {Name) (Name)
(City)
(County)
(State) (Zip Code)
Total No.
Samples
Submitted .
(Address)
(City) (Slate)
(Address)
(Zip Code) (City)
(State) (Zip Code)
2
3
4
1 5
6
LAB
NUMBER
(Leave •
-.'Blank)
YOUR
SAMPLE
NUMBER
LAST CROP
(Crop grown last year
or other use)
LIME APPLIED .
WITHIN PAST YEAR
CROP
CODE T/A YR. MO.
NEXT CROP
CROP (See discussion No. 5
CODE reverse side of form)
SECOND CROP
CROP (Following year —See
CODE reverse side)

INSTRUCTIONS FOR FILLING OUT INFORMATION SHEET "
(Soo Samplo Information Shoot Below)
ADDRESS, ZIP CODE AND COUNTY. County listed sfiould be where farm is located.
1.'NAME, MAILING
or illegible address may result in non -delivery of the mailed report.
Incomplete
Record the identification (ano information) for each sample on a.separate line.
REQUIRED
2. YOUR SAMPLE NUMBER -
3 digits for sample identification. CAUTIONI Do not use the same number for
INFORMATION
Our computer will accept only
if tlioy•are from different farms. Be sure the name, and sample numbers on the
(blocked areas)
more than one sample oven
information Sheet are the samo as those on tlio soil samplo boxes.
GROWN - Listfll9fl4E and CROP CODE of the next crop for which you want lime and
We must have this
5. NEXT CROP TO BE ture 043: Bermuda hay or
EXAMPLE: hay. or
unfordehyd
information before we
'fertilizerfrecommendations.
ormaintenance (M), 044: Bermuda ationsestabl establishment E)n045.
for and athletic field turf.
analyze the samples
pasturegolf
P RF codes
A. Use LAWN {026) for all lawn grasses except CENTIPEDE. Use T 1�
CAMELLIA. RHODODENDRON. and MT LAUREL.
SHRtIBeERY (029) for all shrubs except. AZALEA,
B. Use
List Ji6IYll;and r'ROP .ODE of crop drown prior to sampling. II space is loft blank.
DESIRABLE
INFORMATION
3. LAST CROP -
we will assume no previous crop was grown
if made in the last year.
We can make better
4..CAST LIMED -Tons per acre, year and month of last, lime application,
will follow 5 above. This will
suggestions if we
D of the crop which
is as suggested the first year-
ti. SECOND CROP TO BE GROWN -tor is m op
have this information
,
thst treated
enable us to make suggestions atlsumif4tlte field
the same year as 5 above.
List second crop here even though it is to be grown
EXAMPLE
5 6
8 4 — —
2
Limo Applied NEXT CROP SECOND CROP
lA8
NUMBER YOUR
LAST CROP (Following oar —Soo
Within Peet Yoor CROP Soo discussion No. 5 CROP ( g Y
side)
(Loovo SAMPLE
(Crop grown last Yoor CROP CODE ravorso
other use) CODE. T/A YR. M0. CODE reverse side of form)
Soybeans
Blank) NUM4.ER
I I 1
or 010
Corn Silage 002 1 84 9 ' 004 Oats
L/Wht Cl-grass M 050 L/tNht CI -grass M
2
L/clot Cl-grass F 049 2 84 9 050
CROP CODE CROP CODE CROP CODE
CROP CODE
CROP CODE o90 Potato. Irish
099 Potato. Sweet Orchards/Fruit & Nut
000 No Crop
urser Commorciel Hor1 Crops
for Garden Vcgetabtas 101 Radish131 Apple M
Ecod
Field Crons
001 Gorn. Grain
BodsUso024
070Aspatagus. E 101 Rapc, cote crops 130 Poach E
uce, licmlock 071 Asparagus, M 102 Rasp•0lackberry E
139 Poach M
imadar
001 Corn. Silage
te. Virginia 103 Rasp-Blackborry M
ce/Rod Cedar 072 Doan/Bush Pea 104 Rhubarb 140 Pocan. E
002 Cotton
004 Small Grain (Wheal.
073 Boan, polo 105 Rutabaga 141 Pecan. M
074 Boots
oats, rye, barloyl
005 oats. r Pearl
Fora o/Pasture
-�� 075 Blueberry, E 1 oG Spinach
040 Allalla. E 107 Squash•Pumpkm Fornstr Traos/Saod
O76 Uluoborry. M 133 Hardwoo .
100 Strowburry, E
006 Milo (Grain Sorghum) 04 I Allalla, 3 077 Uroccoli 134 Hardwood. M
007 Peanut 043 h 070 Brussol Sprouts Strawberry. M
E 137 Nursery. Pine
000 Rico
043 Bermuda hay/pasluro, 110 Tomato, Bold
0armudo 110
044 Bermuda hay/pasluro. M 079 Cabbage I 1 I Tomato. groonhouso 142 Pine. E
009 Sorghum, Syrup
045 Bermuda. dehydrated. E 000 Cantaloupe
112 Tomato. trellis, CP 143 Pine. M
010 Soybeans
O11 Sunflower
001 Carrots
046 Bcrmuda. dehydrated. M 001 Cauliflower 113 Tomato. trellis. Mt 144 Hardwood. Soed
145 Fir/Spruco. Seed
011 Tobacco, burley
013. Tobacco. ad
047 Bluegrass pasture 062 Collards 1 14 Truck vegetables
048 Bluograss-White clover 1 15 Turnip 146 Pine, Scod
004 Corn. Shoot
plant b
014 Tobacco, plant bad
050 L/Wht clover -grass. E 005 Cucumbors 116 Walcrmalon
M 1 17 Beans, lima
050 L/clot clovor•s,
Lawn Gordon Ornamentals
020 Azalea
E 006 Cucumber, trollis
051 R. Clovcr•grass, E 007 Eggplant
052 R. Clover -grass. M 000 Grape, E Comm Nurs/Flower Fino T rt
150 Fairway/Athletic Turf
021 Camellia
053 Pura clovers 120 pahlfa
054 Fescue-Orch grass/Timothy E 009 Grape, M 121 Gladiolus 151 Too, Turf
022 Centipede
023 Garden. Flower
055 Fcscuo-Orch grass/Timothy M . 090 Kalo 122 Greenhouse 152 Groon,.Turf
091 Lottuco092
024 Gordon. Vegetable
056 Legumes. Miscollanoous
Mustard 123 Gysephila
025 Laurel, Mountain:
057 Lospodoza a 093 Okra 124 Flower. bulbs
026 Lawn
027 Rhododendron
050 Sudangrass 125 Flowor. roots
059 Sudan -sorghum pasture 094 Onion
095 Paa, Southern 1Nuts. container
070 Rosa
O60 Sudan -sorghum silage
096 Poppor 132 32 Ahodo/Natyorn
136 Nurs/Troos
029 Shrubbery
097 Plant Bad, Vag
030 Barrios, fruit & nuts
031 Troo. shade
E = establishment CP =Coastal Plain
M = maintenance Mt = Mountain +
- ABOUT YOUR SOIL SAMPLES less—Nocres or
Are they representative? A soil TEST is only as GOOD as the $Oil' m dry Ri h� de th OOf 10 a8" lot plowed soils. a0 4jor 5 for oil sold)- NoSfertili er
treatment history"Use good tools (iron or stainless stool) Take om dry —Right g p
bands —No corners or and turn aroas-20 of moro'c0r0s (collected and mixed in a clean plastic buckotl—Subsamplod and numbered —
bands —No information supplied.

Circle the tope or samples submitted
Predictive Diagnostic see instructtons
GRowrit w oitm.wim,
Telephone No. ( )
(LASTNAIIIE)
(Fief) 1
Add—.)
Wit'l
lStare) ('L119
Clteck
Money Order
(
)
PAYMENT: S-100 perenmple
Make Checks payable to NCDA
Plant Analysis Information Sheet
Plant Advisory Section
Agronomic Division
N.C. Dept. or Agriculture
4300 Reedy Creels Rd.
Raleigh, NC 27607-6465
ADDITIONAL COPIES
Telephone No. ( ) Telephone No. ( )
LA.S I' NAME) (FW,1) : (LAST NAME)
Crash
(
)
:I c-ory (�'thia report will be .cent to the Coope)mtire Lrreasion Q Pee. 1'lea.te indicate additianed copies n•quested.
No. samples. Payment:
lscro,r
(
)
Farm It): -- . --- sampled By.-
LabNum Sample
ca,n,tlt Plant Pl:ml Corresponding Sample ID
,U.LLes Ill
Crop Name
a ,. , Plant Appearance Labinsa
Stage 1 A,i Position Soil solulion Wtvile 1 1 . „ X. ty M.
PROBLEM SAMPLE
COMMENTS
GitOwm; CONDITIONS
Planting Date:
lou long have s►niptolns been pre,cnt?
Are pfants inl-ected uitil discasd' Yes No
Are plauts inl'esled ►rith insects? Yes No
Environmental conditions last thrce weeks:
c� Itainlal: llelo►► norn:td Normal Above normal
3 'lbmperaturr: Below uortnal Noraltd Above Dormal
lrrigntion (atuonall --
Ftmpicides Uscd: _
Date
Prcplant:
Postplant:
Micronutrients:
Others:
FERTILIZER HISTORY
Material Rate
Comments

�..:..:: • : ,.::� :;. �: � -...: �. ' NSTRUCTIpNS '�:
The information in the shaded areas is required before analysis
Sample Type - Predictive is for a routine check of nutritional status plus interpretation and general recommendations.
- Diagnostic is for assistance in diagnosing suspected nutritional problems. Specific interpretation and recommendations are provided.
- Matching soil samples should be submitted for diagnostic samples along with additional information on growing conditions and cultural practices.
Grower information - Print telephone, nine, mailing address, county (sample origination) and fee information. Make checks.payable to NCDA.
- Telephone number must he included for electronic data access.
Farm 1D - Farm identification or location (no more than 16 letters).
Sample 1D - Sample identification (no more than 4 digits or letters).
Crop Name - Name of crop sampled (Use names as indicated inside Information Sheet. If tour crop is not listed, indicate the common and/or botanical namc).
Growth Stage - Identify stage or -growth using the appropriate letter code below.
Plant Part - Idcn(ify the part of the plant that was sampled using the letter code below.
- For most plants the Most Recently Mature Leaf (M) is the proper plant part to sample.
Plant Position - Identify the position on the plant %%-here the snmple was taken using the letter code below.
- For most plants the Upper (U) position is the proper place to sample.
Corresponding; Sample ID - List the ID's of matching soil. solution, and waste samples submitted.
Plant Appearance - Describe the symptoms of the plant at sampling. If left blank, we assume growth is normal.
Problem Sample Comments - Provide additional information needed to help diagnose specific problems.
GROWTH STAGE CODES
PLANT PART CODES
PLANT POSITION CODES
S = Seedling E = Early growth W = Whole -plant M = Most Recent Mature Leaf U = Upper
B = Bloom F = Fruiting T = Top 3" (includes Petiole where appropriate) M = Middle
M = Mature H = Harvested Leaf E = Ear Leaf L = Lower
PLEASE DO NOT PLACE SAMPLES IN PLASTIC BAGS.
LEAVE AMPLE AIR SPACE IN PAPER CONTAINERS TO PROMOTE DRYING AND AVOID SAMPLE DETERIORATION.
SAMPLE FEE: A sample fee of $4.00 per sample is charged far plant analysis.
13

FORM AD,
SOIL SAMPLE INFORMATION
Complete information sheet and return with sample(s).
GROWER'S NAME —Please Print
Copies of soil test reports are sent to County
Extension Directors.
FARM ID#
If you want others to receive a copy, print
'-
name and address below.
_&toeo>.le
(Last)
(First)
- -
Phone: _( )
(Address)
(Name)
Send To:
Agronomic Division -Soil Test Lab
(City)
(state) (Zip Code)
(Address)
N.C. Dept. of Agriculture
Total'No.
Samples
4300 Reedy Creek Road
Submitted
Raleigh, N.C. 27607-6465
(County
(City)
(State) (Zip Code)
[phone]
Phone: ( )
2 3
4 5
6
LAB
YOUR LAST CROP
LIME APPLIED NEXT CROP
J SECOND CROP
NUMBER
(Leave
SAMPLE (Crop grown last year CROP
WITHIN PAST YEAR
(See discussion No. 5
CROP (Following year —See CROP
Blank)
NUMBER or other use)
CODE.
T/A YR MO reverse side of form)
CODE reverse side) CODE
::Y•
Kai.k:
V,
..
sic
:gs
Revised 2/1196
INSTRUCTIONS AND CROP CODES ARE SHOWN ON BACK
a

End Exhibit 8
INSTRUCTIONS FOR FILLING OUT INFORMATION SHEET
(See Example Below)
1.
REQUIRED 12.
INFORMATION
(blocked areas)
We must have this•
information before w
analyze the samples.
DESIRABLE '•
INFORMATION
We can make better 4.
suggestions if we B.
have this information.
LAB
NUMBER YOUR
(Leave SAMPLE
Blank) I NUMBER
112
CROP CODE
000 No Crop
Field Croos
001 Corn, Grain
002 Corn, Silage
003 Cotton
o04 Small Grain (Wheat,
oats, rye, barley)
oo5 Millet, Pearl
006 Milo (Grain Sorghum)
007 Peanut
008 Rice
009 Sorghum, Syrup
010 Soybeans
011 Sunflower
012 Tobacco, burley
013 Tobacco, flue -cured
014 Tobacco, plant bed
t awn Garden Ornaments
020 Azalea
021 Camellia
022 Centipede
023 Garden, Flower
024 Garden, Vegetable
025 Laurel, Mountain
026 Lawn
027 Rhododendron
028 Rose
029 Shrubbery
030 Berries, fruit & nuts
031 Tree, shade
Print Name, Address, Zip Code and County. Show county where farm is located. An incomplete address may
result in failure to deliver your report. Include your phone number.
SAMPLE ID - Print sample ID (use numbers and/or letters) and crop code for oath samplo on separate lines.
Samples from other farms should be labeled differently (Ex.J01, Sol). Make sure sample ID on boxes and
information shoat are the same. Use pencil or waterproof markers.
NEXT CROP TO BE GROWN - List INANE and CROP Q DE of the next crop for which you want lime and
fertilizer recommendations. EXAMPLE: Bermuda hay or -pasture establishment (E), 045.
A. Use LAWN (026) for all lawn grasses except CENTIPEDE. Use TURF codes for golf and athletic
field turf.
B. Use kL[8y0B(029) for all shrubs except AZALEA, CAMELLIA, RHODODENDRON, and MT. LAUREL.
ERY
C. For all Home garden vegetables use crop code 024.
LAST CROP - List NAME and CROP CODE of crop grown prior to sampling. If space is left blank, we will
assume no previous crop was grown.
LAST LIMED - Tons peracre, year and month of last lime application, if made in the last year.
SECOND CROP TO BE GROWN - List NAM and CROP CODE of the crop which will follow 5 above. This will
enable us to make suggestions for this crop assuming that the field is treated as suggested the first year. List
second crop here even though it is to be grown the some year as 5 above.
Limed Applied
LAST CROP
Within Past Year
NEXT CROP
(See discussion No. 5
CROP
SECOND CROP
(Following year —See
CROP
(Crop grown lest year
CROP
MO.
reverse side of form)
CODE
reverse side)
CODE
or other use)
CODE
T/A
YR.
Corn silage
om
1
84
9
Oats
004
Soybeans
010
L/Wht CI -grass E
049
2
84
9
L/Wht cl-grass M
050
1 L/iNnt CI -grass M
050
CROP CODE
X-Mas Troes/Nursery
036 Ln-out/Seed Beds
037 Fir/N Spruce, Hemlock
038 Pine/White, Virginia
039 Blue Spruce/Red Cedar
Forage/Pasture
040 Alfalfa, E
041 Alfalfa, M
042 Bahiagrass
043 Bermuda hay/pasture, E
044 Bermuda hay/pasture, M
047 Bluegrass pasture
048 Bluegrass -White clover
049 L/Wht clover -grass, E
050 L/Wht clover -grass, M
051 R, Clover -gross, E
052 R. Clover -grass, M
053 Pure clovers
054 Fescue-Orch grass�Tsmothy E
055 Fescue-Orch grass/Timothy M
056 Legumes, Miscellaneous
057 Lespedeza
058 Sudangross
059 Sudan -sorghum pasture
060 Sudan -sorghum silage
CROP CODE
�gmmerclal Hort Croos
Use 024 for Garden Vegetables
070 Asparagus, E
071 Asparagus, M
072 Bean/Bush Pea
073 Bean, pole
074 Beets
075 Blueberry, E
076 Blueberry, M
077 Broccoli
078 Brussel Sprouts
079 Cabbage
080 Cantaloupe
081 Carrots
082 Cauliflower
083 Collards
084 Corn, Sweet
085 Cucumbers
086 Cucumber, trellis
087 Eggplant
088 Grape, E
089 Grape, M
090 Kale
091 Lettuce
092 Mustard
093 Okra
094 Onion
095 Pea, Southern
096 Pepper
097 Plant Bed, Vag.
E • establishment CP • Coastal Plain
M . maintenance Mt • Mountain
CROP CODE
098 Potato, Irish
099 Potato, Sweat
100 Radish
101 Rape, tole crops
102 Rasp -Blackberry E
103 Rasp -Blackberry M
104 Rhubarb
105 Rutabaga
106 Spinach
107 Squash -Pumpkin
108 Strawberry, E
109 Strawberry, M
110 Tomato, field
111 Tomato, greenhouse
112 Tomato, trellis, CP
113 Tomato, trellis, Mt
114 Truck Vegetables
115 Turnip
116 Watermelon
117 Beans, lima
CROP CODE
Orchards/Fruit & Nut
130 Apple E
131 Apple M
138 Peach E
139 Peach M
140 Pecan,E
141 Pecan, M
Forestry Trees/Seed
133 Hardwood, E
134 Hardwood, M
137 Nursery, Pine
142 Pine, E
143 Pine, M
144 Hardwood, Seed
145 Fir/Spruce, Seed
146 Pine, Seed
Comm Nurs/Flower
Fine Turf
150 Fairway/Athletic
120 Dahlia
121 Gladiolus
Turf
122 Greenhouse
151 Tee, Turf
123 Gysophila
152 Green, Turf
124 Flower, bulbs
125 Flower, roots
126 Nurs. container
132 Rhoda/Naty. orn
136 Nurs/Trees
• ABOUT YOUR SOIL SAMPLES
Are they representative? A soil TEST is only as GOOD as the soil SAMPLESI Area of 10 acres or less --No major soil differences --Same
treatment history —Use good tools (iron or stainless steel) —Take 'am dry —Right depth (0-11' for plowed soils, 0-4' for sod) —'No fertilizer
bands —No corners or and turn areas-20 or more cores (collected and mixed in a clean plastic bucket)—Subsampled and numbered —
Sufficient information supplied. PLEASE DO NOT PUT SOIL IN PLASTIC BAGS

I of
Exhibit 9
-fie . ,M, - ana ern.
1 V1�as ..
A ..
ent
North Carolina State University
Biological and Agricultural Engincenng • -
LIVESTOCK RASTE SA"LIN(;,' ANALYSIS 'AND CALCULATION
OF LAND'APPLICATIOH BATES
' .f "James' C. ',Dirkaz''•
I. SAxnz COLLECTION , : .; •.. .
A. Sami-Solid Loc .Unura
J. Scraped directly .from.•loc into spreader
a. From loadcd:'spreader, collate about 2 lbs of manure from
diffarane;"locations• using- nonmecallie :collneeors.
ii. From storage
a. Collacc abouc',2 •lbs•,of;,msnura from under c:ia surface crust
avoiding bedding.macnrials and using nonmacallic collectors.
E. Liquid tianurs Slurry
1. Under-sloccad•;419or: Pic
open on both ands into
a. Extend a nontnncillic',Gon
manure co, pig floor...,.
y p a rhumb over and
b. seal uPPar:and':o��.eonduic:;(4•g•,. by Placing
of conduit) trapping manure 'mac has encored lour and, remove
and empcy slurry -in". plastic buckac or nonmacallic concainar.
,,.o►ore locations ,or ac lease 1 quart'
C. Take subsafaplss•
1•.
d. tiix and add about /,4.,p..inc.,ca::nonm+!u11t.c., sampin container.
or ••Conk• ., •��•
li. Excacior storage: basin • • •,• •• ,
~ '''''' � •ch a Li uid manu:a
sure: cainurs ;as�bo.an,; +ell. mixnd; L 4
chopoer•ag:'acor Puaap Or,Propaller ag:ca:.or.
is Locations, from aSicacor puup
5. Take subsar?.es from aboue 5 p Lascc b�ekac.
or f-am maru;a spraadar and place a ?
* Professo•r and Extension specialisc,
9iolagical and _Agrieulcural Enginceting
Deparcmanc,.;iorrh Carolina Scaca'.Uni'veriicy, Raleigh, :��•

�. ATTACHMENT B
2 of
llic sample concainor.
C. Kix and add 3/4 pin c.to a nonmeta
C. Lagoon Liquid.
4 Lnc of racyclad'lagoon Liquid from Laflov pipe
i, Collect about 3/ a nonmecallic•s�pla container.
co Flush conks in
ii. From lagoon
ine ' or.. lass) on end of 10.15' pole.
a, Puce a small ,Mottle (1/2 p .
b• Excand bottle 10-15' away from bank edge.
c Brush away floating scum or debris.
d. Submerge bottla within 1' of liquid ic bucker-... lastsurfaea,
repeat about S eLmes around
e• Empty into a:P ine co nonmetallic sample container.
lagoon, mix;•and add S/4', P
D. Bro-iler or Turkey Litter"
i. House liecer liccerg
�for areas of varying quality, e
a. Visually inspccc wacerersand ascimaca percene of
areas around•�faide rs ' and; ,
floor surface in each area.
about 5 litter subsxmples ac locations proportionate co
b. Takeualicv is
Item a. E.g.,'L£ 20t of liccar of similar:
visual q
around (ceders and
waterers, take l.subsample there and the
ocher 4 subsampLes. fram'ran11% nder•' of 'floor surface.
C. At each locacion,.collecc licear from a 6" by 6" area down co
torch floor and' place .1n -a'.•.Plascic 'but eC adC.,.
~';..." ' J and..
d. Afcar 'S subsainplss' have •.bson''added., to the .bucket, mix,
about •2-3 lbs ,litcar..co a nonmetallic sampls concainor. such as,,.
a 1•gallon:;freezar.•bjg: and seal':' .•.:
ii. From -stockpile Llc.
'rake subsamplas from about %5' locations ac least 18" into p
ecallic sampls container and seal,
b. tlix, add 2-}'lbs co norm .

f1J. 1.'%� ,u,+.... r „
3 of 3
II. SA OLL 1.jr2A. -rION AND TWSFE.B
4. Place samplomiconeainerPwi bcleannwacerrbuc doenocbuscadisinfeccanes.
residues fr ocher wa
soaps, or creac•in any y'
$, Pack sample in Lca, refrLgaraea, freeze, or eransfar co Lab quickly. .
() ::•• I.
C. hand-delivary is most reliable way of sampla transfer.
sample concaineppvi�h a=inandaCape. such as
D. If mailed, procact
nawspapar, box or package with wrapping Pape
E. Commercial sample containers and mailers Ira also available. Concaccs:
i, A&L Easccrn A�riculcural Lab, Inc. iii 2320fS. Fam oscerrAvenue•
7621 Vhiccpine Road WheellnY, IL 60090
Richmond, YA 23237 ph;: [phone]
Ph: [phone]
iv. NASCO
U . Fisher Scientific Co. 901 Janesvilla Avenue
3315 Vinton Road Forc Atkinson, VI 53538
Rtlaigh, NC 27604 ph; [phone]
Ph: [phone]
F. arc available, but sample analyses are cosely.
Private arulytieal Labs
sarvica for North Carolina residents.
C. The 2iCDA provides this
L. Addrass:
NCDA
Plant, Waste, & Tissue Lab
4300 Reedy Creek Road
Raleigh, N.C. 27607
Ph. [phone]
11. Forward $4 along uich cha sample.
wing•idencification informaeion with sample:
iii. Include cha'follo
(dairy ,'swine, turkey, *cc.)
a. Livcscock specS,as ( ry
b. Livestock usage(swine-nursery, finishing; turkey-bre.d-ere,
brooderhouse.:grower, number flocks grown on liccar: arc.).
-i•loc sc:aped manure, liquid slurry; swine-pic
c, uasce `ypa (dais. •a slud c: broiler house lic:cr, stockpile
slur:i. la pon liqu 3
e.formed o^ all sanples: Y, P, K. CaZnhScu. B
iv. Roueine analyses,.p S. Fe, . ��
v. Additional anal/ses perforacC upon request
Mi. :So, Cd, Ni. Pb

tir
CC
ww
=N
}x
co m
or N
>-1W
Q,�z=,.
uu y y- �C rv
rf
RP z
1n�ec:C1+� <:m•
rG:tur�•,h,
cn.Ua -A-J
�u
l •:
Distributed in furtherance
of the Acts of Congress
of May a and June 30. 1914.
Employment and program
opportunities are offored to
all people regardless of
race, color, national origin,
sex, ago, or disability. North
Carolina Slate University,
North Carolina A&T Slate
University, U.S. Deportment
of Agriculture, and local
governments cooperating.
soilFacts
WasteAnalysis
Agricultural, industrial, municipal, and yard wastes can be valuable to farmers
—provided they are properly managed. Waste analysis is as andpotarr! e to
proper rnanagenlent. By determining the amount of t
ly
harmful elements in the waste, and by determining the product's
lineing
erials can make
characteristics, growers and other potential use f
informed decisions about their application. From both an economic and art
environmental standpoint, this infonnation benefits all North Carolinians.
This fact sheet will clarify the importance of waste analysis the and describe
ste the
procedures for taking reliable samples and submitting then
isory
Section at the Agronomic Division of the North Carolina Departrrlent of
Agriculture (NCDA).
Why Waste Analysis?
Waste products must be used or disposed of
with environmentally sound management
practices in order to prevent damage to our
natural resources. Farms, food-proccssing
plants, textile manufacturers, pharmaceutical
companies, wood and paper producers, and
municipalities all generate a variety of waste
products --the disposal of which must be
managed somewhat differently depending
upon the source and the intended use. Most
waste must undergo sonic form of processing
before it can be applied to the land.
As landfill space becomes increasingly
limited, waste producers are being forced to
seek alternative disposal sites or potential
recycling opportunities. Land application is
one of the safest and most common altcnia-
tivcs—provided that best management
practices (BMPs) are followed. Waste
products are generally applied to the land
because they contain nutrients or liming
materials beneficial to plant growth. Waste
analysis is the most accurate and efficient
way to measure the nutrient or lime value of
different waste products. Because the amount
of these beneficial components can vary
among waste products, laboratory analysis
Icts the producer know the proper amount of
the waste material to apply to meet the
specific plant needs for each site. When
Man agcmcnt decisions arc made without
waste -analysis information, even well-
intentioned users can reduce plant growth and
yields or endanger the environment.
Composting can reduce volume, improve
uniformity, and somctimcs alter the nutrient
availability of waste products. Because of
this, samples from the final material that will
be applied must be analyzed.
Nutrient concentrations vary in most
organic waste products. Table 1, for example,
depicts the wide range in nutrients from
animal wastes analyzed by the NCDA
Agronomic Division. Note that the maximum
and minimum values for nitrogen, phosphate,
and potash differ by nlore than 100-fold.
These numbers should send a clear me5539e
North Carolina
x� Cooperative Extension Service
NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE & LIFE SCIENCES ,
r41,

-- SoilFacfs _
k
Table 1. Variations in poultry and swine manure nutrient levels.
Minimum Maximum Average
Poultry, broiler house
pounds per ton
Nitrogen 4 137 72
Phosphate 21 146 78
Potash 12 78 46
Swine, liquid lagoon pounds per 1,000 gallons —
Nitrogen 2 345 136.
Phosphate
Potash
to waste users and environmental
policymakers: average nutrient
estimates arc not adequate guides for
the safe and efficient use of waste
materials.
Waste users who fail to test each
waste material arc faced with a
number of questions they simply
cannot answer. Are they supplying
plants with adequate nutrients? Are
they building up excess nutrients that
may ultimately move to streams or
groundwater? Arc they changing the
soil pki to levels that will not support
plant production? Arc they applying
heavy metals at levels that may be
toxic to plants and permanently alter
soil productivity?
Because environmental damage
and losses in plant yield and quality
often happen before visible plant
Symptoms, growers and other users
should always have their wastes
analyzed by a competent laboratory
and their application rates determined
by a lmowledgcablc agronomist.
Waste Analysis Services
The Waste Advisory Section of the
NCDA Agronomic Division ana-
lyzcs wastes, interprets analytical
results, and provides management
recommendations for citizens of
North Carolina. The fee is $4.00 per
sample. Private laboratories also
offer some of these services and their
fees vary.
197 .;53
369. 133
A good analytical service should
always determine the concentrations
of essential plant nutrients, including
nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P),
potassium (K), calcium (Ca),
magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), iron
(Fc), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn),
copper (Cu), and boron (B). Analy-
ses of certain municipal and indus-
trial wastes should also include tests
for heavy metals like nickel (Ni),
cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb), as well
as Clements such as sodiutn (Na) and
chlorine (Cl). The neutralizing value
(calcium carbonate equivalent, CCE)
of lime -stabilized products or
materials suspected of having liming
characteristics should also be
determined. '
Samtpling Procedures
Proper sampling is the key to reliable
waste analysis. Although laboratory
procedures are extremely accurate,
they have little value if the samples
fail to represent the waste product.
Tile importance of careful sampling
becomes clear when one recognizes
that laboratory determinations are
made oil a portion of the sample
submitted that's as little as 0.02
pounds (1 gram) for solid materials
or less than a tablespoon (10
milliliters) for liquid materials.
Waste samples submitted to a
laboratory should represent the
avcragc composition of the material
that will be applied to [lie field.. :t
Reliable samples typically consist of
material collected from a number of
locations. Precise sampling methods
vary according to the type of waste.
Ideally, growers should not base
application rates on laboratory test
results from previous years because
nutrient concentrations can change
significantly, particularly when Elie
waste has been exposed to the
environment. For example, nutrient
levels in all anaerobic lagoon can be
influenced by rainfall. Stockpiled
litter or other wastes may also
change significantly if left unpro-
tCcicd. Municipal and industrial
wastes also vary as production
demands alter inputs and processing.
Liquid Wastes
Liquid waste samples submitted for
analysis should nice[ the following
requirements.
■ Place sample in a scaled plastic
container with about a one -quart
volume. Glass is not suitable because
it is breakable and may contain
contaminants.
n Leave one incli of air space in
the plastic container to allow for
expansion caused by the release of
gas from the waste material.
■ Refrigerate samples that cannot
be shipped on the day they are
collected; this will minimize
chemical reactions and pressure
buildup from gases. -
Ideally, some liquid wastes
should be sampled after they arc
thoroughly mixed. Because this is
sometimes impractical, samples can
also be taken ill accordance will' the
suggestions that follow.
LAGOON LIQUID: Premixing the
surface liquid in the lagoon is not
needed, provided it is the only
component that is being pumped.
Growers with two -stage systems
should draw samples from the
lagoon they intend to pump.

Samples should be collected
using a plastic container similar to the
one shown in Figure 1. One pint of
material should be taken from at least
eight silts around the lagoon and then
mixed in a plastic containcr. Waste
should be collcctcd at least six feet
front the edge of the lagoon at a depth
of about a foot. Shallower samples
from anaerobic lagoons may be less
representative than deep samples
because oxygen transfer near the
surface sometinnes alters [lie chemis-
try of the solution. Floating debris
and scum should be avoided.
One quart of mixed matcrial
should be sent to the laboratory.
Galvanized containers should never
be used for collection, mixing, or
storage due to the risk of contamina-
tion from metals like zinc in the
container.
LIQUID SLUIUM Waste materials
applied as a slurry from a pit or
storage basin should be mixed prior
to sampling. Waste should be
collected from approximately eight
areas around the pit or basin and
mixed thoroughly in a plastic
container. Figure 2 shows a useful
collecting device. An 8- to 10-foot
section of 0.5- to 0.75-inch plastic
pipe can also be used: the pipe
should be extended into [lie pit, and
the thumb pressed over the cud to
form an air lock; the pipe is then
removed from the waste, and the air
lock is released to deposit the waste
in a container.
For analysis, the laboratory
requires one quart of material in a
plastic container. The sample should
not be rinsed into the container
because doing so dilutes the mixture
and distorts nutrient evaluations.
However, if water is typically added
to the waste prior to land application,
a proportionate quantity of water
should be added to the satmple.
Solid Wastes
Solid waste samples should represent
the average moisture content of [lie
Wooden pole (10 feet)
Plastic container (5
gallons)
Plastic cup
Figure 1. Liquid waste sampling device.
PVC pipe
(2 inches diameter,
6 feet long)
Rubber ball
(2'/2 inces diameter)
Figure 2. Slurry sampling device.
A one -quart sample is required
for analysis. Samples should be
taken from approximately eight
different areas in the waste, placed in
a plastic container, and thoroughly
mixed. Approximately ollc quart of
Clean -out dowel
(1 inch diameter
PVC pipe)
Plastic container
(5 gallons)
�J
the mixed sample should be placed
in a plastic bag, scaled, and shipped
directly to the laboratory. Samples
stored for more than two days should
be refrigerated. Figure 3 shows a
device for sampling solid waste.
waste.

POULTRY IN-HOUSE MANURE
SAMPLING: Nutrient concentralion
varies widely in poultry litter —both
from house to house and within each
house. If waste is to be applicd by
house, each one should be sampled
separately.
Waste samples should be
collected from 6 to 12 locations in
the house. Each sample should
extend from the top to the bottom of
the accumulated waste. Samples
taken around waterers, feeders, and
brooders should be proportionate to
the space tllcsc areas occupy in [lie
house. The collcctcd tnatcrial should
be combined in a plastic container
and mixed thoroughly. The one -
quart laboratory sample should be
taken from this mixture.
POULTRY IIELOW-HOUSE
MANURE SAMPLING: In a high-
rise system, manure is deposited
below the poultry !louse. If the
system is properly managed, the
manure should be fairly uniform in
moisture and appearance.
Approximately eight samples
should be collected throughout the
storage area. If manurc in certain
areas differs in appearance, take
samples proportionatc to the size and
number of tllcsc areas. For example,
if 10 percent of the manure differs
from the bulk pile, thcil 10.1)crccnt
of the total sample should be taken
from this area. The collected
material should be combined ill a
plastic container and mixed thor-
oughly. The one -quart laboratory
sample should be taken front this
mixture, placed in a plastic bag,
scaled, and shipped to the laboratory
for analysis. If the sample can not be
shipped within one day of sampling,
it should be refrigerated.
STOCKPILED LITTER: Ideally,
stockpiled waste should be stored
under cover on an impervious
surface. The weathered exterior of
uncovered waste may not accurately
represent the majority of the matc-
rial. Rainfall generally moves watcr-
Waste Analysis
Dowel
Clean -out dowel
Metal rod (broomstick)
_ 3 feet
Thin -walled metal
tubing
(1 inch diameter)
Figure 3. Solid waste sampling device
soluble nutrients down into the pile.
If an unprotected stockpile is used
over ail extended period, it should be
sampled before cacti application.
Stockpiled waste should be
sampled at a depth. of at least 18
iuchcs at six or more locations. The
collected material should be com-
bined in a plastic container and
mixed thoroughly. The one -quart
laboratory sample should be taken
from this mixture, placed in a plastic
bag, scaled, and shipped to the
laboratory for analysis. If the sample
cannot be shipped within two days of
sampling, it should be refrigerated.
SURFACE -SCRAPED WASTE:
Surface -scraped and piled materials
should be treated like stockpiled
waste. Follow the saute procedures
for taking samples. Ideally, surface -
scraped materials should be pro-
tectcd from the weather unless they
are used immediately.
COMPOSTED WASTE: Ideally,
composted waste should be stored
under cover on an impervious
surface. Although nutrients are
somewhat stabilized in these
Plastic, container
(5 gallons)
materials, some nutricnts can leach
out during rains. When composted
waste is left unprotected, samples
should be submitted to the laboratory
each time the material is applied -
Sampling procedures the same as
those described for stockpiled waste.
Understanding the Waste
Analysis Report
Samples submitted to the NCDA
Agronomic Division will be ana-
lyzed and [lie sender will receive a
report that lists the concentration of
each plant nutrient and several
potentially harmful elements.
Specific concentrations of nutricnts
and other elements arc reported on a
dry -weight basis for solid wastes; .
results for liquid wastes arc reported
Oil a volume basis.
Tile most useful information is
nutrients available for the first drop.
These levels are predicted on an as -is
or wet basis. Nutrient availability is
predicted by estimating the nutrient
release rate from the waste and a
nutrient loss for a specific applica-
tion method.
III

Nutrients listed in the report as
"available for the first crop" should
be used in determining the actual
application rate to meet a specific
plant nutricnt requirement. For the
availability prediction to be reliable,
growers must have properly identi-
fied the type of waste and the
application method on the informa-
tion sheet submitted to the laboratory.
For waste materials suspected of
containing liming materials, such as .
stack dust or lime -stabilized waste, a
calcium -carbonate equivalent (CCE)
determination should be requested.
These materials arc reported on a dry -
weight basis for solid and semi -solid
materials and on a volume basis for
liquids. The CCE can be used to
compare waste materials to agricul-
tural lime for effectiveness in
neutralizing soil acidity. The agricul-
tural lime equivalent (ALE) is also
calculated on a wet basis. This
indicates the amount of the waste
product that must be applied to have
the same liming potential as one from
agricultural lime with 90% CCE.
Monitoring and Record
Keeping.
Growers who use waste materials as
fertilizer or a source of lime should
maintain records of the analytical
results, application rates, and soil
tests for each application site.
Growers arc also advised to take
Waste Analysis
plant samples to evaluate their
nutricnt management program,
identify corrective actions for current
crops, and plan improvements for
future crops.
Owners of waste application sites
may also wish to sample surface and
groundwater supplies once a year to
confirm that nutricnt-management
programs arc not adversely affecting
the environment. Where waste
products have been applied regularly
for a number of years, growers
should also monitor the buildup of
metals that can affect long-term soil
productivity, particularly zinc and
copper. For municipal and industrial
waste sites, nickel, cadmium, lead,
and sodium should also be monitored.

� r �
�.: .;i�.%, r;}.,.;�r•s.Laet:,: ;.rs"v,V:?4�1?F:1
Prepared by
J. P. zublena,
Associate Slate Program LeaderANR1CRD, North Carolina Cooperative Gxteasion Service, NCSU
C. Ray Campbell,
Section Chief, Plant/Waste/Solution Advisory, Agronomic Division, NCDA
10,000 copies of this public document were printed at a cost of $1,350, or $.135 per copy.
Published by
NORTH CAROLINA COOPERATIVE EXTENSION SERVICE
8/95-10M—JMG-250372 AG-439-33

Circle the type of samples submitted
Predictive , Dlagiii5"stit���5ee Instructldns
GROWER INFORMATION
a
....
tit
�.,.�: a •. "'�f:;'�'��� ��':; 3".'
. YAYMENl: i 34.69 petriitlitplG •: ::;:.:::;::i �. _, .:' ., .i ::cr': :r) ;:...
Miltecheclapayableldl�CDA Cis�t r i i )
1F�esorr .,
I?o Saatpiea�" paymeat, i.„ Y AmateCNama.
Farm ID: Sampled By: _
Lab Num Sample Waste
(tab U.) ID Code
Date:
Sample Description
Waste Analysis Information Sheet
Waste Advisory Section
Agronomic Division
N.C. Dept. of Agriculture
4300 Reedy Creek Rd.
Raleigh, NC 27607-6465
UDMONAL COPIES
telephone No. ( ) Telephone No. ( )
UST )fkM Et (rinq (LAST NAME)
;Addms) - (Addrnd
(city) (sutd (ZIP) _ 1 (City) (State) (Zit)
A copy of this report will be sent to the Cooperative Extension Office. Please indicate additional copies requested.
Application Corresponding Sample ID
Methods Soil Plant Solution Comments Lab
I M Nmm�
�e"I
"I
MMUMM
oil
EUMIFIM
�w
IN$TItUMOtiS
Sample 7Iy - Predictive is for a routine check of nutrient content plus interpretation and general recommendations.
Diagnostic is for special assistance in solving suspected nutritional problems. Specific interpretation and recommendations are provided.
Grower Information - Print telephone (must be Included for electronic data access), name, mailing address, county (sample origination) and fee information.
Farm M - Farm indentification or location (no more than 16letters).
Sample
ID - Smple identification (no more than 4 digits or letters). The same ID should appear on sample containers.
Waste Code - Identify type of waste using codes (see back of information sheet).
Sample Description - Additional descriptive information should be provided if a specific waste code is not identified.
eK Application Methods - Select one or two application methods for estimation of nutrient availability.
�t Corresponding Sample ID - List the 1D's of matching soil, plant, and solution samples submitted.
91 Comments - Additional information. Brief statement of problem or purpose in sampling (must be provided for diagnostic samples).
BR = Waste broadcast on soil surface and left
uncovered for one week or longer.
SI = Waste broadcast on soil surface and
plowed or disked into soil within
two days.
IN = Waste injected directly into the soil and
covered immediately.
IR = Waste applied through irrigation system
and left uncovered for one week
or longer.

Ex .1t
Surface Scraped
SSD
Dairy
SSB
Beef
SSS
Swine
SSP
Poultry
SSE
Sheep
SSG
Goat
SSH
Horse
SSO
Other*
Poultry House Litter
HLB Broiler
HBB Broiler Breeder
HIT Turkey
HLD Duck
HLO Other"
Poultry Stockpiled Litter
SLB Broiler
SIT Turkey
SLD Duck
SLO Other*
Liquid Manure Slurry
LSD
Dairy
LSB
Beef
LSV
Veal
LSS
Swine
ISP
Poultry
ISO
Other*
Anaerobic Lagoon Liquid
ALD
Dairy
ALB
Beef
ALV
Veal
ALS
Swine
ALP
Poultry
ALA
Other'
• Indicate type of waste under comments
Anaerobic Lagoon Sludge
ASD
Dairy
ASB
Beef
ASS
Swine
ASP
Poultry
ASO
Other*
Aerobic Liquid
AES Swine
ATO Other*
Aerobic Sludge
ASW Swine
Composted Farm Waste
FCD Dairy
FCB Beef
FCH Horse
FCS Swine
FSM Swine Mort.
FCP Poultry
FPM Poultry Mort.
FCE Sheep
FCG Goat
FCC Crop Residue
FCV Vegetable
FCW Other'
Non -Composted Waste
Caution- As with soil testing. the analytical results from waste materials are no better than
the sample. Every effort should be made to ensure that samples are representative of the
waste material being evaluated.
SURFACE SCRAPED MANURES
After manure has been piled, collect a representative sample from several locations. Place in
a plastic bucket and mix thoroughly. Place approximately 1 quart of material in a clean bag
and mail in a suitable container to the laboratory.
POULTRY LITTER
Stockpiled. Collect representative core samples at least 18 inches deep from several
locations on the pile. Mix samples thoroughly in a plastic bucket. Place approximately 1
quart of material in a clean plastic bag and maill in a suitable container to the laboratory.
In -House: Inspect house and estimate percentage of floor space utilized in different
activities (feeding, watering, etc.). Take core sections of litter in these areas to represent the
proportionate make-up of the house. Mix samples thoroughly in a plastic bucket. Place
approximately 1 quart of material in a clean plastic bag and mail in a suitable container to
the laboratory.
NCRCrop Residue
NVR Vegetable Residue
NBS Bark/Sawdust
NCW Other'
�INDUSPRIA,I�MUMCIPAL• WASTE Canil:s ` :} ::...
Municipal Industrial - Pharmaceutical
MWR
Raw
PHR
Raw
MAE
Aerobic
PHA
Aerobic
MAN
Anaerobic
PHN
Anaerobic
MLS
Lime Stabilized
PHL
Lime Stabilized
MOX
Chem Ox (CI)
PHX
Chem Ox (Cl)
MCY
Composted Yard Waste
PHC
Composted
MCS
Composted Sludge
PHO
Other'
MWO
Other'
. Industrial - Textile
TXR
Raw
TAE
Aerobic
TAN
Anaerobic
TLS
time Stabilized
TOX
Chem Ox (CI)
TCW
Composted
TXO
Other'
Industrial - Poultry
PLR
Raw
PAE
Aerobic
PAN
Anaerobic
PIS
Lime Stabilized
PDX
Chem Ox (Cl)
PCW
Composted
PLO
Other'
Industrial - Stack Dust/Ash
SAR Raw
SAC Composted
SAO Other•
Industrial - Other
IOR
Raw
IOE
Aerobic
ION
Anaerobic
IOL
Lime Stabilized
IOX
Chem Ox (Cl)
IOC
Composted
I00
Other'
LIQUID MANURE SLURRY
Pit Under Slotted Floor: Use a length of 112" conduit or similar device to collect the sample.
With both ends of the conduit open, extend it into the manure pit floor. Place thumb over the
end of the conduit and remove the core sample. Do this at no less than 5 locations in the pit.
After taking the samples, mix thoroughly and send approximately 1 pint of material in a clean
plastic container to the laboratory.
EzteriorStorage Basin: After the slurry has been well mixed, take samples from
approxmately five locations in the pit. Place material in a plastic bucket and mix thoroughly.
Send approximately 1 pint of slurry to the laboratory in a clean plastic container.
LIQUID LAGOON
Construct a 10-15 foot pole with a 1/2 pint container attached to one end. Use this to collect
liquid from at least five representative locations in the lagoon. Always take the sample
approximately 10 ft. from the edge of the lagoon and one foot under surface. Do not include
floating scum or debris. Mix thoroughly and send approximately 1 pint of liquid in a clean
plastic container to the laboratory.
SAMPLE FEE: A sample fee of $4.00 per sample is charged for waste analysis
20.000 copies of this public document were printed at a total cast of $697.44 at $0.075 ca.

Exhibit 10
Mortality Management 1�Iethods
k (check which method(s) are being implemented)
C� Burial three feet beneath the surface of the around within 24 hours after
knowledge of the death. The burial must be at least 300 feet from any flowing
stream or public body of water. .
�IV Rendering at a rendering plant licensed under G.S. 106-168.7
❑ Complete incineration
❑ In the case of dead poultry only; placing in a disposal pit of a size and design
approved by the Department of Agriculture
,1 Any method which in the professional opinion of the State Veterinarian would
make possible the salvage
e ofpart
approval of thanimalesStateewithout Veter Veterinarian mustbng
e
human or animal h
attached)
Rendering Company is:
Enterprixe Rendering Company
28821 Bethlehem Church Road
Oakboro, N.C. 28129
Ph # [phone]
December 13, 1996

Exhibit 11
Lagoon Liquid Irrigation Field Records
Farm Owner: Irrigation Operator.
SO
cn
JCB/BAE/NCSU/7-93/2
W

Lagoon Liquid Irrigation Records
Farm Owner
,ame -
ddress
hone:
Custom Applicator (if used)
'ield
No.
Date Irrigation Soil Crop
— -- Type Type
volume area
gals acres
Realistic
Yield, I
Ib,bu,ton
per acre
Nutrient Liquid Analysis Liquid Nutrients Applied Nutrient Balance,
Recommendations, Plant Available Nutrients, Plant Available, + / - , j
Ibs/acre Ibs/1000 gallons Ibs/acre Ibs/acre
N P205 K20 N P 2 0 5 K 2 0 Zn Cu N P205 K20 Zn Cu N P 2 0 5 K 2 0 Zn Cu
I
i
1
I
Totals
JCS/DAE/NCSU/7.93/1

sprinkler flow rate, gpm = from manufacturers data sheet based on sprinkler operating pressure and nozzle diameter
irrigation volume, gallons — no. of sprinklers operating x sprinkler flow rate, gpm x irrigation time, mins
irrigation area, acres — no. of sprinklers operating x sprinkler spacing width, ft x length, ft _ 43560 t
liquid nutrients applied, Ibs/ac = liquid nutrient analysis, Ibs/1.000 gallons _ 1000 x irrigation volume, gallons
irrigation area, acres
% x 83.5 = lbs/1000 gallons
ppm x .00835 = Ibs/1000 gallons
Ibs/1000 gallons x 27.154 = lbs/acre-inch

EXAMPLE RECORD KEEPING FORM
FARM. NAME:
OPERATOR IN CHARGE OR MANAGER: -
TELEPHONE NUMBER OF FARM MANAGER: -
CROP MAINTENANCE RECORDS

i:l4:u: rrr
TABLE 2 - Traveling Irrigation Gun Settings
hfake, Niodel and Type of Equipment:
Field No Travel
and Speed
Hydrant Not (Wrnin)
Application
Rate
(irv'hr)
TRAVEL LANE
Efrective Efrective
Width (fl) Length (A)
EQUIPMENT SETTINGS
Wetted Nozzle Operating Operating
Diameter Diameter Pressure Pressure Arc
(feet) (inches) .Gun (psi) Reel (psi) Pattem3 Comments.
I
I
_ I
I
4
I
I
I
I I I
I
I
1
V
I 1
I See attached map.
2Show separate entries for each hydrant location in each field.
3Use the following abbreviations for various arc patterns: F (full circle), TQ (three quarters), TT (two Utirds), H (half circle), T (one third), Q (one quarter).
May also use degrees of arc.
MRCS, NC
s JUNE, 1996

orm SLUR-1
Farm Owner
Spreader Operator
Tract # Field #
Slurry "and Sludge Application Field Record
For Recording Slurry Application Events on Different Fields
-- — � Facility Number
Date Crop Type e Field Size Application # of Loads Volume of Loads 2
(mmlddlyr) 1 (acres) Method Per Field (gallons)
' §I = soil incorporated (disked); BR = broadcast (surface applied)
Can be found in operator's manual for the spreader. Contact a local dealer if you do not have your owner's manual.

Form SLUR-2
Tract #
Field Size (acres) = (A)
Farm Owner
Owner's Address
Owner's Phone #
End Exhibit 11
Slurry and Sludge Application Field Record
One Form for Each Field Per Crop Cycle
Facility Number 1 7771-
Spreader Operator
Spreader Operator's
Address
Operator's Phone #
From Animal Waste Management Plan
Crop Type Recommended PAN
Loading (lb/acre) = (B)
!1\ !9l
Val
(dl
IM
(6)
m
(8)
Total Volume Volume Per Acre z PAN Applied Nitrogen Balance 3
Date Waste Analysis 1
�
(mm/dd/yr) # of Loads Per Field Volume of Loads (gallons) (gal/ac) PAN (lb/1000 gal) x (lb/a+) (Ib/ac)
(2) " (3) (4) + (A) ((5) (6)) 1,000 (B) - (7)
1
Crop Cycle Totals
Owner's Signature
Certified Operator (Print)
Operator's Signature
Operator Certification #
' Can be found in operators manual for the spreader. Contact a local dealer if you do not have your owners manual.
24 See your animal waste management plan for sampling frequency. At a minimum, waste analysis is required within 60 days of land application events.
3 Enter the value received by subtracting column (7) from (B). Continue subtracting column (7) from column (8) following each application event.

u,
U
Uj CC
wUj
co
in �j r,
7 V Z N
o , .x
r6;,T.
0
+-u)Uj��
V Lu 0 6C 'L
r' rc`i "r:7
isi O
u Ox
JIn
m
U
rx
0
Z
Distributed in furtherance
of the Acts of Congress
of May U and June 30. 1914.
Employment and program
opportunities are offered to
all people regardless of
race, color, national origin,
sex, ago, or disability. North
Carolina State University,
North Carolina A&T State
Universiry, U.S. Department
of Agriculture, and local
governments cooperating.
SoilFacts
Swine .Manure as a
Fertilizer Source
Swine manure can be an excellent source of nutrients for crop production. The Key
to proper management is determining the nutrient content of the manure, the
percentages of those nutrients that are available to the plant, and the nutrient
requirements of the plant. Considered together, these three factors will help you
apply the proper amount.
Nutrient Content of the Manure
Because the nutrient content of swine ma-
nurc varies among operations and over time,
the manurc must be analyzed before you
apply it to the land. Waste samples can be
analyzed for $4.00 by contacting the North
Carolina Department of Agriculture
(NCDA), Agronomic Division, Plant and
Waste Analysis Lab, P.O. Box 27647, Blue
Ridge Road Center, Raleigh, NC 27611.
Other qualified private laboratories are also
available (fees vary).
Samples collected for analysis should be
representative of the pit or lagoon. If the
waste is to be applied as a slurry, the storage
pit or basin should be agitated before sam-
pling. Collect approximately 3/4 of a pint of
material in an expandable container, being
sure to leave air space.
If you cannot have a sample analyzed,
determine the application rate by using the
average nutrient values for different swine
manurc systems shown in Table 1. Table 2
shows the average amounts of secondary and
Table 1. Nutrient Composition
of Swine Manure
Manure Total
Ammonium Phosphorus
P 0
Potassium
N
Type
NH,, N 2 5
Ib/ton
Fresh 12
7^ 9
12
9
°• 9
Scraped' 13
7
Ib/1,000 gallons
Liquid slurry2 31
19 22
17
Anaerobic
6 49
7
lagoon sludge 22
lb/acre-inch
Anaerobic
lagoon liquid 136
111 53
133
Source: Abridged from North Carolina Agricultural Chemicals Manual.
`
rCollocted within 1 week.. .
2Six-12 months accumulation of manure, urine, and excess water usage; does not include fresh water tor:.:;'::;
flushing or lot runoff.
• =r. .Jy wig;..': -
i it
,.40.E p,.�•��.. • r,•'
North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service
NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE & LIFE SCIENCES

I
micronutrients present in swine
manures. These values can be used
as planning guidelines, as long as
you realize that they arc not as
accurate as a sample analysis.
Nutrient Availabilities
The total nutrient content reported
on a manure analysis report (or (ltc
levels shown in Tables 1 and 2) is
not immediately available to the
crops when the manure is applied.
Some elements arc released when
the organic matter is decomposed by
soil microorganisms. Other elements
can combine will, soil constituents
and be made unavailable. Nitrogen
may also be lost to the atmosphere
through volatilization or dcnitrifica-
tion, depending on the application
method and soil moisture levels.
Table 3 lists the proportion of
nutrients available for crop use
during the first year of application
for given application methods.
When determining the application
rate, refer to the availability cocffi-
cient for the appropriate application
method, and then multiply that
number by the corresponding nutri-
ent value on the waste analysis
report (or by the values shown in
Tables 1 and 2). Waste analysis
reports from the NCDA's Agro-
nomic Division show the nutrient
availabilitics for titc first crop.
The most recently applied waste
is not the only source of nutrients;
they are also available from previ-
ous applications of manures or from
Table 3. First -Year Availability Coefficients for Swine Manure
Manure Soil
Type Injection' Incorporation Broadcast' Irrigation
P20, and K 2 0 availability coefficients
All manure types 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7
N availability coefficient
Scraped paved surface - 0.6 0.4 -
Liquid
manure slurry 0.8 0.7 0.4 0.3
Anaerobic
lagoon liquid 0.9 0.8 0.5 0.5
Anaerobic
lagoon sludge 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.4
'Manure injected directly into soil and immediately covered.
2Surface-spread manure plowed or disked into soil within two days.
'Surface -spread manure uncovered for one month or longer.
'Sprinkler -irrigated liquid uncovered for one month or longer.
legumes crops. With the exception
of nitrogen, updated soil tests are
the. best means of determining
nutrient reserves from manure
applications. Table 4 can be used to
estimate available nitrogen carry-
over from legumes.
Application Rates
Land application rates of manure are
generally determined by matching
the available nitrogen or phosphorus
content of the wastes to the nutrient
requirements of the crops. In most
cases, nitrogen determines the
application rate unless the area is
designated "nutrient sensitive" and
indicates that phosphorus movement
,.:;:Table 2. Secondary and Micronutrient Content of Swine Manures
off -site could contaminate surface
waters. In areas not designated as
nutrient sensitive, phosphorus
movement can be adequately con-
trolled with conservation methods
that minimize soil and nutrient
runoff. The conservation methods
include grass field borders, grassed
waterways, contour planting, and
reduced tillage. Leaching of phos-
phorus is extremely limited on
mineral soils and should not contrib-
ute to groundwater contamination.
Nitrogen recommendations for
various crops arc listed in Table 5.
Use these rates as guidelines with
tltc realistic yield capabilities for
each crop and field. With feed and
forage crops, excessive manure
.Manure7ype
Ca
Mg
S
Na
Fe Mn
B
Mo
Zn
Cu
1y:
lb/ton
.:;:.
Fresh
7.9
1.7
1.8
1.6
0.39 0.04
0.074
0.00066
0.12
0.02
,4; Paved lot scraped
1.2.0
2.3
2.2
1.6
1.03 0.19
0.015
0.00007
0:35
0.15
-
Ib/1,000 gallons
` Liquid slurry
8.6
2.9
4.7
3.7
0.69 0.15
0.069
0.0011
0.39
.0.11
Lagoon sludge
15.8
4.5
8.3
2.9
118 0.28
0.023
0.0095
0.67
0.23
lb/acre-inch
5 q
. :Lagoon liquid
25.5
8.3 . •'
10.0
:,-57.7 -':::
2.4 .34
0.18
0.0045
1.5
?'� Source: Biological and Agricultural Engineering Department, NCSU.

Table 4. Estimated Residual Nitrogen Provided by a Good
Stand of Legumes Grown in Rotation �^
Legume Residual Nitrogen Available
(lb/acre)
Alfalfa' J 80-100
Harry vetch' 80-100
60-75
Crimson clover
Austrian winter pea' 50-60
Soybeans2 15-30
Peanuts2 20-40
'Killed before planting current spring crop.
'Legume planted in previous year or season. More nitrogen will be available if the
fall -planted crop immediately follows the legume. On sandy soils and in years with
normally high precipitation, loss nitrogen will be available to spring -planted crops.
Table 5. Nitrogen Fertilization Guidelines
Commodity
Corn (grain)
Corn (silage)
Cotton
Sorghum (grain)
Wheat (grain)
Rye (grain)
Barley (grain)
Triticale (grain)
Oats
Bermudagrass (hay2-3)
Tall fescue (hay2•3)
Orchardgrass (hay2.3)
Small grain(hay2-3)
Sorghum-sudangrass (hay'-)
Millet (hay2-1)
Pine and hardwood trees'
lb N/RYE'
1.0 - 1.25 lb N/bu
10 - 20 lb N/ton
0.06 - 0.12 lb N/lb lint
2.0 - 2.5 lb N/cwt
1.7 - 2.4 lb N/bu
1.7 - 2.4 lb N/bu
1.4 - 1.6 lb N/bu
1.4 - 1.6 lb Nlbu
1.0 - 1.3 lb N/bu
40 - 50 lb N/dry ton
40 - 50 lb N/dry ton
40 - 50 lb N/dry ton
50 - 60 lb N/dry ton
45 - 55 lb N/dry ton
45 - 55 lb N/dry ton
40 - 60 lb Nlacrelyear
'RYE = Realistic Yield Expectation
2Annual maintenance guidelines
'Reduce. N rate by 2-5percentwhen grazing
40n trees less than 5 feet tall, N will stimulate undergrowth competition
application can produce high nitrate
concentrations, which can harm
livestock (through nitrate poisoning)
and promote nutrient imbalances
that may lead to grass tetany. If
loading rates are based on phospho-
rus, apply the MUM suggested by
soil test recommendations. Other
nutrients such as potassium, magne-
sium, and the micronutricnts manga-
nesc, zinc, and copper may not be
supplied in sufficient quantities for
normal crop production. In such
cases, apply the supplemental
nutrients with a commercial ferti-
lizer as recommended by a current
soil test.
In addition to the supply of
nutrients, proper soil pI-I-is required
to promote organic matter decompo-
sition, improve crop yields, and
ensure nutrient availability. The
biological conversion of organic
matter to nitrate is an acid-forming
process that will continue to reduce
soil pl-1 unless you follow an adc-
quatc sampling and liming program.
To liclp you determine land
application rates, a worksliect is
provided at the end of this publica-
tion.
Timing of Manure
Applications
In addition to carefully calculating
the application rate, you must also
minimize the delay between apply-
ing the manure and planting the
crop. Precise timing increases the
amount of nitrogen used by the crop
and thus reduces leaching. The risk
of surface water and groundwater
contamination is greater in areas of
high rainfall and where manures arc
applied in the fall or winter for
spring crops. On sandy -textured
soils, apply manures at low rates
throughout the growing season,
wherever possible, to reduce nitro-
gen leaching caused by Elie soil's
low nutrient -holding capacity.
Exercise caution when applying
lagoon liquid through irrigation onto
standing crops that arc undergoing
stresses.
Acreage Requirements
for New Facilities
Whenever samples of-manurc or
lagoon liquid are available for
analysis, the specific results should
be used to determine application
rates and acreage requirements.
However, when you arc planning
new facilities, average values can
help determine the approximate
acreage requirements for a given
size swine operation. Table 6 can be
used to determine the minimum
acreage a new unit will ncbd for
manure use.
An example will make these
methods clear. A producer is inter-
cstcd in starting a 500-sow farrow-

Swinc Mantu•c as a Fertilizer Source
to -finish operation using an anaero-
bic lagoon collection system. The
producer is considering spraying the
lagoon liquid effluent on bcrmu-
dagrass being grown for hay. The
realistic yield expected for this field
is 6 dry tons per acrc. How many
acres of ber-mudagrass would be
needed?
Using Table 5, tine maximum
nitrogen (N) rate required is 300 lb
per acrc (6 tons x 501b N/ton). Go
now to Table 6 under surface broad-
cast column 300, and you will find
that each sow would require 0.0867
acres to utilize its waste. A 500-sow
operation would thus require 43.4
acres (0.0867 x 500 = 43.4).
Value of Manure
To compare the value of manurc to
commercial fertilizer, convert the
manure nutrients to available nutri-
cnts by using their availability
coefficients. In the example that
follows, the amount of available
nitrogen (N), phosphorus (PZOS), and
potassium (K,O) in cacti inch of
lagoon liquid is approximately 68,
37, and 93 pounds per acrc, respec
lively. At $0.225 per pound of
nitrogen, $0.22 per pound of phos-
pliale, and $0.12 per pound of
potash, the manures gross worth is
(68 x $.225) + (37 x $.22) +
(93 x $.12)
or
$15.30 + $8.14 + $11.16 = $34.60
per acrc for each inch of lagoon
liquid.
Table 6. Minimum Amount of Land Needed to Apply Swine Manure as a Nitrogen Fertilizer
Based on the Nitrogen Rate Required by the
Crop.
Soil Incorporated'
Surface Broadcast2
lb N/acre/year
100
200
300
400
100
200
300
400
'Manure Handling
and Production Unit
T
Acres/animal
unit capacity
Paved Lot Scraped Manure
Weanling-to-feeder per head
0.025
0.012
0.0082
0.0062
0.0158
0.0074
0.0049
0.0037
Feeder -to -finish per head
0.12
0.061
0.041
0.030
0.073
0.036
0.024
0,018
Farrow-to-weanling per sow
0.29
0.14
0.095
0.071
0.17
0.085
0.057
0.043
Farrow -to -feeder per sow
0.34
0.17
0.11
0.086
0.21
0.10
0.069
0.051
Farrow -to -finish per sow
1.4
0.70
0.47
0.35
0.84
0.42
0.28
0.21
:...Liquid Manure Slurry
Weanling-to-feeder per head
0.031
0.015
0.010
0.0077
0.019
0.0095
0.0063
0.0047
Feeder -to -finish per head
0.15
0.076
0.051
0.038
0.094
0.0470
0.031
0.023
` :'`Farrow-to-weanling per sow
0.36
0.18
0.12
0.089
0.22
0.11
0.073
0.055
Farrow -to -feeder per sow
0.43
0.21
0.14
0.11
0.26
0.13
0.088
0.066
I Farrow -to -finish per -sow.
1.7
0.87
0.58
0.44
1.1
0.54
0.36
0.27
Anaerobic Lagoon Sludge
Weanling-to-feeder per head
0.0019
0.0010
0.0006
0.0005
0.0016
0.0008
0.0005
0.0004
Feeder -to -finish per head
0.0094
0.0047
0.0031
0.0024
0.0078
0.0039
0,0026
0.0019
Farrow-to-weanling per sow
0.015
0.007.4
0.0049
0.0037
0.018
0.0091
0.0061
0.0046
Farrow -to feeder per sow
0.018
0.0089
0,0059
0.0044
0.022
0.011
0.0073
0,0055
'Farrow -to -finish per sow
0.11
0.054
0.036
0.027
0.089
0.045
0.030
0.022
,..Anaerobic Lagoon Liquid
Weanling-to-feeder per head
0.0075
0.0038
0.0025
0.0019
0.0048
0.0024
0.0016
0.0012
Feeder -to -finish per head
0.037
0.018
0.012
0.0092
0.023
0.012
0.0078
0.0058
Farrow-to-weanling per sow
0.084
0.042
0.028
0.021
0.054
0.027
0.018
0.013
Farrow -to -feeder per sow
0.10
0.051
0.034
0.025
0.065
0.032
0.022
0.016
Farrow -to -finish per sow
0.41
0.21
0.14
0.10
0.26
0.13
0.088
0.066
'Incorporated within 2 days
2Not incorporated for 1 month or longer; lagoon liquid irrigated.
11
i

Swine Manure as a Ferfilizer Source
This value dues nol include
labor or irrigation equipment costs,
nor does it include the value of any
secondary or micronutrients avail-
ablc in the manure. In addition, it
assumes that the soil test has indi-
cated a need for each nutrient,
when, in fact, many nutrients may
not be needed. Nutrients not needed
should not be considered in assess-
ing the financial value of the ma-
nure.
Land Application
Worksheet
Farmer Jones has a swine operation
in which lagoon liquid is applied
through a travel gun to fertigalc a
field for corn. His yield goal is
about 120 bushels per acre, and lie
decides to apply, the equivalent of
120 pounds of nitrogen per acre
(Table 5). His land is not subject to
erosion, nor is it in a nutrient sensi-
Worksheet: Determining the Nutrient Needs of Your Crop
1. Crop to be grown
2.Total nutrients required
a. N (fable 5) (lb/acre)
b. P.O. (soil test) (lb/acre)
c. K20 (soil test) (lb/acre)
3. Pounds of starter or preplarit fertilizer used
a. N (lb/acre)
b. PZor, (lb/acre)
c. K,O.(Ib/acre)
4. Residual N credit from legumes (fable 4) (lb/acre)
5. Net nutrient needs of crop (lb/acre)
live walershed. "1'hc corn crop will
be planted in the same field that had
soybeans last year. He has grass
borders on his field to further reduce
the potential of nutrient or pesticide
runoff.
Farmer Jones uses a starter
fertilizer on his corn crop at a rate to
supply 10 pounds of nitrogen per
acre and 34 pounds of Pi Os per acre.
He intends to supply the remainder
of nitrogen from liquid swine lagoon
Example
corn
120
50
50
10
34
0
20
Nitrogen: Total need (item 2a) minus additional N from
starter (item 3a), minus legume (item 4)
a. N: 120 —10 — 20 (lb/acre) 90
Phosphorus and potassium: Total need (items 2b and 2c)
minus additional nutrients from starter (items 3b and 3c)
b. P203: 50 — 34 (Ib/acre) 16
C. KO: 50 — 0 (lb/acre) 50
RATE OF MANURE TO APPLY
6. Nutrient totals in manure (from Table 1 or waste samples). If analysis
report already gives available nutrients, skip this item.
a. Total N (lb/acre-inch) 136
b. _P20., (lb/acre-inch) 53
c. K20 (lb./acre-inch) 133
Your Farm

end Exhibit 12
Soffads
effluent. I•low mucli effluent does he will be needed to supplement the of 50 pounds of each nutrient per 1
need to apply to meet the nitrogen crop with additional K,O or 1',0, to acre? The answers are given in the
needs of his corn crop? flow much satisfy his soil test recommendations workshcet.
Worksheet (continued)
Example Your Farm
7. Nutrients"available to crop (items 6a, 6b, and 6c) times availability
coefficients (fable 3)
a. Available N: 136 x 0.5 (lb/acre-inch), 68
b. Available P205: 53 x 0.7 (lb/acre-inch) 37
c. Available K20: 133 x 0.7 (lb/acre-inch) 93
8.Application rate to supply priority nutrient
a. Priority nutrient nitrogen
b. Amount of priority nutrient needed (lb/acre from item 5a) 90
c. Rate of manure needed to supply priority nutrient
(item 8b)/(item 7a): 90/68 (acre -inch) 1.32
9. Pounds per acre of all nutrients supplied at the application rate
required to meet the needs for the priority nutrient. For each nutrient,
multiply the available nutrients (items 7a, 7b, and 7c) by manure rate (item 8c).
a. N supplied: 68 x 1.32 (lb/acre) 90
b. P205 supplied: 37 x 1.32 (lb/acre) 49
c. K20 supplied: 93 x 1.32 (lb/acre) 123
10.Nutrient Balance: Net nutrient need (—) or excess (+) after application
of manure at calculated rate. Subtract the net nutrient needs of the crop
(items 5a, 5b, and 5c) from the nutrient rate applied (items 9a, 9b, and 9c).
a. N balance: 90 — 90 (lb/acre) 0
b. P205 balance: 49 —16 (Ib/acre) +33
C. K20 balance: 123 — 50 (lb/acre) +73
Source: Calculation format modified from Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources, Field Application of Manure,
October 1986.
Prepared by
J. A Zublena, Exterrsiolt Soil Science Specialist
J. C. Barker, Extension Agricultural Enginecrins Specialist
J. W. Parker, Extension Area Swine Spccialisl (retired)
C. M. Stanislaw, Extension Swine Specialist
The authors wish to acknowledge the assistance and cooperation of the North Carolina Department of Agriculture's
Agronomic Division in the analysis of samples and the development of the data base used in this publication.
— 10,000 copies of this public docuttrent were pruned at a cost of $1,422.00, or $.14 per copy. J
Published by
NORTH CAROLINA COOPERATIVE EXTENSION SERVICE Y
6/93-10M—MOC—Woodard (Revised) AG439.
WOWM-39

633-6
k
Table I
Exhibit 13
EPA Regulations on Land Application of Sewage Sludge:
Metal Loadinv Rates 503 Rcph tions)
Ceiling
Monthly avcra�c
Maximum cumulative
Maximum annual
Metal
concentrations
concentration
Ioadinz rate
loadinr rate
mg/kg
mg/kg
kg/ha
kg/ha
Arsenic (As)
75
41
41
2.0
Cadmium (Cd)
85
39
39
1.9
Chromium (Cr).
3000
1200
3000
150
Copper (Cu)
4300
1500
1500
75
Lead (Pb)
840
300
300
15
Mercury (Fig)
57
17
17
0.85
Molvbdcmum (Mo)
75
18
18
0.90
Nickel (Ni)
420
420
420
21
Scicaiurn (Se)
100
36
100
5.0
Zinc (Zn)
7500
2800
2800
140
r
11All sludges applied to land must have concentrations less than the ceiling concentration.
r/ Sludges with this concentration or less and which meet Class A vector and pathogen reduction requirements arc classified as clean biosolids. Do
not require land application site permits.
TABLE
2 Soil Test Values Indicating Potential Phytotoxic Problems'
Soil Cation Exchange Capacity (meq/100cn?)
Metal 1-5
6-10 11-15 15+
lbs/ac
Index
lbs/ac Index lbs/ac Index lbs/ac Index
Zinc 50
704
75 1056 125 1761 250 3521
Copper 25
694
45 1250 65 1805 125 3472
,1
Any field office receiving a request for assistance involving municipal or industrial sludge should contact a resource specialist at the State Mce by
lbllowing the proper protocol.
t' North Carolina Department oCAgriculturc Agronomic Division
PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS
A written Waste Utilization Plan shall be a part of
each waste management system design. Exhibit A is
an example of the minimum acceptable Waste
Utilization Plan and includes the minimum
specifications.
Plans and specifications are to be prepared for
specific field sites, based on the standard. Plans and
specifications include construction plans, drawings,
job sheets, construction specifications, narrative
statements, or other similar documents. These
documents are to specify the requirements for
installing the practice, such as the kind, amount, or
quality of materials to be used, or the timing or
sequence of installation activities.
OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
Operation and maintenance requirements shall be
part of the waste utilization plan.
NRCS, NC
SEPU1,0FR,1996
Rev. 1
t

EXHIBIT 14
Guide for Forage
f + in North Carolina
P. T
,r i
This planting guide provides the best available information about planting rates, depths,
and stand evaluation for forage crops commonly grown in North Carolina. The process of
establishing a forage crop is very important because.
❑ It is expensive—$100 to $250 per acre;
-- ❑ Perennial crops can remain productive for several years without replanting, and thus
poor stands can result in long-term low yields and increased production costs,
❑ Soil and water conservation and animal feeding depend upon rapid establishment
of persistently good stands.
Distributed in furtherance
of the Acts of Congress
of May ©'and Juno 30, 1914.
Employment and program
opportunities aro offored to
all people regardless of
race, color, national origin,
sox, age, or disability.
North Carolina Slate University,
North Carolina A&T Stale
University, U.S. Department of
Agriculture, and local
governments cooperating.
Variety Selection
Variety selection can influence the produc-
tivity and persistence of a crop, but most
of the information provided here applies to
all varieties of the same species. Informa-
tion on variety performance can be
obtained from Extension Service publica-
tion AG-49, Forage Crops Variety Testing,
or from Forage Memos, available from the
Department of Crop Science. Remember,
however, that poor stands can nullify the
influence of even the best varieties.
Planting Region
The climate and soils of North Carolina
vary considerably across the state. This
variation makes it necessary to plant at
different times in each area. The state can
be divided into three major regions: moun-
tains, piedmont, and coastal plain. The
planting dates in this guide are listed for
the major regions and are based on
normal growing conditions.
A review of the average freezing dates
in the spring (Figure 1) and fall (Figure 2)
indicates significant differences in weather
within and between the three major
regions. Therefore, the planting dates
r'''�.t�
ZN
suggested may be adjusted a few days on
the basis of local experience and weather
records. For example, the optimum
planting dates for the mountains are 15 to
30 days earlier in the fall than those for
the piedmont, but a review of the tempera-
ture records indicates that the best
planting dates in the southern mountains
may be similar to those in the piedmont.
Planting Time
Establishing a successful forage crop
depends partly on weather conditions
shortly before and after planting. Years of
field research and experience under North
Carolina's varied growing conditions have
made it possible for researchers to
recommend planting dates that will most
likely lead to success or minimize risk.
Delaying planting until the last possible
dates indicated in the table may reduce
the chance of a good stand by 30 to 50
percent.
Time of planting is important because
the survival rate of developing seedlings is
related to the time at which stress occurs
from drought, freezing, or competition for
light and nutrients. If no sugl stress
North Carolina
Cooperative Extension Service
NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE & LIFE SCIENCES

occurs, or if it occurs after seedlings are r
well established, survival and produc- CV a
tion losses can be minimized.
Fall Plantings. In general, the
Mountains
perennial cool -season forages
can best be established by ..
planting in the fall in a disked
or plowed seedbed that is firm
and smooth. Seedbeds can
best be prepared during favor-
able autumn weather when weeds are not as
competitive. Furthermore, seedling root systems can
become well established before hot, dry weather the
following season. However, late fall plantings can
result in winter injury from freezing and heaving.
A disadvantage to autumn planting is that there is
often not enough moisture for good germination and
seedling development. Planting in a hot,
dry seedbed is a gamble because a
light rain followed by continued N
drought can cause germination,
then death of the seedlings. If Mountains o
planting is delayed beyond the Oct
possible seeding dates listed 2
here, it is best to wait until the � �•
following spring or fall. Estab-
lishment
thigh
risk w nterkillunneces unnecessarily.
to oa �o
Here are some points to remem- O
ber about fall planting:
■ Cool -season grass seedlings are more tolerant
of freezing temperatures and heaving than legumes.
■ In prepared seedbeds, alfalfa and Ladino clover
should have five to seven true leaves present before
frequent freezing weather occurs.
o In prepared seedbeds, grasses should have three
to four leaves before freezing weather occurs.
Spring Plantings. Spring plantings in the piedmont
and mountains may be justified (1) if land or sod is
prepared in the fall or winter, and plantings can be
made early enough for the crop to become established
before summer stress; (2) if seedling diseases on
legumes have usually been a problem for fall plant-
ings; and (3) if summer weeds can be controlled while
the seedlings develop.
Sod Seeding
Fall plantings can be made later in sod than in pre-
pared seedbeds because the existing sod provides
protection for the developing seedlings during the
winter.
Coastal Plain
Piedmont
•
Apr I
AN-
=F lyy�
�,��I�'-
P ^ Apr 1
�Q Sandhills
Mac IS -
Figure 1. Average date of last freezing temperature
(320F) in spring.
w O..M •..I. QJ
° Sandhills �•��� "'°`" ""°" p�'
Nov 9 ��ti�
Noy �9
Figure 2. Average date of first freezing temperature
(32°F) in fall.
When planting ladino clover in an established sod
of tall fescue or other cool -season grass, late winter or
early spring (February to March) plantings are often as
effective as fall plantings. However, fall sod plantings
of alfalfa in fescue have been more successful than
late winter plantings in the piedmont and coastal plain,
except for late winter plantings made in sod killed the
previous fall. When planting low-endophyte fescue or
orchardgrass in existing sod, it is best to plant in the
fall. (See Forage Memo 16 for details.)
Seeding Rates
Seeding rates vary because of seed size, purity,
germination percentage, and seedling vigor. Under
adverse conditions, only 10 to 50 percent of the seeds
planted will establish successfully. Therefore, -many
seeds are needed to obtain a satisfactory stand.
(2)

FORAGE PLANTING GUIDE FOR NORTH CAROLINA
Seeding Rate
(lb/acre)
1
0: brcadcr<sl
D: drill (4• to 9•
Mountains
inch rows)
R: row (30+ inches)
Planting
Depth
(above 2,500 it elevation)"
See footnote for below 2,500 It Piedmont and Tidewater"
Coastal Plain"
Crop
PLS: pure live seeds
B:15-25; D:t0.20
(inches)
'/, • IANot
Best Dates Possible Dales Best Dales Possible Dates
adapted Not well adapted
Best Dates Possible Dates
Fab 15 Mar 15 Feb 1•Mar 31
PERENNIAL GRASSES
Bahiagrass
Mar 1-Mar 31 Feb 15-Apr 15 or
lhru Jul 8 irrigated
Bermudagrass (Hybrid)
13:25.40;
1 •3
Nol adapted Mar 1 Mar 31 Feb 15-May 1 or
thru Jul it irrigated
Sprigs - bu.=1.2510
R:5.15 bushels
Not adapted Apr 15-May 15 Apr 1Jun 15
Apr I -May 15 Mar 15-Jun 7
Bermudagrass
9:6-8; D:5-7
'/, '/,
(Common -seed only)
-
15-Jun 15 May 1-Jun 30 -May 10 Jun 1 May t Jun 30
Apr 20 May 15 Apr 10 Jun 30
PLS;
_
'/: 3/4May
Big Bluestem
0:8.10
B;10-12 PLS
25-Aug 10 Jul 15 Aug 25 1 Not well adapted — —
Not well adapted
B:10.15; D:8 12
1/4Jul
i3lucgrass
Apr 20-May 15 Apr 10-Jun 30 .
Caucasian Blucsicm
D:2 PLS; B:4 PLS
'/, %:
May 15-Jun 15 May I -Jun 30 I May 10-Jun 1 May 1-Jun 30
Dallisgrass
B:20 30; D:15 20
'/, - y:
—
Not adapted
No well adapted
Mar 1•Mar 30 Feb 15 Apr 15
May 15•Jun 15 May 1•Jun 30
May 10-Jun 1 May 1-Jun 30
Apr 20 May 15 Apr 10 Jun 30
—f
Eastern Gammagrass
i D:10.15 PLS;
/,
'. t
B: Do not broadcast
May 15•Jun 7 Apr 15-Jul 1
May 7-Jun 1 Apr 15Jun 15
Feb 15-Mar 15 Feb 1-Mar 30
Flaccidgrass
D:2 4; Precision
Jun 1-Jun 15 May 15-Jul 1
plant: 1.2;
Sprig: 341/11, in 18'
1/4- '/a
2-3
Mar 1-Apr 7 Feb 15-Apr 15
May 15-Jun 15 May 1-Jul 15
Feb 20-Mar 20 Feb 1-Mar 30
Apr 25-Jun 1 - Apr 15-Jul 15
Apr 25-May 20 Apr 15-Jul 10
r
rows; Idlers: 2.4/11
root cove,
-
May 15-Jun 15 May 1•Jun 30
May 10-Jun 1 May 1-Jun 30
Apr 20-May 15 Apr 10-Jun 30
^
D:8.10 PLS;
'/: '/,
Indiangrass
8:10-12 PLS
'/, %:
---•
_ __
Jul 25 Aug 10 Jul 15-Aug 20
_ _
Aug 25-Sep 15 Aug 25-Oct 25
Nol well adapted
Orehardgrass
0:12-15; D:8 12
Mar 20-Apr 20 Mar 1-May 15
Fob 15-Mar 31
Aug 25 Sep 15 Aug 25.Oct 25
Not well adapted
Reed canary —grass ggrass
B:5-10; D:4.8
'/, - %a
Jul 25-Aug 10 Jul 15•Aug 20
Mar 20-Apr 20 Mar 1-May 15
Mar 1•Mar 31
Sep _1.Sep 15 Aug 25 Oct 15
Sep t•Sep 30 Aug 25 Oct 15
Rescuegrass
D:20.25; 8:25 35
y: -'/,
Aug 20 Sep 7 Aug 15 Oc11
Mar 15-Mar 30 Mar 1-Apr 30
Mar 1-Mar 30 Feb 15-Apr 30
Smooth Bromegrass
8:10.20; D.8.15
'/, . '%
Jul 25•Aug 10 Jul 15-Aug 20
Not well adapted
Not adapted
I
Mar 20-Apr 20 Mar I -May 15
__
J Switchgrass
0:8.12 PLS
%: - 3/4May
15-Jun 15 May IJun 30
May I -Jun 1• Apr 1-Jun 30
25
0-J
Apr 10-May 15 Apr 1un 30
M
Sep 1-Sep 30 Sep 1-Ocl 31
Tall Fescue
13:15.20; D.10.15
'/. %:
Jul 25•Aug 10 Jul 15-Aug 20
Aug 25-Sep 15 Aug 25-Oct
Feb 15•Mar 31
Feb 15-Mar 20
Mar 20-Apr 20 Mar 1 -May 15
-
Not well adapted
Not adapted
Timothy
B;10-12; D:8-10 —
'b - 1/2Jul
25-Aug 10 Jul 15•Aug 20
—
Mar 20-Apr 20 Mar 1•May 15
MIXTURES
25-Aug 10 Jul 15-Aug 20
Aug 25-Sep 15 Aug 25 Oct 15
Not well adapted
Orchardgrass +Alfalfa
B:5 + 20; 0:3 + 15
'AJul
Mar 20-Apr 20 Mar 1-May 15
Orchardgrass + Ladino
B:12 + 4; D:9 + 3
'/,
Jul 25-Aug 10 Jul 15-Aug 20
Aug 25-Sep 15 Aug 25-Oct 15
Not well adapted
Clover
Mar 20-Apr 20 Mar 1-May 15
Feb 15-Mar 31
Orchardgrass + Red
8:12 + 10; D:9 + 8
'/,
Jul 25-Aug 10 Jul .15•Aug 20
Aug 25-Sep 15 Aug 25-Oct 15
Not adapted
Clover
Mar 20-Apr 20 Mar 1-May 15
Feb 15-Mar 31
Tail Fescue + Ladino
B:10 + 4; 0:8 + 3
1/4Jul
25•Aug 10 Jul 15-"Aug 20
Aug 25-Sep 15 Aug 25-Oct 15
Feb 15-Mar 31
Sep 1 Sep 30 Sep 1.Oel
20
soils only) Feb 15-Mar 2
Clover
Mar 20-Apr 20 Mar 1-May 15
Aug 25-Sep 15 _ Aug 25.Oci 15
15-Mar 31
_(heavy
Sep 1•Sep 30 Sep 1-Oct 25
(heavy soils only) Fab 15-Mar 20
Tall Fescue +Red ^.
6:10 + 8; D:0 + 6
'/,`
Jul 25 Aug. 10 Jul 15 Aug 20
Clover
1.2
Mar 20-Apr 20 Mar 1-May 15
Aug 1-Aug 20 Aug 1-Oct 10
Feb
Aug 25-Sep 15 Aug 20 Oct 31 _
Not well adapted
ANNUAL GRASSES
— Barley
8:140; D:100
Millet, Pearl (Cattail)
0:20.25; 0:15.20;
%a • 1 %a
May 15-May 31 May 1-Jun 30
May 1•May 31 Apr 25-Jun 30
May 1-May 15 Apr 20-Jun 30
__ Millet, Foxtall, and
R:6.10
D:10.15; R:5.7
%• 1'/:
May 15-May 31 May 1•Jun 30
---
May 1-May 31 May 1Jun 30
May 1 MaydS Apr 20-Jun 30
Japanese (Not as
productive as Pearl)
Oats
B:130; 0:100
1-2
Not well adapted
Aug 25-Sep 15 Aug 20.Ocl 31
Sep 5-Sep 30 Sep I -Nov 15
V
Rye
8:120; D:100
1. 2
Aug 1•Aug 20 Aug I.Oct 10 •
Aug 25-Sep 15 Aug_20.Oct 31
Sep 5-Sep 30 Sep 1• Nov 15
_
'/, _ 1/2Jul
25-Aug 10 Jul 15-Aug 31-�
Aug 25-Sep 15 Aug 20 Oct 31 Sep 1-Sep 30 Sep 1-Oct 31 _
_
Ryegrass
B:30-40; D:20.30 _
(3)

I,
FORAGE PLANTING GUIDE FOR NORTH CAROLINA (continued)
Seeding Rate
(lb/acre) ,.
B: broadcast
D: drill (4- to 0- Mountains
inch rows) Planting (above 2,500 It elevation)`
R: row (30+ inches) Depth Sao footnote for below 2,500 It Piedmont and Tidewater"Coastal Plain"'
Crop PLS: pure live seeds (inches) Best Dates Possible Dales Best Dates Possible Dates Best Dates Possible Dates
Ryegrass Reduce ryegrass See Sao small grain or clover See small grain or clover See small grain or clover
With small grain or rate by 50% ryegrass,
clover mixture) grain, or
clover
Sorghum (Sudan) 8:35.40; D:20.30; 'h -1 May 15-May 31 May 1-Jun 30 May 1-May 31 Apr 25-Jun 30 May 1-May 15 Apr 20-Jun 30
R:15.20
Sorghum, Forage (Silage), RA-6 1 - 1'% May 15-May 31 May i-Jun 30 May 1-May 31 Apr 25-Jun 30 May 1-May 15 Apr 20-Jun 30
Sudangrass 0:30.40; D:20 25 1 •2 May 15-May 31 May 1-Jun 30 May I -May 31 Apr 25Jun 30 May I -May 15 Apr 20-Jun 30
Aug 1.Oct 1D Aug 25-Sop 15 Aug 20.Oc131 Sep 5-Sep 30 Sep 1-Nov 15
Wheat 8:120; D:100 1-2 Aug I -Aug 20
See dates for rains See dales for grains
Small Grain Mix Reduce each 1 •2 See dales for grains 9
(2 Grains) selection by 50%
Small Grain Reduce each %, 1 See dates for grains and ryegrass See dates for grains and ryegrass See dales for grains and ryegrass
Ryegrass Mix selection by 25%
PERENNIAL LEGUMES
Alfalfa 13:20.25; D:15.20
'/.
Jul 25-Aug 1.0
Mar 1-Apr 7
Alta Ila (For sod seeding 0:15.20
'h - y:
Jul 25-Aug 101
into grass)
Sep 15-Oct it
Birdslool Trefoil ~; B:0.10; D:6.8
'/4 _
Jul 25-Aug 10
Crownvetch i B:15.20; D:10.15
'/4 • 'h
Jul 25-Aug 10
(For erosion control)
Mar 20-Apr 20
Ladino or White Clover 8:5; D:3-5
'b
Jul 25-Aug 10
_
'h • 'h
Mar 20-Apr 20
Jul 25-Aug 10'
Ladino (For sod seeding 1 8:5; D:3.5
into grass)
Aug 1-Sep 11
Mar i-Mar 20
J—
Red Clover B:10.15; D:8.10
'h '/1
Jul 25-Aug 10
Jul 25-Aug 101
Red Clover (For sod
B:10.15; 0:8.10
'h .''/,
seeding into grass)
Aug 1-Sep 11
B:20-40; D:15.30
'/4 -'h
Mar 1-Mar 20
Mar 15-Apr 15
Sericea Lespedcza
(Dehulled)
13:20.30; D:10-15
'h
Jul 25-Aug 10
Sweelclover
(Dehulled)
Mar 1-Apr 7
ANNUAL LEGUMES
Jul 15-Aug 20
Mar 1•Apr 15
Jul 25.Oct 15
Jul 15-Aug 30
Jul 15-Aug 20
Mar 1•Apr 15
Jul 15-Aug 20
Mar 1-May 15
Aug 1-Sep 15
Mar 1•MaL1S
Jul 15-Aug 20
Mar 1-May 15
Aug 1•Sep 15
Mar 1•MaY 15
Mar 1•Apr 30
Jul 15-Aug 20
Mar 1-Apr 15
Aug 25-Sep 15 Aug 25-Oct 15 Sep I -Sep 30 Sep 1.Ocl 31
Mar 1-Mar 31
Aug 25-Sep 15' Oct 15-Oct 25 Sep 1-Oct 31
Oct 10-Oct 201 Aug 25-Oct 20
Not well adapted Not well adapted
Aug 25-Sep 15 Aug 15-Oct 25 Not well adapted
Mar I -Mar 30 Mar 1•Apr 15
r
Aug 25-Oct 15
Sep 1-Oc125
Aug 25-Sep 15
Mar 1-Mar 31
Sep 1-Sep 30
Feb 15-Mar 20
Aug 25-Sep 151
Sep 1-Sep 301
Oct 7.Ocl 151
Aug 25-Oct 25
Oct 7.Ocl 151
Sap i -Oct 31
Feb 20-Mar 10
Feb 15-Mar 20
; Feb 15-Feb 28
Feb 10-Mar 15
Aug 25-Sep 30
Sep 1.Oct 15
Aug 25-Sep 15
Feb 15-Mar 30
Sep 1-Sep 30
Feb 15-Mar 20
Aug 25-Sep 151
Sep I -Sep 301
Oct 7-Oct 151
Aug 25-Oct 25
Oct 7-Oct 151
Sep 1.Oet 31
Feb 20-Mar 10
Feb 15-Mar 20
Feb 15-Feb 28
Feb 10-Mar 15
Mar 1-Mar 20
Feb 15-Apr 30
Mar 1•Mar 20
Feb 15-Apr 30
Aug 25-Oct 15
Sep 1-Sep 30
Sep 1.Ocl 31
5
Mar 1-Mar 31
Aug 25-Sep 1
Crimson Clover
8:20.25: 0:15•_2_0_
—'/�
Jul 25 Aug 10 Jul 15 Aug 20__
Auk 25�Sep 15 Aug 25:Oc125
Crimson Clover (Mixed
B:20; D:15
'h
Same as Crimson clover
Same as Crimson clover
with Ryegrass or
Reduce grain by 1/3
Small Grainj
15-Mar 31 Mar 1-Apr 15
Feb 10-Fab 20 Feb 1 Mar 30
Lespedeza, Kobe
0:30-40
1/4. 1/2Mar
Korean
Subterranean Clover
B:20.30
May not bet adapted
Aug 25-Sep 15 Aug 15-Ocl 25
B:10.20; D:8.15
% • '/r
Vetch (Common, Hairy)
8:25.40; D:20.30
1/2 - 1'/,
Jul 25-Aug 10 Jul 15-Aug 30
Aug 25-Sep 30 Aug 25 Oct 25
B:20.30; D.15-20
Sap !.S p 30 Sep 1_Oct 30
Same as Crimson clover
Feb 1-Feb 20 Feb 1-Mar 20
Sep i-Sep 30 Sep 1.Ocl 31
Sep 1Sep 30 Sep I.Oct 25
OTHER SPECIES I
Rape and Turnips 8:6.8; D:3-4 1/4 - /: MIr 1 Sep 10 Ju1b,Sop 510 Aug 15-Sap 15 Aug 1 Oct 1Feb 15-Mar 155 Sep 1 Oct 1, Aug 15-Oct 30
' May extend the fall dales by 20 days, where elevation is below 2,500 feet, and seed 15 days earlier in spring.
For the black, heavylexturtld soils in the tidewater region, use dales for the pitldmonl.
rThe best lime to sod seed depends on the prevalence of insects in late August and early September and the drought prediction for September. II insects are not evident and moisture is
adequate, plant on the early dates.
Alfalfa can be successfully seeded into a sod in mid- to tale winter (same as ladino) provided that the grass sod is killed the previous fall (in October or November).
(4)

Seed Size
Small seeds are not as vigorous as large ones.
Therefore, emergence rates may vary with planting
depth. The number of seeds per pound varies as
follows: ladino clover, 800,000; orchardgrass, 650,000;
fescue, 227,000; alfalfa, 200,000; and pearl millet,
88,000.
Germination Rate
The percentage of seeds that will germinate generally
declines with age, but if seeds are stored in a cool, dry
place, germination should not decline more than 10
percent the first year. In general, seeds that have low
germination levels also produce seedlings with poor
vigor.
Drill vs. Broadcast
Planting rates for drilling are 20 to 50 percent less than
for broadcasting. Since drilling concentrates the seeds
within a furrow, they occupy a smaller area of the
ground and are better able to break through the soil
crust. Seed placement, soil contact, and uniformity of
Table 1. Planting Depth Affects Grass
and Legume Establishment
Planting Depth (Inches)
Crops '/. '/2 1 2
Established Plants (sq ft)
Alfalfa, ladino 47 22 9 „0�.:;r
Tall fescue, orchardgrass 48 39 31
+,w.t
Seeding rates per acre were 20 lb alfalfa, 5 Ili ladino,'10 lb
fescue, and 6 lb orchardgrass.
stands are usually better with drilling than with broad-
casting, especially when planting conditions are not
optimum.
Planting -Depth
Generally, small -seeded crops can be planted slightly
deeper in sandy soils than in clay soils.'Grasses can
usually be planted deeper than legumes in similar
soils. However, it is important to prepare a firm Seed -
Table 2. Characteristics of Good Grass and Clover Stands
Plant Species
,,,.,Mixtures•
Ladino/fescue
Ladino/orchardgrass.
.Cool Season Grasses•
Fescue
Orchardgrass
Warm Season Grasses
Pearlmillet
,Sorghum-sudan
Alfalfa
"..Age of Stand
(months)
3 to 6
Seedlings (sq ft)
20 to 35 of each living in November
20 to 35 ladino and'35 to 55 orchardgrass living in November
40 to 60 living in November
70 to 100 living in November
15 to 25 living after 1 month
15 to 25 living after 1 month
Minimum Number of
Plants to Keep Stand
10°
Plants (sq ft)
Desirable Number of
Plants for Good Production
50 or more
.'ii 1:.•'i•�it'a
12 10° 25 or more
24 10 15 or more
36 5 to 8 10 or more
48 or more 3 to 5
'Assumes an autumn planting date.
'These figures will eventually result in satisfactory stands; however, yields will be low during the first season as weeds encroach,
�Y
(5 )

END OF EXHIBIT 14
bed before planting to conserve moisture and avoid
variation in planting depth. Precision planting equip-
ment is usually required to get proper depth control for
small forage seeds. Table 1 shows how planting depth
affects grass and legume stands.
What is a Good Stand?
Since plant characteristics change depending upon
their density, age, grazing or cutting"height, and other
factors, it is difficult to say exactly how many plants it
takes to make a good stand. In general, a good stand
is one that provides 90 to 100 percent ground cover
and will produce high yields when managed properly.
The clover part of mixtures should make up at least 30
percent of the stand (on a weight basis) in order for it
to significantly contribute to the mixture. One should
walk fields several times each growing season in order
to make a fair evaluation of stands. Table 2 presents
some general characteristics of good stands for
several forage crops.
When Using This Guide Remember:
The fact that information about a particular crop is
given in this publication does not mean that the
species is recommended for North Carolina. In fact,
several crops have not performed satisfactorily in this
state. Information about these varieties is included to
increase the chance of success if the decision to plant
them has already been made. Additional information
on various forage varieties can be obtained by -con-
tacting your county Cooperative Extension Service
agent.
Prepared by
J. T. Green and J. P. Mueller, Crop Science Extension Specialists —Forages
D. S. Chamblee, Professor Emeritus, Crop Science
2, 000 copies of this public document were printed at a cost of $520, 00, or $.26 per copy.
1...... 1:< 1 ;;"' 1I UD TO YOU OY THE
IJORTH CAROLINA COOPERATIVE EXTENSION SERVICE
ROBESON COUNTY CENTER
LUMBERTON, NORTH CAROLINA 28358
(910) 671.327G
Published by
NORTH CAROLINA COOPERATIVE EXTENSION SERVICE
5193-2M—MOC-230262 (Revised) AG-266

Exhibit 15
NMA Agromornie Division 4300 Reedy Cretl Rd Raleigh. NC 27601-6465 [phone]
Understanding the Soil Test Report
EAL)
PORAGE'JPASTURE CROPS(6'0p co*des 040 - 060)
Soil pH and theamount of lime required for optimum yields are crucial pans of the soil test
report, Loan soil pH and iow phosphorus cause more Meld losses than any other tactors in
forage production. Excessive sail acidity (Inw pH; reduces the eapaeitl• of forage crops to
utilizeapplicd fertilizer nutrients. Lime recommendations are based on ph, amount of acidity,
and desired pH for the designated crop. Establishment and maintenance of legumes depend
vt,-ry heavily on maintaining the proper pH.
For best rvs-uits, recommender lime and fertilizer should be mixed into the top 6 to 8
in*hes of rite soil before establishment. Although most forage crops show- no response to
?hosphorus and potassium above an index of 54, so-ne fertilization will be recommenced for
certain crops.
Recommendations for nitrogen, piospitorus and potassium are for annual apa:ication.
Depending on the crop, climate and soils, split applications of nitrogen and potassium may be
-equired- Past experience, management level and economics will influence rates and tame of
application. For additional information, see Note 12 "Forage and Pasture Crops" that
ac:ompanies your soil test report. The table below shows the relationship between soil test
level and response to applied nutrients.
Soil?eM Index
Crop Respovseto Nutrieat Application
Rang.?
Ralrag
Phosphonrs
Potassium
.dlanpaese
Zinc
Copper
0-10
Very I -OW
1eryHig
X-en. Hip
VervHi'O
lery Wgb
►err High
1 t._':
Lam,
High
Hip
Ito.
Higt:
Hig%
1(=-it:
Medium
Medium `
Aiedium
\one
None
None
it•)C0r
High
None
LOW -None
None
None
None
IIN1-
Very High
None
tione
None
None
None
Response- decremsesas;oii tesi index increases.
Abbmtitioms
HN
mineral soft
Wo
mineral -organic soil
0
orgarticsoil
11M%
pemeothumicmattu
VA
ue(OIAvlutne Orson
CEC
cation exdrauge capacity
BS p
perceni of CEC occupied by baste
AC
acidm' (decreases as pH increases)
P•l
phospborusindex
K-I
potassium index
Ca
calcium
Mg
ampesium
loin -I
manpriese index
Mn-Al
manpnse availability index
Zn-1
zinc uldeP
Zn-Al.
anc s%vIabUin° index
Cu-1
copper index
S•1
sulfurindex
SS-1
soluble salt index
Nod N
nitraienitrogeo (ppm)
NH�•N
ammonium nitrogen (ppsn)
!3a
sodium.
No
potash .
P:o;
phosphate
R
boron
copies of dta pubbc document Ivere pnnte:l at a coo of Lt;i or : v.i12 Iv cop}.

Grouter.' Wason, Bryan Copies to. sty Euensson Dhwor
343 Gold Leal Farm Road Dpcus, David
Ellerbe, NC 28338 FGl estSoil Report Exhibit 15
Firrlrr.
2! 4i SERVING N.C. CITTLBNS FOR OVER 50 YEARS Rtcirmtvnd Coun
Agconemiit Comments: E - 66 1,3, $,12
Sm %we Na. L"I C"P
>Cr TIA
� ar Year
law
N
W5
go
Mg Cu
Zx
R
Mae
Sege Note
01 Tabacoo,FC
[*f"Y5
1st Crop: Potato, Sweet
AT
80-1Q0
0
50-70
0 0
0
50
6
Ae."65 R�4 f og-
2nd Tobacco,
0
50.80
0
8D-l06
0 0
0
0
1
Test Results
Sofa Chase .tIl M W/Y CBC BS%
Ac pH P-I K I
Ca% ht %
HU-1 Mrs-Af (Z)Mx-Ar (2) Zed
ZA-Air
CU I
SI
$91 Nt-N MVN
Na
MIN 0.36 1.45
4.4 64 t7
1.6 5.6 197 1
*0 12.0
226
]
146 01
301
196
58
0.0
"�A�X
• C DI
Sane. Last Crop
YZ• T,(A
(,Y+q or Year
,blare
N
WS
&A
b!g Cu
% 9
B
h1n
See Note
r
r /
03 'robaaco,FC
�e,,o,�.c
Is( Crag: Com,Sweet
0
140U 180
0
60-80
0 0
0
0
6
ZndC :Tobaocc,FC
6
50-80
0
110-130
0 0
0
0
1
Test Results
.Sail Class HIt91G WV CEC BS%
Ac PH P-I K-I
Ca% Ng%
Mz-1 Hu-Af (I)Mx-A1(2) Zn-1
YW-Af
Cu-1
S-I
S3-I ftW Alb -al
Na
MIN 0.41 1.48
41 67.0
1.4 5.9 251 58
50.0 12.0
2CA
144
137 403
401
225
27
co
Feld
7
sample No. Last Crop
Yr T/A
Crop r r Yem-
Lfte
N
W 1
A0
Mg Ctt
jai
tf
Mte
S" Mete
04 Gorg,Sbneet`�
1st Crop: Tobaceo,FC
12nd
.5T
50-5{7
Q
80-I00
0 0
0
0
1
Lcoe1 Drm Cow
10
:Potato, Sweet
0
80-100
Q
40-60
0 0
0
.5
0
6
Test Results
Sail Glass If4!% W/V
CEC BS%
AV pH P-1 K I
Ca% MR%
Mn-f JfU-AI (1)Met-A1(2) Zud
ZX-A[
Cat-1
S-1
AS-1 NQ1-N Mj1w Na
miN 0.41 1.43
4.3 65.0
1.5 5.7 285 54
47.0 12.0
236
152
15 408
408
380
46
0.0
SanhWe No. Last Crop
o Yr T/A
Crop or Year
Lime
N
PA
160
Mg CU
Zu
B
Mg
See Note
06 Berm Hay/Pas,M
Ist Crop: Sean HayfFas,K
0
180-220
0
10-3(}
0 0
0
0
12
P
2nd Crc :
Test Results
SOU Glass RM WIV CEC BS% Ac pH " 1- I CA MR% Mm-14fs-Af (1)Mn-A1(2) Zu.1 Za-AI Csa.1 S-1 SS-! NeW ATWN Na
WN 0.31 1.41 5.5 82.0 1.0 6.5 307 103 58.0 14.0 152 101 417 417 248 24 0.0

PIA
Nye
f/A
/V#
Savoie Na. -Last &*
7fO Y r A
p er Yecr
Lime
N
PA5 AW
mg Cu
Ztt
B
mu
�c See Note
08 Watermelonn
r �as
1st : Tdncco,FC
0
50a
0 50 70
0 0
0
0
1
t:.15,kcz
d Cro . Carn,S"xt
0
140-E80
0 10-30
0 0
0
0
6
Tell Results
Sofl Crass HM WIV CEC
BS%
Ar, PH P-1 K I
Ca% ft%
Mttd Jha.df (1) Mtt-Af (2) Zx ,i
Zs -AI
Cu.]
S-1
SS-1 NQ1.N M" Na
MIN 0.36 l-4
.1
75A
1.3 6.2 3 0 71
54.0 14..0
148
103 443
443
270
2
� 0.0
_ -
-
Crop or Year
Line
-
N
P1vf No
-
mg Cu
Zu '
B
�
SO-0 Nate
Umpfe No. La& Yr r1A
lop Small Grains
Est Crop: Wdemielon
0
60 80
0 140-160
0 0
0
1.0
0
6
2nd Crr : Potato, Sweet
0
80400
0 110-130
0 0
0
.5
0
6
Test Results
SoU Class AV% WIV CEC
BS%
Ao pH P 1 X-I
Cad Aft%
Mn-I Xrt-Af (1) Jfu-AI (2) Taa-I
Zu-A1
Cx-1
S 1
SS I NQ-N AO-N Na
Nil 032 I.48
.5
63.0
1.3 6.0 14
4b.0 11.@
10
108 115 227
227
189
20
0.0
u
*-M-fiw
as.
V
SR . e No. best Crap
Yr, TW
Cmp or Year
Lurie
N
PX1 s KO
xg Cu
Zu
B
Mn
See Note
102 5" Grains
1st Crop: Watermelon
0
60a
0 170-190
0 0
0
1.0
0
6
2nd : Potato Sweet
0
80-100
0 130-150
0 0
0
.5
0
6
Test Results
Sol( aiss IBM WIV CEC
BS%
tic pH P-f Y,1
r Mg%
Mu-f Kn-Af (1) Ma Af (2) Zu-I
Zu-Af
Ca-1
S-f
SS-1
N¢N Aff 1N Na
WN 0.27 149
-4
5.0
1.4 5,9 14 25
44.0 12.0
23
67 74 157
157
53
20
0.0
__
�
-- •;
S"We No. Last Crap
Afe
Yr ZIA
Crop or Year
Lime
N
FJOS Rio
Rig Cu
Zu
B
Mu
Sere Nate
10S Sm2l Grains
Ist Crop: Wermdon
0
60-80
0 120-140
0 0
0
1.0
0
6
2nd Crop. Potato. Swea
0
80-100
0 70-90
0 0
0
.5
0
6
Test Results
SWI Ciarss HM% WIV aC
BSJ6
AC ,H P-I K4
Ca% ft%
Afu-1Naa Af (?)Mte .4f (2) 7x-I
Zu-AI
Cie!
S-f
SS f Nib-N Nl Al Na
MIN 0.27 1.42
3.2
59.0
13 6.0 105 43
42.0 11.0
83
60 67 14
119
64
19
0.0
NO
Sample Na. Last Crop
Ho
Yr TIA
CrV or Year
Lime
N
"s &0
Mg Cu
zu
B
Mu
See Soto
11F Potato, Sweet
1st Crop: Toltacco,EC
0
5MO
0 110-130
0 0
0
0
1
tad Cry .:So moans
0
0
0 50-70
0 0
0
0
3
Test Results
.Wl Class IrM% WIV CEC
BS%
Ac pH f =I K I
Ca% ft%
Mx4 Msr-Af (1) Mu✓AI (2) 7.u-I
Zia -AI
Cu I
Sr
SS -I Nib-N h7fi N Na
MIN 0.92 1.42
4.0
68.0
1.3 5.9 157*-� 40 J7.0 1.6.0
77
58 58 321
321
199
75
0.0
R

$1A
/V/)t
PI/10'
IV/jq
Sar Ie 1&. Lrrsst Cmp
a Vr F'IA
CmA ar lreary
BMW
N M.F MO
MS Cu
%n .
B
Mn
,See Nate
20 Tabaoco,FC
1st Crap: Potato, Swed
0
80-100 0 60-80
0 0
0
.5
0
6
2nd C: Tckco[a FC
0
50-80 0 90-110
0 0
0
0
1
Test Results
-
Sai1 Class HAM WIV CEC AN
AC pH M K-I
Ca% A%%
MA-1 MU-M (1)Mra-Al (2) &4
2wA7
Cx I
S I
SS l NQW N &N
Na
MIN 0 2 1.44 4-5 73.0
1.2 6_o 227 U
52.0 15. n
25 74 67 53
353
138
74
0.0
-
im
Sample No. first Crop
Yr 2"fA
Crop or Year
Ldtw
N A05 MO
Mg Cu
Zn
B
Mn
sea Noie
21 Small Crain
1st Crop: Small Groins
0
80-100 0 50-70
0 0
0
0
3
2ndC ):Sovbms
0
0 0 50-70
0 0
0
0
3
Test Results
Soil CIRSS RM% WIV CBC BS%
Ac pH P-1 K-1
Ca% )Wg%
Mn-1 MtrrAl (I)Mn-Al (2) Zn-I
Zn Al
Cu-1
S-I
SS-1 Ntw-N m -N
Na
MIN 032 1.
.8 6S.0
1.2 6.0 n2 40
42.0 15.0
72 57 5z 123
193
127
28
0.0
WO
x - of
4... - 9 �T
f
_
1
camp a Nn. Last Crop
Wo Yr TIA
Crep or Year
Lime
N My ISO
Mg Cet
Zn
B
M11.
See Note
22 Tebacco,FC
1st Crop: Small Grains
.3T
80-100 0 60-90
0' 0
0
0
3
2nd Crop: 7obaccoFG
0
50-90 0 120-140
a 0
0
0
1
Test Results
Sold Class llM WIV CEC BS%
Ac pli P-I K-1
Ca% Mg%
Mn-1 CAI (1)Mn-Al (2) Zu-I
?i-Al
Crr-I
S-I
S54 Nfj-N NW-N
Na
hi1N 0.18 1.48
4.2 71.0
1.2 5.8 151 35
52-0 15.0
66 50 50 206
206
163
68
0.0
_..:
-
- - x
u:-
ors r,
Sample No. Last Crop
Ho Yr F'IA
Crop or Year
Lime
N h05 AO
Mg Ctt
Tat
B
Mn
See Note
28 Soybeans
t hP ^ r"
IA Crop: Soybmis
AT
0 0 20-40
0 0
0
0
3
2nd Crop: Small Grains
0
80-100 0 2040
0 0
0
0
3
Test Results
Sail Class HM% WIV GEC BS%
Ac pff P--1 K-t
Ca% A4%
Mn-1 Ms-A1(I) Mn-AL (2) Zx-I
Zx-Al
Ct-1
S 1
SS•X Ntb•N A7&X
Na
MN 04b 1.2
.8 63.0
1.4 5.6 85 60
jo 18.0
114 78 79 104
104
68
46
0.0
h-
- - 4
-
-_
Nall Fast Crop
o Yr TIA
Crop or Year
Lime
N W5 go
hig Ca
zx
B
Ma
See Note
29 Tabacao,FC
1st Crop: Cantaloupe
.5T
60-80 0 100-120
$ 0
0
1.0
0
6
f i f G,
t
2nd Cr: Tobacco,FC
0
50-80 0 80-t 00
$" 0
0
0
1
Test Results
Soil Class H,V!% WIV
CBC BS%
Ac PH P-I K I
Ca% Mg%
Mn4 Mx-A1(1) h#n-AI (2) Zwl
Zn.AI
Cu4
S-I
SW Nt�N NJ&X
Va
ON 0.51 1.42
5.6 73.0
1.5 5.7 357 51
60.0 9.0
201 131 1.31 407
407
145
64
0.0
� yM
lot

�Id
6
fe a Id
G
field
7
M M 0 MOT, ME
G+aoruer. Wilson, Brp u
Capes to. County Extension Director
303 Cold Leaf Farm Road
FCI
Mlerbe, NC 28338
Soil
Farm.
12/1 SERVING N.C. CITIZENS FOR OVER 58 YEARS Rlchmead County
Agwaomist Ceu menu
c - 12, 3, $, 6
i - --ts[.-.-'� l" E-- 4:±a�-; y������/�ilx�.F"--:.•rµµ-E.4Si.���Y?�f �/1Y i�_
__ E
L - ---
_�145�i
SaMPte Na: Last CTop Afo Yr TIA
Cmp or Year
Uvw N Ws MO
Afg Cu
Zn B
AW See Nete
001 Soybeans j�,
1st Crop: Tobacco^
.5T 50-80 0 100-120
0 0
0
0 1
L
2nd Crop:
Test Results
Soft Gass Hh4% WIV CEC MN
Ac pH Rf
R-I C i% Us% Mn-I Mu-A1(1)Mn Af (2) Zn-I
Zn-Al
Cu-I S-I
SS -I NQI-N Ni&N Na
WN 0.41 1.41 4.2 64.0
1.5 5.7 252
4 45.0 14.0 316 200 321
321
209 35
0.1
- -
-
.. _ mik
- --"65==.3-""-'=x"-r�`X ':-':.E;rtKs _a '}�.. ::.-„r- -.'s i^*-r-.aky_.z.:J`- `,•dik"'- t`s.V?-._:-::T',�'�
_
�c ,�'rAt[•r
r
%.......�, _._. _ .. - _ _ -Ki= •'S'�Y.. ': Y�{{i •t.Jf e�%C!F�c < `? --�' •'- 3 -�,t" -F ,.:'U'�.I Li - - •��� i3-..'�-ia F3 _ •:_A�'-�` T'.s.Yl'T-
Sample No. Last Cr*
Yr PIA
Crop or Year
Line N .�tts No
Mg Cu
Zs B
Am See Note
002 Tobacw FC
ii4S
st Crop: Carn,Swect
•5T 140-180 0 50-70
0 0
0
0 6
0-4 4
► `
2ndC
Test Results
Soft Glass HMSO WIV CEC BS%
Ac pH P 1
K I Ca% Mg% Mn-1 M•a-AI (1)Mn Af (2) Zn-I
Zn-Ai
Car-! S-1
SS-1 N(lBs-N AM-N No
MIN 0-46 1-42 3.7 62.0
IA 5.7 307
42 45.0 11.0 247 165 347
347
244 28
0.1
r� •- d x
T
Sample Alo. Last Crop 310 Yr TIA
Crop or Year
Lime N PJ05 Ito
Mg Cre
Zn B
Mrn See Nate
03 Ccwn,5weet t'000
1st Crop: Tobacco,FC 0 50-S0 0 110-130
0 0
0
0 1
N fro•.)'r `
2ndCro:
Test Results
Soft Class MM WIV CEC Bs%
Ae pbr F-1
K-1 Ca% Mg% Mn-1 Ha -AI (I)Mn-Ai (2) 7, x-I
Z#-AI
Cu-J S-I
SS-1 NQ N MH-N Na
MlN 0.46 1.44 4,2 67.0
1A 5.9 327
39 50.0 12.0 233 151 6
44
303 27
0.1
- -
Crop or Year
_
Lfe N PA 1w
Mg Ca
Zn B
.x.
HU - See Nate
Sample No. Last Crop
Alo, Yr TlA
Tobacco,FC
1st Crop: Cantaloupe .3T 60-80 0 130-150
0 0
0 1.0
0 L
2nd Cru
Test Results
Soli class IfM W/V CRC BS%
Ac plf PLI
KI Ca% Mg% Mn-13fn-A1(1) Mn-Af (2) 7ta-1
Zx-Al
Ca-1 S-1
SS-1 N(k;N Nil[ hN Na
NUN .0.41 1.42 3.8 66.0
1.3 5.8 275
37 51.0 11.0 24.3 156 443
443
218 25
0.1
F"

r;e id
I
F'e1d
S
i Id
a
Saln�la NO.. Last Crop
�!d .
Cr+Qp or Year
Lime
N �e(}s AOAfg
Ca
7aa
8
Mie VFW Able
005. QPa tQrmelon
-
A„,� _
1st Crop: Tob=o,FC
3T
50 80 0 ] 20-140
0 0
0
0 i
2nd Coo :
TestResults
Sod Cass Rm% - W/V CSC BS%
Ac pB P--1 K f
Ca% At%
MnJ tl *-A10)Mu-AI (2) Zaw1
7ra-Al
Cu-1
S 1
SS-1 NYb-N NiB V JWa
MIN 046 1.42 4.1 68:0
1.3 5.8 411 34
54.0 10.0
170 112 463
463
258
25
0.1
Sig note No. Last cmP
fo Yr l
or Year
Ltana
N h05 AO
Cu
Zu
B
Am SeelVote
006 Berm HRTR=a .M
1st Crop: Bern Ilay,PRs,M
AT
180-220 0 100-120
0 0
0
0 12
2nd Cr
Vest Results
Solt aass f1M9i W/V CEC BS% -
Ac pff P-1 K 1
Ca% At% -
Mn-I Mrs -Al (1)Mr-Af (2) Zx.1
Zn.A1
Cu-f
S-1
SS-1 AVO.AFMSm Ara
MIN 0. 2 1.3 4.6 83.0
0.8 6.4 i 4
61-0 15.0
154 1 D2 410
410
243
24
0.1
-�
.. - - -- - ... ...,_ . '�F .....-
-. ... ...- .�`�`�.
�.�!7��•.'t..".
-
�-:� : M:�:X :.�-�K�. �-
'�.i' .yam{�±%e:�-_ _ -. _ `j _ _ ' �.... _ �,�`xy:.
-�i. . �-- n Tk ..�S�-i�:� =;' �� x..�_� _ _ w�`_c�:�ecc.v.�.;•.,;,.y� .att. ate• -
ux x^: .... r • f -
Sample No. Last Crop
o Yr T/A
Crop or Year
Li
N Ph0, 1W
hf W
Lra
B
Mn See Note
007 Bemr HayRas,M
Ist Crop: Berm Hayj?asX
0
t80-220 0 40-60
0 0
0
0 12
i
2nd Cro
Test Results
Solt Class f(�}I% W/V CEC BS%
Ac pff P--1 K-1
Ca% ft%
Mns_I Mn-A1(I)Mtr-Af (2) .Zx-1
&a -AI
Cu.1
S-1
SS-1 Ms-N Ni&N h'a
MIDI 0.41 1.26
.2 -U
to 6. 84
-0 15.0
20 131 I
1
644
41
0.I
Sanrpk I& Last Crop
a Yr TIA
Crap or Year
Lisle
N R05 AO
AIg Cu
Zn
B
Mn Sec Nole -
07H Bern Hay/Fas,M
1st Crap: Berm Hay/Pas tVi
gT
t80-220 0 6"0
0 0
a
0 12
4,s
2,nd
Test Results
Sall Class IIM% W/V C$C BS%
Ac p11 P 1 fC 1
CaX At %
Mu-1 Nn-A1(1) Mn-AI (2) 2n-1
Zu-AI
Cu-1
S 1
SS-1 Nt8-N [2&N Na
mm 0.27 1.21
.3 83.0
1.4 6.1 33.8 70
6*6.0 13.0
168 110 1071
1071
452
37
0.2
Crop or Year '
Line
N hO5 1w
Whig Cu
Zni
B
A1n - See Nose
&"Vie hb. Last crop
No Yr T/A
ld
008 Tobicoo,l;CQr�G
1st Crap: Watemw1on
LIT
60-80 0
0
0
1.0
0 6
C 4'IG't�EKI i �. cL
G
2nd Crop:
Test Results
Soli Class ZW% W/V CEC BS%
Ac pIt P-1 &I
Ca% Mg%
Mn 4r Nx-AI (1)Mn-AI (2) Zn-1
Zar-AI
CH-1
S-1
SS I NQ--N l Wl N Na
WN 0.46 1.42
4.9 59.0
2.0 5.2 386 53
49.0 6.0
338 213 453
453
217
39
0.1

#1A
PIR
N/R
P/A
Nil' M
_.�
-Lime
ry
sdragok M. Last Op
YIA
`
Crop ar or Ye
N A05 MO
Cu
Za
B
Mn Sec Note
009 Corn, Grain
16tr�
1_ Crop: 7obaeca,FC
1T
50-80 0 0-80
0 0
0
0 1
v©%kt
2nd C
Pest Reaulta
Solt Class HM% WIV CEC
BS%
Ac pH RI KI
C % JV%
MM-1 MWA1(1)Mu-AI (2) Zn-I
-7,wAI
&-1
S-I
SS-1 Nfjg-N Nil' Na
MIN o Z 1.44 4 8
S7.0
1 6 .1 3 64
0.0 11.0
182 t 1 4 4
247
242
0.1
UM Na list (:ram
o
Yr FIA
Crap ar Ywr
Lime
N B05 20
hag Cu
Zn
B
3hha Sete Note
IGF Potato, Sweet
Ist Ctcp: Small Grains
.3T
80-100 0 60-80
0 0
0
0 3
2nd C
Test Results IF
Solt Class L M36 WIV CEC
BS%
Ac p11 P-I 11 1
Ca % A1g%
Mn-1 MwAf (1) Mu -AI (2) Tay-t
Z-g Al
Cu-1
S-1
SS-1 AWN MA-M Nu
MN 0.27 1.42
.1
65.0
1.1 5.8 1 F,6 5
4 .0 12.0
329 87 186
186
88
36
0.1
Lj�{� f��i�i,c.._ �7 �`5
:�C"}�s`rFrl`�.rY. .�-
[e'-p,�x -
"'JY7ll4�
_ wec. • -- qQs r. 3..:' ,z3 �r.�: g.I Y`"yeF's">`-^. �t-y �[`' j' - 7L= adc tiv a: �?:•+•..... - - -.
7sa .'-3 .: �r ::53.._ .�'i'-'��e��' �y'_.s1'. .�Fc.•'t}.7 y['F?? 2-[3 _ '.-•.. _:!�'„T '35... • i�,
r
Sample No: Last Crop
Ho
Yr TIA
Crop or Year
Lime
N M5 AO
Mg Cu
Zu
B
hM See Note
102 Potato, sweet
13t Crap: Small Grains
AT
80-t00 0 100-120
0 0
0
0 3
df
1 2nd Crop:
Test Results
Soft Class HM% WIV CEC
BSX
Ac pH P-I ICI
Ca% Mg%
Xx-f Ms -AI (I)NN-M (2) Zn-I
Zu-Al
Cu-1
S4
SS-1 NON AMM Na
�LNM 0.27 1.4
Z.
62.0
Ll 5..7 152 17
4.0 11.0
86 62 152
15?
45
_
�zu
NO
SaMpleNo. last Crap
o
Yr T/A
Chp er Year
Curse
N P005 go
Mg L7+
B
Mu See Note
IOS Potato, swaet
Ist Crap: Smolt Grains
0
80-100 0 50-70
0 0
0
0 3
2nd Crop:
Test esults
Soil Clans .HM% WIV CEC
BS%
Ac PH Rl 1C1
Ca% Afg%
Mx-1 hfss A1(I)Mtr-AI (Z) Zh-1
Zu-Af
Ca -I
S!
SS-1 N(b-N AY-N Na
MW 0-3G (.42
Z-6
6.0
0.9 5S 120
4.0 14.0
W5 76 18
138
6-1
25
0.1
SaoqdeN& Lust Crop
Ho
Yr TIA
Crap or Year
Lime
N M5 160
Mg Ca
zu
B
Mn Sea Note
lip soykans
Ist crap: Snuli Grains
.7T
s0-100 0 80-100
0 0
0
0 3
A ��
2nd Crop:
Test Resu
Salt Class HM% WIV CEC
BS56
Ac pH RI JK 1
Ca% Mg%
6fu-1 Jtfs-A1(1) Mn-A1(2) Yu-1
Zu-Al
Cu-1
S-1
SS-1 NQhN A7&N Ara
MIN 0.41 1-38
3.6
58.0
1.5 5.5 175 24
46.0 10.0
87 62 316
316
198
25
0.1
t
n
i

am
Samp&Aix fewCr* Ha Yr IA CfvporYe" Lime .- N R05 A0 Aug cm hi B MAC Saee!Note
PA 04d, prch4af- 005 P=h,M Is( Crop: Tobido,FC .0 50-80 0 130-150 0 0 0 p 1
12nd Crop:
Test-Rcsults
SOU am ILV% W/V CEC M Ac pH P 1 l- I Caa6 h i&-,r Ma AT (1)hbA-A[ (Z) Zx-1 7ii-AI Cu-1 S-1 SS4 Nib N IY1 �Ta
In 0. 1 - 1.24 5.2 90 0 9 6.2 11 0 4 .0 14.0 168 109 254 2�4 33 0-1
e Last Ovb Ho Yr 1r/A Crop or leer Lfete N nos 1do it cu Znc B Mn S" Note
IVA 006 soybeans Ist Crop: SMA Grains AT 80-100 0 50 70 0 0 0 0 3
r grid
Tesl Resists
Soil C'fass HN% W'/V C.W- B.5% Ac pH P I K4 CO% t% Mn-1 ifu-M (1)Afx-A1(2) Zee-1 Yk-AI Cv-1 S 1 S1 NI�N A&N Ma
MIN 0.66 1.52 5.0 70.0 I.5 5.9 218 40 A 12.0 1. 11269 269 160 35 Q.1
smapkAw. -Last o Yr T/A Crap or Year Zeus 7V PAY ho Mg cu Zrs R . Mrs Sec Note
007 Potato, S%W LA 1st Crop: Tobamo,FC 0 50-80 0 110-140 $ 0 0 0 1
06n - Anse- 2nd C
Test Results
Soil Ctrs NFL W%V CEC BS% Ac pH P-{ K-1' Ca% NO NO-1 Mx -AT (r)Mk-Al (2) 1As I 2&�A1 cu-j $-1 &-1 Av N MgI .N Na
MIN 0. 1 1.41 6.1 74.0 I.6 5. 443 2 6.Q 8.0 22$ 148 622 6n 176 0-1
T .
Ses a Na iAst Crop Me Yr r/A Crop or Year N WS AO Mg Cyr $eel L a Mx see -Nose
COS Potato, Sweet F.tic : Tobacco FC . -�
. �P t 3 T 50 0 120-140 $ 0 0 0 1
CA I' C kf,"r a+1�6£. nr'� �"' 2nd C
Vest Results
Sail class war CEC BS% Ac pH P-.f x-1 Ca% NRX RX-I Mn-Al 0) Mte-A1(2) Zh4 Za-A1 Cu-1 S 1 sS-I NOI-N AS16N Na
MIN o.6 1-5t 4 73.0 1.2 5-8 380 32 60.0 ru 1 83 i83 2 26 0.1
See ple Rro. L4W O e Yr 11A Crop or Yeffr lithe N hos 1W H ca zx & Mx SeeN01e
fa
009 Small Grains 44---4' 1st Crap: Serra Ha /Pas6 1T 60-80 Q Y � 50-70 0 0 0 0 12
/w 2nd Crop- Bem Ha /Past 0 180-220 0 I30-150 0 0 0 0 12
.5 Test Results
salt a4us 11M% WIV GEC BM Ac PH R1 X--1 CA JF % MA-1 Mx-A1(1)Mn A1(2) Ds-1 Ztr•Al cruel Sr SS -I AWN fiAW Na
MIN 027 1.48 4.0 70.0 1.2 5.9 290 38 55.0 11.0 133 89 89 399 399 219 25 DA
//gP?
17

End Exhibit 15
FI C191
ss -Wd NO Iffst &QP
MO Yr TIA
Crop or Year
Lfi'ne
N FW5 ►f o
Mg Cm
D
Sm .vote
7apia
eanwoupe
&�
Ist Crop: TabaccgFC
.3T
50-80 0 110-130
$ 0
0
0
1
C �',ckerj c,,
;max
Znd
Test flAnits
Soil Cress NJI % w1v
17C BS%
Ac , p.fl P-I
K I
Q% N9%
Afu I Nm-Af (I) MW-Ai (2) Zra-I
Tat -AI
C'a I
S I
SW A'S--N AB-N
Na
MIN 0.27 1.52
.5 63.0
1.3 51
7
48.O 8.0
i 428
428
261
23
0.1
Ff
MRSIO•-
Litre
X PA25 NO �
Mg Goa
Zae
B
Ms
See Note
IretstCrap
IA
°
i�orVmr
Eld
01il Corn'smet
Oe
�f
� e eoM
1st Crop: 'r4*3aao'FC
AT
50-80 0 100-120
0 0
0
0
1
U P- 4u s
; a3
Znd C :
Teat Remits
Soli floss HNX WIV
aC BS%
Ae pR P-I
K I
Ca% A"
Hx-I j&-Ai (1) Mn-" (2) ZU-I
Ze-AI
Ca -I
S-I
SS•I AIG*N NNW
Me
MIN 0.22 1.44
3. 6O.0
1.4 .8 29
44
42.0 11.0
17
317
261
26
0.1
300wemp. Last [fop
v Yr VA
Cmp or Yaar
Ldrae
N - P105 !m
iifg Ca
W'201
Zae
MOO
B
hfit
See 145a4t
Small Grains
3 r`s
1st Crap: Tob=ofC
0
50-80 0 70-90
0 0
0
0
1
>ea P'O
Aid QW
Test Results
Sail Crass ll" WIV
CW BS%
Ac pH P-I
K I
Ca% Mg%
XX-I Mjr-AI (1)Nm-AI (2) Zm4
ZT-Al
Cri-I
SI
S,S•!
N�.-NNfSN
Na
MIN 0.71 1.50
4.7 77.:0
1 A 6.1 296
5
4.0 16.0
256 150 374
i74
204
40
0.1
+;E� xL• I
r
-%=pie No. I.rrsi CV
o Yr, rIA
Cmp or Year
L*m
N hO3 AOJ�
Cat
7ae
B
Mte
See Note
`.�
F /
013 Bean HgRgsx
PA
NCrop: Berm HaylFas,M
0
IW220 0 50-70
0 0
0
0
12
49
��`-
Test Results
Znd Cm :
Sod Gass Iff% WIV
CRC BS%
Ae pH RI
K I
Ca% INO
HX-I Mat -AI (1)Its-Ai(2) Ztt-I
Zx-AI
Cwl
S-I
SS•!
NK1�N AWN
Na
.m N 0.36 .1.25
13.8 41.0
1.2 6.5 645
7
77.0 12.0
2 7 I88 2652
2652
951
41
0.2
'Crop
r
a
'
�
S"We No. last Crgp
He Yr T/A
or Year
Lime
N BOs mo
mg Ctt
zm
B
Mae
See Note
)05'e 14
014 Berm HaylF"
1st Crop: Berm HaYIFas,M
0
180.220 0 130-I50
0 0
0
0
12
IrSkre'
Znd Cron:
Test nests
Soil Crass Awm WiV
(.SRC BS%
Ac pt! P I
1-I
Cd% Ng%
HA-1 An-Ai(I)Ais-A7(2) Za-I
7A Al
Cu-1
SI
SS -I NQ;-A A7*.K
Na
MIN 0.36 1.28
11.0 94.0
0.7 6.7 340
37
76.0 16.0`
262 164 2286
2286
1026
35
0-1

..5
".. Exhibih' 16 :.
\ , I- it
1 : -; ,'+ • ! ', ,,- , • .1 „-/ ,// .
Field'Calibration•Trocedures:,'�''
.for An.imal''Wastewater Application; Equipment'
r'
,''
' I
'1
' I 1
I ` I
�/r
1 ��.`
, ,
. t
'_
� ,- .- 1 '"t' 1 1 +
•j \ `, - 1 �t , I •1 `I'J �'S
/ ,
HOSEA
HAR
'
'/
!E
�!"'.T-
T��,���E� '� "•, /'S S~` -:Jii �I• ... 1 � i .
•JI '',15''~�
`:"`4
.f'f
5 i \ S '*^� `'.` -
�;++_, r�l'
•�
lI• V
+
h ... `1`J
,
I!\�`fi � '- ,' 1 -'',• ,1 �•
- � ,\ -
IRRIGATI-O,N,
_•�
1- "•" / ,r 1 r /SDI \� r, I, .. _ ."� i,._+`♦'. rf' �
' _ 1,,`.-1. .
SYSTEM,
i
'\^
'+� -
-/ ,, ,r 5� ,/, \ '+ ~ — r •"._'_'S -' .,1 - •'-• ! 1' ' /"_mot '``
-'1
'1\
`\J `S 5. 1 it r'
'(� •fl. '-,
1 r ! l.` i -
�J,/ \ I
{•\ {-\1\ � \rr
rI •`•,• � 1♦~ �\I•
, I
`'.
J
/ \,• / \ _r `' -
1``t '
°E I 11y r+v�f ��FT,- � � \_ , / L•�,: \
l,J�
'_ 1. ' '`-:+
;
ir'''/•., '' `!
y�,•'�i���N>��,'-':,���fy ; \ =\ / j \
- �
�ti Imo, /' ,,y, r
f ,Ji. dY'1'p(�,^. t•k , 1 `; / /\\'/
`•"•+ '\!,.'r,"' it r\; /
t r'•, ,l \11.
�,I"�!
,.
.t
'r\/
\ 1 I �i� .I
r •, I �� �., r i'\ ,♦ .l r . / rl
�-li•.
.;\
'i _.\ �`: �I' 1`
-1 t',r \ , -.r r ti.'--•/'t'
.•/\,'\•• 1 . 1 ., .. ,\1.% -. .r „,I , I' f rI `
1 •- 1 11 ../. _' •/ I r_.
Srr
' `t-j,',�,'`'.. -J _ I _ -
'\ I f\/,'.
'
,. _,',/_ rr l \/,` •\r '`�~•. \`,•.. `,I 1/ r` •I - � _S 4`J ,. •' •`r•.1 �� -.J, i!•`
`
' �./`
�' �: ; i Nor..tlj;Carolina:cooperative:
I . _
, _ •
;Exte sio 'Service.../�,
J ./wyJ .•�' _.�1�'.,.1 1 'r'`'-,,..1
_'.1 ♦_\`"t
._I( ..\ .�, I_/S ,1�'. .1,fr �\` -�'!'. 1/•�'�/1 `.!
•� 1-•/\`j`., ~t... _� ',
.'t,'(/,,,S J�,~•�'/tf+\., � i3
_i; _ .,.�\f f'11/ r'`!�\�, !: ..\I•/+��+. ♦/j••/ -_ j`.- !-5`1-/-r �` _'
N.orth'�aro�indlSOgte'niv`ersjt;� �',5'�-_ -+ •�'��,�,! /-;.
• '` '; .•
, "f J r.- • � � 1 � `� I ' ', � /,..
/ � • ` •` i
_
r. -' ` . _ , - • / . , � i .. I , /" / ♦ l � � i t - i " ;/ � \ /' � r t` ' f J� I - +
.i �
r♦
t : Ir r - I - J -.
I ''i-. � r I 1,, ��•� \ I ._ . .. 1 \ . 1 r'/' _ .• I • i " � ._. i
r
':+
1 '/\I 1�I- �,` w•
."`."-`�•, .,
•,
_'�\'.•,1-- /\'-'I'rl^/`/,'rY'\'•i_•I' I _.
-`I JJ .. %''... �1
...t , _ .- � �♦I•'S ^1`.
�i 1,�1
♦�`r.. t• `• �r
,r f ..
P
\,,I,," r.
- 5� ,+.. \ '.'� .. /`•` (.� i-'{_''y\r,r
_. I i`-•\ •�/�",'J
�`.../
~`r/•`''\,"\' I +
�•,1. J�'\ t
.. �1'~ S 'i J,y '♦./-til ' I •� 1-�I--',J••r� .
i ,1 _
- ...
'`_.%
_ •r'' -Its,;•', •` .. .. ...'
_' �r` ;• '=.. I �/ "" t:�' "' j_,,, !.' - I �' f� rr1
','
1
(w.
''f ,i �.\ , 'l`'•./. /I ,I
1'
\""+�'• ,' 1'` .I 1 r•,
`/.-r
`i �•' " 1 rl" 5. J,, .', w .i ;. (
'' ,t' ,5' ' _'-..^!�!`/�•
/ ..
, ",1''' 'mot`/�'♦',;�',1 �r.,I- ! .-',J '
\�\•'1� -
•' rr•'
_ /�, _, .
�f '\,-�.
..'.\ `�.`(_-J`�..,4../�-
'` ,'-'- Jt` /.
`�• If`'f,.' ''. � , - / ,\i, .i!
rtJi `t-"-1,
r
- J�,\`'1
., 55^'"/'-f :\ ♦-. 1'r ti.i,r'lfi �.~ � ♦i '\ r \ !t~•'• , " !1''�,'�: ,\•^' ' II~�
i..•I•
t

Field Calibration Procedures
for Animal Wastewater Application Equipment
HARD HOSE Land application equipment used on animal production farms must be field
AND CABLE calibrated or evaluated in accordance with existing design charts and tables
TOW TRAVELER according to state rules that went into effect September 1, 1996. Technical
IRRIGATION SYSTEM Specialist certifying waste, management plans after September 1, 1996, must
also certify that operators have been provided calibration and adjustment
guidance for all land application equipment. The rules apply to irrigation sys-
tems as well as all other types. of liquid, slurry, or solid application equipment.
Information presented in manufacturers' charts are based on average op-
erating conditions for relatively new equipment. Discharge rates and applica-
tion rates change over time as equipment ages and components wear. As a
result, equipment should be field calibrated regularly to ensure that applica-
tion rates and uniformity are consistent with values used during the system
design and given in manufacturers' specifications. Field calibration involves
collection and measurement of the material being applied at several locations
in the application area. This publication contains step-by-step guidelines for
field calibration of hard hose and cable tow traveler irrigation systems.
General Guidelines
Operating an irrigation system differently than
assumed in the design will alter the application rate,
uniformity of coverage, and subsequently the applica-
tion uniformity. Operating with excessive pressure
results in smaller droplets, greater potential for drift,
and accelerates wear of the sprinkler nozzle. Pump
wear tends to reduce operating pressure and flow.
With continued use, nozzle wear results in an increase
in the nozzle opening, which will increase the
discharge rate while decreasing the wetted diameter.
Clogging of nozzles or crystallization of main lines
can result in increased pump pressure but reduced
flow at the gun. Plugged intakes will reduce operating
pressure. An operating pressure below design pressure
greatly reduces the coverage diameter and application
uniformity. Field calibration helps ensure that nutri-
ents from animal waste are applied uniformly and at
proper rates.
The calibration of a hard hose or cable tow system
involves setting out collection containers, operating
the system, measuring the amount of wastewater
collected in each container, and then computing the
average application volume and application unifor-
mity.
An in -line flow meter installed in the main
irrigation line provides a good estimate of the total
volume pumped from the lagoon during each irriga-
tion cycle. The average application depth can be
determined by dividing the pumped volume by the
application area. The average application depth is
computed from the formula:
Average application depth (inches) =
Volume pumped (gallons)
27,154 (gal/ac-in) X Application area (acres)
The average application depth is the average
amount applied throughout the field. Unfortunately,
sprinklers do not apply the same depth of water
throughout their wetted diameter. Under normal
operating conditions, application depth decreases
towards the outer perimeter of the wetted diameter.
Big gun sprinkler systems typically have overlap
based on a design sprinkler spacing of 70 to 80
percent of the wetted sprinkler diameter to compen-
0

Field Calibration Procedures
for Animal Wastewater Application Equipment
sate for the declining application along the outer
perimeter. When operated at the design pressure, this
overlap results in acceptable application uniformity.
When operated improperly, well -designed systems
will not provide acceptable application uniformity.
For example, if the pressure is too low, the applica-
tion depth will be several times higher near the
center of sprinkler and water will not be thrown as
far from the sprinkler as indicated in manufacturers'
charts. Even through the average application depth
may be acceptable, some areas receive excessively
high application while others receive no application
at all.
When applying wastewater high in nutrients, it is
important to determine the application uniformity.
Collection containers distributed throughout the
application area must be used to evaluate application
uniformity.
Many types of containers can be used to collect
flow and determine the application uniformity.
Standard rain gauges work best and are recom-
mended because they already have a graduated scale
from which to read the application depth.
Pans, plastic buckets, jars, or anything with a
uniform opening and cross section can be used
provided the container is deep enough (at least 4
inches deep) to prevent splash and excessive evapora-
tion, and the liquid collected can be easily trans-
ferred to a scaled container for measuring. All con-
tainers should be the same size and shape to simplify
application depth computations.
All collection containers should be set up at the
same height relative to the height of the sprinkler
nozzle (discharge elevation). Normally, the top of
each container should be no more than 36 inches
above the ground. Collectors should be located so
that there is no interference from the crop. The crop
canopy should be trimmed to preclude interference
or splash into the collection container.
Calibration should be performed during periods
of low evaporation. Best times are before 10 a.m. or
after 4 p.m. on days with light wind (less than 5
miles per hour). on cool, cloudy days the calibration
can be performed anytime when wind velocity is less
than 5 mph.
The volume (depth) collected during calibration
should be read soon after the sprinkler gun cart has
moved one wetted radius past the collection gauges
to minimize evaporation from the rain gauge. Where
a procedure must be performed more than once,
containers should be read and values recorded
inunediately after each setup.
Calibration Setup for Hard Hose and
Cable Tow Traveling Guns
Hard hose and cable tow traveling guns are calibrated
by placing a row (transect) of collection containers or
gauges perpendicular to the direction of travel, Figure
1. The outer gauge on each end of the row should
extend past the furthest distance the gun will throw
wastewater to ensure that the calibration is performed
on the "full" wetted diameter of the gun sprinkler.
Multiple rows increase the accuracy of the calibration.
Containers should be spaced no further apart than
1/16 of the wetted diameter of the gun sprinkler not
to exceed 25 feet. At least 16 gauges should be used in
the calibration. Sixteen gauges will be adequate
except for large guns where the wetted diameter
exceeds 400 feet.
(Maximum recommended spacing between
gauges, 25 feet X 16 = 400 feet.) Gauges should be set
at least one full wetted diameter of throw from either
c end of the travel lane, as shown in Figure 1.
The system should be operated such that the
minimum travel distance of the gun cart exceeds the
wetted diameter of throw. Application volumes
should be read as soon as the last gauges stop being
wetted.
O

HARD HOSE AND CABLE TOW TRAVELER
IRRIGATION SYSTEMS
Reel cart
Left Right
Row of 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
collection y 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
gauges
Gun
cart
Direction of travel
5w
Wetted diameter At least one wetted
(320 feet) > diameter end of field
I
Figure 1. General layout and orientation
of collection gauges for calibration of a hard hose and cable tow traveler irrigation systems.
CALIBRATION, PROCEDURES
1. Determine the wetted diameter of the gun.
2. Determine the number of collection gauges and spacing between gauges. For a wetted diameter of 320
feet, the rain gauge spacing should not exceed,20'.feet.:(320 ft / 16 = 20. ft).
3. Label gauges outward from the gun cart as either left or right (L1, L2, L3; etc; RI, R2, R3, etc.)
4.. Set out gauges along a row as. labeled and. shown in Figure, I equally spaced at the distance determined in
item 2 (20 feet). The row should be at.least ;one wetted diameter;from either end.:of the`pulL:The first "<
gauge on each side of the travel lane should be 1 /2 the gauge spacing from the. center of the lane. For a.
gauge spacing of 20 feet, L1 and R1 should be 10,feet from the.center of,the lane.
5. Operate the system for the time required for.the`gun`to completely pass all collection containers. Record
the "starting" time that wastewater begins to be applied along the.row of gauges and the "ending" time
when wastewater no longer is being applied .anywhere along the row. Also record the distance traveled in.
feet for the time of operation.
6. ' Immediately record the amounts collected in :each gauge. (Refer to.Table 1 for an.example.)
7. Identify those gauges that fall outside the effective lane spacing, Figure 2. This volume is the overlap
volume that would be collected when'operating;ohe� ystem on. the adjacent. lane.
8. Superimpose (left to right and vice versa) the'gauges'iust outside the effective width with the gauges just.,
inside the effective width. Add the volumes together
ume.(depth) collected in .gauge R8 (outside the effective
For the layout shown in Figure 2, add the'.vol
lane spacing) to volume (depth) collected in'gauge".L5' (inside the: effective lane spacing). Similarly, R7 is
added to L6; L8 is added to R5; and L7 is added to R6.:This is,.now the application volume (depth) within.
the effective lane spacing adjusted for overlap.

Field Calibration Procedures
for Animal Wastewater Application Equipment
Lane 1
Reel cart
I Left
8 716 5 4 3 2 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Direction of travel . I Gun
I cart
I`
Lane 2
Left
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Right
Gun
1 2 3 4 5 6 I7 8 cart
0 0 0 0 0 0 O `
" \\�I
I 1I I`
Effective lane Is acing � (224 feet
Figure 2. Accounting for overlap
when calibrating a hard hose traveler system.
CALIBRATION PROCEDURES (continued)
Right
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
"-, I
Effective lanes acing
(224 feet
9. Add the amounts collected in all gauges and divide by the number of gauges within the effective area. This
is the average application depth (inches) within the effective lane spacing.
Sum of amounts collected in all gauges
Average application depth =
Number of gauges within effective width
10. Calculate the deviation depth for each gauge. The deviation depth is the difference between each
individual gauge value and the average value of all gauges (#7). Record the absolute value of each
deviation depth. Absolute value means the sign of the number (negative sign) is dropped and all values are
treated as positive. The symbol for absolute value is a straight thin line. For example, 121 means treat the
number 2 as an absolute value. It does not mean the number 121. Because this symbol can lead to
misunderstandings, it is not used with numbers in the worksheets at the end of this publication. The
symbol is used in formulas in the text.
Deviation depth = IDepth collected in gauge i — average application depth)
"i" refers to the gauge number
11. Add amounts in #10 to get "sum, of the deviations" from the average depth and divide by the number of
gauges to get the average deviation.
Sum of deviations (add amounts computed in #10)
Average deviation depth =
Number of gauges within effective lane spacing
12.The precipitation rate (inches/hour) is computed by dividing the average application depth (inch) (#9) by
the application time (hours) (#S)
Average application depth (inch)
Precipitation rate =
Application time (hours)
n

HARD HOSE AND CABLE TOW TRAVELER
IRRIGATION SYSTEMS
0
CALIBRATION PROCEDURES (continued)
13. Compute the average travel speed
Distance traveled feet)
Average travel speed = —
Time (minutes)
14. Determine the application uniformity. The application uniformity is often computed using the
mathematical formula referred to as the Christiansen Uniformity Coefficient.
It is computed as follows:
Average depth (#9) - Average deviation (#11) X 100
U_
Average depth (#9)
15. Interpret the calibration results. The higher the index value, the more uniform the application. An index of
100 would mean that the uniformity is perfect — the exact same amount was collected in every gauge.
For travelers with proper overlap and operated in light wind, an application uniformity greater than 85 is
common.
Application uniformity between 70 to 85 is in the "good" range and is acceptable for wastewater
application.
Generally, an application uniformity below 70 is considered unacceptable for wastewater irrigation using
travelers. If the computed Uc is less than 70, system adjustments are required. Contact your irrigation
dealer or Certified Technical Specialist for assistance.
Table 1. Example calibration data for a traveling gun system operated in parallel lanes. Lane
spacing 70 percent of sprinkler wetted diameter.
a. Manufacturers' Specifications: Gun Model150 Type Ta_rLer Bore
Nozzle Dia. 0.9 inch Pressure (Gun) 70 psi Reel 105 psi
Wetted diameter 320 ft Effective Spacing 224 ft Flow 127 GPM
Hose Size: Length 800 ft Diameter3-in
b. Spacing between collection containers (spacing 22-0-N / 16) = 20 ft
c. Number of gauges = 16
d. Start of Irrigation event 7:1 LzL,m.
e. End of Irrigation event •00 a.m.
f. Duration (e-d) 105 minutes
g. Travel distanceL 320 feet
h. Operate the system and collect data.
0
I7

Field Calibration Procedures
for Animal Wastewater application Equipment
Table 1. Calibration Data (continued)
Gauge
Distance
Volume
No.
from Center
Collected
(feet)
(inches)
L1
10
.94
L2
30
.80
L3
50
.59
L4
70
.61
L5
90
.50
L6
110
.42
L7
130
.33
L8
150
.07
R1
10
.73
R2
30
.81
R3
50
.92
R4
70,
.64
R5
90
.50
R6
110
.27
R7
130
.20
R8
150
.13
*Absolute value; treat all values as positive.
Overlap
Adjustment
(inches)
.13
.20
.07
.33
Corrected
Volume
(inches)
.94
.80
.59
.61
.63
.62
.73
.81
.92
.64
.57
.60
Deviation
from Average*
(inches)
.235 (1 - j)
.095 (2 - j)
.115 ( etc)
.095
.075
.085
.025
.105
.215
.065
.135
.105
L Sum of all volumes collected in #h .46 i he
j. Average catch (i/number of gauges within effective width (12) 0 0 inch
Distance traveled (ft) _ 320 ft 3._ 04 ft min
k. Compute the average travel speed = Time (min) 105 min
average depth (inches) 0.705 in
I. Precipitation rate = = = 0.40 in hr
application time (hour) 1.75 hr
m. Sum of deviations from the average catch 1.356
n. Average deviation from average catch (m/12)0113
o. Uniformity coefficient
0.705 - 0.113
U�= -- X 100=84
0.705
P. Interpret results. Uniformity coefficient of 84 is in the good range for a traveler system. No adjustment
is necessary.
lR

HARD HOSE AND CABLE TOW TRAVELER
IRRIGATION SYSTEMS
Irrigation System Calibration Data Sheet for Hard Hose Traveler Irrigation System
DATE:_ _ Land Owner _ —__ —
Farm No.
a.
Manufacturers' Specifications: Gun Model _
Type _
Nozzle Dia. _ in Pressure (Gun)
(Reel)
Wetted diameter ft Effective Spacing
ft Flow _ GPM
Hose Size: Length ft Diameter _
in
b. Spacing between collection containers (diameter
—ift) / 16) = ft
wetted diameter (ft)
C.
Number of gauges = - "
gauge spacing (ft)
d.
Start of Irrigation event
Reel cart ->
Right
e.
End of Irrigation event
Ecll
Url
6 7 6 s) 2 t
Rlgl.l I ° ° ° ° ° °
1 2 7 a 5 6 7 6
° ° ° ° ° ° ° °
I
f.
Duration(e-d) — min
I
6 716 3 4 3 2 1
°°1°°°°°°
�
Gun
1 2 1 4 $ 6 17 8 cart
°°°°°° °
I
Directlon of (ravel
1 Gun
earl
1
I
g.
Travel distance _ feet
•
h.
Operate the system, collect data,
I
p+ II
__,_Elfecli�22�lecq `1Ag --I
and record on the worksheet on page
Elledi(2 lanesP cing —� 1 cup reel)'
k—
i.
Sum of all catches inches
I I I
j.
Average catch (i/number of gauges) inches
I I I
Distance traveled (ft)
k.
Average travel speed =
Time (min)
I.
Sum of all deviations from the average catch
m.
Average deviation from average catch
n.
Uniformity coefficient
U =
X100=
G)
Interpret the calibration data and make necessary adjustments.
For travelers with proper overlap and operated in light wind, an application uniformity Coefficient greater than
85 is common.
Application uniformity between 70 to 85 is in the "good" range and is acceptable for wastewater application.
Generally, an application uniformity below 70 is considered unacceptable for wastewater irrigation using
travelers. If the computed U, is less than 70, system adjustments are required. Contact your irrigation dealer or
Certified Technical Specialist for assistance. '
9

Field Calibration Procedures
for Animal Wastewater Application Equipment
k
Calibration Data (continued)
Gauge Distance
Volume Overlap Corrected Deviation
Volume from Average*
No. from Center
Collected Adjustment
(inches) (inches) (inches) (inches)
(feet)
Ll
L2
L3
L4
L5
L6
L7
L8
L9
L10
RI
R2
R3
R4
R5
R6
R7
R8
R9
R10
*Absolute value;
treat all values as positive.
Reel cart --�
Left Right
Row of 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 A 5 6 7 8
collection >
O D U U U o U
gauges
Gun �
cart
Direction of travel
Welted diameter Al least one welted
< (320 feet) diameter end of lield
e I
F
y
0

66£0£-L63
10Z0LZ-13)1/JW(—WS—L6/t,
ZISS•JV _
•6ullejadoo:) sluawwan06 lenoi pue 'ajntlmlj6y to ivawiedaQ
•s•n'Aj!SJaAiun alelS AV eugoaeD TJON'Aj!SJaAiun alels eullweD gIJoN 'Allligesip jo'a6e'xas'ul6uo leuoileu holoaaa 'ei jo ssalpie6ai aldoad
lie of pajal!o ale saillumioddo wei6oid pue luawXoldw3 'b 16l 10£ aun( pue g AeIN jo ssaj6uoD !o spV ayl )o a)ueJaglJnj ul paingi1lsia
3NAM NOISN31X3 3AI1Vl OOD VNIIOJiV:) HIHON
Xq pagsliqnd
•Xdoa .Jad M g Jo 'Z96'l $ ]o asoo o to paauud aaam ivawmop oggnd s►ga jo saldoa 000'S
asgopads uorsuaix3 6uuaaul6u3 !ojna1rol16y pun !oDr6o!o!9 'p/arjag5 '3*d
Is!!opads uorsuaax3 4uo)srssy 6uuaaur6u3 !ojn3!nau6y pun 10o001a9 'ga!uas :L
as!!opads uolsuaax3 6uuaau!6u3 !oana1nou6y pun loa160fol9 904jo9 'D'(
Is!!o!oads uorsualx3 6u!jaau!6u3 !oina!nou6y puo 10a16010.19 'suoA3 'O'd
Xq palodard
9L 4TgTuxa Pug

Exhibit 17

Relative Nitrogen Fertilization Rate
of Forage Species by Month (Piedmont & Coastal Plain)'
Cropuary
February
March
April
'
�
May
June
July
August ' September
October
NovembeTan
Fescue
N'
H'
H'
H°
M'
L
L
M
M
M
LOrchardgrass
N
H
H
H
11
L
L
M
M
M
NKentuck
UN
bluegrass
N
H
H
H
M
L
L
M
M
M
NRascuegrass
N
H
H
H
M
M
L
L
L
M
M
Hybrid Bermudagrass
N
N
L
M
H
H
11
M
M
L
N
N
1 >o i
Switchgrass
N
L
M
H
H
H
H
M
L
L
N
N
70
F7acidgrass
N
L
M
H
H
H
H
M
L
L
L
N
85
Gamagrass
N
N
M
H
H
H
H
M
L
L
N
N
10o
Caucastan Bluestem
N
N
L
M
H
H
H
N
M
L
N
N
70 I
t3ahiagrass
-----------------
Pearl Met
N
---------
N
N
---------
N
L
---------
N
M
---------
N
H
H
H
Fi
H
H
M
M
L
1{
L
L
N
N
N
_
` H --
70 I
___ _
gg-~
Sorghum/sudan Hybrid
N
N
N
N
H
H
I H
M
M
L
N
N
100
Crabgrass
N
N
N
N
M
H
I H
H
M
I L
N
N
70
Italian Ryegrass
L
M
H
H
M
N
N
H
L
L
L
L
100
Small Grain
(winter rye)
L
M
H
H
L
N
N
N
L
M
M
L
100
N = Do not apply nitrogen; L = low rate; M = medium rate; H = high rate.
Approximate rates for bermudagrass are L <15 lbs/ac, M < 25 ibs/ac and H 50+ ibs/ac.
Not adapted except in piedmont and mountains.
3 Not adapted in most of piedmont or mountains.
` While some forage growth may still continue, fertilization at this time may weaken the plants ability to overwinter.
' Between May 15 and August 7 (piedmont) September 1 (coastal plain) no more than a total of 501bs PA-N/ac should be applied.
V

.. ... ...... ;.. ,.�!rl_c!'lC'1 I5•PROVIDEC3�T�"Yl•1,J h; i i ll•
COUNTY Ghl'E•Pli;►�ii°; :;! lll!:1
�:a:;:f�:;d.;�,w::.:,�'...,. ....._...... r�.t'. GlNcra:> ►:�ff(�l,i;:�lJ c:��•l•rF?
�r
U
Studying nutrient removal by
plants is one of the methods
used to develop fertility
recommendations. Tests are
designed to examine patterns
of nutrient uptake in response
to different levels of fertilizer
application. Information on
nutrient removal alone is not
adequate for making fertility
recoliune►tdations because it
does not take into account the
ability of the soils to retain
and supply nutrients: It can,
however, show variations ill
nutrient needs among different
crops. In addition, it can
indicate the rates at which
reserves of soil nutrients will
be depleted.
F^ r
Nutrient r,le•..i,/oa
t. vl^,t//A//
Crops -In T'Tartl"7. Carolina
Plant growth and development
depends on many factors, including
adequate nutrition. The exact
amount of fertilizer necessary varies
with the potential yield, growth, and
the concentration of nutrients that
are available from soil reserves and
decaying organic matter. These
interacting factors make it difficult
to develop reliable recommenda-
tions for fertility. Sound recommen-
dations require well -planned, long-
term experiments that can show
responses for a wide range of envi-
ronmental, soil, and growth condi-
tions.
Nutrients in plants that are left
in the field will partially resupply
nutrient reserves in the soil as they
decompose. Estimates of nutrient
depletion, therefore, should take
into account only the nutrients
removed with the harvested portion
of the plant. The table on page 2
shows the mean concentration of
various nutrients that arc removed
by each crop for the ycild level indi-
cated. Values arc not reported for
boron, molybdenum, iron, or chlo-
rine because they were omitted from
the references used. This does not
mean they arc not removed nor that
they are unimportant. A brief dis-
cussion of each nutrient precedes
the table.
Nitrogeu
Nitrogen (N) is a pact of all plant
and animal proteins and a compo-
nent of DNA and RNA. Crop uptake
of nitrogen is relatively inefficient
and often results in average nitrogen
losses of 50 percent because of
leaching, volatilization, or denitrifi-
cation. Consequently, crop removal
values reflect a minimum amount of
nitrogen required because they do
not account for nitrogen losses.
Legumes produce most of their
own nitrogen through,a symbiotic,
or beneficial, relationship with
bacteria (Rhizobium species) that
infect their roots. These bacteria
have the ability to convert atmos-
pheric nitrogen into forms that can
be used by plants. 7,Zicrefore, leg-
umes with active nitrogen -fixing
bacteria do not need additional
sources of nitrogen. If fertilizer
nitrogen is added to a legume, bac-
terial production of nitrogen de-
creases. Current research suggests
that legumes may be less efficient
than nonlegutne crops in recovering
nitrogen applied as fertilizers.
Nitrogen can accumulate under
some conditions in North Carolina
soils. However, the rate of accumu-
lation and the length of availability
is extremely unpredictable and as
such is not included in standard soil
analysis. Sources of soil nitrogen
include commercial fertilizers,
animal manures, legume residues,
and other forms of decaying organic
matter. For more infonnatton on
nitrogen refer to Extension publica-
tion AG-439-2 Nitrogen and Water
Quality.

SoflFacts
Table 1. Estimated Nutrient Removal Rates of Crops S Mn zn
O Ca M9
Crop Yield N P�Oa Ibs - - -
Grains
1
2
^ 3
0.03
0.03
0.06
gamey (grain)
40 bu
35
15
10
8
2
4
0.01
0.32
0.05
(straw)
1 ton
15
5
30
2
8
10
0.06
0.09
0.15
Corn (grain)
150 bu
135
53
40
22
20
14
0.05
1.50
0.30
(stover)
4.5 tons
100
37
115
3
5
0.03
0.12
0.05
(grain)
80 bu
50
20
15
8
9
0.03
-
0.29
;.,fOats
(straw)
2 tons
25
15
80
8
3
7
0.02
0.22
0.03
Rye (grain)
•30 bu
35
1 0
10
10
2
8
2
3
0.01
0.14
0.07
(straw)
1.5 tons
15
8
4
5
5
0.01
0.04
0•04
`
Sorghum (grain)
60 bu
50
25
15
29
16
-
-
--
-
(stover)
3 tons
65
20
95
3
0.03
0.09
0.14
Wheat (grain)
40 bu
50
25
6
3
5
0.01
0.16
0.05
(straw)
1.5 tons
20
5
35
Hay
180
112
21
19
0.06
0.44
0.42
'Alfalfa
4 tons
180
40
16
7
5
0.02
0.30
0.08
Bluegrass
2 tons
60
20
60
48
32
32
0.02
0•f4
0.48
Coastal Bermuda
8 tons
400
92
345
55
15
13
-
0.65
-
Cowpea
2 tons
120
25
S0
185
13
20
-
-
-
Fescue
3.5 tons
135
65
375
-
25
35
-
Orchardgrass
6 tons
300
100
69
7
0.04
0.54
0.36
Red Clover
2.5 tons
100
25
100
40
-
-
5 tons
215
85
240
-
-
-
Ryegrass
Sorghum -Sudan
8 tons
319
122
450
-
47
18
-
10
0 04
0.46
0.15
.Soybean
2tons
90
20
•
50
40
18
6
5
0.03
0.31
0.20
t; ;" r ..•:
Timothy
2.5 tons
60
25 _
95.
Fruits and Vegetables,
5
10
0.03
0.03
0.03
Apples
500 bu
30
1.0
45
8
2
2
2
5
0.02
0.03
0.06
Bean, Dry
30 bu
75
25
25
-
._
-
-
Peppers
180 cwt
137
52
217
0
44
0.04
0.10 _
0.08
,Bell
Cabbage
20 tons
130
35
130
1
2
18
0.03
us
0.31
-onions
7.5 tons
45
20
40
4
8
2
-
-
0.01
Peaches
600 bu
35
'20
65
18
10
--
"•
-
Peas
25 cwt
164
35
1
-
7
7
0.06
0.14
0.08
.'Potatoes (white)
30,000 Ibs
90
90
48
158
5
12
7
-
-
-
(vines)
-
61
20
4
g
0.02
0.06
0.03
Potatoes (sweet)
300 bu
40
18
96
4
5
-
-
-
-
(vines)
30
4
24
-
17
--
---
-
_'
Snap Beans
4 tons
138
33
-
5
4
0.02
0.10
0.10 �J
Spinach
5 tons
50
15
.30
30
20
11
--
-
-
Sweet Corn
90 cwt ,
140
47
136
-
11
14
0.07
0.13
0.16
20 tons
120
40
160•
7
--
.Tomatoes
- Turnips
10 tons
45
20
,90 ,
12
6
--

Nutrient ,Removal by Crops in North_ Carolina
Table 1(continued)
Crop Yield
Other Crops
N
P.O.
K10
-
Ca
Mg
Ibs
S
—
_
Cu
Mn
-
Zn
--
Cotton (soed & lint) 2,500 Ibs
63
25
31
4
7
5
0.18
0.33
0.96
Cotton (stalks, leaves,
& burs) 3,000 lbs
57
16
72
56
16
15
0.05
0.06
0.75
Peanuts (nuts) 4,000 Ibs
140
22
35
6
5
10
0.04
0.3
0.25
(vines) 5,000lbs
100
17
150
88
20
11
0.12
0.15
—
Soybeans
(beans) 50 bu
188
41
74
19
10
23
0.05
0.06
0.05
(leaves,stems,
& pods) 6,100 Ibs
89
16
74
30
9
12
—
—
—
Tobacco, flue -cured
(leaves) ' 3,000lbs 85 15 155 75 15 12 0.03 0.55 0.07
(stalks) 3,600lbs 41 11 102 — 9 7 — — —
Tobacco, burley
(leaves) 4,000lbs 145 14 150 — 18 24 —
( ) symbol rneans the inimmlion was not available in the reference used.
Reference sources include: The Fertilizer Institute, Potash and Phosphate Institute, Alabama CES circular ANR-449, Tisdale and
Nelson's Soil Fertility and Fertilizers, Mortvedt, Giordano and Undsays Micronutdonts in Agriculture, and IMC's Efficient FerNizer
use — Fertilizing for Profit
Phosphorus
Phosphorus (P) is involved in the
energy dynamics of plants. Without
it, plants could not convert solar en-
ergy into the chemical energy
needed for the synthesis of sugars,
starches, and proteins. Phosphorus
moves very slowly in mineral soils
and thus tends to build up over time
when the amount of phosphorus
added in fertilizer and organic
matter exceeds the ariiount removed
in the harvested portions of crops.
Because phosphorus is relatively
immobile in soil, it is important that
plant roots have a close and ade-
quate supply. Factors that inhibit
root growth therefore can affect
uptake of phosphorus.
• Much of the phosphorus added
to soil is "fixed" by chemical reac-
tions with iron, aluminum, and
calcium and becomes unavailable
for uptake by crops. The quantity of
phosphorus available to plants is
much smaller than the total quantity
of phosphorus in the soil. This
amount can be determined only
through soil tests. The quantity of
available phosphorus in soils is the
fraction that is affected by plant
removal.
Potassium
Potassium (K) is involved in,photo-
synthesis, sugar transport, water and
nutrient movement, protein synthc-
sis, and starch formation. Potassium
helps to improve disease resistance,
tolerance to water stress, winter
hardiness, tolerance to plant pests,
and uptake efficiency of other nutri-
ents.
Potassium removal by crops un-
der good growing conditions is usu-
ally high, and is often three to four
times that of phosphorus and equal
to that of nitrogen. In many cases
where levels of soluble potassium in
the soil arc high, plants tend to take
up more potassium than they
need. This is called luxury con-
sumption because the excess potas-
sium does not increase yields.
Potassium is also mobile in
soils, depending on soil texture.
Movement is greatest in course -
textured sands, followed by fine
sands and then clay soils. Accumu-
lation of potassium also depends
upon soil texture. The greatest
accumulation generally occurs in
clay soils, followed by loam and
coarse -textured sands.
Calcium and Magnesium
Calcium (Ca) is a constituent of the
cell wall and keeps the cell mem-
branes stable. Visual evidence of
calcium deficiencies generally
occurs in growing points of the plant
at the fruit, stem, leaf, and root tips.
Magnesium (Mg) is an essential
part of the chlorophyll molecule
where photosynthesis occurs. Mag-
ncsium is also involved in energy
metabolism in the plant and is
required for protein formation.

SoilFads
' �L:i""fautraiJ�t tS �..hi' i!✓i�::�v.]�.•...«:ifut�.iii
Depletion of calciutnkand mag-
nesium reserves in the soil by crop
removal is rarely a problem in limed
soils because of the large quantity of
these nutrients that arc present in
liming materials. However, sonic
crops, such as peanuts, may require
more calcium than the crops can
remove.
Sulfur
Sulfur (S) is a component of some
amino acids that are important in
building proteins. Sulfur is required
by plants in about the same quantity
as phosphorus.
Sulfur, just as nitrogen, is mo-
bile in soils and can be lost by
leaching. Leaching is greatest in
coarse-tcxturcd soils under high
rainfall conditions and least in limed
clay soils that arc low in aluminum
and 'iron. In North Carolina, most of
the sulfur in surface soils is associ-
ated with organic matter. About 10
pounds of sulfur per acre are depos-
ited annually by rainfall in North
Carolina. Values for crop removal
may be useful guides for sulfur fer-
tilization on coarse-tcxturcd, sandy
soils with clay subsoils at depths
greater than 15 inches.
NEcronutrients
-NEcronutricnts are called "micro"
only because they are needed in
very small quantities by plants.
Without them, however, no plant
could survive and function normal-
ly. The micronutrients are involved
in different plant processes and can
react differently in the soil.
Copper. Copper (Cu) is involved in
plant enzyme systems, protein
synthesis, seed formation; chloro-
phyll fonnation and nitrogen me-
tabolisin. Copper moves very little
in soils and thus can accumulate
when application rates exceed
utilization. Copper is also held
tightly by organic matter.
Zinc.. Zinc (Zn) is involved in starch
formation, protein synthesis, root
development, growth hormones, and
enzyme systems. As with copper,
zinc is relatively immobile in soils
and tends to accumulate.
Manganese. Manganese (Mn) is
involved in chlorophyll formation,
nitrate assimilation, enzyme sys-
tems, and iron metabolism, Manga-
nese deficiency is generally caused
by a high soil pH but can also be
induced by an imbalance with other
elements such as calcium, magne-
sium, and ferrous iron. Manganese
availability in limed soils is de-
creased with increasing levels of
organic matter.
Boron. Boron (B) is involved in
sugar and starch balance and
translocation, pollination and seed
production, cell division, nitrogen
and phosphorus metabolism, and
protein formation. Boron, just as
nitrogen and sulfur, is highly mobile
and is not readily retained by sandy
surface soils. Because of this mobil-
ity, boron must be added annually
for crops sensitive to boron deficicn-
cies. Removal of boron by crops is a
reasonable estimate of need, but
practicality and leaching dictate
using several times this much.
Boron fertilizer is required for
cotton, peanuts, reseeding clovers,
and alfalfa, and vegetable crops
often require boron fertilization on
sandy soils.
Molybdenum. Molybdenum (MO) is
involved in protein synthesis, lcg-
Prepared by
J. P. Zubiena, Extension So(! Sconce Spedafist
utnc nitrogen fixation, enzyme sys-
tems, and nitrogen metabolism. Dc-
ficiencies of molybdenum generally
occur on acidic soils that contain
high levels of iron and aluitunurn
oxides. Estimates of molybdcnum
removal by crops may serve as a
general fertilization guide. How-
ever, availability of soil reserves of
molybdenum to the plant arc largely
regulated by soil pH.
Iron. Iron (Fe) is important in
chlorophyll and protein formation,
enzyme systems, respiration, photo-
synthesis, and energy transfer. Iron
deficiency, which is not very com-
mon in North Carolina, is believed
to be caused by an imbalance of
metallic ions, such as copper and
manganese, excessive amounts of
phosphorus in soils, and a combina-
tion of high pH, high lime, cool
temperatures and high levels of
carbonate in the root zone.
Chlorine. Chlorine (CI) is involved
in photosynthesis, water-usc effi-
ciency, crop maturity, disease
control and sugar translocation.
While chloride leaches quite readily
in coarse-tcxturcd soils, deficiencies
arc not very common.
Summary
Estimates of crop nutrient removal
rates are useful in comparing the
nutrient demands of different crops.
These values, however, do not take
into account the quality and availa-
bility of nutrient reserves already in
the soil. Because of this limitation,
soil testing should still -be the cor-
ncrstone of all fertility programs.
Removal rates can be used in con-
junction with soil testing to estimate
the depletion of nutrient reserves.
Published by
THE NORTH CAROI.INA COOPERATIVE EXTENSION SERVICE
North Carolina State University at Raleigh, North Carolina Agricutturat aril Tochnical State University at Greensboro, and the U.S. pepartrnonl of Agriculture, ca
operating. State Urversity Station, Raloigh, N.C., R.C. Wells, Director. Distributed in funhorarx%f the Acts of Congress of May 9 andJune practices30,1 ari4. a availablNorth
Carolina Cooperative Extension Swdco Is an equal. opportunity/af5mlative action emplo or. Its ograms, activities, and employrm
all people regardless of raco, color, religion, sox, ago, national origin, har&ap, or political affiliation. AG 439-1 G
9/91-7M—TMD-210213

1
Distributed in furthorance
of the Acts of Congress
of May a and Juno 90, 1914.
Employment and program
opportunities are offered to
all people regardless of
race, color, national origin,
sex, age, or disability. North
Carolina State University,
North Carolina A&T State
University, U.S. Department
or Agriculture, and local
governments cooperating.
SoilFac.ts
Soil .Acidity and Proper Lime Use
Situation in North Carolina
Nearly all soils in North Carolina that pro-
duce grain and oil crops, tobacco, cotton,
vegetables, fruits, some forest species, turf,
many ornamentals, and forages need lime for
optimum plant growth unless lime has been
added recently. Soil test summaries compiled
by the Agronomic Division, North Carolina
Department of Agriculture, verify this need.
Nearly 21,000 soybean and 13,000 cottoll
soil tests (July 1, 1989, through June 30,
1990) show that about 6 out of 10 fields will
benefit from liming. Also, NCDA agrono-
mists emphasize that a high percentage of the
"problem samples" they receive have very
low pH and therefore need lime.
Proper lining, in combination with other
sound agronomic and pest control practices,
will increase crop income in North Carolina.
Using conservative estimates of yield in-
crease from proper lime use, the return from
cotton, soybeans, and peanuts (crops that are
quite sensitive to low PH) could be increased
by about $25 million. In addition, returns
J.0 4.0 J.V
Soil pH
Figure 1. General relationship between soil pH
and acidity.
from tobacco, corn, commercial vegetables,
forages (especially legumes), and turf could
probably be increased another $10 million.
Although response to lime is frequently
rather subtle in contrast to a nitrogen applica-
tion to corn, ignoring its regular use limits
crop yields.
Nature and Cause
of Soil Acidity
Soil acidity is the term used to express the
quantity of hydrogen (H) and aluminum (Al)
ill soils. Ott the other hand, soil pH is an
indirect indicator of "soil acidity." Soil pH,
which is the negative logarithm of the soil
hydrogen concentration, is expressed on a
scale from 1 to 14. Because the pH scale is
logarithmic, soil with a pH of 6 is 10 times
more acidic and soil with a pH of 5 is 100
times more acidic than soil with a pH of 7.
Remember that the lower the pH number, the
more acid the soil and therefore the greater
the need for lime. This relationship is shown
in Figure 1.
North Carolina soils arc
highly weathered (leached)
because of excessive rainfall
and therefore arc naturally
acidic. This process has de-
plctcd the nutrient elements
calciurn (Ca) and magnesium
(Mg) from naturally occurring
minerals as well as those of
previously applied agricultural
limestone. Plants also remove
calcium and magnesium.
Decay of crop residue or the
u e addition of animal waste or
other organic matter increases
soil acidity. Widespread use of
fertilizer nitrogen also in-
creases soil acidity.
North Carolina
::Q.
Cooperative Extension Service
J NORTH CAROL INA STATE UNIVERSITY
COLL(GE OF AGRICULTURE & LIFE SCIENCES

Soffacts
Soil Testing
and Target pHs
Because aluminum and hydrogen
arc the principal components of soil
acidity in mineral soils (hydrogen is
the principal component in organic
soils) the North Carolina soil test
report contains a measurement
called thcAc value. This is the com-
bination of aluminum and hydrogen
in soils and is used to predict lime
needs. Lime recommendations must
take into account differences in
acidity between soils and differ-
cnccs among various crops, tolcr-
ance to acidity. This explains why
soils differ in the recommended or
target pH. For most commonly
grown crops, mineral (MIN) soils
have a target PH of 6.0. For mincral-
organic (M-0) soils the target is a
PH of 5.5, and for organic (ORO)
soils it is 5.0. The reason for the
difference is that soils high in
organic matter generally contain
less aluminum and arc thus less
toxic to plant roots at a relatively
low pH.
Furthermore, crops differ in their
ability to tolerate a low pl•I. I'lants
such as blueberries and azaleas arc
known to be especially tolerant,
whereas others such as alfalfa,
cotton, and tomatoes grow better at
a higher PH. Because of the differ-
cnccs in crops and soils, the North
Carolina soil test report rcconl
mends varying rates of lime to
achieve the best pH for the particu-
lar soil class and crop combination
under consideration.
Lime Reactions in Soil
The most commonly used lime for
North Carolina agriculture is the
dolomitic type (CaMgCO3); calcitic
lime (CaCO3) is less frequently
used. A liming material must have
more than a high calcium content; it
must also be capable of neutralizing
acid (H). The chemical reaction of
dolomitic lime with soils is as
follows:
Equation 1:
Calcium Magnesium Carbonate + Water
r
' ',Calcium +.,Magnesium + 131carbonate + Hydroxide
Ca" + Mg" + 2HCO3- + 20H-
CaMgCO, + H2O _T
If dolomitic fir estone-is.used, the calcium or magnesium helps displace
the hydrogen) and aluminum.on•the soil exchange sites, and the hydroxyl
..ions react to, neutralize,;these acidic components as shown in equations
2 and 3. The bicarbonate. anion. reacts with hydrogen to form a very
weak acid.
Equation:2:
Aluminum +•Hydroxide Insoluble Aluminum Hydroxide
AP' + 30H-•- )P- AI(OH),
.Equation:3::
'Hydrogen + Hydroxide Water
H' + OH- --t H2O
Aluminum hydroxide is insol-
ublc; therefore the aluminum is
effectively inactivated. Also, when
hydrogen and hydroxide ions com-
birtc, water is formed and tlic
hydrogen is therefore neutralized.
Because lime dissolves very slowly,
it must be ground finely before it
can effectively neutralize soil
acidity (Figure 2). Note that 40- to
50-mesh material raised the pH to
a higher level than 8- to 20-mesh
material did during an 18-month
study.
Benefits of Proper
Lime Use
The solubility of many essential
plant nutrients is influenced by, soil
PH (Figure 3). For most nutrients
the optimum pH range is between 6
and 7. In addition, proper liming
will provide the following benefits:
■ A reduction in aluminum (and
manganese in most piedmont and
mountain soils), which may be toxic
and restrict root and associated top
t
r
7.0 1op des
y
6.5 F
yp fey
6.0
pH
5.5
8,zo
5.0 4.8 mesh
110 Lime
4.6 0 6 12 1a
Months After Liming
Figure-2. Lime screen size and
soil pH.
growth. Restricted root .growth also,
reduces drought tolerance.
■ More efficient use of fertilizer -
supplied phosphorus (p). Aluminum,
particularly at a low pH, is cllcmi-
cally active and combines with fer-
tilizer phosphorus, causing it to

PH 4 pH 5 PH 6 PH 7 pH 8 pH 9
NTRQGEN 'POTASSIyU,M IISULFUR + •',�
..1 ........'1 FI:At''�tfi•'1.,`vfti.:��Y:•".'SF�y
.... r . . ..........:.. a. y..Ly .
..,.+ lam:
.. P HO ,. ] UrS ". ;% a CAa '.�
(9 ..... ... _ �.� .� f its �b..�4i�.:�IJ��Ww"^n!`:u•.Hh..r.A..-•ten .:S!{Y::
.i�o� ,'r�;.r ,'�i:t^ny� x': r.'V. .�h•.-�;Y.w?-r;JA! ."Yi.Y.,d'•. 'i>:.{:':i if ra:.
tititiy lY,y
P,L'C A
' :'H:i,h:(.5���`t.11.i l;!':'v, I•�{:`.. a,. �; �.'•�i%iF•.:�e tY `�r`r: N.:; �;•
.`• � � BORON.: , .:, ,;•..,'�:::r,:t•� '.. ;�,. ; ,.�s:,a.� ,,.
;ltf :li t'i Ls{' rrnisyn:-"'S';LiYJi.S�','�"r.^,^,^�,•a,�9 mil. .q^
41 F i i
AND ZINC'"+' P"
> r.C;OP.FER y., ,i.'Jr�r,;'Y' ..;
.ALUMINUND`M.ANGANES
NrE• j , ; .�� �w ''
,.IRO
i
PH 4 pH 5 PH 6 PH 7 PH 8 pH 9
Figure 3. Effect of soil pH on nutrient availability.
become insoluble. This tying up of
fertilizer phosphorus means that less
is available to the next crop. In
some instances, fertilizer pliospho-
rus has inadvertently served as a
liming material, in that it has immo-
bilized aluminum.
■ Economical provision of csscn-
tial magnesium if dolomitic lime-
stone is used. Furthermore, the
magnesium supplied in dolomitic
limestone is released slowly over a
period of three to four years and is
therefore better protected from
leaching than that supplied by
fertilizer magnesium.
10 Improved nodulation of lcg-
times. The rhizobia in nodules on
legume roots — those of soybeans,
peanuts, alfalfa, and clover —
synthesize greater amounts of
nitrogen from the soil atmosphere
for use by the legume where soil pH
is not low. Such inoculation leads to
an economical source of nitrogen
and may supply the succeeding crop
with substantial residual nitrogen.
In addition, molybdenum (Mo), an
essential clement in a legumes
nitrogen -fixing processes, is increas-
ingly tied up as soil pH gradually
declines below 5.5 and thus
becomes unusable to the rhizobia
bacteria. Therefore, a less-tllan-
optimum molybdenum means
nitrogcn-deficient legumes.
■ Reduced leaching of potassium.
On tIlc soil's exchange complex
there are a limited number of sites
that can hold nutrients such as po-
tassium. When these sites arc occu-
pied by strongly attached aluminum
(low pH), any potassium added in
fertilizer is more susceptible to
leaching. Proper liming will not
colnplctcly prevent leaching of po-
tassium but will tend to minimize
particularly on soils with deep sandy
surfaces.
■ improved performance of some,
herbicides, Triazincs — atrazinc
and simazinc — do not perform
effectively below the optimum pH.
Furthermore, there is increasing
evidence that optimum pH also im-
proves the performance of sonlc
ncmaticidcs.
Deteriiiining the
Lime Requireinent
It is important to remember that
soils in different parts of the United
States have different optimum pHs.
For example, nlost Illidwcsicril soils
produce best crops at a pR of 6.5 to
7.0, but these values would cause
micronutricnt deficiencies in parts
of North Carolina. Another problem
is that laboratories use testing
methods developed for their particu-
lar conditions. Many laboratories
use a weighed soil sample and
assume that the wcight-to-volumc
ratio remains the same from one soil
to another. The North Carolina
laboratory uses a soil volume ill its
test because the soils of this state
vary a great deal in wcight-to-
volumc ratio.
According to the North Carolina
Department of Agriculture's Agro-
nomic Division, the amount of lime
required depends on the pH desired
for the intended crop, the present
soil pH, the amount of acidity (Ac),
and an adjustment for residual credit
(RC)' from recent lime applica-
tions. Each sample is classified as
mineral (MIN), mincral-organic (M-
0), or organic (ORG) because the
desired pH differs for each of these
three groups. With computer assis-
tance, NCDA agronomists offer
lime suggestions calculated by the
following equation:
Tons of lime per acre =
r pH desired -present pH _ RC
Ac x I 6 6 — present pH
Example:
If soil pH = 5.0;
desired pH = 6.0; Ac = 1.2; RC = 0
then lime requirements are:
6.0 — 5.0 _ 0 = 0.76 ton/acre
1.2 x
5.0
'Residual credit is reduced by 8 perccnt
per month from time of application to time
of soil test for mincral soils and 16 percent
per Monti, for mincral=organic soils-

Sox1 Facts
When the results of the calcula-
tion indicate that no lime is needed
and the soil PH is 0.3 unit or less a -
below the level desired, an app
lions of 0.3 tun per acre or 15
pounds per thousand square feet is
recommended. When lime rates are
calculated for a first and second
crop, the highest of the two lime
rates is suggested for the first crop
and no lime is suggested for the sec-
ond crop. Lime rates arc reported in
tenths of a ton; no lime application
is recommended when calculations
indicate less than 0.3 ton.
Calcitic Versus Dolomitic
Limestone
North Carolina has few good natural
lime sources. Calcitic marl liming
materials (soft marine shell depos-
its) are available in the coastal plain,
but there are no dolomitic lime
deposits in the cast. Dolomitic lime
must be obtained from the Virginia
or Tennessee mountains and is thus
relatively expensive. Occasionally,
by-product liming materials become
available. 'if the neutralizing value
is known and the lime is ground
finely enough to react in the soil,
these can be economical substitutes.
Liming materials containing cal-
cium carbonate (CaCO3) aloha are
called calcitic limes, and those with
significant amounts of magnesium
carbonate (MgCO3) (6 percent mag-
ncsium or greater) are called dolo-
mitic limes. Pure calcium carbonate
is used as the standard for liming
materials and is assigned a rating of
100 percent. This rating is also
known as the "calcium carbonate
equivalent." All other liming
materials arc rated in relationship to
it. Dolomitic limes are slightly
more efficient in neutralizing soil
acidity and may have values slightly
greater than 100.
'Calcitic limes can be used on
any soil high in magnesium. On the
other hand, doluntitic lilies sliuuld
be used on soils low in magncsium.
Many organic soils and some pied -
moat soils are naturally high in
magncsiuin, whereas most sandy
soils in the coastal plain are low.
The soil test report will indicate
which lime should be used. It is
possible to, use a magnesium fertil-
izer instead of dolomitic lime, but
the costs of this source of magne-
sium arc almost always considerably
higher.
Liming Product Standards
for North Carolina
Size standards and other criteria
have been established for the sale of
agricultural materials to ensure a
quality product. They arc as follows:
w Agricultural liming materials
must be crushed so that 90 percent
passes through a U.S. standard 20-
mesh screen (with a tolerance of ± 5
percent).*
For dolomitic limestone, 35
percent lnust pass through a U.S.
standard 100-mesh screen; for
calcitic limestone, 25 percent must
pass through a U.S. standard 100-
mesh screen (with a tolerance of ± 5
percent).*
IN, A product must contain a mini-
mum of 6 percent magnesium to be
classified as a dolomitic limestone.
R Therc is no minimum calcium
carbonate equivalent requirement
for limestone sold in North Caro-
lina. However, tale product must be
labeled to show the amount neccs-
sary to equal that provided by a
liming material having a 90 percent
calcium carbonate equivalent. Lime
recommendations in North Carolina
arc based on 90 percent calcium
carbonate equivalency. For ex-
amplc, a product having a calcium
carbonate equivalent of 80 percent
would be labeled "2,250 pounds of
this material equals 1 ton of stan-
dard agricultural liming material."
■ Pcllctcd lime must slake down
when it comes in contact with mois-
lure.
•Also applies to Pcllctcd lima..
Lime Form
Most agricultural lime is sold as a
damp powder because dry lime is
very dusty and difficult to handle.
I-lowever, lime is occasionally
excessively wet. Lime is sold by the
Pound; thus be aware that you may
be purchasing a substantial amount
of water and should adjust lime rates
accordingly.
Lime is sometimes sold in pellet
form. The pallets are formed from
lime that has been finely ground; it
is not large grains of solid lime-
stone. The pellcted product is less
dusty and easier to spread but is
snore expensive. Pcllctcd lime is
slower to act than powdered lime.
Soil reaction will be enhanced if the
soil can be retitled thoroughly
several days after the pallets have
been mixed into the soil and have
become soft. Pcllctcd lime is not an
economical source for most field
crops. Lime is also sometimes sold
as a suspension, often called "liquid
lime." It consists of fine lime par-
ticics mixed with water and a sus-
pending clay. All the lima particles
must be 100 mesh or finer. Up to
1,000 pounds of lime can be sus-
Pcndcd in a ton of product. The
main advantages are case of hand-
ling and precise application. This
material, although a fluid, does not
react any faster than dry lima of the
same particle size. Once it has been
placed on the soil it is the same as
dry lime. All of the lime in a sus-
pension is fast acting, and a ton of
product (1,000 pounds of fine lime
particles plus clay and water) will.
raise the pH as fast as a ton of dry
lime. However, the effectiveness of
suspensions is short lived compared
to regular agricultural limestone,
and therefore the liming will proba-
bly have to be repeated every year.
Also, suspensions arc a considerably
more expensive way to correct soil
acidity. e

Soil Acidity and Proper Lime Use
Application and
Incorporation
Lime moves little in the soil and
neutrilizcs acidity only in the zone
where it is '])plied. TO be cffcctivc,
therefore, it must be uniformly
spread and thoroughly incorporated.
The poorest and most common
method of application is by spinner
spreader. Double spinners arc better
than single spinners; however, all
normally apply more lime immcdi-
atcly behind the spreader than to tine
sides. In practice, rates arc adjusted
by checking the spreader pattern,
overlapping the pattern, and double
spreading, making the second pass
at right angles to the first. if done
properly, this is an acceptable way
to apply lime. Ill many cases,
however, these precautions are not
followed and lime is applied un-
evenly. The soil can suffer from
both underlining and ovcrliming.
Reduced yields may result.
Special situations may occur in
the coastal plain that lead to over -
liming. First, if excessive lime falls
along a relatively narrow path at the
center line of the spreader truck, the
soil pH may increase somewhat
above tine desired level. Second, the
delivered rate may be too high for
sandy ridges that occur in certain
fields. Third, there simply may
have been too much lime applied
uniformly across the field. These
three circumstances may elevate the
pi -I to tine extent that within a year
or two an "induced" manganese
deficiency has been created, and the
crop may exhibit a manganese defi-
ciency.
Lime can be more evenly ap-
plied using full -width or boom
spreaders. Full -width spreaders
allow lime to fall to the ground by
gravity. The rate is determined by
the size of the openings in the box
and by ground speed. Boom spread-
ers use drag chains, augers, or
pneumatic pressure- to move lime
out the booms and drop it on the
ground. If adjusted properly, both
types of spreaders are vastly super-
ior to the spinner type. The main
limitations to their use are the high
initial cost and more complex
operation. Most growers will likely
continue to spread lime using
spinner spreaders, but if you choose
that method you should be aware of
tine limitations and take every
precaution to sec that the lime is
evenly spread.
The most commonly used lime
incorporation tool is the disk. Its
main limitation is that it incorpo-
rates lime only about half as deep as
the disk blades penetrate. Even with
repeated passes it will not incorpo-
rate lime well. offset disks that
throw the soil do better. The best
incorporation implement is a heavy-
duty rotary tiller that mixes the soil
as deep as tine roots need to go. if
the land is to be bottom plowed, do
not bury the lime too deep. If
plowing, the best approach is to
apply half the lime, then disk and
bottom plow, and then apply the
other half and disk again; however,
this process is costly and is not
generally used. Certain other tillage
practices, such as bedding or middle
busting, will help with lime incorpo-
ration in the long run. Chisel
plowing is very ineffective in lime
incorporation. Although lime is
applied on the surface to estab-
lished pastures and lawns, it should
be incorporated Iat establishment to
reduce soil acidity.
A proper soil pH can increase
your crop income. However, vary-
ing rates of lime arc recommended
depending on the best pH for.the
particular soil class and crop combi-
nation. To test your soil's pH, send
a soil sample to Agronomic Divi-
sion, North Carolina Department of
Agriculture, Blue Ridge Road
Center, Raleigh, NC 27611.

Soffacts _
THIS BULLETIN IS PROVIDED TO YOU BY THE
NORTH CAROLINA COOPERATIVE EXTENSION SERVICE
ROBESON COUNTY CENTER
LUMBERTON. NORTH CAROLINA 2050
[phone]
Prepared by
Paul Lilly, Exietlsioli Soil Science Specialist
and
Jack Baird, Professor Emeritus, Soil Science
7,000 copies of this public document were printed at a cost of $1,055; or $.15 per copy.
I
Published by
NORTH CAROLINA COOPERATIVE EXTENSION SERVICE AG-439-17
4/93-7M—TWK-230226
(Revised)

Exhibit 18
1�Utl.SoJ�t `5 .Swl+�� F��1
Swine Farm Waste Management Odor Control Checklist 1 kcRa c,,,j.'i Cb,-uw �l
Source Cause BMPs to Minimize Odor Site Specific Practices
Flush alleys Agitation during wastewater CI Underfloor flush with underfloor ventilation ��
conveyance
Pit recharge points • Agitation of recycled lagoon �Y Extend recharge lines to near bottom of pits with /�/�=-�,e�,
liquid while pits are filling anti -siphon vents
Lift stations • Agitation during sump tank CJ Sump tank covers y�
filling and drawdown
Outside drain • Agitation during wastewater Box covers
collection or conveyance
junction boxes
End of drainpipes • Agitation during wastewater TKExtend discharge point of pipes underneath FIexAl, b�.k
at lagoon conveyance lagoon liquid level
Lagoon surfaces • Volatile gas emissions ' Proper lagoon liquid capacity
• Biological mixing Mr Correct lagoon startup procedures WAS 09*5/E-w�-Q At�{
• Agitation Minimum surface area -to -volume ratio �2L5 fru��EGl�vfs 1�lT 7-/1F- %/"l F,
PMinimum agitation when pumping
Irrigation sprinkler
nozzles
C7 Mechanical aeration
ET"Proven biological additives on 04C+4510r,;
• High pressure agitation r IIrrigate on dry days with little or no wind
• Wind drift 0 Minimum recommended operating pressure
0//Pump intake near lagoon liquid surface
Cl Pump from second -stage lagoon -N,4
&F_5 j��se JrfiwGs
N

End Exhibit 18
Swine Farm Waste Management Odor Control Checklist
Source Cause.
Storage tank or • Partial microbial
basin surface decomposition
• Mixing while filling
• Agitation when emptying
Settling basin • Partial microbial
surface decomposition
• Mixing while filling
• Agitation when emptying
Manure, slurry, or
sludge spreader
outlets
Uncovered manure,
slurry, or sludge on
field surfaces
• Agitation when spreading
• Volatile gas emissions
• Volatile gas emissions while
drying
BMPs to Minimize Odor
C7 Bottom or midlevel loading
C] Tank covers
17 Basin surface mats of solids
C7 Proven biological additives or oxidants
C] Extend drainpipe outlets underneath liquid level
C7 Remove settled solids regularly
17 Soil injection of slurry/sludges
O Wash residual manure from spreader after use
O Proven biological additives or oxidants
O Soil injection of slurry/sludges
O Soil incorporation within 48 hours
O Spread in thin uniform layers for rapid drying
O Proven biological additives or oxidants
Site Specific Practices
1:(:&
h/} NOT yEr u�Asi f-o scua6r&- ,
Dead animals Carcass decomposition Proper disposition of carcasses r
(PC (kkoveo-
Dead animal • Carcass decomposition O Complete covering of carcasses in burial pits �;-� SAS D��o SOX �. Gear
disposal pits O Proper location/construction of disposal pits
Incinerators • Incomplete combustion O Secondary stack burners v
Standing water • Improper drainage Grade and landscape such that water drains away NO
around facilities • Microbial decomposition of from facilities
organic matter
o�cv0
:liusf5
W

Exhibit 19
j�lGt�mcvd, Cca • .�
Insect Control Checklist for Animal Operations
Source Cause BMPs to Control Insects Site Specific Practices
Liquid Systems
Flush gutters Accumulation of solids O Flush system is designed and operated
sufficiently to remove accumulated solids from
utters as designed
Remove bridging of accumulated solids at
Lagoons and pits Crusted solids Maintain lagoons, settling basins and pits where FARmfR BkR�Ws
pest breeding is apparent to minimize the crusting Z .Oif/5 Awo b 4s#FS our cAA:w
of solids to a depth of no more than 6 to 8 inches Soi.05 , G,46cow is Nor eX"tfo,
Iver more than 30 percent of surface
Excessive vegetative • Decaying vegetation
growth
Maintain vegetative control along banks of
lagoons and other impoundments to -prevent
accumulation of decaying vegetative matter along
water's edge on impoundment's perimeter.
Dry Systems.
Feeders Feed spillage Design, operate, and.maintain feed systems
( .g., bunkers and troughs) to minimize the
ccumulation of decaying wastage
Clean up spillage on a routine basis (e.g., 7- to 10-
day interval during summer; 15- to 30-day interval
during winter)
5 / !7i 5 ft" Gtf
m

End Exhibit 19
Insect Control Checklist for Animal Operations
Source Cause BMPs to Control Insects Site Specific Practices
Feed storage • Accumulations of feed Reduce moisture accumulation within and around
residues immediate perimeter of feed storage areas by L,',We�- ce--�, A615 &d
ensuring drainage is away from site and/or
-
providing adequate containment (e.g., covered bin
for brewer's grain and similar high moisture grain
roducts)
2(pinspect for and remove or break up accumulated
solids in filter strips around feed storage as needed
Animal holding • Accumulations of animal Eliminate low areas that trap moisture along fences r
areas
wastes and feed wastage and other locations where waste accumulates and
disturbance by animals is minimal
t (Pr Maintain fence rows and filter strips around animal
holding areas to minimize accumulations of wastes
(i.e., inspect for and remove or break up
accumulated solids as needed)
Dry manure • Accumulations of animal Cl Remove spillage on a routine basis (e.g.,
handling systems wastes 7- to 10-day interval during summer; 15- to 30-day
interval during winter) where manure is loaded for
land application or disposal
0 Provide for adequate drainage around manure
stockpiles
0 Inspect for and remove or break up accumulated
wastes in filter strips around stockpiles and manure
handling areas as needed
For more information contact:
Cooperative Extension Service, Department of Entomology, Box 7613, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7613.
11

Exhibit 20
EMERGENCY ACTION PLAN
PHONE NUMBERS
DWQ
EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
SWCD
MRCS
This plan will be implemented in he sevent that hould not�wait untiastes l�wasteour operation
each surface leaking,
a waters or
overflowing, or running off site. Yo
leave your property to consider that you have a problem. You should make every effort to
ensure that this does not happen. This plan should be posted in an accessible location for
all employees at the facility. The following are some action items you should take.
1. Stop the release of wastes. Depending on the situation, this may or may not be
possible. Suggested responses to some possible problems are listed below.
A. Lagoon overflow -possible solutions are:
a. Add soil to berm to increase elevation of dam.
b. Pump wastes to fields at an acceptable rate.
C. Stop all flows to the lagoon immediately.
d. Call a pumping contractor.
e. Make sure no surface water is entering lagoon.
B: Runoff from waste application field -actions include:
a. Immediately stop waste sn tcontain waste.
b. Create a temporary diversion to
c. Incorporate waste to.reduce runoff.
d. Evaluate and he application It ratnate the s for the fields wherthat caused e runoff occurred.
e runoff
e. Evaluate
C: Leakage from the waste pipes and sprinklers -action include:
a. Stop recycle pump.
b. Stop irrigation pump.
c. Close valves to eliminate further discharge.
d. Repair all leaks prior to restarting pumps.
D: Leakage from flush systems, houses, solid separators -action include:
a. Stop recycle pump.
-- b. Stop irrigation pump.
c. Make sure no siphon occurs.
d. Stop- all flows in the house, flush systems, or solid separators,
December 18, 1996

C. Repair all leaks prior to restarting pumps.
E: Leakage from base or sidewall of lagoon. Often this is seepage as opposed to
flowing leaks- possible action:
a. Dig a small sump or ditch away from the embankment to catch all seepage,
put in a submersible pump, and pump back to lagoon.
b. If holes are caused by burrowing animals, trap or remove animals and fill
holes and compact with a clay type soil.
c. Have a professional evaluate the condition of the side walls and lagoon
bottom as soon as possible.
2. Assess the extent of the spill and note any obvious damages.
a. Did the waste reach any surface waters?
b. Approximately how much was released and for what riuration?
c. Any damage noted, such as employee injury, fish kills, or property damage?
d. Did the spill leave the property?
e. Does the spill have the potential to reach surface waters?
f. Could a future rain event cause the spill to reach surface waters?
g. Are potable water wells in danger (either on or off of the property)?
h. How much reached surface waters?
3: Contact appropriate agencies.
a. During normal business hours, call your DWQ (Division of Water Quality)
regional office; Phone - - After hours, emergency number: 919-733-3942.
Your phone call should include: your name, facility, telephone number, the details
of the incident from item 2 above, the exact location of the facility, the location or
direction of movement of the spill, weather and wind conditions. The corrective
measures that have been under taken, and the seriousness of the situation.
b. If spill leaves property or enters surface waters, call local EMS Phone number -
c. Instruct EMS to contact local Health Department.
d. Contact CES, phone number - - , local SWCD office phone number and local NRCS office for advice/technical assistance phone number -
4: If none of the abovecall � o contact the pror the Sheriffs pment aner a encie sfor yours exain your
and ask that
problem to them Person
5: Contact the contractor of your choice to begin repair of problem to minimize off -site
damage.
a. Contractors Name:—
b. Contractors Address:
c. Contractors Phone:-
2 December 18, 1996

end Exhibit 20
6: Contact the technical specialist who certified the lagoon (NRCS, Consulting
Engineer, etc.)
a. Name:.
b. Phone:
7: Implement procedures as advised by DWQ and technical assistance agencies to
rectify the damage, repair the system, and reassess the waste management plan to
keep problems with release of wastes from happening again.
December 18, 1996

Exhibit 21
I NELSON NOZZLES
Nozzle
Nozzle
Nozzle
Nozzle
Nozzle
Nozzle
1.2"
Nozzle
1..31,
7"
a...9"
1.01,
1.1"
P.5.1.
GPM
DIA.
GPM
DIA.
GPM
DIA.
GPM
DIA.
GPM
DIA.
GPM
DIA.
GPM
DIA.
50
100
250'
130
270'
165
290'
205
310'
255
330'
300
345'
350
360'
60
110
265'
143
285'
182
305'
225
325'
275
345'
330
365'
385
380'
70
120
280'
155
300'
197
320'
245
340'
295
360'
355
380'
415
395'
80
128
290'
165
310'
210
.335'
260
355'
315
375'
380
395'
445
410'
90
135
300'
175
320'
223
345'
275
365'
335
390'
405
410'
475
425'
100
143
310'
185
330'
235
355'
290
375'
355
400'
425
420'
500
440'
110
150
320'
195
340'
247
365'
305
385'
370
410'
445
430'
525
450'
120
157
330'
204
350'
258
375'
320
395'
385
420'
465
440' 1
545
460'
Ring
Ring
Ring
Ring
Ring
Ring
Ring
.97"
1.081,
1.18"
1.26*'
1.34"
1.41"
P.S.I.
.86"
GPM
DIA.
GPM
DIA.
GPM
DIA.
GPM
01A•
GPM
DIA.-
GPM
DIA.
GPM
DIA.
50
100
245'
130
265'
165
285'
205
300'
255
320'
300
335'
350
350'
60
110
260'
143
280'
182
300'
225
315'
275
335'
330
350'
385
365'
70
120
270'
155
290'
197
310'
245
330'
295
350'
355
365'
415
380'
80
128
280'
165
300'
210
320'
260
340'
315
360'
380
380'
445
395'
90
135
290'
175
310'
223
330'
275
350'
3,35
370'
.405
390'
475
405'
100
143
300'
185
320'
235
340'
290
360'
355
380'
425
400'
500
415'
110
150
310'
195
330'
247
350'
305
370'
370
390'
445
410'
525
425`
120
157
315'
204
335'
258
360'
320
380'
385
400'
+ 465
420'�
545
435'
u.��
Npzzte
�
Nozzle
�
Nozzle
Nozzle
7
Nozzle
;+•„ ��.�.�. �!.°ys
_g . f'� ,.
�,rZ;f�,'. v'. it
Nozzle Nozzle
Nozzle Nozzle.111
1.05•'
1.1"
1.2"
1,3••
1,4"
1.51,
1.6"
1.75"
1.9-
P.S.I.
GPM
DIA.
GPM
DIA.
GPM
DIA.
GPM
DIA•
GPM
DIA.
GPM
DIA.
GPM
DIA.
GPM DIA
GPM
DIA. f�Y
60
250
345'
285
355
330
375'
385
390'
445
410'
115
430'
S85
445'
695 470'
1 825
495' .;
70
270
360'
310
380'
355
395'
415
410'
480
430'
S55
450"
630
465'
755 495' •
890
515,
80
290
375'
330
395'
380
410'
445
430'
515
450'
590
470'
675
485'
805 515'
950
535'
90
310
390'
350
410'
405
425'
475
445'
545
465'
625
485'
715
505'
855 535'
1005
555'
100
325
400'
370
420'
425
440'
500
460'
575
480'
660
500'
755
520'
900 550'
1060
575'y'
S�Xt'i
;110
340
410'
390
430'
445
450'
525
470'
$05
495'
695
515'
790
535'
945 565'
1110
590'
120
355
420'
405
440'
465
460'
545
480'
630
505'
725
530'
825
550'
985 580'
1160
605'
130
370
425'
425
445'
485
465'
565
485'
655
515'
755
.540'
860
560'
1025 590'
t210
620' •,v3`y

L
End Exhibit 21 =r-"t%=L-t--y PUMP COMPANY
TYPE "B" RATING CURVES
BERKELEV-] ) @ ENGINE DRIVE
CURVE 4117
DATE B-17-81
PAGE 4.01
SUPERSEDES
Curve 4117 Poe 4.01
Dated 5-1-79
Case: M.W1.1 C. I . Pall. No. L— 15 36
Impeller: M.I.d.1 C. 1. Pail. N-- L— 15 39
MAXIMUM WORKING PRESSURE 205 PSI
Nl-ch-mm L-1536
Mach -Ho. L-2409
VARIOUS R.P.M. — cycle.
13's- 17-7/811 x 17-5/8" FULL T. D. S. I. I., Lash water at
a. leveled' F..,
M-1 CR M--2 0
-HcAO
N!.P
S"i
..
30
...........
500
NtjM.. A
FQJM_
AMUM.
.
...... .... 20
...
...........
�IFJ
450
10
.....
.... ......
..........
...........
. ...........
..
. .....
400
..... .
-1900- IPM--..7.
.........
......
.... ... ...
...
........ ....... ..
........
. . ........
..
....
0
..
...........
..
......
..... ...
,350
........
....
......
E.
.......... ...
...
....... .....
............
.......
300
.......PM
....
......
. .
.....
.....
r
250
RPM
.... ...
(200
............
150
...... ...
...........
........ .. ........
a
100
.......
.... ...
..........
........... .. ...... — ........
..... ... ..... ...... .
.. ..........
...........
50
...........
.i .... .... .. ........ ...
.... ......
..
..
......
..........
..... .
... ........
.... ............
.
....
.... ...
.....
... .. —
.. .....
.... .
. .....
. .......
....
777,7.
........ ..........
20 1,. .:
V::,
10'
.......
---
w,
TDS L
0
.. . .... A I ......
. ..
0
1
0
400 50o 600
700 800 900
1000 1100
1200
1300 1400
CAPACITY IN U.S. GALLONS PER MINUTE
-7052
On.don T-1645
SUP&.6das C-7052 Daled 3-30-81
om.
6r11--81 MODEL
B4EYQBM
Case: Malorlol C-1- Palt-No. L-1536 Mach.Nc, L-1536 VAR I OUS R.P.M. — crcl.-�
Impeller: Material C.I. P.u.No. L-1698 Mach.No.L-2634 Die. 17-7/811 FULL T. O.S. L. for bash ..(., at
sea I
-160* F. ....
U, I
45C
400
350
z
a
6300
X
0
250
O
J 200
150
100
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 '1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
CAPACITY IN U.S. GALLONS PER MINUTE
C-7551 Bandon T-3194 Supersedes C-7551 Dalod 3-30-81 o-,- 6-11-81 MODEL B4FY
H
�a
20,.
DSLI

a K ef� ..."
. ..._ a, :,yip - •_ s:,. •_ 'r ', `� �' _ �re
r� TA'
R e,
f� 1 on
Aw
5a4 d % �j ,may) yp 4V. kv
$ - s .'6 na �4ryc. iIt-
,y.:.` a .,,y 31k d�F #1 r •�# �p �+!a' ..,�: yr�
I � �Y g:�'.v4� � wwjj,•b., �gr�;i
V-4 „ "'� 'i4 � � � -:u �` � .. aft r , �'� va: ',. $''� f � �,� .,3�'+ �., �� �k•-
-44
!7f,
yr'
,
4 A'
74,
"000
NC,
-ly
� � ��' ar� �O = _'' y s + ';��� , ;` �S ++ i+ : -��. ...,G� `"�, ,-� r Ir�'h',-• ' .. 5x. � i��, .e� fie' �� f
a� 1t} 51 4s 3 "Vm
q , ;s+-r.. dsK•* ::s. `r'aE;,Jry _ h.:az=ar. y A + y,w\I d�•. �^
. . . . . . . . .
1l',
we MORN
A
J
S't�iir,i�lki,3U,,?�i tip,,. Rfi id.[t'Pfltirian t�{G fav"9U."t �(t a,:u ,j,S lyl: rJi. E++4�N�h1ri aYA,it�i,n,r.?;ai rka .;,+kSidlS+l�uit31�•R,..�dj'�
3'
9 rrTs
As
C;•
s

Improved Design Provides Greater Operator Control
Greater control ... more accurate application of both clean and
wastewater. Simpler to operate ... the smooth operation of the six
speed gearbox eliminates
the need for multiple belts
and pulleys while provid-
ing a full range of operat-
ing speeds. Within a high
and low range there are
three speeds for increased ■
precision and accuracy in
F�
controlling application
f, rates. Knowing and con- .11
_11
trolling your application
rates have become crucial Six speed gearbox
wastewater management
tools when trying to adhere to ever increasing regulations. Both
the Model 1030 and 1033 are available with the standard 5.5 HP
Honda engine or the
efficient Pelton
Pelton Wheel slurry turbine
design only starts with the drive system.
include:
Wheel slurry tur-
bine, the Pelton
Wheel turbine is the
ideal drive system
when connected to
the Irrigation com-
puter. This combi-
nation provides pin-
point accuracy for
applying wastewater
or slurry from holding
areas such as tanks
and/or lagoons.
This improved
Other enhancements
• A constant pressure automatic braking system which
increases tension when the hose is being pulled out but reverts to
lighter tension as the hose is being retrieved.
• A positive action lock down. When engaged, this simple one
way ratchet will lock the reel in place when shifting the gearbox to
neutral, as well as secure the reel for transport when desired.
• A miswind sensor. Should a miswind irregularity ever occur,
this sensor will automatically disengage the drive, protecting the
Reel Rain from damage.
• Fixed frame and turntable models. In an effort to offer Reel
Rain customers the widest range of options, both the 1030 and
1033 are.available
with or without a
turntable.
• Increased
speed range. Frorr
.5 feet per minute to
12.5 feet per
minute, you have
the ability to control
the application rate.
WithReel Rain
Irrigation equipment
from AMADAS
INDUSTRIES, you
and your Dealer The Reel Rain Models 1030 and 1033 are also
receive special atten- available in a fixed frame design.
tion from our fully equipped Service Department. Each Service
Technician is trained by the AMADAS staff engineer who
• 6 Speed Gearbox
• P.T.O. Rewind
• _Automatic:Hose Retrieve Stop
• Rugged Frame Design.
• Turntable/Fixed Frame
.. Reel .Speed Compensator
• Safety Shielding
• Galvanized Fittings
• Galvanized Gun Cart
• Mechanical Hose Guide
• Three Year Warranty
• Mlswind Sensor
designed your
Reel Rain. The
1030 and 1033 are
only two of many
dependable mod-
els of Reel Rain
Travelers. Ask
your Dealer to
show you other
models that might
meet your needs.
Reel Rain
Travelers are
available in mod-
els which will effi-
ciently irrigate from
35 to 400 acres
per week.
-
Time For
Typical
No. of Acres
. Flow Rate
One Pull, Applying 1"
Model
Hose Length
Hose I.D.
_Lane.Soacing'
Covered`in
(G.P.M.)
of Water (Hrs.)-
Nelson Gun
Turbine Gas.
Turbine.,Gas.
Number
(Feet)
(Inches)
(Feet)
One Pull
and. Pressure
1030
965
3.0
240
5.84
260, 280.
10.2 9.4
SR150/80 PSI
1033
850
1 3.3
1 1260.
1 5.68
1.260 400 .
7.16.4
I SR150/80 PSI
INDuSI R I I SN=;I==
1100 Holland Rd. • P.O. Box 1833 • Suffolk, VA 23439-1833 • USA 1701 South Slappey Blvd. • P.O. Box 3687 • Albany, GA 31706 • USA
Phone [phone] Fax [phone] Phone [phone] • fax [phone]
AMADAS INDUSTRIES' policy is one of continuous Improvement, and We reserve the right to change speofficatlons, design or price$ Wfthvut incurring obligation.

Exhibit 23
PIPE FOR IRRIGATION
Ronald E. Sneed*
R.-E. Marshburn**
There are two categories of irrigation pipe: metallic and non-
metallic. Metallic pipe consists of aluminum alloys and black iron,
galvanized steel and coated steel pipe. The non-metallic materials are
plastic and cement asbestos.
Aluminum irrigation pipe or tubing is available in the form of
extruded (alloy 6063) and roll formed seam welded (bare alclad alloys
3004 and 5050) tubing. These materials are lightweight, with high
strength and have been used for.irrigation piping for more than 30
years. Maximum recommended working pressure is approximately 150 psi
and is one-third to one-half the burst pressure. Minimum standards for
aluminum irrigation tubing are covered in American Society of Agricultural
Engineers standard ASAE S263.1. Bare aluminum tubing is damaged by
extremely corrosive waters, therefore, alclad tubing was developed.
However, for most naturally occurring water, bare aluminum tubing has
adequate corrosive resistance.
For portable aluminum and solid -set aluminum irrigation systems,
standard wall thickness aluminum tubing is used. For side roll wheel
move systems, heavy wall thickness aluminum tubing is used. This heavy
wall tubing must be capable of withstanding the torque placed on the
tubing as it serves as the axl.e for the wheels. Standard wall tubing
is available in nominal 20, 30, and 40-foot lengths and in diameters from
2 to 10 inches. 'much of the standard wall tubing is available as heavy
end to give additional protection against denting.
st of avy
wall tubing is available only in 40-foot lengths. A small amount of
polyethylene plastic wrapped and vinyl coated aluminum tubing has been
installed underground, but the higher cost and problems with connectors
has limited this practice.
Connectors or couplings for aluminum tubing include both aluminum
and steel fittings. Female couplsrofare
emalebolted
couplersweldeincludeslatchto
or pressed into the tubing. Type
bell, ringlock, and lug. All couplers utilize a rubber ring or gasket
that expands against the tubing when the system is pressurized. The
bell type coupler also uses asteel
spring
boltedthat
or weldeddontonthe�tubeng.
rubber gasket. The male couplers are
*Extension Specialist Irrigation), Biological and Agricultural
Engineering, North Carolina State University
**Rawls Pump and Supply Company, Cary, North Carolina

Two types of steel pipe: schedule wall thickness and thin wall seam
welded can be used for irrigation. However, except for well casings,
very little steel pipe is used for irrigation. The schedule wall thickness
pipe is used for well casings and some permanent main and lateral lines.
When portable pipe -sprinkler systems were first introduced, thin wall
seam welded pipe was used for portable systems, but aluminum tubing has
eliminated this usage.
Plastic pipe include a large and varied group of materials of high
molecular weight. In the finished state, the pipe is a solid; however,
at some point in the manufacturing process, the material is fluid and can
be formed into the desired shape by heat or pressure or both. Plastics are
either thermoplastic or thermosetting. Thermoplastic materials can be
softened by heating. At normal temperatures thermoplastic pipe has good
tensile strength, impact strength and excellent ductility, and good
temperature resistance. Thermosetting pipe consists mainly of epoxies,
polyesters, and pherolics. Some resins are reinforced with glass or
asbestos fiber to improve the physical properties.
Most plastic piping materials are resistant to deterioration by
natural waters, dilute chemical solutions that may be encountered in
the irrigation industry and most types of wastewater. The major dis-
advantages of plastic pipe are expansion and contraction due.to
temperature changes and low mechanical strength. There are no quick
coupling devices for plastic pipe -so it is not readily adapted for
portable irrigation systems but is very satisfactory for permanent
systems.
Polyethylene (PE) plastic pipe is available in a variety of
pressure ratings from 0 to 160 psi working pressure. Sizes range
from 1/2-inch to 3-inch. Depending upon pipe diameter, it is available
in lengths from 100 to 400 feet. Both nSf(National Sanitation Foundation)
approved pipe for potable water conveyance (drinking water) and non nSf
pipe are available. Polyethylene pipe should meet the requirements of CS-
256-63 and should be labeled with the maximum allowable working pressure.
A major disadvantage of PE pipe is the method of connection. All fittings
are internal to the pipe. and clamps are used to secure the pipe to the
fitting. These fittings reduce the effective diameter of the pipe. Only
a limited amount'of PE pipe is used for sprinkler irrigation systems. Poly-
ethylene pipe and tubing are the primary piping medium for drip and trickle
irrigation systems, .especially for lateral lines. Most of the PE pipe for
drip systems will be low pressure. Generally it will be high carbon, low
density pipe that will be more flexible and less damaged by sunlight than
conventional PE plastic pipe.
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic pipe is available in pressure ratings
from 50 feet of head (21.6 psi) to 1130 psi depending upon size, type and
manufacturer. Diameters range from 1/2-inch to 12,inches. Lengths are
either 20 feet or 40 feet. These are basically three types of PVC plastic
pipe: to -head, class pipe and schedule pipe. The to -head pipe is thin
wall pipe used mainly for surface irrigation systems and drain lines for
livestock confinement facilities. Class pipe is available in five pressure
ratings: Class 100, Clas 125, Class 160, Class 200 and Class 315.
The numbers denote working pressure rating. There are two
2

schedule pipes: Schedule 40 and Schedule 80. Schedule 40 PVC plastic
pipe can be compared to lightweight steel pipe and Schedule 80 can be
compared to regular weight steel pipe. Schedule 80 pipe can be threaded.
The wall -thickness of the Schedule pipe will be fairly constant regard-
less of pipe diameter. This means that as it increases in diameter the
pressure rating will decrease. The wall thickness of the Class pipe
will increase as pipe diameter increases, so that all sizes will have
equivalent pressure ratings.
Polyvinyl chloride plastic.pipe is connected either with solvent
weld (glue) fittings or bell and gasket fittings. All fittings are
external to the pipe. Solvent weld pipe may be plain end on each end
with a separate fitting (coupling, tee, ell) being used, or the female
end may be belled .to accept the male end of another piece of pipe. The
bell and gasket pipe may be plain end on both ends with a separate
coupler being used that has two rubber gaskets that seal against the
pipe under pressure or the female end may be belled and have a rubber
gasket that accepts the male end of another piece of pipe. For gasket
pipe, concrete thrust blocks are required at the end of a line of
pipe and at changes in direction in the line. These thrust blocks
prevent the pipe from pulling apart. Gasket pipe must be buried for
satisfactory performance. In fact, it is recommended that all PVC
plastic pipe be buried, with the depth depending upon pipe diameter
and the depth of the frost line. Normal depth is 24 inches for small
diameter pipe and 36 to 42 inches for 6 inch or larger diameter. However,
some growers are having satisfactory results with solvent weld PVC pipe
on the surface provided it is drained during freezing weather. The most
common PVC pipe for sprinkler irrigation systems will be PR-200 (PVC
1120, ASTMD-2241-67, SDR 21) and PR-160 (PVC 1120, ASTMD-2241-67, SOR 26).
Cement asbestos.(CA) pipe is a rigid, heavy pipe which has been used
by the water distribution and irrigation industries for many years.
However, for irrigation usage it has essentially been replaced by PVC
.plastic pipe. The product is a concrete pipe with asbestos fibers added
to provide strength. It is chemically resistant to most waters, however
water containing strong acids may damage the cement and result in pipe
failure. Connections for CA pipe are bell and rubber gasket. This pipe
requires thrust blocks at the, ends of lines and at changes in pipe
direction. Cement asbestos pipe is available in diameters from 3 to 36
inches and 10 and 13 foot lengthswith shorterlengths being available
as required. Pressure ratings vary from 25 to 250 psi. The pipe.should
meet the requirements of ASTM C 296-63T and subsequent revisions and
should be labeled accordingly. There will be -only a minimum amount of
CA pipe used for irrigation. Most that is used will be 6 inches in
diameter or larger and should have a pressure rating of jat least
150 psi.
Although there are a variety of piping materials for irrigation,
aluminum tubing and PVC plastic are the two materials most used.
Normally aluminum tubing will be used for portable and solid -set systems
and PVC plastic pipe will be used for permanent systems that are installed
below the ground surface.
-3-

Handling and Installation of PVC Plastic Pipe
Temperature has a major effect on PVC plastic pipe. As temperatures
approach freezing, the flexibility and impact resistance of PVC plastic
pipe is greatly reduced. At low temperatures when joining solvent weld
pipe, a longer time is required for the glue to set. Generally solvent
weld pipe should not be joined at temperatures below 400F. At high
temperatures pipe becomes more flexible and set-up time for the glue is
greatly reduced.
When pipe is stacked, it should not be placed in piles more than
five feet high. Occasionally out -of -round pipe will result from stacking.
In warm weather, once the weight is removed, it -will rapidly assume a
round shape. In cold weather, several hours may be required for the pipe
to return to the original shape.
Sunlight can have an effect on the pipe, especially in colors other
than white. It may warp and exhibit a snaking effect. When left in the
sunlight for long periods, the color may fade and the pipe will harden
at the surface causing a loss of impact strength. Discolored pipe should
be handled carefully during installation. If pipe is to be stored out-
side for long periods of time, it should be covered with a cover of
opaque material, not plastic, and air should. be able to circulate under
the cover.
Gaskets should be stored away from excessive heat and solvents.
Some pipe comes from the manufacturer with the gaskets installed. If the
pipe is not to be installed immediately, the gaskets should be removed
and stored.
When installing gasket pipe there are several simple steps to follow
that will ensure leak -free joints. The gasket or ring groove should be
cleaned of foreign materials. The gasket should be properly installed.
Ample lubricant should be placed on the male pipe end, the pipe aligned and
the male end inserted into the female end. Some pressure will be required
to force the male end to. the correct depth. There will be a reference
point to.indicate the required penetration depth. If penetration is not
deep enough the joint may leak; and if penetration is too deep, there is
not adequate room for pipe expansion. Once the joint is made, the pipe
being installed should be rotated to ensure that the gasket is not pinched.
Gasket pipe may be connected in the trench or on the ground beside the
trench and then lowered into the trench. If the latter is done, check
each joint to ensure that penetration is correct. If it is necessary to
cut pipe, either a PVC pipe cutter or a miter box with.a carpenter's
fine-toothed handsaw should be used.. For gasket pipe, it will be necessary
to bevel the pipe, usually at an 30 angle, accomplished with a special
rasp or file. For solvent weld pipc,-burrs, chips and filings should be
removed from the outside and inside of the pipe and it is preferable to
slightly bevel the outside circumference.
Fittings for gasket pipe may be plastic or steel. The trend in
the industry today is to use epoxy coated steel fittings. These are
manufactured by several companies (McDowell, Pierce, Davis, etc.) and can-
-4-

be fabricated in almost any configuration. Some epoxy coated fittings
include stacks and hydrants as an integral part of the fitting.
Occasionally it may be necessary to connect PVC plastic pipe to steel
or CA pipe. This connection can be made with a coupling called a.
transition or repair coupling. In -line valves can be supplied with
connections to gasket pipe.
Thrust blocking -is required for gasket pipe. Most thrust blocks
will be concrete. Manufacturers recommended thrust blocks at any
change in direction greater than 100. Figure 1 gives an example of
different arrangements for thrust blocks.
1
.r
�,
Figure 1,
I
Example of different arrangements for thrust blocks.
-5-

Figure 2. Anchorage blocks for in -line valves.
Table 1 is the forces encountered at end plugs. to calculate
forces encountered at bends; tees and wyes, multiply the figure in
Table 1 by the factors given in Table 2.
Table 1. Thrust W at End Plugs
Thrust in
---------------
lbs. for test
pressure
in si
Pipe Diameter
100 PSI
150 PSI
200 PSI
250 PSI
inches
295
455
440
680
'590
910
740
1140
112-
2
211
1 660
990
1320
1650
3
985
1480
1970
2460
4
1820
2720
3630
4540
6
3740
6490
5600
9740
7460
13,000
9350
16,200
8
10
10,650
16,000
21,300
26,600
12
15,150
22,700
30,200
37,800
14
20,600
30,800
41,100
51,400
16
26,600
39,800
53,100
66,400
-6-

Table 2. Factors for Calculating Thrust W for
Elbows and Tees.
Elbows: 900
= 1.41
60°
= 1.00
45°
= 0.76
30°
= 0.52
22.50 =
0.39
Tees = 0.70
Table 3 gives the safe bearing load for different soil types.
Table 3. Safe Bearing Load
Soil lb/ft2
Mulch, peat and similar 0
Soft Clay
Sand
Sand and gravel
Sand and.gravel cemented
with clay
Hard shale
1000
2000
3000
4000
10,000
Thrust block area(ft2) - W _ Thrust (Table 1 & Table 2)
- F' .oi re
ear�ng stngt a e 3)
In placing concrete thrust blocks, check with the manufacturer of the
pipe being used to ensure that the correct size thrust blocks are
being used.
There are a number of machines that can be used to prepare the
trench for PVC plastic pipe. Soil types, moisture content, de-pth of
trench required and type and diameter of pipe must be considered.
Generally chain trenches, wheel trenches, backhoes, or vibrating plows
will be used. for trench preparation. The vibrating plow can only be
used for solvent weld PVC pipe and generally is limited to the smaller
diameter of pipe. Under most conditions the chain. trencher or wheel
trencher will be faster than the backhoe. Where wide trenches for large
pipe are required, the backhoe will be most satisfactory. If soil
conditions permit, long stretches of open trench willexpedite
e itinstalled
installation. However, if rain is forecast the pip should
and the trench backfilled. To avoid sharp turns in the line at obstructions,
trenches should be curved within limits of curvature of the pipe.•
-7-

Most manufacturers have charts showing the radius and offsets per 20-
foot length of pipe. When laying out pipe, place it as close to the
trench or proposed trench as possible. This will eliminate unnecessary
handling. Place'the pipe on the side of the trench opposite the soil
deposit and out of the way of trenchers, backhoes, and other heavy.
traffic.
The trench should be kept as narrow as possible. Trenches with
four inches of clearance on each side of the pipe will allow proper
backfill to be placed around the pipe. When pipe is coupled in the
trench, a wider trench will be required than when pipe is coupled on the
surface. A trench that is too wide may result in excess soil loading
on the pipe.and possibly pipe deformation or pipe bending. Trench depth
will depend on surface loads, need for freeze protection and earth loads.
If the pipe will be used.to convey water during freezing weather, the
.pipe should)be at least six inches below the freeze depth. In cultivated
land, pipe should be buried to a depth of at least 36 inches to facilitate
cultural operations. In non -cultivated areas, a depth of 24 inches should
be adequate for pipe diameters of four inches or less and for larger
diameters the depth should be 30 to 48 inches. Trench bottoms should be
smooth and free of stones 'or clods larger than one-half inch in diameter.
Loose material should be left for bedding support. Where rocky areas
are encountered, a four inch layer of select backfill should be placed
in the trench bottom. In backfilling the pipe, the backfill should be
placed in six inch to 12 inch layers and tamped. Backfill adjacent to
the pipe should be free of stones of one-half inch diameter or larger.
Tamping should be done carefully so the pipe is not damaged. Coupling,
fittings (tees, ells, etc.) and valves should be left uncovered so that
a pressure test can be run for visual inspection of -leaks.
Most of the larger PVC plastic pipe that is installed is gasket
pipe, most of the smaller, pipe will be solvent weld. The solvent weld
pipe is easy to couple and install provided a few basic rules are
followed. These include using the correct cement and primer,
joining pipe at the correct temperature, having clean pipe
and allowing cement to dry before moving pipe or testing pipe. Details
of joining solvent weld pipe are listed below.
Details of Solvent Weld Pi inc
The solvent welding procedure detailed herein applies to PVC and
CPVC pressure piping systems including molded fittings, belled end pipe
and fittings and socket type pump and valve connections.
A. Joinin !Materials Needed
cutting tool
rags (nonsynthetic, i.e., cotton)
deburring tool
cement and primer applicators
applicator can or bucket
pipe primer
pipe solvent cement
tool tray
notched boards

B. Tyres of Cement
C.
a
E.
a
1. Light duty industrial grade is for use with all Schedule
40 and Class (SDR rated) pipe up to 6 inches in size.
2. Heavy duty industrial grade is for use with all Schedule
80 pipe up to 6 inches in size and may be used for Class
(SDR rated) pipe up to 6 inches in size.
3. Extra heavy duty industrial grade is for use with all
PVC pipe 6 inch and larger.
4. CPVC solvent cement industrial grade is for use with all
sizes of Schedule 40 and•Schedule 80 CPVC piping.
5. Pipe primer is for use with all PVC and CPVC pipe and
fittings.
Pipe Preparation
1. cutting Plastic pipe can be easily cut with a power or
hand hacksaw, circular or band saw. For best results, use
a fine-toothed blade (16-18 teeth per inch). To ensure
square -end cuts, a mitre box, hold-down or jig should be
used. Pipe or tubing cutters can be used for smaller
diameter pipe when the cutting wheel is specifically
designed for plastic pipe.
2. Deburrinq and Beveling. All' burrs, chips, filings, etc.,
snow bb remove trom both the pipe I.D. and O.D. before
joining. Use a knife, deburring tool or a half -round,
coarse file to remove all burrs. A slight bevel is
preferable around the circumferences of the pipe end to
minimize the chances of wiping the solvent cement from
the I.D. of the fitting as the pipe is socketed.
Fittina Preparation
Prior to solvent weldinn, all fittings and couplings should
be removed from their cartons and exposed for at least
one hour to the same temperature conditions as the pipe in
order to assure that they are thermally balanced before
joining.
Cl eanino
Using a clean, dry cotton
and moisture from the I.D.
the I.D. of the fitting.
WELD WET SURFACES.
Priming
rag, wipe away all loose dirt
and O.D. of the pipe end and
DO NOT ATTEMPT TO SOLVENT
Pipe primer is used to penetrate and soften
surfaces of PVC and CPVC pipe and fittings.
strength product that penetrates rapidly.
effective on the hard -finished, high -gloss
being produced.
-9-
the bonding
It is a high
It is very
products now

Use a dauber or paint brush to apply the primer to the pipe. A
rag is not recommended as repeated contact with skin may cause
irritatidn or blistering.
Apply _primer freely in the socket keeping surface wet.and
applicator wet and in motion for 5 to 15 seconds. Redip applicator
as necessary: Avoid puddling in the socket.
Apply again to the fitting socket. The second application is
especially recommended for belled end pipe and fittings fabricated
from pipe stock for many of them -have especially hard inside
surfaces.
For checking penetration, you should be able to scratch or scrape
a few thousandths of the primed surfaces away. Repeated applica-
tions to either or both surfaces may be necessary. Weather
conditions do affect priming action. In cold weather more time
is required for proper penetration.
NOTE: The pipe ends can be rested on notched boards to keep them
clean and for ease of solvent cement application.
Solvent Cement Application
Using the proper applicator, (see Table 4 for specific recommendations)
proceed as follows:
1. Apply a full even layer of cement on the pipe O.D. for a distance
slightly greater than the depth of the socket of the fitting.
2. Coat the fitting with a medium layer, avoiding puddling. On
belled end pipe, do not coat beyond the socket depth or allow
cement to run beyond the bell.
3. Put a second full even layer on the pipe O.D. Cement layers
must be without voids and sufficient to fill any gap in the joints.
Table 4. Size Applicator Required
Pipe Size au er o er .ecommen e
(Inches) Size Size Brush Width*
Inches Inches] (Inches
3/3 1/ 2
1/ 2 3/4
3/4 NOT 1/2
1/2
1 RECOM- 1/2
MENDED 1
14 1
2 11�
2k,
3 `2
4 � 2
6 3 3
3 NOT ';
10 RECOM- g, 4 or 6
12 MENDED � g, 4 or 6
-10-

*Natural bristle brushes should always be the alternative
to daubers or rollers. It is recognized that the recom-
mended brush width may not always be readily available.
However, the selection should come as close as possible
to the recommended width in order to ensure complete
coverage with a minimum of brush strokes.
H.. Joinine
1. Immediately upon finishing cement application and before -it
starts to set, insert the pipe to the full socket depth while
rotating the pipe or fitting'a 1/4 turn to ensure complete -and
even distribution of the cement. Hold joint together for a
minimum of 10 to 15 seconds to make sure that pipe does not
move or back out of the socket.
2. For pipe sizes 6 inch and larger, a joining crew consisting of
two men is recommended and the following steps are necessary:
a. Rotation of the pipe in the fitting may be obmitted.
b. Hold joint together for 1 to 3 minutes depending on pipe
- size.
c. As an aid for joining, in these larger sizes, it is recom-
mended that a comealong or pipe joining tool similar to
that manufactured by Reed Manufacturing Company be used.
I. Excess Cement
Immediately after joining and before joint is gently set back
onto a level surface, wipe off all excess cement from the
circumference of the pipe and fitting.
J. Handlinci
During the initial setting of the cement, which begins about
two minutes after application, (on small sizes) be careful not
to move.or disturb the joint.
Table 5. PVC and CPVC Joint Movement Times
Hot
Mi I
W I a
We they*
WeatherWeathe
Nominal
90$-150OF
500-90"F
100-50�F
Pipe Sizes
Surface
Surface
Surface
Temperature
Temperature
Temperature
12.min.
20 min.
30 min.
11i"-21i"
30 min..
45 min.
1 hr.
3"-4"
45 min.
1 hr.
1 hr. & 30 min.
6"-3"
1 hr.
1 hr, & 30 min.
2 hrs. & 30 min.
10"-12"
2 hrs.
3 hrs.
5 hrs.
*These temperatures above are drying• temperatures and should not be
confused with atmospheric, joining temperature recommendations and
limitations. _
-11-

i
K. Pressure Testing
L.
Air or compressed gas is not recommended as a media for pressure
testing of plastic piping systems.
I. Initial Joint Test�ng. Initial joint testing of PVC and CPVC
pipe e� co a possi- iy L)e accomplished to 10% of its hydrostatic
pressure rating after drying times (listed in Table 6).
Table 6. PVC and CPVC Joint.Drying Times at 10% Pressure
Nominal
Pipe Size
Hot
Weather*
900-1500F
Surface
Temperature
1 hr.
1 hr. & 30 min.
2 hrs. & 45 min.
3 hrs. & 30 min.
6 hrs.
Weather*
50 -90 F
Surface
Temoerature
1 hr. & 15 min.
1 hr. & 45 min.
3 hrs .. & 30 min.
4 hrs.
8 hrs.
gold
We$ they*
10 -50 F
Surface
Temperature
1 hr. & 45 min.
3 hrs.
6 hrs.
12 hrs .
32 hrs.
*These temperatures shown are drying. temperatures and
should not be confused with atmospheric, joining tem-
perature recommendations and limitations.
2. High Pressure Testinq. The PVC and CPVC pipe could possibly be
pressure tested up to 100% of its hydrostatic pressure rating
after the drying times given in Table 7.
Table 7. PVC and CPVC Joint Drying Times for 1000/0-Pressure
r,vk. 1111u
Weather* We$theE*
l_u I
Weather*
Nominal
90 -150 F 50 -90 F
10 -50 F
Pipe Size
Surface Surface
Surface
Temperature Temperature
Temperature
yt1-1-411
4 hrs. 5 hrs.
7 hrs.
Vi'1-2'i'
6 hrs. 8 hrs.
10 hrs.
31'-411
8 hrs. 18 hrs.
24 hrs.
611-811
12 hrs. 24 hrs.
48 hrs.
10"-1211
18 hrs. 36 hrs.
72 hrs.
* These temperatures shown -are drying temperatures and
should not be confused with atmospheric joining tem-
perature recommendations and limitations.
Do's and Don'ts
R.
1. Use the proper applicator (see Table 4 for specific recommendations)
-12-

2. Use proper type of solvent cement for the job.
3 Follow the instructions completely.
Don't
1. At -tempt to solvent weld under the following conditions:
a. if it is raining
b. if atmospheric temperature is below 40°F
c. if under direct exposure to sun at atmospheric
temperatures above 90 F
d. discard empty cans of'solvent, primer or rags in
trench or near piping. Concentrated'fumes or dripping
cement or primer, can cause pipe failure.
M. Hot Water Cementing
1. Since cement contains a solvent certain precautions or steps
should be taken when the atmospheric temperature is above
90 F to avoid excessive evaporation of the solvent from the
cement just prior to joining. Such evaporation will cause
the cement to prematurely set before joining, thus,
adversely affecting the joint integrity. Use one or a
combination of the below to reduce the chances of this
condition occuring.
a. Shade or shelter the joints surfaces from direct
exposure to the sun's rays for at least one hour
prior to joining and during the joining process.
b. Make cement joints during early morning hours.
c. Apply cement quickly. On 6 inch and larger pipe,
it is recommended that two men apply cement to the
pipe surface while the third applies it to the
fitting socket.
d. Join pipe to fitting as quickly as possible after
applying cement.
N. Cold Weather Cementing
1. Because the solvents in the cement will not evaporate as
readily when the temperature is below 400F, the pipe joints
will not set up as rapidly in cold weather. If solvento
cementing must be done when the temperature is below 40 E,
the following suggestions are offered:
a. Store pipe, fittings, cement and primer in a heated
area.
b. Pre-fab as much of the system as possible in a heated
work area.
c. Joints that must be made outside should be protected
with a portable shelter
abovee408d with F priorltolrect joiningat
to raise tempera
The shelter and heat should remain in place for at
least two hours after joint assembly.
d. Pipe and fittings must dry prior to joining and the
joints should be kept dry
CAUTI0P1the DcOe�OTtATTEI�IPThad
TO
sufficient time to set.
-13-

0.
a
SPEED THE SETTING OR DRYING OF THE CEMENT BY APPLYING DIRECT
HEAT.TO THE SOLVENT -WELDED JOINT. Forced rapid drying by
heating will cause the cement solvents to boil off, forming
porosity, bubbles and blisters in the cement film.
Handlin.7 of Primer.and Cement
Note: Observe the use prior to date. Cement has a limited shelf
life. Do not permit solvent cement can to stand open. Do not
use cement that has dried to.the point where it becomes lumpy
and stringy. Throw it away. Do not attempt to thin out
sluggish cement with thinner or primer. The solvents in the
primer and cement are highly flammable, like a fast drying
lacquer, and should not be used near an open flame. Use
them in a well ventilated area and avoid prolonged breathing
of the fumes. Prolonged contact with the skin could cause
a minor irritation.
Estimated Solvent Cement Requirements
Cement requirements given in Table 3 should only be considered as a
guideline for usage and could vary according to a wide variety of
installation conditions. Further, these estimates should in no way
be used to restrict the liberal cement application instructions
recommended for the pipe.
Table 6. Estimate of Number of Joints That Can Be Made
Per Volume of Cement*
Pipe Sizesl Pint I Quart I Gallons
z"
130
260
1,040
3/4"
80
160
640
1"
70
140
560
1y°
50
100
400
1"
35
70
280
2"
20
40
160
2
3" 1
15
30
.120
4"
10
20
80
6"
N/R
8
24
8"
N/R
3
12
10"
N/R
N/R
10
12"
N/R
N/R
6
*Each joint represents one socket in
a fitting.
Pipe for irrigation, especially underground irrigation, has changed
rapidly in the past few years. Pipe that is availalbe today is high
quality, long-lasting material. When properly utilized, aluminum
tubing should.last 25 years and PVC plastic pipe installed under-
ground has a life of 40 years or more.
-14-

W l[=
POWER U141T
GATE VALVE
BLACK IRON
1811 24!
AIR RELIEF PRESSURE RELIEF
VALV E , VALVE
4 PUMP DISCH
CHECK VALVE ,eli 35It
ALUMINUM
FLANGE
PUMP TELESCOPING 'ti�Y ,IL
ASSEMBLY
TELESCOPING ASSEMBLY
PH4P STARTER
6��
10� - 20'
r3
rm
811 PVC PIPE

End Exhibit 23'
AIR RELIEF VALVE

��•^�' Exhibit 24
Water & Energy
Efficiency
in Irrigation
Much of the irrigation in the
U.S. is practiced in arid regions
where little or no rainfall oc-
curs during the growing season.
Under and conditions, irriga-
tion water can be applied at
fairly routine intervals and in
routine amounts.
However, North Carolina is
located in a humid region
where irrigation must be
planned in conjunction with
prevailing rainfall conditions.
In humid regions such as ours,
applying routine amounts of
irrigation water at regular
intervals will almost always
result in overirrigation and the
needless waste of water and
energy.
You can make most efficient
use of water and energy by ap-
plying the right amount of water
to cropland at the right time.
Irrigation Scheduling to Improve
Water- and Energy -Use Efficiencies
Irrigation scheduling is the use of
water management strategies to
prevent overapplication of water
while minimizing yield loss due to
water shortage or drought stress.
Many different crops are irrigated in
North Carolina. These crops are
grown under a wide range of soil con-
ditions and production practices.
Therefore, irrigation scheduling is an
extremely important management
practice for irrigators in North
Carolina.
Importance of Irrigation
Scheduling
Some irrigation water is stored in the
soil to be removed by crops and some
is lost by evaporation, runoff, or
seepage. The amount of water lost
through these processes is affected by
irrigation system design and irrigation
management. Prudent scheduling min-
imizes runoff and percolation losses,
which in turn usually maximizes ir-
rigation efficiency by reducing energy
and water use. (Of course, in situa-
tions where not enough water was
being applied, proper irrigation
scheduling will increase energy and
water use.)
You can save energy by no
longer pumping water that was pre-
viously being wasted. When water
supplies and irrigation equipment are
adequate, irrigators tend to overir-
rigate, believing that applying more
water will increase crop yields. In-
stead, ovcrirrigation can reduce yields
because the excess soil moisture often
results in plant disease, nutrient leach-
ing, and reduced pesticide effective-
ness. In addition, water and energy are
wasted.
The quantity of water pumped
can often be reduced without reducing
yield. Studies have shown that irriga-
tion scheduling using water balance
methods (to be discussed Iater) can
save 15 to 35 percent of the water nor-
mally pumped without reducing yield.
Maximum yield usually does not
equate to maximum profit. The op-
timum economic yield is less than the
maximum potential yield. Irrigation
scheduling tips presented in popular
farm magazines too often aim at
achieving maximum yield with too lit-
tle emphasis on water and energy use
efficiencies. An optimum irrigation
schedule maximizes profit and op-
timizes water and energy use.
Irrigation scheduling requires
knowledge of:
• the soil
• the soil -water status
• the crops
• the status of crop stress
• the potential yield reduction if
the crop remains in a stressed
condition.
In this publication, it is assumed
that the reader understands these basic
relationships. Their importance to ir-
rigation scheduling is briefly sum-
marized below. The terms that are
normally used in irrigation scheduling
are summarized in the box on the
back cover. For more information on
these subjects refcr to Extension Publi-
cation AG-452-1, Soil Water and
Cooperative Extension Service • North Carolina State University

Crop Characteristics Irnportant to Ir-
rigation Scheduling -
Relating Soil -Water to
Plant Stress
The amount of water that should be
applied with each irrigation depends
primarily on the soil and the amount
of water it can retain for plant use,
referred to as plant -available water
(pAM. The amount of water
removed from the soil by the plant
since the last irrigation or rainfall is
referred to as the depletion volume.
Irrigation should begin when the
crop comes under water stress severe
enough to reduce crop yield or
quality. The level of stress that will
cause a reduction in crop yield or
quality depends on the kind of crop
and its stage of development; the level
varies during the growing season as
the crop matures. For example, corn
will tolerate more stress without caus-
ing a yield reduction when the stress
occurs during the vegetative stage as
opposed to the pollination stage.
Thus, determining when to irrigate is
a scheduling decision that should take
into account the crop's sensitivity to
stress.
Recently, scheduling techniques
have been developed that arc based on
the moisture status or stress condition
of the crop. For example, to predict
crop stress by infrared thermometry,
the temperature of the crop's leaves is
related to transpiration rate. Remote
sensing of crop stress using infrared
satellite imagery is another method
being evaluated. Although these
.methods hold promise for the future,
most of the work on them has been
conducted in and regions. Guidelines
have not been developed for humid
regions such as North Carolina.
In humid regions, the most reli-
able method currently available for es-
timating when to irrigate is based on
allowable depletion of PAW- The
basic assumption is that crop yield or
quality will not be reduced if crop
water use is less than the allowable
depletion level. In North Carolina, 50
percent depletion of PAW is recom-
mended for most soils (Figure I) -
However) allowable depletion may
range from 40 percent or less in some
coarse, sandy soils to as high as 60 to
70 percent in some clayey soils -
Drought -sensitive crops (such as
vegetable crops) tolerate less depld-
tion than drought -tolerant crops (like
soybeans or cotton).
Influence of Rainfall
In humid regions, the irrigation fre-
quency and the amount of water to
apply are strongly influenced by
seasonal rainfall• Efficiently and effec-
tively supplementing rainfall is one of
the greatest challenges to irrigation
scheduling in North Carolina. During
periods when no rainfall occurs, I
inch of irrigation water may be re-
quired every three to four days.
During a season when rainfall occurs
frequently, irrigation may be needed
only once or twice a month. In most
years, the need for and frequency of ir-
rigation falls between these extremes -
Figure 2 illustrates the annual
variation in rainfall at the Raleigh -
Durham airport during the corn -
growing season for the 30-year period
from 1956 to 1985. Notice that the
average rainfall during the growing
season was nearly equal to the cumula-
tive consumptive use for a corn crop.
d
ALLOWABLEVOLUME
NQL•JVir
Xi
1 '.•• h3%
DEPLETED
so Percent
Allowable n
AIR
R
WATEW
VOLUME
Added by Irrigation
SOLIDS '-
AIR
Remalning
r Irrigation? WATERY
SOLIDS
Figure 9. The relationship between water dlstriblAon In the soli and the concept of irrigation
scheduling when 50 percent of the PAW has boon depleted.
2

On the average, then, enough rain-
water was received to satisfy crop
needs, suggesting that irrigation was
unnecessary. But in some years more
tharr,enough rainfall was received,
whereas in other years rainfall was not
adequate and irrigation was needed.
These data illustrate that the timing of
rains is more important to irrigation
decisions than the total amount of rain-
fall.
Com planted between April 10
and 15 consumes the most water and
is most susceptible to water deficits
from June 5 to July 5. During that 30-
day period, corn requires about 0.25
inches of water per day, or a total of
7.5 inches. Figure 3 shows that in only
three years between 1956 and 1985
was rainfall adequate to satisfy the
water needs of com throughout this
critical growth stage. The average 30-
day rainfall was approximately 4 in-
ches, indicating that the average
amount of irrigation water required
was 3.5 inches during the 30-day
period. But routinely applying that
average amount would have been
suitable in only 10 out of the 30 years.
In 10 of the years, applying 3.5 inches
30
CORN CONSUMPTIVE
WATER USE TO BLACK
27
. LAYER FORMATION
m 24
u 21
v
� 15
Q i2
tL
Z 9
30 YEAR AVERAGE
a 6
RAINFALL DURING
3
GROWING SEASON
i i
0 +----t +
1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980. 1985
YEAR
Rgure 2. Ralydoll during the growing season (April 10 to August 31) at the Rdeigh-
Durtxm cirpoit from 1956 to 1985. Consumptive use is the total amount of water
extracted by a com crop during the growing season.
12
11 CONSUMPTIVE USE
^y t0 JUNE 5 TO JULY 5
m 9
8 ........
c 7 ..
6 AVERAGE
J
5
L, 4 -- -- - -- - -- - -- - ---- ---
1
0.
1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985
YEAR
Figme 3. Yearly rointall fluctuation at ttte Raleigh -Durham dgmd during the 30-
day cririool molsture period for com (June 5 - July 5) from 1956 to 1985. Con•
atxnptlon Is the amount d water a corn crop would extract from the soil during
fhe critical ical 30-day period N soil -water Is not limiting.
would have been inadequate, and in
the 10 remaining years it would have
been excessive. The annual irrigation
requirements ranged from none to .7
inches.
Most irrigation systems have the
capacity to satisfy crop needs in the
driest year or at least in 9 out of every
10 years. In this example, the amount
of irrigation water needed to satisfy
crop demand during the critical
growth phase in 9 out of 10 years was
6.5 inches, or more than 1.5 inches
per week. Yet if this amount were ap-
plied every week, overinigation
would result 90 percent of the time.
This example clearly shows that the
weekly, monthly, and annual
variability in rainfall must be taken
into account when making irrigation
decisions.
Irrigation Scheduling
Irrigation scheduling is the process of
answering two basic questions:
Do I need to irrigate?
How much water should I apply?
Determining When to Irrigate
There are three ways to decide when
to irrigate:
• measure soil -water
• estimate soil -water using an
ac counting approach (the check-
book method)
• measure crop stress
Measuring Soil -Water. There
are many different methods or devices
for measuring soil water. These in-
clude the feel method, gravitational
method, tensiometers, electrical resis-
tance blocks, neutron: probe, Phene
cell, and time domain reflectometer.
These methods differ in reliability,
cost, and labor intensity. For more in-
formation on the operation, reliability,
and cost of these methods, refer to Ex-
tension Publication AG452-2,
Measuring Soil-Waterfor Irrigation
Scheduling: Monitoring Methods and
Devices.
Tensiometers and electrical resis-
tance blocks are the most cost-
efficient and reliable devices for
measuring soil -water for the irrigation
of North Carolina soils. Tensiometers
3

are best suited for sandy, sandy loam,
and loamy soil textures; while electri-
cal resistance blocks work best in silty
or clayey soils. You should be aware
that the calibration curves and recom
mendations supplied by the manufac-
turer for these devices were developed
for general conditions and are not ade-
quate for specific soil conditions and
fields. For best results, all soil -water
measuring devices should be
calibrated for the major soils in each
field being irrigated. Calibration pro-
cedures for soil -water measuring
devices are outlined in Extension Pub-
lication AG-452-3, Calibrating Soil -
Water Measuring Devices.
Checkbook Method. The check-
book method is an accounting ap-
proach for estimating how much
soil -water remains in the effective
root zone based on water inputs and
outputs (like a daily balance on a bank
account based on deposits and
withdrawals). Irrigation is scheduled
when the soil -water content in the ef-
fective root zone is near the allowable
depletion volume. Some of the
simpler checkbook methods keep
track of rainfall, evapotranspiration,
and irrigation amounts. More sophisti-
cated methods require periodic meas-
urements of the soil -water status and
moisture -use rates of the crop.' Some
methods may even require inputs of
daily temperature, wind specd,.and
solar radiation'amounis.
Checkbook methods require
detailed daily record keeping, which
can become time consuming for the
more complex methods. One of the ad-
vantages of the checkbook approach
is that it can be programmed on a com-
puter. Computer programs have been
developed to handle the accounting
and provide timely and sometimes
precise scheduling recommendations.
Some of the more advanced programs
can predict the effect of an irrigation
or irrigation delay at a given growth
stage on crop yield and maturity date.
Computer programs can be very rcli-
able tools for scheduling irrigation;
however, it is very important to
remember that the computer recom-
mendations are only as good as the
data you supply.
Regardless of the method used to
estimate or measure soil -water, there
will be occasions when the soil will
have reached the "turn on" level of
dryness, yet your judgment suggests
that irrigation should be delayed. For
example, if the crop has not reached
the most critical stage and the water
supply is in danger of being exhausted
before the end of the irrigation season,
then irrigation should be delayed. This
delay may cause some reduction in
yield or quality, but the reduction .
would be greater if the water supply
became depleted before the crop
reaches a more critical stage of
growth. If a high probability of rain-
fall has been predicted during the next
one or two days, it may be ad-
vantageous to wait and sec before
starting to irrigate.
This decision must also take into
account the capacity of the irrigation
system. If the system is already being
used to full capacity and water sup-
plies are sufficient, then irrigate on
schedule. If predicted rainfall does not
occur, it is impossible to get back on
schedule when the irrigation equip-
ment is already being used to full
capacity. A wait -and -see approach is
practical only when the irrigation sys-
tem is not being used at full capacity.
Determining How Much to
Irrigate
Enough irrigation water should be ap-
plied to replace the depleted PAW
within the root zone and to allow for
irrigation inefficiencies. Root depth
and root distribution are important be-
cause they determine the depth of the
soil reservoir from which the plant
can extract available water. About 70
percent of the root mass is found in
the upper half of the maximum root
depth. Under adequate moisture condi-
tions, water uptake by the crop is
about the same as its root distribution.
Thus, about 70 percent of the water
used by a crop is obtained from the
upper half of the root zone. This zone
is referred to as the effective root
depth. This depth should be used to
compute the volume of PAW. Irriga-
tion amounts should be computed to
replace only the depleted PAW within
the effective root zone.
The depleted volume is referred
to as the net amount of water to be
replaced. Additional water must be ap-
plied to account for irrigation inef-
Monitor
soil
Moisture
Does Soil
Monitoring Indicate
IYs Time To Irrigate
YES NO
DELAY
Will Crop Yield or
IRRIGATION
auallty Be seriously
IRRIGATE Reduced It Irrigation
Is Delayed
YES NO
will water supply
NO
Be Adequate For
Remainder Of
Growing Season
Is This the
YES NO
Most Critical crop
Stage to Irrigate
NO Is Rainfall Predicted
YES
Within 1 or 2 Days
YES '
required to schedule Irrigation effectively.
Figure 4. Daily decision process
2

ficiencies so that the desired (net)
amount reaches the root zone. Inef-
flciencics might include leakage at
couplings, surface runoff, or percola-
tion below the effective root depth.
Irrigation efficiency is typically 70 to
Bo percent of the total water applied.
Thus, if the net irrigation amount re-
quired to replace the depletion volume
is 1 inch and the irrigation efficiency
is 75 percent, the total amount of ir-
rigation water needed to apply 1 inch
of net water is approximately 1.3 in-
ches (the net amount, 1 inch, divided
by the irrigation efficiency of 0.75).
This amount (1.3 inches) is referred to
as the gross water application. For a
discussion on strategies to maximize
irrigation efficiency, refer to Exten-
sion Publication AG-452-5, Irrigation
Management Strategics to bnprove
Water and Energy Efficiencies.
There may be occasions when
only part of the depletion volume
should be replaced by irrigation. For
example, if irrigation replaces all the
depletion volume, there is little or no
PAW storage remaining within the ef-
fective root zone should a rainfall
occur soon after the irrigation. In this
situation, most of an ensuing rainfall
amount could be lost through runoff
or percolation. Applying only part of
the scheduled amount of irrigation
water in anticipation of rainfall will
result in more efficient use of water
and energy, although this approach
may require more frequent irrigation.
The above discussion has shown
that determining when and how much
to irrigate is a complex decision -
making process. Critical elements of
this process are summarized in Figure
4. Every irrigator must evaluate these
critical elements daily to utilize water
.and energy efficiently and effectively.
The following examples demonstrate
two irrigation scheduling procedures
recommended for North Carolina.
Irrigation Scheduling:
Examples
Calibrating soil -water measuring
equipment and measuring soil -water
are the first steps in developing an ef-
fective irrigation schedule. The infor-
mation obtained allows you to deter-
mine when the soil -water content has
reached the normal irrigation range.
The calibration data are used to deter-
mine the readings of the soil -water
measuring device at the allowable
depletion volume, usually 50 percent
depletion of PAW. Using a ten-
siomcter for irrigation scheduling is
demonstrated in the following ex-
ample. A similar procedure is fol-
lowed if electrical resistance blocks or
one of the other soil -water measuring
devices is used.
I
0.3
FIELD CAPACITY
0.2 -
trrigation Scheduling Using
Tensiometers
A calibration curve showing soil -
water tension (tensiometer reading)
versus water content for a sandy soil
is plotted in Figure 5. From this graph,
field capacity is estimated to occur
where the steeper portion of the curve
begins to flatten out, at about 10 cen-
tibars (cb). Field capacity occurs in a
sandy soil about one day after a soak-
ing rain. The water content at 10 cb is
0.20 it ni (0.20 in/in means each inch
of soil depth contains 0.20 inches of
DEPLETION OF PAW
WILTING POINT
o. t i
i START IRRIGATION
0.
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 � 15D0
TENSION (centibars)
Figure 5. Calibration curve of water content versus tensiometer reading (tension).
Field capacity Is normally Interpreted to be the point at which the rate of
decrease of water content versus tension flattens out, to this case, about 10 cb.
Table 1. Determining When and How Much to Irrigate
Calculating When to Irrigate calculating How Much to Irrigate
Plant -available water
PAW - field capacity- wilting point
0.20 in./in.- 0.081n./in.
0.12 in,Bn.
50 percent depletion of PAW_
0.12 in./in. x 0.50
0.06 in./in.
Water content at 50 percent depletion
water content (field capacity) minus
allowable depletion
= 0.20 in./In. - 0.06 in./in.
= 0.14 in./in.
Net irrigation amount (knee-high stage)
depletion volume times effective
root depth
= 0.06 in./in. x 8 in.
- 0.48 in./irrigation
Gross water application
net amount divided by irrigation.
efficiency
= 0.48 in. /0.75
= 0.64 In./irrigation
Net Irrigation amount (tasseling stage)
= 0.06 in./in. x 12 in.
- 0.72 indirrigation
Tension when water content is 0.44 in./in. Gross water application
read from plot (Fig. 5) at 0.14 in, -0. 72 in,/ 0,75
e 30 cb . = 0.96 In.
5

water). The PAW of this soil as calcu-
lated in Table I is 0.12 in/in.; there-
fore, the allowable depletion (one-half
of PAW) is 0.06 in/in. The water con-
tent of the soil when irrigation should
begin is 0.14 intn. The correspond-
ing tension at this water content is 30
cb. Therefore, irrigation water should
be applied to this soil when the ten-
siometer reading reaches 30 cb.
At the time of irrigation, the effec-
tive root depth must be known in
order to determine the total amount of
irrigation water to apply and to install .
tensiometers or electrical resistance
blocks at the appropriate depth. As dis-
cussed earlier, the effective root depth
represents the depth of soil from
which the plant extracts most of its
water. The effective root depth in-
creases during the growing season as
the crop develops. It begins at zero at
planting and increases to its maximum
depth by the time the crop reaches its
reproductive stage of growth, which
occurs about midseason for most
crops. In North Carolina, soil condi-
tions usually limit the maximum effec-
tive root depth to about 12 inches.
When irrigation is scheduled during
early growth stages before maximum
root development, assume that the
rate of root elongation increases
linearly from planting time up to the
maximum effective depth of 12 inches
at midseason. For example, corn
reaches its maximum effective root
depth of 12 inches at the tasseling
growth stage, 60 to 65 days after plant-
ing. Before tasseling, the rate of effec-
tive root growth is about 0.2 inches
per day (12 inches/60 days). Thus, at
the knee-high growth stage, 40 days
after planting, the effective root depth
is about 8 inches (0.2 inch/day x 40
days)
The amount of water to be added
at each irrigation is determined by
Table 2. Example of Irrigation Scheduling Using a Simple Checkbook Approach'
PAW in soil at start
consumptive2
use for day
Net
Rainfa113 irrigation
PAW in soil end
of day
Comments
Date
(inches)
of day
(%of PAM
(inches)
(inches) (inches)
(inches)
(%of PAW)
100
Soaking rain, FC assumed
1.00
1.44
5-31
6-4
4.44
100
0.14
1.30
1.15
90
80
2
130
90
0.15
0.99
69
3
1.15
80
69
0.16
0.17
0.68
47
4
0.99
57
0.18
0.04
0.68
47
Time to irrigate
5
6
0.82
0.68
47
0.19
0.04 0.72
4.25
87
7
4.25
87
0.20
0.45
4.20
4.00
83
69
8
4.20
83
0.21
0.01
0.88
61
9
1.00
69
0.22
0 22
0.66
46
Time to Irrigate
10
11
0.88
0.66
61
46
0.23
0.72
1.15
80
78
12
1.15
80
0.23
0.20
1.12
62
43
1.12
78
0.23
.0.89
0.65
45
Time to irrigate
14
15
0.89
0.65
62
45
0.24
0.24
0.08 0.72
4.21
84
16
4.21
84
0.24
0.49
1.16
0.92
81
64
17
1.16
81
0.24
1.26
1.44
100
0.49 in. rain above FC
18
0.92
64
0.25
0.34
4.44
100
0.06 in. rain above FC
19
1.44
400
0.25
0.25
4.49
83
20
21
1.44
1.19.
100
83
0.25
0.94
0.68
65
47
Time to irrigate
22
0.94
65
47
0.26
0.26
0.72
1.14
79
23
24
0.68
1.14
79
0.26
0.88
0.62
61
43
Time to irrigate
25
26
0.88
b.62
61
43
0.26
0.25
0.72
1.08
0.83
75
58
(Critical stage, corn silking)
27
4.08
75
0.25
0.72
1.30
90
Irrigate sooner than W/o
28
29
0.83
1.30
58
90
0.25
0.25
0.21
4.26
88
30
1.26
88
0.24
0.38
1.40
97
zone assumed to be 12 Inches. Total PAW=0.12
x 12 In. =1.44 in. Irrigale at W of PAW. Irtlga•
Sandy loam soli of calibration example. Effective root
rsm 4.44 Inches, which Is a net amount of 0.72 Inches,
values shown do not Include Irrigation Inefficiency.
lion amount
2Comumptive
based on deplellon of
use for corn from Rgure 7.
Planting assumed
to be April 15, so June 1 corresponds to 45 days afler planting.
3RcInfall from Raidgh•Durhom drport,1985.
9

multiplying the allowable depletion
by the effective root depth. For ex-
ample, if irrigation is scheduled when
com has reached the knee-high stage
and the effective root depth is 8 in-
ches, the irrigation amount is. then
0.48 inches, as shown in Table .2. This
represents the net (desired) irrigation
amount. Assuming an irrigation ef-
ficiency of 75 percent, the gross water
application amount is 0.64 inches.
Once corn reaches the tasseling stage,
the effective root depth has increased
to 12 inches. The net irrigation
amount at this stage is 0.72 inches and
the gross water application is 0.96 in-
ches.
Frequently, irrigation systems in
North Carolina have been sized to
apply approximately 1 inch of water
every three to four days, which is a
general rule. of thumb to satisfy ex-
pected peak -use demands. This
amount would be appropriate in the
above example when corn has reached
the tasseling stage. But notice that this
amount of water is 50 percent more
than should be applied at the knee-
high stage. Few irrigators adjust their
application amount during the grow-
ing season, which often results in over -
irrigation early in the season. Apply-
ing the design system capacity of 1
inch at the knee-high stage in the .
above example would result in apply-
ing 0.24 inches per irrigation that
would percolate below the effective
root zone. Thus, the irrigation eff cicn-
cy would be reduced from 75 percent
to about 50 percent. This wastes water
and energy.
Locating Soil -Water Measuring
Devices
In general, soil -water should be
measured at the center of the effective
root zone. If the effective root depth is
12 inches, the soil -water measuring
device should be installed at a depth
of about 6 inches. When an irrigated
field contains more than one soil type,
at least one device should be installed
within each major soil type in the
field. The above calculations should
also be made -for each different soil.
When stationary sprinklers are used
(such as solid -set or permanent irriga-
tion systems), the system should be
managed such that an irrigation zone
encompasses only soils with similar
soil -water properties. In this manner,
irrigation amounts can be adjusted ac-
cording to the soil -water retention
properties within a particular zone.
To check the computed irrigation
amount, a second soil -water measur-
ing device can be used at the bottom
of the root zone to indicate when ir-
rigation should stop. The two soil -
water measuring devices arc used as
an on -off switch, as shown in Figure
6.One device (the shallow one) is in-
stalled in the center of the effective
root zone and indicates when irriga-
tion should start. The second device,
installed at the bottom of the root
zone, indicates when irrigation should
stop. As soon as the root zone is
rewetted to field capacity, water
begins to percolate below the effec-
tive root zone. The percolation is indi-
cated by a decrease in soil -water
tension of the lower tensiometer. As
soon as the tension reading on the
deep tensiometer starts to decrease, ir-
rigation should be stopped.
Scheduling irrigation is more dif-
ficult for mechanical -move type irriga-
tion systems (center pivots or hard
hose travelers) because the irrigator
must anticipate the time required for
the system to move across the field. In
this situation, irrigation must be
a

started sooner, typically after 30 to 40
percent depletion of PAW so that the
last section irrigated will not be drier
than 60 to 70 percent_ depleted. The
situation is further complicated by
rainfall events occurring during this
period. The PAW content may be
uniform following a rainfall, but
depending on the time required for the
system to make a complete cycle,
PAW may vary across the field by 50
percent following irrigation.
Shallow tensiometers can still be.
used to determine when to irrigate,
but irrigation must be started sooner
so that the last portion to be irrigated
does not become too dry. Deeper ten-
siometers should be located near the
midpoint of the travel cycle. They
should be monitored as the system
passes to determine whether the
proper amount of water is being ap-
plied. If no change in the tensiometer
reading is observed as the system pas-
ses, too little water is being applied
and the travel speed should be
reduced. Likewise, if the tensiometer
reading decreases before the system is
90 percent past the tensiometer, too
much water is being applied and the
travel speed should be increased.
With mechanical -move systems, soil -
water measurements are used in con-
junction with the checkbook approach
to schedule irrigation properly and ac-
count for the additional soil -water
depletion that will occur while the sys-
tem travels across the field.
Irrigation Scheduling Using the
Checkbook Approach
The checkbook approach to irrigation
scheduling involves a daily account-
ing of water withdrawals and addi-
tions to the effective root zone. The
additions include rainfall and in iga-
tion amounts and the withdrawals in-
clude crop water use, runoff, and
percolation.
Rainfall and irrigation can be
measured with rain gauges installed
above the crop canopy in the irrigated
field. Plant withdrawals can be es-
timated from crop soil -water use
curves or by measuring pan evapora-
tion. Moisture use curves such as
those shown in Figure 7 indicate the
amount of water (consumptive use)
that a crop would remove from the
soil if the atmospheric evaporative
demand was high; that is, on a clear,
warm day if the amount of water
stored in the effective root zone is suf-
ficient. When these conditions are not
present, actual consumptive use will
be less than the consumptive use
values shown in Figure 7. Fof ex-
ample, on a cool, rainy, or very over-
cast day, consumptive use may be
near zero. Consumptive use rates
should be adjusted to reflect prevail-
ing weather conditions.
Daily pan evaporation measure-
ments reflect the effects of prevailing
weather conditions. Pan evaporation
is approximately equal to potential
evapotranspiration (PET).
Evapotranspiration is the process by
which water is lost from the soil sur-
face by evaporation and by the
transpiration process of plants grow-
ing on the soil. Potential evapo-
trmtspiration (PET) is the maximum
amount of water that could be lost
through this process under a given set
of atmospheric conditions, assuming
that the crop covers the entire soil sur-
face and that the amount of water
present in the soil does not limit the
process. However, when pan evapora-
tion is used to estimate PET, a crop
coefficient is required to adjust the
pan evaporation value to actual
evapotranspiration (AET). AET is the
actual amount of water removed from
the soil and can be limited by the crop
or by the water content of the soil.
Actual evapotranspiration equals
PET (pan evaporation) for an actively
growing crop that completely shades
the soil surface (full crop canopy) and
is growing in a soil near field
capacity. But a young seedling does
not transpire at the same rate as a crop
with full canopy. In fact, during much
of the growing season, AET is less
than PET because the crop canopy is
small or the crop is approaching senes-
cence and not transpiring at its peak
rate. The crop coefficient corrects for
the difference between AET (as
limited by the crop) and PET (a func-
tion of atmospheric conditions).
Crop coefficients for many plants
have been developed. An example
crop -coefficient curve for corn is
shown in Figure S. AET can also be
limited when the soil becomes too dry
to supply water to plant roots so that
the plant can transpire at PET. The
plant undergoes temporary wilting
when this occurs. The checkbook ap-
proach includes no corrective
measures to account for soil limita-
tions. It is assumed that the soil does
not limit water supply to the crop as
long as PAW is not depleted below 50
percent.
The National Weather Service
records pan evaporation at several
weather stations across the state. This
information can be obtained from the
local Extension Service office through
the CAROLINE network. Pan
evaporation can also be measured on
site with a fairly large pan, such as a
washtub. The pan should be covered
with some type of screen or netting
(with openings approximately I inch
wide) to keep birds and animals from
drinking the water. The most common
source of error using the checkbook
approach occurs in estimating water
losses due to runoff and percolation
losses; that is, estimating the effective
rainfall or irrigation that remains in
the effective root zone. These errors
accumulate as the season progresses.
For best results, it is necessary to
measure soil -water several times
during the growing season (preferably
every two to three weeks) to make pe-
riodic corrections of the checkbook
balance of soil -water.
To use the checkbook method,
you must begin computations when
the soil is at a known water content.
Field capacity is the usual starting
point and should be assumed to occur
soon after a rainfall or irrigation of an
amount large enough to wet the effec-
tive root zone. For many of the loamy
soil textures found in North Carolina
(root zone textures consisting of
loamy sand, sandy loam, loam, or
sandy clay loam), field capacity can
be assumed to occur one,day after
rainfall or irrigation.
A simple checkbook approach for
scheduling irrigation is shown in
D.

Table 2. Irrigation amounts are com-
puted as shown in Table 2. Notice that
many of the adjustments discussed
above, which are needed to correct for
potential errors, have been omitted.
The checkbook method becomes time
consuming and tedious but more reli-
able when these corrections are in-
bluded. When data needed to make
corrections are available, the use of a
computer program is recommended.
Technical Assistance Is
Available
While simple in concept, irriga-
tion scheduling is rather complex in
practice. As costs of energy and water
continue to increase, irrigation
scheduling will become increasingly
important. By making more efficient
use of both energy and water, irriga-
tion scheduling can save you money.
Your county Cooperative Extension
TASSELING SILKING
H 0.3
m
..c
U
c w EARLY DENT 0.2 KNEE HIGH
BLACK LAYER
W
Q 0.1 MERGENCE
Q 0 .
40 60 80 100 120 140
DAYS AFTER PLANTING
figure 7. Daily water use by corn as influenced by stage of development. Irrlga-
tlon scheduling decisions should be adjusted to reflect changes In water con-
sumption by the crop during the growing season
TASSELING SILKING
1.1
1
z o.s
W 0.8 EARLY DENT
U 0.7
La
KNEE HIGH 'BLACK LAYER
O 0.5 f+
I
0 U 3 EMERGENCE
U 0.2
0.1
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
DAYS AFTER PLANTING
Figure 8. Crop coefficient curve for corn for adjusting pan evaporation to actual
evapotranspiration of the crop. For most crops growing In soils with ncdlml8r)g
soll moisture, the coefficient will be 1 during the peak moisture -use period, In-
dlCaflllg that AET 4 equcd to evc>pofaflon M a =o9f19d Class A evapofatioll
pon•
Service and Soil Conservation Service
can help with irrigation decisions.
Their staff members know how to
apply irrigation scheduling techni-
ques. Irrigation consulting and
scheduling services are also available
in some areas.

End Exhibit 24
Soil, Water,, and Plant Terms Used in Irrigation Scheduling
Term
field capacity (FC)
Permanent Ming Point (PWP)
Plant -Available Water (PAW)
Depletion Volume
Allowvb/e Depletion Volume
Effective Root Depth
Definition
The soil -water content after the force of gravity has drained or removed all the
water it can, usually 1 to 3 days offer rainfall.
The soil -water content at which healthy plants can no longer extract water from
the soil at a rate fast enough to recover from wilting. permanent wilting point Is
considered.the lower limit of plant- available water.
The.amount of water held in the soil that is available to plants; the difference be-
tween field capacity and the permanent wilting point.
The amount of plant -available water removed from the soil by plants and
evaporation from the soil surface.
The amount of plant-avallable water that can be removed from the soil without
seriously affecting plant growth and development.
The upper portion of the root zone where plants got most of their water. Effective
root depth Is estimated as one-half the maximum rooting depth.
North Carolina oMsion
COOPERATIVE rr_ rwr�� r ry
EXTENSION
SERVICE 91 NC Department of Economic
rW'i'7t"W7 and Community Development
Prepared by
R. O. Evans, Extension Agricultural Engineering Specialist
R. E. Sneed, Extension Agricultural Engineering Specialist
D. K. Cassel, Professor of Soil Science
This publication was produced by the North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service with support provided by the Energy Division, North Carolina
Department of Economic and Community Devolopmont, from petroleum violation escrow funds. The opinions, findings, conclusions, or
recommendations expressed heroin are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Energy Division, North Carolina
Department of Economic and Community Development.
Published by
THE NORTH CAROLINA COOPERATIVE EXTENSION SERVICE
North Carolina State University at Raleigh, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical Stale University at Greensboro, and the U.S. Department of Agriculture,
cooperating. Stale University Station, Raleigh, N.C., A.C. Wells, Director. Distributed In furtherance of the Acts of Congress of May 8 and June 30,1914. The
North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service is an equal opportunity/affirmative action employer. Its programs, activities, and employment practices are
available to all people regardless of race, color, religion, sex, age, national origin, handicap, or political affiliation,
6/91 - 2M — TAH — 210308
AG-452-4
2,000 copies of this public document were printed at a cost of $1,007.00, or $.50 per copy.

Exhibit 25
m
Systems Operations Guide
System Start -Up
1. Attach traveler to hydrant and open hydrant valve fully.
2. pull out traveler hose slowly. (make sure to observe buffer areas)
3. Move engine to lagoon and then prime pump.
4. Make sure ground entry gate valve is open fully.
5. Start engine and leave engine at :idle speed until all air is purged
from the system lines.
6. Raise engine speed until proper pump pressure is met.
7. Start traveler engine and allow engine to warm.
8. Engage traveler drive and set travel speed to designed speed.
9. Make sure the gun is set on the designed arc (270) and that no buffer
areas are being violated.
System Shut Down
1. The traveler is designed to shut down automatically when the gun cart
reaches the traveler.
2. After the traveler stops, lower the engine speed to idle.
3. Shut down the engine.
4. Shut the hydrant valve completely and move the traveler to the next
hydrant location.
5. Repeat system start-up.
6. If at the last hydrant location, move pump and traveler to storage area.
:din teriza Lion
1. Open all drains in the system. (pipeline) pump, traveler, etc.)
7.. After all water has drained from the system lines, close the pipeline
drain valves.
I

End Exhibit 25
11
Systems Operations Guide
Pa; ;e 2
Winterization Cont.
3. Open ground entry gate valve and pour in a small amount of anti -freeze.
This will help to prevent the valve from freezing.
4. Leave the ground entry gate valve slightly open.
Maintenance
1. Follow all maintenance manuals supplied with the system.
2. Replace any worn or damaged parts as soon as possible. (gaskets) hoses,etc.)
3. Coat the inside of the impeller housing with lubricant to help prevent
corrosion.
4. Grease hydrant stems at least annually.
General
1. Be sure to follow the waste plan as it is designed.
2. Observe all buffer zone areas.
3. Make sure all equipment is in good working condition before pumping.
4. Always start the engine slow and stop the engine slow. If the system
is brought up to full speed before all of the air is out of the lines,
or is stopped without slowing to idle speed, severe damage may
result.
0

�0��1
q► ENGINEERING, INC.
BOX 98, YOUNG AMERICA, MN 55397
TRI-ACT! ON
IRRIGATION!
VALVE
U.S. Patent
No. 3766941
FIELD PROVEN - THOUSANDS IN USE
UNIQUE DESIGN allows installer to set
Pressure Relief feature in the field to
match PSI rating of PVC or Asbestos Cement
Line - Eliminates inventory problems.
INSTALLED ON ONE THREE-INCH NIPPLE
IN ANY POSITION - Saves installation costs.
Exhibit 26
[phone]
THE IRRIGATION. INDUSTRY'S ONLY
LOW COST COMBINATION ACTION
VALVE WITH THESE FEATURES
BODY IS AIRCRAFT -TYPE HIGH TENSILE
ALUMINUM AND STEEL PARTS ARE PLATED -
Provides long, trouble -free service.
CENTERLESS GROUND STEEL SPRING
allows instant free flow when PSI setting is
exceeded - To protect against costly pipeline
repairs.
• PRESSURE RELIEF
+ VACUUM RELIEF
• AIR RELIEF. -
STOCK. NO. DESCRIPTION
TAV 100 HI -PRESSURE TRI-ACTION VALVE - calibrated from
50 to 130 PSI (can be used for pressures to 160 PSI).
Shipping Wt. 24 lbs.
TAV 101 LO-PRESSURE TRI-ACTION VALVE - calibrated from
0 - 50 PSI. Shipping Wt. 24 lbs.

Exhibit 27
Calibration Procedures for Wastewater Application Equipment
LOAD AREA METHOD
J.C. Barker, R.O. Evans, and D.A. Crouse
Information presented in manufacturers charts are based on average operating conditions for
relatively new equipment. Discharge rates and application rates change over time as
equipment gets older and components wear. For pump and haul application equipment,
application rates and patterns may vary depending on forward travel and/or PTO speed, gear
box settings, gate openings, operating pressures, spread widths and overlaps.
Equipment should be calibrated on a regular basis to ensure proper application rates and
uniformity. Calibration is a simple procedure involving collecting and measuring the material
being applied at several locations in the application area. Calibration helps ensure that
nutrients from animal waste are applied efficiently and at proper rates.
Pump and Haul Application Systems:
Liquid applicators and tank spreaders are an alternative to irrigation systems for transporting
and applying liquid lagoon effluent, liquid manure slurries, and lagoon sludges. Proper
location and design of pumping and loading pads are necessary to protect equipment and
operators and avoid damaging the lagoon dike or embankment. Care should be taken to
minimize spills during loading and transport.
Semi -solid (slurry) applicators can be calibrated by one of two methods:Load Area Method,
and Weight Area Method. Liquid applicators are best calibrated by the Load Area Method.
Load Area Method
To use the load area method, you must know.the spreader capacity. Spreader capacity is
normally rated by the manufacturer and often is indicated on the application equipment.
Liquid spreaders are normally rated in gallons while semi -solid spreaders are rated in either
bushels or cubic feet.
As the name implies, the Load Area method involves applying a full load to a measured
area. For ease of measurement, it is best to use a rectangular field pattern. For PTO driven
spreaders, application rate is dependent on ground speed so a uniform speed must be
maintained throughout the swath length. Ground driven applicators apply reasonably uniform
rates independent of ground speed.
Load Area Method Calibration Procedure

1. Spread at least one full load of manure in a rectangular field pattern.
2. Measure the length and width of coverage. Do not include the outer fringe areas of
the coverage which receive much lighter applications than the overlapped areas.
3. Multiply the length (feet) by die width (feet) and divide by 43,560 to determine the
coverage area in acres.
4. Divide the weight of load of manure in the spreader by the acres covered to determine
the application rate in tons per acre.
5. If the application rate is not acceptable, repeat the procedure at different spreader
settings and/or speeds until the desired application rate [gallons per acre] is achieved.

End Exhibit 27
CALIBRATING LIQUID MANURE SPREADERS
USING THE LOAD -AREA METHOD
1. Determine the capacity of the manure spreader. a. gallons
2. Spread at least one full load using the regular spreading patterns of the applicator.
Trial.l Trial2 Trial
b. forward speed, gear, or
throttle setting
c. pto speed or setting
d. spreader gate setting
3. Measure the area of spread
e. spread area width
f. spread area length
g. spread area (e X f)
h. spread area (g / 43,560)
4. Compute the manure application rate:
i. number of.loads spread
j. capacity per load (a)
k. total manure spread (i X j)
1. application rate (k / h)
5. Compute the nutrient application rate:
ft
ft
ft2
acre
gallons
gallons
gal/acre
m. manure analysis N lbs/1000
gallons
P205 lbs/ 1000
gallons
K20 lbs/1000
gallons
n. application rate N lbs/acre
(1 'X m / 1000)
p205 lbs/acre
K20 lbs/acre
6. If the application rate is not acceptable, repeat the procedure at different spreader settings
and/or speeds (Item 2) until the desired application rate is achieved.

EXHIBIT 28
This Exhibit shows estimated maximum Total Dynamic Heads (TDH) and maximum pressures on the
discharge side of the irrigation pump for a proposed set of pumping parameters. These values are
shown for each pull. The pump pressures shown are not reel pressures but are being estimated at just
a few feet downstream from the irrigation pump. If the farmer would change these parameters (i.e.
gallons per minute, piping layout, or irrigation nozzle pressure) the TDH and pump pressures would
change from those shown in this Exhibit. In addition, if the gun cart elevation changes within the
same pull the nozzle pressure will change. This means you will be putting out more or less water as
the elevation changes. Keep a close eye on this if your elevation changes are over 5 feet in the same
pull.
The engineer is providing these calculations to give the reader some guidance on how to calculate
their own pressure settings. One word of caution, the only way to know for sure what your pump
pressures should be for each pull is to calibrate your irrigation equipment. This means to set the
nozzle outputs, record the nozzle pressures by a gauge and have someone record the pump pressures
at that nozzle pressure. This way you can set your pump pressures properly each time you pull out
your gun cart and be assured you are close to the target irrigation amounts. Do some spot checking
of your nozzle pressures each time you set up irrigation in a particular field so you know things are
still in calibration. If nozzle pressures do not look right, go back over your system to make sure you
are still in calibration. Please refer to the body of the. CAWMP and many of the other exhibits for
additional details about irrigation.

EXHIBIT 28
CALCULATING PRESSURES AND HEAD LOSSES FOR WILSON'S SWINE FARM
FIELD 1 PULL 1 (F1-PI)
LAGOON I.D. FOR IRRIGATION: SINGLE STAGE LAGOON
FLOW RATE AT THIS NOZZLE 255 GPM
PRESSURE LOSS PER FOOT OF:
4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE
0 FT./100 FT.
(FILL OUT ONLY WHAT IS APP.)
6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE
0.668 FT./100 FT.
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING
HOSE
3.7 FT./100 FT.
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0 FT./100 FT.
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
0.43 FT./100 FT.
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0 FT./100 FT.
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0 FT./100 FT.
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
14.29 FT./100 FT.
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
0 FT./100 FT.
INPUT
INPUT PRESSURE
PRESSURE
VALUES
VALUES
IN
IN
FEET
PSI
PSI
FEET
NOZZLE PRESSURE (PSI)
***
50
50.00
115.50
4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE
0
"*"
0.00
0.00
6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE
130
***
0.38
0.87
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
20
***
0.32
0.74
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
0.00
0.00
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
5820
***
10.83
25.03
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
*"
0.00
0.00
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
***
0.00
0.00
31NCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
965
***
59.70
137.90
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
0
***
0.00
0.00
MAX. POINT ELEVATION HEAD
-40
**
-17.32
-40.00
-SUCTION HEAD
10
"'"`
4.33
10.00
MISC. LOSSES
15
**"
6.49
15.00
TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD
114.73
265.03
MAX. PRESSURE ON THE DISCHARGE SIDE OF THE PUMP
110.40
255.03
EXHIBIT 28 PAGE 1

CALCULATING PRESSURES AND HEAD LOSSES FOR WILSON'S SWINE FARM
FIELD 1 PULL 2 (F1-P2)
LAGOON I.D. FOR IRRIGATION:
FLOW RATE AT THIS NOZZLE
PRESSURE LOSS PER FOOT OF:
(FILL OUT ONLY WHAT IS APP.)
SINGLE STAGE LAGOON
255 GPM
4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE
6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE
4.IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
0 FT./100 FT.
0.668 FT./100 FT.
3.7 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
0.43 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
14.29 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
INPUT
INPUT
PRESSURE
PRESSURE
VALUES
VALUES
IN
IN
FEET
PSI
PSI
FEET
� k
NOZZLE PRESSURE (PSI)
*#'
50
50.00
115.50
4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE
0
k""
0.00
0.00
6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE
130
***
0.38
0.87
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
20
'`'"
0.32
0.74
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
''
0.00
0.00
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
6020
'""
11.21
25.89
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
***
0.00
0.00
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
"*'
0.00
0.00
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
965
*'"`
59.70
137.90
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
0
'""'
0.00
0.00
MAX. POINT ELEVATION HEAD
-45
""`
-19.48
-45.00
SUCTION HEAD
10
"*'`
4.33
10.00
MISC. LOSSES.
15
"*'
6.49
15.00
TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD
112.94
260.89
MAX. PRESSURE ON THE DISCHARGE SIDE OF THE PUMP
108.61
250.89
EXHIBIT28 PAGE 2

CALCULATING PRESS U_. AND_HEAD LOSSES ORV111LSON'S SWINE FARM_
FIELD 1 PULL 3 (F1-P3)
LAGOON I.D. FOR IRRIGATION:
FLOW RATE AT THIS NOZZLE
PRESSURE LOSS PER FOOT OF:
(FILL OUT ONLY WHAT IS APP.)
SINGLE STAGE LAGOON
255 GPM
4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE
6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
0 FT./l00 FT.
0.668 FT./100 FT.
3.7 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
0.43 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
14.29 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./l00 FT.
INPUT
INPUT
PRESSURE
PRESSURE
VALUES
VALUES
IN
IN
FEET
PSI
PSI
FEET
NOZZLE PRESSURE (PSI)
***
50
50.00
115.50
4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE
0
"**
0.00
0.00
6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE
240
'°*"
0.69
1.60
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
20
0.32
0.74
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
***
0.00
0.00
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
6220
***
11.58
26.75
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
***
0.00
0.00
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
***
0.00
0.00
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
965
***
59.70
137.90
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
0
***
0.00
0.00
MAX. POINT ELEVATION HEAD
-50
***
-21.65
-50.00
SUCTION HEAD
10
k*"
4.33
10.00
MISC. LOSSES
15
***
6.49
15.00
TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD
111.47
257.49
MAX. PRESSURE ON THE DISCHARGE
SIDE OF THE PUMP
107.14
247.49
EXHIBIT28 PAGE 3

CALCULATING PRESSURES AND HEAD LOSSES FOR WILSON'S SWINE FARM
FIELD 1 PULL 4 (F1-P4)
LAGOON I.D. FOR IRRIGATION:
FLOW RATE AT THIS NOZZLE
PRESSURE LOSS PER FOOT OF:
(FILL OUT ONLY WHAT IS APP.)
SINGLE STAGE LAGOON
255 GPM
4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE
6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
0 FT./100 FT.
0.668 FT./100 FT.
3.7 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
0.43 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
14.29 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
INPUT
INPUT
PRESSURE
PRESSURE
VALUES
VALUES
IN
IN
FEET
PSI
PSI
FEET
NOZZLE PRESSURE (PSI)
***
50
50.00
115.50
4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE
0
***
0.00
0.00
6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE
130
***
0.38
0.87
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
20
***
0.32
0.74
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
**
0.00
0.00
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
6420
***
11.95
27.61
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
***
0.00
0.00
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
***
.0.00
0.00
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
965
***
59.70
137.90
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
0
***
0.00
0.00
MAX. POINT ELEVATION HEAD
-54
***
-23.38
-54.00
SUCTION HEAD
10
***
4.33
10.00
MISC. LOSSES
15
***
6.49
15.00
TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD
109.79
25 6*1
MAX. PRESSURE ON THE DISCHARGE
SIDE OF THE PUMP
105.46
243.61
EXHIBIT28 PAGE 4

CALCULATING PRESSURES AND HEAD LOSSES FOR WILSON'S SWINE FARM
FIELD 1 PULL 5 (F1-P5)
LAGOON I.D. FOR IRRIGATION:
FLOW RATE AT THIS NOZZLE
PRESSURE LOSS PER FOOT OF:
(FILL OUT ONLY WHAT IS APP.)
SINGLE STAGE LAGOON
255 GPM
4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE
6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
0 FT./100 FT.
0.668 FT./100 FT.
3.7 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
0.43 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./l00 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
14.29 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
INPUT
INPUT
PRESSURE
PRESSURE
VALUES
VALUES
IN
IN
FEET
PSI
PSI
FEET
NOZZLE PRESSURE (PSI)
***
50
50.00
115.50
4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE
0
***
0.00
0.00
6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE
0
***
0.00
0.00
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
20
***
0.32
0.74
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
y"*
0.00
0.00
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
6620
'""`
12.32
28.47
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
***
0.00
0.00
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
***
0.00
0.00
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
965
' `'`
59.70
137.90
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
0
"*"
0.00
0.00
MAX. POINT ELEVATION HEAD
-55
""
-23.81
-55.00
SUCTION HEAD
10**
4.33
10.00
MISC. LOSSES
15
"**
6.49
15.00
TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD
109.35
252.60
MAX. PRESSURE ON THE DISCHARGE SIDE OF THE PUMP
105.02
242.60
EXHIBIT28 PAGE 5

CALCULATING._PRESSURES AND HEAD LOSSES FOR WILSON'S SWINE FARM
FIELD 2 PULL 1 (F2-PI)
LAGOON I.D. FOR IRRIGATION:
FLOW RATE AT THIS NOZZLE
PRESSURE LOSS PER FOOT OF:
(FILL OUT ONLY WHAT IS APP.)
SINGLE STAGE LAGOON
255 GPM
4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE
6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
0 FT./100 FT.
0.668 FT./100 FT.
3.7 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
0.43 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
14.29 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
INPUT
INPUT
PRESSURE
PRESSURE
VALUES
VALUES
IN
IN
FEET
PSI
PSI
FEET
NOZZLE PRESSURE (PSI)
**"
50
50.00
115.50
4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE
0
`*"
0.00
0.00
6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE
690
***
2.00
4.61
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
20
0.32
0.74
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
'""
0.00
0.00
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
0
***
0.00
0.00
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
***
0.00
0.00
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
"'`*
0.00
0.00
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
965
*""`
59.70
137.90
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
0
***
0.00
0.00
MAX. POINT ELEVATION HEAD
-10
***
-4.33
-10.00
SUCTION HEAD
10
***
4.33
10.00
MISC. LOSSES
15
***
6.49
15.00
TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD
118.51
273.75
MAX. PRESSURE ON THE DISCHARGE SIDE OF THE PUMP
114.18
263.75
EXHIBIT28 PAGE 6

CAl ULAJTINGTRESBURESAND HEAD LA SES FOR WILSON'S SWINE FARM
FIELD 2 PULL 2 (F2-P2)
LAGOON I.D. FOR IRRIGATION: SINGLE STAGE LAGOON
FLOW RATE AT THIS NOZZLE 255 GPM
PRESSURE LOSS PER FOOT OF:
4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE
0 FT./100 FT.
(FILL OUT ONLY WHAT IS APP.)
6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE
0.668 FT./l00 FT.
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING
HOSE
3.7 FT./100 FT.
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0 FT./100 FT.
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
0.43 FT./100 FT.
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0 FT./l00 FT.
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0 FT./100 FT.
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
14.29 FT./100 FT.
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
0 FT./100 FT.
INPUT
INPUT PRESSURE
PRESSURE
VALUES
VALUES
IN
IN
FEET
PSI
PSI
FEET
NOZZLE PRESSURE (PSI)
***
50
50.00
115.50
4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE
0
'"`*
0.00
0.00
6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE
950
""
2.75
6.35
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
20
***
0.32
0.74
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
"`k
0.00
0.00
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
0
"*'
0.00
0.00
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
k`*
0.00
0.00
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
"**
0.00
0.00
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
965
"*
59.70
137.90
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
0
***
0.00
0.00
MAX. POINT ELEVATION HEAD
-5
***
-2.16
-5.00
SUCTION HEAD
10
***
4.33
10.00
MISC. LOSSES
15
" ""
6.49
15.00
TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD
121.42
280.48
MAX. PRESSURE ON THE DISCHARGE
SIDE OF
THE PUMP
117.09
270.48
EXHIBIT28 PAGE 7,

ml 'A All 1".-TSUKRUM-061
FIELD 3 PULL 1 (F3-PI)
LAGOON I.D. FOR IRRIGATION: SINGLE STAGE LAGOON
FLOW RATE AT THIS NOZZLE 255 GPM
PRESSURE LOSS PER FOOT OF:
4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE
0 FT./100 FT.
(FILL OUT ONLY WHAT IS APP.)
6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE
0.668 FT.1100 FT.
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
3.7 FT./100 FT.
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0 FT./100 FT.
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
0.43 FT./100 FT.
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0 FT./100 FT.
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0 FT./100 FT.
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
14.29 FT./100 FT.
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
0 FT./100 FT.
INPUT
INPUT PRESSURE
PRESSURE
VALUES
VALUES
IN
IN
FEET
PSI
PSI
FEET
NOZZLE PRESSURE (PSI)
" k*
50
50.00
115.50
4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE
0
'**
0.00
0.00
6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE
200
***
0.58
1.34
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
20
""*
0.32
0.74
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
***
0.00
0.00
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
1250
"**
2.33
5.38
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
***
0.00
0.00
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
***
0.00
0.00
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
965
***
59.70
137.90
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
0
"""
0.00
0.00
MAX. POINT ELEVATION HEAD
5
***
2.16
5.00
SUCTION HEAD
10
`*
4.33
10.00
MISC. LOSSES
15
***
6.49
15.00
TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD
12 91�
290.85
MAX. PRESSURE ON THE DISCHARGE SIDE OF THE PUMP
121.58
280.85
EXHIBIT28 PAGE 8

CALCULAT
ING PRESSURES AND HIEAD LOSSES FOR WILSON'S SWINE FARM
FIELD 3 PULL 2 (F3-P2)
LAGOON I.D. FOR IRRIGATION: SINGLE STAGE LAGOON
FLOW RATE AT THIS NOZZLE 255 GPM
PRESSURE LOSS PER FOOT OF:
4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE
0 FT./100 FT.
(FILL OUT ONLY WHAT IS APP.)
6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE
0.668 FT./100 FT.
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
3.7 FT./100 FT.
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0 FT./100 FT.
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
0.43 FT./100 FT.
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0 FT./l00 FT.
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0 FT./100 FT.
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
14.29 FT./100 FT.
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
0 FT./100 FT.
INPUT
INPUT PRESSURE
PRESSURE
VALUES
VALUES
IN
IN
FEET
PSI
PSI
FEET
NOZZLE PRESSURE (PSI)
***
50
50.00
115.50
4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE
0
***
0.00
0.00
6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE
200
***
0.58
1.34
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
20
***
0.32
0.74
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
*" *
0.00
0.00
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
1450
***
2.70
6.24
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
***
0.00
0.00
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
**"
0.00
0.00
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
965
***
59.70
137.90
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
0
***
0.00
0.00
MAX. POINT ELEVATION HEAD
7
***
3.03
7.00
SUCTION HEAD
10
***
4.33
10.00
MISC. LOSSES
15
***
6.49
15.00
TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD
127.15
293.71
MAX. PRESSURE ON THE DISCHARGE SIDE OF THE PUMP
122.82
283.71
EXHIBIT28 PAGE 9

CALCULATING PRESSURES AND HEAD LOSSES FOR WILSON'S SWINE FARM
FIELD 3 PULL 3 (F3-P3)
LAGOON I.D. FOR IRRIGATION:
FLOW RATE AT THIS NOZZLE
PRESSURE LOSS PER FOOT OF:
(FILL OUT ONLY WHAT IS APP.)
SINGLE STAGE LAGOON
255 GPM
4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE
6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
0 FT./100 FT.
0.668 FT./100 FT.
3.7 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
0.43 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
14.29 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
INPUT
INPUT
PRESSURE
PRESSURE
VALUES
VALUES
IN
IN
FEET
PSI
PSI
FEET
NOZZLE PRESSURE (PSI)
"**
50
50.00
115.50
4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE
0
"k"
0.00
0.00
6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE
0
***
0.00
0.00
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
20
'k*"
0.32
0.74
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
***
0.00
0.00
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
1650
***
3.07
7.10
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
***
0.00
0.00
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
"'
0.00
0.00
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
965
***
59.70
137.90
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
0
""
0.00
0.00
MAX. POINT ELEVATION HEAD
0
***
0.00
0.00
SUCTION HEAD
10
'"'*
4.33
10.00
MISC. LOSSES
15
k""
6.49
15.00
TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD
123.91
286.23
MAX. PRESSURE ON THE DISCHARGE
SIDE OF THE PUMP
119.58
276.23
EXHIBIT28 PAGE 10

CALCULATING PRESSURES AND HEAD LOSSES FOR WILSOMS SWINE FARM
FIELD 3 PULL 4 (F3-P4)
LAGOON I.D. FOR IRRIGATION:
FLOW RATE AT'THIS NOZZLE
PRESSURE LOSS PER FOOT OF:
(FILL OUT ONLY WHAT IS APP.)
SINGLE STAGE LAGOON
255 GPM
4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE
6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
0 FT./100 FT.
0.668 FT./l00 FT.
3.7 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
0.43 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./l00 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
14.29 FT./100 FT.
0 FT.1100 FT.
INPUT
INPUT
PRESSURE
PRESSURE
VALUES
VALUES
IN
IN
FEET
PSI
PSI
FEET
NOZZLE PRESSURE (PSI)
***
50
50.00
115.50
4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE
0
***
0.00
0.00
6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE
0
***
0.00
0.00
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
20
***
0.32
0.74
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
***
0.00
0.00
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
1650
***
3.07
7.10
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
***
0.00
0.00
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
***
0.00
0.00
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
965
***
59.70
137.90
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
0
***
0.00
0.00
MAX. POINT ELEVATION HEAD
0
***
0.00
0.00
SUCTION HEAD
10
***
4.33
10.00
MISC. LOSSES
15
***
6.49
15.00
TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD
123.91
286.23
MAX. PRESSURE ON THE DISCHARGE SIDE OF THE PUMP
119.58
276.23
EXHIBIT28 PAGE 11

CALCULATING PRESSURES AND HEAD LOSSES FOR WILSON'S SWINE FARM
FIELD 4 PULL 1 (F4-P1)
LAGOON I.D. FOR IRRIGATION: SINGLE STAGE LAGOON
FLOW RATE AT THIS NOZZLE 255 GPM
PRESSURE LOSS PER FOOT OF:
4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE
0 FT./100 FT.
(FILL OUT ONLY WHAT IS APP.)
6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE
0.668 FT./100 FT.
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING
HOSE
3.7 FT./100 FT.
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0 FT./100 FT.
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
0.43 FT./100 FT.
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0 FT./100 FT.
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0 FT./100 FT.
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
14.29 FT./100 FT.
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
0 FT./100 FT.
INPUT
INPUT PRESSURE
PRESSURE
VALUES
VALUES
IN
IN
FEET
PSI
PSI
FEET
NOZZLE PRESSURE (PSI)
***
50
50.00
115.50
4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE
0
***
0.00
0.00
6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE
400
"*'`
1.16
2.67
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
20
***
0.32
0.74
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
***
0.00
0.00
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
1050
***
1.95
4.52
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
***
0.00
0.00
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
***
0.00
0.00
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
965
***
59.70
137.90
41NCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
0
***
0.00
0.00
MAX. POINT ELEVATION HEAD
2
***
0.87
2.00
SUCTION HEAD
10
***
4.33
10.00
MISC. LOSSES
15
***
6.49
15.00
TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD
124.82
288.33
MAX. PRESSURE ON THE DISCHARGE SIDE OF THE PUMP
120.49
278.33
EXHIBIT28 PAGE 12

CC LCULATINGPRE5-5MMS-AND HEAD LOSSES FOR WILSON°S SWINE FARM
FIELD 4 PULL 2 (F4-P2)
LAGOON I.D. FOR IRRIGATION: SINGLE STAGE LAGOON
FLOW RATE AT THIS NOZZLE 255 GPM
PRESSURE LOSS PER FOOT OF:
4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE
0 FT./100 FT.
(FILL OUT ONLY WHAT IS APP.)
6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE
0.668 FT./100 FT.
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
3.7 FT./l00 FT.
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0 FT./100 FT.
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
0.43 FT./100 FT.
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0 FT./100 FT.
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0 FT./100 FT.
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
14.29 FT./100 FT.
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
0 FT./100 FT.
INPUT
INPUT PRESSURE
PRESSURE
VALUES
VALUES
IN
IN
FEET
PSI
PSI
FEET
NOZZLE PRESSURE (PSI)
***
50
50.00
115.50
4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE
0
***
0.00
0.00
6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE
250
***
0.72
1.67
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
20
***
0.32
0.74
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
***
0.00
0.00
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
900
***
1.68
3.87
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
***
0.00
0.00
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
***
0.00
0.00
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
965
***
59.70
137.90
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
0
***
0.00
0.00
MAX. POINT ELEVATION HEAD
4
***
1.73
4.00
SUCTION HEAD
10
***
4.33
10.00
MISC. LOSSES
15
***
6.49
15.00
TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD
124.97
288.68
MAX. PRESSURE ON THE DISCHARGE SIDE OF THE PUMP
120.64
278.68
EXHIBIT28 PAGE 13

CALCULATING PRESSURES AND HEAD LOSSES FOR WILSON'S SWINE FARM
FIELD 4 PULL 3 (F4-P3)
LAGOON I.D. FOR IRRIGATION:
FLOW RATE AT THIS NOZZLE
PRESSURE LOSS PER FOOT OF:
(FILL OUT ONLY WHAT IS APP.)
SINGLE STAGE LAGOON
255 GPM
4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE
6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
0 FT./l00 FT.
0.668 FT./100 FT.
3.7 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
0.43 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
14.29 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
INPUT
INPUT
PRESSURE
PRESSURE
VALUES
VALUES
IN
IN
FEET
PSI
PSI
FEET
NOZZLE PRESSURE (PSI)
***
50
50.00
115.50
4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE
0
***
0.00
0.00
6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE
200
***
0.58
1.34
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
20
""
0.32
0.74
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
***
0.00
0.00
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
780
'""`
1.45
3.35
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
***
0.00
0.00
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
`**
0.00
0.00
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
965
"**
59.70
137.90
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
0
***
0.00
0.00
MAX. POINT ELEVATION HEAD
6
'`*'
2.60
6.00
SUCTION HEAD
10
***
4.33
10.00
MISC. LOSSES
15
***
6.49
15.00
TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD
125.47
289.83
MAX. PRESSURE ON THE DISCHARGE
SIDE OF THE PUMP
121.14
279.83
EXHIBIT28 PAGE 14

CALCULATING PRESSURES AND HEAD LOSSES FOR WILSON'S SWINE FARM
FIELD 4 PULL 4 (F4-P4)
LAGOON I.D. FOR IRRIGATION: SINGLE STAGE LAGOON
FLOW RATE AT THIS NOZZLE 255 GPM
PRESSURE LOSS PER FOOT OF:
4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE
0 FT./100 FT.
(FILL OUT ONLY WHAT IS APP.)
6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE
0.668 FT./100 FT.
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
3.7 FT./100 FT.
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0 FT./100 FT.
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
0.43 FT./100 FT.
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0 FT./100 FT.
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0 FT./100 FT.
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
14.29 FT./100 FT.
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
0 FT./100 FT.
INPUT
INPUT PRESSURE
PRESSURE
VALUES
VALUES
IN
IN
FEET
PSI
PSI
FEET
NOZZLE PRESSURE (PSI)
***
50
50.00
115.50
4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE
0
***
0.00
0.00
6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE
0
***
0.00
0.00
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
20
***
0.32
0.74
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
***
0.00
0.00
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
980
***
1.82
4.21
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
***
0.00
0.00
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
***
0.00
0.00
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
965
***
59.70
137.90
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
0
***
0.00
0.00
MAX. POINT ELEVATION HEAD
8
***
3.46
8.00
SUCTION HEAD
10
***
4.33
10.00
MISC. LOSSES
15
***
6.49
15.00
TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD
126.13
291.35
MAX. PRESSURE ON THE DISCHARGE SIDE OF THE PUMP
121.80
281.35
EXHIBIT28 PAGE 15

CALCULATING PRESSURES AND HEAD LOSSES FOR WILSON'S SWINE FARM
FIELD 4 PULL 5 (F4-P5)
LAGOON I.D. FOR IRRIGATION: SINGLE STAGE LAGOON
FLOW RATE AT THIS NOZZLE 255 GPM
PRESSURE LOSS PER FOOT OF:
4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE
0 FT./100 FT.
(FILL OUT ONLY WHAT IS APP.)
6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE
0.668 FT./100 FT.
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
3.7 FT./100 FT.
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0 FT./100 FT.
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
0.43 FT./100 FT.
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0 FT./100 FT.
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0 FT./100 FT.
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
14.29 FT./100 FT.
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
0 FT./100 FT.
INPUT
INPUT PRESSURE
PRESSURE
VALUES
VALUES
IN
IN
FEET
PSI
PSI
FEET
NOZZLE PRESSURE (PSI)
***
50
50.00
115.50
4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE
0
""'
0.00
0.00
6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE
0
***
0.00
0.00
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
20
***
0.32
0.74
4 INCH PVC PIPE,'SDR21
0
***
0.00
0.00
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
1180
***
2.20
5.07
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
"*"
0.00
0.00
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
***
0.00
0.00
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
965
***
59.70
137.90
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
0
***
0.00
0.00
MAX. POINT ELEVATION HEAD
10
***
4.33
10.00
SUCTION HEAD
10
***
4.33
10.00
MISC. LOSSES
15
***
6.49
15.00
TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD
127.36
294.21
MAX. PRESSURE ON THE DISCHARGE SIDE OF THE PUMP
123.04
284.21
EXHIBIT28 PAGE 16

CALCULATING PRESSURES AND HEAD LOSSES FOR WILSON'S SWINE FARM
FIELD 5 PULL 1 (F5-PI)
LAGOON I.D. FOR IRRIGATION:
FLOW RATE AT THIS NOZZLE
PRESSURE LOSS PER FOOT OF:
(FILL OUT ONLY WHAT IS APP.)
SINGLE STAGE LAGOON
255 GPM
4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE
6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
0 FT./100 FT.
0.668 FT./100 FT.
3.7 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
0.43 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
14.29 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
INPUT
INPUT_
PRESSURE
PRESSURE
VALUES
VALUES
IN
IN
FEET
PSI
PSI
FEET
NOZZLE PRESSURE (PSI)
' "
50
50.00
115.50
4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE
0
**'`
0.00
0.00
6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE
0
"'
0.00
0.00
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
20
***
0.32
0.74
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
"**
0.00
0.00
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
1850
*"'
3.44
7.96
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
0.00
0.00
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
0.00
0.00
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
965
* *
59.70
137.90
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
0
0.00
0.00
MAX. POINT ELEVATION HEAD
-5
-2.16
-5.00
SUCTION HEAD
10
*'t"
4.33
10.00
MISC. LOSSES
15
6.49
15.00
TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD
122.12
282.09
MAX. PRESSURE ON THE DISCHARGE
SIDE OF THE PUMP
117.79
272.09
EXHIBIT28 PAGE 17

CALCULATING PRESSURES AND HEAD LOSSES FOR WILSON'S SWINE FARM
FIELD 5 PULL 2 (F5-P2)
LAGOON I.D. FOR IRRIGATION:
FLOW RATE AT THIS NOZZLE
PRESSURE LOSS PER FOOT OF:
(FILL OUT ONLY WHAT IS APP.)
SINGLE STAGE LAGOON
255 GPM
4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE
6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
0 FT./100 FT.
0.668 FT./100 FT.
3.7 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
0.43 FT./l00 FT.
0 FT./l 00. FT.
0 FT./l00 FT.
14.29 FT./l00 FT.
0 FT./l00 FT.
INPUT
INPUT
PRESSURE
PRESSURE
VALUES
VALUES
IN
IN
FEET
PSI
PSI
FEET
NOZZLE PRESSURE (PSI)
***
50
50.00
115.50
4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE
0
***
0.00
0.00
6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE
0
***
0.00
0.00
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
20
***
0.32
0.74
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
***
0.00
0.00
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
1850
***
3.44
7.96
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
***
0.00
0.00
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
***
0.00
0.00
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
965
***
59.70
137.90
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
0
***
0.00
0.00
MAX. POINT ELEVATION HEAD
-5
***
-2.16
-5.00
SUCTION HEAD
10
***
4.33
10.00
MISC. LOSSES
15
***
6.49
15.00
TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD
122.12
282.09
MAX. PRESSURE ON THE DISCHARGE SIDE OF
THE PUMP
117.79
272.09
EXHIBIT28 PAGE 18

CALCULATING PRESSURES AND HEAD LOSSES FOR WILSON'S SWINE FARM
FIELD 5 PULL 3 (F5-P3)
LAGOON I.D. FOR IRRIGATION:
FLOW RATE AT THIS NOZZLE
SINGLE STAGE LAGOON
255 GPM
PRESSURE LOSS PER FOOT OF:
4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE _
0 FT.1100 FT.
(FILL OUT ONLY WHAT IS APP.)
6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE
0.668 FT./100 FT.
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
3.7 FT./100 FT,
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0 FT./100 FT.
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
0.43 FT./100 FT.
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0 FT./100 FT.
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0 FT./100 FT.
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
14.29 FT./100 FT.
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
0 FT./100 FT.
INPUT
INPUT PRESSURE
PRESSURE.
VALUES
VALUES
IN
IN
FEET
PSI
PSI
FEET
NOZZLE PRESSURE (PSI)
***
50
50.00
115.50
4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE
0
***
0.00
0.00
6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE
0
***
0.00
0.00
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
20
***
0.32
0.74
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
***
0.00
0.00
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
2050
***
3.82
8.82
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
***
0.00
0.00
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SOR21
0
***
0.00
0.00
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
965
***
59.70
137.90
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
0
***
0.00
0.00
MAX. POINT ELEVATION HEAD
-10
***
-4.33
-10.00
SUCTION HEAD
10
***
4.33
10.00
MISC. LOSSES
15
***
6.49
15.00
TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD
120.33
277.95
MAX. PRESSURE ON THE DISCHARGE SIDE OF THE PUMP
116.00
267.95
EXHIBIT28 PAGE 19

CALCULATING PRESSURES AND HEAD LOSSES FOR WILSON'S SWINE FARM
FIELD 5 PULL 4 (F5-P4)
LAGOON I.D. FOR IRRIGATION:
FLOW RATE AT THIS NOZZLE
PRESSURE LOSS PER FOOT OF:
(FILL OUT ONLY WHAT IS APP.)
SINGLE STAGE LAGOON
255 GPM
4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE
6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
0 FT./100 FT.
0.668 FT./100 FT.
3.7 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
0.43 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
14.29 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
INPUT
INPUT
PRESSURE
PRESSURE
VALUES
VALUES
IN
IN
FEET
PSI
PSI
FEET
NOZZLE PRESSURE (PSI)
***
50
50.00
115.50
4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE
0
***
0.00
0.00
6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE
0
***
0.00
0.00
4 IN. HARD, CONNECTING HOSE
20
***
0.32
0.74
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
***
0.00
0.00
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
2050
***
3.82
8.82
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
***
0.00
0.00
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
***
0.00
0.00
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
965
***
59.70
137.90
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
0
***
0.00
0.00
MAX. POINT ELEVATION HEAD
-5
***
-2.16
-5.00
SUCTION HEAD
10
***
4.33
10.00
MISC. LOSSES
15
***
6.49
15.00
**
TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD
122*49
282.95
MAX. PRESSURE ON THE DISCHARGE
SIDE OF THE PUMP
118.16
.272.95
EXHIBIT28 PAGE 20

CALCULATING PRESSURES AND HEAD LOSSES FOR WILSON'S SWINE FARM
FIELD 5 PULL 5 (F5-P5)
LAGOON I.D. FOR IRRIGATION: SINGLE STAGE LAGOON
FLOW RATE AT THIS NOZZLE 255 GPM
PRESSURE LOSS PER FOOT OF:
4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE
0 FT./100 FT.
(FILL OUT ONLY WHAT IS APP.)
6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE
0.668 FT./100 FT.
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
3.7 FT./100 FT.
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0 FT./l00 FT.
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
0.43 FT./100 FT.
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0 FT./100 FT.
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0 FT./l00 FT.
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
14.29 FT./100 FT.
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
0 FT./100 FT.
INPUT
INPUT PRESSURE
PRESSURE
VALUES
VALUES
IN
IN
FEET
PSI
PSI
FEET
NOZZLE PRESSURE (PSI)
'"'
50
50.06
115.50
41NCH ALUMINUM PIPE
0
'""
0.00
0.00
6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE
0
'"`*
0.00
0.00
4 IN. HARD, CONNECTING HOSE
20
**"
0.32
0.74
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
***
0.00
0.00
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SOR26
2250
"**
4.19
9.68
81NCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
k*'
0.00
0.00
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
***
0.00
0.00
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
965
*""
59.70
137.90
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
0
***
0.00
0.00
MAX. POINT ELEVATION HEAD
-20
""*
-8.66
-20.00
SUCTION HEAD
10
"'"
4.33
10.00
MISC. LOSSES
15
***
6A9
15.00
TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD
116.37
268.81
MAX. PRESSURE ON THE DISCHARGE SIDE OF
THE PUMP
112.04
258.81
EXHIBIT28 PAGE 21

CALCULATING PRESSURES AND HEAD LOSSES FOR WILSON'S SWINE FARM -
FIELD 6 PULLS 1 AND 2, (F6-PI) AND (F6-P2)
LAGOON I.D. FOR IRRIGATION: SINGLE STAGE LAGOON
FLOW RATE AT THIS NOZZLE 255 GPM
PRESSURE LOSS PER FOOT OF:
(FILL OUT ONLY WHAT IS APP.)
4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE
6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
0 FT./100 FT.
0.668 FT./100 FT.
3.7 FT./100 FT,
0 FT./100 FT.
0.43 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
14.29 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
INPUT
INPUT
PRESSURE
PRESSURE
VALUES
VALUES
IN
IN
FEET
PSI
PSI
FEET
NOZZLE PRESSURE (PSI)
"*"
50
50.00
115.50
4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE
0
"°*"
0.00
0.00
6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE
0
***
0.00
0.00
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
20
'"`"
0.32
0.74
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
'*"
0.00
0.00
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
4370
***
8.13
18.79
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
*"
0.00
0.00
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
***
0.00
0.00
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
965
*"'
59.70
137.90
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
0
'**
0.00
0.00
MAX. POINT ELEVATION HEAD
-35
***
-15.15
-35.00
SUCTION HEAD
10
**
4.33
10.00
MISC. LOSSES
15
***
6.49
15.00
TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD
113.82
262.93
MAX. PRESSURE ON THE DISCHARGE SIDE OF THE PUMP
109.49
252.93
EXHIBIT28 PAGE 22

+ DiLOU m • • [ •
FIELD 6 PULLS 3 AND 4, (F6-P3) AND (F6-P4)
LAGOON I.D. FOR IRRIGATION: SINGLE STAGE LAGOON
FLOW RATE AT THIS NOZZLE 255 GPM
PRESSURE LOSS PER FOOT OF:
.(FILL OUT ONLY WHAT IS APP.)
4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE
6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
0 FT./100 FT.
0.668 FT./100 FT.
3.7 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
0.43 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
14.29 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
INPUT
INPUT
PRESSURE
PRESSURE
VALUES
VALUES
IN
IN
FEET
PSI
PSI
FEET
NOZZLE PRESSURE (PSI)
50
50.00
115.50
4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE
0
***
0.00
0.00
6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE
0
**"
0.00
0.00
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
20
***
0.32
0.74
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
***
0.00
0.00
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
4590
***
8.54
19.74
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
***
0.00
0.00
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
***
0.00
0.00
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
965
***
59.70
137.90
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
0
***
0.00
0.00
MAX. POINT ELEVATION HEAD
-35
*"*
-15.15
-35.00
SUCTION HEAD
10
***
4.33
10.00
MISC. LOSSES
15
***
6.49
15.00
TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD
114.23
263.88
MAX. PRESSURE ON THE DISCHARGE
SIDE OF THE PUMP
109.90
253.88
EXHIBIT28 PAGE 23

CALCULATING PRESSURES AND HEAD LOSSES FOR WILSON'S SWINE FARM
FIELD 6 PULLS 5 AND 6, (F6-P5) AND (F6-P6)
LAGOON I.D. FOR IRRIGATION: SINGLE STAGE LAGOON
FLOW RATE AT THIS NOZZLE 255 GPM
PRESSURE LOSS PER FOOT OF:
4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE
0 FT./100 FT.
(FILL OUT ONLY WHAT IS APP.)
6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE
0.668 FT./100 FT.
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
3.7 FT./100 FT.
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0 FT./100 FT.
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
0.43 FT./100 FT.
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0 FT./100 FT.
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0 FT./100 FT.
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
14.29 FT./100 FT.
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
0 FT./100 FT.
INPUT
INPUT PRESSURE
PRESSURE.
VALUES
VALUES
IN
IN
FEET
PSI
PSI
FEET
NOZZLE PRESSURE (PSI)
***
50
50.00
115.50
4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE
0
***
0.00
0.00
6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE
0
"**
0.00
0.00
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
20
***
0,32
0.74
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
***
0.00
0.00
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
4790
***
8.92
20.60
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
***
0.00
0.00
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
***
0.00
0.00
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
965
***
59.70
137.90
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
0
***
0.00
0.00
MAX. POINT ELEVATION HEAD
-37
***
-16.02
-37.00
SUCTION HEAD
10
***
4.33
10.00
MISC. LOSSES
15
***
6.49
15.00
TOTAL. DYNAMIC HEAD
113.74
262.74
MAX. PRESSURE ON THE DISCHARGE SIDE OF THE PUMP
109.41
252.74
EXHISIT28 PAGE 24

QALCl�l=�G PRESSURES MQ N LOSSES FOR I NE FARM
FIELD 6 PULLS 7 AND 8, (F6-P7) AND (F6-P8)
LAGOON I.D. FOR IRRIGATION: SINGLE STAGE LAGOON
FLOW RATE AT THIS NOZZLE 255 GPM
PRESSURE LOSS PER FOOT OF:
(FILL OUT ONLY WHAT IS APP.)
4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE
6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
0 FT./l00 FT.
0.668 FT./1.00 FT.
3.7 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
0.43 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
14.29 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
INPUT
INPUT
PRESSURE
PRESSURE
VALUES
VALUES
IN
IN
FEET
PSI
PSI
FEET
NOZZLE PRESSURE (PSI)
"*
50
50.00
115.50
4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE
0
***
0.00
0.00
6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE
0
***
0.00
0.00
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
20
***
0.32
0.74
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
***
0:00
0.00
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
4990
***
9.29
21.46
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
***
0.00
0.00
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
***
0.00
0.00
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
965
***
59.70
137.90
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
0
***
0.00
0.00
MAX. POINT ELEVATION HEAD
-37
***
-16.02
-37.00
SUCTION HEAD
10
***
4.33
10.00
MISC. LOSSES
15
***
6.49
15.00
TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD
114.11
263.60
MAX. PRESSURE ON THE DISCHARGE
SIDE OF THE PUMP
109.78
253.60
EXHIBIT28 PAGE 25

CALCULATING PRESSURES AND HEAD LOSSES FOR WILSON'S SWINE FARM
FIELD 6 PULL 9 (F6-P9)
LAGOON I.D. FOR IRRIGATION:
FLOW RATE AT THIS NOZZLE
PRESSURE LOSS PER FOOT OF:
(FILL OUT ONLY WHAT IS APP.)
SINGLE STAGE LAGOON
255 GPM
4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE
6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
0 FT./100 FT.
0.668 FT./100 FT.
3.7 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
0.43 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT,
0 FT./100 FT.
14.29 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
INPUT
INPUT
PRESSURE
PRESSURE
VALUES
VALUES
IN
IN
FEET
PSI
PSI
FEET
NOZZLE PRESSURE (PSI)
"""'
50
50.00
115.50
4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE
0
'"
0.00
0.00
6 INCH ALUNIMUMI PIPE
0
***
0.00
0.00
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
20
***
0.32
0.74
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
***
0.00
0.00
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
6190
'`'"
9.66
22.32
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
***
0.00
0.00
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
***
0.00
0.00
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
965
*""
59.70
137.90
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
0
**'
0.00
0.00
MAX. POINT ELEVATION HEAD
-42
-18.18
-42.00
SUCTION HEAD
10
4.33
10.00
MISC. LOSSES
15.
'""'
6.49
15.00
TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD
112.32
259.46
MAX. PRESSURE ON THE DISCHARGE
SIDE OF THE PUMP
107.99
249.46
EXHIBIT28 PAGE 26

CALCULATING PRESSURES AND HEAD LOSSES FOR WILSON'S SWINE_F-R
FIELD 7 PULLS 1 AND 2, (F7-PI) AND (F7-P2)
LAGOON I.D. FOR IRRIGATION:
SINGLE STAGE LAGOON
FLOW RATE AT THIS NOZZLE
255 GPM
PRESSURE LOSS PER FOOT OF:
4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE
0 FT./100 FT.
(FILL OUT ONLY WHAT IS APP.)
6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE
0.668 FT./100 FT,
4 IN, HARD CONNECTING HOSE
3.7 FT./100 FT.
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0 FT./100 FT.
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
0.43 FT./100 FT.
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0 FT./l00 FT,
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0 FT./100 FT.
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
14.29 FT./100 FT.
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
0 FT./100 FT.
INPUT
INPUT PRESSURE
PRESSURE
VALUES
VALUES
IN
IN
FEET
PSI
PSI
FEET
NOZZLE PRESSURE (PSI)
""*
50
50.00
115.50
4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE
0
***
0.00
0.00
6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE
0
***
0.00
0.00
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
20
***
0.32
0.74
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
""
0.00
0.00
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
4160
***
7.74
17.89
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
***
0.00
0.00
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
***
0.00
0.00
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
965
`"
59.70
137.90
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
0
***
0.00
0.00
MAX. POINT ELEVATION HEAD
-35
***
-15.15
-35.00
SUCTION HEAD
10
*'
4.33
10.00
MISC. LOSSES
15
***
6A9
15.00
TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD
113.43
262.03
MAX. PRESSURE ON THE DISCHARGE SIDE OF THE PUMP
109.10
252.03
EXHIBIT28 PAGE 27

CALCULATING PRESSURES AND HEAD LOSSES FOR WILSON'S SWINE FARM
FIELD 7 PULLS 3 AND 4, (F7-P3) AND (F7-P4)
LAGOON I.D. FOR IRRIGATION: SINGLE STAGE LAGOON
FLOW RATE AT THIS NOZZLE 255 . GPM
PRESSURE LOSS PER FOOT OF:
(FILL OUT ONLY WHAT IS APP.)
4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE
6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
0 FT./l00 FT.
0.668 FT./100 F.T.
3.7 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
0.43 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
14.29 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
INPUT
INPUT
PRESSURE
PRESSURE
VALUES
VALUES
IN
IN
FEET
PSI
PSI
FEET
NOZZLE PRESSURE (PSI)
*"*
50
50.06
115.50
4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE
0
***
0.00
0.00
6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE
0
***
0.00
0.00
4 IN. HARD! CONNECTING HOSE
20
***
0.32
0.74
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
***
0.00
0.00
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
3960
***
7.37
17.03
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
'""
0.00
0.00
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
***
0.00
0.00
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
965
***
59.70
137.90
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
0
***
0.00
0.00
MAX. POINT ELEVATION HEAD
-35
***
-15.15
-35.00
SUCTION HEAD
10!
***
4.33
10.00
MISC. LOSSES
15
'""
6.49
15.00
*
TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD
113.06 6
261.17
MAX. PRESSURE ON THE DISCHARGE SIDE OF THE PUMP
108.73
251.17
EXHIBIT28 PAGE 28

CALCULATING PRESSURES -AN DHEAD LOSSES FOR WILSON'S SWINt; FARM
FIELD 7 PULLS 5 AND 6, (F7-P5) AND (F7-P6)
LAGOON I.D. FOR IRRIGATION: SINGLE STAGE LAGOON
FLOW RATE AT THIS NOZZLE 255 GPM
PRESSURE LOSS PER FOOT OF:
4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE
0 FT./l00 FT.
(FILL OUT ONLY WHAT IS APP.)
6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE
0.668 FT./100 FT.
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
3.7 FT./100 FT.
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0 FT./100 FT.
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
0.43 FT./100 FT.
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0 FT./100 FT.
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0 FT./100 FT.
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
14.29 FT./100 FT.
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
0 FT./100 FT.
INPUT
INPUT PRESSURE
PRESSURE
VALUES
VALUES
IN
IN
FEET
PSI
PSI
FEET
NOZZLE PRESSURE (PSI)
***
50
50.00
115.50
4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE
0
***
0.00
0.00
6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE
0
***
0.00
0.00
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
20
***
0.32
0.74
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
***
0.00
0.00
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
3760
***
7.00
16.17
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
***
0.00
0.00
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0
***
0.00
0.00
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
965
***
59.70
137.90
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
0
***
0.00
0.00
MAX. POINT ELEVATION HEAD
-35
***
-15.15
-35.00
SUCTION HEAD
10
***
4.33
10.00
MISC. LOSSES
15
***
6.49
15.00
TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD
112.69
260.31
MAX. PRESSURE ON THE DISCHARGE SIDE OF THE PUMP
108.36
250.31
EXHIBIT28 PAGE 29

CALCULATING PRESSURES AND HEAD LOSSES FOR WILSON'S SWINE FARM
FIELD 7 PULLS 7 AND 8, (F7-P7) AND (F7-P8)
LAGOON I.D. FOR IRRIGATION: SINGLE STAGE LAGOON
FLOW RATE AT THIS NOZZLE 255 GPM
PRESSURE LOSS PER FOOT OF: 4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE
(FILL OUT ONLY WHAT IS APP.) 6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
INPUT INPUT
PRESSURE
VALUES VALUES
IN
FEET PSI
PSI
NOZZLE PRESSURE (PSI)
*** 50
50.00
4 INCH ALUMINUM PIPE
0 ***
0.00
6 INCH ALUNIMUM PIPE
0 "''
0.00
4 IN. HARD CONNECTING HOSE
20 ***
0.32
4 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0 ***
0.00
6 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR26
3770 *"
7.02
8 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0 ***
0.00
10 INCH PVC PIPE, SDR21
0 *"
0.00
3 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
965 `**
59.70
4 INCH COIL PIPE (REEL)
0 **'
0.00
MAX. POINT ELEVATION HEAD
-35 *`*
-15.15
SUCTION HEAD
10
4.33
MISC. LOSSES
15 *""`
6.49
TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD
112.71
MAX. PRESSURE ON THE DISCHARGE SIDE OF THE PUMP
108.38
EXHIBIT28
PAGE 30
0 FT./l00 FT.
0.668 FT./l00 FT.
3.7 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
0.43 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
0 FT./100 FT.
14.29 FT./l00 FT.
0 FT./l00 FT.
PRESSURE
IN
FEET
115.50
0.00
0.00
0.74
0.00
16.21
0.00
0.00
137.90
0.00
-35.00
10.00
15.00
260.35
250.35
n

Exhibit 29
l-
Z
w
J
U-
U-
W
U-
O
Z
O
J
J
Q
WILSON'S SWINE FARM LAGOON -AS BUILT
VOLUME vs DEPTH
y� I. 1 :1�i •" N

MISC. CAWMP CORRESPONDENCE AND
TECHNICAL SPECIALIST CERTIFICATION
FORMS
The follow documents relate to the CAWMP
specifications and are being bound in this document for
easy reference. These documents were not part of the
original bound package but were included as loose
materials.

T ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING SERVICES
Water - Wastewater - Sludge - Agricultural - Industrial - Civil i:�' - , , I
Richmond County NRCS
c/o Vilma Mendez-Colombani
125 South Hancock Street
Rockingham, NC 28379
August 13, 1999
Re: Certified Animal Waste Management Plan for Wilson's Swine Farm near Derby,
Richmond County. Owner is Bryan Wilson. DWQ Farm ID # 77-17.
Dear Ms. Colombani,
Please find enclosed a copy of the CAWMP and certification forms referenced above.
Please share Mr. Wilson's new CAWMP with Ms. Tina Mabe. If either of you have questions
please call me.
Best
L�F. Crraha , P.E.
E ronmental Engineering Services
enclosures:
cc: Bryan Wilson
0
P.O. BOX 426, ABERDEEN, N.C. 28315 PHONE [phone]

[� ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING SERVICES
Water e Wastewater - Sludge - Agricultural - Industrial - Civil
k
cZo1�ffi
NCDENR August 13, 1999
Division Of Water Quality
Non -Discharge Branch - Compliance Unit
P.O. Box 29535
Raleigh, N.C. 27626-0535
Attn: Sue Homewood
Re: Certified Animal Waste Management Plans for Wilson's Swine Farm, State Road # 1465
(Sycamore Lane Road), Richmond County. Facility I.D. # 77 - 17
Dear Ms. Homewood,
Enclosed you will find the following:
1. The signed Animal Waste Management Certification forms for the above referenced farm.
2. Vicinity maps of the farm.
3. An acknowledgment form stating that Mr. Wilson received his new CAWMP.
Please note that this plan was certified by me on May 18, 1999. However, since that time I have been
waiting on Mr. Wilson to send me a written acknowledgment of having received this plan so I could
send DWQ a "complete" set of paperwork - all at one time. I finally received this acknowledgment
yesterday. Mr. Wilson has been working with his crops day and night this summer and simply forgot to
sign the acknowledgment form until now.
I am sending Ms. Vilma Mendez Cplombani with the Richmond County NRCS a complete copy of the
plans and correspondence for her files. I am sending the Fayetteville regional office of DWQ a copy of
correspondence and maps. Please call if you have questions.
enclosures
cc: Bryan Wilson
Vilma Mendez-Colombani, Richmond County NRCS
Fayetteville Regional Office, DWQ
P.O. BOX 426, ABERDEEN, N.C. 28315 PHONE [phone]

ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING SERVICES
Water • Wastewater • Sludge • Agricultural • Industrial • Civil
NCDENR
Division Of Water Quality
Non -Discharge Branch - Compliance Unit
P.O. Box 29535
Raleigh, N.C. 27626-0535
Attn: Sue Homewood
May 18, 1999
Re: Certified Animal Waste Management Plans. Technical Specialist certifications for the
Wilson's Swine Farm, State Road # 1465 (Sycamore Lane Road), Richmond County.
Facility I.D. # 77 - 17.
Dear Ms. Homewood,
Please find enclosed one or more signed certification forms for the above referenced
farm. The attached Technical Specialist forms are being sent in accordance with 15A NCAC
2H. 0200 rules and regulations for animal waste storage,. treatment, and utilization on
existing, new or expanding facilities. The signed forms attached to this letter are indicated
below:
Section II. Certification Of Design.
A) Collection, storage, treatment system ......................................
B) Land application site..................................................................
C) Run-off controls from exterior lots ............................................
D) Application and handling. equipment ..........................................
E) Odor control, insect control, mortality management, and
emergency action plan .............................................................
F) Written notice of new or expanding swine farm .........................
Section III. Certification Of Installation.
A) Collection, storage, treatment installation .............................:..,
B) Land application site................................................................
C) Run-off controls from exterior lots ..........................................
D) Application and handling equipment installation ......................
E) Odor control, insect control, mortality management, and
emergency action plan .... ..........................................................
yes (recertified here but original
certification done on May 4, 1995)
yes
yes
yes
yes
not applicable
not app., no expansion,
yes
not applicable
yes
yes
General Comments
Any and all attached certification forms are being signed by the Technical Specialist in an
effort to comply "with the requirements stated in the 15A NCAC 2H 0.200 rules for animal
P.O. BOX 426, ABERDEEN, N.C. 28315 PHONE [phone]

waste management. The Technical Specialist is stating that the plans being certified are
complete to the best of his ability to comply with the intent of the rules. However the
enclosed certification(s) reflect the plans being complete at the time of development and
within the scope of work ordered. If plans were done at an earlier date, the plans being
certified herein may not comply with recent rule changes or the most recent specification
revisions published by the Natural Resources Conservation Service (MRCS), DWQ,
legislative actions, etc. Some of the rules and standards developed for animal waste systems
are not well defined as of this certification date. In addition some of the rules and guidelines
needed for such certifications are still under interpretation. The Technical Specialist has
made every effort to comply with the intent of the 0.200 rules.
The Technical Specialist is certifying that the above referenced farm has a certifiable plan for
the system or systems being discussed in this letter. The details of certified plans can differ
between farms and can vary depending on whether the farm is existing or if the farm is new.
The certification form(s) indicate that the plans being discussed should work for that farm
given the on -site level of management required is provided. No certification can be all
inconclusive and be certified to contain each and every aspect of all possible outcomes
associated with high intensity animal growing operations. The reader must review the plans
to see what is being certified.
Specific Comments
1. Wilson's Swine Farm is an existing swine production operation and is not expanding its
number of animals. Wilson's Swine Farm is owned by Mr. Bryan Wilson. Technical
Specialist Larry F. Graham, P.E. with Environmental Engineering Services (EES) signed
the original Animal Waste Management Plan Certification form for this farm on 5-4-95.
Back then this was a one page form. EES did the original lagoon design and lagoon
certification only. Be it known that Gold Leaf Farm has been using a CAWMP since
March of 1995. This CAWMP was developed by the Richmond County NRCS.
2. A new or revised waste utilization plan has recently been developed by EES for Wilson's
Swine Farm and dated May 18, 1999. This new plan replaces the old NRCS plan. EES is
certifying that this new plan is a "workable" plan for the farm and is being certified as
such. It is much more comprehensive than the original plan.
3. Wilson's Swine Farm has one animal waste lagoon. This lagoon was designed in 1995
by the Technical Specialist (i.e. the engineer in this case) and met or exceeded the NRCS
design criteria of that time. The existing lagoon has not been altered from its original
design. The Technical Specialist is certifying the existing waste treatment system is
suitable for the herd size. Mr. Wilson needs to perform some minor maintenance tasks on
this lagoon but it is functioning as designed. This is mentioned here only for'reference.

4. Wilson's Swine Farm does not contain exterior lots where animals are kept (e.g. feed lots,
lounging areas, etc.).
5. A working irrigation system has been in place at Wilson's Swine Farm for many years.
This system is used for fresh water irrigation and wastewater irrigation. The Technical
Specialist has evaluated the system and found it to be satisfactory in size and capability to
deliver the irrigated effluent to the available crop acreage. However, the new irrigation
plans submitted to the farmer and to the NRCS show a proposed piping scheme and some
new equipment that is not yet in place. The existing system can be managed in such a
way as to serve the needs of the waste utilization plan, but the new piping scheme and
equipment would make irrigation much easier and less time consuming for the operator. It
will be up to the irrigation operator to follow the proposed irrigation plans and travel lanes
to the best of his ability in order to irrigate all shown acreage.
6. The new waste utilization and irrigation plans were developed looking at the farm as a
whole. The irrigation plan and waste utilization plan calls for flexibility, to be adjusted
as the farmer needs. The row crops grown at this farm vary from year to year and from
field to field in placement. This makes it difficult to describe a generic waste application
routine. The farmer will need to make yearly adjustments as shown in the new plan.
7. A few items still need to be done with regards to the waste management plan. Some of
these items are:
• Install some subsurface irrigation pipe,' purchase new irrigation equipment, install a few
new irrigation hydrants, etc. The details can be seen in the written plan.
• While a general Emergency Action Plan has been developed for this farm, a more site
specific Emergency Action Plan should be developed for more specific emergencies.
• Any other small items mentioned in the plans and in the process of installation.
A copy of all design information and the certification forms will be or has been sent to
the farm owner and the local NRCS. Should you have questions please call my office.
ices
enclosures
cc: Bryan Wilson
Vilma Mendez-Colombani, Richmond County NRCS
Fayetteville Regional Office, DWQ

r:. copy.:
i nAnimal Waste NZanag
ement Plan Certificat o
(Please tv a or)tint ;ill information that does not recuire a sisnature)
l;•;�cisttnm.. or ::New:;::.or ::Ex anded
General Information:
on's w'
Facility No: 77 -- 17
Name of Farm:wils
Br an wilson _Phone No:(A1 n) 652-3749
Owner(s) Name:
Mailing Address: 1180 Jones S rinrls Church Rd. Ellerbe N.C. 28338
Farm Location: County Farm is located in: Richmond
Latitude and Longitude: 35 26 / 79 36 20 Integrator: N.G. Purvis Farms Inc.
Please attach a copy of a county road map with location identified and describe below (Be specific: road
names, directions, milepost, etc.): Entrance to farm is on anu 1465 S camore
about 1000 feet north of the inter
nd.SRA
2.5 miles south east of Derb N.C.
O eration Descri Lion: Type o Cattle No, of Animals
Type of Swine No. of Animals Type of Poultry No. of Animals 0 Dairy
a Wean to Feeder ❑ Layer O Pullets $�0 Beef
t$Feeder to Finish 8 D
❑ Farrow to Wean
O Farrow to Feeder Number o Animals:
O Farrow to Finish Other Type of Livestock: f
• Gilts
❑ Boars
,.:................ .
lrxpancifn;fop
crYYti0nc6iFl3!; .:
;4itnniri:T�estt. Ca cte�rix 7otaIX3esiesavaci.::.......
Required Acreage: 159
Acreage Available for Application:
+ _ +/—
Number o Lagoons Storage Ponds: 1 Total Capacity:2 07 00 Cubic Feet (ft3)
Are subsurface drains present on the farm: YES or NO (please circle one)
If YES: are subsurface drains present in the area of the LAGOON or SPRAY FIELD (please circle one)
Owner / Manager Agreementthe operation
I (we). verify that all the above information is correct and will be the approved animal waseamana. ted upon ment plan for lthe farm understand
d above and will
and maintenance procedures established in
implement these procedures. I (we) know that any expansion to the existing design capacity of the waste treatment and
e Division of
storage system or construction of new facilitieswillrequireStocked. nI. (we) understand that therew certification to be emustbe to nod charge of
Environmental Management before the new animals
animal waste from the storage or application system to surface waters of the state either directly through a man-made the
conveyance .or from a storm event less severe �an�run off not be run
of pollutants utantstfrom lounorm and ging re andtheavy use areas must be
application of animal waste. I (we) understand that
minimized using technical standards developed by the Natural Resources Conservation Service. The approvedmodification
filed at the farm and at the office of the local Soil and Water Conservation District. I (we) know that any
must be approved by a technical specialist and submitted to the Soil and. Water Conservation District prior to
implementation. A change in land ownership requires written notification to DEM or a new certification (if the approved
plan is changed) within. 60 days of a title transfer.
Name of Land caner : Bryan Wilson
` Date: May 18 1999
Signature:
Name of iYlanager(if differe tfftrom owner):
Date:.�
Signature:
AWC -- August 1, 1997 1

Technical Specialist Certification
I° As a technical specialist designated by the North Carolina Soil and Water Conservation Commission pursuant to 15A
NCAC 6F .0005. I certify that the animal waste management system for the farm named above has an animal waste
management plan that meets or exceeds standards and specifications of the Division of Environmental ivlana;ement
(DELI) as specified in 15A NCAC 2H.0217 and the USDA -Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) and/or the
North Carolina Soil and Water Conservation Commission pursuant to 15A NCAC 2H.0217 and 15A NCAC 6F .0001-
.0005. The following elements are included in the plan as applicable. While each category designates a technical specialist
who may sign each certification (SD, SI, WUP, RC, I), the technical specialist should only certify parts for which they are
technically competent.
II. Certification of Design
A) Collection Storage, Treatment System
Check the appropriate box __)� Original Lagoon Certification Done May 4, 1995
l�l. ExistinQ_facility without retrofit (SD or WUP)
Storage volume is adequate for operation capacity; storage capability consistent with waste utilization
requirements. o•�``D"r r','t►a, r �`
0 New, expanded or retrofitted facility SD)
Animal waste storage and treatment structures, such as but not limited to collection s7t.StemFcgoons at ,9,oncLq,
have been designed to meet or exceed the minimum standards and specifications. SEAL :•
• w
11602
Name of Technical Specialist (Please Print): Larry F rraham
Affiliation Environ ate Work Complet° '" ye1 8. 1999
Address (AU y 0
A een NC 28315 PhoneNo.:.(
Signature Date: May. 1 8. 1 A 9 9
%0%J11nrrrr►rn
B) Land A lic on Site P) ,.•�•••• .�/�
The plan p vides for m' imum separations (buffers); adequate amount of land for waste u�'1> �ihk�S� • '' �•'.�
suitable for waste management; hydraulic and nutrient loading rates.
SEAL z
Name of 'technical Specialist (Please Print):
Environmental
Address (Agen
Sionature:z
C) Runoff Control rt
Check the appropriate box
Q5 Facility without exterior lots (SD or WUP or RC)
This facility does not contain any exterior lots.
11602
Work Com
Phone No.
May 18, 1999
G Facility with exterior lots (RC)
Methods to minimize the run off of pollutants from lounging and heavy use areas have
accordance with technical standards developed by MRCS.
Name of Technical Specialist (Please Print):
Address (
Signaturd;z
AWC -- August 1, 1
CA
S EAL
11FFnn
�cr�si;n�dYtYZ •
Work Completed: May 18 1999
Phone No.: [phone]
Date: May 18, 1999

D). A licati0n and Handlin{= Et ui menI
Cheer the appropriate box
Existing of expanding facility with exi., tin;_ waste apslication eq p en (WUP or I)
Animal waste application equipment specified in the plan has been either field calibrated or evaluated in
accordance with existing design charts and tables and is able to apply waste as necessary to accommodate the
waste management plan: (existing application equipment can cover the area required by the plan at rates not to
exceed either the specified hydraulic or nutrient loading rates, a schedule for timing of applications has been
established; required buffers can be maintained and calibration and adjustment guidance are contained as part of
the plan).
1 New, ex anded or existing facility with u exi in- writ a licatinn of ui m n fnr s r, v irrionti n. (I)
Animal waste application equipment specified in the plan has been designed to apply waste as necessary to
accommodate the waste management plan; (proposed application equipment can cover the area required by the
plan at rates not to exceed either the specified hydraulic or nutrient loading rates; a schedule for timing of
required buffers can be maintained; calibration and adjustment guidance are
applications has been established;
contained as part of the plan).
New, ex an ed r exi. lino • cility withou exi tinQ waste a licati n ec ui ment for land wreading ngLU, ino
yorav irri; to ion• (WUP or I)
Animal waste application equipment specified in the plan has been selected to apply waste as necessary to
accommodate the waste management plan; (proposed application equipment can cover the area required by the
plan at rates not to exceed either the specified hydraulic or -nutrient loading rates; a schedule for timing of
applications has been established; required buffers can be maintained; calibration and adjustment guidance are
contained as part of the plan). •t���ittrri���,
Name of Technical Specialist (Please Print):
Services
Environmental
Address
Signature:
F. Graham
N.C. 28315
y' Y 18, 1999
;(9T) 295-325
18,s 1999
.z'-�
R-
E) Odor ContrOf. insect Lnntrut. tvtuc rai��r l.�a„a-L.....•� �••� ~ --
SI. WUP. RC Or I) tt4t``�0y
The waste management plan for this facility includes a Waste Management Odor Control Checklist, an Insect
Control Checklist, a Mortality Management Checklist and an Emergency Action Plan. Sources of both odors and
insects have been evaluated with respect to this site and Best Management Pract � ,Ijot Nlinimize Odors and Best
Management Practices to Control Insects have been selected and included i % va � e med by an.this
Both the
yted by this facility.
Mortality Management Plan and the Emergency Action Plan are comple E� SS ••. °�,
Name of Technical Specialist (Please Print): Larr F. Graha wP
Affiliation Environmental En ineerin- services Dauff dkk C 10 %��?t-ed:
Mai 18, 1999
42 n N.C. 28315 Phone No.: 295-3252
Address ( �'• A-ZIM-1
Si;natur : - •RI
F) Written No ti of New or andinc, S ne Farm N/A
The following sig ture block is only to be used f r new or expanding swine farms that begin construction after June
21,1996. If the facility was built before June 21, 1996, when was it constructed or last
expanded
I (we) certify that I (we) have attempted to contact by certified mail all adjoining property owners and all property owners
g
who own property located across a public road, street, or highway from this new or expanding swine farm. The notice was
in compliance with the requirements of NCGS 106-805. A copy of the notice and a !is[ of the property owners notified is
attached.
Name of Land Owner:
Signature:
Date:
Name of Manager (if different from owner):
Signature:
Date:
aWC -- august 1, 1997 3

III. Certification of Installation
A} Collection. Storm*e. Treatment Installation Original Lagoon Certification done on May 4, 1995
New. expanded or retrofitted facility. (SI)
Animal waste storage and treatment structures, such as but not limited to lagoons and ponds, have been installed
in accordance with the approved plan to meet or exceed the minimum standards and specifications.
For existing facilities without retrofits, no certification is necessary.
Name of Technical Specialist (Please Print):
Affiliation
Address (Agency):
Date Work Completed:
Phone No..
Signature: Date:
B) Land Annlication Site (WUP)
Check the appropriate box
EJ The cropping system is in place on all land as specified in the animal waste management plan.
Conditional Approval: all required land as specified in the plan is cleared for planting; the cropping system
as specified in the waste udlizadon plan has not been established and the owner has committed to establish the
vegetation as specified in the plan by (month/day/year); the proposed cover crop is
appropriate for compliance with the wasteutiiizadon plan.
G Also check this box if appropriate
if the cropping system as specified in the plan can not be established on
of this certification, the owner has committed to establish an interim crc
Name of Technical Specialist (Please Print): Larry_
Affiliation Environmental Engine -• '4n2 Services
Address
Si?natu;
This following stature bl(tqk is only to
above has been checked.
Work
Date:
��ranurrr,rr
CAR
'••
;aye tI&A 30 days
con.
SEAL
Ma
used when the box for conditional approval in III. B
I (we) certify that I (we) have committed to establish the cropping system as specified in my (our) waste utilization plan,
and if appropriate to establish the interim crop for erosion control, and will submit to DEM a verification of completion
from a Technical Specialist within 15 calendar days following the date specified in the conditional certification. I (we)
realize that failure to submit this verification is a violation of the waste management plan and wiII subject me (us) to an
enforcement action from DEM.
Name of Land Owner:
Signature:
Name of Manager (if different from owner):
Signature:
Date:
Date:
NVC -- August 1. 1997 4

C) Runoff Controls from Exterior Lots (RC) N/A
Facility with exterior lots
Methods to minimize the run off of pollutants. -from lounging and heavy use areas have been installed as specified
in the plan.
For facilities without exterior lots, no certification is necessary.
Name of Technical Specialist (Please Print):
Affiliation Date Work Completed:
Address (Agency): Phone No.:
Signature:
Date:
D) Application and Handling E ui ment Installation (WUP or I)
Check the appropriate block
FI Animal waste application and handling equipment specified in the plan is on site and ready for use;
calibration and adjustment materials have been provided to the owners and are contained as part of the plan.
!•.1 Animal waste application and handling equipment specified in the plan has not been installed but the owner
has proposed, leasing or third party application and has provided a signed contract; equipment specified in
the contract agrees with the requirements of the plan; required buffers can be maintained; calibration and
adjustment Guidance have been provided to the owners and are contained as part of the plan.
❑ Conditional approval: Animal waste application and handling equipment specified in the plan has
Improvements been purchased and will be on site and installed by (month/day/year); there is adequate
planned but not storage to hold the waste until the equipment is installed and until the waste can be land applied in
mandatory. accordance with the cropping system contained in the plan; and calibrat;Qaffii},jdjustment guidance have
been provided to the owners and are contained as part of the plan. CARO��°�iv
.$ •'�••�� `�'•
Name of Technical Specialist (Please Print): LarryF. Graham ESS W�
Affiliation Environmen 1 En ine Se i Date�Work�of tell' *Ma 18. 1999
Address (Age �. •C x P een N.C. 28315 = PhpM'Jo.:.91 295-3252
r
v 1999
Signature: 0••i... • �Q.
'� G
The follotiv.ng sig ture blo s only to be used when the box far cond+yt}}Wip�royal in III D
above has been ohecked.
I (we) certify that I (wd) have committed to purchase the animal waste application and handling equipment as
specified in my (our) waste management plan and will submit to DEM a verification of delivery and installation
from a Technical Specialist within 15 calendar days following the date specified in the conditional certification. I
(we) realize that failure to submit this verification is a violation of the waste management plan and will subject me
(us) to an enforcement action from DEM.
Name of Land Owner:
Signature:
Name of Manager (if different from owner):
Signature:
E) Odor Control. Insect Control ana iviortaitry w)aua •c),:c„t, ILJ �'
Methods to control odors and insects as specified in the Plan have been
mortality management system as specified in the Plan has also been install -
is
Name of Technical Specialist (Please Print): LarryF. Graham :V!
Enronmen nes DeyrcAffiliation ' services tr WF.r
Naddres'ten
Np
*, t
Signat
Date:
Date:
WUP. RC or D
e " h+.ge operational. The
.� F e
Ct3VA6d: Mav3 18. 1999
.
Phone �1o.'- 91 2
WN 6A'L%'--1999
ANVC .- august 1

Please return the,completed form to the Division of Water Quality at the following address:
Department of Environment, Health, and Natural Resources
Division Of Water Quality
Non -Discharge Branch, Compliance Unit
P.O. -Box 29535
Raleigh, NC 2762&0535
Please also remember to submit a copy of this form along with the complete Animal Waste
Management Plan to the local Soil and Water Conservation District Office and to keep a copy
in your files with your Animal Waste Management Plan.
AWC -- August 1, 1997

Exhibit 1
Vicinity map for Gold Leaf. Farm.
J Owner: Bryan Wilson
Par^
I 'IT k 35*10'
IT N 0
POP.752, 7
Iq
0
D.,by
b
A
1167
1003 jag
4.11
7•3
77(A
v •Mcleod.
!as.
o
1463.
1902
..0A
37 .
0
152)
.6 103
0­
3
IAZA
It
14
A N H L L
A.32 t
G A M E/ L A N D
CAA
1374
U30
L L
MACI
'000
�
1
Mj uITS
Mlll
100 HOFFMAN
REST
r0r. 38 9
I+/d Yeti
V
'.Ch.M,KINNEY LAKE 1.07
FISH HATCHERY
)AZ-?
Be—IdEll. Ch. felCINNEY
LAKE
1411.
!a!
I
.0 : .,.: ..., I
M."lon
L:dberfe,
MAO-
7.0 IFAP
1"1 v
ITT, 1337 .,do !479 1475 ON Post)
.3 Cognoc
14 2) VA Gins -
McDcI.Id Ch. A 177 P
✓ 21
IWGHAM� 1UNINIZ-1
WIP. .093 1696 RICHMOND COUNTY
MM.3
.9 1691 169�q 1.6k&
"r .69,
ll
019
ICU .14 IA9)
NORTH CAROLINA
NORTH CAROLINA DWARTMENT. OF TRANSPORTATION
ROCKtNGHM
DIVISION Of HIGHWAYS —PUNNING AND RESEARCH BRANCH
pop. all
IN COOPERATION WITH THE
U.S. DEPARTMENT Of TRANSPORTATION
FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION
3607.
Creek SCALE
C1. 1607
AST E it Top.! 0 1 _2 3 A MILES
0.3 1 MILE
SCALE FOR EIAARGEMP T5

Exhibit 2
USGS Topographic map for
the Goldea Farm.
.r,
Owner: Bryan Wilson
r •W 1�1 t ^:46 450 `� -. .-3N- 7�-.t::'-_ -� �',� - s � _ ,-
s
Trcr
I
62
-_
it
_III_% II
II
U I �l �.^/•
' WEST END QUADRANGLE
°p . 1, `` J�°• / /
`�� -� �a '��"•_ __ __• __-';' ��' ,X 1465 It— NORTH CAROLINA
7.5 MINUTE SERIES (TOPOGRAPHIC)
it `r`--
_
HOFFMAN QUADRANGLE
NORTH.-CAROLINA
1 / 7.5 MINUTE SERIES (TOPOGRAPHIC)
t1 SE/4 JACKSON SPRINGS 15' QUADRANGLE
LA
_ y0
490
J�J
�J O
461
-t
,
,%� 11�J J v�tt6 �\ `rK. ,\�a • - \ 5,�._. r V4Us r��—�Z&
10 feet contour intervals
SCALE 1:24000
1
f 0 I MILE
1000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 FEET
1 .5 0 1 KILOMETER

r
CERTIFIED ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN RECEIPT
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
1. The undersigned person(s) hereby acknowledges that he/she has received a copy of the
Certified Animal Waste Management Plan (CAWMP) developed by Larry F. Graham, P.E.
(certified technical specialist) with Environmental Engineering Services for Wilson's Swine
Farm operation, which is located on State Road # 1465 (Sycamore Lane Road), Richmond
County. Facility I.D. # 77-17. This CAWMP was dated May 18, 1999. He or she also
acknowledges that he/she has read the CAWMP, understands the information provided, and
knows he/she must adhere to the intent of the CAWMP.
2. The undersigned person hereby acknowledges that he/she was involved with the
development of the CAWMP and gave input to the engineer about historical farming practices,
historical yields of crops, desired crop planting schedules, existing and new irrigation
equipment, property lines, future farming plans, etc.
Farm owner(s) o�r, their+ representative(s):
Signature: Cam.
Title: Farm nwnpr - operator
Date: r 1,,2 ,
Signature:
Title:
Date: - -- - --- - - -
Signature:
Title:
Date:
1. The undersigned engineer hereby certifies that he has provided Mr. Bryan Wilson with at
least one copy of the Certified Animal Waste Management Plan (CAWMP) referenced above.
Engin
Comp
Date:

�► ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING SERVICES
Water Wastewater • Sludge • Agricultural • Industrial • Civil
Wilson's Swine Farm May 18, 1999
c/o Bryan Wilson
1180 Jones Springs Church Road
Ellerbe, N.C.28338 ,1 7
Phone [phone]
Re: Certified Animal Waste Management Plans and Documentation for Wilson's Swine Farm,
Richmond County. DWQ Facility I.D. # 77-17.
Dear Mr. Wilson,
The Certified Animal Waste Management Plan (CAWMP) for the above referenced farm is
now complete according to the task given Environmental Engineering Services. The following persons
will get the following documentation:
• You are receiving two complete animal waste management packages enclosed with this letter. I
trust you will keep one of these on the farm site and share this information to those in
management. I would ask you to review this plan ASAP to make sure it fits your needs and
reasonably represents your farming plans.
• Ms. Vilma Mendez-Colombani with the Richmond County NRCS will get one copy of this new
and revised CAWMP package to be kept on file.
• The Fayetteville regional office of DWQ will get a copy of this letter and maps of the site. DWQ
will not get a complete specifications package. I was told they do not need a full copy of the
revisions since your farm is already certified.
• I will also send the Raleigh Office of DWQ a copy of this letter for their files.
Please keep in mind that this set of specifications relates to the utilization of animal waste on Gold
Leaf Farm Land. The following items are of particular importance. However do not fail to read the
entire document to know its content.
N
3
This new waste utilization plan is as comprehensive as any plan I have seen to date. However it is
a best estimate on what will happen. Future waste application amounts will depend on the quantity
of crops harvested, waste analyses, and soil testing. If crop yields were to drop off you will have
to cut back on waste applications. On the other hand, if crop yields increase, you may be able to
apply more waste, but do not make any drastic changes unless you first discuss the matter with me.
Keep your crops in tip top shape and Keep Good Records!
The limited number of lagoon effluent samples I have seen show that you may have more nitrogen
per thousand gallons of lagoon effluent than is average. Please keep track of this by sampling at
least 3 times per year (late winter, summer, and fall). Four samples per year is actually better.
Nutrients in anaerobic lagoon sludge are much more concentrated than lagoon liquids. If you wait
to remove sludge every 5 years, you will need to find an off -site location because you do not have
enough land to'accept all of the nutrients. The off -site hauling of sludge is not part of the attached
P.O. BOX 426, ABERDEEN, N.C. 28315 PHONE [phone]

waste utiliz"ation plan since I do not know where you would haul. If you decide to haul the sludge
off -site, you will need to get a plan amendment first. Let me know when you are ready to remove
sludge and I will develop the specifications.
4. If you ever decide to use 100% of your crop land you will need to obtain a broadcast type wagon
to apply nutrients to the field fringes and where irrigation can not go. I personally think this is an
essential tool for most swine operations. However, for now you do not need a broadcast wagon.
5. Gold Leaf Farm has enough cleared land to accept the generated nutrients in the animal waste
according to my best estimates. However there are many combinations of crops and fields you
could choose which can complicate the predicted nitrogen removal. You must keep track of what
you grow, how much you grow, where you apply the waste, how much waste is applied, etc. in
order to keep track of how much nitrogen you are using. This plan is realistic but it is not fool
proof. I have enclosed some examples of how to calculate the application of waste but please feel
free to ask questions if it is unclear.
6. Your lagoon needs to be staked so you can record water levels weekly. Make sure you match this
with the level of your emergency overflow. Let me know if you want me to help you with this
effort. A graph of your lagoon volume vs. depth is included in the CAWMP exhibits.
7. There is a large amount of information in this package so please read it and notice all of the
precautions. Be especially careful to avoid all off -site waste run-off or drift.
After reviewing the enclosed information let me know if you have questions. I can come to the farm
and spend some time with you if you ever need some hands-on guidance, help with irrigation
calibrations, calculations on nutrient loadings, waste analyses, or any other part of the overall effort.
However, to keep your expenses down I will wait until you request such service.
Thank -you for your time in this matter.
Best Regards,
"'_ C
La F. Graham,
Service
enclosures
cc: Vilma Mendez-Colombani, Richmond County MRCS
Fayetteville Regional Office, DWQ
Raleigh Office, DWQ