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HomeMy WebLinkAboutNC0056863_LVNC0056863 LV-2015-0222_20150923North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality Pat McCrory Governor Certified Mail # 7013 1090 0000 6092 9702 Return Receipt Requested Gary L Boney Town of Rose Hill PO Box 8 Rose Hill, NC 28458 Donald R. van der Vaart Secretary September 23, 2015 RECEIVEDIDENRIDWR SUBJECT: Notice of Violation and Assessment of Civil Penalty for Violations of North Carolina General Statute (G.S.) 143-215.1(a)(6) and NPDES Permit No. NCO056863 Town of Rose Hill Rose Hill WWTP Case No. LV -2015-0222 Duplin County Dear Permittee: SEP 2 9 2015 Water Quality Permitting Section This letter transmits a Notice of Violation and assessment of civil penalty in the amount of $433.50 ($250.00 civil penalty + $183.50 enforcement costs) against Town of Rose Hill. This assessment is based upon the following facts: a review has been conducted of the discharge monitoring report (DMR) submitted by Town of Rose Hill for the month of May 2015. This review has shown the subject facility to be in violation of the discharge limitations and/or monitoring requirements found in NPDES Permit No. NC0056863. The violations, which occurred in May 2015, are summarized in Attachment A to this letter. Based upon the above facts, I conclude as a matter of law that Town of Rose Hill violated the terms, conditions or requirements of NPDES Permit No. NCO056863 and G.S. 143-215.1(a)(6) in the manner and extent shown in Attachment A. In accordance with the maximums established by G.S. 143-215.6A(a)(2), a civil penalty may be assessed against any person who violates the terms, conditions or requirements of a permit required by G.S. 143-215.1(a). Based upon the above findings of fact and conclusions of law, and in accordance with authority provided by the Secretary of the Department of Environmental Quality and the Director of the Division of Water Resources, I, James H. Gregson, Regional Supervisor, Wilmington Regional Office hereby make the following civil penalty assessment against Town of Rose Hill: 127 Cardinal Drime Extension_ Wilmington. North Carolina 28405 Phone- 910-796-7215 `• Internet xv.ncdenr.goN <htip://Nv"'w.ncdenr.gov> An Equal Uppottumt} Affirmative Action l mployer - Made in part by recycled paper $250.00 1 of the 1 violations of 143-215.1(a)(6) and NPDES Permit No.NC0056863, by discharging:waste water into the waters of the State in violation of the Permit Weekly Average for BOD - Conc. $250.00 TOTAL CML PENALTY $183.50 Enforcement Costs $433.50 TOTAL AMOUNT DUE Pursuant to G.S. 143-215.6A(c), in determining the amount of the penalty I have taken into account the Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law and the factors set forth at G.S. 143B -282.1(b), which are: (1) The degree and extent of harm to the natural resources of the State, to the public health, or to private property resulting from the violation; (2) The duration and gravity of the violation; (3) The effect on ground or?surface water quantity or quality or on air quality; (4) The cost of rectifying the damage; (5) The amount of mohey'saved by noncompliance; (6) Whether the violation was committed willfully or intentionally; (7) The prior record of the violator in complying or failing to comply with programs over which the Environmental Management Commission has regulatory authority; and (8) The cost to the State of the enforcement procedures. Within thirty (30) days of receipt of this notice, you must do one of the following: (1) Submit payment of the penalty, OR (2) Submit a written request for remission, OR (3) Submit a written request for an administrative hearing Option 1: Submit payment of the penalty: Payment should be made directly to the order of the Department of Environmental Quality (do not include waiver form). Payment of the penalty will not foreclose further enforcement action for any continuing or new violation(s). Please submit payment to the attention of: NPDES Compliance/Enforcement Unit Division of Water Resources 1617 Mail- Service Center Raleigh, North Carolina 27699-1617 Option 2: Submit a written request for remission or mitigation including a detailed justification for such request: Please be aware that a request for remission is limited to consideration of the five factors listed below as they may relate to the reasonableness of the amount of the civil penalty assessed. Requesting remission is not the proper procedure for contesting whether the violation(s) occurred or the accuracy of any of the factual statements contained in the civil penalty assessment document. Because a remission request forecloses the option of an administrative hearing, such a request must be accompanied by a waiver of your right to an administrative hearing and a stipulation and agreement that no factual or legal issues are in dispute. Please prepare a detailed statement that establishes why you believe the civil penalty should be remitted, and submit it to the Division of Water Resources at the address listed below. In determining whether a remission request will be approved, the following factors shall be considered: (1) whether one or more of the civil penalty assessment factors in NCGS 143B -282.1(b) was wrongfully applied to the detriment of the petitioner; (2) whether the violator promptly abated continuing environmental damage resulting from the violation; (3) whether the violation was inadvertent or a result of an accident; (4) whether the violator had been assessed civil penalties for any previous violations; or (5) whether payment of the civil penalty will prevent payment for the remaining necessary remedial actions. Please note that all evidence presented in support of your request for remission must be submitted in writing. The Director of the Division of the Division of Water Resources will review your evidence and inform you of his decision in the matter of your remission request. The response will provide details regarding the case status, directions for payment, and provision for further appeal of the penalty to the Environmental Management Commission's Committee on Civil Penalty Remissions (Committee). Please be advised that the Committee cannot consider information that was not part of the original remission request considered by the Director. Therefore, it is very important that you prepare a complete and thorough statement in support of your request for remission. In order to request remission you must complete and submit the enclosed "Request for Remission of Civil Penalties Waiver of Right to an Administrative Hearing and Stipulation of Facts" form within thigy (30) days of receipt of this notice The Division of Water Resources also requests that you complete and submit the enclosed "Justification for Remission Request." Both forms should be submitted to the following address: NPDES Compliance/Enforcement Unit Division of Water Resources 1617 Mail Service Center Raleigh, North Carolina 27699-1617 - Option 3: )File a petition for an administrative hearing with the Office of Administrative Hearings: If you wish to contest any statement in the attached assessment document you must file a petition for an administrative hearing. You may obtain the petition form from the Office of Administrative Hearings. You must file the petition with the Office of Administrative Hearings within thirty (30) days of receipt of this notice. A petition is considered filed when it is received in the Office of Administrative Hearings during normal office hours. The Office of Administrative Hearings accepts filings Monday through Friday between the hours of 8:00 a.m. and 5:00 p.m., except for official state holidays. The petition may be filed by facsimile (fax) or electronic mail by an attached file (with restrictions) - provided the signed original, one (1) copy and a filing fee (if a filing fee is required by NCGS § 15013-23.2) is received in the Office of Administrative Hearings within seven (7) business days following the faxed or electronic transmission. You should contact the Office of Administrative Hearings with all questions regarding the filing fee and/or the details of the filing process. The mailing address and telephone and fax numbers for the Office of Administrative Hearings are as follows: Office of Administrative Hearings 6714 Mail Service Center Raleigh, NC 27699-6714 Tel: (919) 733-2698 Fax: (919) 733-3478 One (1) copy of the petition must also be served on DEQ as follows: Mr. Sam M. Hayes, General Counsel Department of Environmental Quality 1601 Mail Service Center Raleigh, North Carolina 27699-1601 Please indicate the case number (as found on page one of this letter) on the petition. Failure to exercise one of the options above within thirty (30) days of receipt of this letter, as evidenced by an internal date/time received stamp (not a postmark), will result in this matter being referred to the Attorney General's Office for collection of the penalty through a civil action. Please be advised that additional penalties may be assessed for violations that occur after the review period of this assessment. If you have'any questions, please contact Dean Hunkele with the Division of Water Resources staff of the Wilmington Regional Office at (910) 796-7215 or via email at dean.hunke]e@ncdenr.gov. Sincerely, `,for S. Jay Zimmerman, P.G. Dire tor, Division of Water Resources, NCDEQ By James H. Gregson, Regional Supervisor Water Quality Regional Operations Section Wilmington Regional Office Division of Water Resources, NCDEQ ATTACHMENTS Cc: WQS Wilmington Regional Office - Enforcement File (w/attachments) NPDF� C omplian�.:e'F_nf,�rnement unit- Enlorcenicm Filc (w/attachments) Central Files, Water Quality Section (w/attachments) JUSTIFICATION FOR REMISSION REQUEST Case Number: LV -2015-0222 Assessed Party: Town of Rose Hill Permit No.: NC0056863 County: Duplin Amount Assessed: $433.50 Please use this form when requesting remission of this civil penalty. You must also complete the "Request For Remission, Waiver of Right to an Administrative Hearing, and Stipulation of Facts" form to request remission of this civil penalty. You should attach any documents that you believe support your request and are necessary for the Director to consider in evaluating your request for remission. Please be aware that a request for remission is limited to consideration of the five factors listed below as they may relate to the reasonableness of the amount of the civil penalty assessed. Requesting remission is not the proper procedure for contesting whether the violation(s) occurred or the accuracy of any of the factual statements contained in the civil penalty assessment document. Pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 143B -282.1(c), remission of a civil penalty may be granted only when one or more of the following five factors apply. Please check each factor that you believe applies to your case and provide a detailed explanation, including copies of supporting documents, as to why the factor applies (attach additional pages as needed). (a) one or more of the civil penalty assessment factors in N.C.G.S. 14313-282.1(b) were wrongfully applied to the detriment of the petitioner (the assessment factors are listed in the civil penalty assessment document); (b) the violator promptly abated continuing environmental damage resulting from the violation (i.e., explain the steps that you took to correct the violation and prevent future occurrences),- (c) ccurrences); (c) the violation was inadvertent or a result of an accident (i.e., explain why the violation was unavoidable or something you could not prevent or prepare for); (d) the violator had not been assessed civil penalties for any previous violations; (e) payment of the civil penalty will prevent payment for the remaining necessary remedial actions (i.e., explain how payment of the civil penalty will prevent you from performing the activities necessary to achieve compliance). EXPLANA'T'ION: STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA COUNTY OF DUPLIN IN THE MATTER OF ASSESSMENT OF CIVIL PENALTIES AGAINST Town of Rose Fill Rose Fill WWTP PERMIT NO. NCO056863 DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY WAIVER OF RIGHT TO AN ADMINISTRATIVE FEARING AND STIPULATION OF FACTS CASE NO. LV -2015-0222 Having been assessed civil penalties totaling $433.50 for violation(s) as set forth in the assessment document of the Division of Water Resources dated September 22, 2015, the undersigned, desiring to seek remission of the civil penalty, does hereby waive the right to an administrative hearing in the above -stated matter and does stipulate that the facts are as alleged in the assessment document. The undersigned further understands that all evidence presented in support of remission of this civil penalty must be submitted to the Director of the Division of Water Resources within thirty (30) days of receipt of the notice of assessment. No new evidence in support of a remission request will be allowed after (30) days from the receipt of the notice of assessment. This the day of ADDRESS TELEPHONE SIGNATURE 20 ATTACHMENT A Town of Rose Hill CASE NUMBER. LV -2015-0222 PERMIT: NC0056863 FACILITY: Rose Hill WWTP COUNTY: Duplin REGION: Wilmington Limit Violations MONITORING OUTFALL / VIOLATION UNIT OF CALCULATED % OVER PENALTY REPORT PPI LOCATION PARAMETER DATE FREQUENCY MEASURE LIMIT VALUE LIMIT VIOLATION TYPE $250 00 -5-2015 001 Effluent BOD - Conc 5/16/15 Weekly mg/I 15 18.60 24.0 Weekly Average Exceeded DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES - CIVIL PENALTY ASSESSMENT Violator: Town of Rose hill Facility Name: Rose hill WWTP Permit Number: NC0056863 County: Duplin Case Number: LV -2015-0222 ASSESSMENT FACTORS 1) The degree and extent of harm to the natural resources of the State, to the public health, or to private property resulting from the violation; 2) The duration and gravity of the violation; 3) The effect on ground or surface water quantity or quality or on air quality; 4) The cost of rectifying the damage; 5) The amount of money saved by noncompliance; 6) Whether the violation was committed willfully or intentionally; 7) The prior record of the violator in complying or failing to comply with programs over which the Environmental Management Commission has regulatory authority; and r-� .�f • /) �L tet,-� .!i r :2Cr� ✓ i -CT �� - f' rte"✓ L' r 8) The cost to the State of the enforcement procedures. $183.50 At { 7 11 `f Date, mi s H. Gregson, jtegional Supervisor " Water Quality Regional Operations Section Wilmington Regional Office Division of Water Resources, NCDEQ owN � u� ��� r1ILL Mr. Jim Gregson, Regional Supervisor Division of Water Resources, DENR 127 Cardinal Drive Extension Wilmington, NC 28405 Subject: NOTICE OF VIOLATION & INTENT TO ASSESS CIVIL PENALTY Tracking No. NOV-2015-LV-0530 Permit No. NCO056863 Rose Hill WWTP Duplin County August 26, 2015 Mr. Jim Gregson: RECER IFEB/013DEWI /RI,R AUG 3.1 2015 Water Quality Regional Operations Section ki%lilmington Regional Office We have reviewed the Notice of Violation (NOV-2015-LV-0530) and agree with the reports' findings. We have since updated the May 2015 eDMR status from 'Compliant'to 'Noncompliant'. We would also like to take this opportunity to provide DENR with additional information that may prove useful in this case as well as another instance of BOD exceedance in June 2015. Recently, our Town's Pretreatment Program has identified another significant industrial user in our area and we are attempting to establish a permit with them to aid us in monitoring their effluent stream more closely and protect our collection system and WWTP in the future. This particular industry has a history of high concentration parameters including BOD, COD, TSS, TKN, and Total Phosphorus. Information obtained from various sampling events indicates an average effluent BOD concentration of 1,200 mg/L being discharged from the establishment. Normally, our WWTP handles the wastestream rather well, but in some instances the concentrations originating from this industry are at such high levels that we are unable to meet our permit limits. We believe this was the case on June 17th, when our WWTP exceeded its weekly BOD limit of with an effluent value of 22.1 mg/L. Samples were also taken at the particular industries' effluent on June 17th due to observations made by the WWTP ORC regarding treatment quality. Laboratory analysis revealed the industries' effluent contained a BOD concentration of greater than 2,469 mg/L while results at the Rose Hill WWTP indicated an influent BOD value of 1,386 mg/L. Periodic sampling of the industry will continue as will the process to incorporate them into our Pretreatment Program. If successful, this will establish limits on effluent concentrations for the industry and determine under what circumstances they can continue discharging to the Town of Rose Hill. Hopefully, this will aid the Town in preventing further permit violations in the future. If the Division has any questions regarding this letter or the data presented, please contact me at (910) 289-1461 or a_ehv! rEnr;r`c- ,F,4; r 1:FLl •_ rye. Sincerely, bby� Bobby Cavenaugh Public Utility Director Town of Rose Hill, NC cc: Ben Hilliard, ORC T.K. Grubbs, Pretreatment Coordinator Pat McCrory Governor J4 MCD North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources August 20, 2015 CERTIFIED MAIL # 7013 1090 00006092 9573 RETURN RECEIPT REQUESTED Bobby Cavanaugh Town of Rose Hill PO Box 8 Rode Hill, NC 28458 Subject: NOTICE OF VIOLATION & INTENT TO ASSESS CIVIL PENALTY Tracking No. NOV-2015-LV-0530 Permit No. NCO056863 Rose Hill WWTP Duplin County Dear Mr. Cavanaugh: Donald R. van der Vaart Secretary A rdview of Town of Rose Hill's Discharge Monitoring Report forthe Rose Hill WWTP submitted forthe month of May 2015 showed the violations indicated below. THE FOLLOWING ARE PARAMETER LIMIT VIOLATIONS: Parameter Date Limit Value Reported Value Limit Type 5 -Day BOD 5/16/2015 15.000 mg/I 18.600 mg/I Weekly Average Exceeded A Notice of Violation/Intent to Issue Civil Penalty is being issued for the noted violation of North Carolina General Statute (G.S.) 143-215.1 and the facility's NPDES Permit. Pursuant to G.S. 143-215.6A, a civil penalty of not more than twenty-five thousand dollars ($25,000.00) may be assessed against any person who violates or fails to act in accordance with the terms, conditions, or requirements of any permit issued pursuant to'G.S. 143-215.1. If you wish to provide additional information regarding the noted violation, request technical assistance, or discuss overall compliance please respond in writing within ten (10) business days after receipt of this Notice. A review of your response will be considered along with any information provided on the submitted Discharge Monitoring Report(s). You will then be notified of any civil penalties that may be assessed regarding the violations. If no response is received in this Office within the 10 -day period, a civil penalty assessment may be prepared. Remedial actions should have already been taken to correct this problem and prevent further occurrences in the future. The Division of Water Resources may pursue enforcement action for this and any additional violations of State law. If.the violations -are of a.continuing nature, not -related to operation and/or maintenance problems, and you anticipate remedial construction activities, then you may wish to consider applying for a Special Order by Consent. 127 Cardinal Drive Extension, Wilmington, North Carolina 28405 - Phone: 910-796-7215\ Internet: www.ncdenr.gov An Fnnal r)nnnrhmity \ Affirmativa Artinn FrnnlnvPr— Made in nart by recycled oaaer EM Reminder: Pursuant to Permit Condition 6 in Section E, the Permittee is required to verbally notifythe Regional Office as soon as possible, not to exceed 24 hours, from first knowledge of any non-compliance at the facility including limit violations, bypasses of, or failure of a treatment unit. A written report may be required within 5 days if directed by Division staff. Prior notice should be given for anticipated or potential problems due to planned maintenance activities, taking units off-line, etc. In addition, you may wish to consider registering to use the Division's new a -DMR process for completion and submittal of monthly monitoring reports, for more information please visit our website at: http://Portal.ncdenr.org/web/wq/admin/bog/ipu/edmr If you should have any questions, please do not hesitate to contact Dean Hunkele with the Water Quality Section at (910) 796-7215 or via email at Dean.Hunkele@ncdenr.gov. S�ncerely, F James-tregson, Regional Supervisor Water Quality Regional Operations Section Wilmington Regional Office Division of Water Resources, NCDENR . Cc: DWQ/Wilmington Regional Office - Green File Central Files, Water Quality Section 6 r ell w✓{ry `^ate. ti,. rnI C� Date of Deli ery so that,we can return the card to you. '®' Aitach.fhis card to the back of the mailpiece, or on`"the front if space permits. • 4' w r ' e 0 - �' w✓{ry `^ate. ti,. rnI C� Date of Deli ery so that,we can return the card to you. '®' Aitach.fhis card to the back of the mailpiece, or on`"the front if space permits. b7 Ln �y�,�y�,�{��{{Tyi- %� !� (OFFICIAL 4. Restricted Delivery.?, (Extra Fee) ❑ Yes USE ru Er O 0 Postage $ ..n Certified Fee 0 Return Receipt Fee Postmark C3 (Endorsement Required) Here 0 'Restricted Delivery Fee (Endorsement Required) - C] Ir Total Postage & Fees Q Q r 1 o ;o v ' ® ,Complete,items,l, 2, and 3. Also complete item 4 if Restricted Delivery is desired. ® Print your name and address on the reverse A. Signature i r O Agent i l +� ❑ Addressee-! B. Received by (PrintT'a 1 Ct 4- C� Date of Deli ery so that,we can return the card to you. '®' Aitach.fhis card to the back of the mailpiece, or on`"the front if space permits. D. Is deli5ery address different from item V ❑ Yes If YES, enter delivery address below: ❑ No ,} ;A1:,,Article Addressed"to: -, 7. %� !� 3, Se ice Type rtified Mail® ❑ Priority Mail Express- ❑ Registered ❑ Return Receipt for Merchandise ❑ Insured Mail ❑ Collect on Delivery 4. Restricted Delivery.?, (Extra Fee) ❑ Yes 2. Article Number , - -- -- -- -------- — - -- — (Transfer'frorh service label) ` 7 0131,1090 0000 6092 9573 " PS Form,3811`, July 2013 Domestic Return Receipt - - ,r` L _ .NPUFS PPRMIT NO.- NC0056863 PERMIT VERSION. 4 0 PERMIT STATUS: Active FACILITY NAME: Rose Hill WWII' CLASS: WNN--2 COUNTY: Duplin OICNiR NAME- Town of Rose Hill ORC: Joseph Benjamin Hilliard ORC CERT NLrifBrR: 319; GRADE- WN -2 ORC Ii:kS CHANGED. No eDAIIt PERIOD: 05-2015 (May2015) VERSION- 1.0 STATUS: Processed SAMPLING LOCATION: IINFLUENT DISCHARGE NO.: 001 c E--- Y ` e r - t C c O _ y C a £ S HOD, Conc TSS - C:onc 2400 11r, 2400 Rr \nVN mA4 mg4 1 2 3 I 4�'--- s 0736 I 6 0835 21 0'1110 93 164 7 x 1n fi _ I 12 1030 13 1041 2435, 070: R 168 ?QO 14 —_ 15 I 16 17 Is 094- I >_0 1013 24 0131 6 + 122 109 21 - 22 2724 �.,.. ��------i111 ai.,�_a'%',�II[t�)=iui 23 SS 26 0749 24 I030 ?71 0940 6 123 32-1 'lith¢ r -a 2a b� I G �AC`f"coil 29 vi mingion 1^eQlona! ="rp so 31 Monthh• Avtrap Limit: Mvvchly Avora�c. IN 1992} Daih' Mam.vm l.] _ 325 i Wily 1,5MMum: —u_ 66 109 t Monthly Avg Yo Remnvak (AS%k .— '-----'-... /RUC 2 '2 015 rl,,PDE,-SYT,Rt�ETNO,:NC,0056963 ll' NAME Rase HillWV,-M OWNER NAME: Town of Rose Hill (BADE: WW-2 eDAIR PERIOD- 05-2015 (May 2015) ('0A1PLL4hCE- Compliant ORCifP>tifidr Signatu PERMIT PERSION: 4.0 CLASS: WW--2 ORC- Joseph R-rijamin Hilhard ORC HAS CHANGED: Na VERSION: 1.0 CONT?W. PHONE*- 9102714808 PEIRMIT STATUS: Active COUNTY; Dupini ORC CFRT NITNIBER: 3192 STATUS: Processed SUBMISSION DATE. 06-26!2015 Mi)s )n1t Joseph Benjamin Hilliard E-Mail: Hit ownclerkCdiembargntai1.com Phone n.910-289-4498 Date By this signature, I cer ll}' that this report is accurate and complete to the best of my loiowied,e. The perminee shall report to the Director or the appropriate Regional Office any noncompliance that potentially threatens public health or the em'ironment Any information shall be prof ided orally within 24 Routs from the time the pemirttee became aware of the circumstances A w•ntten submission shall also be provided 'Aithm 5 days of the time the pennitiee becomes aware ofthe circumstances, if the facility is noncompliant, please attach a list of corrective actions being taken and a titne-table for improt ements to be made as required by part II.E. 6 of the MIRES permit 1-�, COMMENTS: J'crtnittee!Sttbtitiner Signature••** Bo 06:20!:0 1 s Wayne Cavenaugb E-Mail:rosehillpw@embargmail.com Phone t:.910 289 1461 Pcnnittee Address: 287 Charlic Teachcy Rd NCSR.1931 Rose Hill NC 28458 Penmt Expiration Date- 01 31'2017 Date I ccrtifv, Under penalty of law, that this document and all at achments were prepared under my direction or supen•ision in aecordance with a sN•stem designed to assure that qualified personnel properly gather and evaluatt the information submitted. Based on my inquin• of the person or persons who managed the system, orthose persons direct]- responsible for gathering the infbrnration, die information submitted is, to the best of my knowledge and belief, true, accurate, and complete 1 am Mare that there arc significant penalties for submitting false information, including the possibilih• of fines and impnsonment for knowins violations. LAB NAME- Vann Laboratorcis CERTIFTFD LAB k 22 PER SON(,) COLLECTING SAMPLES: Moseph Hilliard CERTIFILD LABORATORIES PARAMETER CODES Parameter Codes assistance may be obtained by calling the NPDES Unit (919) 807-6300 or by visiting the Surface Water Protection Section's u•eb site at ` http:/'Ponal.ncdem orgrweh'wgiswp and linking to the unit's information pages. FOOTNOTES Use: only units of measurement designated in The reporting facilih's NPDES permit for reporting data * No blow/Discharge From Site Check this box if no discharge occurs and, as a result. there arc no data to be entered for all of the parameters on the DMR for enure monitoring period iy " ORC on Site?: ORC must visit facility and document visitation of facibt\ as required per 15A NCAC 8G .0204. iM c *** Signature of Pcnnittee: If signed by other than the perniittee, then delegation of the signaton, authority must be on file with the suite per 15A NCAC 2B 0506(b)(2)(D), c Ii a, �z r,S