20231634 Ver 1_NWP 29 Request - SAW-2020-01691 - Durham County - Wabash Property - Sage #2020.037_20231128

SAGE
ECOLOGICAL
SERVICES
E5
.21116
November 28, 2023
US Army Corps of Engineers
NC Division of Water Resources
Raleigh Regulatory Office
401 & Buffer Permitting Unit
Attn: Ms. Julia Tillery
Attn: Mr. Zachary Thomas
3331 Heritage Trade Dr., Ste. 105
512 N. Salisbury St., Archdale Bldg. 91h Flr
Wake Forest, NC 27587
Raleigh, NC 27604
Re: Wabash Property
SAW-2020-01691
Request for NWP 29, GC 4256, and Riparian Buffer Authorization
Durham County, NC
Sage Project #2020.037
On behalf of The Hellenic Conference Centers, LLC. (c/o William Chambers — owner and applicant), please find
attached a complete application and supplemental information requesting written concurrence from the US Army
Corps of Engineers (USACE) that the activities associated with the proposed development of the Wabash
Property (Project) may proceed under Nationwide Permit (NWP) 29 and General Certification (GC) 4256. A
Riparian Buffer Authorization is also being requested for impacts to Jordan Lake riparian buffers.
Protect Purpose and Location
The purpose of the Project is to construct a residential subdivision with associated attendant features (roads,
utilities, and other infrastructure). The +/-10.15-acre Project is located southeast of the terminus of Wabash
Street in Durham, Durham County, NC. Impacts to jurisdictional wetlands, streams, and riparian buffers will result
from road crossings to reach the upland portions of the Site for development. The coordinates of 35.9696°N,
78.8889°W generally correspond to the center of the Site. The Site is within the piedmont region of North Carolina
and within the Jordan Lake watershed of the Cape Fear River Basin (HUC 030300020602).
Protect Detail
The proposed Project involves construction of a residential development with attendant infrastructure. Impacts
to jurisdictional streams and wetlands are proposed to reach upland portions of the Site for development. Access
to the Site will be provided by one road connection to the existing Wabash Street along the western boundary
and one road connection to existing Ridgeview Avenue along the eastern boundary. The Project proposes to tie
into existing adjacent water lines and sewerlines for drinking water and wastewater treatment, respectively.
The Site is composed of three adjacent parcels. The majority of the Site is undeveloped hardwood forest.
Unimproved roads/paths traverse the forested portions of the Site. The remains of a former greenhouse are
present south of the terminus of Ridgeway Avenue. Areas around the Site have regularly maintained lawn. Land
use in the vicinity includes urban residential and commercial development.
Proposed permanent and temporary wetland impacts will result from three separate road crossings and lot fill. A
total of 0.041 acres of temporary construction within wetlands and 0.175 acres (8,173 SF) of permanent fill are
proposed. Proposed permanent and temporary stream impacts will result from one road crossing. A total of 10
LF of temporary dewatering and 96 LF (0.016 acre/728 SF) of permanent fill for culvert construction are proposed.
A riprap dissipator pad at the culvert outlet is proposed as permanent— no loss impacts totaling 26 LF. The riprap
will be keyed into the banks and will be installed flush with the existing stream bed elevation. Total riparian buffer
impacts are 12,713 SF (0.29 acre) for a road crossing.
Wabash Property Page 1 of 3

Typical equipment used in residential construction and utility projects (i.e., backhoes, excavators, dump trucks)
will be utilized.
According to the US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) Information for Planning and Consultation (IPaC)
database, three threatened and endangered species, one Proposed Endangered species, one Candidate
species, and the bald eagle are listed as potentially present on the Site. A review of the NC Natural Heritage
Program (NCNHP) database indicates there are no known occurrences of threatened or endangered species on
the Site (NCNHP database report, August 25, 2023). One elemental occurrence of smooth coneflower is listed
within 1.0 mile of the Site. There is no habitat for Atlantic pigtoe on the Site. The substrate in Stream SB is
dominated by sand with few gravel and cobbles. The closest Identified Stream Reach (ISR) for Atlantic pigtoe is
+/-14.5 miles (in the New Hope Creek which flows into Jordan Lake). Potential habitat for smooth coneflower is
present along the edges of the abandoned lawn areas; however, the soils on the Site are mapped as being
strongly acidic to very strongly acidic which is not preferred by this species. Potential habitat for Michaux's sumac
is also present along the forest edges. However, successional weedy species including Ioblolly pine and sweet
gum saplings, Iespedeza, goldenrod, and dog fennel decrease the likelihood of smooth coneflower and Michaux's
sumac becoming established in these areas. Potential habitat for tri-colored bat (Proposed Endangered) and
monarch butterfly (Candidate) is present on the Site. There are no lakes or ponds of sufficient size to support
foraging habitat for bald eagles nearby the Site.
The Site itself is not listed as a historic property or within a historic district. Four properties are listed within 0.5
mile of the Site based on a query of the GIS files from NCSHPO. One property is designated "Surveyed Only
(SO)," and one property is designated "Surveyed Area (SA)." One property (Asbury Temple United Methodist
Church — DH3964) is designated as "Determined Eligible (DOE)." The fourth property (Glenview/Woodstock
(Rosewood) Neighborhood — DH3965) is a "Determined Eligible Historic District (DOEHD)" northwest of the Site.
Figure 4 provides a graphical representation of these sites.
Project History
A Site delineation was completed by Mr. David Gainey of Sage Ecological Services, Inc. (Sage) in June 2020. A
PJD request was submitted in August 2020, and a determination was received on October 27, 2020 (SAW-2020-
01691). A Buffer Determination site meeting was not requested since the presence of Stream SB is not disputed.
Avoidance and Minimization
A stream and wetland delineation was performed to identify environmentally sensitive areas on the Site. The
proposed road crossing is aligned to cross channel as perpendicularly as possible. Streams are not crossed
multiple times by roads. Lots were positioned to avoid fill in streams and buffers. Stormwater outfalls were
designed to minimize impacts to riparian areas. Access to the Site cannot be provided via Truman Street because
the municipality requires a 62-foot right-of-way for Residential Local Streets and the width of this area is only 44
feet. The municipality requires two tie ins for the development, and to meet the centerline geometry of the
Residential Street, unavoidable impacts to wetlands, streams, and riparian buffers are necessary. Retaining walls
were utilized at the road crossing areas to minimize permanent fill impacts. Construction fencing will be used to
define the construction corridor and prevent any accidental additional impacts. Silt fencing and appropriate
sediment and erosion control devices will be installed to provide additional protection from stormwater runoff.
General techniques include the use of construction fencing to define the construction corridor and prevent any
accidental additional impacts. Equipment will be parked and cleaned in uplands away from jurisdictional areas.
Work within jurisdictional areas will be conducted during periods when dry weather is predicted, and large bare
areas of soil will be reseeded and protected as soon as practicable. Silt fencing and sediment basins will also be
used to prevent sediment runoff into the stream and wetland areas.
Project Impacts
Impact Area A-1 will result in permanent fill in a wetland (WC) as a result of a road crossing to provide access to
the Site (556 SF / 0.01 acre). Lot fill is also proposed (102 SF / 0.002 acre) in the area upgradient of the road
crossing.
Impact Area A-2 will result in permanent fill in a wetland (WB) as a result of a road crossing to reach upland
portions of the Site (7,363 SF / 0.16 acre). Temporary wetland impacts due to construction of the road crossing
will result in 1,978 SF / 0.04 acre of impact. Permanent stream impacts to Stream SB will result from permanent
fill for a culvert as a result of a road crossing (96 LF / 728 SF / 0.016 acre). Temporary stream impacts for
Wabash Property Page 2 of 3

dewatering will total 10 LF. A riprap dissipator pad will be constructed at the culvert outlet resulting in 26 LF of
permanent — no loss stream impacts. The riprap will be keyed in to the streambed and will match the existing
streambed elevation.
Impact Area A-2 will also result in permanent riparian buffer impacts as a result of a road crossing. Total
permanent Zone 1 impacts will be 7,749 SF and total permanent Zone 2 impacts will be 4,964 SF. The buffer
face width of the impact will be +/-100 feet. This road crossing will impact a total of 12,713 SF (0.29 acre) of
riparian buffer, which is considered "Allowable" per 15A NCAC 02B .0267, Item 9.
Impact Area A-3 will result in permanent fill in a wetland (WA) as a result of a road crossing to provide access to
the Site (152 SF / 0.003 acre). Temporary wetland impacts due to construction of the road crossing will result in
76 SF / 0.001 acre of impact.
Mitigation
Total proposed permanent wetland impacts are 0.175 acre, which will require mitigation. The applicant proposes
to purchase 0.35 wetland credits from the Cape Fear 02 UMB — Flat Rock Mitigation Site. A Statement of
Availability is attached. The proposed stream impacts are below mitigation thresholds. The proposed riparian
buffer impacts are considered "Allowable."
If you have any questions, please call me at [phone].
Respectfully submitted:
�A_"z4n
Kim(Hamlin, PWS
Sage Ecological Services, Inc.
Attachments:
Pre -construction Notification (PCN) Application Form
Agent Authorization Form
NCDWR 30-day Prefile Notice
SAW-2020-01691 Signed PJD
Figure 1 — USGS Site Vicinity Map
Figure 2 — Soil Survey Site Vicinity Map
Figure 3 — PJD Sketch Map
Figure 4 — NCSHPO Map
IPaC Resource List
NC Natural Heritage Program Database Report
Statement of Availability
Impact Maps
ORM Spreadsheet
�a4tcan Clark, PWS
Sage Ecological Services, Inc.
Wabash Property Page 3 of 3

SA
ECOL;7�CAL
SER
EST.66%%h
A
AGENT AUTHORIZATION FORM
All Blanks to Be Filled in By the Current Landowner or Legal Representative
Name: �.+� c.C.>".f ¢-►,, �4 .
Address: 3 1�?X
ad,lv&Yl,C, 2�Rv3
Phone:
Email.
Project Name/Description: Wabash Project
Sage Project # 2020.037
Date: to i I ' r) .z D
The Department of the Army
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Wilmington District
P.O. Sox 1890
Wilmington, NC 28402
Attn: Mr. Andy Williams
Field Office: —Raleigh
Re: Wetlands and Streams Related Consulting and Permitting
To Whom It May Concern:
I, the undersigned, the owner or a duly authorized representative of record of the property/properties identified
herein, do authorize representatives of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Corps) to enter upon the property herein
described for the purpose of conducting on -site investigations and issuing a determination associated with Waters
of the U.S. subject to Federal jurisdiction under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act and/or Section 10 of the Rivers
and Harbors Act of 1899. 1 also hereby designate and authorize Sage Ecological Services to act on my behalf as my
agent in the processing of permit applications, to furnish upon request supplemental information in support of
applications, etc. from this day forward.
This notification supersedes any previous correspondence concerning the agent for this project.
Notice: This authorization, for liability and professional courtesy reasons, is valid only for government
officials to enter the property when accompanied by Sage staff. Please contact Sage to arrange a meeting
prior to visiting the site.
BY: 0r- 11; M L , C� /1 M b c Ks BY: WGM Z, �"
Print Name of Landowner or Signature of Landowner or
Legal Representative Legal Representative

Sean Clark
From: 401 PreFile <401 [e-mail]>
Sent: Thursday, November 10, 2022 4:27 PM
To: Sean Clark
Subject: Automatic reply: [External] Pre -Filing Notification for the Wabash Street Property in Durham County
(Sage #2020.037)
This email confirms receipt of your pre -filing meeting request. Please retain this email for your records and
submit this documentation as part of your 401 application (PCN Application) as required by federal law. DWR
will not be able to accept your application without this federally required documentation. 401 applications
received without documentation that a pre -filing meeting request was submitted at least 30 days prior will be
returned as incomplete.
Responses to this email are not monitored.
If you need to contact 401/Buffer Permitting Staff, please use the following link(s) to access of staff contact
list(s).
For Non -Transportation Central Staff:
https://deg.nc.gov/about/divisions/water-resources/water-quality-permitting/401-buffer-permitting/401-
buffer-permittin.R-contacts
For Non -Transportation Regional
Staff: https://edocs.deg.nc.gov/WaterResources/DocView.aspx?dbid=0&id=2162034&cr=1
For all Transportation Projects Including NCDOT Projects:
https://deg.nc.gov/about/divisions/water-resources/water-resources-permits/transportation-
permitting/staff-contacts

U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS
WILMINGTON DISTRICT
Action Id. SAW-2020-01691 County: Durham U.S.G.S. Quad: NC- Southwest Durham
NOTIFICATION OF JURISDICTIONAL DETERMINATION
Property Owner: William Chambers
Address: 23 Park Road
Asheville, North Carolina 28803
Telephone Number: 888-777-2157
E-mail: bchambersavl(&hotmail.com
Size (acres) —10.15 Nearest Town Durham
Nearest Waterway Third Fork Creek River Basin Cane Fear
USGS HUC 030300020602 Coordinates Latitude: 35.9696
Longitude:-78.8889
Location description: The project is located southeast of the terminus of Wabash Street in Durham, Durham County, North
Carolina. The proiect area is highlighted in the red polygon on the attached Wetland Sketch Map, dated 8/23/2020.
Indicate Which of the Following Apply:
A. Preliminary Determination
® There appear to be waters including wetlands, on the above described project area/property, that may be subject to Section 404
of the Clean Water Act (CWA) (33 USC § 1344) and/or Section 10 of the Rivers and Harbors Act (RHA) (33 USC § 403). The
waters including wetlands, have been delineated, and the delineation has been verified by the Corps to be sufficiently accurate
and reliable. The approximate boundaries of these waters are shown on the enclosed delineation map dated 8/23/2020. Therefore
this preliminary jurisdiction determination may be used in the permit evaluation process, including determining compensatory
mitigation. For purposes of computation of impacts, compensatory mitigation requirements, and other resource protection
measures, a permit decision made on the basis of a preliminary JD will treat all waters and wetlands that would be affected in any
way by the permitted activity on the site as if they are jurisdictional waters of the U.S. This preliminary determination is not an
appealable action under the Regulatory Program Administrative Appeal Process (Reference 33 CFR Part 331). However, you may
request an approved JD, which is an appealable action, by contacting the Corps district for further instruction.
❑ There appear to be waters including wetlands, on the above described project area/property, that may be subject to Section 404
of the Clean Water Act (CWA) (33 USC § 1344) and/or Section 10 of the Rivers and Harbors Act (RHA) (33 USC § 403).
However, since the waters including wetlands, have not been properly delineated, this preliminary jurisdiction determination
may not be used in the permit evaluation process. Without a verified wetland delineation, this preliminary determination is
merely an effective presumption of CWA/RHA jurisdiction over all the waters including wetlands, at the project area, which is
not sufficiently accurate and reliable to support an enforceable permit decision. We recommend that you have the waters
including wetlands, on your project area/property delineated. As the Corps may not be able to accomplish this wetland
delineation in a timely manner, you may wish to obtain a consultant to conduct a delineation that can be verified by the Corps.
B. Approved Determination
❑ There are Navigable Waters of the United States within the above described project area/property subject to the permit
requirements of Section 10 of the Rivers and Harbors Act (RHA) (33 USC § 403) and Section 404 of the Clean Water Act
(CWA) (33 USC § 1344). Unless there is a change in law or our published regulations, this determination may be relied upon for
a period not to exceed five years from the date of this notification.
❑ There are waters including wetlands, on the above described project area/property subject to the permit requirements of Section
404 of the Clean Water Act (CWA) (33 USC § 1344). Unless there is a change in the law or our published regulations, this
determination may be relied upon for a period not to exceed five years from the date of this notification.
❑ We recommend you have the waters including wetlands, on your project area/property delineated. As the Corps may not be
able to accomplish this wetland delineation in a timely manner, you may wish to obtain a consultant to conduct a delineation that
can be verified by the Corps.
❑ The waters including wetlands, on your project area/property have been delineated and the delineation has been verified by
the Corps. The approximate boundaries of these waters are shown on the enclosed delineation map dated N/A. We strongly

SAW-2020-01691
suggest you have this delineation surveyed. Upon completion, this survey should be reviewed and verified by the Corps. Once
verified, this survey will provide an accurate depiction of all areas subject to CWA jurisdiction on your property which, provided
there is no change in the law or our published regulations, may be relied upon for a period not to exceed five years.
❑ The waters including wetlands, have been delineated and surveyed and are accurately depicted on the plat signed by the
Corps Regulatory Official identified below on N/A. Unless there is a change in the law or our published regulations, this
determination may be relied upon for a period not to exceed five years from the date of this notification.
❑ There are no waters of the U.S., to include wetlands, present on the above described project area/property which are subject to the
permit requirements of Section 404 of the Clean Water Act (33 USC 1344). Unless there is a change in the law or our published
regulations, this determination may be relied upon for a period not to exceed five years from the date of this notification.
❑ The property is located in one of the 20 Coastal Counties subject to regulation under the Coastal Area Management Act (CAMA).
You should contact the Division of Coastal Management in Morehead City, NC, at [phone] to determine their
requirements.
Placement of dredged or fill material within waters of the US, including wetlands, without a Department of the Army permit may
constitute a violation of Section 301 of the Clean Water Act (33 USC § 1311). Placement of dredged or fill material, construction or
placement of structures, or work within navigable waters of the United States without a Department of the Army permit may
constitute a violation of Sections 9 and/or 10 of the Rivers and Harbors Act (33 USC § 401 and/or 403). If you have any questions
regarding this determination and/or the Corps regulatory program, please contact April Norton at 919-557-4884 ext. 57 or
Anril.R.Norton(a usace.armv.mil.
C. Basis for Determination: See the nreliminary iurisdictional determination form dated 10/27/2020.
D. Remarks: None.
E. Attention USDA Program Participants
This delineation/determination has been conducted to identify the limits of Corps' Clean Water Act jurisdiction for the particular site
identified in this request. The delineation/determination may not be valid for the wetland conservation provisions of the Food Security
Act of 1985. If you or your tenant are USDA Program participants, or anticipate participation in USDA programs, you should request
a certified wetland determination from the local office of the Natural Resources Conservation Service, prior to starting work.
F. Appeals Information (This information applies only to approved jurisdictional determinations as indicated in B.
above)
This correspondence constitutes an approved jurisdictional determination for the above described site. If you object to this
determination, you may request an administrative appeal under Corps regulations at 33 CFR Part 331. Enclosed you will find a
Notification of Appeal Process (NAP) fact sheet and request for appeal (RFA) form. If you request to appeal this determination you
must submit a completed RFA form to the following address:
US Army Corps of Engineers
South Atlantic Division
Attn: Philip Shannin, Review Officer
60 Forsyth Street SW, Room 1OM15
Atlanta, Georgia 30303-8801
In order for an RFA to be accepted by the Corps, the Corps must determine that it is complete, that it meets the criteria for appeal
under 33 CFR part 331.5, and that it has been received by the Division Office within 60 days of the date of the NAP. Should you
decide to submit an RFA form, it must be received at the above address by Not applicable.
**It is not necessary to submit an RFA form to the Division Office if you do not object to the determination in this correspondence.
Corps Regulatory Official: 4Md'^' (A), Z,�,, Date: 2020.10.27 10:43:14-04'00'
Date of JD: 10/27/2020

SAW-2020-01691
The Wilmington District is committed to providing the highest level of support to the public. To help us ensure we
continue to do so, please complete the Customer Satisfaction Survey located at
http://corpsmapu.usace.army.mil/cm_apex/f?p=136:4:0
Copy furnished:
Agent: Sage Ecological Services
David Gamev
Address: 3707 Swift Drive
Raleigh, North Carolina 27606
Telephone Number: 919-771-9136
E-mail: dgaineY(&sageecological.com

SAW-2020-01691
NOTIFICATION OF ADMINISTRATIVE APPEAL OPTIONS AND PROCESS AND
REQUEST FOR APPEAL
Applicant: William Chambers
File Number: SAW-2020-01691
Date: 10/27/2020
Attached
is:
See Section below
❑
INITIAL PROFFERED PERMIT Standard Permit or Letter ofpermission)
A
❑
PROFFERED PERMIT (Standard Permit or Letter of ermission)
B
❑
PERMIT DENIAL
C
❑
APPROVED JURISDICTIONAL DETERMINATION
D
®
PRELIMINARY JURISDICTIONAL DETERMINATION
E
SECTION I - The following identifies your rights and options regarding an administrative appeal of the above decision.
Additional information may be found at or http://www.usace.aM.mil/Missions/CivilWorks/RegulatoryProgramandPermits.aspx
or the Corps regulations at 33 CFR Part 331.
A: INITIAL PROFFERED PERMIT: You may accept or object to the permit.
• ACCEPT: If you received a Standard Permit, you may sign the permit document and return it to the district engineer for final
authorization. If you received a Letter of Permission (LOP), you may accept the LOP and your work is authorized. Your
signature on the Standard Permit or acceptance of the LOP means that you accept the permit in its entirety, and waive all
rights to appeal the permit, including its terms and conditions, and approved jurisdictional determinations associated with the
permit.
• OBJECT: If you object to the permit (Standard or LOP) because of certain terms and conditions therein, you may request
that the permit be modified accordingly. You must complete Section II of this form and return the form to the district
engineer. Your objections must be received by the district engineer within 60 days of the date of this notice, or you will
forfeit your right to appeal the permit in the future. Upon receipt of your letter, the district engineer will evaluate your
objections and may: (a) modify the permit to address all of your concerns, (b) modify the permit to address some of your
objections, or (c) not modify the permit having determined that the permit should be issued as previously written. After
evaluating your objections, the district engineer will send you a proffered permit for your reconsideration, as indicated in
Section B below.
B: PROFFERED PERMIT: You may accept or appeal the permit
• ACCEPT: If you received a Standard Permit, you may sign the permit document and return it to the district engineer for final
authorization. If you received a Letter of Permission (LOP), you may accept the LOP and your work is authorized. Your
signature on the Standard Permit or acceptance of the LOP means that you accept the permit in its entirety, and waive all
rights to appeal the permit, including its terms and conditions, and approved jurisdictional determinations associated with the
permit.
• APPEAL: If you choose to decline the proffered permit (Standard or LOP) because of certain terms and conditions therein,
you may appeal the declined permit under the Corps of Engineers Administrative Appeal Process by completing Section II of
this form and sending the form to the division engineer. This form must be received by the division engineer within 60 days
of the date of this notice.
C: PERMIT DENIAL: You may appeal the denial of a permit under the Corps of Engineers Administrative Appeal Process by
completing Section II of this form and sending the form to the division engineer. This form must be received by the division
engineer within 60 days of the date of this notice.
D: APPROVED JURISDICTIONAL DETERMINATION: You may accept or appeal the approved JD or provide new
information.
• ACCEPT: You do not need to notify the Corps to accept an approved JD. Failure to notify the Corps within 60 days of the
date of this notice, means that you accept the approved JD in its entirety, and waive all rights to appeal the approved JD.
• APPEAL: If you disagree with the approved JD, you may appeal the approved JD under the Corps of Engineers
Administrative Appeal Process by completing Section II of this form and sending the form to the district engineer. This form
must be received by the division engineer within 60 days of the date of this notice.
E: PRELIMINARY JURISDICTIONAL DETERMINATION: You do not need to respond to the Corps regarding the
preliminary JD. The Preliminary JD is not appealable. If you wish, you may request an approved JD (which may be appealed),
by contacting the Corps district for further instruction. Also you may provide new information for further consideration by the
Corps to reevaluate the JD.

SAW-2020-01691
SECTION II - REQUEST FOR APPEAL or OBJECTIONS TO AN INITIAL PROFFERED PERMIT
REASONS FOR APPEAL OR OBJECTIONS: (Describe your reasons for appealing the decision or your objections to an initial
proffered permit in clear concise statements. You may attach additional information to this form to clarify where your reasons or
objections are addressed in the administrative record.)
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION: The appeal is limited to a review of the administrative record, the Corps memorandum for the
record of the appeal conference or meeting, and any supplemental information that the review officer has determined is needed to
clarify the administrative record. Neither the appellant nor the Corps may add new information or analyses to the record.
However, you may provide additional information to clarify the location of information that is already in the administrative
record.
POINT OF CONTACT FOR QUESTIONS OR INFORMATION:
If you have questions regarding this decision and/or the
If you only have questions regarding the appeal process you may
appeal process you may contact:
also contact:
District Engineer, Wilmington Regulatory Division
Mr. Philip Shannin, Administrative Appeal Review Officer
Attn: April Norton
CESAD-PDO
Raleigh Regulatory Office
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, South Atlantic Division
U.S Army Corps of Engineers
60 Forsyth Street, Room 1OM15
3331 Heritage Trade Drive, Suite 105
Atlanta, Georgia 30303-8801
Wake Forest, North Carolina 27587
Phone: [phone]
RIGHT OF ENTRY: Your signature below grants the right of entry to Corps of Engineers personnel, and any government
consultants, to conduct investigations of the project site during the course of the appeal process. You will be provided a 15 day
notice of any site investigation, and will have the opportunit to participate in all site investigations.
Date:
Telephone number:
Signature of appellant or agent.
For appeals on Initial Proffered Permits send this form to:
District Engineer, Wilmington Regulatory Division, Attn: April Norton, 3331 Heritage Trade Drive, Wake Forest, North
Carolina 27587
For Permit denials, Proffered Permits and Approved Jurisdictional Determinations send this form to:
Division Engineer, Commander, U.S. Army Engineer Division, South Atlantic, Attn: Mr. Phillip Steele, Administrative Appeal
Officer, CESAD-PDO, 60 Forsyth Street, Room 1OM15, Atlanta, Georgia 30303-8801
Phone: [phone]

PRELIMINARY JURISDICTIONAL DETERMINATION (PJD) FORM
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
A. REPORT COMPLETION DATE FOR PJD: 10/27/2020
B. NAME AND ADDRESS OF PERSON REQUESTING PJD:, William Chambers, 23 Park Road, Asheville, North
Carolina 28803
C. DISTRICT OFFICE, FILE NAME, AND NUMBER: Wilmington District, Wabash Project, SAW-2020-01691
D. PROJECT LOCATION(S) AND BACKGROUND INFORMATION: The project is located southeast of the
terminus of Wabash Street in Durham, Durham County, North Carolina. The project area is highlighted in the red
polygon on the attached Wetland Sketch Map, dated 8/23/2020.
(USE THE TABLE BELOW TO DOCUMENT MULTIPLE AQUATIC RESOURCES AND/OR
AQUATIC RESOURCES AT DIFFERENT SITES)
State: NC County: Durham City: Durham
Center coordinates of site (lat/long in degree decimal format): Latitude: 35.9696 Longitude:-78.8889
Universal Transverse Mercator: Zone 17 S
6903223982668
Name of nearest waterbody: Third Fork Creek
E. REVIEW PERFORMED FOR SITE EVALUATION (CHECKALL THAT APPLY):
® Office (Desk) Determination. Date: 10/27/2020
❑ Field Determination. Date (s) :
TABLE OF AQUATIC RESOURCES INREVIEW AREA WHICH "MAY BE" SUBJECT TO REGULATORY
JURISDICTION.
Site Number
Latitude (decimal
degrees)
Longitude (decimal
degrees)
Estimated amount of
aquatic resources in
review area (acreage
and linear feet, if
applicable
Type of aquatic
resources (i.e.,
wetland vs. non
wetland waters)
Geographic authority to
which the aquatic resource
"may be" subject (i.e.,
Section 404 or Section
10/404)
Wetland
35.9692' N
78.8881° W
+/- 1.342 acre
Wetland
Section 404
WA
Wetland
35.9696' N
78.8895° W
+/- 1.297 acre
Wetland
Section 404
WB
Wetland
35.9702' N
78.8905° W
+/- 0.003 acre
Wetland
Section 404
We
Tributary B
35.9696' N
78.8898° W
+/- 525 LF
Non -Wetland
Section 404
1) The Corps of Engineers believes that there may be jurisdictional aquatic resources in the review
area, and the requestor of this PJD is hereby advised of his or her option to request and obtain an

approved JD (AJD) for that review area based on an informed decision after having discussed the
various types of JDs and their characteristics and circumstances when they may be appropriate.
2) In any circumstance where a permit applicant obtains an individual permit, or a Nationwide General
Permit (NWP) or other general permit verification requiring "pre- construction notification" (PCN), or
requests verification for a non -reporting NWP or other general permit, and the permit applicant has
not requested an AJD for the activity, the permit applicant is hereby made aware that: (1) the permit
applicant has elected to seek a permit authorization based on a PJD, which does not make an official
determination of jurisdictional aquatic resources; (2) the applicant has the option to request an AJD
before accepting the terms and conditions of the permit authorization, and that basing a permit
authorization on an AJD could possibly result in less compensatory mitigation being required or
different special conditions; (3) the applicant has the right to request an individual permit rather than
accepting the terms and conditions of the NWP or other general permit authorization; (4) the applicant
can accept a permit authorization and thereby agree to comply with all the terms and conditions of that
permit, including whatever mitigation requirements the Corps has determined to be necessary; (5)
undertaking any activity in reliance upon the subject permit authorization without requesting an AJD
constitutes the applicant's acceptance of the use of the PJD; (6) accepting a permit authorization (e.g.,
signing a proffered individual permit) or undertaking any activity in reliance on any form of Corps
permit authorization based on a PJD constitutes agreement that all aquatic resources in the review area
affected in any way by that activity will be treated as jurisdictional, and waives any challenge to such
jurisdiction in any administrative or judicial compliance or enforcement action, or in any
administrative appeal or in any Federal court; and (7) whether the applicant elects to use either an AJD
or a PJD, the JD will be processed as soon as practicable. Further, an AJD, a proffered individual
permit (and all terms and conditions contained therein), or individual permit denial can be
administratively appealed pursuant to 33 C.F.R. Part 331. If, during an administrative appeal, it
becomes appropriate to make an official determination whether geographic jurisdiction exists over
aquatic resources in the review area, or to provide an official delineation of jurisdictional aquatic
resources in the review area, the Corps will provide an AJD to accomplish that result, as soon as is
practicable. This PJD finds that there "may be" waters of the U.S. and/or that there "may be"
navigable waters of the U.S. on the subject review area, and identifies all aquatic features in the
review area that could be affected by the proposed activity, based on the following information:

SUPPORTING DATA. Data reviewed for PJD (check all that apply)
Checked items should be included in subject file. Appropriately reference sources below where
indicated for all checked items:
® Maps, plans, plots or plat submitted by or on behalf of the PJD requestor:
Map: P_ID Sketch Map — Figure 3
® Data sheets prepared/submitted by or on behalf of the PJD requestor.
® Office concurs with data sheets/delineation report.
❑ Office does not concur with data sheets/delineation report. Rationale:
❑ Data sheets prepared by the Corps:
❑ Corps navigable waters' study:
❑ U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas:
❑ USGS NHD data.
❑ USGS 8 and 12 digit HUC maps.
® U.S. Geological Survey map(s). Cite scale & quad name: 1:24,000 SW Durham, NC Quadrangle
® Natural Resources Conservation Service Soil Survey. Citation: Durham County Soil Survey (Sheet 26)
® National wetlands inventory map(s). Cite name: USFWS National Wetlands Inventory Data
❑ State/local wetland inventory map (s) :
❑ FEMA/FIRM maps:
❑ 100-year Floodplain Elevation is: (National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929)
®Photographs: ❑Aerial (Name & Date):
or ®Other (Name & Date): Site Photos —.Tune 9, 2020
❑ Previous determination(s). File no. and date of response letter:
❑ Other information (please specify) :
IMPORTANT NOTE: The information recorded on this form has not necessarily been
verified by the Corps and should not be relied upon for later Jurisdictional determinations.
Date: 2020.10.27
10:44:03-04'00'
Signature and date of Regulatory
staff member completing PJD
10/27/2020
V
to/Zs/Zo2o
Signature and date of person requesting PJD
(REQUIRED, unless obtaining the signature is
impracticable)1
1 Districts may establish timeframes for requester to return signed PJD forms. If the requester does not respond within the
established time frame, the district may presume concurrence and no additional follow up is necessary prior to finalizing an
action.

ti
1 depictedNOTE: Location, shape and size of
site are approximate and should be
surveyed by a licensed NC
P �ra�1r •surveyor forsiteplanning-
4
r-r 9#. .. it -._ ..f ✓` rl 4 II rr'r�d y''r' _i�l
4 '!-� `� ='-�-1 - - '� l,t lei ''� -rfi .v�•P��^'ry i�V rF
f � a
-µ���`yk�lE4�- !��^.l� .,, �. a / •, ��,r� r !I'rJ �t? `- � 1+r��
�` � 1 � I� • � n-rr�n:-�mm- hr r 1
s,
•y r 1 s f
I� v � , � 11 Nr ^ _ `.` �4 ••� �y `. Y� f� � � . �../:.�__ _ �
. -�� 'I1 � .u;�,� t '—�� �I:.`t r..r., � s___- r, �;:c'1�_— ± r.it• n17.. ,_"
�. Ill r1-�`~ t'� \- ,�t r _• �r . .�.t����t s. �... � �{
ar{" ? �,x Nil J � _ t ��i\y ii iti ��,� f_T�:. ., r•v 'r``_,��.t;', `--'`� �`� �} r�c�r� ; ,� _-"I -�
f :a �i ���8�,�.` ti a �� t � isy)i,' 1ti�'1 Ir i . J_ r•'� ���--��_,,,� l��f %r<ti (�-, _i a �:•� i
� � tiv J-��i ."}r' i s [I � 1-• %t ;r':�f�r-� .�^.y ���:,� �`w=�_ �� '.` "say ��..�----'rr, ^
1,, i?QX..-•'�_``rtr�..l
"s li r� r i f i1F f: % l =-' Ir L.'r-,, t..' i •r v
+1.1 lr�l1 711J!'
[_Jr -I`.. c`��I�- "�v ,t,1 i�l /([, f 1 (I'l
j1111!{�fl�i\
JJW�l ,L, i , ✓ `� � �
u 4 2,1, ,q
F�y 1 '. r. '�44L�ijf�i�i� �r•'•�.1�� • •. . •. r;r;
r �l` � - � Y• - III /. 1II I, � 1 / + r�
•'l k'l� yii+. }Y I�'� �r r�l f i�T- 1 � � � `l r•;•r
- -
-MUNIMM. Al
,w 4 .!. T ,4. II ti.11rh!!!{ '•: �.'I� - '-. ,r.,�.r llp;
jyy _1 1
Figure 3
Drawn By:
David Gainey
' � 'i x.��1I1;;1rr�r1 !f _ •..+1f1f I r' ,II �'p11('
- SAGE
I �

{► f
!2
Nmr-dWINWIZI-M
SAGE
ECOLO•, C-L
SERY-cp S
EST. A . —

YY r
�.9
1
X � -
''
. ; 0C
E i Ur Ur,
r f WwC N� W5C
� ANY` , �,
��
.. i- Ws
71
� � . sWsC'
PfE
l i
Cu
s rc
8 .
J
— —
r.
_ Project Study Area
WsE
--
..: � -
Afl VAN
Map Location NRCS Soil Survey Map Figure 2
GRANVILLE
Wabash Property -
Sage Project # 2020.037 N SAGE
ORANGE DURHAM
Durham County Soil Survey, 1976
Soil Sheet 26
WAKE June 8, 2020
Sage Ecological Services, Inc.
0 650 1,300 Office: 919-335-6757
CHATHAM Feet Cell: 919-559-1537

r'� 1 •Location,.I- and size.
depicted features on the 1 I
1
l site are approximate I evaluated
I •I be
surveyed by
licensed NC
r l surveyor - - I I
I ;rf final
1
Y7 'r rrr fjr 1 -r -' I r ■ _
+',;=.-__•
J�,�� r1.s .. `!' z-��Y�� �F"'r�`� r_± ...�. J�' � l�rrr��:a � �r�k�j'�,.�J _, - r•r r.�.. A.
:J f� r}.
f �y y►II
'-.,;�� - � ..-1'"�l `el�ilF\ �'�" � .:-� (�• Ls ., r s% ����fi+= { i f
—cram'
YGL
�� �t�,z� .,�. �;,,. _<�__ _ ��t cry' f=���';='.`�LL•.,�{+-4 r' >4•' � - , � R ��;�
t: �� `��,i 1���r `7a"y *. .�;r. 9��.w��.����1 ■ - � _n ��. �.z¢k^, � `���'
I '^ i} �T l�r'-_"1, `� { `� LAt� I�r`,�%���r• �-��`r�FL`'�3��.�� tis.��... /Y'yl 1�.,,� l'!-Y
e}■ `s if
if�rr. `'=.:;`=�_ .ram` `r _`fir--.. ram,/�`>r �.rC�'■„.
r' y `�,�fl■
r�•�,t � � } l�`l..s r f r.r f r �� = l.J� —�� �- r � rti ...-� i` f � ^--h..,
, �' fir. `r, •,_ lr Itr„jrf%i
I tr'r,rr J;f�,r� ���i�'r '' l`•` f.r� •� '� �� ,
tiir iii rl {°7`'!/� rr �y -„� �■`.-,7'� rr r J `� � '
f ° �� ^r � ,;r' -, � ... .. ;<Sr::�;1;���,1 iY'. ti,r!1: ;;�f�,�'ts�' --�- "°aCr.� � �•.
i• .r' ti l rf �rI` r l/r , r' f_ t -
, � ti � � 1 yt � IllullfrrlS j,'! 1 i (� />✓� 1@r'4(,■,Project Study Area
-. �I
;r��, � r_ } r,r r v. r^,_ � �; - : - ,..r•1
tilt ii�i � Jk 711 Ati I+
./ �: Ie r - , •f- Il f f r�� l-�u, `i'>'�Ir` f
/:rf�j j f -os •�° - °r ram, J3iiti6lloG�p
Preliminary Jurisdictional Determination
Map .
Figu
Wabash Project
Sage Project # 2020.037
SAGE
" o

.,.i�.. u° a` Eta 01i*sr
NCSHPO Data Download: 9/1/23arhlsa
http://www.ncdcr.gov
c
106
N J
Glenview/Woodstock (Rosewood) y
r P Neighborhood DH3965 :a ? -
'an 14..
Y B6� Fark
L uws❑n sr d -
e �y _
p Q Q —
y
=yin sf Br.�nt5[ r.
� a
• Asbury Temple UMC
[H❑nh c-1— (✓ $� DH3964
r.nfral
u❑�e�ar
d C gaYlarf $[ a '
Ge ❑ S! _ }
i'ici5011 $[ r ij
C"O St 4
Martha St
7ve °
BurH rtgtm Ave i
N
�
Hope AV* a
q f
❑o�• * gs
Uag� 2 ? Crl� \
"3 G
,y Aaaw� y
g -
ryar [ ¢ `� S.t�annae �v6
a vlaw.
ti Ayr a Park
_5 .3 M�hl�nc
tt
P a 4 %hp
r S' urn
Legend
p 3 Cr❑wel[ St
Project Study Area
1/2-Mile Project Buffer
NCSHPO StatusN
A Determined Eligible - DOE � Mp—
DOE Historic District center point
• Surveyed Only °�' 75 m
Surveyed Area center point
Determination of Eligibility
Map Location NCSHPO Map Figure 4
Granville
Orange Franklin [Project Name]
Durham Sage Project #[number] N
SAGE
Nash Prepared by: [name]
Wake
Chatham • January 18, 2022
Johnston 1 inch = 1,000 feet Sage Ecological Services, Inc.
Lee Harnett 0 2,000 Office: 911@W5-6757
��t1537

INC: Explore Location resources
https://ipac.ecosphere.fws.gov/location/SVFZQJDP7VFELFYW32K...
IPaC U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
IPaC resource list
This report is an automatically generated list of species and other resources such as critical habitat (collectively referred to as trust
resources) under the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's (USFWS) jurisdiction that are known or expected to be on or near the project
area referenced below. The list may also include trust resources that occur outside of the project area, but that could potentially be
directly or indirectly affected by activities in the project area. However, determining the likelihood and extent of effects a project
may have on trust resources typically requires gathering additional site -specific (e.g., vegetation/species surveys) and project -
specific (e.g., magnitude and timing of proposed activities) information.
Below is a summary of the project information you provided and contact information for the USFWS office(s) with jurisdiction in the
defined project area. Please read the introduction to each section that follows (Endangered Species, Migratory Birds, USFWS
Facilities, and NWI Wetlands) for additional information applicable to the trust resources addressed in that section.
Location
Durham County, North Carolina
Local office
Raleigh Ecological Servicesr
o
[phone]-
l(
[phone]
MAILING ADDRESS
Post Office Box 33726
Raleigh, INC 27636-3726
PHYSICAL ADDRESS
551 Pylon Drive, Suite F
Raleigh, INC 27606-1487
1 of 6 8/25/2023, 5:35 PM

INC: Explore Location resources https://ipac.ecosphere.fws.gov/location/SVFZQJDP7VFELFYW32K...
Endangered species
This resource list is for informational purposes only and does not constitute an analysis of project level impacts.
The primary information used to generate this list is the known or expected range of each species. Additional areas of influence
(AO1) for species are also considered. An AOI includes areas outside of the species range if the species could be indirectly affected
by activities in that area (e.g., placing a dam upstream of a fish population even if that fish does not occur at the dam site, may
indirectly impact the species by reducing or eliminating water flow downstream). Because species can move, and site conditions can
change, the species on this list are not guaranteed to be found on or near the project area. To fully determine any potential effects
to species, additional site -specific and project -specific information is often required.
Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act requires Federal agencies to "request of the Secretary information whether any species
which is listed or proposed to be listed may be present in the area of such proposed action" for any project that is conducted,
permitted, funded, or licensed by any Federal agency. A letter from the local office and a species list which fulfills this requirement
can only be obtained by requesting an official species list from either the Regulatory Review section in IPaC (see directions below) or
from the local field office directly.
For project evaluations that require USFWS concurrence/review, please return to the IPaC website and request an official speci
list by doing the following:
1. Draw the project location and click CONTINUE.
2. Click DEFINE PROJECT.
3. Log in (if directed to do so).
4. Provide a name and description for your project.
5. Click REQUEST SPECIES LIST.
Listed species! and their critical habitats are managed by the Eco o ical Services Program of the U. Fish and Wildlife Service
(USFWS) and the fisheries division of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA Fisheries?).
Species and critical habitats under the sole responsibility of NOAA Fisheries are not shown on this list. Please contact NOAA
Fisheries for species under their jurisdiction. 14
1. Species listed under the Endangered Species Act are threatened or endangered; IPaC also shows species that are candidates, or
proposed, for listing. See the Listing status page for more information. IPaC only shows species that are regulated by USFWS (see
FAQ).
2. NOAA Fisheries, also known as the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), is an office of the National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration within the Department of Commerce.
The following species are potentially affected by activities in this location:
Mam "I,\ N
NAME STATUS
Tricolored Bat Perimyotis subflavus Proposed Endangered
Wherever found
Npo critical habitat has been designated for this species.
https://ecos.fws.gov/ecp/species/10515
Clams
NAME STATUS
Atlantic Pigtoe Fusconaia masoni Threatened
Wherever found
There is final critical habitat for this species. Your location does not overlap the critical
habitat.
b1tps://ecos.fws.goy/e_cpLspeci es/5164
Insects
NAME
STATUS
2 of 6 8/25/2023, 5:35 PM

INC: Explore Location resources
https://ipac.ecosphere.fws.gov/location/SVFZQJDP7VFELFYW32K...
Monarch Butterfly Danaus pleAppus
Wherever found
No critical habitat has been designated for this species.
https://ecos.fws.gov/ecp/species/9743
Flowering Plants
NAME
Michaux's Sumac Rhus michauxii
Wherever found
No critical habitat has been designated for this species.
https://ecos.fws.goy/e_cpLspe ci es/5217
Smooth Coneflower Echinacea laevigata
Wherever found
No critical habitat has been designated for this species.
h.Ups7//ecos.fws.gov/ecpLpec es/3473
Candidate
STATUS
Endangered
Threatened
Critical habitats
Potential effects to critical habitat(s) in this location must be analyzed along with the endangered sp ' s th sely
There are no critical habitats at this location.
You are still required to determine if your project(s) may have effects on all above listed species.
Bald & Golden Eagles
There are no documented cases of eagles being pres t his location. However, if you believe eagles may be using your site,
please reach out to the local Fish and Wildlife Service office.
Additional information can be found using the following links:
Eagle Managment httt s:/ ww.fws.gov//program/ear e-management
Measures for avoiding and minimizing impacts to birds http_s://www.fws.gov/ ibrary/collections/avoiding-and-minimizing-
incidental-take-migratory-birds
Nationwide conservation measures for birds https://www.fws.gov/sites/default/files/documents/nationwide-standard-
conservation-measures.pdf
Bald and Golden Eagle information is not available at this time
What does IPaC use to generate the potential presence of bald and golden eagles in my specified location?
The potential for eagle presence is derived from data provided by the Avian Knowledge Network (AKN). The AKN data is based on a growing collection
of survey, banding, and citizen science datasets and is queried and filtered to return a list of those birds reported as occurring in the 10km grid cell(s)
which your project intersects, and that have been identified as warranting special attention because they are a BCC species in that area, an eagle (Eagle
Act requirements may apply). To see a list of all birds potentially present in your project area, please visit the Rapid Avian Information Locator (RAIL)
Tool.
What does IPaC use to generate the probability of presence graphs of bald and golden eagles in my specified location?
The Migratory Bird Resource List is comprised of USFWS Birds of Conservation Concern (BCC). and other species that may warrant special attention in
your project location.
The migratory bird list generated for your project is derived from data provided by the Avian Knowledge Network (AKN). The AKN data is based on a
growing collection of survey,-baoding, and citizen science datasets and is queried and filtered to return a list of those birds reported as occurring in the
10km grid cell(s) which your project intersects, and that have been identified as warranting special attention because they are a BCC species in that
3 of 6 8/25/2023, 5:35 PM

INC: Explore Location resources https://ipac.ecosphere.fws.gov/location/SVFZQJDP7VFELFYW32K...
area, an eagle (Eagle Act requirements may apply), or a species that has a particular vulnerability to offshore activities or development.
Again, the Migratory Bird Resource list includes only a subset of birds that may occur in your project area. It is not representative of all birds that may
occur in your project area. To get a list of all birds potentially present in your project area, please visit the Rapid Avian Information Locator (RAIL Tool.
What if I have eagles on my list?
If your project has the potential to disturb or kill eagles, you may need to obtain a permit to avoid violating the Eagle Act should such impacts occur.
Please contact your local Fish and Wildlife Service Field Office if you have questions.
Migratory birds
Certain birds are protected under the Migratory Bird Treaty Actl and the Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act2.
Any person or organization who plans or conducts activities that may result in impacts to migratory birds, eagles, and their habitats
should follow appropriate regulations and consider implementing appropriate conservation measures, as described below.
1. The Migratory Birds Treaty Act of 1918.
2. The Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act of 1940.
Additional information can be found using the following links: NO
• Birds of Conservation Concern https://www.fws.gov//program/migratory-birds/species
• Measures for avoiding and minimizing impacts to birds hUps7//www.fws.gov/l'brary/collect'ons/avoiding-and-m*n'm'z*ng-
incidental-take-migraLQry-birda
• Nationwide conservation measures for birds https7//www.fws.gov/sites/default/files/documents/nationwide-standard-
conservation-measures.pdf 0
Migratory bird information is not available at this time A
it 1%
Tell me more about conservation measures I can implement to avoid or minimize impacts to migratory birds.
Nationwide Conservation Measures describes measures that can help avoid and minimize impacts to all birds at any location year round.
Implementation of these measures is particularly important when birds are most likely to occur in the project area. When birds may be breeding in the
area, identifying the locations of any active nests and avoiding their destruction is a very helpful impact minimization measure. To see when birds are
most likely to occur and be breeding in your project area, view the Probability of Presence Summary. Additional measures or permits may be advisable
depending on the type activity you are conducting and the type of infrastructure or bird species present on your project site.
What does IPaC use to generate the list of migratory birds that potentially occur in my specified location?
The Migratory Bird Resource List is comprised of USFWS Birds of Conservation Concern (BCC) and other species that may warrant special attention in
your project location.
The migratory bird list generated for your project is derived from data provided by the Avian Knowledge Network (AKN).. The AKN data is based on a
growing collection of survey, banding, and citizen science datasets and is queried and filtered to return a list of those birds reported as occurring in the
1 Urn grid cell(s) which your project intersects, and that have been identified as warranting special attention because they are a BCC species in that
area, an eagle (Eagle Act requirements may apply), or a species that has a particular vulnerability to offshore activities or development.
Again, the Migratory Bird Resource list includes only a subset of birds that may occur in your project area. It is not representative of all birds that may
occur in your project area. To get a list of all birds potentially present in your project area, please visit the Rapid Avian Information Locator (RAIL Tool.
What does IPaC use to generate the probability of presence graphs for the migratory birds potentially occurring in my specified location?
The probability of presence graphs associated with your migratory bird list are based on data provided by the Avian Knowledge Network (AKN). This
data is derived from a growing collection of survey, banding, and citizen science datasets.
Probability of presence data is continuously being updated as new and better information becomes available. To learn more about how the probability
of presence graphs are produced and how to interpret them, go the Probability of Presence Summary and then click on the "Tell me about these
graphs" link.
How do I know if a bird is breeding, wintering or migrating in my area?
To see what part of a particular bird's range your project area falls within (i.e. breeding, wintering, migrating or year-round), you may query your
location using the RAIL Tool and look at the range maps provided for birds in your area at the bottom of the profiles provided for each bird in your
results. If a bird on your migratory bird species list has a breeding season associated with it, if that bird does occur in your project area, there may be
4 of 6 8/25/2023, 5:35 PM

INC: Explore Location resources
https://ipac.ecosphere.fws.gov/location/SVFZQJDP7VFELFYW32K...
nests present at some point within the timeframe specified. If "Breeds elsewhere" is indicated, then the bird likely does not breed in your project area.
What are the levels of concern for migratory birds?
Migratory birds delivered through IPaC fall into the following distinct categories of concern:
1. "BCC Rangewide" birds are Birds of Conservation Concern (BCC) that are of concern throughout their range anywhere within the USA (including
Hawaii, the Pacific Islands, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands);
2. "BCC - BCR" birds are BCCs that are of concern only in particular Bird Conservation Regions (BCRs) in the continental USA; and
3. "Non -BCC - Vulnerable" birds are not BCC species in your project area, but appear on your list either because of the Eagle Act requirements (for
eagles) or (for non -eagles) potential susceptibilities in offshore areas from certain types of development or activities (e.g. offshore energy
development or longline fishing).
Although it is important to try to avoid and minimize impacts to all birds, efforts should be made, in particular, to avoid and minimize impacts to the
birds on this list, especially eagles and BCC species of rangewide concern. For more information on conservation measures you can implement to help
avoid and minimize migratory bird impacts and requirements for eagles, please see the FAQs for these topics.
Details about birds that are potentially affected by offshore projects
For additional details about the relative occurrence and abundance of both individual bird species and groups of bird species within your project area
off the Atlantic Coast, please visit the Northeast Ocean Data Portal. The Portal also offers data and information about other taxa besides birds that may
be helpful to you in your project review. Alternately, you may download the bird model results files underlying the portal maps through the NOAA
NCCOS Integrative Statistical Modeling and Predictive Mapp ng of Marine Bird Distributions and Abundance on the Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf
project webpage.
Bird tracking data can also provide additional details about occurrence and habitat use throughout the year, including migration. Models relying on
survey data may not include this information. For additional information on marine bird tracking data, see the Diving Bird Study and The nanotag
studies or contact Caleb Spiel or Pam Loring.
What if I have eagles on my list?
If your project has the potential to disturb or kill eagles, you may need to obtain a permit to avoid violating the Eagle Act should such impacts occur.
Proper Interpretation and Use of Your Migratory Bird Report
The migratory bird list generated is not a list of all birds in your project area, only a subset of birds of priority concern. To learn more about how your
list is generated, and see options for identifying what other birds may be in your project area, please see the FAQ "What does IPaC use to generate the
migratory birds potentially occurring in my specified location". Please be aware this report provides the "probability of presence" of birds within the 10
km grid cell(s) that overlap your project; not your exact project footprint. On the graphs provided, please also look carefully at the survey effort
(indicated by the black vertical bar) and for the existence of the "no data" indicator (a red horizontal bar). A high survey effort is the key component. If
the survey effort is high, then the probability of presence score can be viewed as more dependable. In contrast, a low survey effort bar or no data bar
means a lack of data and, therefore, a lack of certainty about presence of the species. This list is not perfect; it is simply a starting point for identifying
what birds of concern have the potential to be in your project area, when they might be there, and if they might be breeding (which means nests might
be present). The list helps you know what to look for to confirm presence, and helps guide you in knowing when to implement conservation measures
to avoid or minimize potential impacts from your project activities, should presence be confirmed. To learn more about conservation measures, visit
the FAQ "Tell me about conservation measures I can implement to avoid or minimize impacts to migratory birds" at the bottom of your migratory bird
trust resources page.
Facilities
National Wildlife Refuge lands
Any activity proposed on lands managed by the National Wildlife Refuge system must undergo a 'Compatibility Determination'
conducted by the Refuge. Please contact the individual Refuges to discuss any questions or concerns.
There are no refuge lands at this location.
Fish hatcheries
There are no fish hatcheries at this location.
5 of 6 8/25/2023, 5:35 PM

INC: Explore Location resources
https://ipac.ecosphere.fws.gov/location/SVFZQJDP7VFELFYW32K...
Wetlands in the National Wetlands Inventory (NWI)
Impacts to NWI wetlands and other aquatic habitats may be subject to regulation under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act, or
other State/Federal statutes.
For more information please contact the Regulatory Program of the local ArmyCDrps of Engineers District.
Please note that the NWI data being shown may be out of date. We are currently working to update our NWI data set. We
recommend you verify these results with a site visit to determine the actual extent of wetlands on site.
This location overlaps the following wetlands:
RIVERINE
RSUBH
A full description for each wetland code can be found at the National Wetlands Inventory website
NOTE: This initial screening does not replace an on -site delineation to determine whether wetlands occur. Additional informati
on the NWI data is provided below.
Data limitations A X
0
The Service's objective of mapping wetlands and deepwater habitats is to produce reconnaissance level information on the location, type and size of
these resources. The maps are prepared from the analysis of high altitude imagery. Wetlands are identified based on vegetation, visile hydrology and
geography. A margin of error is inherent in the use of imagery; thus, detailed on -the -ground inspection of any particular site may result in revision of
the wetland boundaries or classification established through image analysis.
The accuracy of image interpretation depends on the quality of the imagery, the experience of the image analyst the amount and quality of the
collateral data and the amount of ground truth verification work conducted. Metadata should be consulted to determine the date of the source
imagery used and any mapping problems. s, %.e
Wetlands or other mapped features may have changed since the date of the imagery or field work. There may be occasional differences in polygon
boundaries or classifications between the information depicted on the map and the actual conditions on site.
Data exclusions
Certain wetland habitats are excluded from the National mapping program because of the limitations of aerial imagery as the primary data source used
to detect wetlands. These habitats include seagrasses or submerged aquatic vegetation that are found in the intertidal and subtidal zones of estuaries
and nearshore coastal waters. Some deepwater reef communities (coral or tuberficid worm reefs) have also been excluded from the inventory. These
habitats, because of their depth, go undetected by aerial imagery.
Data precautions 4 1
Federal, state, and local regulatory agencies with jurisdiction over wetlands may define and describe wetlands in a different manner than that used in
this inventory. There is no attempt, in either the design or products of this inventory, to define the limits of proprietary jurisdiction of any Federal, state,
or local government or to establish the geographical scope of the regulatory programs of government agencies. Persons intending to engage in
activities involving modifications within or adjacent to wetland areas should seek the advice of appropriate Federal, state, or local agencies concerning
specified agency regulatory programs and proprietary jurisdictions that may affect such activities.
6 of 6 8/25/2023, 5:35 PM

Roy Cooper, Governor
9" 0 INC DEPARTMENT OF
""i ■
WMk.M 1 NATURAL AND CULTURAL RESOURCES
■-000
August 25, 2023
Kim Hamlin
Sage Ecological Services, Inc.
3707 Swift Drive
Raleigh, NC 27606
RE: Wabash Property; 2020.037
Dear Kim Hamlin:
13. Reid Wilson, Secretary
Misty Buchanan
Deputy Director, Natural Heritage Program
The North Carolina Natural Heritage Program (NCNHP) appreciates the opportunity to provide
information about natural heritage resources for the project referenced above.
A query of the NCNHP database indicates that there are records for rare species, important natural
communities, natural areas, and/or conservation/managed areas within the proposed project
boundary. These results are presented in the attached `Documented Occurrences' tables and map.
The attached `Potential Occurrences' table summarizes rare species and natural communities that
have been documented within a one -mile radius of the property boundary. The proximity of these
records suggests that these natural heritage elements may potentially be present in the project area
if suitable habitat exists. Tables of natural areas and conservation/managed areas within a one -mile
radius of the project area, if any, are also included in this report.
If a Federally -listed species is documented within the project area or indicated within a one -mile
radius of the project area, the NCNHP recommends contacting the US Fish and Wildlife Service
(USFWS) for guidance. Contact information for USFWS offices in North Carolina is found here:
httr)s://www.fws.gov/offices/Directory/ListOffices.cfm?statecode=37.
Please note that natural heritage element data are maintained for the purposes of conservation
planning, project review, and scientific research, and are not intended for use as the primary criteria
for regulatory decisions. Information provided by the NCNHP database may not be published
without prior written notification to the NCNHP, and the NCNHP must be credited as an information
source in these publications. Maps of NCNHP data may not be redistributed without permission.
Also please note that the NC Natural Heritage Program may follow this letter with additional
correspondence if a Dedicated Nature Preserve, Registered Heritage Area, Land and Water Fund
easement, or an occurrence of a Federally -listed species is documented near the project area.
If you have questions regarding the information provided in this letter or need additional assistance,
please contact Rodney A. Butler at rod ney.butler�ncdcr.gov or 919-707-8603.
Sincerely,
NC Natural Heritage Program
DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL AND CULTURAL RESOURCES
121 1N. JON S STREET, RALEIGI I_ NC 27603 - 16Sl MAOL SERVICE CENTER. PAL EIGH. rkc 276�0
OFC 919.707.9120 • FAK 919.707.9421

\ U
ƒ
+
\
e = 2 _
\
/ $ D- /
%
/ E / e
co
2
?
CO
CO
}
nD
`
/ \ %
\
\
«\/E
\
0) 'D
4 y z 4
\
_
o
-0 /
CO\
<
\ % \ \
\
0 cn
«:
\
e\e.0
\\
\
COCf) = z
c
CO/
/ / > \
.\
CA\
e
g
>
\gz=
3
m cnE
±s
/z�ƒ
e
` /
%«w
t(\0\
\0
%
/co
z o u-
z e
® °
§ :
^
a)\
e E / /
}`-
\ \
\
CO \ CO
\ j
\ ƒ
\
\\\\
(\0
s
} e z z
ƒ %
CO=
®
a z
CO2
\
:
(2
z
(
*
\ /
\
©
y / e m
% 6
.k = e \
% /
\ s
s \
\ /
E
/ 9
% c
2
\ / © \
3 \ / c
s%`
cr)%
c~% 2
y a g±
/}
z\
6wo
u =_
�s2±
GfJZ
/ /©
%s:g
Z
e`
D
<z
CC3U
\\}./
CO
e\\®
\�2=
®
/&E2
/..
\co
/
D
/
CC3
CO»
0)
/
±
/ E / ±
3
ƒ /
g z
/
0 y e e
3 2
e z
§
w o z
o
:
= 2
u
\3
\\
CO\%//3
\
y
6
) ( \
\
»-
3
D-
t
:
d ^ D
°
CO
\
\ \
®
�
\\
\=
»
`
5^
e
z 3
m
4
\ i
o±
~
CO
\
\ 0 ?
\
\
\
3
§ ° ° \
«
0 0
®
\
/
E
u0
c j / %
\\®}
y
/
CO
2
e 2 \
z
z
©
Eo
}
±
a5U,
CO
s\ 2 3
/
_
/
9 g
2\
\
\ / /
)}
2
\
/
\
/
=
±
o e = e
\ O
§
=
o
o =
E n
/
\
\ \
\ /
m
\
\
\
CO
\ \
\
\ O
0 �
t
( \ C,
\
\ 3
E
\ y %
/
/
/
/
\
s
\
s
\
} / \ \
CO
//>r=
\
\
\ \
o
s e e e%
o
e
e»
o z©
I
Z
5 Z 3% -0Z
x
x O,J
9
j=
§
/

/
\ /
�
n
E
o e
a
/
$
}
\
2
\
j
./
/ \
\
\
c
�
0
D
�\
co
E
�
/
\ \
/
U
�/
»
e
t t t t t t t t t t t t t t
G:
s
/
e e e e e e e e e e e e e e
\§
E E E E E E E E E E E E E E
o
�
\
e 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
} s
2
z e e e e e e e e e e e e e e
\
/
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
/ )
»
=
u
0 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 e
>\
2
}7777777777777a%
e
e
4 / / / / / / / / / / / / / /®
\
/
a
«
aaaaaaaaaaaaaa6
s
3/
/
E \
e x
»
-
< x
e g
-
3\
�
\ /
0
\
- N
se0g�
/
\
D
\\
ƒ\
/ \ \ © \
\
_
/ ¢ ~ % 2
/
/
%
} \
s ) z U)
/
\ \
\ �
2
\
M$t\®
<
eo%
/
g
g
\\
. e
/
4
\
\
m m =
ƒ/ƒ 4 z
\
O
ƒ
u
\
<
e
\
\ ®
0
/
<
/
\
\
%
\
(
U
\
E E E E E E E E E E E E E-�
\
2
\
e
\
m m m m m m m m m m m m m z%
9
2
M
m
2
w
e e e e e e e e e e e e e= e
Z
z
Z
OE
\
\
.
/
e
=
/
o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o y\
g
= 2
}
\z
\
\\\\\\\\\\\\\/Z
\
/J
20
e
/
\
yyyyyyyyyyyyy§/gg
3f
/
eE
o
§
OOOOOOOOOOOOOoe2z
`{
\
I\
\
o
}\
g
Eo
s
\e
\
y
\
\\
0
co
c
E
\
E
M
/
}
/
\
3
./
s
e
>
y
O
®
/
\
\(
/
\
\
�
\\
/
\
\
$
?
a a \
y
\ /
t
©
/
\
\
} \ g
/ c /
\
°
:
®
2
m
\\
t
k
\
\
2
\ e g.
\ \ / \ ( \
(
y
u
s
o
\
t
\ 2 / / / / / / /
e e e 2
e
e
u
o
e
z± g z e e e e e e\
== e e 3 z z z z z z =
s\
_
Z
z
o
E
o z 2 w s> a s s e s s®»
-0\
=
G»
J
m
a)(
° \ / \ / \ / / / / / /
~
) \
°
O
m
e
c
a)
» Co e o 3\ s 2 z z z z z z J z
%
:_
\
o
%
o
O O O O O O »
%
/
z , , , , , , .
x
§
±
m
m E E E E E E E E E E E E E/
\
<
±
± / / / / / / / / / / / / -E = 3
u
4
4
M
\ \
y
/
§ § § § § § § § § § § § § / 5
\u
/
\
_
\\
o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o
\
z°
e
= z
5
t
»
y/
» \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
E
} /
°
®
7
7 > > > > > > > > > > > > > 3 t
\ 3
//\
\
Se
z
z
//\\\\\\\\\\\\\//
\}
ra
s
\
/

v Ro'pa+Za
w
d =
v
0
o �
� N
N C
N
t � Q
s
e`
any 966iig i5 uasJaa
04
r7
IS] ?�a
S
a
Y
a` �S uaq�m
� 15 wnfd S
Ave
2 ae
�5 P
she
�aJs�N s.
m h
m
w
75 ufo�u�7 C
Lin Ealn 5l
E O cv-E
Z D
O
y Canrord St
x
C
0
r
SSJ
IS 06.��,.�
E P L at 5t
n J
S`
L Y �
A �
S 4
!lJ
ar
� l7
a
N4 b O
2x 2
etc oz
zez,
y , e
E
�z g
ada="
�2�a5
F �+
€NJ5!
2-17
W
a O
�
� W @
a
r� C
Q d
O
c7 m
N u cL7
o M a
N
m
O
N m a
Q
u
\I
N
a

HOLDINGSOO
Cape Fear 02 Wetland Credits Statement of Availability
November 15, 2023
The Hellenic Conference Centers, LLC
Attn: William Chambers
23 Park Road
Asheville, NC 28803
RE: Availability of Stream Credits for the "Wabash Property" project
Bank Name: Cape Fear 02 Umbrella Mitigation Bank: Flat Rock Mitigation Site
Bank Sites: Flat Rock Mitigation Site
Bank Sponsor: Wildlands Holdings VI, LLC
USACE Action ID No.: SAW-2021-01309
Permittee: The Hellenic Conference Centers, LLC
Wetland Credits Needed: 0.35 acres
Wetland Credits Available: 5.49 acres
Cape Fear 03030002 River Basin
Dear Mr. Chambers,
Wildlands Holdings VI, LLC, owned and operated by Wildlands Engineering, Inc., currently has sufficient wetland
credits from the Cape Fear 02 Umbrella Mitigation Bank: Flat Rock Mitigation Site to satisfy the wetland
mitigation requirements related to the above -mentioned project. The project is located within the Cape Fear
River Basin of the service area (HUC 03030002) of the Bank.
This letter is simply a statement of availability of credits as of the date written. It is neither a guarantee of
future credit availability, nor a guarantee of credit pricing. Credits are sold on a first come, first serve basis at
the Bank's price at the time an invoice is requested. Invoices reserve both the credits and the price for a period
of 30 days. Credits and associated pricing may be reserved for up to 6 months with a signed reservation
agreement and a 10% deposit.
Final transfer of the credits will be made upon receipt of a copy of the US Army Corps of Engineers
Compensatory Mitigation Responsibility Transfer Form approving the Stream and/or wetland mitigation
purchase from the Bank and upon receipt of your payment to Wildlands Holdings VI, LLC.
We appreciate the opportunity to assist you with your mitigation requirements. Please contact me at (704) 332-
7754 x114 or [e-mail] if you have any questions or need any additional information.
Sincerely,
Wildlands Holdings VI, LLC • Wildlands Engineering, Inc • 1430 South Mint Street, Suite 104, Charlotte, NC 28203

HWILDLANDSoOO
Camden M. Brunick
Wildlands Engineering, Inc.
Mitigation Credit Sales
[e-mail]
0: [phone] ext. 114
M: [phone]
Cc: Ms. Julia Tillery, Regulatory Agent I USACE
Mr. Zachary Thomas, Regulatory Agent I NCDWR
Ms. Kim Hamlin, PWS, Project Manager I Sage Ecological Services, Inc
Wildlands Holdings VI, LLC • Wildlands Engineering, Inc • 1430 South Mint Street, Suite 104, Charlotte, NC 28203

a M
w P
U
w
w
LLO a N
ED
Q \ x
Z
w 0
v I �
ZO U U U U U m w Z
Q Q —
� O O O O O O O
W
W
0us
CIO
�z >o
w
L ll.l w Z
CD LU
U c� o � Zqq
�0
Q J O w Cz w"
O >
^^ w O0 QQ
L.� U O� O � z _1—
U^/ U N 3 O 3ht l F M3JOI21 _'�l
ry Z w Q
C� U
� Q Yu o��
LU LLJ < o �
2
H < 00 0<z
V �CL w<
w Q
co 0
co ::D O CL cn Q 1SNSb8bM Q
06 Q C) w U w
m � g
� 3 U
Qw
z� w
Z �
wa
Q W)-
W Q
mw
J°
o
�oZ o
oC
o= o z=
W zo00o LU 0
oo��Qo® � a� a
> zoop000 LU N
Z M a„ Q Q
0 << s
Q = �
� Q
0 m
�w o - Q
oo<j- zz°
>Joa�zOQ
U o=U aam o eQo�
a

00
Oz
P 3Jy,,o
0
mQ�
O
Q L1J
�z
�Q
�>
ZN
m
voa"'w.°ry
C�C
CN
H
Q�d
Q
°
Q
U2
w
2
w CIO
Q
ss
=`s
0
os
O
®z
v
�_
c9 s =III

/ \ \ © \ \ §
- \
<
/f \�p
\�} //& - �»� }(LLJ
_- _ :�� _\�:LLJ
. ~ w . f

z
z C� 0
w z
w Q U
Q Q �
Q J O w p z
a� ��w OD
n Q I�( 0 U
z + + + + +
Q U + + + + +
J Q + + + + +
LJ EL + + + + +
El A
mmiglmvrlml
z m
U
IL
Q
i
Q
w
W
�
o
U
Q
C�
w
z
—
>-
o0
0
~
z
z
z
do
rd
o
zd
4�
3z
Qz
Qz
�z

0� O�
0 z0 z0
J J J
Z Z Z Z Z
W W Q W W W
Lu
w°Lu w°°� Lu af w°��
W W H W W W W
�CL n
V)
w
Q
Q a� a
IL
W W
00 00
W
V)
0�
LU
u
Q
IL
z
IL
�
D
N
Q
ILJ
w
af
LL
g
Q
Q
W
h
(n
\
N
O
M
\
>W
>
h
N
LLJ
M
Q
Q
a0
az
o
�0
3
z
a"z
a
z
e
az
az
a�
z
a�
Nzw
Qom
Nz�
Qo_
o
Nw
e�
Nw
e�
N�
e
a
o
N�
Qg
N��
Qgo
a
0
-00
1
�
10
.•• ►tt�
..t •rtt ttp
t!� a!•
i�O•
tv .•t tt•
ail►••ili••i�••t�••
•� �-.�••••
.•
�t�r'
.�•� tttr•pt•�.ar.�!�t�r
•�t�.
�itti 'CIA.
rt•••i,.•
►A�ni Lt•i
�ntt� rr�
��
�. �
.11111SERMIN WED
I'll' Ilk
ON
Q
U
Q W
LU
� Z
Q
LLJ
L. r
LL. Q
CO Lu
C Z
zoa
Qz=
J Q
Lu �
W
W
J N
Lu =
m
Q
00
Q
C

n M
W
n w 0
O
2 O
O
Q
0
�
C�
N
N O
st f2q :30n3
■■■■■■■■■■■■■��■��■■■■■■
■■■■■■■®■■■■'
■■
■■■■■I■■■■■■■%icy`■
■am1■■E■
�:r■i
1■■■■
■■■■■■
.11■■■■■■
• '
+�■�+■■■■■■■■■ILA
■■■■■S■■■■■■
■It
III■■■■'>'
■
■■■■■■■■■■■■■■I■■■
����■■
■■■■■■■■■■•
.
I■EW
00711■illiilliii0
■■■■■■■■■■■■1�■III
�I■■I�1■■■■■
O N
W
O
20
�0
0
LU
J
LL
O
F—
LU
J
I
!�I
V
O
O
« M
LL
O
w P
N
Q
LU
o �
ji
Q
o�
^Q
ILL
L
�w
LU
O
w Z
O
J
Q
�
h 6
U
O
�
00 z
C7
OH'u
uw
L w wz
a� �-
o
�� >P
cZ wP
W
Q
g
U a
�v
Qw
-
�z
W
o
Q
w
� Q s
o
LLJ
CO w
J
Q
a
o6 0 U o
C Z
Q Q a
U
Qz�
'
_
Sao
O
QLU
LL, w
R
J N
W S
O
U<
Q 6
QQ
m
3

OWN
W
Z
Q
U
a-
U
IL
Q
z
Q
(I
w
Q
W
"
Q
U
o
C�
L
—
W
CL
Z
o0
Z
o_z
>-
U
U Z
Z
u
QCL
2
Z
z g
Z
z
O
U w
O
U O
r
ow
o¢
¢z
¢�
�
I
r
'•
�
to w �'
. •
'
Lu
�`—
w
w
mW
o
w wLu
'.�
Q Q
\
ram\

Y Y Y Y
W W W W
N W W W W
��()�ry
U U U U
Y Y Y Y
ry
10000
-F,LLLLLLLL
,)Moor-)
J Q� ry
LO LO 00
N0000 O
_0 00 00 O 00
7 00 00 00 00
'0)00 00 00 00
c ti ti ti ti
O
J
N(O N(O
O O O O
_0 O O ti O
O O O O
fO Cl) Cl) Cl) Cl)
J
V V V
O O O
O CO CO CO zT
Qa- a- a- O
of Q� Q� V
�1W W W
m
�oo0FY
N N N
¢¢¢¢
V) W W W H
Eo� o� o�O
�UUUO
_¢¢¢LL
N I` co O
M O 0
N
E O Lf4
N
Q
T
H
(n
LO Of Of Of N
N
0 W W W W
U z z z z
IofQ� Q�ry
W W W W
c�»»
_ R FY
N
O
U
c
I
`m
3000
0 LL LL LL co
U a- a- a- rY
¢ ¢ ¢ ¢
z z z z
J J J J
0000
U U U U
H H H H
Q� ry
0000
_zzzz
m
E
co m
z
NI cu
m
`m �

rrr!!!!!