20211241 Ver 2_B-3186_B-5898 - Haywood County - Mussel Survey_20230711

Freshwater Mussel Survey Report
Replacement of Bridge No. 155 and 158
On US 23/74 over Richland Creek
Haywood County, North Carolina
TIP # B-3186
WBS # 38332.1.FS1
Prepared For:
y �OF NORTH CQ p v
9
l�
m o
OF
North Carolina Department of Transportation
Raleigh, North Carolina
Contact Person:
Jared Gray
Biological Surveys Group
North Carolina Department of Transportation
[e-mail]
1598 Mail Service Center
Raleigh, NC 27699-1598
January 25, 2019

Prepared by:
N V 5 CALYX
ENGINEERS + CONSULTANTS
6750 Tryon Road
Cary, NC 27518
Contact Person:
Tom Fox
[e-mail]
919-858-1893

Table of Contents
1.0 Introduction......................................................................................................................................1
2.0 Waters Impacted...............................................................................................................................1
2.1 NPDES Dischargers........................................................................................................................1
2.2 303(d) Classification......................................................................................................................1
3.0 Federally Protected Species Targeted..............................................................................................2
3.1 Appalachian Elktoe (Alosmidonto roveneliona)............................................................................2
3.1.1 Description............................................................................................................................2
3.1.2 Distribution and Habitat Requirements................................................................................2
3.1.3 Threats to Species.................................................................................................................2
4.0 Surveys..............................................................................................................................................3
4.1 Stream Conditions.........................................................................................................................3
4.2 Methodology.................................................................................................................................3
4.3 Results...........................................................................................................................................3
5.0 Discussion/Conclusions.....................................................................................................................4
6.0 Literature Cited.................................................................................................................................5
Appendix A Figures:
Figure 1: Project Vicinity and Survey Location
Figure 2: NCNHP Element Occurrences
Figure 3: NPDES Dischargers and 303(d) Listed Streams

1.0 Introduction
The North Carolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT) proposes the replacement of Bridge No. 155
and 158 over Richland Creek on US 23/74 in Haywood County. (Appendix A, Figure 1). Richland Creek is
located in the French Broad River Basin. The Appalachian Elktoe (Alasmidonta raveneliana) is listed for
Haywood County by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) as protected under the
Endangered Species Act (ESA).
A review of the NC Natural Heritage Program (NCNHP) records, last updated July, 2018, indicates that
element occurrences (EO) do not exist for the Appalachian Elktoe within a five -mile buffer of the study
area (Figure 2). The closest current EO for the Appalachian Elktoe (EO ID 13495) is located
approximately 12 river miles (RM) upstream of the project in the Pigeon River. The EO (13495) is
approximately 10.5 miles in length, with the first observation occurring on May 14, 1914 and the most
recent observation was on June 30, 2016.
As part of the federal permitting process that requires an evaluation of potential project -related impacts
to federally protected species, CALYX Engineers and Consultants — An NV5 Company (CALYX) was
contracted by NCDOT to conduct the freshwater mussel survey targeting Appalachian Elktoe.
2.0 Waters Impacted
Richland Creek is located in the French Broad River Basin, Pigeon River sub -basin (HUC# 06010106). It
runs for approximately 4.2 RM downstream from the study area until it reaches the confluence of the
Pigeon River. Located between the study area and the confluence of the Pigeon River is Lake Junaluska
Dam, which impounds approximately one RM of Richland Creek.
2.1 NPDES Dischargers
There are multiple minor and one major dischargers permitted through the North Carolina Department
of Environmental Quality (NCDEQ) located within a five -mile buffer of the study area. Green Valley
Mobile Home Park (Permit # NC0030422) is classified as a minor discharger that is located 6 RM
upstream of the survey location and discharges into Hyatt Creek. Pilot Travel Center #393 (Permit #
NC0086053) is classified as a minor discharger that is located 7 RM downstream of the survey location
and discharges into Stingy Branch. Sam's Mart #45 (Permit # NC0044199) is classified as a minor
discharger that is located 6.3 RM downstream of the survey location and discharges into the Pigeon
River. Waynesville WWTP (Permit # NC0025321) is classified as a major discharger that is located 4.7
RM downstream of the survey location and discharges into the Pigeon River (Figure 3).
2.2 303(d) Classification
Richland Creek is listed on the North Carolina Division of Water Resources (NCDWR) 2016 303(d) list of
impaired streams for exceeding the fecal coliform criteria. The study area for this project is located
within this section of the impaired stream (Figure 3).
Tip No. B-3186 January 25, 2019
Mussel Survey Report Page 1 1

3.0 Federally Protected Species Targeted
3.1 Appalachian Elktoe (Alasmidonta raveneliana)
3.1.1 Description
The Appalachian Elktoe (Lea 1834) has a thin, kidney -shaped shell, growing to approximately 80 mm in
length (Clarke 1981). Juveniles typically have a yellowish brown periostracum, while adults usually have
a dark brown periostracum. Rays can be particularly common on the posterior portion of some shells,
however many individuals have only obscure greenish rays (USFWS 1996). The left valve has a single
small compressed pseudocardinal tooth, and the lateral tooth is reduced to a swelling or ridge and is not
an articulating tooth (Parmalee and Bogan 1998). The right valve has a single small compressed
pseudocardinal tooth and a single reduced ridge along the hinge line in place of the lateral tooth
(Parmalee and Bogan 1998).
3.1.2 Distribution and Habitat Requirements
The Appalachian Elktoe is endemic to the upper Tennessee River Basin in the mountains of western
North Carolina and eastern Tennessee. It once had a fairly wide distribution in western North Carolina
but has been eliminated from the majority of its historic range (USFWS 2015). At the time of listing in
1994, only two populations of the Appalachian Elktoe were known to exist. However, since listing, five
additional populations have been discovered. The seven known surviving Appalachian Elktoe
populations include: main stem of the Little Tennessee River (Swain and Macon Counties, NC),
Nolichucky River system, including the main stem of the North Toe River (Yance and Mitchell Counties,
NC) and main stem of the Cane River (Yancey County, NC), Tuckasegee River (Jackson and Swain
Counties, NC), West Fork Pigeon River and the Pigeon River (Haywood County, NC), Cheoah River
(Graham County, NC), Little River and French Broad River (Transylvania County, NC), Mills River
(Henderson County, NC) (USFWS 2017).
The Appalachian Elktoe inhabits relatively shallow, medium-sized creeks and rivers with cool, well
oxygenated, and moderate to fast flowing water (USFWS 1996). It can be found in sand and gravel
substrate among cobbles and boulders, under flat rocks and in cracks in bedrock that are silt free
(Gordon 1991, Parmalee and Bogan 1998).
3.1.3 Threats to Species
As with all aquatic species, there are a multitude of natural and anthropogenic factors that threaten the
long-term viability of the Appalachian Elktoe. Invasive species such as the Asian Clam (Corbicula
fluminea), the Flathead Catfish (Pylodictis olivaris), and Hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata) can create
competitive pressures on food resources and habitat availability. These species can decrease oxygen
availability, cause ammonia spikes, alter benthic substrates, impact host fish communities, reduce
stream flow, and increase sediment buildup (Belanger et al. 1991, Scheller 1997, NCANSMPC 2015,
NCWRC 2015). Extinction and decline of North American unionid bivalves can be traced to
impoundment and inundation of riffle habitat throughout the United States. The loss of obligate hosts,
coupled with increased siltation, and various types of industrial and domestic pollution have resulted in
Tip No. B-3186 January 25, 2019
Mussel Survey Report Page 1 2

the rapid decline of the unionid bivalve fauna in North America (Bogan 1993, NCWRC 2015). Dams, both
manmade and natural (created by beavers), are a barrier to dispersal of host fish and attached glochidia.
Contaminants and water pollution are a significant threat to all aquatic species, especially mussels. Point
source discharges from municipal wastewater that contains monochloramine and unionized ammonia
compounds are acutely toxic to freshwater mussels, and may be responsible for glochidia) mortality that
results in local extirpation of mussels (Goudreau et al. 1993, Gangloff et al. 2009, NCWRC 2015).
Impervious areas in urbanized watersheds contribute to high water levels, even during short rainfall
events, which can result in flash flooding. These high or flashy flow events contribute to increased
sediment loads, turbidity throughout the water column, and stream bed movements that stress mussel
populations (Gangloff et al. 2009, NCWRC 2015). Climate change, mining, hydraulic fracturing, natural
gas pipelines, and other energy developments will bring additional stressors that need to be evaluated
for mussels.
4.0 Surveys
Freshwater mussel surveys were conducted in association with this project by CALYX biologists Tom Fox
(NCWRC Permit # 18-ES00543), John Merritt, and Mack Des Champs on October 2, 2018.
4.1 Stream Conditions
Richland Creek is a mid -sized mountain stream with an average channel width of 12 meters. The banks
were approximately 1 m high with portions of the survey area having very stable banks while others
exhibited some erosion and undercutting. A narrow to moderate buffer existed as both a road and
natural forested area depending on exact location within the survey reach. Moderate habitat quality
was available in the form of a boulder and cobble dominated substrate with sand and silt subdominant
and found between the boulder/cobble. The water was clear and relatively shallow with an average
depth of 0.75 m, however pools of 2 m and riffles of 0.1 m also existed in the survey area. No beaver
activity was observed.
4.2 Methodology
A survey of Richland Creek began 400 m downstream of the study area and ended 100 m upstream of
the study area. Biologists spread out into survey lanes and worked from downstream to upstream,
using a combination of visual searching via mask and snorkel and tactile searching, particularly along
stream banks, to target the Appalachian Elktoe. All freshwater bivalves were recorded and returned to
the substrate.
4.3 Results
A total of 6 person hours of survey time was spent in the reach, with no unionids found during the
survey. The only bivalve observed was the invasive Asian Clam, which was found in very low numbers.
Tip No. B-3186 January 25, 2019
Mussel Survey Report Page 1 3

5.0 Discussion/Conclusions
The results indicate that the survey location either does not support, or supports a very limited
freshwater mussel population. While in -stream habitat and substrate seem adequate to support
freshwater mussels, chronic water quality problems in Richland Creek are likely the reason for the
absence of freshwater mussels. Given the large distance to the closest EO, the fact that it is located
upstream on the Pigeon River, and that Lake Junaluska is located between the study area and the closest
EO, completion of this project will not affect this species.
Biological Conclusions for Appalachian Elktoe: No Effect
Tip No. B-3186 January 25, 2019
Mussel Survey Report Page 14

6.0 Literature Cited
Belanger, S. E. 1991. The effect of dissolved oxygen, sediment, and sewage treatment plant discharges
upon growth, survival and density of Asiatic clams. Hydrobiologia 218(2):113-126.
Bogan, A. E. 1993. Freshwater bivalve extinctions (Mollusca: Unionoida): a search for causes. American
Zoologist 33(6):599-609.
Clarke, A.H. 1981. The Tribe Alasmidontini (Unionidae: Anodontinae), Part 1: Pegias, Alasmidonta, and
Arcidens. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 326:1-101.
Gangloff, M. M., L. Siefferman, W. Seesock, and E. C. Webber. 2009. Influence of urban tributaries on
freshwater mussel populations in a biologically diverse piedmont (USA) stream. Hydrobiologia
636(1):191-201.
Gordon, M.E. 1991. Species account for the Appalachian elktoe (Alasmidonta raveneliana).
Unpublished report to The Nature Conservancy. 5pp.
Goudreau, S. E., R. J. Neves, and R. J. Sheehan. 1993. Effects of wastewater treatment plant effluents on
freshwater mollusks in the upper Clinch River, Virginia, USA. Hydrobiologia 252(3):211-230.
Lea, I. 1832. Observation on the naiades (etc.). Transactions of the American Philosophical Society,
new series, 5:23-117, plates 1-19 (reprinted in 1834 in Observations on the Genus Unio, 2:1-154,
plates 1-19).
North Carolina Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plan Committee. 2015. North Carolina Aquatic
Nuisance Species Management Plan. Raleigh, North Carolina.
North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission. 2015. North Carolina Wildlife Action Plan. Raleigh, North
Carolina.
Parmalee, P.W., and A.E. Bogan. 1998. The freshwater mussels of Tennessee. The University of
Tennessee Press, Knoxville, Tennessee.
Scheller, J. L. 1997. The effect of dieoffs of Asian clams (Corbicula fluminea) on native freshwater
mussels (Unionidae). Master's Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University,
Blacksburg, Virginia.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1996. Appalachian Elktoe Recovery Plan. Atlanta, GA. 32pp.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2017. Appalachian Elktoe (Alasmidonta raveneliana) 5-Year Review:
Summary and Evaluation. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Asheville, NC. 24pp.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2015. Appalachian Elktoe Species Profile.
https://www.fws.gov/ashevi I le/htm Is/I ited_species/Appa lach is n_el ktoe. htm I
Tip No. B-3186 January 25, 2019
Mussel Survey Report Page 1 5

Appendix A
Figures

Freshwater Mussel Survey Report
Replacement of Bridge No. 155 and 158
On US 23/74 over Richland Creek
Haywood County, North Carolina
TIP # B-3186
WBS # 38332.1.FS1
Prepared For:
y �OF NORTH CQ p v
9
l�
m o
OF
North Carolina Department of Transportation
Raleigh, North Carolina
Contact Person:
Jared Gray
Biological Surveys Group
North Carolina Department of Transportation
[e-mail]
1598 Mail Service Center
Raleigh, NC 27699-1598
January 25, 2019

Prepared by:
N V 5 CALYX
ENGINEERS + CONSULTANTS
6750 Tryon Road
Cary, NC 27518
Contact Person:
Tom Fox
[e-mail]
919-858-1893

Table of Contents
1.0 Introduction......................................................................................................................................1
2.0 Waters Impacted...............................................................................................................................1
2.1 NPDES Dischargers........................................................................................................................1
2.2 303(d) Classification......................................................................................................................1
3.0 Federally Protected Species Targeted..............................................................................................2
3.1 Appalachian Elktoe (Alosmidonto roveneliona)............................................................................2
3.1.1 Description............................................................................................................................2
3.1.2 Distribution and Habitat Requirements................................................................................2
3.1.3 Threats to Species.................................................................................................................2
4.0 Surveys..............................................................................................................................................3
4.1 Stream Conditions.........................................................................................................................3
4.2 Methodology.................................................................................................................................3
4.3 Results...........................................................................................................................................3
5.0 Discussion/Conclusions.....................................................................................................................4
6.0 Literature Cited.................................................................................................................................5
Appendix A Figures:
Figure 1: Project Vicinity and Survey Location
Figure 2: NCNHP Element Occurrences
Figure 3: NPDES Dischargers and 303(d) Listed Streams

1.0 Introduction
The North Carolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT) proposes the replacement of Bridge No. 155
and 158 over Richland Creek on US 23/74 in Haywood County. (Appendix A, Figure 1). Richland Creek is
located in the French Broad River Basin. The Appalachian Elktoe (Alasmidonta raveneliana) is listed for
Haywood County by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) as protected under the
Endangered Species Act (ESA).
A review of the NC Natural Heritage Program (NCNHP) records, last updated July, 2018, indicates that
element occurrences (EO) do not exist for the Appalachian Elktoe within a five -mile buffer of the study
area (Figure 2). The closest current EO for the Appalachian Elktoe (EO ID 13495) is located
approximately 12 river miles (RM) upstream of the project in the Pigeon River. The EO (13495) is
approximately 10.5 miles in length, with the first observation occurring on May 14, 1914 and the most
recent observation was on June 30, 2016.
As part of the federal permitting process that requires an evaluation of potential project -related impacts
to federally protected species, CALYX Engineers and Consultants — An NV5 Company (CALYX) was
contracted by NCDOT to conduct the freshwater mussel survey targeting Appalachian Elktoe.
2.0 Waters Impacted
Richland Creek is located in the French Broad River Basin, Pigeon River sub -basin (HUC# 06010106). It
runs for approximately 4.2 RM downstream from the study area until it reaches the confluence of the
Pigeon River. Located between the study area and the confluence of the Pigeon River is Lake Junaluska
Dam, which impounds approximately one RM of Richland Creek.
2.1 NPDES Dischargers
There are multiple minor and one major dischargers permitted through the North Carolina Department
of Environmental Quality (NCDEQ) located within a five -mile buffer of the study area. Green Valley
Mobile Home Park (Permit # NC0030422) is classified as a minor discharger that is located 6 RM
upstream of the survey location and discharges into Hyatt Creek. Pilot Travel Center #393 (Permit #
NC0086053) is classified as a minor discharger that is located 7 RM downstream of the survey location
and discharges into Stingy Branch. Sam's Mart #45 (Permit # NC0044199) is classified as a minor
discharger that is located 6.3 RM downstream of the survey location and discharges into the Pigeon
River. Waynesville WWTP (Permit # NC0025321) is classified as a major discharger that is located 4.7
RM downstream of the survey location and discharges into the Pigeon River (Figure 3).
2.2 303(d) Classification
Richland Creek is listed on the North Carolina Division of Water Resources (NCDWR) 2016 303(d) list of
impaired streams for exceeding the fecal coliform criteria. The study area for this project is located
within this section of the impaired stream (Figure 3).
Tip No. B-3186 January 25, 2019
Mussel Survey Report Page 1 1

3.0 Federally Protected Species Targeted
3.1 Appalachian Elktoe (Alasmidonta raveneliana)
3.1.1 Description
The Appalachian Elktoe (Lea 1834) has a thin, kidney -shaped shell, growing to approximately 80 mm in
length (Clarke 1981). Juveniles typically have a yellowish brown periostracum, while adults usually have
a dark brown periostracum. Rays can be particularly common on the posterior portion of some shells,
however many individuals have only obscure greenish rays (USFWS 1996). The left valve has a single
small compressed pseudocardinal tooth, and the lateral tooth is reduced to a swelling or ridge and is not
an articulating tooth (Parmalee and Bogan 1998). The right valve has a single small compressed
pseudocardinal tooth and a single reduced ridge along the hinge line in place of the lateral tooth
(Parmalee and Bogan 1998).
3.1.2 Distribution and Habitat Requirements
The Appalachian Elktoe is endemic to the upper Tennessee River Basin in the mountains of western
North Carolina and eastern Tennessee. It once had a fairly wide distribution in western North Carolina
but has been eliminated from the majority of its historic range (USFWS 2015). At the time of listing in
1994, only two populations of the Appalachian Elktoe were known to exist. However, since listing, five
additional populations have been discovered. The seven known surviving Appalachian Elktoe
populations include: main stem of the Little Tennessee River (Swain and Macon Counties, NC),
Nolichucky River system, including the main stem of the North Toe River (Yance and Mitchell Counties,
NC) and main stem of the Cane River (Yancey County, NC), Tuckasegee River (Jackson and Swain
Counties, NC), West Fork Pigeon River and the Pigeon River (Haywood County, NC), Cheoah River
(Graham County, NC), Little River and French Broad River (Transylvania County, NC), Mills River
(Henderson County, NC) (USFWS 2017).
The Appalachian Elktoe inhabits relatively shallow, medium-sized creeks and rivers with cool, well
oxygenated, and moderate to fast flowing water (USFWS 1996). It can be found in sand and gravel
substrate among cobbles and boulders, under flat rocks and in cracks in bedrock that are silt free
(Gordon 1991, Parmalee and Bogan 1998).
3.1.3 Threats to Species
As with all aquatic species, there are a multitude of natural and anthropogenic factors that threaten the
long-term viability of the Appalachian Elktoe. Invasive species such as the Asian Clam (Corbicula
fluminea), the Flathead Catfish (Pylodictis olivaris), and Hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata) can create
competitive pressures on food resources and habitat availability. These species can decrease oxygen
availability, cause ammonia spikes, alter benthic substrates, impact host fish communities, reduce
stream flow, and increase sediment buildup (Belanger et al. 1991, Scheller 1997, NCANSMPC 2015,
NCWRC 2015). Extinction and decline of North American unionid bivalves can be traced to
impoundment and inundation of riffle habitat throughout the United States. The loss of obligate hosts,
coupled with increased siltation, and various types of industrial and domestic pollution have resulted in
Tip No. B-3186 January 25, 2019
Mussel Survey Report Page 1 2

the rapid decline of the unionid bivalve fauna in North America (Bogan 1993, NCWRC 2015). Dams, both
manmade and natural (created by beavers), are a barrier to dispersal of host fish and attached glochidia.
Contaminants and water pollution are a significant threat to all aquatic species, especially mussels. Point
source discharges from municipal wastewater that contains monochloramine and unionized ammonia
compounds are acutely toxic to freshwater mussels, and may be responsible for glochidia) mortality that
results in local extirpation of mussels (Goudreau et al. 1993, Gangloff et al. 2009, NCWRC 2015).
Impervious areas in urbanized watersheds contribute to high water levels, even during short rainfall
events, which can result in flash flooding. These high or flashy flow events contribute to increased
sediment loads, turbidity throughout the water column, and stream bed movements that stress mussel
populations (Gangloff et al. 2009, NCWRC 2015). Climate change, mining, hydraulic fracturing, natural
gas pipelines, and other energy developments will bring additional stressors that need to be evaluated
for mussels.
4.0 Surveys
Freshwater mussel surveys were conducted in association with this project by CALYX biologists Tom Fox
(NCWRC Permit # 18-ES00543), John Merritt, and Mack Des Champs on October 2, 2018.
4.1 Stream Conditions
Richland Creek is a mid -sized mountain stream with an average channel width of 12 meters. The banks
were approximately 1 m high with portions of the survey area having very stable banks while others
exhibited some erosion and undercutting. A narrow to moderate buffer existed as both a road and
natural forested area depending on exact location within the survey reach. Moderate habitat quality
was available in the form of a boulder and cobble dominated substrate with sand and silt subdominant
and found between the boulder/cobble. The water was clear and relatively shallow with an average
depth of 0.75 m, however pools of 2 m and riffles of 0.1 m also existed in the survey area. No beaver
activity was observed.
4.2 Methodology
A survey of Richland Creek began 400 m downstream of the study area and ended 100 m upstream of
the study area. Biologists spread out into survey lanes and worked from downstream to upstream,
using a combination of visual searching via mask and snorkel and tactile searching, particularly along
stream banks, to target the Appalachian Elktoe. All freshwater bivalves were recorded and returned to
the substrate.
4.3 Results
A total of 6 person hours of survey time was spent in the reach, with no unionids found during the
survey. The only bivalve observed was the invasive Asian Clam, which was found in very low numbers.
Tip No. B-3186 January 25, 2019
Mussel Survey Report Page 1 3

5.0 Discussion/Conclusions
The results indicate that the survey location either does not support, or supports a very limited
freshwater mussel population. While in -stream habitat and substrate seem adequate to support
freshwater mussels, chronic water quality problems in Richland Creek are likely the reason for the
absence of freshwater mussels. Given the large distance to the closest EO, the fact that it is located
upstream on the Pigeon River, and that Lake Junaluska is located between the study area and the closest
EO, completion of this project will not affect this species.
Biological Conclusions for Appalachian Elktoe: No Effect
Tip No. B-3186 January 25, 2019
Mussel Survey Report Page 14

6.0 Literature Cited
Belanger, S. E. 1991. The effect of dissolved oxygen, sediment, and sewage treatment plant discharges
upon growth, survival and density of Asiatic clams. Hydrobiologia 218(2):113-126.
Bogan, A. E. 1993. Freshwater bivalve extinctions (Mollusca: Unionoida): a search for causes. American
Zoologist 33(6):599-609.
Clarke, A.H. 1981. The Tribe Alasmidontini (Unionidae: Anodontinae), Part 1: Pegias, Alasmidonta, and
Arcidens. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 326:1-101.
Gangloff, M. M., L. Siefferman, W. Seesock, and E. C. Webber. 2009. Influence of urban tributaries on
freshwater mussel populations in a biologically diverse piedmont (USA) stream. Hydrobiologia
636(1):191-201.
Gordon, M.E. 1991. Species account for the Appalachian elktoe (Alasmidonta raveneliana).
Unpublished report to The Nature Conservancy. 5pp.
Goudreau, S. E., R. J. Neves, and R. J. Sheehan. 1993. Effects of wastewater treatment plant effluents on
freshwater mollusks in the upper Clinch River, Virginia, USA. Hydrobiologia 252(3):211-230.
Lea, I. 1832. Observation on the naiades (etc.). Transactions of the American Philosophical Society,
new series, 5:23-117, plates 1-19 (reprinted in 1834 in Observations on the Genus Unio, 2:1-154,
plates 1-19).
North Carolina Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plan Committee. 2015. North Carolina Aquatic
Nuisance Species Management Plan. Raleigh, North Carolina.
North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission. 2015. North Carolina Wildlife Action Plan. Raleigh, North
Carolina.
Parmalee, P.W., and A.E. Bogan. 1998. The freshwater mussels of Tennessee. The University of
Tennessee Press, Knoxville, Tennessee.
Scheller, J. L. 1997. The effect of dieoffs of Asian clams (Corbicula fluminea) on native freshwater
mussels (Unionidae). Master's Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University,
Blacksburg, Virginia.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1996. Appalachian Elktoe Recovery Plan. Atlanta, GA. 32pp.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2017. Appalachian Elktoe (Alasmidonta raveneliana) 5-Year Review:
Summary and Evaluation. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Asheville, NC. 24pp.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2015. Appalachian Elktoe Species Profile.
https://www.fws.gov/ashevi I le/htm Is/I ited_species/Appa lach is n_el ktoe. htm I
Tip No. B-3186 January 25, 2019
Mussel Survey Report Page 1 5

Appendix A
Figures

�{ Survey Location
Survey Reach 10
Roads
Streams .9
Prepared By: Prepared For:
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19
23
74
Freshwater Mussel Surveys
23
Bridge No. 158
Bridge No. 155 and No. 158 on US 23/74
Over Richland Creek
WBS No. 38332.1.FS1
Survey Location
Haywood, North Carolina
Bridge No. 155
Date:
January 25, 2019
Scale: 0 75 150 Feet
Job No:
B-3186
Drawn By:
By:
TRF
[hecked
JSM
74
Figure
1 11

Survey Location
5 Mile Buffer
■
Appalachina Elktoe EO
Streams
Prepared By: Prepared For:
5 �OF NORTry Dq O
NI�) CALYX y 9
o
P
P
9�FNr DF TRPN`'QO�
1 Bridge.
276
ADS, U1-SDA, USGS,
Freshwater Mussel Surveys
Bridge No.155 and No.158 on US 23/74
Over Richland Creek
WBS No. 38332.1.FS1
NCNHP Element Occurrences
Haywood County, North Carolina
January 25, 2019
e: 0 0.5 1 Miles
No:
B-3186
vn By: Checked By:
TRF JSM
Figure
2

27
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C 0 5 6
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Survey Location
5 Mile Buffer
Major NPDES Sites
0
Minor NPDES Sites
303(d) Listed Streams
Streams
N 00 6053
N 199
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ey.
32
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CO 002/2
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Bridge No. 155 and 158
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Date:
Prepared By: Prepared For: Freshwater Mussel Surveys January 25, 2019 Figure
Bridge No. and No. on US 23/74 Scale:
OF NORTHO O O. rJ 1 Miles
9
NIT CALYX y °� Over Richland Creek
WBS No. 38332.1.FS1 Job No:
9 NPDES Dischargers and B-3186 3
Y AP
N OF TRPN303(d) Listed Streams Drawn By: Necked By: I Al
Haywood County, North Carolina TRF JSM